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Geographi et Itineracores
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THE

HISTORY OF JAVA.

VOLUME IL

El

■tt\'f-

HISTORY

OF

JAVA.

by

THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, Esq.

Late Lieut.\'Governor of that Island and its Dependencies,
F.R.S. and A. S.

Member of the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, Honorary Member of the Literary Society at Bombay,
and late President of the Society of Arts and Sciences at Batavia.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

WITB A MAP AND PLATES.

VOL. n.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN, BOOKSELLERS TO THE HON. EAST-INDIA
COMPANY, LEADENHALL STREET; AND JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1817.

(s; ii t i .1 i i\'- . • A ( (. - i

-f;

Printed by Cox and Baylis,
Greai »iueen Street, Lincoln\'s Inn Fields.

CONTENTS

OF

VOLUME 11.

Page

CHAPTER IX.

Relifi^ion.—Introduction of Mahometanism.—How far its Tenets and Doctrines are
observed.—Priests.—How provided for.—How far the ancient Institutions of the
Country are superseded.—Antiquities.—Edifices.—The Temples of Barabanan.
Boro Bodo.—Gunung Prahu.—Kediri.—Sing\'a Sari, Suku, amp;c.—Sculpture.—
Images in Stone.—Casts in Metal.—Inscriptions on Stone and Copper.—Coins.
—Ruins of the ancient Capitals at Medang KamMan, Majapahit, Pajajaran, amp;c.
—Island of Bali.—Conclusion.......................................... 1

-^CHAPTER X.

The History of Java from the earliest Traditions till the Establishment of Maho-
metanism ............................................................ 65

CHAPTER XI.

History of Java from the Establishment of Mahometanism (A. J. 1400), till the
Arrival of the British Forces in A.D. 1811. (A. J. 1738)................... 1S5

Line of Mahometan Sovereigns of Java ..................................S31

Chronological Table of Events............................................ 231

Account of the several principal Divisions of Java and Madura ........................241

APPENDIX.

A. Unhealthiuess of Batavia............................................ j

fi- Account of the Japan Trade.......................................... xv

CONTENTS.

Page

Translation of a modern Version of the SAria Alem.........

Proclamation of the Governor General and Regulation passed by the
Hon. the Lieutenant Governor in Council for the more effectual Ad-
ministration of J ustice in the Provincial Courts of Java •;nbsp;^
A comparative Vocabulary of the Malaju, Jävan, Madurese, Bali, and
Lampung Languages...........................................

Extract from the Dasa Näma ........ ...................................................

Comparative Vocabulary of the Sanskrit, Kawi, and Pali ...... ... ■ clxvu

Vocabulary of Kawi Words, with the Meaning attached to Ihera by the

Panambahan of Sumenap ............-............... \'J\'11\'I quot;

Specimen of the mystical Meaning attached to the Letters of the Alpha-

bet, amp;c. according to the Interpretation of the Panambahan of Sumenap ^ dxxv

Account of the Island of Celebes .................. • • • - • - • • •\' •; quot; quot; ^

Comparative Vocabulary of the Bugis, Makasar, Mandbar, Buton, Sasak,

Bima, Sembawa, Tembora, and Ende Languages..........■ \' y

Comparative Vocabulary of the Gunung Talu, Menadu, Ternati, Sang i,

Sirang or Ceram, and Saparna Languages................................................cc

Numerals according to the Chandra Sangkala........................ ecu

Translation of the Mänek Maya .................................

Translations of Inscriptions in the ancient Javan or Kawi Character---- ccxxx

Account ofthe Island of Balinbsp;..........................;;..... ccxx^ix

Proclamation declaring the Principles of the intended Change of System ccxli

• ccxliv
Revenue Instructions ..........................................

Memorandum respecting Weights, Measures, amp;c.................. ccxlviu

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II.

Bitara Gana, or Ganesa..............................To face the Titk-pagef^^^

Temple at Kulasan .................................................... 2

From Subjects in Stone found in the Central Districts of Java ...............................12

One of the smaller Temples at Brambanan in its present state ................................ig

The same Temple restored to its original state ........................................................18

The large Temple at Brambanan ........................................ .

The same Temple restored to its original state................................

One of the Temples on the Mountain Dieng or Prahu ............................................$2

One of the same Temples restored to its original state........................ .

From Subjects in Stone found near Singa Sdri ....................... ^ ^ ^

From Subjects in Stone..................................................^^

From the Ruins at Suku near the Mountain Lawu.............................45

From Subjects in Stone found on the Mountain Ungarang, and a Stone Pillar

called Tugu ..................................

........................................

iTom a Subject in Stone near Singa Sari, amp;c............................... .

