THE

TROPICAL DISEASES

THE HORSE AND OX.

Vety.-Capt. R. W. BURKE, p.r.c.v.s., a.v.d.,

Corresponding Member of the Italian Veterinary Academy;

Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Madras Presidency ;

author of a ' text-book on veterinary surgical pathology ',

translated into urdu, etc.

TZHTXIRX) EIDITIOÜT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CV,

#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '-. '-quot;#9632;':

/IliaDras: ^v-^

ADDISON AND CO., Printers and Publishers to the University.

1392.

J. H. B. HALLEN, Esq.,

F.R.C.V.S., F.E.C.S., F.E.S.E., ETC.,

INSPECTOK-GEN EEÄL,

CIVIL VETERINARY DEI'AETMENT,

AS A TOKEN OP THE AUTHOE's ESTEEM AND IN ADMIEATION OF. HIS

EFFORTS TO ADVANCE VETEEINAKY SCIENCE IN INDIA ;

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

The object of the third edition of this work is to place it abreast of the latest discoveries in Veterinary Science, and to enable me to record the results of certain investigations and inquiries which I have made since the previous editions were published. Moreover the publisher's stock was exhausted, and though another edition has been published elsewhere without either my permission being asked or revision having taken place, I must disclaim any responsibility for such copies of my work as are without this preface.

The need for constant revision in woi'ks like this is obvious. We have come to a period of great advancement in all matters connected with the profession. The comparatively new science of Bacteriology has introduced what may be termed a revolution in our knowledge and treatment of disease. The last five years have witnessed enormous strides in this important particular. Professors Koch, Pasteur, Woodhead, Hare, Hankin, Crook-shank and others have enriched the literature of the subject by their investigations and discoveries. Since 1888 Eisenberg, Grünther, Klein, Kühne, Müller and Zopf have published their important works. Manuals and treatises, therefore, written before that date are useful only in a partial sense. Technically they are not to be relied on.

Here in India we want to know especially every-

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

thing about anthrax, surra, barsäti, and the disease known as actinomycosis. Some of these, such as barsäti, have long been the subject of much controversy, but as I have shown in the chapter on this subject, I have every reason to believe that the disease is due to the same or a closely allied germ as actinomycosis itself, and do not hesitate to say that barsati is due to actinomyces. Professor Macfadyean traces the condition known as schirrous cord also to the same cause.

Similarly it must be admitted that some advance has been made when we have discovered the corresponding human disease to surra. Many attempts have been made previously, though no very definite conclusion has been hitherto arrived at. I ventured to suggest several years since, however, that it is identical with ' malarial fever' or pernicious anaemia and am confirmed in my view by investigations and statements of Dr. Ranking in India, and an American practitioner Dr. T. Smith in his treatise on Texas Fever.

It is more easy to ridicule these things than to investigate them, as my surra theory was ridiculed by Mr. Steel; but it is some satisfaction at least if any little advance is made in the direction of a more perfect understanding of our dumb neighbours in the animal creation.

It is needless to say that the present volume does not pretend to be in any sense an exhaustive work. Its genesis lies in the fact that when I commenced my own professional career, I could find no treatise on those forms of disease which were peculiar to

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the country. Not that there was any dearth of literature in a general sense. Many books had been written, but they were too diffuse, dealing with all classes of disease and reserving but little space for those special forms prevalent in India. There was a need for a brief but comprehensive manual on Tropical Diseases. While endeavouring, therefore, to avoid the scrappy style so often affected by casual writers who, while they produce a congeries of scientific tit-bits, fail to deal thoroughly with anything, T have endeavoured to write so that my book may be helpful and reliable to young practitioners, and students in India who may be just entering on professional life. And I have accordingly limited my range of subjects to the more serious forms of disease prevalent in the country.

Madras;

R. W. BURKE.

September, 1892

^ #9632;

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

This -work is intended as a guide for veterinary students and others proceeding to India. In the present edition several sections have been revised

gt;

and brought down to date, and the reader will find the chapters on khujli, charak, korhi, and fungus-

foot of India, extremely useful.

L nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The plan I had in my mind was to embody in it

a description of all the diseases of the horse and ox seen in India, and though this is obviously a task which can only be fully accomplished by larger treatises, the present will serve at least as a manual dealing with diseases in a greater or less measure peculiar to this country.

The many kind appreciative comments that have been made on the earlier edition by the professional press, coupled with the suggestions of friends, have led me to bring out a second edition, as they are now exhausted, with the exception of a few copies.

It has been my endeavour to give a clear and concise sketch of the leading facts relating to tropical diseases, without embarrassing the reader with minute details or minor points, and without entering into prolonged discussion or any other species of controversy. I feel assured that such a book if properly executed, is much needed, not only by the

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students at the several Colleges at home, and by young officers of the Veterinary Department serving in India, but also by the general reader, who may not find time for the perusal of larger treatises on general Surgery and Medicine.

And in order to make the book useful even to amateurs in places where no veterinary officer is available, I have added a section to each chapter on the symptoms and the treatment of each of the leading serious diseases peculiar to animals in this country.

For those who wish to peruse the subject, or any part of it, into more detail, the index to the best works in the footnotes, and in the notes at the end of each chapter will be found useful.

I believe that I have simplified matters very materially in regard to the varieties and nomenclature of tropical diseases in our equine patients.

India still offers the best, the widest, the most fruitful field for pathological investigation; and in no other service than in that of the Veterinary Department has a young officer so fair a chance of advancing our knowledge of disease. As a necessary part of his education, and as one means of making himself competent to the full discharge of his duties, every young practitioner, before going to the East, ought to make himself thoroughly acquainted with at least the main facts of tropical diseases.

I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to all those members of the profession who have given their generous help and advice on every

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

occasion that I have made inquiries into the pathology of disease among horses in India.

My temporary visits to Allahabad, Dinapore, Luck-now, and Meerut, have been of much advantage, more particularly in connection with the section dealing with the different forms of anthrax in this book.

Important and interesting results have been made more especially as regards the essential nature of * malaria' and the classification of organisms developed in connection with malarial diseases.

Sufficient attention has not hitherto been given to this field of inquiry, which is capable of being greatly developed. The practical value of studying the several varieties of influenza, so far as they help the classification of fevers, has been to a great extentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;V

recognised, but no systematic measures have beennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;f

taken to separate a long list of fevers which are described promiscuously along with the ordinary quot; influenza.quot; Considering the importance of these fevers, e.g., intermittent, remittent, and a host of others, the subject is worthy, I think, of being specially investigated.

I am also greatly indebted to many contributors for valuable information derived from their own experience of outbreaks of disease in many stations in India which they have had opportunities of visiting. In this way some very useful information has been collected for comparison and record.

From Messrs. Gresswell, of Louth, I have received valuable assistance in explaining the pathology of malignant oedema; and as they have recorded their

PEEFACK TO THE SECOND EDITION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; XI

experience of this disease in England, corroborating my own as it is witnessed in this country, #9632; these experiences have resulted to our mutual advantage.

We are proud to know that veterinary surgeons who have served in India have lately made such rapid progress in the knowledge of surra.

The interesting series of facts now briefly recorded have led us on step by step through many difficulties and much obscurity in the past, into at length recognising the relation between surra and pernicious anaemia of man and the lower animals, and we have further shown its analogy to the Texas fever of cattle described by American veterinarians, a parasitic disease which prevails as an enzooty during certain seasons and carries off many scores of animals in that country.

What medical experience and research have indicated, veterinary investigation appears to confirm, as may be observed on an inquiry into the history of pernicious anaemia and surra respectively. There is every reason to believe that, in a few years, important changes will be effected in the nomenclature of animal diseases which once seemed complicated or obscure. The importance of correct nosology in disease it would be difficult to overestimate, not only on account of its bearings on pathology, but because of the influence of treatment upon our animals, should the nature of the disease be not rightly understood.

I wish also to acknowledge with many thanks the kind assistance rendered by Mr. Stanley Ismay, Deputy Commissioner, of Jubbulpore, in my inquiry

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into the geological nature of the soil of these districts as influencing the spread or otherwise of barsati. This inquiry, together with a study of the clinical and pathological characters, will, it is hoped, prove useful not only in identifying but in preventing some of our most prevalent diseases in India. Jubbulpoee, }nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;R. W. BURKE.

October, 1888.

CONTENTS, -----------#9830;----------

Introduction

Page iXI

CHAPTER 1.

Anthrax

1 25

CHAPTER II. Malarial Fever or quot; Snrra quot; ...

26 41

CHAPTER III.

Rinderpest

Kamri, or Paraplegia

Barsäti

Actinomyeosis

42 51

CHAPTER IV.

52 62

CHAPTER V.

63 79

CHAPTER VI.

SO 89

CHAPTER VII. Steatorrhoea, or Mane-and-Tail Disease ...

90103

CHAPTER VIII. Dermatitis Exfoliativa, or ' Pityriasis Rubra ^:

104105

CHAPTER IX.

Pemphigas, or quot; Chiber quot;

106112

CHAPTER X.

Leucoderma

113114

CHAPTER XI.

quot; Korhi,quot; or Morphoea

115116

INTRODUCTION.

The medical management of domestic animals was an art carefully studied by the ancient Egyptians as well as by the Grecian and Roman people. Hippocrates, a lineal descendant of iEsculapius and connected by his mother, it is said, with Hercules, published a treatise on equine disorders, which with several other of his works was re-published at Utrecht at the expense of the University of Amsterdam in 1863 under the title Eippocrates et Aliorum Mecli-conim Veterum, Beliquce. An excellent English translation of the genuine works of Hippocrates was published in 1849 in two vols. by Dr. Adams. In the midst of all the excitements of the Alexandrian and Cassarian periods, the study of veterinary science and practice appears to have fallen greatly into decadence, and until Columella and Vegetius appear upon the scene, we hear but little of it. Vegetius, however, who flourished in the fourth century, left several curious veterinary works. The Italians, as a matter of fact, appear to have done their best to preserve the veterinary knowledge of the Greek and Roman people,-and have made horse management and equitation a special study in that country. The Cavalry school at Naples long celebrated in Eui'ope supplied riding masters to all the European Courts. It is on record that King Henry VIII took over to England two of these men trained by the famous Neapolitan teacher

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Grisone; so that Bnglishmeu might be instructed in the mysteries of the Neapolitan school. So deficient, however, were these men in all i'eal knowledge as to the medical treatment of horses during outbreaks of disease, that previous to the eighteenth century the movements of whole armies were paralyzed while every one was ignorant of a remedy. The losses experienced in this respect by many nations pointed to the urgent need for a class of men in advance of the marechal-ferrant of France, the descendant of the Ecuyem Veterinaires of the middle ages and France took the initiation. Following up the suggestion of the great naturalist Buffon, Bourgelat, an advocate of Lyons, induced the Government, through the influence of Louis XV, to open a Veterinary School, and a School of Equitation in that city in the year 1761. The best available teachers were secured for the purpose, and so successful was the institution that it was determined to extend the teaching given there to other parts of France. The Alfort Veterinary School was, there-fore, established in Paris, and another government school was instituted at Toulouse. The success of these establishments was the admiration of Europe, and in 1767 Maria Theresa ordered one to be founded at Vienna, which under the fostering care of supcessive rnouarchs has grown np to be probably the best in Europe. In the following year Frederick the Great had the subject brought before the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and suggested through his physician Cothenius a scheme for the establishment of a Veterinary School in that city. All these efforts had a military origin, and the

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schools were instituted for the purpose of supplying veterinary surgeons for Array service. But with their establishment the medical and surgical treatment of horses and cattle soon became a special and serious study, and veterinary graduates began to secure a recognized public position as professional men.

It is remarkable that nothing was attempted in England until the London College was oi-ganized in 1791, Charles Vial de St. Bel being appointed Principal with Delabere Blaine as Assistant Professor. Mr. Coleman already mentioned took charge in 1793 and proceeded con amove to improve the position and teaching of the College. It cannot be said, however, that England has done much for the encouragement of veterinary science, nor that English-speaking countries have done much to improve the situation, although some of them possess the finest horses and cattle in the world. The position that veterinary science held in public esteem considerably less than one hundred years since, may be gathered from the fact that Government in 1796 issued a notification, stating that for the future, it was intended to attach a veterinary surgeon to each regiment of cavalry, and as an inducement for medical gentlemen to pursue the veterinary art it was proposed to make them commissioned officers, and reward them with seven shillings per diem; and in order to prevent any but properly qualified veterinary surgeons from receiving these appointments, no pupil from the Veterinary College was to be engaged for the Army without obtaining a diploma signed by the Medical Committee and the Professor. It is on record that most of the

raquo; i

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regiments of regular cavalry were soon supplied with veterinary surgeons, and it is also historically true that the veterinary officers accompanying the cavalry regiments, the artillery and the baggage trains daring the early part of the century, did very much to diminish losses and to maintain efficiency in the field. During the Crimean campaign, however, when horses and men suffered alike from want of care, a bitter lesson was learned both by the Commissariat and other military departments, and when Mr. Wilkinson, of the 2nd Life Guards, became Principal Veterinary Surgeon at the London College, the establishment was greatly increased, methods of instruction were revised, and the position of veterinary officers generally, greatly improved.

For many years now it has been the custom to admit none but the best graduates of the .Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to military service. Admission to the department can indeed be obtained only after an exacting competition, written and practical, at Woolwich and Aldershot. And so carefully are these examinations conducted, that at least between fifty and seventy-five per cent, of the candidates, who already hold the Royal College diploma, are rejected as unsuitable. The officers of the Veterinary Department in the British Army are, it may be assumed, a superior body of men, able in the performance of their duties, capable alike in peace or war, as the records of military service in many lands tend to show, while, it is scarcely necessary to remark some have distinguished themselves in science and literature.

It cannot be said, however, that the position of a

raquo; raquo;

INTKODI'LTION.

veterinary officer in the Army is altogether enviable. His duties are numerous and varied, he must be prepared to serve in any clirnato. Horses and mules in England, and in India, bullocks, elephants, camels, and even sheep and goats, come under his supervision for hygienic, surgical and medical purposes. He must be prepared at all times, with measures for the prevention of disease and the maintenance of health, and he must possess tact, ability, determination and devotion of no mean kind. But for all this, his capabilities have met with but tardy recognition, although it cannot be admitted that this tardy recognition has been at all favourable to military interests nor to the pockets of the taxpayers. In his own department, however, the veteri-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' nary officer has amply vindicated his position. In dealing with disease and its prevention, he has had free scope ; and the result is that maladies which not long since were very prevalent, and terribly destructive, have altogether disappeared, and almost yearly, it may be said, the causes of inefficiency are being either checked or modified. Not long since it was difficult to find a regiment or battery that was entirely free from glanders, a deadly disorder easily transmissible to mankind. Futile attempts were made to cure it, but it is now all but stamped out through the knowledge that veterinary officers have acquired as to its pathology, and the measures which control its suppression or extension.

In India at present, however, veterinary science is grievously handicapped. The number of veterinary officei's in the three Presidencies has been shown by Mr. Fleming to be scarcely sufficient for one. This

INTRODUCTION.

opinion has been borne out recently by the repeated applications which have reached the Government for a farther supply. Looked at purely from a financial point of view, the appointment of more officers would be amply justified. It has been estimated after the most careful investigation, that the annual money loss to India alone from preventible contagious diseases among agricultural animals, cannot be less than £6,000,000 sterling. The prosperity of the country is greatly affected by this state of things.

Civil Veterinarv ^ ^was ^with a view to meet this Department.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; serious emergency that it was

originally proposed to form the Civil Veterinary Department. Happily that department has become a recognized factor in the veterinary machinery of the Empire, and although the number of officers is sadly too small to overtake the tremendous needs of a country like India, it is no small achievement, and when its value is recognized, it will doubtless be discovered that for an outlay of a few hundreds of pounds, thousands have been saved for the Government exchequer.

From the date of the proposal to form the New Civil Veterinary Department, veterinary science in India appears to have received a considerable impetus. The proposal itself may indeed have been rather a symptom than a cause of this revived interest. But in any case, schools and colleges of veterinary science have sprung up in several directions, and a growing desire is evinced on all sides, among students of Government colleges, to take advantage of the opportunity thus placed within their reach. The firdt of the schools opened under

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the auspices of the Civil Veterinary Department was that at Babngarh near Meernt, in 1874, though a similar one was established almost simultaneously at Ransroon. The Babugarh School was soon trans-ferred to Lahore, where it continues to do excellent work in training students for the post of veterinai'y assistants in the Army and elsewhere. The Veterinary Colleges at Bombay, Calcutta, Lahore and Rajputana turn out about forty students annually, after a course of training extending over three or four years, or even more, if they should happen to fail in any of the searching examinations that are held at the close of each year's work. Certificates of efficiency can only be obtained by satisfying the Examining Board as to conduct, industry, and general competency.

It reflects the highest credit on the humanity and good sense of certain illustrious representative native gentlemen that from the earliest inception of tliese useful institutions, they have been among the first to lend the movement their sympathy and support. At Calcutta only last year, a wealthy Native Zemindar, almost as soon as the foundation stone of the new veterinary college was laid, offered to erect an additional wing at his own expense for the study of technical subjects. The same public interest was manifested at Bombay, Avhere a well-known Parsee philanthropist devoted a sum of Rs. 30,000 to the erection of a Bacteriological Department. Laboratories, dissecting, and histological chambers were thus provided for at no expense to Government simply through the enlightened sympathy and approval of certain members of the national comtnunity.

vin

1NTK0DUCTI0N.

All this of course indicates considerable progress, particularly as the Civil Military Department, although actually existent, only received official recognition in April last. Much of the burden of its organization and equipment has rested upon a gentleman well known and highly respected in official circles in India, Veterinary Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. B. Hallen, P.B.c.s. and p.e.o.v.s., at pre-sent Inspector-General, C. V. D. His many years of toil, and thought, and patience, have at length met with their reward, in the formal adoption of his important scheme by the Secretary of State for India. Since official sanction was accorded, no fewer than eighteen officers have been transferred from the Army Veterinary Department to the Civil Veterinary Department. The relation of these two departments of the service, though somewhat confusing at first, really corresponds to that of the Indian Medical Department and the Medical Staff Corps, and as in the I. M. D., officers volunteer for continuous service in India for a terra of years, whereas the Staff men alternate between England and India, so it is with the C. V. D. and the A. V. D.

The need for this most recent development of veterinary work in India was demonstrated in many ways, i The wealth of the people in many parts of the country consists chiefly in stock, which in times of drought or pestilence is swept away in droves, their own practitioners being all but useless in such emergencies. At the same time but little help, comparatively speaking, could be offered by the Veterinarians of the Military Department. Their number was so limited that they could not be spared, and

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hence the origin of the C. V. D., through whose agency there is little doubt much wealth will be saved to the country.

To meet all the requirements of the case, the plan of the new Department is to provide not only for dealing directly with disease, when it breaks out in the form of pestilence, but to investigate the nature and causes of disease, and to open up Colleges and Schools where students may be adequately and even perfectly trained in accordance with the remarkable developments of veterinary science in our day. The object, therefore, to be steadily kept in view is threefold, viz., (1) The improvement and extension of veterinary education ; (2) the improvement of breeding and rearing operations ; and (3) the suppression, prevention and investigation of disease.

The humanizing effect of all this has been already seen in the rapid growth of public opinion, and in the establishment of various institutions and societies, all having for their object the amelioration of the wretched condition in which many animals are regularly kept, and for the suppression of cruelty. Parsees, Brahmins, Jains and others have been able, in accordance with the tenets of their religion, heartily to support the work of the Society, and have shown their sympathy for its work in various ways. There is every prospect of this sentiment extending throughout the country, and in view of this it is of the highest possible importance that veterinary education, abreast of modern science, should be so extended and so imparted in all the large centres of India, that the demand thus created may be

!#9632;

INTRODUCTION.

met. At present the demand is sadly ahead of the supply, and it is to be hoped that before long such arrangements will be made that the country may be supplied with an adequate staff of really capable men.

All this recent advance has tended very greatly to improve generally the position and prospects of veterinary science in the country. When I came to India ten years since, officers were left pretty much to fall into line as best they might. There were certainly the ordinary official regulations to help them, but as for the adaptation of vetei'inary science to local requirements, there was little to guide a freshman in commencing work in this country. Books thei'e were, indeed, on the general subject in abundance and of great value, but none so far as I am aware, that focalised as far as might be, the dangers and diseases peculiar to India, or which in other words summarized and described the diseases peculiar to the country, and gave all necessary hints as to their diagnosis and treatment. This want, which has been felt by many beside myself, I have endeavoured to supply in this book, which I hope will prove useful to students and young officers coming out to India. Possibly it may be found useful as a text-book in some centres, and for unprofessional men in stations where veterinary aid is out of the question it may be of service, in indicating the symptoms of grave disorder and in suggestiug the right methods to be adopted for the spread of sudden outbreaks.

It must not be supposed, however, by any one that the sum of veterinary science is to be measured

I #9632;

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by the compass of the modest volume now presented to the reader. A veterinary officer even under the most ordinary circumstances must be an efficient chemist. Botany, anatomy, and physiology he must have at his finger ends, and he must understand the secrets of pharmacy and raateria medica, as well as the shoeing and testing operations of tbe ordinary farrier. To be at all efficient, he should be familiar with the laws of sanitation and hygiene, while in these days, it is important that a veterinary officer who seeks to be useful, should be as familiar with the mysteries of the patho-bacteriological laboratory as with the difficulties of forge work or the shoeing shed.

I believe that both veterinary science and practice have a great future before them in India. Much has to be done yet to place the work of the department abreast of what is being done on the continent of Europe, but the field is wide, opportunities are great, and public opinion eminently favourable to our enterprise. I confidently expect, therefore, that within the next few years very rapid stride will be made in the advancement of veterinary science in India.

#9632;

i* quot;

Gbaptev i.

ANTHRAX.

The word Anthrax yields several derivatives which describe

pretty accurately the symptoms aud course of this disease.

For the malady is so severe, that not ouly do blood and

tissues become rapidly decomposed, but the life of the

animal is speedily consumed.

Many terms have been used, at various intervals, to de-

_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; scribe this disease, such, for instance.

Synonyms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

^rfnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; as splenic tever, charbon, carbun-

lt;;ular fever, malignant carbuncle, etc. Other terms still, such as glossanthrax, anthracoid angina, emphysema infec-tuosum or black quarter, etc., though sometimes confused with anthrax proper, have now been shown to be entirely distinct forms of disease. The presence of the hacilltts anthracis is the conclusive test of the presence of this disorder.

The disease has always been common in India, but has . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;not been generally acknowledged to

^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; be so until, recently, a few able veteri-

narians admitted its existence but denied that it was common ; but since the author's article on the subject which appeared in the Veterinary Journal for February 1887, the prevalence of the disease in India has been generally recognized. Although we were the first to lay particular stress on this point, however, we wore convinced that many cases reported as anthrax were not really so, but were cases of malignant oedema, to which both Pasteur and Koch have attributed a special bacillus of its own, called bacillus oedematis, a totally distinct organism from bacillus anthracis. The more refined methods of cultivation and investigation of the organism causing the disease, and inoculation with it, have enabled us to easily differentiate true anthrax from malignant oedema.

ANTHRAX.

The bacillus anthracis has been regularly observed under the microscope in the blood of animals suffering from anthrax, and inoculations with fresh blood have reproduced the disease with all its marked symptoms aad postmortem changes. Moreover, both symptoms and postmortem appearances of anthrax differ so considerably from ordinary disease, that to the expert there can be no possibility of making a mistake between them. But it is extremely probable, especially in large outbreaks, or under circumstances where microscopical examination of the blood has not been undertaken, that cases of malarial fever have been classed as anthrax, as the author had the

honour to demonstrate during an outbreak ar.ong Army horses at Meerut in 1880a fact which has since been confirmed by Veterinary Captain Nunn, who observes that he has witnessed the same phenomenon in South Africa.

The nature of another disease in cattle, very prevalent in many parts of India, and said to be connected with ticks, has remained in great obscurity until recently, and is still reported as anthrax or splenic fever. The principal symptoms are rise of temperature from 101 to 107deg; accompanied by extreme debility, which persists till death. A few days before the animal expires, the urine becomes tinged with hemoglobin, and the destruction of red blood corpuscles imparting a deepened tint of the urine can be demonstrated by examining the blood obtained from an incision in the skin. There are two factors in the production of this form of feverticks and the protozoic microorganism which is located in and destroys the red corpuscles in the blood of the affected animal. There are evidently ticks which do not bear the micro-organism, as cattle which are susceptible of the disease are often badly infested with them without showing any marked signs of bad health. On the other hand, there may be means by which the protozoon gains access to the blood of the i *nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; animal independently of the agency of ticks. The adult

.raquo;#9658; .

ANTHKAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6

ticks drop from the cattle and deposit their ova upon the pastures^ these ova are hatched, and the young ticks attach themselves to the bodies of susceptible beasts and thus engender the disease.

Anthrax is pretty general throughout India. The stations from which it is notably absent, or nearly so, are those in which for a greater portion of the year animals are fed on hay, or dry grass. It is specially prevalent iu low-lying swampy districts, and where the soil is in the highest degree favourable to the growth and development of these low forms of vegetable life. Young plethoric cattle are especially liable to disease, and it is in those humid and marshy districts, where food specially rich in nutritive value is grown, and wherein consequence, animals are best nourished, that they afford a more genial soil for the reception of these parasites. It has been shown in many cases that in moist districts, where anthrax has been long enzootic, after thorough drainage the disease disappeared entirely.

It has been proved that the productive cause of

_, ., .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;this disease, which in cattle is called

deg;^^,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; splenic fever, in the horse anthrax,

and in man nialignant pustule, is an organism called bacillus anthrncis. This organism generates irritating matter which sets up inflammatory action. When the germ is taken in hy respiration or with food, or even when it finds its way into the tissues through some slight abrasion or wound, it soon becomes widely diffused. Then high fever is set up, which is very fatal. The bacillus is contained in the secretions as well as in the blood, and is still active after death.

In this way pastures may become indefinitely infected, and in countries where the disease is common, such localities are well known and dreaded. The chief favouring condition in the soil, as we have stated above, appears to be moisture, and accordingly thorough drainage appears sometimes to destroy its infectious character.

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHKAX.

The germ may also be conveyed from one animal to another by numerous indirect methods, such as by the medium of flies, particularly gad-flies, if they have been in contact with the blood or secretions of infected animals, by the bites of dogs which have fed on the carcases of infected animals; also by fodder, litter, utensils, etc., which have been similarly infected. The mould of infected pastures retains the virus with great tenacity. Putrefaction of the carcase weakens or destroys the power of reproduction. The hide, horns, and hoofs of animals that have died of the disease may transmit it, and so may the bones if used as manure.

A local affection is sometimes produced which in cattle is called malignant carbuncle, and in man malignant pustule, in which it is local for a time, but from which the germ usually enters the blood, and produces a general disease.

We hfive, therefore, in this disease a perfect example of a specific poison which may pass from the soil to an animal body, multiply enormously, and after passing througli one or several bodies return to the soil again preserving its infective properties. A disease thus perpetuated is both miasmatic and contagious.

The bacillus anthracis, by its excessive multiplication, has a mechanical effect, apart from all other considerations, in impeding the action of the heart, in blocking up the minute capillaries of important glands and preventing secretion, excretion, etc., as evidenced by the symptoms of this disease. In the heart, the bacilli of anthrax abound within and around the vessels, and in the interspaces of the muscular fibres. In the liver they occur in the intralobular venule and its adjacent capillaries. In the kidneys they are found especially in the glomeruli near the surface of the organ, in the afferent and efferent small vessels, and in the uriniferous tubules and in the urine. They exist also in the milk. In the lungs they are found in great numbers around the alveoli, completely choking the minute capil-

ANTHRAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5

larieSj and leading, in other situations, to rupture, ecchy-mosis, and effusions. When the effusion is excessive, and near important organs, as round the larynx, it is sometimes the immediate cause of death. It interferes with, or entirely suspends the function of important organs by its pressure. When the effusion occurs under the skin, it frequently constitutes well defined tumours.

The blood in anthrax shows an excess of white cells, with the presence of haciUi anthraeis, is unusually dark, and does not readily coagulate.

