WEI DYNASTY BURIAL FIGURES IN THE EUMORFOPOULOS COLLHTCTION : A DELIGHTFUL
REPRODUCTION OF LIFE ON A COUNTRY ESTATE ABOUT THE FOURTH CENTURY A.D.
verandah and tiled penthou^ roof. She is ready to welcome the returning Tartar horsemen, who
are in the courtyard, which also contains a cock, a bull, and a dog. A servant sleeps in the
sun, while a female senrant dra^ water from a well. There are stables and other buildings
1® a large house with closed doors which is probably the women\'s quarters. Birds
cluster on the elaborate roof of the entrance gate.

CHINESE PORCELAIN FOR SALE : TWO OF A SET OF THREE quot; FAMILLE
ROSE quot; VASES AND COVERS OF THE YUNG-CHENG PERIOD, WITH BRILLIANT
ENA.MEL DECORATION ON THE BOLD OVIFORM BODIES.

ilopeci
from them, on account
of her sex, but they
proved to be quot; peuple
fort souvent en furie.quot;
At first the partridge
is distressed, but after-
wards, observing their
savage combats, she
adopts a philosophical
attitude, and reflects
that the animals cannot
help their natures ; it
is Man, who shut her
up with the cockerels,
who is alone to blame.

Feuillet de Conches
requested a Dutch
official in the East
Indies, who had many
contacts with Japan,
to help him with his
scheme. The Dutch-
man was able to obtain
series of exquisite
Japanese illustrations,
notably one of that
most famous fable.
The Tortoise and the
Hare.quot;

As regards the
Abyssinian drawings,
Feuillet de Conches
wrote : quot; The strangest
drawings that ever
came to me from far
countries are those
executed in what was
formerly Ethiopia, and
obtained by the efforts

they observe in th^r
ill-formed productions
certain rigid conven-
tions. For them animals
are either noble or
ignoble. The noble
ones, such as the lion,
or the horse, they
represent in full face,
as they do men. The
ignoble animals, such
as the wolf, the ass, the
fox, the dog, the rat,
and the mouse, always
appear in profile.quot;
The subject of the
quot; Animaux malades de
la peste quot; (a fable
satirising official
justice) has afforded an
opportunity for this
crude system to be
completely displayed.

In this prirhitive
country husband and
wife sleep with one
nightdress between
them, each taking a
sleeve. Faced with
the task of illustrating
quot; The Cat Transformed
Into a Woman,quot; the
Abyssinian artist has
represented the
husband as involved
when the woman wakes
up and tries to catch
a mouse that has
appeared — m.aking
La Fontaine grotesque.

Soms hoort men wel eens verkondigen, dat
„sprekendequot; wapens niet oud zouden zijn
en dat zij als van mindere afkomst moeten
worden beschouwd dan de andere niet-spre-
kende. Dat in den bloeitijd van de heraldiek
deze meening niet heerschte, bewijzen wel de
volgende gevallen:

De graven van Henneberg voerden begin
1200 in een gedeeld schild: boven een halve
adelaar, onder ge-
schaakt. Na het jaar
1237 hebben de Henne-

bergen echter een
nieuw, thans sprekend
wapen: een zwarte hen
op een groenen berg in
goud.

De wensch een spre-
kend wapen te hebben
was eveneens oorzaak
van de wapenverande-
ring, welke de heeren
van Behr in Pommern,
ondernamen. Ülrich
Behr zegelt in 1283 met
drie zwanenhalzen;
Hartnid heeft echter een uitkomenden beer in
het schild gezet, terwijl Lippold reeds den
beer als hoofdfiguur voert, welke dan een met
drie zwanenhalzen beladen dek heeft.

Peter van Moringen zegelt nog in 1268 met
een visch. Echter negen jaar later blijkt hij
een nieuw zégel te hebben laten snijden, dat
twee afgewende moorenkoppen vertoont.