From Subjects in Stone found near Brambanan and Singa Sari ................

From Subjects in Stone collected in different parts of Java................ quot;_

From Subjects in Stone collected in a Chinese Temple near Batavia____—

^\'rom Subjects in Stone found in the vicinity of Boro Bodo in Kedu ........................—

From Casts in Metal found near Brambanan................................

From Casts in Copper, amp;c. found in the District of Kedu........................................__

From Casts in Metal found in Kedu.................................... quot;quot;

^\'rom .... ditto .... found near the Ruins at Brambanan and on the Mountain
Dieng or Prahu .......................................................................................... _

From----ditto.... found in Kedd and near the Ruins of Brambanan and on the

Mountain Dieng or Prahu ......................................................................__

From Casts in Copper found in the Vicinity of the Mountain Dieng or Prahu ....nbsp;—

^ rom Casts in Metal found in the Vicinity of the Mountain Dieng or Prahu............_

A similar Plate ..............

5:^odiacal Cup in Copper^ amp;c. 1.1...............!..........................~~

list of plates.

Vlll

Page

Fac Simile of an Inscription on Stone found in Pakalongan ................ • • __

Specimen of the Kawi Character, .............. . .....................................^^ _

Fac Simile (reduced) of an ancient Inscription at Suku .......................^^

Ancient Coins with their supposed Dates ............ • • • ^

Ugi or Mengkasar Alphabet.........................Vnbsp;.......

4 Papuan or Native of New Guinea ------..... • • • ...........

m^gßmmn^

il

■ri.

-fFS

Meligton.—Introduction of Mahometanism.—-How far its Tenets and Doctrines
are observed,-—Priests.—How provided for.—How far the ancient Institu-
tions of the Country are superseded.—Antiquities.—Edifices.—The Temples
at Brambdnan.—Boro Bodo.—Gunung Prdhu.—Kediri, Sing\'a Sari, Sülm,
^c.—Sculpture.—Images in Stone.—Casts in Metal.—Inscriptions on Stone
and Copper.—Coins.—Ruins of the ancient Capitals at Medang Kamülan,
Majapdhit, Pajajäran, ^c.—Island of Bdli.-^Conclusion.

It has already been stated, that the established religion of the country is
that of Mahomet. The earliest allusion to this faith made in the Javan
annals is in the twelfth century of the Javan era (A. D. 1250), when an un-
successful attempt appears to have been made to convert some of the Sünda
princes.* Towards the close of the fourteenth century, several missionaries
established themselves in the eastern provinces ; and according to the Javan
annals, and the universal tradition ofthe country, it was in the first year of the
fifteenth century of the Javan era, or about the year of our Lord 1475, that the
VOL. II.nbsp;Bnbsp;Hindu

* See Chapters on History.

Hindu empire of Majapdhit, then supreme on the Island, was overthrown, and
the Mahometan religion became the established faith of the country. When
the Portuguese first visited Java in 1511, they found a Hindu king in Ban-
tam j and subsequently, they are said to have lost their footing in that pro-
vince, in consequence of the arrival and establishment of a Mahometan
prince there j but with the exception of an inconsiderable number in some
of the interior and mountainous tracts, the whole island appears to have
been converted to Mahometanisra in the course of the sixteenth cen-
tury, or at least at the period of the estabhshment of the Dutch at Batavia
in 1620.

The natives are still devotedly attached to their ancient institutions, and
though they have long ceased to respect the temples and idols of a former
worship, they still retain a high respect for the laws, usages, and national
observances which prevailed before the introduction of Mahometanism.
And although some few individuals among them may aspire to a higher
sanctity and closer conformity to Mahometanism than others, it may be
iairly stated, that the Javans in general, while they believe in one su-
preme God, and th^t Mahomet was his Prophet, and observe some of the
outward forms of kie v/orship and observances, are little acquainted with
tlie doctrines of that religion and are the least bigoted of its followers.
Few of the chiefs decline the use of wine, and if the common people abstain
from inebriating liquors, it is not from any religious motive. Mahometan
institutions, however, are still gaining ground, and with a free trade a great
accession of Arab teachers might be expected to arrive. Property usually
descends according to the Mahometan law but in other cases, the Maho-
metan code, as adopted by the Javans, is strangely blended with the more
ancient institutions of the country.*

Pilgrimages

* quot; The religion of the Javans is in general Mahometan, but mingled with many supersti-
tious doctrines derived from the ancient Pagan worship. The Javans, however, are far
quot; from bigots to their religion, as other Mahonietans generally are. They are mild and
tractable by nature, and although they do not easily forget or forgive an injury, they would
quot; be a quiet well disposed people under good laws and a mild government. The murders,
\'\' and other crimes, which are now committed in some places, are to be attributed more to the
quot; present faulty administration, than to any bad dispositions in the people. The same may be
quot; remarked of the indolence and indilFerence which now characterize them. Property in the
quot; land, with personal and commercial freedom and security, would soon render them indus-
lv\'iomquot;—^Hogendorp s Memoir on Jata, 1800.