The micro-organism of anthrax has certain distinctive characters, which will enable one to distinguish it in good specimens with a reasonable degree of certainty; but in many cases a doubt is left in our mind which can only be removed by the test of inoculation. The anthrax bacilli usually appear under the microscope as short, stiff, non-motile rods, with their ends cut off somewhat abruptly. This is brought out best hy staining with methyl blue. They vary in size in different animals [Deutsche med, Wachens, 1881, and sometimes also in the same animal. [ifcport on Anthrax in Meerut, 1886-7.) The form and external appearance of a microscopical organism is not sufficient to characterise it, and 1 repeat that the expert has no right to assert the existence of anthrax unless inoculation with the suspected liquid has given anthrax to animals used for experimentsguinea pigs or rabbits.

The bacillus anthraeis was among the first organisms noted as being causative of disease, and the merit of its discovery rests with Delafond.^-* To determine its presence the fluid and solid tissues should be simultaneously examined; it abounds more during some stages of the disease than during others, and hence hurried conclusions are apt to be formed when exmining the blood only during certain stages.

* Trnlfe mr la Maladie du Sang dca Betes boviues. Paria, 1843.

The Medical Faculty of England trace the discovery of the anthrax organism to Pollender 1849, and to Raver and Davaine in 1850, but Delafoud as n veterinarian had previously discovered it.

1quot;

Onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHEAX.

The modes of conveyance of tlie germs have no special

relation to the question of an-fÄ^tagl0n ^0f ^Anquot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tbrax only : it is not settled by.

what channels, in each instance, the germs of specific diseases in general travel. Thus cholera, typhoid fever, etc., have all their suspected sources, but no one source can be made to apply in eacb particular outbreak. It is possible that the germs travel throngli various channels, some known and others unknown. Among some of the known channels may be mentioned the air (Tyndall); water ; grass-roots obtained from burial-grounds of anthrax affected animals, where earthworms (Darwin) act as the intermediate bearers; and direct contagion from animal to animal. From what I lately saw of an outbreak of anthrax in horses of the 17tli Lancers and Native Cavalry Regiment at Lucknow, I have little faith in air as a medium of contagion in this disease, as the two batteries of Artillery close to the Native Cavalry Regiment escaped contagion, although not many yards' distant from the Cavalry lines. However, a volatile form of contagion in anthrax is recognized by many observers, Zundel (Recueil de Mcd. Veterinatre, May and -June, 1871) recognises a lixed and a volatile contagion in anthrax, and Fleming also mentions it. Many so-called spontaneous outbreaks of the disease may be explained on the theory of air being a medium of contagion, the germs floating in the air, more during certain conditions than others, and alighting on susceptible animals.

Though anthrax is almost always confined to horses without necessarily affecting the ponies employed to bring the grass, it is not always easy to trace a direct source of infection to the latter. The disease may be carried by flies, or by other agencies above mentioned, in different outbreaks ; but often I have had reason to believe it was caused by the germs existing on the herbage. It has been too generally concluded the bacillus anthracis is a parasite whose natural habitat is the animal tissues, and is only

ANTHKA5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

accidentally present on vegetation, instead of, as I believe, the exact reverse, viz., that it is naturally present on the vegetation and only accidentally present in the animal body, which is probably also the case with other diseases caused by bacteria. Nowhere is anthrax so prevalent or so fatal, we have seen, as in grass-lands in India where cattle have not grazed beforea fact which many native breeders of horses, as well as cattle and sheep owners and others in India have learned to their cost. By successive or continuous occupation, and by drainage, such pasturage becomes healthy. These results speak for themselves, and I do not think there is any other method of treatment which will suppress such outbreaks though there are many therapeutic agents which act beneficially in individual cases, but in an inferior degree.

Instances of anthrax communication by infected animals I have reported in the case of this disease introduced among camels belonging to the Army Transport at Cawn-pore, on the arrival of affected animals from Allahabad; and also in the case of slaughter cattle at Allahabad some years ago, through inter-communication of suspected cattle employed in carrying fodder for healthy ones. Such instances could be multiplied ad infinitum.

Among indirect means of contagion may be mentioned the excreta of animals affected with this disease, and bedding, clothing, utensils, etc., used by them. Also flies, vultures, jackals, etc., all of which may be active agents in promoting the spread of anthrax. And, lastly, the bodies of affected animals in particular, which should be always cremated. If this were done in the case of village cattle also and burial prohibited, we should hear less about grass-cutters' ponies introducing anthrax into cantonments than we now do.

This germ, which is the best known of all the endo-

Bacillus Anthracis. f^ff ^ ^alwaf ^giv^ ^rise

to anthrax tever, and we, there-

fore, recognize in it the direct cause of the malady. In

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHKAX.

the blood from the enlavgecl spleen, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, mucous membrane of the intestines and in various other parts of animals that have died of anthrax are found an enormous number of rods from 5 to 20 f*. long by about 1 ix. broad, straight, and motionless. In a suitable culture materiel, with a good supply of oxygen and a temperature between 15deg; and 42⁰C., these rods develop into very long filaments. In these filaments, round, highly refraetile spores form at short regular intervals. The filaments then break up, and the spores escape and may grow into bacilli. In living animals the rods multiply solely by division, and long filaments, and spores are never found.

The bacilli may be separated and washed with distilled water, alcohol, ether, and dried, yet they still cause anthrax fever when animals are inoculated with them. Pure cultivations through fifty generations may be made with no change in the result. The virus is still as potent as with the originals.

M. Pasteur asserts that ho has succeeded in so modifying the micro-organism of anthrax by artificial cultivation, that by inoculating animals with the attenuated virus, he is able to cause a mild form of the disease, and so to secure a certain immunity against future attacks.

Vaccination was from its commencement, and indeed

still is, a purely empirical pro-

tion how it acts. Recent discoveries in bacteriology have thrown a promising, if as yet not very certain light upon the whole subject of immunity. Ushered in as they were by the experiment of Pasteur on anthrax, we may now say, at least, that a most hopeful path has been struck, which, if followed up, will most probably lead to most brilliant practical issues. At the same time I would deprecate any attempt to persuade the lay public that great utilitarian results are at once to follow upon work of this kind. We have lately had several melancholy examples of the evil consequences

ANTHRAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

of this restless expectancy in tlie craze about numerous so-called preventive cures. The fact that a disease-microbe may be possessed of differinw degrees of viru-lenc)^ and that when in an attenuated condition it may be employed as a vaccine was first demonstrated by Pasteur in the year 1880. He first found that the organism of anthrax, when cultivated at a temperature between 42deg; and 43^UC., and with free exposure to the air daily, loses part of its virulence until, by the ninth day, it becomes inert. When arrested at this particular stage, however, the alternated anthrax organism is still sufficiently powerful to confer immunity upon animals inoculated with it, and, as a matter of fact, the attenuated anthrax vaccine has been for several years back in daily use throughout France as a prophylactic against that malady in sheep. If virulent anthrax is afterwards inoculated upon such a vaccinated animal, the organism may germinate locally at the seat of the puncture, but fails to disseminate itself through the blood. Similar results in the attenuation of anthrax can be obtained, but not with such certainty, by prolonged exposure at a high temperature, by passage of the virus, through a different species of animal, and by other means. Of late, however, another method of introducing a new principle has been discovered, viz., that of removing or destroying the organism, and utilising the chemical products secreted by it for vaccination purposes. This is now termed quot; chemical vaccinationquot; in contradistinction to the former, which is generally known as quot; microbe vaccination.quot; The general result bears cut the fact, that in order to render an animal proof against, let us say, anthrax, it is unnecessary to employ the organism itself. All that is required to gain the desired state of immunity is to injectr subcutaneously or directly in the blood circulation, the chemical products or toxines formed by it, either in the living blood or in vitro.

The means employed for separating the organism have been various. Among the earliest was that of filtration 2

10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

through porcelain^ which method, so far as the arrestment of the microbes was concerned, is perfect, but itis not otherwise faultless in so far as some of the products adhere to the surface of the filter. The plan of heating up to a given temperature has also been employed, but the procedure is not only liable to leave some of the microbes uninjured, but is likely to destroy the chemical substances which it is desired to retain. The procedure which in the hands of Koux and deChristmas has proved most serviceable, is the mixing of certain essences such as those of garlic, mustard, or eucalyptus with the blood or artificial microbe culture. These essences have the effect of destroying the vitality of the organisms, while still leaving the chemical products unimpaired. They are volatile, and can consequently be evaporated in vacuo. Anthrax blood when thus treated is rendered harmless, as a means of conveying the disease, but its introduction into the system of an animal, like the sheep, confers immunity more or less durable. It is calculated, however, that the immunity gained by this chemical inoculation is less lasting than that conferred by the introduction of the attenuated microbe itself, but that on the other hand the procedure is not so dangerous. With the latter there is always the risk of the organism regaining its pristine virulence, while with the former this danger is reduced to a minimum.

It is satisfactory to learn that the Government of India,

acting upon the suggestion of

Protective Inocula- j _H _B _Hall _E _]iave

tion in India.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ₁ ,,,.,-, i, \

already established a Jiacteno-

logical Laboratory at Poona, to be conducted by a specndist

of the Civil Veterinary Department. There can be no

question that such laboratories are highly necessary in

India, and even where only a branch exists as at Lahore,

Bombay and elsewhere, its utility is unquestionable.

Anthrax vaccine can be prepared for distribution at such

establishments, and sent to the different mounted branches

of the service, as well as the agricultural districts through-

ANTHRAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

out the country. Looking not only to the interests of the Army, but to the necessities of British India, the cleath-rute from anthrax in all classes of animals is a terrible calamity, and every Government should do its utmost to avert it. The entire tendency of modern enquiry is in favour of protective inoculation. Enormous saving to the country may be effected by organising central laboratories in India for the purpose of sending quot; vaccine quot; fluid into the agricultural districts, and it is difficult to see how postponement of such an evident means of saving to the country is possible. In some parts of Russia where anthrax is very frequent, carrying off some thousands of animals annually, preventive quot;vaccinationquot; has reduced the mortality from this disease to two per cent., as in every other country in Europe. The inauguration of this useful work may be regarded as one of the most useful measures adopted by the Government in connection with the Veterinary Department.

Protective inoculation has been practised by virus enfeebled (laquo;) by heat {Toussaint, Pcifiteur, and Ohauveau) ; ib) by antiseptics {Chamberlain and Rowx); and (c) by cold {Gibier); also {d) by Kitt's practical method, i.e., inoculation of guinea pigs with Pasteur's attenuated virus; and (e) with the blood of rabbits which have succumbed to inoculation {Pasteur, Ohauveau, Perroncito, Kitt and others). Immunity from infection is also obtained by injection of chemical bodies, as the perchloride of mercury, etc., in which it is seen that after animals have taken a sufficient quantity of the drug, they are no longer liable to anthrax. Numerous articles have lately appeared on anthrax as q -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;it affects animals in India, but I do

)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_noi tJjink; ti_ie subject has been ad-

vanced any farther than was already known regarding it many years ago. Without going into details, I may bo permitted, in the short space at my disposal, to record the salient features of the disease, and the different clinical aspects it presents, chiefly from personal observation.

12nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

Although ahvays the same disease,' dependent on a common cause, its modes of manifestation vary considerably in different outbreaks, and even in different cases in the same outbreak. Experience leads me to recognise the following divisions, which are valuable for convenience of description, viz., the respiratory, gastro-intestinal, renal, hepatic, nervous, subcutaneous or carbuncular, and cutaneous, with certain other forms. In some works on veterinary pathology, the above are divided into internal and external forms of anthrax: this division has many supporters, inasmuch as the fatality varies so considerably in the internal and external forms of the disease, that they require separate description. There is no doubt, either, that frequently, one type of the disease runs into the other, and sometimes one or more types co-exist; but I have seldom seen the external form leading to the internal, and, when not a complication, it is generally less fatal than it.

The Respiratory form of anthrax shows itself as a specific pneumonia. This form of the disease has been very clearly sketched by Toussaint, and need not call for description here.

Gastro-intestinal form of anthrax presents all the symptoms of acute gastro-enteritis, and pod-mortem examination shows the effusions peculiar to anthrax which do not appear in simple gastro-enteritis. Occasionally, the lesions of anthrax located in the alimentary canal are so marked, that symptoms of acute dysentery, -with oedema, degeneration and sloughing of the mucous membrane in small patches, a,nd even prolapsus recti, result. Death takes place usually in about seven hours, although it may be earlier in some, and later in other cases.

The Renal form of anthrax is ushered in with symptoms of acute nephritis, and rapid death, owing to inaction of the kidneys and urasmia. Post-mortem examination shows changes peculiar to anthrax, located principally about the kidneys and in the renal structure. The presence of the

ANTHRAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13

hacillus anthrads may be detected on examining sections of the latter organ under the microscope, in the afferent and efferent vessels, in the glomeruli and even in the parenchyma of the kidney outside the vessel walls, and in the uriniferous tubules. Consequently, the urine is a source of danger in outbreaks of anthrax, and the bedding of affected animals should be always burnt.

The Hepatic form, where the symptoms of hepatitis follow in the course of the general symptoms peculiar to anthrax. It seldom appears as a primary symptom. Consequently, I look on it more in the nature of an effect than a distinct variety of anthrax. Some observers, however, maintain that the symptoms of hepatitis are prominent from the first, and, therefore, believe the hepatic disease to be a distinct form of anthrax.

The Nervous, or Neurotic forms. I have met with three distinct varieties of this form of anthrax in India, which I may divide into the apoplectic, the furious, and the paralytic. An animal, without having shown any signs of illness, will suddenly fall to the ground, as if struck by lightning. In other cases the animal trembles, showing laboured breathing, a weak, small character of the pulse, and marked palpitation; is stupified, stumbles about, and becomes very excitable and unmanageable towards the close, often tearing his own flesh with his teeth. This is termed furious anthrax. Convulsions usually precede death. Sometimes paralysis sets in early in this disease, death taking place usually a few minutes after the animal has fallen to the ground.

The Apoplectic form. This form is perhaps the most common variety of anthrax met with among camels in India, while it is occasionally seen also in horses and in oxen. The furious and paralytic forms are chiefly seen in the horse. It is well known to the Germans ; for, I find Roll in his Lehrbuch der Pathologie und Therapie der Thierarzte, 1885, says, quot; that the common people in some parts of Germany speak of it as the Devil's shot, blood-

14nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ÄNTHKAX.

plague,quot; etc., and ho regards it as a very, frequent variety of anthrax in Germany. Horses often drop to the ground suddenly, and expire without a struggle. Camels, in most cases, ' run wild ' for about fifty paces or so, and suddenly drop to the ground as if shot, and usually die without a struggle. Dr. Eoll believes death follows through paralysis of the lungs and heart's action. My observations of a great many cases lead me to confirm this view, while in other cases in which death was more rapid, that is to say, instantaneous, it was caused by shock. Post-mortem examination shows no congestion of the brain, and hence some object to the use of the term ' apoplectic' If so, we may speak of it as that form of anthrax in which death usually takes place by nervous shock, to avoid misapprehension.

Carbuncle is the Ludhiaua* form of anthrax, and occurs as a subcutaneous infiltration and enlargement which, in the horse in India, is seen chiefly under the jaws and region of the throat. Dieckerhoff, of Berlin, agrees with us in this opinion. (Lehrbuch der Speciellen Tatholorjie und Therapie der Thierarzte, 1885.) It leads to death usually from suffocation, owing to the mechanical obstruction that results from oedema of the larynx.

The swellings are diffuse or circumscribed, sometimes fiuctuatiug, but usually tense, and there is no crackling sound communicated to the fingers on percussion.

The cutaneous form of anthrax, in which the structures

* Wo have sometimes wondered ivlij-, in these days of reformed spoiling grammarians, translators, and lexicographers cling to Lodiana as the proper spoiling of this ivoll known station. Wo have even suspected that their way must be right and the official quot; Lndhianaquot; wrong. But we learn from several recent references, that Ludhiaua, pronounced Loo-dhiana, gives the sound as nearly as possible in English letters. When the British veterinarians went there in 1841 to investigate the disease which is named after the station, they found that some Civilians had invented an etymology for the name, as the abode of the Lodi, and were calling it Lodiana, so they did the same. And it has consequently becoinc more difficult to change the widely known name of the quot; Lodiana Disease.quot;

ANTHBAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 15

of the skin are primarily invaded, ends in eruptions, boils and abscesses. This is the least dangerous form of anthrax, because results due to changes in the skin are not at all comparable with those following changes in the more important organs such ns the lungs, intestines, kidneys, etc. The functions of the skin can be taken np more easily by the lungs and kidneys, than those of the latter can by the skin, when labouring under disease or derano-ement. And this fact has often been overlooked, as it seems to me, in considering the relation of external to internal anthrax.

Intermittent anthrax is that form of the disease where the animal revives after an attack, and when some days after a relapse occurs, and the case is often entered as a fresh one. This form of the disease was first noticed, in cattle, by Bollinger ; and in an outbreak of anthrax in Government camels at Cawnpore, I recorded several such cases. {Report on Anthrax in Camel*, dated Cawnpore, 1885-86.) lielapse may also be noted during the course of anthrax fever in horses, tho term not being made use of unless there had been decided return of the symptoms of anthrax and of bacilli in the blood, accompanied by a temperature above normal, the condition being remarked usually every fourth day, and in many cases lasting longer than twenty-four hours. Veterinary Surgeon Hazelton {Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science in India, April 1888) who has lately investigated an outbreak of anthrax at St. Thomas' Mount, practically confirms the observations relative to the temperature variations seen in anthrax, which 1 had shown in my Report dated Meerut, 1886-87.

Simple remittent fever in animals terminates not unfre-quently in anthrax, as simple fever ends in typhoid in man; for remittent fever is no bar to other specific diseases, especially anthrax in animals, and often co-exists with the latter, as [ have shown. The question arises. Is there a form of remittent anthrax distinct from simple

remittent fever, or is the one a precursor of the other ? I

16nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

think we must acknowledge both views to be correct, for, judging from recent experience, we know that, whilst anthrax fever of a remittent type was prevalent in one part of the station, carrying off several animals; in another part of the same station, there were cases of simple intermittent and remittent fever without, in this instance, causing a single death. This I noted at Meerut in an outbreak of disease in quot; walerquot; remounts arrived from Calcutta during January 1887, when anthrax among the horses of the 8th Hussars had all but ceased.

Besides the above-named varieties of anthrax, many cases are complicated with hsemorrhage from natural openings, as the nostrils, urethra, anus, etc. Death frequently results from haemorrhage into the abdomen and thorax, due to rapid multiplication of the bacillus anthracis and plugging of the capillaries, producing rupture.

If I needed anything to confirm my faith in the different forms of anthrax I have described and seen in India, enough could be found in the literature of the subject, which has been lately published by French, German, and Swiss veterinarians. If it be asked to whom these observations are due, it becomes difficult to do justice to British veterinarians and to others at the same time. With regard to the features of anthrax mentioned, I can honestly say that most of the forms I have described I have met with myself; but I must add (1) that they are the same, or nearly the same as those described by a Committee of veterinary surgeons appointed by the Government of India to report on the disease many years ago ; and (2) that they are the same, or nearly the same as those described by continental veterinarians. We, I believe, had long been anticipated by the latter, who got the start of English veterinarians in these matters, and who are, moreover, now ahead of us. To Bollinger, Boll, Dieckerhoff, Friedberger and Fröhner, more than to any other, we are undoubtedly greatly indebted. They are the first authorities in Europe on this subject, and second to none in the world.

ANTHKAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17

Although we have considered the many different forms 1raquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;that anthrax may assume, there are

still many points to be observed which will help diagnosis. The appearance of the disorder among a number of animals is frequently indicated by the death of some of them in so short a space of time as half an hour. Animals may be seen to be attacked and to die suddenly, convulsed, during an inspection, while in such a case others may be found dead when the shed is again entered. Other animals though similarly affected, withstand the disease longer, though death generally occurs within twenty-four hours. These acute symptoms, especially where there are nervous complications may, however, abate in two or three days, or they may end in death, or even occasionally in recovery.

Anthrax is remarkable for its sudden occnrrence, its extreme fatality, and its generally rapid course. The diagnosis is verified by the presence in the blood of the bacillus anthracis : and it will be noted, as shown above, that the severity of the symptoms is proportional to the ratio of the number of parasites pi-esent to the strength of the animal.

Diagnosis will be rendered easy by (laquo;) a microscopic examination of the blood and tissues showing the presence of the germ peculiar to anthrax ; (b) by the history of the case ; (c) by the comparison of each particular animal with others that have been affected; and {d) by the course and symptoms of the disease.

Eegarding the course of the disease, a very important onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j it- inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;research, bearing on the condi-

Course and Virulence. _x.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo; . . 5

tions oi infection of specific diseases, has been recently made in England. In this research it has been pointed out that the initial dose of virus is of great importance, and in many instances exercises a marked influence on the course and virulence of the disease. Various laws have now been made out for example, the pathogenic dose of a virus varies in-3

18nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;antükAx.

versely as tu strength with the predispositiou of the animals to the disease in question; in animals not very susceptible to a disease, the severity of the affection varies directly within certain limits with the amount of the virus introduced, etc. It is found that in some cases a small dose of a virus produces only a local effect, while a larger dose kills the animal, and the small dose often protects the animal from the fatal effect of a subsequent large dose. Although it is as yet impossible to measure predispositiou, and thus to decide the dose for any animal, still the knowledge of the relation between these two factors is of great importance in throwing light on its spread in many outbreaks; while the fact that a considerable quantity of the virus is in many cases necessary for the production of a disease, explains many anomalies, and affords indications for preventive measures. Some animals take the disease in a very virulent type, and die rapidly, whilst in other cases the same microorganisms will prove relatively inocuous, or produce only a very mild attack, characterised by a prolonged course. It is the same with other diseases: each animal has its own idiosyncracies for nourishing and for starving micro-organisms, since every nutrient soil is not equally adapted to the same microzoon. But not only is the difference of the same tissue in different animals the reason of a different behaviour of the same microzoon, the tissue itself, in the same animal, may change under different conditions. It is possible that changes may take place in the system of the animal, unknown perhaps to ourselves, but veiy important to the respective micro-organisms. I will only allude to ' vaccination' as a preventive of disease, which evidently changes the nutrient soil, so that the microzoa of that particular disease can no longer find uourishment, and the vaccinated animals remain unaltered by an injection which would have proved rapidly fatal if non-vaccinated. It is further ascertained, as a matter of observatiou, that certain micro-orgauisms cannot thrive

ANTHEAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19

well, oi' do so very imperfectly in one body under certain conditions, wliereas they may be pernicious when certain other conditions ai-e present. It is known that, not only in an animal's body, but cultivated in artificial media, bacteria may retain their properties unaltered, or they may undergo more or less modification.

If it is true that not every nutrient soil is equally well adapted to a certain microzoon, that microzoon developing better in one constitution than in another, it must consequently be true, that one microzoon may be so changed that it may occasionally show some difference, according to its surrounding conditions, in its mode of growth and other peculiarities, to such an extent that its pathogenic activity might be lessened or strengthened according to those conditions. This idea is in accordance with what daily experience teaches with respect to plants and animals. Plants put in a convenient soil may grow extremely well, and may, to a certain extent, change their colour, smell and other qualities, but put in a bad soil, they will not thrive, or but imperfectly.

Bellinger and Feser in Bavaria, and Arloiug, Thomas

and Cornevin in France have

Emphysema Infectu- _noted _the presence of the bacillus anthracis in the blood and other tissues of animals affected withe iiiphysemainfectitosmn, and have concluded that the presence of the organism confirmed the identity of emphysema infedmosum and anthrax beyond doubt. But it is also known that anthrax very frequently makes its appearance at the same time as emphysema infectuosmn; and we have no evidence to show that the two diseases have not often co-existed in the same animal.

Hess* has now shown that milzbrand and quot; ranschbrandquot;

* E. Hess, Bericht über die entschädigten Ratischhrmid undMilzhrnndfäJIc im Kanton Bet-tt Während der Jahre 1884 und 1885, neist einer Wissens-chnftllehen Abhandlung über den Zusammenhang der atmosphärischen Einflüsse mit dem Rnuschbrand. Bern, 1886.

20nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

{emphysema infectuostum) are not the same disease. The fungas causing the latter has heen carefully studied by several authors. Eeser and Arloing's observations show that the bacillus is constantly found in the body of animals affected with rauschbrand, and that the disease is inocu-lable. The fungus remains in a spore form in the body, and all the disease changes are dependent on this, which is, at present, a large fact in itself, although not complete enough.

Although this malady 'charbon symptomatique of the French, rauschbrand of the Germans, and quarter-ill, black-leg, etc., of the English) has great resemblance to anthrax proper, it is clearly a disease of its own, having nothing in common with anthrax, for the following reasons :

(a) The fungus of emphysema, infectuosum is, according to Arloing, quite distinct, both in its morphological characters and mode of growth, from the bacillus authracis, and may be readily distinguished from the latter by their rounded ends and their mobility; (b) Emphysema infectuosum cannot be communicated to rabbits and young calves, and only in a mild form to horses, donkeys, and white rats, which take anthrax readily by inoculation ; (c) A large quantity of fluid is requisite in order to transmit emphysema infectuosum from one animal to another, whereas a very small quantity suffices in the case of anthrax; (lt;7) Injection of a small quantity of virus protects against future attacks of emphysema infectuosum, but gives no immunity against anthrax; (e) In anthrax the blood and the spleen generally show marked changes, but in this disease they remain unaltered; (/) This disease is caused by bacilli, but not if the bacilli are introduced into the circulating blood: in order to produce it, the bacilli must act in the cellular tissue.

I have to mention in this connection a form of malignant

sore-throat in cattle which I was

Thrnatnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;required to investigate * some years

since at Allahabad. My investiga-

See Reports Nos. 552 and 553, dated 18th Jatinary, 1880, to the Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon, 2nd Circle, Bengal.

ANTHKAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;21

tions led me to these conclusions, briefly : (a) malignant sore-throat in cattle is caused by the bacillus oedematis, which is transmissible by inoculation ; (/;) The fatality is low in cases in which early fomentation and blisters to the throat have been resorted to; (c) The cause of death is purely accidental, and due to mechanical obstruction of the throat, and suffocation (Veterinary Journal, April, 188(3). It should be stated that Messrs. Gresswell {Hid, November, 1886), who have recently investigated this disease, have confirmed my observations relative to the nature of the germ which causes it, and have shown that it is a specific disease, distinct from anthrax. It is important that the conclusions then aiTived at have been so amply corroborated by such able veterinarians. I trust that the cases I have reported may suffice to show that by early treatment of throat lesions, a class of cases hitherto found most intractable, and extremely fatal when left alone to chance, are capable of being satisfactorily dealt with.

I have noticed the same disease, more recently in the dog, in which it was characterised by the appearance of a large swelling of the throat and neck, the swelling being at first painful and tense, but rapidly becoming painless and crepitating. It was followed by sloughing of the throat, and was fatal. The same bacilli were found in the fluid punctured from the swelling, as I showed in the malignant cedema of cattle.

Kitt * shows the resemblance which exists between the bacillus of charbon symptomatiqne and that of malignant oedema, which is so frequently seen in the lower animals. In their clinical and pathological features the quot; twoquot; diseases are identical. Kitt shows that the bacillus of malignant oedema is transformed into that of charbon symptomatiqne, which must be considered a common variety, presenting similar biological characters.

* Dents. Zcifs. für. Thiermed. u. Vergl. Pathologie, 13 Bd., 4 u. 5 Heft. 1887.

22nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

Carbolic acid was first recommended by Dr. Fleming, ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; and found very useful in many out-

breaks, and in the Vratch several leading articles have recently appeared, lauding the therapeutic value of carbolic acid in the treatment of anthrax in man. Mr. Meyrick suggests that a convenient method of administering carbolic acid is that of employing carbolate of soda. Many years ago. Dr. Beale, in his work on Disease Germs, showed that the carbolate of soda is decomposed in the system, setting free the carbolic acid, and in this way a much larger amount of the acid can bo administered without poisonous effects, than when given in the crude form. As a rule, cases do not come under the veterinarian's care till they are far advanced, or coining parly under treatment, run a rapid course, and then, though the best remedies are administered, they have not the power left to imbibe the good which follows in the early stages and milder cases of this disease. Therefore, conclusions that are arrived at without due consideration of these facts, show no great exactness in stating the relation of percentages. Among the other agents which have been found useful, may be mentioned iodine and iron, especially the perchloride of iron, recently mentioned by Steiger. Although these remedies have their uses, it must not be concluded that they are necessarily calculated to produce a certain cure in every case of anthrax; if such a success could be achieved, anthrax would no longer be the dread malady it has hitherto proved to be. Messrs. Gresswell, of Louth, have found the perchloride of mercury and sulphite of sodium of great efficacy in many outbreaks of anthrax fever in England. There is one thing which we are frequently cautioned against in the treatment of local anthrax, and anthrax with pulmonary lesions, and that is, the application of warm poultices and hot water fomentations, as the use of warm nutritive moisture promotes in a high degree the growth of the bacillus anthracis; and the experience gained regarding the

A-NTSEAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;23

treatment of South African horsepcst, or quot; malarial^,;fever,* may not be without interest here.

The remedy I have found most useful in the dysenteric form of anthrax which is so cüinmou in camels in India, as well as in local anthrax in animals, is ipecacuanha given in large doses internally, and applied externally mixed with water. This treatment has sometimes been followed with the best results in cases that were not of unusual severity, nor too far advanced before the treatment was commenced. The three essential points in the prevention of this disease .pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;are, change of air, change of water,

and change of locality on the first appearance of suspicious cases. Such indications are not fulfilled by the ordinary plan in vogue of drugging animals. When a few cases of this disease occur in-any regiment, the risks of an enzootic attack are considerably increased by keeping the animals in an anthrax-contaminated locality week after week. Simple segregation of affected animals does not suffice to keep the disease in abeyance. The animals must leave, with the least possible delay, the tainted ground in order to avoid infection. Extension of the disease is kept up for months by persistent occupation of infected lines, until considerable loss has been experienced. In order to obtain a favourable result of our endeavours at prevention, it is necessary to undergo the cost of a new flooring, and have recourse to prompt and effectual removal of tainted earth. We must acknowledge that, whilst firmly convinced that dozens of animals may be easily saved by timely adopr,ion of the abovemen-tioned precautions, there are great difficulties inseparable from carrying out proper segregation, which I believe to be the chief cause of failure. One great cause of failure, I believe, is inadequacy of the measures adopted in different outbreaks, when the proper time for prevention had been allowed to pass by. The probability of extension

*See Jlr. Xuuu's Beport uu Horse Sickucss iu South Africa, Veterinary

Journal, 1888.

24nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANTHRAX.

depends less on the special nature of preventive treatment recommended, than on the inefficiency of the measures employed. The ruuning at large of grasscutters'ponies during an outbreak of this disease interferes often with the effectiveness of any preventive measures that may be adopted. It is often forgotten that the most critical tune for securing the movement of suspected animals is when the disease is absent in others. It is necessarily of greater importance to avoid contracting disease, than merely to attempt to suppress it among an already infected lot of animals. The extreme importance of preventing at every point the chances of entrance of the contagion into untainted lines cannot very well be exaggerated. A knowledge regarding the period of convalescence is of importance in preventing risk of infection, by the exposure of healthy animals to one which may have just recovered from an attack, and be still convalescent. Anthrax may be communicated by the sick animal when the severity of the illness is past, and while recovery is being perfected, since every secretion and exertion of the body, in this disease, is a medium of infection. Too great care cannot, therefore, be taken, so long as cases . of this disease appealquot;, in preventing a return of apparently recovered animals, which are at the time even more dangerous than when suffering from an acute attack, and unable to move about. Undue alarm should be avoided, but wo must insist on the importance of fresh air, fresh water, and change of locality above all, in the treatment of suspected animals. Kecent observations show that a certain local and seasonable condition is essential to the spread of anthrax, these two factors being found in a porous material, the soil, penetrable by air and water, and soaked with organic substances (local predisposition) and in variations in the moisture and temperature (seasonal predisposition). The first essential condition of prophylaxis is immediate evacuation of the tainted ground, the checking of contagion by early

AXTHßAX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 25

isolation of the sick, and by observing^- the necessary-precautions which stave off an attack among the healthy animals. Immunity is also obtained by guarding against exposure, against want and debility in, the case of grass-cutters' ponies, this latter precaution being found necessary, since transmission of the disease, in these, is often dependent upon constitutional weakness, or upon degrees of predisposition and susceptibility. Acting upon our experience of former outbreaks of anthrax, we may formulate the following rules of prevention, namely :(ft) Not to return any animals as quot; fever-free quot; without having first ascertained, either by the use of the thermometer or other means, that such is the case; (/') To remove the conditions of soil favourable to the growth of the microbe, the infected standings must be renewed. The prophylactic treatment of tainted localities by enforcing rules of sanitation, and by avoiding the pollutiou or infection of the earth with anthrax materialviz, cadavers, the manure or offal of diseased animals; will always be the chief means of preventing an outbreak of the disease.

Chapter ii.

MALA UTA L FEVER OR quot;SUItHA.quot;

We may safely formulate a definition of tliiis disease.

Definition and Synonyms.

From what we know of quot; Surra/' the term used by the natives ot

the North-West to describe it, it is essentially a blood disease, allied to, if not identical with, malarial fever in man. It assumes an acute and chronic form, more frequently the latter, in the equine species in India, and is known under a variety of names, such as intermittent and remittent fever, malaria, malarial cachexia, ague, anaemic fever, pernicious auEemia, etc. according to its stage of development and other aspects of the disease.

The contributions to tlie literature of surra in the

Historical and Descriptive Survey.

pages of our journals, are at once instructive and suggestive.

Coming from the pens of experts who have had practical and, perhaps, long-continued acquaintance with the disease, and who have studied its natural history and pathology, they form a valuable collection of opinions which serve to illustrate the difficulties of enquiry, and the obscurity that still surrounds the subject. The need for investigation is clearly shown, but the complexity of the questions to be investigated, is manifestly great. Many writers have furnished lists of propositions regarding the classification of the parasite, some, indeed, limiting themselves to this branch of the subject, while others have dealt more generally with it. It could hardly be expected that anything like unanimity of view should prevail, and without attempting to cover the whole ground,

MALAKIAL FEVEE OK quot; SÜKRA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 27

it may bo useful if we give a brief general survey of the disease so far as it is known.

Aud first we may observe that there is still considerable divergence of opinion regarding the essential character of surra. .Mr. Evans, of the Indian Veterinary Department, who first noted the presence of parasites in this disease, did not identify the malady. The late Mr. J. K. Steel held that it was a quot; form of relapsing fever in the horse.quot; Other eminent practitioners who have made a point of studying the disease, as well as certain acknowledged bacteriologists, have held that there is nothing in common between the two affections. Dr. Vandyke Carter recognizes no identity between the surra parasite and the spirillum common to relapsing fever in man. Surgeon-Major Banking contends that surra is in fact ague in the horse. I Veterinary Journal, June, 189].) His views as to the matter of fact are of considerable importance, and it is to be noted that he believes that at present there is no other deduction possible. The evidence obtained by him as to the ideutity of the plasmodium malariie and the bacillus malariie in man, is, he thinks, an additional proof of the views adopted by him. Dr. Ranking gives his reasons for the belief that the general view of the plasmodium being considered a protozoon is incorrect, and quotes facts in support of his arguments that surra and ague are equivalent diseases. From the point at which Surgeon-Major Ranking took up the investigation, he has rendered considerable service to science in helping to determine the nature of this disease. But it should be noted that the diagnosis on which he relied, was that of Veterinary Surgeons who declared it to be surra, a conclusion winch was quot; borne out by its fatality.quot; And though we cannot (pdte subscribe to Dr. Banking's opinion that its fatality necessarily allies it to ague, we find no reason to dissent from his general view. For he so well supports our own opinions published in the Veterinary Journal for July, 1890, that as a matter of fact, in adopting the conclusions

28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MALMtlAI, PKVKR Olj quot; SUBRA.-

of Surgeon-Major Ranking,we are only re-affirming our own. quot;We may note also that the parasitic nature of the disease and its relation to ague paroxysms, was not entirely new even in 1890, when our views were published in the Veterinary Journal, for as far back as July 1887, we showed (Equine Diseases in India) that the parasites in intermittent fever of the horse resembled those described by Laveran as present in human blood during an attack of ague. Confirmatory evidence is yielded by an article in the Lancet, June 1(5, 1888, from the pen of Dr. Carter, who found that in ninety-three instances of malarial disease in man, these organisms were present in nine, as we had occasion to show (Veterinary Journal, March, 1890) that similar organisms are present in remittent and intermittent fever in the horse. The same view is upheld by Dr. Klebs {Gentralb : f Bad : u. Parasit, No. 5, vii., 1890), who acknowledges that in those cases in which he observed flagellate protozoa in the blood in very large numbers, there was a repeated occurrence of febrile states generally in the form of intermissions, and in the British Medical Journal for February 15, 1890, we have the following, viz.,quot; the existence of protozoa in the blood in malarial or intermittent fever is undoubted,quot; and Dr. Klebs assumes that in those eases in which he noted the presence of monads there was a constant recurrence of febrile states generally in the form of intermission.

To conclude, the clinical history of surra in general is practically identical with that of pernicious anannia. The marked anaemic conditions obseived both ante and postmortem, the leneocytosis, fatty degeneration of the muscles, liver, spleen, and other organs, the general haemorrhages, and the chronic state of fever which end in death in so many cases leave no doubt whatever as to the nature of the disease.

Of chief interest at present however stands the subject of the pathology of snrra. The

Pathology.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; discovery of the parasite might be

MAIiAEIAL VKVKlt OR quot; SOKKA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20

thought to have advanced the question of its etiology sufficiently in itself without any further questions regarding the disease, but as we have endeavoured to show, there is much to learn about this parasite and its behaviour in the body of the animal. But our means of investigation are generaUv so limited and imperfect that in any enquiry, we must note everything that might lead us to form anything like an accurate notion of the facts presented. Much valuable data has been advanced by different writers in support of their views, still all is hypothetical, and the need for extended enquiry into the pathology of surra was never better shown. In fact we are not far from the truth in asserting that a wider knowledge of the laws of pathology may be necessary before the problem can be properly approached.

When the proper place of this disease is fully understood, progress in pathological study and treatment will rapidly advance. The most important fact to determine appears to me to be, not merely the presence of parasites and their morphological character, but their precise signiiicance, and the part they play in the production of disease.

The pathological changes which take place in the various organs aud tissues of the bodv as a result of surra may be characterized in a word, as degeneration due to imperfect nourishment. The blood itself is rendered unfit for the purpose of proper nutrition, and degenerative changes of an adipose character, sometimes leading to disintegration of portions of the imperfectly nourished tissue. When organs and parts so weakened by starvation are distended with amemic blood which they cannot utilize, sloughs result from gangrene of the imperfectly nourished tissues, as evidenced in the ulcerations of the stomach, etc., noted in this disease. The ulcer itself once formed, suffers from nutritional defect, owing to the impoverished state of the blood, which prevents the formation of resisting tissue around it, and often leads to perforations. The alimentary mucous membrane in gene-

oOnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MAhAKUL l'KVKK OB quot; SUURA.quot;

in.1 will bo found to be in an anaemic condition, with petechise and ulcerated spots, the result of disintegration and atrophy. Althougli the tissues present a blanched appearance, there is a large deposit of fat all over the body, especially noticeable under the skin. 'Phis gives to the tissues a peculiar jaundiced appearance which is shown under the microscope to be due to deposition of fat globules. It is easy to understand how a process of abstraction by parasites of blood, a fluid rich in oxygen, would lead to the conversion of albuminoid tissue into fat. The lymphatic glands thronghout the body are more or less swollen and cedematus. There is often acute dropsy, with no other yos^nortem lesion save extreme anaemia, and yellow staining of the tissues due to fatty degeneration. In certain examinations made by Mr. Steel, the heart was found to be the seat of marked fatty changes, and this is corroborated by the observations of Fröhner and other continental writers. As the lymphatic glands supply lymph corpuscles to the blood, this may account for the excessive production of leucocytes, although how and in what way this extraordinary accumulation of leucocytes in the blood is produced in .surra, fuis not yet been cleared up.

The early symptoms of hepatitis present in surra, which is shown by jaundice of the visible mucous membranes, may be due to congestion of the liver caused bv irritation of the worms in the biliary capillaries, leading to their rupture, and consequent deposits in the gland substance. There is every reason to believe that when the liver has become so invaded, it is incapable not only of duly performing its own function of secreting bile, so essential to proper digestion and health, but that is an abiding pathological source of general jaundice, which, if not removed, may result in the gravest evilse.g., blood disorganization, general anaemia, anasarca, etc.

The general name of ague, intermittent fever, or malaria, is given to a disease produced by a common cause ;

MALABIAL FKVEK Oli quot; SUEBA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;31

and the same cause is credited with producing other mure severe forms of disease called remittent fever, pernicious anaemia, malarial cachexia, etc. It may be a question whether all these forms of fever are due to the same cause; but the general opinion is that they all constitute the same disease in various degrees of severity. The one feature common to all is fever which remits and returns periodically. The other symptoms need not be considered here. It will suffice, perhaps, if we take up the characteristics of surra first. We shall then be able to arrive at an opinion as to which condition it is allied to in particular. We have alluded to these points in previous articles which we have contributed to the Veterinary Journal and elsewhere. In drawing attention afresh to this disease, I shall refer briefly to the most important features which are regarded as peculiar to it.

After all the main problems are : Has surra any identity with any disease in human beings. If so, to what disease is it allied in its main points ? What are the points in which it resembles any cognate disease in man ? So far these questions have not been adequately answered. And although an answer to them would greatly assist our enquiry into the pathology of the disease, it has not yet been found practicable.

Among the parasites found in the blood of the horse, the most remarkable is the monad known in India as the surra parasite, the disease with which the creature is associated being termed surra, or pernicious anaemia {Tropical Diseases of the Horse, 2nd Ed., E. W. Burke, J888). Much valuable proof of the influence of the surra parasite in the production of the disease has been lately advanced, it is quite certain, however, that the same parasiteor, at least, an identical organism so far as form is concerned is found in the blood of a large proportion of the common sewer rats (Lewis, Crookshank, Carter) and camels (Evans), etc., apparently in perfect health. Very little doubt exists as to the occasional presence in the blood of

MALAKIAL PEVEE OK SUREA.

wandering larval netnatocle worms. The fluid is not generally considered to be the home of parasites, and the helmiiithologist i'arely thinks of searching for them in the interior of blood vessels.

Other animals, as well as the horse, have been known to suffer from the disease. Megnin [Ref. Thierarzt, 1882,) describes a symptomatic type of the malady seen in dogs and cats, which was caused Try an ankylostome producing anaemia, and which is, without doubt, a similar disease to the symptomatic Perm of anaemia in man. Johne (Sachs Jahresbericht, 1884) saw this disease in the dog as a secondary affection following a suppurative form of disease. Imminger (Wochenschrift f. Thierheilkunde n. Viehzucht, 1886) lias observed euzootic outbreaks of it in cattle. Fröhner* [Archiv/. Wiss it. Frakt. Thierheilkitnde/Bd.xu., 5 u. 6 Heft, 1886) describes having only recently seen this disease in the horse, and Friedbcrger (Lehrbuch der spec. Pathol. u. Therapie der Hausthiere, vol. ii., 1887; also saw an outbreak of it in this animal, in which similar parasites were found. We know how severely animals suffer from the presence in the blood of other minute organisms. The strongylus tetracanthus gives rise to epizootic outbreaks of emaciation in horses in many districts of England. (Gresswell, Manual of Equine Medicine, 1885.) The strongylus contortus has been known to produce a form of pernicious anaemia in the horse (poikilocytose) as observed in Bueuos Ayres (Wernicke, Duets. Zeits. f. Thiermed. u. vergl. Pathologie, 13 Bd., 2 it. 3 Heft, 1887;; Texas Fever of cattle has been shown to be due to a paroxysmal destruction of red-corpuscles, caused by an iutra-globular parasite which Dr. Theobald Smith thinks may be a phase in the life history of some of the mycetozoa, such as the monadinese, or it may belong to the group of spo^ozoa, some of which are pronounced cell parasites. (Vet. Journ., March, 1890.) Whilst not only anaemia but liver disease and a form of dysentery are * l'eher pernieiöse Anämie beim Pferde, voa Bugen Fröhner, Berlin, 18S(J.

MALAKIAL FEVKR OR quot; SUPajA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 33

produced by allied parasites in man (Leukhart, Fayror, Kynsey and others.)

One can hardly conceive that these organisms should exist in the blood, in any nmiibers, without aifectiug it pi-ejudicially, though we know that they have been found in the blood of animals which #9632;were apparently healthy. Of course, it is difficult to define any absolute standard of perfect health, and there may be a considerable amount of cachexia, even in animals appearing quite healthy. Dr. I'iiquin has noted that the parasites of Texas Fever arc found in the normal liquids and tissues of infectious cattle that always appear healthy, and even in the young before birth. He says,quot; The germ of Texas Fever requires a resting period, during which it regains its vigour, and until such time as vigour is regained, it lies dormant.quot; (Journ. Cyoiup. Med. and Vet. Archives, July, 1890.) What the peculiar change in locality or action on the part of the monads may bo that determines the diseased condition, is one of the points which needs elucidation. We naturally ask if there be any analogy in it to the behaviour of other parasites in this respect ? Dracnuculns may cause little or no trouble in the earlier stages, but on developing, changing place, and discharging its embryos, the gravest results follow. Trychina in its earlier stages is comparatively unfelt, but may become the cause of fatal disease. We may, therefore, conclude from these facts that, in order to produce surra in animals, various conditions, such as affect the patient's S3^rstem as well as influence the parasite in question, are essential; and laquo;hat in the absence of these conditions, the same parasites may frequently be present in the blood without causing any disease. Similarly, in regard to the relation of anchyiostoma to the anaemia of man, it has been noticed that this parasite was so frequent in the post-mortem examination of cases that did not die of anaemia, that it is doubtful as to whether its presence invariably gives rise to anssmia with all its train of symptoms. (Brit. Med. Joium., June 30, 1888.) 5

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MALAKIÄL PEVEE OE quot; SÜEEA.quot;

Dr. Vandyke Carter,* of Bombay, has demonstrated that malarial fever in man, is of the nature of hoematozoic affections. He has ascertained that in remittent fever of man the blood contains parasites which, in their morphology and general features, are identical with the parasites of Surra in the lower animals. Professor Klebs, of Zurich, who has made a thorough examination of the blood of many patients suffering from influenza, has found in it enormous masses of flagellate monads. These were of two forms : a smaller with very active movements of the flagella, and a larger with much slower movements. In specimens stained with methyl blue. Professor Klebs observed that the monads were sometimes on the edge of the red blood-corpuscles, and sometimes inside them. They ai^e said to resemble the hajmatozoa of pernicious ansemia, and the plasmodia found by Laveran in the blood of patients siiffering from malaria. (Wiener Metl. Zeitung, Feh. 4, 1890.)

The differences of opinion of various investigators as to the morphology of the parasite witnessed in surra are clearly accounted for in McCurdy's description of the organism peculiar to Texas Fever, which I believe to be an analogous disease. Mr. McCurdy says,quot; The germ of this disease may be said to be of the bacillar species and the facultative type, assuming various forms during life. The ovoid forms are pai-ticularly noticed, but it appears that this is only a transition stage which finalh^rterminates in the more mature form. If cultures are prepared from material containing the ovoid forms, they elongate, become surrounded by a gelatinous areola, and break off into two short rods or double and single bodies. The spherical ovoid forms and short rods are found both in the liver and fluids in zooglea. At the ends

* Ou tho lately demonstrated Blood Coutamination and Infective Disease of the Hat and Equiues in India, 1888.

Note on some Aspects and Relations of the Blood Organisms in Ague, 1888.

8ÜRKA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ÖO

of some germs flagella are noticed, whicli probably give tliem the slow, bending, twisting motion that is often seen in many cultnres. The more mature forms vary in size from 4 ju to 5 /u. in length, and 17 /* in width; in the ovoid stage, the length is from 25 /j. to 30 /x and width about 15 p. They are difficult to stain, but answer most readily to 'Johne's fuchsin.' The cultivation has been tried in many different media, such as blood serum, beef broth, agar-agar, egg albumen, potatoes, and oyster bouillon, but artificial lymph with liver broth seems to be productive of the best results.quot; [Vpi. Jouru., June, 1891.)

Speaking of the intra-globular bodies met with in Texas Fever of cattle. Dr. Theobald Smith * says,quot; The smallest forms appear like deeply stained cocci, about A to 1 n in diameter, situated within the unstained circle of the corpuscle. Occasionally the bodies are nearer 2 //, in diameter, and then the staining may be less dense. Besides the spherical forms, ovoid forms are not uncommon. These usually occur in pairs within the same red corpuscle. A still rarer, pear-shaped form is encountered in stained preparations ot the blood. It is rounded at one pole, while the other is pointed and sometimes drawn out as a short filament. These forms quite invariably occurred in pairs, a corpuscle being occupied by a single pair. I believe the pair to be a result of division of the single body within the globule. In one instance I saw the tapering ends of a pair apparently continuous. Each body was about 3 /* long, its greatest width, 1-5 /laquo;.. These are the largest I have encountered.quot; This same form of organism has been noted by Fröhnert in pernicious anaemia among horses in Germany, where two, and even three, or four were witnessed in the same corpuscle.

Regarding the true nature of the parasite, it will suffice

* Veterinär;! Journal, March, 1890.

fArchiv : f. Wins. laquo;. I'rakt. Thlerheilk., Bd : xii, 5 u. 6 Heft, 1886.

^:50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;MALAKIAl I'lOVKl! OK quot; BÜBKA.quot;

here to state that some authorities reerard it as belonarine to the class Infusoria, a higher group

^Nature of Para- _of p_rotozoa-. _wllile _otliei._s _tllillk _it

more probably belongs to the class of Mycetozoa (or fungus animalcules), which lie on the con-fiues of animal and vegetable life.

The parasites of surra present such a remarkable complexity of organization, that it constitutes the great difficulty of classifying and distinguishing species which undergo marked changes of form before arriving at maturity. Hence we may speak of them as occurring in the imperfect or juvenile form, and in the mature form ; and it is in accordance with analogy to suggest that the 'flagellated,' the 'crescent,'the'intracellular,' the 'free' and other forms are stages in the development of the same species.

The problem of the couuectiou between the plasmodium mularitv and the badllus malariSB still awaits solution. How fruitful such a line of investigation may be, has been conclusively proved by the discoveries of Klebs, Tommasi-Orudeli and other writers.

But these inquiries must stand over at present, and we urgently want a practitioner of experience to stir up the fainting energies of our young veterinarians in India. That such a stimulus is greatly needed is clear from the literature of the disease and its present condition. We want readable dissertations on its clinical characteristics, general pathology or treatment and prevention, of value to the general practitioner. It is, I think, full time that we made some decided effort to save from extinction what was known of the disease in the past, and which, under careful record, might take an important part in the scientific studies of the subject of surra in India.

\\^re now proceed to note the symptoms by which this

₀nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;disease may be disthieruished. The first

Symptoms. ., , ,. a #9632; ix.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; !

tiling to be noted is the paroxysmal

increase of temperature, as in the so-called anasmic fever of

writers on pernicious anaemia in the human subject.

MÄLABIAIi l'KVKH OK quot; SDBBA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 37

Zschnkko* has assigned a prominent place to this fever which he found to be of an intermittent type in the horse, and Fröhnert likewise noted a marked rise in temperature on the fourth day, which with slight remissions remained high till death.

The Urine in most cases is albuminous, and contains much luemoglobin which is set free by the destruction of the red corpuscles.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

In spite of a greedy Appetite, debility appears progressive in character. It is scarcely necessary to remark on the importance of this symptom in diagnosis, as all who have written on surra lay special stress on it. Veterinary Surgeon Cooper, in his report on an outbreak of surra among ponies in the Berars, states that quot; the appetite is seldom quite lost, and sometimes an animal continues to feed up to the very last.quot; And Professor Fröhner has also noticed it in the German type of the same equine disease.

Most veterinary surgeons who have witnessed surra in animals in India as well as in ibirma, mention both an acute anil a chronic form of pralysis as commonly character-isinraquo;quot; it. And Fröhner lias noted the same feature in

Germany, where this symptom of paralysis was quot;not infre-queutlv present in pernicious anaemia of horses.

We have also noticed pronounced stringhalt, muscular tremors, crossing of the legs, etc., develop during the course of surra, due to effusion on the spinal cord and on individual nerves. And Mr. Thomas Howhill, P.R.C.V.S., records having witnessed somewhat similar symptoms in Southern or Texas Cattle Fever. [Veterinary Journal, July, 1890.)

Dragging of the hind toes and choking, the result of muscular paralysis, are described also in disease in horses in Queensland which Veterinary Surgeon Irwin has shown to be pernicious anaemia. (Veterinary Journal, October, 1888.)

* Sehn-eizer-Arrluvf. Thierheilku,nde,Bi: 25, 1883. t Archiv./. Wiss. laquo;. Pralt. Thierheilkitnde, B(l: 12.5 laquo;. G Heft, 1886.

38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MALARIAL FEVER OR quot; SURRA.quot;

The disease has been characterised as an quot; invariably fatal quot; one. Whether this can be substantiated or not there is probably no disease in which the fatality is so high as in pernicious anaamia.

The most important feature of the disease is that there

is no historv of a definite onset,

Duration and Course. wi ^ v,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;iv

and that the condition is progressive. There are usually a niimbei- of relapses, the average duration of the disease being not less than two months. The course is sometimes prolonged to several, usually six to eight weeks; the average duration of the human disease (pernicious anaemia) being also estimated at quot;two months.quot; The average of several cases noted by Dr. Evans was two months. It is seen that weak animals succumb sooner, and in some outbreaks the ordinary duration of the disease does not exceed from one week to a fortnight, qnd, frequently, may be less in outbreaks in which reckouing was made after the date of admission on the sick report.

There is a variety of surra, which is never acute

from the beginning, or scarcely even sub-

Varieties. _acute |_t jg _fciaiy chronic, may last for

months, and occasionally intermits during its course. Though such animals may be seen to be frequently on the sick list for debility due to general loss of blood, indicated by anasmia of mucous membranes, a weak and readily excitable pulse, swelling of the limbs, etc., they cannot be said at any time to suffer from more than chronic asthenia, and to say the least of it, and their appetite remains as good throughout the course of this disease as when they were in perfect health. Such cases occur sporadically, are not very uncommon, and I believe, a number of rejections by means of special casting committees to which every battery of artillery and regiment of cavalry is liable in India are due to this disease. In most, if not all of these cases it is exceedingly difficult to make any impression by the use of

MALAKIAL PKVEE OR quot; SÜEKA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

internal remedies. They are liable to frequent mter-mittent attacks of debility, in many cases the animals falling away to a mere skeleton. In the treatment of such cases a most essential element is removal from the place where the disease was contracted. In the acute form, as mentioned before, the disease is very fatal, but in the milder and more chronic form, recovery is sometimes noted, although the malady being liable to recurrence, it is difficult to say whether this really takes place.{Tropical Diseases of the Horse, 2nd Ed., 1888, pp. 44-5.) A few cases have been seen by Dr. Evans to make slow progress in the disease for over a year.

Surra occurs most commonly after the rainy season in India. There may be many local con-

Influence OI cUtionssusceptibility to climate, season, etc., that may affect the greater prevalence of the disease in animals, in different outbreaks. Dr. Moore, at a recent meeting of the Royal Academy of Medicine, Ireland, pointed out that season exercised a great influence on the occurrence of pernicious anasinia also in the human subject.

I have attached considerable importance to arsenic in the treatment of cases of surra, with the view of contrasting or comparing the results with those obtained through the use of this agent in pernicious anaemia ; and Veterinary Surgeon Butler * recently reported most interesting results from treatment of cases of this disease in Burma ponies quot;with arsenic pushed as far as possible.quot; This observation is worth noting, when we remember that arsenic is the only remedy of any value in cases of pernicious anaemia in the human subject. In a recent paper by Professor Osier, in the Therapeutic Gazette of the same year, he states that in all cases of pernicious or essential anasmia there was no case of recovery in which arsenic did not form the basis of treatment. But 1 have found that hypodermic in-* Quart. Journ. Veterinary Science in India, 1888.