Ook was de wensch een sprekend wapen
doorslaggevend voor de van Toggenburgs, die
in plaats van den rooden leeuw en den halven
blauwen adelaar, een zwarten dog in goud als

Noemen wij nog Jocelmus van Pont in Zwit-
serland, die in plaats van de met een blauwen
leeuw beladen schüinbalk in rood\' een brug
(= pont) koos, waarmede hij in 1250 zegelde.
Wij hebben hier dus alleen „sprekendequot; wa-
pens opgesomd, welke doelbewust veranderd
werden,, terwijl het oudere, niet-sprekende wa-
pen tevens bekend is. Wel een bewijs, dat een
nieuw wapen, bovendien sprekend, geenszins
als minderwaardig werd beschouwd. Men hield
zich\'niet star aan het overgeleverde en schrok
geenszins van het nieuwe terug.

Later begon men juist meer aan het over-
geleverde vast té houden, zelfs zóó sterk, dat
het bij adelsverleening tevens toegekende wa-
pen niet gevoerd werd. De gebroeders Konrad
sn Johan Georg von Schwartzkoppen, die be-
weerden van de uitgestorven familie von
te stammen, voerden ge-,
schuind van zwart en zilver
met over de deellijn een bo-
ven gekanteelden rooden
schiiinbalk. Toen beiden nu
in 1688 geadeld werden,
werd hun een nieuw wapen
verleend: in zilver een roode
schuinbalk, op de bovendeel-
lijn beladen met een gouden
ster (8), op de benedendeel-
lijn met twee sterren van
hetzelfde. Zij bleven echter
het oude wapen voeren.

Dat echter de herinnering
aan een oud wapen niet altijd verloren ging,
ziet men bij de Hennebergen (zie boven), bij
wie in 1303 een gekwartilleerd wapen opduikt:
1 en 4 het oude; 2 en 3 het nieuwe wapen.

V. 1/10/08	A.D.
T. 30/11/09	6

already been made. What are the conclusions
ot these experiments in this respect Only
negative. If the birds are not fertile inter se,
descent is practically out of the question If
they are fertile inter se, nothing has yet been
proved. It is true that Sus scrofa (European
wild pig) and Sus vittatus (Indian wild pig) are
fertile inter se, and yet nobody will think a
moment of seeing an imported vittatus in Sus
scrofa. The possibility of crossing demonstrates
nothing in the investigation of the origin. It
only points to the same species {quot;Artquot;) so that
the forms suitable for crossing are to be considered
as quot;geographical racesquot; of one species. (Rensch,
Remane, etc.). Also the occurrence of quot;some
identical genesquot; in the quot;wild species and the
domestic fowlquot; (Hertwig) points in the same
direction.

In studying the origin of our poultry, too little
attention has been paid to the existence of fowl
during the period of domestication as well as in
prehistoric times.

An investigation of the remnants of animals of
former times involves many difficulties. Thus
^r instance, it is very difficult to date them
During former investigations the remnants from
the various layers for the most part were not kept
separate. At that time small bones were over-
looked, because there was an interest only in large
bones. Sometimes the layers cannot be very well
distinguished, or the caves were continuously
inhabited for a long time, so that the remnants
may belong to different periods.

Even chronology is much less fixed than is often
assumed, according to Kühn (1938) and Penck

If one compares Asia with Europe as far as the
remnants are concerned, it appears that no dilu-
vial Gallus remnants are found, as pointed out by
Lambrecht (1932). On the other hand, Boule
(1927) says, in discussing a Gallus remnant from
southern France, quot;Certains documents du même
genre, en provenance de diverses localités fran-
çaises, me permettent de soupçonner l\'existence
de vrais Gallus dans nos pays à l\'époque plei-
stocène.quot;

In fact, we see that in literature Gallus remnants
are mentioned as of the glacial period in Belgium,
Germany, Hungary, France, Italy, and Switzer-
land. Also, Gallus remnants are known in the
forest age following the glacial period. For that
time Woldrich distinguishes four forms in
Bohemia, of which, according to him, the largest
form and the Gallus domesticus are almost
^entical. Also in the caves of the German
Ostmark Gallus remnants of that period have
been found. In France a Gallus remnant is
known to us from the Magdalénien of Feyat
(Dordogne).