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MALARIAL FKVKI! OK quot; SUKRA.quot;

jections ut' quinine have a powerful effect in reducing temperature during the paroxysms. quot;I know of nothing that has such an antipyretic power as the sulphate of quinine, for it decreases the temperature, retards tissue change, and prevents or modifies periodicity.quot; (Tropical Diseases of the Horse, 2nd Kd., 1888, pp. 49-50.) And we are supported in this opinion by Dr. Banking, who says,quot; Quinine on full doses appears to control the disease, supplemented by general measures to combat the anaemia and weakness consequent on prolonged illness, chiefly by milk, iron and arsenic.quot; [Veterinary Journal, June, 1891.) There is little doubt that if the disease is treated early by quinine, arsenic, iron and perhaps other tonics, by changing the water and making some variation in the location of the animals, great benefit, if not absolute removal of the disease, may be secured. To obtain the most satisfactory i-esults, it should be treated early, before marked tissue changes have taken place. If the treatment be adopted at a later period, it may still be beneficial, though less so than in the early stage.

Prevention is better than cure. Hence climate and soils

_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; favourable to the aTowtk of malarial

Prevention.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i, u inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i i

organisms should always be avoicled. According to Parkes the following soils are most so, viz.,alluvial soils, old estuaries, deltas, sands, clay, chalk, granitic or trap rocks, and particularly vegetable soils at the foot of hillsas, the jungle, or terai, in India.

We have noted that change of locality and climate is most favorable to recovery in these cases. The influence of high annual temperature in producing more pernicious forms of malaria is illustrated in the case of surra, and suggests the removal of all animals suspected of infection to those stations which are known to possess a milder climate in India (and, perhaps, better still, to the hills), which are less suitable to the growth of surra organisms. And, lastly, preventive inoculation with surra parasites artificially weakened, is a most important means of acquir-

MALARIAL FEVER OR quot; SURRA.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 41

ing permanent immunity from the disease, and should be regularly practised.

Dr. Evans, our first authority on surra, writes :quot; I am prepared to state positively that

Post-Mortem _tllis disease ^ _not characterised by

Appearances.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; / / ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;.

any structural organic change; it is purely a disease of the blood.quot; Principal Veterinary Surgeon Oliphaut says :quot; In one outbreak of surra in the 18th Bengal Cavalry, in which 180 horses died, I made dozens of post-mortem examinations, and the appearances in all were identical : extreme pallidity of the tissues, with perhaps a trifling serous effusion into the abdomen, etc. In fact, the animals looked as if they had been starved to death.quot; Veterinary Surgeon Cooper says, quot; that the most striking feature is the aneemic condition of the tissues generally and the absence of recognisable lesion.quot; And Zschokke* also states quot; that none of the principal-organs show any marked structural change quot; in the equine type of pernicious anasmia noticed in Germany. Mr. Steel lays stress on the presence of gastric ulcers, which he believes to be quot; characteristic of surra ;quot; and the relation of gastric ulceration to pernicious antemia formed the subject of discussion lately at the Royal Academy of Medicine of Ireland. [Lancet, March 10, 1888, page 474.)

* Schweizer Archiv, far Thierheillcunde, Bd. 25, 1S83.

(Ibaptci* üi,

RINDERPEST.

KiNDKKrEiST is the German name for a contagious fever

_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;in cattle of the typhoid type which in the

^ ' 'quot;quot; West is known as Cattle Plague, Steppe

Murrain, etc., and has been variously described in India,

as Bossonto in Bengal, Gootee and Cheechuck in the North-

West Provinces, Matah and Pitchinow in Bombay, and in

Madras Peya and Puschima. Other names are also used.

Kinderpest is a contagions eruptive fever or exanthema,

.p. . ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; and affects cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats,

' deer, and occasionally, indeed, all the

cud-chewing species, many of which probably, for the most

part, take it from cattle.

It is the most contagious disease known, and affects wild and tame animals alike. Large numbers of wild cattle, bison, etc., die in the jungles from this disease, but domesticated animals are more likely to be affected than those in a wild state. It is not yet within our power to ascertain the specific origin of rinderpest, but it has been ascertained to be indigenous on the plains of Western Eussia, whence it has at various intervals spread over most parts of the Old World. The specific virus which affects the system generally, but especially the fourth stomach and intestines, is a very minute yeasty organism of a fungoid character, which is so subtle and potent, and so endowed with the power of self-multiplication and growth, that a very minute portion of it finding its access to the blood of a healthy animal of the bovine species increases so rapidly, that the whole mass of the blood is in an incredibly short time infected, and every drop of it

KINDEKl'KST.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;43

contains enough virus to spread the disease through an entire flock.

An incubative stage of from four to twenty days inter-^ venes between inoculation or contagion, and the development of the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

Rinderpest runs a tolerably fixed and definite course which is not materially affected by remedial measures, and like small-pox, scarlatina and other eruptive fevers in mankind, does not usually attack the same, individual a second time.

Rinderpest is the most fatal specific disease of cattle __. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; and other ruminating animals. Hence its

^J'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;name. It is, as we have said, highly con-

tagious and infectious, and is attended with inflammatory lesions of the stomach and intestines of a special kind, which correspond remarkably with tliose of typhoid or enteric fever in man. Historically it is well known, having been i'ecognized for upwards of a thousand years. It is said to have destroyed the herds of the Northern people who overturned the Roman Empire in the fourth century. Early in the ninth century we are told it decimated the cattle pastures in the wake of the armies of Charlemagne, and afterwards visited England. Several times in every century it appears to break out from the Steppes of Tartary or thereabouts, and to spread over the Western countries of Europe. England, partly on account of her separation from the continent by sea, appears to have enjoyed considerable immunity, no outbreak having been recorded there between A.D. 1225 and A.D. 1714, when it raged terribly for about three months. It was again imported into England from Holland in April 1745, when it continued its havoc for about eleven years, and it is computed about 700,000 cattle died, or were destroyed. In a subsequent outbreak through the importation of certain imported cattle from the continent in A.D. 1865, no fewer than 234,415 out of 278,923 attacked, died. The fearful rapidity with which this terrible disease

RINKEBPEST.

spreads, may be gathered from the fact that within three months of its first appearance at a certain dairy in England, no fewer than 1,702 farms, sheds, dairies and other places were attacked, and 13,263 animals died. Three mouths later, 13,443 farms and other premises had been infected, and 147,275 cattle had been attacked. This led to preventive measures. In February 1866, the Cattle Diseases Prevention Act was passed, the advantages of which were speedily apparent. In four weeks the number of cases was reduced by one half, and by September or within about half a year the number fell to 2,108, and after that, although there were occasional spasmodic outbreaks, the country was soon free of the plague. We have remarked that rinderpest not only exists in this country, but it runs the same subtle and fatal course here as elsewhere. The natives have a vague idea of the necessity for isolation, and practise it in a fashion. But no rigid system is observed beyond segregating the diseased and convalescent, and separately housing them, though not at a distance, nor under separate attendants. The same is true of treatment. The ryots have their own methods, sometimes resorting to common stimulants and tonics pi-ocured in the bazaar, at other times using opium, jamba leaves, and barley, garlic and mustard, with no knowledge whatever of their specific medicinal qualities, or of their adaptation to the disease, but apparently on the off chance of some good or other being possibly done. Dr. Klebs and other observers conclude that the bac

Pathology.

terium found in nearly all the organs of an

animal affected with rinderpest, is the essential cause of the disease. And he also holds that while cultivation and heat diminish the virulence of the germ, cold destroys it altogether. Inoculation has been tried as a prophylactic, but it reproduces the disease in all its fatality. Vaccination has been unsuccessfully resorted to in different outbreaks under the supposition that rinderpest was a form of small-pox in cattle. There is no practical utility, there-

KINDEKPEST.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;45

fove, in either of these measures in cases of rinderpest. And although there is undoubtedly a superficial resemblance between rinderpest and certain human disorders as indicated above, it cannot be said that it has been found on examination to be the exact equivalent of any of them.* Rinderpest is only known, therefore, as a disease of a peculiar and distinctive character due to a special pathogenic organism, which is, doubtless, a bacterium. The theory of its development by mere miscellaneous filth, overcrowding, miasmata, hot weather, or other cognate causes is untenable. Faulty hygiene by lowering vitality probably renders the animal more prone to the attack and less able to resist it, but quot; Nothing but rinderpest can cause rinderpest.quot; Like smallpox, hydrophobia and other diseases, it is propagated only by its special virus, and this virus is found in abundant and fatal secretions in the blood of every plague-stricken animal, in the discharges from its nostrils, mouth, eyes and even breath. A little of the blood, nasal mucus, or other discharge injected beneath the skin of a healthy animal, devolopes the disease within a few days. The spores are so minute that tliey hang in the air, and are sometimes carried great distances. The clothes of herdmen, the litter from old stalls may secrete them. They cling to the floor, walls and stalling of buildings. Dogs, kites, wild aitiinals and men all assist in disseminating them. Whenever and wherever rinderpest makes its appearance, therefore, nothing but the severest measures are of any avail, if it is intended to stamp it out.

* Little is really known about the rinderpest contagiam. Semmcr and Archangelski of Dorpat inoculated a sheep with some decomposed material sent from the south of Russia. The animal showed signs of rinderpest and died. Micrococci from his lymph glands on culture gave a plentiful mass of typical micrococci and chain-like rods. Inoculations, however, with the cultivated lymph did not prove fatal. The only conclusion which has been yet arrived at is that micrococci found in nearly all the organs of a diseased animal are the essential virus of rinderpest, that cultivation and heat at #9632;46deg; or 4T-'G. diminish their virulence, while cold 15^ü20⁰C. destroys it altogether.

BINDBEPBST.

In order promptly to determine the existence of rinderpest in cattle, it is necessary to note the y Pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _very first flepartriro from a state of health.

For there is always a period of iucixbation during which no appreciable sign of disease is manifest, as in all cases of contagious disease. This as we have said may be from four days to a fortnight, but it has been known to terminate within even twenty-four hours. In many cases, even when the first stage of the disease is reached, it is altogether indefinite. Usually, however, the animal separates from the herd, stands apart with the back arched and appears dull, the nose is dry, the skin is harsh, and also dry. 'The appetite fails, rumination and the secretion of milk are totally arrested. This is soon followed by fever and catarrhal symptoms, attended with cough and a copious flow of muco-purulent material from the nose and eyes, and there is great thirst. The bowels are constipated, and eruption forms upon the tongue, lips and mucous membrane of the month, and a copious salivation follows. The pulse and temperature soon rise greatly ; thei-e is much exhaustion, great difficulty in swallowing^-, much muscular twitching, particularly in the fore and hind quarters, profuse and offensive diarrhrca, the watery tVeces mixed with flakes of mucus und blood, attended with great abdominal pains. At this stage an eruption breaks out about the dewlap, udder, groins, shoulders and ribs. The boils usually burst and leave behind them erosions or ulcers, the skin in some places becoming detached, the result of decomposition, forming large tumours over the body having a crackling sound. In some cases the tumours appear to yield some relief, the severe dysenteric symptoms give w-ay, and recovery often takes place. But when there is no skin eruption, and violent dysentery sets in, death generally ensues. Native cattle-owners not improperly look upon the disease as a sort of small-pox, and when the skin eruptions occur, give the name Matdh and Andar Ka Mafah when the lining mem-

1UNDEKFEST.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;47

braue of the stomacli and bowels is so much affected as to lead to the passing of blood, mucous and slime. The duration of the disease is usually from three to seven daySj but cases are met with which run on for a much lunger period. In mild cases the diarrhoea gradually stopSj the fever subsides, appetite returns, and the animal begins to recover, but it is left so weak that it is some considerable time before it is fit for work. Approaching death will be indicated by considerable variations of temperature.

We have seen that this plague is an eruptive contagious _, .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; fever of a virulent and fatal type.

When the virus once infects the body of a healthy animal, no remedy has yet been discovered which can nullify the effects of the poison, or even materially mitigate them. Our experience in India tallies exactly with that of European experts. Numerous remedies of oue kind or another have been tried and proved worthless. Among the popular remedies tried and still held to be effective among native practitioners, is a mixture of garlic and asafootida, but there is not a shadow of proof that this any more than other drugs forms an antidote to the rinderpest poison. Vaccination as we have shown, is also useless in this malady. The specific organism of rinderpest, though known to science, has not yet been exhaustively analysed, and until that has been done, and a destructive agent has been discovered, it is useless to hope for any antidote on which we can rely with anything like confidence. But it will always be advisable to support the strength of the animal attacked by every possible means, that is to say, by good care, nursing, and proper diet, consisting of gruel and other easily digestible and nutritive food. Powerful purgatives will do harm by bringing about prostration. Water, although it may be given during the early stages of the disease, should be withheld when the bowels become relaxed, and even gruel or rice conjee, should be administered in small quantities only.

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;EINDERPEST.

Although, as wo have said, no specific remedy is known since the nature of the virus is not exhaustively understood, the following treatment adopted by Mr. Thacker, V.S., in the Madras Presidency, has been found useful in mild cases by preventing the development of severer symptoms.

Camphor (koppoor) ... ... 2 drs. or ^ tolah.

Nitre (shora) ... ... ... 2 or f

Dhatura seeds .. ... ... 1 dr. or j kauoha.

Chiretbanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... ... ... 2 drs. or f tolah.

Arracknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .........4 ounces or 2 ohittacks.

In the later stage of the disease Mr. Thacker recommends, viz., when the diarrhoea lias existed above twenty-four hours, the following, finely powered, to be added to the preceding prescription, viz., gallnuts, 2 drachms = | tolah. These astringent medicines should be repeated every twelve hoars until purging ceases.

The great question after all in regard to rinderpest is _.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;how to prevent it. As a rule it may be

Prevention. laquo; * nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4. t i ^ -. .- x-

ettectually prevented by the adoption of a few simple and wise precautionary measures. A small effort, at the most a trifling sacrifice even on the smallest suspicion of the approach of this scourge, may save a village many thousands of rupees, to say nothing of the inconvenience and the anxiety. But there are other desiderata which are also very great. To expect the ryots of an Indian village unaided by Government to combat the disease alone is quite futile. The Veterinary Inspector of each district must himself visit infected places. He should be assisted by a staff of fully qualified and smart subordinates. Systematic returns of the health of cattle should be submitted regularly to officers appointed for the purpose. Picketing places for transit animals should be arranged for. All sick cattle should be carefully segregated, and the carcasses of defunct cattle should be cremated, or at least their hides should be slashed, and the animals buried in quick-lime.

Most of these measures are economical and would be easily practicable if only villagers themselves could be

KINDERPKST.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;49

relied cm to employ tliem. The difficulty lies in the expense involved in the provision of District Inspectors, an expense which the people themselves could save the Government and themselves. In any case, we feel convinced that if the measures suggested were adopted, the repression, if not the entire eradication of the disease would be speedily accomplished. It is of little use to attempt any repressive or preventive measures except by a skilled agency, and though the services of a veterinary practitioner, not necessarily a graduate, might possibly cost Government Rs. 150 per mensem, all other expenses would be light. For the training of subordinates need not take much time, and pensioned sepoys, who were worthy men, could no doubt be obtained to act as peons and report outbreaks. Meanwhile in case of any outbreak taking place, cattle-owners should be recommended to remove stricken beasts at once to some isolated and well-shaded spot outside the village iu an opposite quarter to that in which the wind lies. The man who is told off to tend the sick cattle should not be permitted even for a moment to come near the healthy ones. Cattle that have been affected should under no circumstances be suffered to approach healthy beasts, not even when convalescent. It is necessary to use all the precautionary measures that either science or common sense can suggest. For instance, soil mixed with quick-lime should be immediately thrown on all bowel evacuations and urine. They should then be burned with all fodder and food refused by the sick animal, or which has been near him. Disinfectants should be freely used. Burning tar in byres and sheds used to be recommended as a means of disinfection, but it is of little use. Carbolic acid, sulphurous acid, chloride of zinc, etc., will be found much more effective, and wherever a diseased animal has been housed, it is a wise measure to burn sulphur over the floor. After this, the sheds should be well sluiced down with a disinfecting solution such as we have mentioned above, so that no excreta beai'ing virus in a latent and vitalizing condition may pass into the sewers. 7

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; KINDEKPEST.

As we have said we can name no agent capable of acting as a specific antidote to rinderpest poison. The only curative process known is to support the strength of the animal in those cases where the disease occurs in its milder forms. Stimulants may be administered with vegetable tonics, for instance, a wineglassful of country spirit {Daroo) with as much Turmeric {Suhli) as will lie on a rupee, an equal amount of ginger {South), with twice as much powdered chiretta.

Local Inspectors may do much in case of an outbreak to reduce the spread of the contagion to a minimum. They should 'Immediately report through the Collector the prevalence and nature of the disease. They should personally visit all invaded valleys, and see that the repressive measures above suggested, are properly carried out. His presence and location among the people should be familiarly and widely known. The best way of accomplishing this is to move freely about among them, to visit all villages and hospital pounds, camping places, etc., to see that they are established where they do not exist, to inform and advise all owners of animals as to the treatment of stock, and to treat all cases of sickness or lameness which may be brought to him, for reasonable fees. This will inspire confidence, and on any epizootic outbreak, his preventive or repressive measures will at once command general support.

In rinderpest the whole animal is more or less affected. Mouth, stomachs, small and large

Post-Mortemnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;intestines, trachea and larynx, heart

and bram are all centres of attack. The mouth, pharynx, and the first three compartments of the stomach will be found congested, the oesophagus apparently suffering no change. The glandular structures about the mouth are generally diseased, the ducts being plugged by strings of lymph. In the neighbourhood of the throat and lower part of the neck there will be much subcutaneous effusion of serum. There will be congestion of the mucous membrane in the nostrils

BINDBEPJSST.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 51

and air passages, and in the fouvtli stomach, where it will be found to be of a dark red colour mottled with violet and dark grey streaks, with patches of submucous extravasations. In very bad cases along the whole length of the air passages, the mucous membrane will often show ecchymoses and false membranes. The kidneys are enlarged, and the lining membrane of the uterus, urethra, and bladder, are characteristically altered. The urine is scanty and bloody. The ccecum or blind intestine will present similar appearances to that of the fourth stomach. Throughout the intestines there will be dark patches of congestion, and the surface of the mucous membrane will be covered with a viscid red or blo,ody secretion, more of which will be found mixed with the contents of the bowels. Congestions, extravasations, and false membi-anes will be found in the bowels, the latter often being in a process of removal by sloughing. The rectum especially is extremely diseased. The lining membrane of the gall bladder is similarly affected to the intestines, and the gall ducts like those about the mouth are plugged by lymph. Dr. Klebs has shown that accompanying these congestions the capillary vessels become much distended with micrococci. The heart is soft, with the endocardium and pericardium congested, and with spots or patches of ecchymoses on most of the serous membranes. The mammary gland is congested. The flesh varies but little from that of healthy animals in its physical properties, and though care must be taken to throw away the milk of affected animals, there is no proof that the flesh of animals in an early stage of the disease will prove prejudicial to health. These are chiefly the appearances that pi'esent themselves in an examination after death.

Cbaptev iv.

KAMBI OB. PARAPLEGIA.

The Indian word Kamri serves to describe in a general way the diseases of the loins, and especially paraplegia. It is a form of pai'tial paralysis or palsy, more or less complete, and is usually accompanied with a partial loss of sensation. When paralysis occurs in man, and both the upper and lower extremities are involved, the affection is termed general paralysis, but very frequently it happens that only one half of the body laterally is affected, the one side remaining sound; then it is hemiplegia. If it affects the two lower extremities only, and the body above an imaginary transverse line drawn through the loins is sound, it is termed paraphegia.

.. ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The causes of this disease may be divi-

ded into climatic, hygienic, dietetic, surgical and specific.

Atmospheric changes are a frequent cause of the disease

.. ,. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;in the horse in India. This is esiie-

Climatic Causes. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i ^ j j

cially remarked during damp seasons, and is explained on the quot;chill theory quot;, according to which the nervous system, in endeavouring to adapt itself to the needs of the body, exposed to the great and violent changes of temperature said to occur during certain seasons in India, breaks down and becomes disorganised; that is to say, kamri is essentially a disease of the nervous system caused by exposure to climatic conditions. Chill is probably a wrong term to use, for the breakdown is nearly as often occasioned by exposure to excessive heat as to excessive cold. Fatal kamri is often caused by exposure to heat in some cases probably by cerebral hasmor-

KAMRI OB l'AEAl'LEGIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 53

rhage. These cases occur not onl}' on exposure to the direct action of the sun's rays, as when the animals have been depressed or exhausted after a long march and are afterwards made to stand in an open camp without shelter, but also in the case of animals otherwise exposed to great heat in this country, especially in animals which are overcrowded, badly housed, aud exposed to foul air at night, as in the case of grasscutters' ponies during the rains.

Fresh arrivals in India, especially Australian remounts, are more prone to suffer than other animals which are acclimatised and are native to the country. It is easy to understand that a country-bred animal-will bear an amount of heat with impunity, which would prove fatal to a new arrival; although when the temperature rises above a certain standard, all animals succumb alike. Animals in regular exercise, and those acclimatised to the country, are able to withstand a very high temperature, beyond what such a temperature would exert on the bodies of other animals. If the atmosphere be pure and moderately dry, and if the health of the animals be not otherwise impaired and so long as the functions of perspiration, urination, and resjjiration are free, such animals will withstand a very great amount of heat. Ill-health from any cause operating from within, and malarious and ill-sanitary influence acting from without the body, predispose the animal to the disease. Government horses are less likely to suffer because their general health is maintained by proper stabling and fresh air, whilst in cases where less systematic care is taken and where the surroundings are unhealthy animals frequently succumb. The effect of impure air on the brain which is supplied with contaminated blood is to depress and even to pervert its activity. Heat alone, especially dry heat, unaccompanied by any of the causes above enumerated, is not likely to produce this disease. Even if we were to admit it possible that the animal was affected by a quot; stroke of the wind,quot; or loo as the natives believe, we must admit that the effects of impure air would be still

54nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; KAMKI OK PAEAPLBGIA.

greater by poisoning the blood which would exert its action on the nerves and brain.

This most important subject of quot; wind-stroke quot; has been so much discussed, and is so well-worn, that to dwell on it at any length would be superfluous. It will be at once admitted that if the hot winds had any appreciable influence in exciting the disease known as kamri in India, the proportion of cases during the dry, hot months would be much greater than during any other season of the year. Considering' the large number of cases witnessed during the rains, and even in the cold weather, this knowledge of its characteristic will impart a stimulus to any future endeavour to throw light upon this subject. It is quite open to question whether the remaining few cases, seen in extreme hot weather, do not occur as a result of some of the conditions enumerated above, and which predispose the animals to the disease. Some of the most serious cases are those which come on under cover at night as well as by day, when the animals have in no way been exposed to the rays of the sun. An atmosphere that is loaded with moisture, particularly predisposes to the disease by preventing evapoi-ation from the skin, and this is a much wider source of danger than the actual rays of the sun. Hence it is, that the dry atmosphere of the North-West Provinces and the Punjab, is much more favourable to the animal's health than the damp atmosphere of Bengal, and the greater frequency of these cases towards the close of the rains as compared with those seen during dry weather, may be similarly explained.

Veterinary-surgeon Spooner Hare, of Calcutta, has lately pointed out {Veterinary Journal, July, 1887; that, both kamri and roaring are the result, in many instances, of exalted bodily temperature, such as occurs in hunters and race-horses during training and galloping, and in the class of cases known as thermic fever (sunstroke). From a large number of observations made in these cases, it has seemed, first, that the changes of temperature in certain

KAMKI OK PARAPLEGIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;55

seasons are sudden and violent; and, secondly, that the connection between these variations of temperature and perhaps the malarious character of localities in which they are often observed, is such as to lead to the conclusion that if not in themselves the cause of the disease, they undoubtedly have a most intimate connection with it, and suggest precautionary measures in localities where kamri is most frequent. Much may, indeed, be done in all cases, by avoiding exposure to the abovementioned extreme variations of temperature, and by maintenance of quot; tone quot; in the nervous system.

Besides climatic conditions, there are also certain

,_ , ,. _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;dietetic causes in operation which

Dietetic Causes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, , r, i inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; t #9632;

produce kaum both m horses and m men, and which have been proved sufficient to induce this disease when experimentally given to animals, or taken by human beings, as food. A variety of Indian pulse, which is found to be identical with the Lathyrua Sativun, and known as the kasari, kasar, tiura, tiuri, and latri, is fraudulently mixed with grain sold in the bazaars in India, and is a frequent cause of paralysis in horses when eaten in sufficiently large quantity to have effect. It is grown as a cold weather crop, and ou land which will raise no other kind of pulsechiefly on clayey soils, and on land submerged in the rainy season, and which hardens during the cold weather almost to the consistency of stone, and splits up into long, deep fissures. It occasionally grows in rice-fields whilst the rice stubble is still standing. Chemically it is exceptionally rich in nitrogenous constituents, and this may account for its tendency to produce paralysis. Horses which have been fed on the plant for a considerable period drop while performing the lightest work in consequence of paralysis of the hinder extremities, and in many cases death follows from bilateral paralysis of the laryngeal recurrent nerves and consequent asphyxia.

It is true that animals fed on comparatively large

56nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;KAMKI OK PAUAPLKGIA.

quautities of the kasari dal have soiuetimes escaped all harm ; and though it is so often present in the gram given to regimental horses, only one in a hundred ever develops kaiuri. The progress of the disease is slow however, and although given in small quantities and taken at long intervals, it may not be followed by any ill results, the numberless cases in which a long-continued use of the kasari dal has been seen to produce kamri in our horses, should arrest attention and arouse caution. The experience of many former outbreaks of kamri will show what time will accomplish in horses fed even in small quantities on this legume. It produces myelitis or haemorrhage of the spinal cord, leading to secondary degeneration, although there may be no naked-eye indications of this spinal cord affection on making a fost-murtem examination even in cases far advanced in the disease.

Reflex Kamei.

Clinical observation teaches us that not merely motory a ^ i n j-x-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;impressions, but those also which

Surgical Conditions. ¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;%. n ^ n

cause sensations, may bereiiected;

so that the impression of one part, is experienced by sensation in another. Impressions on the ultimate distribution of one nerve produce sensations in parts supplied by another nerve, or by another branch of the same nerve. Thus in shoulder lameness, and in lameness noted behind due to renal and cystic disease, calculi, etc., the sensations cannot be referred to direct nervous communication, but to an influence reflected, probably from the spinal centre only. In intestinal concretions, and in acute colic in the lower animals, we are familiar with lameness from pain reflected to the extremities. Experimental facts show that there are reflex inhibitory centres in the cord. We are acquainted with nerves whose action consists in the inhibition of the action of other nerves; and so pathologists have been induced to look upon reflex paralysis and reflex inhibition as very similar processes.

kamui oe pakaplegia.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57

Traumatic Kamei. Kamri is sometimes produced iu its worst form from injury to the spine.

Symptoms resembling those of ordinary kamri may be _ .r, nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;seen accompanymsr the course of

Specific Causes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.' deg;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

certain specinc diseases, but especially that of anthrax, rabies, surra and others. We are familiar with a form of paralysis of the hinder quarters which occurs in cases of rabies in the horse, but especially towards the latter stages of that malady; and this form of the disease simulates kamri in the horse when the history of the case is not known. Diagnosis is generally easy when we have the previous history of the case, and when other symptoms, absent in kamri, have been remarked in the case preceding the paralysis.

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Similarly, one form of anthrax, attended with paralysis of the hinder quarters, may be mistaken for kamri, but is distinguishable from it by (a) the course of the disease; (amp;) the concomitant symptoms of anthrax, which are never witnessed in kamri; and (c) the presence of the bacillus anthracis in the blood and other tissues of the patient.

3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dr. Wallace Taylor made the observation in 1880, that outbreaks of beri-beri in man were frequently associated with outbreaks of paralysis in animalsbut especially in ponies and mules in Burma, China, Japan and adjoining countriesand that this disease of animals had a pathological relation to that seen in human beings, in that the blood of affected animals showed, on examination, the same organismsbacillias Dr. Taylor had described in beri-beri of man. The subject of beri-beri has attracted considerable attention in India and elsewhere, and every day new and hitherto imperfectly understood diseases are coming under its nomenclature. Sir J. Fayrer even suggests that pernicious anaemia is probably the same disease in Europe. Cases of oedema of obscure origin, as well as other diseases so often met with in

58nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; KAMKl OR PARAPLEGIA.

practice in ludia^ might also be shown to be but diftereut forms of beri-beri. One fact is noteworthy in Dr. Taylor's account, namely, change of situation and climate always brings about an improvement in the cases ; and this fact has been noted also in animals, as Dr. Taylor mentions both an acute and a chronic form of paralysis, and it is the latter cases which benefit mostly by a change of situation.

4. We have seen that paralysis of the hinder quarters sometimes characterised cases of surra in India, and Professor Fröhner has noted the same feature in Germany, where this symptom of paralysis was not infrequently present in pernicious amcmia in animals. In the horse intermittent paralysis of the hind limbs has been found to be due to the plugging of the iliac arteries with lymph ; such cases have not been noticed in the ox, but cases of paraplegia in pregnant animals is sometimes seen in which the paralysis disappears after parturition. In such cases it will usually be found that there has been some pressure on the posterior aorta, or the iliacs more particularly, interfering with the blood supply. Tumours of various kinds may be discovered also in such positions as to press upon the affected parts. And lastly paralysis is in some cases due to poisonous agents, and of these lead palsy is the most remarkable.

I think the etiology of the disease shows that the .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;subject of kamri in the horsewhether

deg;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' true or symptomatic kamriis at once

wide and interesting, and therefore worthy of our closest consideration. We must not, however, confound the simple forms of kamri with those due to specific causes, such as pressure on the nerves or cord due to a fracture, a fall or a blow. These are readily distinguishable by the course and concomitant symptoms, the presence of the specific organisms in the blood and other tissues, the influence of treatment, etc. The paraplegia accompanying the course of specific feversanthrax, rabies, surra, etc.

KAM Hl OK i'AHAl'LKÜIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59

is not a murosis, but is without donbt symptomatic, arising fi-om i-eflex irritation of some remote disturbance, in this instance probably some blood-vascular derangement of congestive character. It is obvious that, the spinal cord being a complex organ, any reflex irritation arising from it would be more or less generally manifested, thus ex-plaining the posterior paralysis sometiues noted in the course of these diseases. It is generally transient in character, of varying degrees of severity, and usually passes off on the disappearance of the other symptoms common to the disease. It will be found most frequent in old animals and especially in those turned out into low damp pastures, and during severe weather. The paralysis iu kamri comes on quite independently of any febrile disturbance, and always runs a prolonged course, the symptoms lasting for many months or even years. In fact general belief stamps the disease to be, as a rule, in-' curable through life : hence all animals affected with kamri, in the old stud days, were sold by public auction, as unfit for the service.

A horse affected with kamri stands in the stall with _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;his hind legs under him, #9632;/'.laquo;. places them

^ quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' somewhat forward under the belly and

parallel to each other, instead of one leg before the other as in health. He changes his position now and then, and again stands as aforementioned. In backing, he does so with difficulty, and drags his hind legs under him, and, if any force is used, even goes down sometimes on his haunches. In trotting, he has a rolling action behind, and the hind legs swing from side to side, especially in going up or down hill, which is noticeable from the hips downwards. In turning at a trot on the left, the animal swings the off hind leg outwards, and the near hind leg when turning on the right side. Some severe cases have a difficulty in rising in the stall, and, except in cases of kamri from injury, they evince no pain on pressure to the loins.

GOnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;KAMKI OK PAKAI'LEGIA.

The prognosis is more liopeful in young than in very _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. old animals, as in the latter it is less

deg;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' amenable to treatment even in the early

stages, and in either chronic or ordinary kamri serious symptoms are more likely to supervene in older horses than in young ones, in which it is under the control of appropriate treatment. I think that it may be stated generally that a person should not purchase a horse for at least twelve months after amelioration of the acute symptoms, and that he ought not to do so whilst any weakness in the animal's action is noticed, whatever time has elapsed since apparent recoveiy.

The symptoms of kamri consist in disordered innervation and general functional derangement, leads'^- ing to secondary changes which may be found in varying degrees of severity iu different cases. There is a marked hyperasmia and extravasation of blood causing pressure on the cord, which is found to have undergone degenerative changes of the nerve cells; the latter ai'e atrophied, shrunken, or eaten away, the connective tissue of the cord and membranes being hypertrophied. The cord itself is sometimes seen to be enormously thickened due to this hypertrophy of connective tissue.

The above changes are, doubtless, of secondaiy origin, the result of the disturbance of function, and afford no indication of the morbid influence by which the function is disturbed. The one almost solitary fact which we have to guide us in seeking for the seat of the disease is the change in the irritability of the motor nerves of the hinder quarters. This proves beyond a doubt that the nutrition of these nerves is changed. But such a change in the nerves suggests a similar change in the motor nerve-cells of the spinal cord. Of these the motor axis-cylinders are the processes, and share the changes in nutrition of the parent cell. Moreover, the loss of power, or paralysis itself, indicates that there is a morbid state of the grey matter, since we know that only nerve-cells can liberate the energy

KAMK1 OB FABAFUB6IA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 61

which causes motor power. We may feel sure, therefore, that the motor nerve-cells of the cord and the fibres proceeding from them, are in a morbid state. But whether the morbid condition arises primarily in the cord, or descends from higher centres, we cannot tell, and opinions which may be given, that this or that part of the brain is the seat of the disease, would belong, in the present state of our knowledge, to the region of unsupported theory. We ai-e not justified in going for the seat of the disease beyond the spinal axis, including the grey matter of the pons and medulla, in which a morbid state is undoubtedly indicated. The enduring alteration in function proves some change in their nutrition; but the fact that this change remains limited to weakened power, and frequently passes away entirely or becomes greatly improved under appropriate treatment, proves that it is comparatively slight iji degree, and probably limited to such fine molecular changes as could not be recognised by any means of investigation at present at our command.

Great attention should be paid to the comfort of the , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . affected animal. He must have a good

bed, and should be frequently turned to avoid bed sores which are very liable to occur in aggravated forms in these patients. Hand-rubbing of the affected parts and mild stimulation and clothing will be found to be useful adjuncts. If the case be one of debility, restoration may be hoped for if the case is put promptly into the hands of a skilled veterinarian. If it results from fracture of the spine tumours may be expected to form, the iinimal will lose condition, and after prolonged treatment will probably die. If the paralysis is the result of inflammatory deposits, they may be absorbed in time, and the process of removal will be accelerated by the use of such agents as iodide of iron, and by the external application of bin iodide-of-mercury ointment. In any case the food should be as nutritious as the digestive apparatus is able to bear, and of a laxative nature.. The treatment, however, which is found to

Ü2

KAMKl OK TxVUAl'LliülA.

be most efficacious in practice is the internal administration of nux vomica, commencing- with 20 g-rs. closes, and gradually increasing the amount to two drachms each dose, given twice daily till improvement is noticed. In some cases the iodide of potassium will be found beneficial, with iron and other tonics. It is always well to administer a physic previous to commencing the treatment by more specific agents. When symptoms simulating those of kamri proper follow in the course of any specific fever, the same' treatment will be indicated as is found beneficial in the management of that particular fever ; we must, in fact, treat the disease, and not the symptom in this instance.

In the case of gram so obviously faulty as that aforementioned in which the presence of kasari dal is unduly heavy, a committee should, if occasionally convened, act as an effectual check upon the culpable carelessness of contractors. The presence of a few of the kasari seeds in a relatively large bulk of gram is doubtless of no great moment, and it is not easily avoidable in some districts during certain seasons of the year ; but we must contend for a reasonable degree of official attention on behalf of the general health and food supply of the horses. It used to be said that animals fed on grain containing the kasari dal have frequently escaped all harm, and the view that it has any action in producing kamri in horses has quite recently been denounced as quot;theoretical.'' Nothing would be gained by substituting gram mixed with kasari dal for the pure gram in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, and something would in every case be lost.

In those cases of kamri where heat is the primary cause of the disease, the object is to reduce temperature as speedily as possible, and before tissue changes have taken place. The bowels should be relieved at once and injections of quinine given hypodermically to reduce temperature and blood-pressure. Locally, the judicious application of cold by affusion, and counter-irritation by blisters over the spine ai'e essential.

(Ibapter vgt;.

BAR 8 A TI.

This well-known disease has been variously described as Barsäti, atropliic carcinoma, equine ^ ^ 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; cancer, recurrent fibroid, contract-

ing cancer, cicatricial cancer, etc. Some of these, not all, are intended to indicate some particular feature of the disease. But any nomenclature which is founded on anatomical characters only, must in this case necessarily be faulty if not misleading. We therefore propose to consider the other features of the disease before coming to its pathology.

Science owes much of what is knowu of this disease to

the pens of many able veterinarians

Historical and _w^ _t various times have- served with

Descnptive Survey. _ . . _T -,. m, u

the Army in India, iheir observations will not be devoid of interest, because they supply a continuation of the history of the disease from say 1840, while at the same time they are of some importance ou account of their nomenclature and pathology, barsati being confounded in India with many diseases, some of which are sufficiently characteristic while others may be said to possess only a casual resemblance to it. It is, therefore, necessary to have as clear a view of the disease under consideration as possible, and this can only be obtained by comparing its characteristics as they occurred to various observers in separate localities, in different years and seasons and under varied conditions of climate and treatment. Since I first sketched my experience of barsati in the Veterinary Journal in 1880, and especially since the publication of iny Pamphlet on Barsati in 188Ö, the leading idea of that experience has been largely recognised.

64nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BAESATI.

The geographical distribution oE barsati is closely allied with that of cancer. It is con-

Geographicalnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;clusively shown that in human beings

cancer does not prevail to any extent, if at all, in certain rocky districts which afford much limestone, and suggests preventive means in other districts where it is more prevalent. Dr. Henry Butlin has already shown that quot; High and dry localities are unfavourable to the occurrence of cancer, and that the disease flourishes chiefly in low, flat parts of the country (England) which are covered by alluvium and watered by many streams that are subject to frequent floods.quot; {Brit. Med. Jour., July 11, 1885.)

A fact connected with this difference of distribution is that which I pointed out some years ago, viz., that the prevalence of barsäti was associated with the principal river systems of India. In examining the distribution of barsäti in India, we found that the highest percentage of admissions from this cause was noted in the Bengal studs, which were situated on the banks of the principal river systems in the country. The Government stud at Hajipur, near Patna, was abolished many years ago in consequence of this very prevalence of barsäti among the horses. Since my return to India recently I had shown the prevalence of barsäti to be greatest in stations situated on the banks of the river Ganges, and that in hilly districts which were located some distance away from the principal river-beds, there was to be found an exceptional decrease in cases of this disease. Take, for example, Jubbulpore and Saugor districts. Here there is an entire absence of barsäti, noted in animals often previously affected in other stations, as shown by the veterinary history sheets. Not only in this district, but in others further down the valley of the Narbada, the Bijäwar rocks afford limestone of various qualities * and the famous ' marble rocks' are particularly noteworthy, * Geology of India, Fait iii., by Ball.

BAKSATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65

both for the beauty and purity of the material of which they are composed.

The Saugor rocks, which contain a great proportion of limestone, are also seen to be free from barsati. In my connection with this station, for over two years, I did not know a single case of primary barsati either in Government or in private animals.

Eaipore district, in the Central Provinces, where limestone is so abundant throughout that it would be difficult to say where it is not fouml, I am told by many old residents that barsati is practically unknown there.

Spontaneous healing of barsa.ti sores sometimes takes place on arrival at a hilly station, and I have recently had examples of this in battery horses at Saugor, as shown by the veterinai'y history sheets; and I attributed the cure to the change of stations, where the animals showed rapid recovery under simple treatment. In one case the disease had recurred several times when in another station, and rapidly recovered on an-ival at Saugor, and has never since appeared. Principal Veterinary Surgeon Oliphant has drawn special attention to the fact, mentioned in my Pamphlet on Barsati published in 1886, that taking horses subject to barsati, to the hills, brings about a speedy improvement. 1 have recommended several horses suffering from this disease to be taken to the hills, with marked benefit in every case.

It will thus be seen that the disease prevails chiefly in low-lying, damp localities, and that in rocky stations it has been witnessed only as an exception, at long-intervals.

The rocky nature of the soil here doubtless assists in reducing the number of admissions from this di^sease gt; but whether by its physical or its chemical characters, it is difficult to say.

Barsati flourishes in the low-lying parts of India where heat and moisture are combined. It is seldom or never heard of on the hills or in dry, elevated localities. 9

06nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BAKSATI.

Dr. Lyford,* of America, writing on Barsati, says, quot; It seems to be confined to tlie neiglibourliood of Minneapolis and St. Paul, with tlie exception of a lew cases which migrate each year.quot; Minnesota, with its chief towns, St. Paul and Minneapolis, offer a climatic type precisely similar to that of India in the rains. Tlie chief drawback to the above-mentioned districts is the trying and unhealthy period which accompanies the annual melting of the snow.

Geographical distribution has never yet been studied in relation to barsati, as far as I am aware ; and, therefore, undue prevalence of that disease in some statious aud almost entire absence in others, require further investigation. Moreover, the remarkable difference in the prevalence of barsäti in dry and wet seasons, which I pointed out some years ago, is sufficient to warrant us in believing that there is something underlying the causation of this disease which has yet to be revealed.

We must now examine the several clinical features of

barsati, and see if we can find

Clinical Characteris- ^tliafc ^auy ^of ^tliem ^blaow ^markedtics.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;and definite relations to any

particular disease. My experience is, that barsati is a diseasequot; common to robust condition of body, and that although appearing in all animals, it is most frequently seen in horses having reputed good condition of body, the health only suffering in proportion to the advance of tlie disease from local parts to the internal organs. I believe the recorded experience of other veterinary surgeons shows this conclusively. The great question which is thus raised is as to the condition of patients previous to the appearance of this disease, and the general answer is, quot;Remarkably healthy.quot; Mr. Smith t characterises the condition of horses subject to barsäti as quot;vigorous.quot;

* Veterhianj Journal, May, 1880. t Veterinary Journal, 1881.

BAKSATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;67

Most veterinary surgeons who have written on barsiiti state that simple wounds and ulcers sometimes become the seat of disease, and that the specific form of harsati does frequently arise in the clu-onic ulcers themselves. I shall quote Mr. Hart, * who writesquot; Simple sores and galls, if neglected, are very apt to assume barsatic action,quot; wliich is the general experience of veterinary surgeons in India.

Another important feature of barsati is the presence in the sores of pain or irritation felt at different intervals. Veterinary Surgeon Spooner Hart {Veterinarian, 1873) writes, what must be the experience of everyone, that quot; Barsati sites, though healed, are liable at any time to become irritable, and to be gnawed by the horse, this act showing beyond dispute that some irritative action is going on.quot;

Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon Oliphant, t in his article on Barsati, observes :quot; From rnbbing or biting for the sore is particularly itchythe crown of the ulcer becomes violently detached, leaving a moist, irrritable sore, the base of which speedily becomes indurated.quot; Mr. Hart also des-cribes quot;an indurated base extending to a depth of half an inch or an inch.quot;

Mr. Hart writes : quot; After an indefinite period of immunity the disease re-appears.quot; We know the history of several cases in which the disease recurred after a cessation of three years, and in one case after a period of four years.

There is one point in the history of barsati which has not received the attention of observers which it probably deserves. This is the history of apparent cures. Most commonly we find an atrophic change sets in during the course of barsati and the case is discharged as cured, when in many cases the disease has in reality not been cured, but barsati which has been temporarily arrested. Another danger which is present in these cases of healed

* Veterinarian, 1873.

f Veterinary Journal, July, 1880.

68nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; B/VFSATT.

barsäti is the risk of wide coustitutioual disease ensuing in consequence of absoi-ption from the local focus. Not infrequently such internal disease has been an obscure one, or it has passed for a time into a quiescent condition. This is due to the formation of fibrous tissue, which has been repeatedly pointed out by pathologists to be regarded as a conservative change, and one showing the tendency of the process to become quiescent. At the same time the great majority of cases, which to the naked eye appear quiescent and would be placed among the cases of healed barsäti, soon show signs of activity, and often develop into the most acute forms of the disease.

We have observed that during the rains a barsiti sore generally becomes greatly aggravated and does not heal up under ordinary dressings. We recognise that wet weather favours the growth and increases the malignancy of a barsäti sore, but we know that the progress of a simple sore is influenced in like manner during such weather. The opinion I ventured to express is that this disturbing factor is dampness of the air, causing tissue metamorphosis and interference with the reparative process. Excess of moisture present in the air makes the protoplasm of the cell-elements swell up, and ultimately become disintegrated. If this be so, we may infer that where the influence of the healing process in simple wounds is upset hy the local causes, structural changes in a barslti sore may be presumed to follow, on the principle that the growth of an organic disease is similarly promoted by exposure to an atmosphere of opposed conditions. Thus it will be seen that, so far as influence of season is concerned, aggravation of a barsäti sore in the rains may be viewed as a result of moisture that has led to very appreciable structural or organic alteration ; for the malignancy of the disease is greatly influenced by physical conditions, being more pronounced in proportion to the moisture, vascularity, and amount of movement in the part.

Amongst other striking points in this connection, there

BARS ATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 69

is also the fact that the distribution of barsäti in point of stations varies, there being a comparative infrequency, if not total absence, noticed in most hilly and limestone districts of India; and this infrequency of the disease in certain soils has been noted now by several observers, among them also American practitioners who have had an opportunity of witnessing one form of this disease in America.

Finally, with regard to recurrence in bars'iti. A remarkable and not very explicable phenomenon is the arrest of barsäti growth and the gradual wasting of the diseased mass. The activity of the whole mass is arrested, new cells cease to be formed, and the tumour fadesa widely spread mass becoming quiescent and then fading throughout its whole extent. It shifts the difficulty back a stage or two to suggest that the recession takes place in obedience to the law under which local atrophy, independent of inflammation or disease, may occur; or that it may be due to some want of organising power inherent in it from the first, as some sores seeih born to be atrophic.

Indications have not been wantina: to show a errowinff ., ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tendency towards the belief in a

Patholoffy.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;../... , , tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,,

parasitic origin of the disease. Mr. Collins was the first to call attention to the fact that barsäti was, perhaps, connected with some parasite, and ever since then there have always been found supporters of the parasitic theory. Messrs. J. H. Steel and F. Smith were for many years its most powerful exponents, and they have clearly described and figured the microscopic appearance of the fungi in question; but while Mr. Steel supports generally Mr. Smith's view, he gives a totally different description of the fungus; and Mr. Smith's own descriptions of the parasite and the plates, as given in the Veterinary Journal for 1879 and 1884, do not correspond, whilst Mr. Steel has described a third form of parasite {Veterinary Journal, 1881). Unfortunately, both these observers have called their parasites diagnostic.

BARSATI.

which has been a great stumbling block for beginners.

And if the theory were correct (a) the disease should be found to depend upon one specific organism ; (h) it must be capable of production by the organism both before and after repeated pure cultivation.

If there is any parasite it is the actinomyces that I have recently found in little nodular masses, (resembling tubercles) in the lungs of horses destroyed for barsati, as well as in those found in local sores. On microscopic examination these lumps are seen to be composed of a number of i-adiating threads with swollen club-shaped ends, forming a sort of rosette. In some specimens narrow thread-like hyphre may be seen forming coils in the central parts or in some instances growing peripherally out of the mass. Without deciding the question whether these organisms ai'e the cause of barsati, it is interesting at least to note that examined under a high magnifying power, they agree in all essential particulars with the actinomyces of human and bovine disease, showing long threads like leptothrix or cladothrix, microccus forms, and, under certain circumstances, the peculiar club-shaped rays. A farther description of this parasite will be found in the following chapter.

We will now direct our attention to the differences that

Diagnosis.

exist between barsäti anil those other mor-

bid products which in some measure simulate it, and are not infrequently mistaken for it by those who are not skilled in the diagnosis of these diseases. The diseases with which barsäti may be confounded are rodent ulcer, Delhi-boil or lupus, keloid or chakdnmr* and ichthyosis. The important difference between barsiti and the latter is their limited diffusibility as compared with barsäti. They spread slowly and only continuously into the surrounding tissues, and their course is free from any generation of secondary disease iif internal organs and * The Veterinarian, March, 1885.

BABSATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 71

distant tissues which characterises geuuine bavsati. It is this restrictedness which marks the course of all these diseases, and makes their distinction from barsäti both possible and comparatively easy ; while physical differences, together with a microscopical examination, should settle the decision in case of doubt. From lupus the disease is generally easily distinguishable. Lupus has seldom the hard base which always characterises a barsäti sore. It leaves a larger scar; does not contaminate the system ; and while the centre of the sore may be showing signs of repair, the circumference still spreads on. In all these features it is quite distinct from barsiiti. In keloid the induration is by no means so marked as in barsäti, neither is it of that inelastic character which indicates true barsäti. In keloid, connective tissue bands are deposited into wedges in the substance of the corium, and completely supplaut it, which is not the case with barsäti. Keloid is found generally upon some part of the trunk. Ichthyosis has its seat always on the lips, and is characterised by special clinical features. The character of the scab is no less important. It is invariably thick in ichthyosis; in barsäti it is usually slight. The less extent of surface usually implicated, and the absence of any intervening constitutional disorder make it easy to distinguish ichthyosis from barsäti. There is a capacity for internal disease always present in barsäti that is absent in ichthyosis. In barsäti the local and constitutional morbid changes intensify pari passu. Doubtless analogies are presented by comparison with the milder cases of barsäti in which no constitutional symptoms have been developed; but the comparison would appear erroneous beside typical cases of that most destructive disease, which never fails to involve the internal organs during its latter stages, as shown by numerous post-mortem examinations we have made. For a more detailed description of these diseases, I must refer the reader to my work on Veterinary Surgical Pathology. Inasmuch as ' kanhcrs' are perhaps the most noticeable

72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BAUSATI.

morbid cliaugo found iu the internal organs, we may begin with a consideration of them, Fost-mortem _a]11(j describe the other changes after-Appearances.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, wards.

They are found in the lymphatic glands, in the lungs, liver, spleen and other organs. In the latter, tliey may be either deeply imbedded, or seated superficially on the surface and on fibrous and mucous coverings. They are both discrote and confluent, are of various sizes, shapes and forms, and of different consistency during different stages of development. Some of the youngest seen on the surface of the lungs, appear slightly depressed in the centre, giving the surrounding pleura a peculiar puckered appearance. Those older in the stage of development, are harder to the feel, have an irregular outline and, when seated on the pleura, are slightly raised above the surface of the lungs and surrounded by a zone of fibrous or cirrhotic tissue. Histologically, these kankers differ in no respect from similar kankers found in the sores externally seated. In some places they produce, by confluence, characteristic quot;lumpsquot; in the substance of organs, but particularly in that of the lungs. The irritant which produces barsäti nodules in remote structures is merely a tissue irritant derived from the external sore, and acts em-bolically; the caseation that sometimes follows is a mishap due to insufficient blood-sup ply; while the latter change of classification is due to infiltration of this structure with inorganic salts. Caseation of a barsäti nodule takes place generally as a result of complicity with other products and from insufficient nutriment, which accounts for the infre-quency with which yellow nodules are here met with; and in this respect the disease differs in an important particular from tuberculosis. It is commoner, as experience shows, to meet with the grey formations, and those which have undergone that physical variation by transformation into a horny mass, called cornificatiou, or by infiltration with inorganic salts into ' wonib-stonas' or kankers.

BAESATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 73

Man}' portions of the lungs undergo consolidation, the result of catarrhal inflammation, and produce, what may he called, a peculiar cloudy degeneration, due to the air-vesicles being occluded with catarrhal products, in which may be seen numerous large, polygonal or hexagonal cells having ovoid nuclei and many nucleoli. The air septa are also the seat of a dense infiltration by numerous small cells. Auscultation over parts of the chest corresponding to such portions of the lungs shows loss of murmur of the normal sounds of the lungs, during life. The consolidation is frequently a result of fibroid change in many advanced cases. Dulness is sometimes, but not always, detected, because frequently the surrounding lung is super-resonant from emphysema. Gradually the lungs become more and more extensively involved, and the signs, as well as the symptoms, are not to be distinguished from those of any other chronic lung affection.

The pleura is the seat of important and marked changes in the advanced cases of this disease. It loses its normal transparency, becomes rough to the touch and cloudy in appearance, and is thickened and adherent to the subjacent lung-tissue, in specimens steeped in alcohol, this is beautifully shown, the pleura being raised into distinct rugce.

Small cavities appear on section of the lungs resemblino¹true bronchi, but which on inspection are found to be cavities emptied of kanker, and indicate the seat of kankers which have been dislodged in the act of sectioning. True dilatation of the bronchi may be seen in many long-standing cases of barsilti, due to cirrhosis : the cir-rhotic tissue contracting, pulls the bronchi open on principles well recognised.

When any portion of the lungs is consolidated, the adjacent parts take on increased or excessive action, one of the results of which is emphysema, the amount of which will always be regulated hy the amount of consolidation present in any given case. 10

BAKSÄTI.

Or a dilated, corded condition of the blood-vessels of the lungs, generally of the subpleural vessels, also results in a few cases, from compensatory action.

No suppurative changes are usually noticed in any of the internal organs in cases of barsäti.

What is generally termed ' kanker' in barsäti, is not

Kanker,

kanker properly so-called, but is a

product of disease, a cell-concretion in fact, either with or without calcareous deposition ; for, there are two kinds of kanker, namely (ft) soft, or fatty, or caseous; and {li) hard, or calcareous kanker. When they are present in the sores they are considered characteristic ; but they may be occasionally present only in small numbers, or be altogether absent in some cases. They may, and do occur also in the internal organs, during the latter stages of this disease. There is no doubt that, in hot climates in particular, their formation is expedited by the process of desiccation.

Many observers exalt special remedies-in the treatment

_ . ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; of barsäti, and as usual, each produces

Treatment.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , . j.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; lt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^ i .c

a list of cures in favour of his tavounte

application. Further evidence of the difficulty of settling this point is afforded by general experience, which disproves the utility of these cures, and shows that their benefits have been overestimated. It is now proved that it is impossible to influence the course of barsati by recourse to any number of acknowledged parasiticides which have been recommended; and I have myself tried, in numerous cases, local applications of caustic potash, nitrate of silver, chloride of zinc, chlorate of potash, sulphate of copper, of iron and zinc, salicylate of soda, salicylic, nitric, sulphuric, acetic and carbolic acids, myrrh, aloes, camphor, alum, sulphur, amp;c., without effect. Iodine and sulphurous acid injections have been latterly tried by me in many private cases, with equally useless results. Mr. T. Marriott, a. v. d., speaks highly of the results of treatment by iodoform. Very extensive barsati

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growths on the fetlocks and lower lip and angles of the mouth have been gradually destroyed by caustics followed by iodoform dressings^ and a healthy cicatrix has been obtained. How long an immunity from this disease has been secured, it would be difficult to say; but at any rate it is a considerable gain to have overcome, even for a time, the unsightly and ever-increasing out-growth, and to have thus early relieved the animal from pain, and returned him to duty. Calomel and biniodide of mercury were largely employed in the Government Studs some years ago, but with no better results than any of the above-mentioned. Carbolic acid, when well diluted, has the effect of cleaning the surface; but when in strong solution, undoubtedly aggravates the growth in many cases. For the purpose of removing discharges from the surface, and keeping the sore free from smell, I never employ a stronger solution than 1 part in 20 parts of water, for the reasons above stated. Its efficacy, however, is no greater than that of most other agents in common employment. Mr. John Henry Steel, a. v. d., recommends the iodide of arsenic ointment (1-6) as a useful application, to cause a slough. The use of the actual cautery and of the knife is in every case contra-indicated, as it generally increases the activity of the growth. Thus we have tried every remedy, and during every stage of this disease, with the same negative results. At the risk of appearing tautological 1 would add one other remark upon these operations by the knife, actual cautery and caustic agents. quot; Be quite sure that you remove all the induration, or you will do mischief instead of good.quot; So long as we continue to look upon barsäti as a mere local disease, so long shall we fail to effect more than a temporary recovery.