Piette represents in his quot;L\'art pendent I\'age
du Rennequot; a piece of worked reindeer horn from
the cave of Maz D\'Azil, which he thought was a
sphinx (fig. 2, A). Breuil reconstructed it into
a quot;bâton de commandementquot; with a capercaillie
{Tetrao urogallus) on it (fig. 2, B). As to this
reconstruction, it seems to me more likely that

in this case we deal with a Gallus cock, especially
with regard to the tail (fig. 2, C). If so, this
would be the earliest representation of a cock
known.

Fowl remnants of the neolithic age have practi-
cally not been preserved. The remnants from the
caves of Ocjow (Poland), Legeny (Hungary),
and the pile dwellings of the Roseninsel (Bavarian
Alps) may belong to that time.

In Portugal we find a representation of a cock
ot this period on a dolmen stone of Traz-os-
Montes. As poultry were holy birds in western
Europe and not birds for production even as late
as Roman times, it should not be surprising
that the number of remnants is so small.

of worked reindeer horn of the
caveof Maz d\'Azil; after Piette. B, Reconstruction
by Breuil. C, Reconstruction as a Gallus Cock.

Several fowl remnants have been found in the
Terramara of Italy, which were inhabited from
the transition of the Neolithic-Bronze period till
1100 B.C., before or, at the latest, simultaneously
with the Aryan invasion of India.

Also in Austria a fowl remnant of the Bronze
period has been found. Among the rock drawings
from Sweden of the later Bronze period a cock
also appears.

In Greece the cock can be shown with certainty
only after the Dorian invasion. These people
came, like the Terramara population, from
Central Europe (Reche).

Let us now turn to Asia and Africa. In ancient
Sumer the cock was known under the name of
Tar-Hu. In Egypt the oldest find is predynastic.
Different investigators do not consider the bird
in question to be a cock. After this the first
positive finding is a drawing between 1400 and

In India the earliest, and as far as I know the
only, fowl remnants come from the excavations of
Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus (about 3000 B.C.).
According to investigators, these remnants indi-
cate a much larger type than the present domestic
fowl in those regions. A few seals show stylized
fowl. Information about fowl remnants from the
Vedas cannot be previous to 1200 B.C. in India,
because as early as that the Aryans invaded the
country. In view of these data, a probable tam-
ing of one or more poultry forms in Europe must
not be excluded, a point which was brought for-
ward in 1864 by Marschall in a discussion of a
work by Alphonse Milne-Edwards. The evidence
of a prehistoric importation from India has not
yet been proved. The European findings can be
compared only with the skeleton remains of
Mohenjo-Daro, and according to some investi-
gators in this culture distinctly European
elements are found.

A thorough investigation of both the geo-
graphical forms of our present domestic and wild
fowl and the prehistoric remnants is necessary
in order to settle this problem definitely. In
my opinion for the present an autochthonal origin
of the European barnyard fowl is more probable
than an Asiatic importation.

As to the deviating types in Europe, it does not
seem improbable to me that characteristics such
as a beard, crest, foot feathering, and deviating
comb forms are based on a cross between the
Aseel-Malay form and our barnyard fowl. The
earliest Game forms in Europe occur on the coins
of Carystus on Euboia (Greece), toward the
end of the fourth century B.C. Later, we see
them also on Roman reliefs (crested fowl are
already found in ancient Rome).

In that direction also points the fact, that
essential points of deviating poultry forms in
Europe mostly coincide with regions where Games
aje found.

Of the geographical distribution of our domestic
fowl only little is known. The data that we have,
are practically descriptions of only a few races,
whereas a description of the great majority of the
fowl which have not been graded up is lacking.

The first to realize the great importance of a
thorough description was Houwink, who broke
the ground in this field in Holland. In Russia
during the past 20 years Serebrovsky described
all fowl of different districts.

It is, therefore, of considerable scientific im-
portance that every country describe what is left
of barnyard fowl and save them from extinc-
tion.