Where barsäti is indolent, it is wise not to attempt its removal by the knife or by any caustic applications. Such indolence or arrested growth in an external sore is sometimes coincident with its internal development. Inspecting veterinary-surgeon Oliphant says,quot; The state of the

BAUSATI.

system existing in barsdti is not sucli as indicates the use of tlie knife.quot;

Pari passu with the advance of the external sore I have noticed defects produced in the constitution of the animal, which should be early supported by appropriate medicinal remedies. The results of this combined treatment will be generally found to be more satisfactory, although how long an immunity from this disease may thus be secured in all cases I am unable to say, but at any rate it is found to be a considerable improvement on the local treatment only, and affords better hope of restoring the patient to work and keeping him out of sick-lines long after others have been admitted with a locally recurrent disease of aggravated character. I know from early experience that it is no good quot; patching up quot; a case and returning to duty, which comes back in a few months with considerable constitutional disturbance. I know of no specific remedies that will avert the constitutional derangement, but would recommend the system to be supported on general principles by the administration of both vegetable and mineral tonics, but especially by iron and arsenic in large doses. Any of the preparations of phosphorus might also prove useful. The influence of phosphorus and arsenic on the general nutrition is analogous to their influence on the nutrition of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, which is seen in the case of many skin affections.

I have often prescribed the above remedies with good results, where constitutional disease was not already far advanced. No one remedy can be expected to produce a cure, and this alone illustrates the absurdity of the dogma, that any quot; specificquot; can eradicate a general disease by treating its local manifestations only.

I have given the above summary with the view of furnishing a general experience in regard to results of different modes of treatment in different cases. Most of the remedies mentioned have been tried by me as well as other practitioners, in the treatment of this disease.

BARSATI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;77

I have, however, to say something further of certain preventives which have not been described before, and which come under the first category in the preceding summary. Those cases in which the sore has apparently been of short duration may be much benefited by a change of climate to the hills. Those in which the constitution is severely involved may derive temporary benefit by a similar change. But in some cases the result is disappointment : the local disease persists and grows in spite of all treatment, and sometimes fresh ulceration takes place in an already healed cicatrix, so that the treatment, of barsati must be considered only palliative in kind. When the disease has been suppressed by the abovenamed means a relapse is rendei'ed less certain if the animal is kept on a strictly starchy diet. It would appear that high feeding and higher organization is in a measure unfavourable to reparative work. We can quite conceive that the steady, regular pi'ocesses upon which it depends are less likely to proceed in an orderly and uninterrupted manner under conditions of high excitability, where stimulus easily engenders disorder, than under lower functional activity and less susceptible circumstances.

Having had the opportunity of watching the progress of .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; several cases of this kind for two, and in

deg;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' some instances three years, I think I am

justified in giving always a guarded opinion from the commencement of this disease, owing to the difficulty of foretelling the probable course of each case. Although re-appearance of barsati is the rule, it does not follow that such is the invariable result, for we find in practice a number of cases in which the animals were free from the disease for two years, and in some for a longer term, without a single unfavourable system. Occasionally recurrence has been attributed to the animal biting an old barsati cicatrix. There is every reason to believe that recurrence is a pretty constant feature of the disease. And though the question of early and thorough removal

BARSATI.

of local disease to preserve the patient from recurrence is important, it is obvious that no proof of its utility can be given, since veterinarians rarely have an opportunity of witnessing many cases of this disease in its early stages, the majority of animals being brought for treatment in a recurrent state.

There is generally very little to be done in the way of curative treatment when once the animal has entered on this stage of chronic barsati; but so long as he can be kept at work without suffering obvious pain, it is always worth while to persist in the use of both internal remedies and local applications ; a rather free use of the remedies afore-named is advisable. I do not say that such cases will be quot; cured,quot; with absolute irumunity for the future, but the relief afforded may be sufficient to allow the animal to be worked for a much longer term, and with greater certainty than when left to chance without any treatment. As soon as local disease has subsided, one must still direct his attention to the removal of the disease from the system ; for barsäti is not one of those diseases the elimination of which we can assist by local applications only. 1 have patched up many cases of barsäti, in the main by local applications. For instance, in those subjects where the disease was of short duration, slow of growth, and where the general system was not affected. It is quite true that some cases require more energetic treatment than others, but there are very few horses whose condition does not begin to suffer, if they are not treated early in the local stage of this disease.

The causes of derangements of the wind from which horses so frequently suffer are so numerous that their owners pay no attention to them, and it may happen also that barsäti of the lungs attain a very advanced stage without any prominent symptoms to cause its presence to be suspected. There are, in fact, strong, quot; vigorousquot; horses, appearing to possess all the features of perfect health, and performing their daily amount of work with

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apparent ease, in which barsati has taken deep root, and in which tracts of the lungs are converted into mere fibroid tissue, and studded with numerous kankers, in which all power of respiration has ceased. We have seen several cases of this kind, and recorded some, of which examinations were made post-mortem, in the Veterinarian.

In our prognosis we have clearly to consider, then, whether, in many cases, there has not been barsati occurring at a period anterior to our examination, the history of which may or may not be forthcoming in every case. I cannot call to mind a single instance of extensive local disease without some evidence of the internal organs having been invaded as well. But the patient is very often restored to such a degree of apparent good health, and so far relieved from external disease for a time, that the owner is satisfied with the result, and neglects any further treatment, until a fresh recurrence takes place. By these means we have not thoroughly cured the patient, but have only given temporary relief, and the disease may at any time return. We cannot always reckon upon such opportunities as were afforded in the case of stallions kept permanently in the studs, or in that of horses having history sheets, as in the service ; and, in the absence of that knowledge, our prognosis must rest partly upon the history of the case furnished by the owner, but chiefly upon the results of our own examination of the patient.

Cbaptcr vraquo;i. AOTINOMYOOSIS.

'I'his disease has been variously called lymphoma, sarcoma, _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; osteo-sarcoma or spina ventosn, wooden

' * 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tongue, wen, malignant tumour, etc.

As far back as 1886 I had the honour of showing in the Vete-rinary Journal that the disease known as Fungus-foot or Madura-foot in India was allied to, if not identical with, Actinoraycosis. In the same year but subsequently. Dr. Vandyke Carter, who has made a special study of this disease, confirmed me in my view by his conclusions arrived at after careful microscopic investigation, by drawing attention to the close resemblance between mycetoma (Madura foot) and actinomycosis, in their clinical and pathological characters and microscopic appearances {we Veterinary Journal, August, 1892).

Actinomycosis was first discovered in cattle, then in mankind. Professor Perroncito in 1863 ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;discovered cryptogamic elements in sarco-

matous tumours, but did not recognize them as a cause of disease. Rivolta and Halin also observed them, but Bol-linger first insisted on their pathogenic significance in 1877. Harz examined them from the biologist's point of view and termed them Actimomycea bovis, but even yet their true place in mycology remains undetermined. Our present knowledge of the disease would point to the conclusion that it is communicable by contagion and infection through any of the pores or natural orifices of the body. Jensen, a Danish veterinarian, has recorded an enzooty of actinomycosis which in 1880 occurred among the bovine animals of the northern coast of the Island of Seeland on reclaimed ground. These after having been fed with mixed forage, and especially barley grown on land but

ACTINOMYCOSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;81

little cultivated, almost all became affected with actino-mycosis. Professor McFadyean has discovered that the same parasites are to be found in the condition hitherto known as sohirrous cord, a fact which he has well described in a series of articles which were published in the Journal of Comparative Pathology in 1889. In the pig the disease has usually been found to attack the milk glands and the tissues around the pharynx. In the human subject there is often a breaking down of areas of bone in the cervical and dorsal vertebrae. Confusion has arisen as to the precise nature of the disease because of the different symptoms in different animals. For while in the human subject it has been found to consist essentially of a sup-purative process, wooden tongue in cattle and scirrhous cord in the horse, though sometimes leading to softening processes as well have been found to be essentially of the granular or new young tissue formation type. These differences, however, appear to be due rather to the nature of the tissues in which the growths occur than to any difference in the character of the organism that produces them, for it is found that in many cases in which the bones are attacked in the cow, the lesion takes on a snppurative character.

Actinomycosis is a disease of a par-isitic character, and is

the result of the action of a living micro-

Sj*nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;organism introduced into and existing

as a parasite in the animal tissues. With regard to the

mode of infection, it may be stated that the actinomyces has

been found lodged in the crypts of the tonsils of the pig

and of the human subject, and that the parasite evidently

leads an epiphytic life on barley and other cereals. It

may be introduced from without through wounds as in the

case of schiiTOus cord in horses, or through inoculation, by

means of accidental scratches of the skin or of the mouth

and pharynx. In pigs the mammary affection is thought

to be due to the entrance of actinomyces through the teat

ducts. The fungoid parasites may indeed enter the body

82nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ACT1N0MYC0SIS.

(1) by the mouth, lodging in some carious tooth or in the crevices of the tonsils, and passing from thence into the alimentary canal ; (2j by the respiratory tract, lodging on the bronchial mucous membrane or lung tissue and spreading to the pleura and surrounding tissue ; and (3; by the intestinal tract, producing superficial lesions and extending to the peritoneum and abdominal walls or by metastasis to the liver. Sometimes it is impossible to trace the channel by which the parasite has entered the body. Vegetable food substance undoubtedly frequently communicates the disease in the human subject. The tendency of the action of these parasites is to produce suppurative products rather than tumour formation, large abscesses, or suppurative foci of a spongy honeycombed character being produced in the liver, while in other cases suppuration may take place around the jaws, in the thoracic walls, in front of the vertebrse, or in the mediastinum. Solid tumours seldom form in the human subject as they do in cattle, but smaller masses of tubercular appearance are often seen in the liver. All the cases at present observed in which the action of actinomycosis has set up abscess of the liver. Lave about them the peculiar honeycombed appearance which distinguishes them from other abscesses. The only absolute proof, however, of the real nature of the disease is the discovery of the actinomycoces granules. These are almost identical with what may be observed in the disease known as Madura foot or Fungus foot, which affords an instance of a fungoid growth on the living human subject. In it there is a diseased condition of hands and feet characterized by enlargement and distortion due to the thickening of the skin with degeneration and caries of the bones leading to the formation of sinuses. From these sinuses are discharged certain roundish concretions, which in one form of the disease are yellowish and as large as a millet seed, in another form they are dark brown or black like grains of gunpowder. The general health of the animal is not much affected by the local disturbance. Indeed in

ACTINOMYCOSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 83

Denmark the farmers attach so little importance to the disease and to the infection of one animal by another, that they allow all to run together until suppuration commences, when as a rule the animals are slaughtered for the market. This, however, is a precedent which we cannot recommend to be followed. The symptoms are exactly what might be anticipated in a parasitic disorder. For a time as we have shown there was considerable confusion, but the successful researches of Bellinger marked a great step forward in the advancement of bovine pathology and have proved of the greatest moment in enabling us to combat more successfully this serious disease. The nou-suppurative form may for convenience be taken first. In quot; woodou-tongue quot; of the ox for instance, on superficial examination, firm, hard points will be seen scattered over the surface varying in size from that of a millet seed to that of a split pea. On incising one of these it will be found firm and fibrous at the perephery, and especially in the small nodules. The centre varies. It is soft though not purulent, sometimes it will be gritty, almost calcareous, while in the larger nodules little fibrous bands will be found running through them forming a kind of network and in the centre of each nest a soft point. If this point is removed and examined under a microscope multiplying 50 times, it will be usually found to contain a small mass of cells embedded in which will be found a small core of a yellowish brown colour sometimes tinged with green. It will be found to consist of a kind of star made up of a number of wedge-shaped rays, the points of the wedges meeting in the centre, and being rounded at the base. Similar rayed or star-like organisms may be found in the purulent matter discharged by the nodules and in the material which is discharged from the cold abscesses which are formed in the human subject and in the pig. The pus discharged from these abscesses is yellow or brownish yellow in appearance and is extremely granular, of a peculiar slimy consistence, and contains the

84nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;AcrmoMTCOsis.

greea points that may bu said to be specially diagnostic of the actinoinycotic condition. There can be no doubt that the actinomyces or ray-fungus is found in actinoinycotic growths in cattle, and in the human subject. They have not always been examined in the same stage of development, hence mistakes have arisen. The appearance of the quot; ray fungus'quot; in cattle as first described, was so extremely characteristic that it was thought it could not be mistaken for anything else, and the corresponding condition in the human subject was for sometime overlooked, simply because the same typical appearances were not always developed, and it was only after a time that it was discovered that the fungus assumed different forms in different stages of its condition. This was found to be the case first in cattle and then in the human subject, and so the real nature of the parasite became more thoroughly understood. The tumours of actinomycosis exhibit a tendency to work towards the mucous or cutaneous surfaces. The fungus develops at first in giant-cells, around these are some epitheloid cells, the fibrolasts of Ziegler, near the surface the tumour will be found to consist mainly of fibrous tissue, thus the charateristic features of the growth increase in definiteness. From the surface towards the centre it consists of connective elements from the section of which the yellowish grains of fungus can be expressed or picked out with the point of a needle especially when the tumour has been lying for some time in water or alcohol. The fibrous mass of the tumour will be found to contain small isolated or communicating cavities, its texture being of a spongy character. These growths usually occur in the bones of the jaw, in the tongue where the parasite grows most luxuriously, and sometimes in the pharynx, where it develops what is called lympho-sarcoma, pharyngeal polypus, lymphoma of the pharynx and of the parotid glands, in the larynx, especially the epiglottis, oesophagus, teats, lungs, skin, subcutaneous and intermuscular tissue, the soft and superficial parts of the face and of the upper

ACTlNOMYCOSlb.

cervical region, and especially in the peripharyngeal region (where they are termed Drusenkrabs). In many of these cases cold abscesses form instead of hard tumours. This occurs most frequently in the peripharyngeal regions and the characteristic abscess is found to be lined by a soft granulating tissue of a reddish or greyish colour, never developing great size, and always containing laudable pus with which the actinomyces is intermingled.

The disease known as ostro-sarcoma or spina ventosa which used to be regarded as a form of cancer, is now known to be a form of actinomycosis. It appears as a swelling of the face which is hot and painful opposite the molar teeth either of the upper or lower jaw. The increase in size does not prevent the animal from feeding. Usually the patient is young and the disease itself will be more prevalent in some districts than in others. As it progresses the teeth loosen, the swelling softens in spots and bursts when there is a discharge of gelatinous and purulent matter. In some cases, however, after the acute stage there is a period of less activity. The inflammatory action set up by the presence of the parasitic matter is sometimes not active enough to cause the bursting of the abscesses, which therefore assume the quot; cold quot; character. When these are opened surgically they give out a white, flaky grumous pus, and the abscess cavity shows scarcely any tendency to heal. Sometimes it calcifies and may thus remain in statu quo for a long time. Then the exploring needle becomes useful, for when drawn out of such a tumour, it contains in its groove the peculiar white or yellow gelatinous pus.

When quot; cancer of the tongue quot; supervenes the organ will be found to be the seat of small nodules of yellowish deposit which more or less display the proper substance of the tongue. Some of them will bulge beneath the mucous membrane of the dorsum which becomes enlarged and tender. In some cases softening takes place, and the subraaxillary and parotid lymphatic glands are generally involved through the absorption of diseased matter. The

ACTINOMTCOSIS.

disease progresses slowly and materially interferes with the development of the animal. It is incurable. The condition of the dorsuin lingmB is diagnostic. The patient slavers freely, drops semi-masticated food from its mouth, and its breath has a foetid smell.

This is a remarkable form of parasitic plant of a fungoid growth, the botanical position of which

' Ite^FiraffUSnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^is ^Ilot ^^et ⁽l^uite determined. But it is

clearly recognized as producing the disease actiiiomvcosis both in men and animals. It erows in roundish masses varying in size from tiny grains just visible to the naked eye to those as large as a hempseed. It is usually of a yellow colour and has a granulated surface. It is composed of a number of radiating threads with swollen club-shaped ends forming a sort of irregular rosette. These are the external framework or body of the organism. Under a microscope of high magnifying power when the sections have been properly stained, narrow threads like hyphtc may be seen forming coils in the central parts or growing peripherally out of the mass, like the capitulum of a daisy. Professor McFadyean, to whose researches we are deeply indebted for much invaluable information on this subject, tells us that in the case of an ox he examined, the tumour was fleshy in consistence, had a faint pink colour, and was studded with minute pink points. In each of these points was found an actinomyces colony, at the margin of which, however, only a few of the characteristic clubs could be found, the centre being finely granular. On making sections of these tumours that had been hardened in alcohol and stained by Gram's method. Professor McFadyean observed that the colony consisted of three distinct elements though in many instances the club-like bodies were absent. The first is a coccus about 5/t in diameter; these cocci are usually arranged in chains consisting of ten or fifteen elements, a few of them are usually found in the centre of the mass, but immediately outside this they are extremely numerous, so much so that

ACTINOMYCOSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 87

they appear rather like masses than chains, hut as we come nearer to the margin, the chains radiate outwards and are very distinctly seen. Where they are not so numerous larger cocci may be seen undergoing regular vegetative division and so giving rise to diplococci.

The second element is a threadlike leptothrix or clado-thrix, a number of which interlacing freely form a kind of felted network, especially in the centre of the colony. Sometimes they shoot out like tendrils beyond the coccus heaps already described. These threads vary considerably in length, sometimes they are broken up into short bacilli or even into cocci, in other cases long thi'eads without any division may be seen. Some are nearly straight, others gently curved, and occasionally they show short nodules almost like a spirillum. They are branched at the margin like the club-like forms already described. These clublike forms appear to bear a definite relation to the threads, they are found only at the margin of the fungus mass, and are arranged radiately with the ends of the clubs outermost; they vary much in length, and are usually quite simple, but some carry lateral buds and occasionally two appear to be carried by a common stalk.

In some of the smaller colonies of actinomyces described by Professor McFadyean, he describes cocci only which are usually arranged in chains or little groups. They are embedded in masses of leucocytes, some being actually within the cells, and appearing to be the points from which the larger colonies start, the cocci being carried by the leucocytes from point to point. Other colonies contain only cocci and thread forms, the threads in this case appearing to be developed from cocci while those colonies in which clubs are present appear to be in a still more advanced stage of development.

The notion that the thickened ends of the club-like forms were the spore bearing part of the organism, appears from what has been recently advanced incorrect. It more probably indicates a growth and swelling of the outer

88nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ACTIN0MTC0S1S.

sheath of the cladothrix threads, this sheath corresponding in fact to tlie gelatinous material which is formed in zooglia masses of other organisms or to the capsule first described by Friedländer which is formed around the bacillus of pneumonia. When these clubs are once developed tlie central part may be only partially active while the periphery remains passive, but extremely resistant to the attacks of tlie surrounding cells which attack the clublike masses very vigorously, the large thickened clubs being frequently found in various stages of degeneration within the large masses of protoplasm found in tins region. The reason that the attenuated cultivation of this organism has so often proved a failure is thus clearly explained. Experimenters have used as their inoculating material only those colonies in which the club-shaped organisms have become well developed. The first successful attempt was made by Boström who threw aside the club-shaped mass, and took for his inoculating material the central network selecting as far as possible young growing colonies for his seed material. His method of procedure was as follows. quot;With the utmost care he removed small colonies, which were at once introduced into sterilized gelatine with winch a quot; platequot; cultivation was made. After a few days any points found to be pure, that is around which other organisms were not growing were removed from the gelatine with a sterilized platinum needle, and crushed between sterilized glass plates; with the platinum needle stroke cultivations were made on agar-agar and on ox blood serum. A finely granular growth first made its appearance along the line of inoculation ; this gradually became more marked, then small yellowish red nodules were seen around which delicate branched processes spread out; these yellowish masses soon began to run together, and at the end of seven or eight days were covered with a delicate fluffy white layer. On microscopic examination of the structum cocci, segment threads, longer threads and clubs were all found, threads and clubs being characterized by a

ACTINOMYCOSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;89

branching similar to that found in the fungus as it grows in the human body. Similar results have been obtained since Bostrora's experiment by M. Wolff, J. Israel, and Bates in agar-agar, blood serum, and the white of an egg.

There can be no doubt, therefore, that actinomycosis is the result of the activity of a living organism introduced into the animal tissues. The same organism may be found in the human subject and in various animals, that the club-shaped part of the organism is really an involution stage, and that the characteristic or germ growth is the mycelial threadlike mass which appear to develop from the cocci. This is borne out by the fact that experimenters are not able to cultivate from the clubs alone.

In the early stages of the disease nothing can be effectu-

_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ally done but by cuttinsr down on the

Treatmentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

diseased pai-ts and removing them which

must be done with a saw or bone forceps. The entire

growth must be removed or it will recur. And as the

organisms are so minute recurrence is probable in any case.

The edges of the wound should be closed by sutures and

the ordinary treatment of such lesions should be adopted.

Metherell advises treatment by the application of sulphuric

acid with friction at the bases of the tumours by means of

a suitably shaped stone or piece of wood, and Captain

Russell* has found a single blister a good remedy. It is

clear, however, that if the disease is to be eradicated the

organism is to be attacked, and this can oidy be done by

excision or by some specific method of destruction of the

germ, and this has yet to be discovered.

* Veterinary Journal, Vol. XIII., p. 414.

Cbaptev vni.

STEATOBRUCEA, OR MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

In practice Veterinary officers have sometimes to rely on nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the somewhat loose though arbitrary

^J ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nomenclature employed by salootries

and others in India. And as the natives of the country are not accustomed to name diseases according to scientific principles^ it is difficult sometimes to form accurate conceptions of what they mean. And terms are used also by them in a general rather than a specific sense. In this case for instance the term hliujli applies with equal propriety to every form of skin disease which is attended with itching. This is only one illustration out of many that might be adduced of the lamentable need there is for precision in this direction and for the adoption of an entirely new system of nomenclature of the diseases of the lower animals. As a matter of fact khujli is but a symptom of the disease that it is intended to describe. Some veterinarians appear to be stirred over the question of a proper name for this disease, the most prevalent form of skin disease affecting the- horse in India. The need for this is evident enough, but there are some who prefer the term eczema, against which precisely the same objections may be raised as against khujli.

We have got rid, then, of most of our superfluous words, but I think one or two more might advantageously be dropped. The names I refer to are pityriasis and ecthyma. With regard to pityriasis, which is much the more important of the two, we have: (1) pityriasis simplex, (2) pityriasis rubra, (3) pityriasis versicolor, (4) pityriasis maculata et oircinata. Here then, are four diseases all named pityriasis, which implies that they are in some way

STEATORBHffiÄ, OK MANE-AND-TAIL DISKASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 91

related, and yet they have not the slightest relation to each other whatever. It would indeed be difficult to find four other skin diseases that have less in common. I have always denied the existence of any definite disease that can properly be called pityriasis simplex. A simple exfoliation of cuticle which sometimes occurs from defective nutrition, and much more coraruonly as the sequel to various eruptions, is not worthy of a distinct name; on the other hand, pityriasis of the mane and tail is simply dry steatorrhoea. For these reasons, then, the name pityriasis simplex may well be dropped. The name dermatitis exfoliativa has already nearly replaced the older name pityriasis rubra.

It is possible that India is a special habitat of the disease, and especially so in the hot whether, when the function of the skin is normally active, which sometimes causes the disease to assume an enzootic form. It is moreover important to note that this disease is chiefly confined to the more hairy parts, or parts fairly covered by hair; for instance, it never spreads to the under surface of the tail, although it attacks every other portion of it supplied with long hair. The disease, moreover, originates in small papules, the cuticle covering which dies from insufficient nutriment and desquamates in small, bran-like scales, and is attended with heat and considerable itching. There is no discharge present in this disease, nor vesication as in eczema. Roll says,quot;In this skin disease the epidermis peals off in small scales like those of bran. The disease attacks the horse principally on the head, on the sides of the neck, along the course of the mane and root of tail, but occasionally all over the body. In cattle it attacks the whole surface of the body, and leads to changes in the structure of the skin.quot; From excessive rubbing, for the parts attacked are particularly itchy, the exudation of serum, or of pus-like fluid may take place on the surface of the skin, which, though not a special feature of the disease, is a frequent accompaniment of it, and is one

92nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;STEATORRHCEA, OR MANE-AKD-TAIIgt; DISEASE.

reason why the disease has been so often mistaken for eczema. ' Pityriasis,' moreover, selects for its attack the parts covered with longest hair, even in man (Tanner's Practice of Medicine, art. quot; Skin Diseasequot;), which is what might be written in regard to the disease seen in the horse and to which the common designation of ' mane-and-tail disease' has been given, owing to the mane and tail being the parts most commonly affected. Again, the exudation may cause the scales to adhere together, forming larger scales; hence the liability of the disease, in its latter stages, to be mistaken for psoriasis, from which it is distinct.

From the earliest times the above disease has been described as an enzootic affection, and

aislOiy-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; internal remedies were prescribed.

Spinola and other writers considered the cause to be some constitutional defect. Haubner attributed it to digestive derangements, and others again thought it was due to the itch-scab. Eecently Haselbach has observed it in ten per cent, of the whole of the Polish horses, and he regards it as a special affection of the hair, attended by an adhesive discharge. Formerly, a false and a true vai'iety were described, which led to great confusion. quot; It is proved conclusively,quot; say Professors Friedberger* and Fröhner, quot; to owe its origin simply to penetration of dirt, grit, lice, etc., into the hair-roots.quot;

The disease, although long recognised in the human subject, has only recently attracted notice in the lower animals, and does not find a place in the new nomenclature of diseases issued for guidance of veterinary officers in India. Since my observations were published in my Annual Veterinary Report of 1883, and the Veterinary Journal, 1884, veterinary surgeons have described this affection as more or less prevalent throughout India, but especially during the hot weather, when the function of the skin is found to be normally active and in a manner predisposed to disease.

^# Lehrbuch der Spedellen Pathol. u. Therapie der Hausthiere.

⁴

STEATORRHCEA, OK MANE-AND-TA1L DISEASK.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93

In no department has veterinary progress been shown more conspicuously than in what is usually termed Cutaneous Pathology. This has undergone a complete revolution in England, on the continent especially, and in India to some extent, during the last few years. The experience of recent years has caused an entire change in the ideas regarding treatment which was formerly recommended in this class of cases. In the ages when mysticism in its varied forms prevailed, although we find glimpses of the knowledge that Nature herself was generally expected to do all that was necessary, no practitioners were bold enough to hazard their reputation by acting up to this belief, but almost invariably resorted to some application and favourite internal remedy to give it due effect. To the trerman practitioners in a great measure is due the credit of having broken through these bonds, and raising the study of skin diseases in animals, and paving the way for modern improvements in their treatment, on a level with the other branches of medicine.

Steatorrhoea is that scurfy condition of the skin which

not infrequently attacks horses and

Pathologicalnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;cattle without any other indications

Description.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ,. , . - ,

of disorder than some local irritation.

Tlie scurf has a peculiar branny character, and hence the name of the disease. It occurs most frequently in young animals, and is associated with malnutrition, whether from an imperfect supply of food or from deficiency of nutritive materials in it.

The disease, in its origin, is superficial, and seldom or never implicates the cutis cera deeply, until the parts are rubbed by the animal in consequence of extreme prurigo, when subscutaneous effusions and other inflammatory lesions leading to various changes in the structure of the skin, develop as a secondary process, but quite distinct from the primary diseasechanges in and around the hair follicles, such as have been described by Dr. George Thin,* * The Veterinary Journal, July 1879, p. 55.

94nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;STEATOBKHOJA, OK MAND-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

of Loudou, and noted by us in several cases we have examined, may tlien be detected, together with other changes associated with the derma, leading to depilation of the hair, to sclerosis, etc., which may be seen commonly characterising the latter stages of the affection. But, in order to arrive at its correct pathology, examinations should be made of the skin, more especially in an early stage of the disease, so as to recognise the specific lesions, which, so far as my own examinations lead me to say, consist mainly in cell proliferation confined principally to the deeper layers of the epidermis. This proliferation is doubtless a result of some constitutional irritation, which explains the consequent desquamation and shedding of the cuticle in small scales, due to improper nutrition, and which is so important a feature in this disease. When the parts are violently rubbed by the animal, or if irritant dressings have been used, then changes in structure may be detected in any part of the skin on microscopical examination ; thus, changes in the coriuin, in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and in the subcutaneous connective tissue take place as the result of irritation, and may be characterised as hypertrophic. The disease examined generally shows in the field of observation epithelial cells, fibrils, granular particles of pigment, besides fungi, tissue shreds and inflammatory products developed in the process of secondary inflammation. Pathologists have long recognised the presence in this disease of an exceedingly minute fungus,* which occurs in immense numbers in the cells of the cuticle hair follicles. It is not known positively whether this disease is actually caused by the fungus, or by tissue change, since various species of micro-organisms have been now isolated from the epidermis of the normal skin to the morbid process. We may conclude that to those several species of parasites already known to exist in the epidermis, another species has been added.

Small papules are noticed to develop themselves along

*Lehrhufh der Puthol. n. Therapie der Hausthiere, Ball.

STEATOREHCEA, OE MÄNE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 95

tlie crest and about tlie root of the tail, on its dorsal aspect, and in due course free desqua-^ quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;mation of the cuticle ensues about

each papule, from which minute, brownish-white scales are regularly shed; and we have thus eventually produced a surface of renewed desquamation, attended by fresh developments and increasing irritation, with its results : extension of the process into the corium and subcutaneous connective tissue, which are sometimes also implicated, owing to secondary inflammation. The latter is only a complication, however, and furnishes no clue to the solution of the true pathological change set up, which is, in its inception, distinctly superficial in character and amenable to proper treatment. A prominent, and not the least troublesome feature of the disease is prurigo, which causes the subjects of it to rub themselves violently against adjacent articles, producing secondary symptoms of inflammation,heat, pain, swelling, abscess, and sometimes also permanent induration of the skin. The crusts, which are at first small, scaly, and transparent, become, during the latter stages of the disease, larger, more opaque, and even adherent from admixture with inflammatory products. The hair also becoming involved and matted together, soon falls off. This is especially noticeable along the course of the mane and tail, in the latter situation producing the condition commonly known as ' rat's tail.' Owing to the presence of long hair about these parts, the disease frequently escapes detection in the early stages, it being seldom noticed until, through rubbing, changes in the hair-papillse and hair take place. The latter becomes at first thinner, cm^ly looking, and owing to its thinness and irregularity, allows more freely of the passage of dirt and filth of all kinds, which gives rise to inflammatory changes leading to depilation of the hair, and sclerosis, etc. Where the disease has become chronic, the hair generally assumes a coarse appearance. 1. Ringworm is never confined to the mane and tail with

96nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; STEATOEEHCEAj OE MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

such regularity as is this disease, but the skin of the whole

body is affected; whei'eas seborrhcea

Differentialnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;|_s _ai_inost alwaysat least, in its

Diagnosis.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;j-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;* ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;a

ongma disease or the mane and. tail in the horse. 2. Not infrequently the eruptive spots in ringworm are crowded together, so that a more or less continuous patch of papules is formed; but at the outlying parts and in the early stages the circular character of the eruption can always be seen. 3. The mane-and-tail disease of the horse is attended with decided but not excessive itching; the hitter will, however, depend upon the amount of folliculitis present. 4. Ringworm is more decidedly a local affection, unassociated with the constitution of the patient; whereas steatorrhcea sicca, or mane-and-tail disease in the horse, we know, is associated with the constitution of the animalwith his method of feeding, the climate, and other causes. The latter disease is curable, moreover, by the use of diuretics and other agents, independently of local attack, which is hardly the case with ringworm. 5. Mane-and-tail disease in the horse begins in the hot weather, and ends each winter; and I cannot think the term ringworm is a suitable one for a disease that runs a definite course. 6. When the hairs fall out over a patch (as sometimes happens in ringworm) it is entirely covered again by the growth of natural or coarse hair; but in cases of long standing the hair in steatorrhcea never recovers its full vigour of growth (witness the quot;stumpyquot; tail of the horse described by the Gei'mans). 7. Veterinaiy surgeons in Australia have described an allied form of skin disease in the horse, so they tell us, which consists in the presence of quot; minute organisms in the cells of the cuticle and iu the hair follicles.quot; The Australian practitioners are among the first supporters of the parasitic theory. Mr. Haslam has recently become its most powerful exponent, and he carefully describes the characters of the fungus. In both their descriptions there is a complete absence of any feature at all resembling that

STBATORRHCEA, OR MANE-AND-TÄIL DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;97

found in the tricophyton; while with regard to the Australian practitioners' observation of quot; minute organisms quot; as the quot; essence quot; of the disease^ some dermatologist has truly remarked that this fungus was quot; Torula vulgaris, which is present in all epidermic desquaraations.quot;

(a) The sudden onset of the mane-and-tail disease, {h) its frequent recurrence after intervals of freedom, (c) its special liability to attack particular paints, [d) its spontaneous cure, and (e) loss of hair (alopecia) characterising its course are not symptoms that we are accustomed to meet with in the known parasitic affections of the type of ringworm.

Tinea tonsuraus has been successfully propagated by inoculation. In mane-and-tail disease quot; deep quot; inoculation is recommended, and even then no case of success has been hitherto recorded. It should be noted that the mane-and-tail disease of the horse may be masked by an attack of Tinea versicolor. That they are occasionally met with together is only what we might expect, since they are both diseases of hot countries, and especially India. The mane-and-tail disease is distinguished from Tinea tonsurans and pityriasis versicolor by the character of the parasite, and by the definite coui'se it runs and its subsidence, which are characteristic.

The Australian practitioners describe the disease in the horse as spreading sometimes along quot; the entire length of the back to the root of the tail,quot; frequently seen in tsteator-rhoea corporis of man, which is also situated on the back between the shoulders, and extends down the central part of the lumbar region, etc.

Further, while we have never seen any formation of quot; rings quot; in mane-and-tail disease of the horse in India, I would observe that papules which have a tendency to spread at the circumference into the form of rings may be witnessed also in some forms of steatorrhoea.

Finally, mane-and-tail disease of the horse may be mistaken for a rather rare disease sufficiently defined to 13

98nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S'l'JäAXOEKHOäA, OK MANJE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

require uotice^ namely, pityriasis luaculata et circinata of Bazitij for which Dr. Gustav Behrend, of Berliuj has suggested the uame Furfuracea herpetiformis, which was for lung thought to be Herpes tonsurans, and which Hebra and his pupils describe as acute Herpes tonsurans maculosis. It appears to be quite certain, according to the leading dermatologists of to-day, that this disease is not Herpes tonsurans, and that we have to do with a well-marked and independent disease of the skin.

Not alone has the odium lactis (saccharomyces) been mistaken for the achorion (favus) and the achorion for the microsporon furfur (pityriasis versicolor), but the latter were until recently considered similar to the tricophyton. The details and experiments of recent years make it quite clear that they are different not only in their anatomical features but also in their mode of growth when cultivated, whilst clinical differences also make it conclusive that the fungi which cause these different forms of skin disease are quite different from that producing ringworm, and vice versa.

The subject of this form of disease common to the tropics requires to be studied anew in its broader aspects, as well as investigated by the bacteriologist. Above all, the precise nature of the parasite requires to be accurately determined, and then the next step will be to determine whether the disease is communicable, for if not the parasite can only be looked upon as concomitant. As a matter of fact, the disease is not communicable by the ordinary methods of inoculation, and we have found that when it has been seen to be most prevalent among the horses not one case was witnessed among the syces and soldiers who had the grooming of the latter. Nor, so far as we know, has there ever been an instance of the communication of the disease from one horse to another standing in the same stable.

Climate acts as a direct exciting and predisposing cause as in the hot weather in India when

l/auses.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j^g jj^jjeyij _ai._e inactive and the skin

STEATOERHCEA, OE MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 99

suffers from hyperjemia clue to compensatory action. It is clear that climate has a more or less direct influence upon the prevalence of this disease, which appears only during the hot weather and rarely in the winter, and is practically unknown or infrequent in colder climates, as in England, where veterinary surgeons seldom witness it, at least as a prevalent disease in the horse. It is not surprising, seeing that the hot weather is a predisposing cause of skin disease in India, to find that a much larger proportion, if not all of the horses are attacked during the summer; and it may be here noted that the special liability of horses to be affected by skin disease in India is not found to obtain in other parts of the world, and must be due to local causes.

A consideration of the locality of the disease brings forth some facts which may become of some practical importance. In more- than half the cases we have seen, the worst were those we met with on the plains, and more commonly in a hot station than in any other. Again, in only a small proportion of the cases seen in cooler stations, in hilly districts, was the disease severe, that is to say the ratio of simple to aggravated cases was about ten to one.

A similar result has been-noted by others. I have carefully examined the register of sick animals at several stations in India, and found hot stations were those in which the largest number of admissions were noted from this disease.

Natural dampness of the air, as during the rains in India, which causes maceration of the epidermis and affects normal secretion of the skin is frequently an exciting cause of this disease.

Local irritation connected with improper grooming, collection of dirt, of lice and ticks, etc., bring it about also.

Constitutional tendency.The liability to the disease in previous years promotes the tendency to it, and in such animals the disease may be said to be constitutional. In many cases the animals suffer from a state of disease which is truly chronic, as shown by the veterinary history sheets.

100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; STEATOERHffiA, OH MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

Defective action of the correlated organs, leading to hyperaemia of the skin: hence over-feeding, excess of water taken during the hot weather, etc., throw extra work on the skin and lead to disease.

High feeding.The question of high feeding as a cause of disease is not only interesting but important. I will only remark upon it that the greater the amount of nitrogenous food given to animals, and the greater the work thrown upon the elimiuatory organs, the greater the liability to disease. If the function of the kidneys, etc., has to be taken up by the skin during the hot weather in India, high feeding only increases liability to disease, and precautions should be taken for its prevention.

I have seen so many cases of this disease each summer

,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; for several years, that I feel warranted

Results.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^J .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; xi. ₄

in giving a strong opinion that any treatment to be useful should be early applied, otherwise the disease tends to assume a chronic type, and will then prove rather troublesome. Sclerosis of the skin and subjacent connective tissue may follow as a remote termination, and more particularly permanent induration of the crest, which is often produced as a result of certain heroic methods of treatment in vogue. In a certain percentage of cases this proves at least of diagnostic value and heralds an attack of the disorder in the following year. 2. One of the results of its action on the hair is evidenced in an undue coarseness of that appendage, which is specially characteristic of this disease. 3. Another remote, though not infrequent result is an apparent greyness of the hair noticeable in small spots along the course of the affected skin. These latter changes are, we have seen, dependent on inflammation, causing irritation of the hair-bulbs. 4. It cannot be too strongly urged that recurrence in many cases also depends, to a very large extent indeed, upon the method of treatment adopted. 5. In some cases the disease spreads all over the body, and leads to great emaciation.

STEATOUEHCKAj OR MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 101

' Pityriasis' in tlie horse would seem a comparatively trivial ailment in England, which ¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;under ordinary circumstances is soon

reduced, but in the same class of patients out in India it sets up a disease of skin which almost defies treatment for several months in the year. Those who are engaged in the study of diseases of the skin in our animals in India, will have come across cases of this disease which remain unrelieved, or at any rate uncured, by any local application but which readily recover by the internal administration of remedies and, as I have found, local blistering over the kidneys. In the treatment of chronic cases I have found nothing to equal the value of local blistering over the region of the kidneys. This treatment has been followed by rapid recovery in several cases, when all local applications to the skin, and the internal administration of medicines had failed. It probably acts in two ways, viz., first, by rousing the kidneys to increased action, promoting diuresis and relieving hyperaemia of the skin ; and, secondly, by directly simulating the nervous system through its action on the spinal cord, and the good effects pi'oduced on the skin may be purely of neurotic origin. I do not consider it necessary or prudent to have recourse to blistering in every case of skin disease as a routine treatment, but adopt it in neglected and chronic cases only.

Combined with local blistering over the kidneys, the internal administration of strophanthus in chronic affection of the skin of the horse proves very useful, because, as a diuretic, it is probably second to no other agent with which we are acquainted in practice, or which is more rapid in its action than strophanthus given in the form of tincture in repeated doses.

Among the local applications employed in the treatment of this disease, I may mention those of petroleum and cheerpine oil, which have proved most efficacious in my hands j and, in a minor degree, kerosine oil. We may be

102nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; STEATOEEHCEAj OE MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE.

quite sure that the good effects produced by these agents are dependent upon some product of tar present in them, which is so beneficial in skin disease in general.

A partial cure is often effected by the local applications of many favourite remedies employed in rotation; by thoi'ough cleansing of the skin with soap-nut (reetdh}, or with soft soap and water every other day; and by keeping the animal on low diet. None of these, however, can do more than mitigate the trouble; and the probable ill-effects of such haphazard treatment, and the danger thus incurred is proportionately enhanced by the fact that many of the older cases of previous years, under this treatment, are practically apt to suffer from a state of disease which may be designated as chronic, if not incurable.

Some persons believe that, with the advent of the cold season, these cases get well of themselves and without treatment. But this is an error, and the source of recurrence and non-recoveries innumerable. If we examine the veterinary history sheets of horses which have been affected, we shall find that recurrence is the rule ; and experience shows it is much more pronounced in cases where early treatment has been neglected. That failures will attend our best endeavours at treating disease we readily admit, for we cannot expect to find such a thing as an unalloyed good, and thus there are failures under this mode of treatment, which in some cases arise from the owners' fault, who permit the disease to run on to an advanced stage, in which it is so severe and sometimes so intractable. I need not dwell on the importance of early treatment in so-called 'trivial' cases, to nip in the bud an incipient disease, as unless this is done, it will probably spread to the head and other parts of the body, and may then last for months.

The general indication for treatment in all the cases of pityriasis, acute and chronic, is to assist the skin as much as possible, by making the correlated organsthe kidneys, lungs, and intestinesdo full work in elimination, and

STEATOKKHUiA, OR MANE-AND-TA1L DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 103

thus, aided by appropriate agents, as local applications of tar, etc., to relieve hyperteiaia of the skin.

LITEflATCRE.

SPINOIiA, Speciellen Patltologie, 18tj3.

Bt'RKE, Annual Veterinary Report, 1883.

Haselbach, Zeitschrift f. Microscopic u. FlcischbesclMn, 1884.

Bukke, Veterinary Journal, July, 1884.

Adams, Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science in India, July, 1884.

Roll, Lehrhach der Pathologie a. Therapie der Hausthiere, 1885.

Burke, The Veterinarian, June, 1885.

Fkiedbergeb u. Frohner, Lehrhach der Speciellen Pathologie u.

Therapie, 1886. Adams, Veterinanj Journal, 3u\y, 1888. Burke, Veterinanj Journal, August, 1888. Burke, Veterinary Journal, December, 1889.

Cbapter viii.

DERMATITIS EXFOLIATIVA;

OR,

'Pitybiasis rubba:

Thk native name for this disease is Icenchuii, and it is an aggravated form of the disease

Synonyms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; treated on in the previous chapter.

I do not exaggerate when I say that the animals suffering from this disease are found covered

Symptoms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _from ^^ _fco _foot _by _one _masg _of

scales, having the appearance of a quot; crocodile's coat.'' The disease begins in hyperasmia and desquamation of the cuticle notably over the region of the back and thoracic walls, thence rapidly spreads in all directions, till the entire body, even to the skin of the coronets, is finally invaded, leaving perhaps a small patch of skin under the abdomen and that between the thighs unattacked. The cuticle, along with the hair and inflammatory ddbi'ia, comes away in largo scales, probably as large as any we have noticed on the back of the largest kind of fish, and which they somewhat resemble. The main feature of the disease is intense^ surface heat, followed by recurring desquamation. The presence of the heat, then, and notably the character of the scales, when these begin to come off, are diagnostic of this affection in the horse. Notwithstanding the large extent of surface usually implicated iu this disease, it seldom or never, in my experience of this class of cases, proceeds to the extent of causing disease changes in the corium or still deeper tissues, but always confines itself to the epi-skin only. There is no thickening or induration of the skin below the scales, as observed in eczema and other inflammatory disorders, but the whole process seems to take its origin iu or follow a state of simple congestion superficially

DERMATITIS EXFOLIAXIVA ; OB, ' PITYE1ASIS EÜBEA.' 105

prononncedj wliich induces excessive development of the cuticle, resulting in the scales described.

Accompanying the disease of the skin in some cases there is also noticed intense congestion of the conjunctival and buccal mucous membrane, the former becoming oedematous and appearing as if it were the index of some low type of fever from which the patient suffered, with a hot mouth, scanty and high-coloured urine, and great emaciation; but in point of fact there is never any fever present, the patient's appetite remains good throughout, and the temperatui-e never registers higher than 10l^oF., and generally at normal point.

Finally, in my experience, the disease appears to be chronic, or even incurable in the large majority of cases, as those noted by me latterly, including others seen before, have baffled treatment; and very little more than palliative remedies can be suggested in similar cases. In the early stage of the disease I am disposed to think that sedative lotions are alone effective in confining its spread. The disease is easily distributed over the whole of the body; and when this is the case, it is exceedingly unfortunate, for nothing I know of from experience has any power in checking its course.

Applications of lead seemed in some cases to afford

.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;partial relief, but even this I find is

only transient in its effects, as beyond

allaying a little heat in the part, I cannot say it exercises

any curative or at all permanent influence over the disease.

LITERATURE,

Bukke, The Vetviinuriaraquo;, September, 188-4. Adams, The Veterinary Journal, July, 1888.

(Ibaptev ij.

PEMPHIGUS* OR quot; CHIBEIl.quot;

The common name for this disease is Chiber. The sub-ject lias often been dealt with by Indian * ^ * veterinarians, but notliing very special has been suggested regarding it; though such names as herpes, mange, grease, etc., may bo taken to indicate to some extent the nature of the views that are held with regard to its pathology. Ancient medical men as well as many medieval hakims and haich of various denominations attributed this malady to some great perturbation of the system, or to some general change of which chiber is but the outward and local manifestation. It is also called hydroa bullenx, mauke, etc.

Friedbero-er and Fröhner have observed that on account

of the wet and cold, this disease es-Historical Obser- pecially prevails during the winter in

Germany. Prietschet has found that this disease prevails also as a result of spriuking salt on the tramway lines during winter months. StraubJ has recorded the occurrence of quot; traumatic eczema quot; in these parts liable to chiber, noticed in army horses which wore exercised over recently-cut fields, which resembled more a form of infectious inflammation of the skin than simple eczema. This form of disease resembled somewhat the ordinary quot; maukequot; described by the Germans, and was characterised by a great number of small ulcers on the skin, which were followed, in aggravated cases, by erysipelas and phlegmonous inflammation of the skin. This infectious dermatitis does not, whether in the German

* The Veterinary Journal, Dec, 188(5.

t Sac?is. Jhorcshericht, 1884.

J Bepertorium der Thierlieilk., 1853.

PBMPHIGüSj OJi quot; laquo;'HiliKJ;.'''nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

or Indian forms of the disease, occur as a rule, except when the eruptions burst, or cracks take place in the skin from accidental causes, allowing access to septic matters.

Roll, Friedberger u. Fröhner, Anacker, and others describe this disease under the name of quot; rnauke,quot; which they consider to be a form of specific eczema. They notice that the practice ot cutting the tuft of hair from the back of the fetlocks in coarse-bred horses, observed in European countries, especially deprives natural protection of the parts, and frequently leads to this disease.

The disease prevails especially in the rains, and during the winter months, when heavy dew fall, which bathe the animal's legs when turned to grass. Pretty extensive inquiries made in various parts of the country have failed to show the existence of the disease during other seasons or in dry weather.

As to the nature of the morbid change, the most reasonable view seems to be that it is the result of some local irritant entering the tissues through chinks in the epidermis, which spends its action on the neighbouring structures, without ever producing any constitutional symptoms. As there is nothing else to account for the production of these cases, the condition of the grounds over which the horses have been exorcised, or let loose, seems the most natural source to look to, and as mentioned above, the dew and moisture about the roots of the grass have been shown to produce this disease in many cases, which leaves not the shadow of a doubt as to its mode of origfin.

Many believe that it is entirely a local disease, but some authorities contend that a disease having- a tendency to run a chronic course in so many cases, cannot be considered local in character, and must therefore be classed amonquot; the general diseases.

My view of the subject is that the variation in the stages of the disease itself, is some excuse for the variety of opinion as to its pathology which obtains in the profession in India.

1Ü8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PEMPHKrtJSj OK

The disease may be defined as a special form of neurosis* of tlie blood-vessels of the skin,

Causes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; attended by loss of tone and more or

less inflammatory disturbance, followed by exudation of serum, which infiltrates the structures of the skin, and raises the epidermis in blisters. The blisters contain at first simple serum, which, later on, becomes purulent, or sero-purulent in character, containing pus cells, probably due to migration of white blood cells and proliferation of the rete. Bacteria sometimes, though not constantly^ appear in the contents of the vesicles. The blisters finally burst and a watery-yellow, at first odourless liquid, finally becoming purulent or sero-purulent in character, flows (stadium madidans.)

The swollen skin, by the movement of its thick folds from effusion, cracks during the animal's progression, and contractions set in. The cracks in many cases take on inflammatory action, and in a short time again become covered by a scab, causing a matting together of the hair and depilation. In some cases a peculiar fluid oozes from the affected skin, drying up into thin, varnishlike crusts. The surface becomes, after a time, covered with hairless skin, so hard and dense that it resembles frog-horu (pemphigus foliaceus). The disease then assumes an entirely new aspect.

Mr. Meyrick,t I. v. s., says,quot; The long dewy grass perpetually brushing against the coronets when the horses walk, would, of course, wet the front more than the back of the foot, and the evaporation, by producing a reaction, might bring on inflammation of the skin and other symptoms of chiber.quot; Friedberger u. Fröhner say,quot; The hind feet being more exposed to the irritating action of damp, filthy standings, are generally more subject to this disease ;quot; and veterinary surgeons in India have observed the same fact.

Heath's quot; Dictionary of Surgery,quot; art. Pemphigus. t Meyrick, ' Stable Management and the Prevention of Disease amongst Horses in India.'

PEMPHIGUS, OR quot; CHIBEE.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 109

The disease appears chiefly, in India, in liorses brought in from damp fields, and their legs allowed to remain wet for long intervals, or imperfectly rubbed dry from neglect or carelessness on the part of syces. Simply rubbing the legs dry does not prevent the disease : they should bo thoroughly washed before rubbing them dry with a cloth. Washing in stagnant rain water, obtained from ditches along road sides, also produces this disease.

quot; During its latter stages,quot; say Professors Friedberger u. Fröhner, a quot; peculiar running from the surface of the skin may be noticed, which bathes the epidermis. As a consequence of this we find a colourless, adhesive substance, accompanied by fcetor, completely covering the affected skin, and which, finding access through the cracks, causes chronic thickening of the skin.quot;[Lehrbuch der üpeciellen Pathologie tind Therapie der Saus-thiere, 1886.)

It is not necessary to recognise more than two forms,

__ ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; acute and chronic chiber; whilst a

Varieties.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^-j. j * ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; !#9632; i

multitude ot other names, from then-pretty constant appearance, may be mentioned as sub-varieties of one and the same affection. The acute form is associated with an outbreak of larger or smaller vesicles, which die away without giving rise to any other changes of the skin or subcutaneous tissues to be met with in the chronic variety (pompholyx), in which the process gradually extends until the greater part or whole of the skin and subcutaneous tissues becomes implicated. Cracks then appear on the surface, the hair falls off, and a nauseous odour exhales from the affected skin. The vesicles appear in successive crops, and horses that have once suffered are not exempt from it afterwards. Professor Friedberger says in rare instances the affected skin has been seen in time to assume the characters of elephantiasis, but this is only seen in bad or protracted cases, and is not characteristic of the disease itself. The acute variety [pemphigus acutus) and the chronic

110nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l'EJU'HIUUS, OB quot; CHIBEK.quot;

{pempMyus vulgaris) are the most common forms assumed by both chiber and its German type, quot; mauke.quot;

Itcliing is very marked in many cases, which is evidenced by the horse stamping his feet and rubbing them against each other, the animal frequently breaking the vesicles with his teeth, as well as by friction of the opposite leg, as soon as they are formed {pemphigus pruriginosus). Hence the vesicles are not often seen which have formed and recently broken : the epithelium is found ruptured and gathered into folds. In the pruriginous form the vesicles are smaller than in the other varieties. Some authors on human medicine describe this type under the head of quot; peinphigoid.quot;

There is the disease called hydrou bulleux of Bazin, which is the same as chiber, or pemphigus with small bailee. Bazin tried to show a difference between the hydroa bullenx and the bullte of pemphigus, the latter being considered always large and the prognosis in the great majority of cases unfavourable. But Dr. Tilbury Fox has shown that differences in the size of the bullse and their severity afford no ground for distinguishing the eruption from pemphigus. He describes cases of abortive pemphigus in man, characterised by small, scattered bulhe, which may enlarge to the size of a split plea, but are generally not so large, and die away in the course of a few days. The bullte vary in size from that of a pin's head to that of a split pea; occasionally an attack will be composed of two or three successive crops, which develop at intervals of a few days. The disease may last, by the development of successive crops of solitary vesicles, for ten days or more. (See Bidlitm Eruptions, or Hydrou, in ' Skin Diseases ', by Dr. Tilbury Fox.)

The only diseases with which chiber need at all be confounded, are herpes and variola, both deg;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;of which always run a more rapid

course than it, and are therefore quite distinct. We have no such thing as protracted vesicular eruptions in herpes

PEMPHIGUS, OR quot;CHIBER.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ill

and variola, wliicli diseases having once appeared do not show themselves again, or persist, as chiber often does. In the acute form of chiber the vesicles and bulla? burst ahnest as soon as they are formed, so that they often escape detection ; in herpes the vesicles do not rupture as a rule, but their contents, after becoming opaque, disappear by reisorption and rarely by rupture and desiccation into light brownish scabs. In the majority of cases the vesicles in herpes last about eight days, in chiber they burst as a rule as soon as they are formed, or very soon afterwards, and frequently escape detection, except as flakes in the site of the vesicles.

Contagious impetigo in the horse, observed by Schin-delka* and myself t is characterised by special features, and could hardly be mistaken for chiber. The disease is, moreover, contagious, and chiber is not. Attempts made to communicate chiber from one hoi^se to another by inserting the contents of the blisters under the skin of the coronet and pastern, have failed to produce any results, save a soreness of the skin, which passes off in a couple of days. The disease is, therefore, not contagious.

The pemphigus foliaceus form of chiber might be mistaken for pityriasis rubra, on account of the large flakes that are sometimes thrown off in the site of the bullte, the disease consisting of bullyc rapidly developed and drying up into lamella) : but in the latter there is no history of bullas, and the scales also present a different aspect and are more widespread in character than those of chiber. Pityriasis rubra has no thickening of the cutis, no papillary hypertrophy, no history of bullas, and there is an absence of thick flakes or lamella), produced by the collapsed Avails of the bulla?, together with more or less secretion present in chiber.

Now as chiber may be very readily mistaken for certain

* Oesterr. Vicrtcljahrschrift f. Wissonscliaft. Vcterinurkuudo, 1883, page 61. t Auuual VcLcriuary Report, 1833. T/tc Veterinarian, Oct., 188G.

112nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; PEMl'HIGÜS, OU quot;CHIBEE.quot;

allied diseases, as has been noted above so very often, tlie characters of the disease are masked, and it has many varieties. The result of neglecting to attend to this point is that the practitioner regards the type present as an eczema, an impetigo, a herpes, an elephantiasis, or a something else.

The treatment will vary according to the stage of the disease. In the beginning cleanli-

Treatment.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nesg _and _dl7nesSj combined with

dressings of oxide of zinc ointment, will suffice to effect a cure. In more advanced stages of the malady, more energetic means will be necessary, principally astringents and caustics, to cause it to subside. Alum, borax, catechu, chloral, nitrate of silver, etc., are the agents most commonly employed, and are generally attended by good results, lodoform has been recommended by many German veterinary surgeons, but when once induration and hypertrophy have set in, no treatment is generally of any avail.

In Quain's quot; Dictionary of Medicinequot; Hutchinson * is quoted, who thinks arsenic is the only remedy of certain value in bad cases of pemphigus in the human subject. Mr. Meyrick says,quot; The internal administration of arsenic in five-grain doses for about a fortnight seems to assist the cure in bad or protracted cases of chiber. quot; The natives of India have employed arsenic in the treatment of chiber from the earliest times, and they believe it is a specific for some forms of this disease. Perhaps arsenic in large doses does good by acting as a diuretic, which relieves hyperasmia of the skin. The folliaceous variety is best treated with repeated blisters of hydrarg. rubrum.