It is generally assumed that the domestic fowl
were tamed in Asia and descend from the four
wild species now still alive.

quot;As regards the prehistoric finds, it seems to me
more likely that at least the European barnyard
fowl descends from one or more European wild
species which after the glacial period were still
alive in the woods.

The deviating fowl types in Europe may be
considered to be a cross of Indian Game forms
(Aseel Malay) with the European barnyard fowl.

Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Seventh Wokld\'s Poultky
Congress and Exposition, Cleveland, Ohio, 1939

By IR. J. B. Vkibs, The National Institute for Poultry-Breeding, Beekbergen, Netherlands

r^® histo« ®erebrovsky (Moscow) wrote that
r^on ofnbsp;domestication and the distribu-

Ifer ^i« stuJ . brilliant investigation which he
into the geographical dif-
Ker/^»! fowl tV^\'\'nbsp;^^^^^^ ^aces of the

forms we know so little as our domestic fowl
Here more than with any other animal there is
the danger, pointed out by Heck and Hilzheimer
(1928), of the original breeds being displaced by
inbred general-purpose breeds. This not only will
be a great loss to the science of poultry breeding,
but also various investigators, notably Hilz-
heimer (1928) and Serebrovsky (1929), draw atten-
tion to the importance of a thorough knowledge
of poultry and domestic animals in general for
various zoological, anthropological, and ethno-
graphical problems. Especially during the last
20 to 40 years the original poultry races have

rapidly deteriorated and have been superseded
by Idem general-purpose breeds Jrth ^b
there have come gaps, which cannot be filled, m
our knowledge of types of poultry.
\' what is known about poultry in vanouy ou^
tries relates only to some races, i.e., deümte
ombinations of factors which have b«- - e^d
from the majority and which have been bred to
a type which appeals to the breeder. Ob™sly
these facts do not give any information about
noultrv as originally found in those districts,
ifmany cases\'it is already too late to obtain
rpliflble data on this point.

quot;our knowledge of poultry in some places is
still less. It is generally known ^^^
large numbers of poultry are found kept by the
different native tribes. In modern poultry

Africa are entirely lacking. Jhe only thing i
could find was a short description of fowl of the

^^ifrrn^to Europe, we find that there are
no data about fowl in Greece, Bulgaria Turkey
llbania, not even in

from Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Poland is trag
mentary. Similar information m Switzerland
Sso as well as in Ireland, as far as I have been
able to letermine, is entirely lacking. Nor do
we have any information from Norway, Sweden,
Finland, a/d the Baltic States,nbsp;^^

Germany, Italy, Spain, and Great Britain we
Sow various races. I- ^^ese countnes thyld
barnyard fowl has not been minutely describecL
It is true Düringen (1923) mentions the o d
German barnyard fowl but does not careful y
ScZe the various color types. Probably only
ffTw of these birds are still left in t^ co^
An investigation of this matter will ^d^ub edly
be of considerable importance to the science
of poultry. In western Europe probab y the
Netherllds, and of this country the P-ince of
Friesland, is the only temtory where they hold
their own with some fanciers and on some farms^
Of all the poultry experts there has been only
one who realized, more than 50 years ago that a
description only of a definite race and coloration
was not sufficient, but that all animals in a certain
^strict had to be thoroughly studied In his
B udquot;es of poultry which he began at Meppel as
eaTas 1882, at the age of 12, our countryman
M^ R. Houwink Hzn, followed the principle
which not until 1920-30 was applied by Se e
teovsky in a modern form. He made a carefu
stX ofnbsp;especially in the Dutch province of

Sente in the years in which fowl from abroad
had not yet been imported. These data are
unique. Thus Houwink was able to distinguish
21 types of color, which for the greater part could
be traced from the partridge color (fig. D- bo
he saw the partridge color with quot;peP
barring) as the primary type. In Friesland the
primary type is quot;pel.quot; There the partridge
Llor is lacking. As a result of various journeys,
Houwink was able to show that in the Nether-
nervous, flighty, egglaymg ^aces-the^ Leghorn
Minorca, Spanish, Andalusian, etc. . . • By the
side of these he distingmshes the S^oup of game
fowl (Malay, Aseel) with a separate anoe^^u .