* Sec a detailed examination of the facts in Hutcliiusou's quot; Clinical Lectures,quot; vol. i., 1879, pp. 49-74.

Cbapter j.

LEÜCODERMÄ.

The common name for this peculiar form of disease is Charalc. Partial leucoderma, in which the pigment is absent in small points over the skin of the face and other regions of the horse, is common enough, although this, like the preceding, has not been recognised by veterinary authors; but general leucoderma, so far as I know, has only once been met with, in the horse that is. And I do not here allude to quot; piebald states quot; noticed so commonly in horses, from which it is distinct. The loss of pigmentation in the true disease, is associated with loss of sensation in the part, and even loss of hair, noticeable in patches having the appearance of a quot; pig's skin,quot; minus the redness, which it closely resembles. Moreover, the ' piebald ' colour in horses is a congenital condition, having its origin in utero; leucoderma is a disease developed in after-life of the animal, which often recedes, leaving the skin normal for a time, when it may recur. Thus, I know of large blotches of the skin on the face of horses, and in other situations where the skin is less protected, developed in the summer, entirely disappearing in some cases during the winter, and again appearing on the approach of the following summer. The conclusion isand it is the conclusion also of Dr. Tilbury Fox, probably the greatest writer on skin diseases of his day in any countryhas the heat any influence on this abnormal pigmentation in the skin ? In the present state of our knowledge of the pathology of this .disease,^ an answer? to the question would amount to mere surmise.

The disease is seen principally in chestnut horses, and

114

LEüCODEEMA.

sometimes in bays. There is an entire absence of any discharge, vesication, or pustulation, throughout its whole course. It affects, by preference, certain parts of the skin whose epithelium is thin, as the muzzle, below the eyes, inside the thighs, etc., but is gradually generalised.

I have prescribed arsenic and iron, with local friction, in this disease, with some benefit.

LITEBATORE.

Bcbkb, The Veferiiuiriun, Sept., 1884. Adams, Tlie Veterinary Journal, July, 1888.

Cbapter ji.

quot;KOBHI;quot; OR, MOBPFCEA.

This may be regarded as an aggravated form of Leuco-dermaj and is often found in association with it. I have next to consider a disease which is sometimes found in association with the leucoderma just described, viz., morphcea.

It is important to note that in leucoderma the colour only is altered, due to deficiency of *quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; pigment in the affected parts, but

there is no deposit in or any structural alteration of the skin. This disease is not a mere discoloration, but is caused by a waxy deposit in the skin, leading to changes in its structure. The affected skin becomes hypertrophied, auassthetic, and hairless in large patches. These discoloured amesthetic spots have led to the disease being called leprosy or korhi by the natives, but it is not settled whether true leprosy is seen in the horse. The morphcea of the horse I have described is a local disease entirely, and never leads to degenerations common in leprosy. But perhaps there are undeveloped forms of leprosy, and doubtless there may be cases of discoloration, antesthesia, and depilation of the hair in patches, without ulceration and tubercular deposits, especially when occurring in districts where leprosy is met with, which time will show to be instances of aborted leprosy in the horse. The mucous surfaces also suffer, and ' roaring ' is sometimes present. Damp and humidity, poor feeding, imperfect grooming, filth, and unhealthy surroundings, are conditions favouring the development of korhi. The natives are strongly impressed with the conviction that it is contagious. As to the cause of the disease the natives believe that pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the use of the arhar dal {cystisus

cajau), a leguminous seed widely

116nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; KOEHI;quot; OE, MOEPHffiA.

cultivated throughout India, is capable of giving rise to something like leprosy, when consumed for any lengthened period. Some of the natives eat it constantly, and the final results are quot; urticaria,* a sense of heat in the stomach, redness of the mucous surface of the mouth, bronzing of the skin, sponginess of the gums, burning of the hands and feet, dryness, harshness, and cracking of the same parts, rheumatic pains, white spots indicating a leprous taint about the body, and lastly, confirmed leprosy.quot; I have seen it in horses owned by natives and others which were fed on diseased maize; and we know that a form of leprosy in the human subject, called * pellagra ' is also caused by eating ergoted maize. Another dal, the lathyrus sativus, we have shown in a former chapter, induces hamri, or paraplegia. How far the use of dal may be the cause of leprosy requires further investigation. But it must be recollected, after all, that leprosy may result not from the operation of any actual poison in climate or in diet, but negatively from the absence in the diet of certain principles, such as nitrogen and potash, and that it is accelerated by bad sanitary arrangements.

The means for remedying this condition are self-evident, , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the cutaneous changes calling for

early removal of the animal to a better locality, combined with good cleaning, and change of diet. But over and above this, it is possible to thwart, by local applications of strong carbolic liniment and internal administration of iodide of potash, liquor arseni-calis and sulphate of iron, the spread of the disease to other parts of the body and to still deeper structures of the skin.

* Urticaria is called by the wxtiYes joor-pitty.

INDEX.

AfTIXOMYCOSIS

History

Pathology

Synonyms

The Parasite, ' Ray Fungus'

Treatment

Anthrax

Page

80 81 80 86 89

Bacillus Anthracis

Contagion of Anthrax

Course and Virulence

Diagnosis

Emphysema Infectuosum

History

Malignant Sore Throat

Pathology

Prevention

Preventive Inoculation or quot; Vaccination

Protective Inoculation in India

Symptoms

Synonyms

Treatment

Barsati

6 17 17 19

1 20

3 23

8 10 11

1 22

Clinical Characteristics

Diagnosis

Geographical Distribution

Historical and Descriptive Survey

Kanker

Pathology

Post-Mortem Appearances

Prognosis

Synonyms

Treatment

Dermatitis Exfoliativa; ok, ' Pityriasis Ruiska'-

Symptoms Synonyms Treatment

66 70 64 63

74 69 72

77 63 74

104 104 105

BB^^

INDEX.

Kamei or I'akaplkgia-

Page


	Climatic Causes	... 52
	Diagnosis	... 58
	Dietetic Causes	... 55
	Etiology	... 52
	Pathology	... 60
	Prognosis	... 60
	Specific Causes	... 57
	Surgical Conditions	... 56
	Symptoms	... 59
	Treatment	... 61
	quot;KoilHlquot;; OR, MOBPHCEA
	Causes	... 115
	Pathology	... 115
	Treatment	... 116
	Lrucodebma	... 113
	SUtAKiAL Fever or quot; Surra quot;
	Definition and Synonyms	... 26
	Duration and Coarse	... 38
	Historical and Descriptive Survey	... 26
	Influence of Season	... 39
	Nature of Parasite...	... 36
	Pathology	... 28
	Post-Mortem Appearances	... 41
	Prevention	... 40
	Symptoms	... 36
	Treatment	... 39
	Varieties	... 88
	Pemphigus, or Cuibber
	Causes	... 108
	Diagnosis	... 110
	Historical Observations	... 106
	Synonyms	... 106
	Treatment	... 112
	Varieties	... 109
	Rinderpest
	Description	... 42
	History	... 43
	Pathology	... 44
	Post-Mortem Appearances	... 50

INDEX.

Ill

ßl NDEEPEST(Continuad.)

Prevention Symptoms Synonyms Treatment

Steaiorrhcea, ob Mane-and-Tail Disease-

Causeg

Differential Diagnosis

History

Pathological Description

Results

Symptoms

Synonyms

Treatmentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Page

. 48 . 46 . 42 . 47

98 96 92 93

100 95 90

101

jv:-

Woeks by Vety.-Capt. K. W. BUEKE, F.K.C.V.S.j etc.

VETERINARY SURGICAL PATHOLOGY.

TRANSLATED INTO UKDU.

quot; It presents to us complete and inodern instruction in an important branch of veterinary knowledge. We commend the work as one of considerable merit, and as an interesting proof of English enterprise.quot; Biutisu Medical Jouknal, January 22nd, 1887.

quot; A heavy task gone through in a remarkably complete and satisfactory manner.quot;Vjukiu-naiiy Joukxal, March, 1887.

THE TROPICAL DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

SECOND EDITION.

quot; Veterinary pathology is progressing in two directions : in the first place, homologios are being established with human pathology ; and, secondly, scientific methods are being adopted for the elucidation of the causation and pathology of diseases. This work represents both these phases, and is exceedingly interesting and reliable.quot;Isuian Medical Gazette, March, 1889.

quot; Gives evidence of wide reading and careful observation.quot; Veterinary Journal, March, 1889.

ADVERTISEMENT.

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H. E. the Governor's Body Guard, the R. H. A.,

Mount, and the largest Stables in Southern India.

JOHN'S

CONDITION POWDEE

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THE TROPICAL DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

SECOND EDITION.

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	ü THE TROPICAL DISEASES

	OF

	THE HORSE AND OX.

	BY

	Vety.-Capt. R. W. BURKE, p.r.c.v.s., a.v.d., Corresponding Member of the Italian Veterinary Academy; Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Madras Presidency ; author of a ' text-book on veterinary surgical pathology ', translated into urdu, etc.

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	/IliaDras: ^v-^ ADDISON AND CO., Printers and Publishers to the University.

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	TO J. H. B. HALLEN, Esq., F.R.C.V.S., F.E.C.S., F.E.S.E., ETC., INSPECTOK-GEN EEÄL, CIVIL VETERINARY DEI'AETMENT, AS A TOKEN OP THE AUTHOE's ESTEEM AND IN ADMIEATION OF. HIS EFFORTS TO ADVANCE VETEEINAKY SCIENCE IN INDIA ; BY THE AUTHOR.



vin		1NTK0DUCTI0N.

V I	All this of course indicates considerable progress, particularly as the Civil Military Department, although actually existent, only received official recognition in April last. Much of the burden of its organization and equipment has rested upon a gentleman well known and highly respected in official circles in India, Veterinary Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. B. Hallen, P.B.c.s. and p.e.o.v.s., at pre-sent Inspector-General, C. V. D. His many years of toil, and thought, and patience, have at length met with their reward, in the formal adoption of his important scheme by the Secretary of State for India. Since official sanction was accorded, no fewer than eighteen officers have been transferred from the Army Veterinary Department to the Civil Veterinary Department. The relation of these two departments of the service, though somewhat confusing at first, really corresponds to that of the Indian Medical Department and the Medical Staff Corps, and as in the I. M. D., officers volunteer for continuous service in India for a terra of years, whereas the Staff men alternate between England and India, so it is with the C. V. D. and the A. V. D. The need for this most recent development of veterinary work in India was demonstrated in many ways, i The wealth of the people in many parts of the country consists chiefly in stock, which in times of drought or pestilence is swept away in droves, their own practitioners being all but useless in such emergencies. At the same time but little help, comparatively speaking, could be offered by the Veterinarians of the Military Department. Their number was so limited that they could not be spared, and
*gt;raquo;*

#9658;



	Gbaptev i. ANTHRAX. The word Anthrax yields several derivatives which describe pretty accurately the symptoms aud course of this disease. For the malady is so severe, that not ouly do blood and tissues become rapidly decomposed, but the life of the animal is speedily consumed. Many terms have been used, at various intervals, to de- _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; scribe this disease, such, for instance. Synonyms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , ^rfnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; as splenic tever, charbon, carbun- lt;;ular fever, malignant carbuncle, etc. Other terms still, such as glossanthrax, anthracoid angina, emphysema infec-tuosum or black quarter, etc., though sometimes confused with anthrax proper, have now been shown to be entirely distinct forms of disease. The presence of the hacilltts anthracis is the conclusive test of the presence of this disorder. The disease has always been common in India, but has . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;not been generally acknowledged to ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; be so until, recently, a few able veteri- narians admitted its existence but denied that it was common ; but since the author's article on the subject which appeared in the Veterinary Journal for February 1887, the prevalence of the disease in India has been generally recognized. Although we were the first to lay particular stress on this point, however, we wore convinced that many cases reported as anthrax were not really so, but were cases of malignant oedema, to which both Pasteur and Koch have attributed a special bacillus of its own, called bacillus oedematis, a totally distinct organism from bacillus anthracis. The more refined methods of cultivation and investigation of the organism causing the disease, and inoculation with it, have enabled us to easily differentiate true anthrax from malignant oedema.



	*(Ibaptci üi,** RINDERPEST. KiNDKKrEiST is the German name for a contagious fever _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;in cattle of the typhoid type which in the ^ ' 'quot;quot; West is known as Cattle Plague, Steppe Murrain, etc., and has been variously described in India, as Bossonto in Bengal, Gootee and Cheechuck in the North- West Provinces, Matah and Pitchinow in Bombay, and in Madras Peya and Puschima. Other names are also used. Kinderpest is a contagions eruptive fever or exanthema, .p. . ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; and affects cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, ' deer, and occasionally, indeed, all the cud-chewing species, many of which probably, for the most part, take it from cattle. It is the most contagious disease known, and affects wild and tame animals alike. Large numbers of wild cattle, bison, etc., die in the jungles from this disease, but domesticated animals are more likely to be affected than those in a wild state. It is not yet within our power to ascertain the specific origin of rinderpest, but it has been ascertained to be indigenous on the plains of Western Eussia, whence it has at various intervals spread over most parts of the Old World. The specific virus which affects the system generally, but especially the fourth stomach and intestines, is a very minute yeasty organism of a fungoid character, which is so subtle and potent, and so endowed with the power of self-multiplication and growth, that a very minute portion of it finding its access to the blood of a healthy animal of the bovine species increases so rapidly, that the whole mass of the blood is in an incredibly short time infected, and every drop of it



	Cbaptev iv. KAMBI OB. PARAPLEGIA. The Indian word Kamri serves to describe in a general way the diseases of the loins, and especially paraplegia. It is a form of pai'tial paralysis or palsy, more or less complete, and is usually accompanied with a partial loss of sensation. When paralysis occurs in man, and both the upper and lower extremities are involved, the affection is termed general paralysis, but very frequently it happens that only one half of the body laterally is affected, the one side remaining sound; then it is hemiplegia. If it affects the two lower extremities only, and the body above an imaginary transverse line drawn through the loins is sound, it is termed paraphegia. .. ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The causes of this disease may be divi- ded into climatic, hygienic, dietetic, surgical and specific. Atmospheric changes are a frequent cause of the disease .. ,. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;in the horse in India. This is esiie- Climatic Causes. nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i ^ j j cially remarked during damp seasons, and is explained on the quot;chill theory quot;, according to which the nervous system, in endeavouring to adapt itself to the needs of the body, exposed to the great and violent changes of temperature said to occur during certain seasons in India, breaks down and becomes disorganised; that is to say, kamri is essentially a disease of the nervous system caused by exposure to climatic conditions. Chill is probably a wrong term to use, for the breakdown is nearly as often occasioned by exposure to excessive heat as to excessive cold. Fatal kamri is often caused by exposure to heat in some cases probably by cerebral hasmor-



	(Ibapter vgt;. BAR 8 A TI. This well-known disease has been variously described as Barsäti, atropliic carcinoma, equine ^ ^ 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; cancer, recurrent fibroid, contract- ing cancer, cicatricial cancer, etc. Some of these, not all, are intended to indicate some particular feature of the disease. But any nomenclature which is founded on anatomical characters only, must in this case necessarily be faulty if not misleading. We therefore propose to consider the other features of the disease before coming to its pathology. Science owes much of what is knowu of this disease to the pens of many able veterinarians Historical and _w^ _t various times have- served with Descnptive Survey. _ . . _T -,. m, u the Army in India, iheir observations will not be devoid of interest, because they supply a continuation of the history of the disease from say 1840, while at the same time they are of some importance ou account of their nomenclature and pathology, barsati being confounded in India with many diseases, some of which are sufficiently characteristic while others may be said to possess only a casual resemblance to it. It is, therefore, necessary to have as clear a view of the disease under consideration as possible, and this can only be obtained by comparing its characteristics as they occurred to various observers in separate localities, in different years and seasons and under varied conditions of climate and treatment. Since I first sketched my experience of barsati in the Veterinary Journal in 1880, and especially since the publication of iny Pamphlet on Barsati in 188Ö, the leading idea of that experience has been largely recognised.



	Cbaptcr vraquo;i. AOTINOMYOOSIS. 'I'his disease has been variously called lymphoma, sarcoma, _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; osteo-sarcoma or spina ventosn, wooden ' * 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tongue, wen, malignant tumour, etc. As far back as 1886 I had the honour of showing in the Vete-rinary Journal that the disease known as Fungus-foot or Madura-foot in India was allied to, if not identical with, Actinoraycosis. In the same year but subsequently. Dr. Vandyke Carter, who has made a special study of this disease, confirmed me in my view by his conclusions arrived at after careful microscopic investigation, by drawing attention to the close resemblance between mycetoma (Madura foot) and actinomycosis, in their clinical and pathological characters and microscopic appearances {we Veterinary Journal, August, 1892). Actinomycosis was first discovered in cattle, then in mankind. Professor Perroncito in 1863 ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;discovered cryptogamic elements in sarco- matous tumours, but did not recognize them as a cause of disease. Rivolta and Halin also observed them, but Bol-linger first insisted on their pathogenic significance in 1877. Harz examined them from the biologist's point of view and termed them Actimomycea bovis, but even yet their true place in mycology remains undetermined. Our present knowledge of the disease would point to the conclusion that it is communicable by contagion and infection through any of the pores or natural orifices of the body. Jensen, a Danish veterinarian, has recorded an enzooty of actinomycosis which in 1880 occurred among the bovine animals of the northern coast of the Island of Seeland on reclaimed ground. These after having been fed with mixed forage, and especially barley grown on land but



	Cbaptev vni. STEATOBRUCEA, OR MANE-AND-TAIL DISEASE. In practice Veterinary officers have sometimes to rely on nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the somewhat loose though arbitrary ^J ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nomenclature employed by salootries and others in India. And as the natives of the country are not accustomed to name diseases according to scientific principles^ it is difficult sometimes to form accurate conceptions of what they mean. And terms are used also by them in a general rather than a specific sense. In this case for instance the term hliujli applies with equal propriety to every form of skin disease which is attended with itching. This is only one illustration out of many that might be adduced of the lamentable need there is for precision in this direction and for the adoption of an entirely new system of nomenclature of the diseases of the lower animals. As a matter of fact khujli is but a symptom of the disease that it is intended to describe. Some veterinarians appear to be stirred over the question of a proper name for this disease, the most prevalent form of skin disease affecting the- horse in India. The need for this is evident enough, but there are some who prefer the term eczema, against which precisely the same objections may be raised as against khujli. We have got rid, then, of most of our superfluous words, but I think one or two more might advantageously be dropped. The names I refer to are pityriasis and ecthyma. With regard to pityriasis, which is much the more important of the two, we have: (1) pityriasis simplex, (2) pityriasis rubra, (3) pityriasis versicolor, (4) pityriasis maculata et oircinata. Here then, are four diseases all named pityriasis, which implies that they are in some way



	Cbapter viii. DERMATITIS EXFOLIATIVA; *OR,* 'Pitybiasis rubba: Thk native name for this disease is Icenchuii, and it is an aggravated form of the disease Synonyms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; treated on in the previous chapter. I do not exaggerate when I say that the animals suffering from this disease are found covered Symptoms.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _from ^^ _fco _foot _by _one _masg _of scales, having the appearance of a quot; crocodile's coat.'' The disease begins in hyperasmia and desquamation of the cuticle notably over the region of the back and thoracic walls, thence rapidly spreads in all directions, till the entire body, even to the skin of the coronets, is finally invaded, leaving perhaps a small patch of skin under the abdomen and that between the thighs unattacked. The cuticle, along with the hair and inflammatory ddbi'ia, comes away in largo scales, probably as large as any we have noticed on the back of the largest kind of fish, and which they somewhat resemble. The main feature of the disease is intense^ surface heat, followed by recurring desquamation. The presence of the heat, then, and notably the character of the scales, when these begin to come off, are diagnostic of this affection in the horse. Notwithstanding the large extent of surface usually implicated iu this disease, it seldom or never, in my experience of this class of cases, proceeds to the extent of causing disease changes in the corium or still deeper tissues, but always confines itself to the epi-skin only. There is no thickening or induration of the skin below the scales, as observed in eczema and other inflammatory disorders, but the whole process seems to take its origin iu or follow a state of simple congestion superficially



	c M /JäJ*





	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2911 054 5



	(Ibaptev ij. PEMPHIGUS OR quot; CHIBEIl.quot;* The common name for this disease is Chiber. The sub-ject lias often been dealt with by Indian * ^ * veterinarians, but notliing very special has been suggested regarding it; though such names as herpes, mange, grease, etc., may bo taken to indicate to some extent the nature of the views that are held with regard to its pathology. Ancient medical men as well as many medieval hakims and haich of various denominations attributed this malady to some great perturbation of the system, or to some general change of which chiber is but the outward and local manifestation. It is also called hydroa bullenx, mauke, etc. Friedbero-er and Fröhner have observed that on account O of the wet and cold, this disease es-Historical Obser- pecially prevails during the winter in Germany. Prietschet has found that this disease prevails also as a result of spriuking salt on the tramway lines during winter months. StraubJ has recorded the occurrence of quot; traumatic eczema quot; in these parts liable to chiber, noticed in army horses which wore exercised over recently-cut fields, which resembled more a form of infectious inflammation of the skin than simple eczema. This form of disease resembled somewhat the ordinary quot; maukequot; described by the Germans, and was characterised by a great number of small ulcers on the skin, which were followed, in aggravated cases, by erysipelas and phlegmonous inflammation of the skin. This infectious dermatitis does not, whether in the German

	* The Veterinary Journal, Dec, 188(5. t Sac?is. Jhorcshericht, 1884. J Bepertorium der Thierlieilk., 1853.



	Cbapter j. LEÜCODERMÄ. The common name for this peculiar form of disease is Charalc. Partial leucoderma, in which the pigment is absent in small points over the skin of the face and other regions of the horse, is common enough, although this, like the preceding, has not been recognised by veterinary authors; but general leucoderma, so far as I know, has only once been met with, in the horse that is. And I do not here allude to quot; piebald states quot; noticed so commonly in horses, from which it is distinct. The loss of pigmentation in the true disease, is associated with loss of sensation in the part, and even loss of hair, noticeable in patches having the appearance of a quot; pig's skin,quot; minus the redness, which it closely resembles. Moreover, the ' piebald ' colour in horses is a congenital condition, having its origin in utero; leucoderma is a disease developed in after-life of the animal, which often recedes, leaving the skin normal for a time, when it may recur. Thus, I know of large blotches of the skin on the face of horses, and in other situations where the skin is less protected, developed in the summer, entirely disappearing in some cases during the winter, and again appearing on the approach of the following summer. The conclusion isand it is the conclusion also of Dr. Tilbury Fox, probably the greatest writer on skin diseases of his day in any countryhas the heat any influence on this abnormal pigmentation in the skin ? In the present state of our knowledge of the pathology of this .disease,^ an answer? to the question would amount to mere surmise. The disease is seen principally in chestnut horses, and



	114	LEüCODEEMA.

	sometimes in bays. There is an entire absence of any discharge, vesication, or pustulation, throughout its whole course. It affects, by preference, certain parts of the skin whose epithelium is thin, as the muzzle, below the eyes, inside the thighs, etc., but is gradually generalised. I have prescribed arsenic and iron, with local friction, in this disease, with some benefit.

	LITEBATORE. Bcbkb, The Veferiiuiriun, Sept., 1884. Adams, Tlie Veterinary Journal, July, 1888.



	Cbapter ji. quot;KOBHI;quot; OR, MOBPFCEA. This may be regarded as an aggravated form of Leuco-dermaj and is often found in association with it. I have next to consider a disease which is sometimes found in association with the leucoderma just described, viz., morphcea. It is important to note that in leucoderma the colour only is altered, due to deficiency of quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; pigment in the affected parts, but there is no deposit in or any structural alteration of the skin. This disease is not a mere discoloration, but is caused by a waxy deposit in the skin, leading to changes in its structure. The affected skin becomes hypertrophied, auassthetic, and hairless in large patches. These discoloured amesthetic spots have led to the disease being called leprosy or korhi* by the natives, but it is not settled whether true leprosy is seen in the horse. The morphcea of the horse I have described is a local disease entirely, and never leads to degenerations common in leprosy. But perhaps there are undeveloped forms of leprosy, and doubtless there may be cases of discoloration, antesthesia, and depilation of the hair in patches, without ulceration and tubercular deposits, especially when occurring in districts where leprosy is met with, which time will show to be instances of aborted leprosy in the horse. The mucous surfaces also suffer, and ' roaring ' is sometimes present. Damp and humidity, poor feeding, imperfect grooming, filth, and unhealthy surroundings, are conditions favouring the development of korhi. The natives are strongly impressed with the conviction that it is contagious. As to the cause of the disease the natives believe that pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the use of the arhar dal {cystisus cajau), a leguminous seed widely



	INDEX.

	AfTIXOMYCOSIS History Pathology Synonyms The Parasite, ' Ray Fungus' Treatment Anthrax	Page 80 81 80 86 89

	Bacillus Anthracis Contagion of Anthrax Course and Virulence Diagnosis Emphysema Infectuosum History Malignant Sore Throat Pathology Prevention Preventive Inoculation or quot; Vaccination Protective Inoculation in India Symptoms Synonyms Treatment Barsati	7 6 17 17 19 1 20 3 23 8 10 11 1 22

	Clinical Characteristics Diagnosis Geographical Distribution Historical and Descriptive Survey Kanker Pathology Post-Mortem Appearances Prognosis Synonyms Treatment Dermatitis Exfoliativa; ok, ' Pityriasis Ruiska'- Symptoms Synonyms Treatment	66 70 64 63 74 69 72 77 63 74
		104 104 105

	BB^^



	INDEX.	Ill

	ßl NDEEPEST(Continuad.) Prevention Symptoms Synonyms Treatment Steaiorrhcea, ob Mane-and-Tail Disease- Causeg Differential Diagnosis History Pathological Description Results Symptoms Synonyms Treatmentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...	Page . 48 . 46 . 42 . 47
		98 96 92 93 100 95 90 101



	jv:-



	Woeks by Vety.-Capt. K. W. BUEKE, F.K.C.V.S.j etc.

	VETERINARY SURGICAL PATHOLOGY. TRANSLATED INTO UKDU. quot; It presents to us complete and inodern instruction in an important branch of veterinary knowledge. We commend the work as one of considerable merit, and as an interesting proof of English enterprise.quot; Biutisu Medical Jouknal, January 22nd, 1887. quot; A heavy task gone through in a remarkably complete and satisfactory manner.quot;Vjukiu-naiiy Joukxal, March, 1887.

	THE TROPICAL DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

	SECOND EDITION. quot; Veterinary pathology is progressing in two directions : in the first place, homologios are being established with human pathology ; and, secondly, scientific methods are being adopted for the elucidation of the causation and pathology of diseases. This work represents both these phases, and is exceedingly interesting and reliable.quot;Isuian Medical Gazette, March, 1889. quot; Gives evidence of wide reading and careful observation.quot; Veterinary Journal, March, 1889.



	Wokks by Vety.-Oapt. E. W. BUEKE, f.e.c	V.S.j ETC.

	VETERINARY SURGICAL PATHOLOGY. TEANSLATED INTO UKDÜ. quot; It presents to us complete and modern instruction in an impor-tant brand, of veterinary knowledge. We commend the work as one of considerable merit, and as an interesting proof of English enterprise.' -Biutimi Medical Jouhnal, January 22nd, 1887. quot; quot;A heavy task gone through in a remarkably complete and satisfactory manner.quot;-VEiJäiu.VAJiY Jouhnal, March, 1887.

	THE TROPICAL DISEASES OF THE HORSE. SECOND EDITION. Veterinary pathology is progressing in two directions : in the first place, homologies are being established with human patholo-y ; and, secondly, scientific methods are being adopted for the elucida-t.on of the causation and pathology of diseases. This work represents both these phases, and is exceedingly interesting and reliable. Ixdia.n Medical Gazette, March, 1889. quot;Gives evidence of wide reading and careful observation.quot;-Veteiunaby Joukxal, March, 1889.



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