Representatives of the Aseel type (^hich had
lone been established in Eastern India and China;
ie bi ought to America, becoming the ancestors
of tL Stic breeds and the fine general purpose
breeds-^the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Orp-

Some investigators still adhere to Bankiva as
being the only ancestor. It is now generally held,
Towever, thai our domestic fowl descends from the
?our wild species, whereas by different investi-
aators a separate ancestor is assigned to the so
Slïd Asiatic types. To state briefly: European
poultry have been imported from Asia.
^ If the statement of Professor Mayer (Wagen-
ingen) quot;Wichtig ist das gut geleitete Experiment
geschulter Forscher, wichtiger aber die nchtige
logïche Fragestellungquot; holds true anywhere in
the science of poultry, it must certainly do so for
tS p oblem of descent. Different crossing ex-
perirente between domestic and wild fowl have

will be published in quot;De geechiejms van
Nederlandsche Hoenderrassen\'\' by R. Houwmk Hzn and
Ir. J. B. Vries.

lands and in Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland
the same barnyard fowl was found . ,nbsp;,

What is the origin of this European barnyard
fowl, of which the primary type is represented in

^ Hertwig concluded in 1936 in her summary of
the data about the origin of domestic fowl

Uiie uata au^^^ —---o

that all historical data point to India and South-
erfch na as being the places of origin of domestic
?owl aX^Sout^East Asia the wild species are
s?m living frL which our domestic fowl must

Bankiva, Gallus Sonnerati, Gallus
La?a^eTte Sd Gallus Varius may be considered
to be the ancestors of our domestic fo^^l.

Darwin considered the Bankiva to be the only
ancestor. This belief was immediately opposed^
Tesetmeier defended a separate ancestor for the
CocSr Chinas. Davenport (1914) thinks that
quot;the Jungle fowl is the foundation stock of our

itzerland

barnyard
sented in

nmary of
iwl

ad South-
domestic
pecies are
owl must

i, Gallus
jonsidered
wl.

e the only
r opposed.
,or for the
links that
3ck of our

le Leghorn,
By the
)up of game
be ancestor.

(which had
I and China)
he ancestors
leral purpose
dottes, Orp-

I Bankiva as
snerally held,
jnds from the
rent investi-
ed to the so-
ly: European
lia.

lyer (Wagen-
e Experiment
r die richtige

anywhere in
inly do so for
; crossing ex-
ild fowl have

: gesdiiedenis van
luwink Hzn and

Beteekent dat de mappen van deze divisie loopende van 1 October 1908
tot 30 November 1909, afgelegd zijn in Arciiiefdoos No. 6

V. 1/10/08	A.D.
T. 30/11/09	6

	■ • ■ ■		- . • - \' 7
			\'\' -
■ \'
			- ■ ■

; - -- ■			■ \' ■ ■ ■
		-V«	■ \'-■/ - ^	«

pN EN	AFWIJKINGEN	No.	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN

				-

				- ■


FK^-\'\'.

		16
		17
		18
		19
		20
		21
		22
	S	23
		24
«		25
		26			*
		27
		28
		29
		30
ERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN	No.	1	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN






	-				1

		16
. (9., Ti		17
ft\\ ^ p-		18
	rT«^^--—-	19
\'IM		20
■		21
		22
		23	1	-
		24
		25
		26
		27
		28
		29
		30
1 EN	AFWtJKINGEN	No.	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN




			1	I»

		16	•
		17
		18
		19		-
		20
		21	\' O
		22
		23
		24
		25
		26
		27	-
		28
		29
		30
ii EN	AFWIJKINGEN	No.	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN

1 -			-

No.	NAAM	ADRES	No.	NAAM i
1			16	r
2			17
3			18	i
4			19
5			20
6			21
7	-		22	1
8			23	r
9			24	^ . , .
10			25
11			26	i.
12			27	_
13			28
14			29
15			30
No.	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN	AFWIJKINGEN	No.	BIJZONDERHEDEN EN 1

				-


				•
	•		*
	•
				s