Pilgrimages to Mecca are common. When the Dutch first established
themselves on Java, it was not unusual for the chiefs of the highest rank to
undertake the voyage, as will be seen in the course of the native history.
As soon, however, as the Dutch obtained a supremacy, they did all they
could to check this practice, as well as the admission of Arab missionaries,
and by the operation of the system of commercial monopoly which they
adopted, succeeded pretty effectually. It does not, however, appear that this
arose from any desire to check the progress of Mahometanism on Java, or that
it was with any view to introduce the doctrines of Christianity, that they wished
to cut off the communication with Mecca; their sole objects appear to have
been the safety of their own power and tlie tranquillity of the country.
Every Arab from Mecca, as well as every Javan who had returned from a
pilgrimage thither, assumed on Java the character of a saint, and the
credulity of the common people was such, that they too often attributed to
such persons supernatural powers. Thus respected, it was not difficult for
them to rouse the country to rebellion, and they became the most dangerous
instruments in the hands of the native authorities opposed to the Dutch
interests. The Mahometan priests have almost invariably been found most
active in every case of insurrection. Numbers of them, generally a mixed
breed between the Arabs and the islanders, go about from state to state in
the Eastern Islands, and it is generally by their intrigues and exhortations
that the native chiefs are stirred up to attack or massacre the Europeans, as
infidels and intruders.

The commercial monopoly of the Dutch, however injurious to the
country in other respects, was in this highly advantageous to the character
of the Javans, as it preserved them from the reception of many of the
more intolerable and deteriorating tenets of the Kbrmi.

I have already mentioned, that every village has its priest, and that in
every village of importance there is a mosque or building set apart adapted
to religious worship. The usual Mahometan service is performed ; and the
Pangkulu, or priest, is consulted, and decides in all cases of marriage,
divorce, and inheritance. He is bound also to remind the villagers of the
proper season for the cultivation of the lands. He is remunerated by a
tithe of the produce of the land, certain fees which are paid on circum-
cisions, marriages, divorces, and funerals, and presents which are usual at
particular seasons and on particular occasions.

B gnbsp;In

In every chief town there is a high priest, who with the assistance of
several inferior priests, holds an ecclesiastical court, and superintends the
priests who are appointed in the subordinate districts and villages. His
emoluments consist of a share, which varies in different districts, of the
zahat levied by the village priests, of fees of court, presents, amp;c. These
chief priests are usually either Arabs, or descendants of Arabs by women of
the islands. Their number in some of the large towns is considerable ; at
Pahalimgan and Grésik they have amounted to some hundreds. The village
priests are mostly Javans. On entering the profession, they adopt a dress
different from that of the Javans in general, wearing a turban and long gown
after the manner of the Arabs, and encouraging, as much as possible, the
growth of a few hairs on the chin, as a beard. It is probable, that the
total number of priests is not less than fifty thousand, which forms a ninetieth
part of the whole population of the island.

In common with other Mahometans, the Javans observe the ceremony of
circumcision (sonat), which is performed at about eight years of age, and
in a manner somewhat differing from that usual in other countries. The
ceremony is usually attended with a feast and rejoicing. Girls, at the same
age, suffer a slight operation, intended to be analogous, and called by the
same name.

In their processions and rejoicings on religious festivals and other occa-
sions, the Javans are free from that noisy clamour and uproar, which is
usual with the Mahometans of continental India. The ceremony of Msen
hdsen, which on the continent excites such a general noise throughout the
country, here passes by almost without notice, and the processions of the
Sepoys on this occasion, during the period of the British government on
Java, excited the utmost astonishment among them, on account of their
novelty, noise, and gaudy effect ; but nobody seemed inclined to join in,
or to imitate them : indeed, the Javans have too chaste an ear to bear with
pleasure the dissonant sounds and unharmonious uproar of the Indians.*

The Mahometan religion, as it at present exists on Java, seems only to
have penetrated the surface, and to have taken but little root in the heart
of the Javans. Some there are who are enthusiastic, and all consider it a

point

* The Javans observe of the Mahometans of continental India, that they would rather
drink wine than eat pork ; while the Javans, on the contrary, would rather eat pork than drink
ivine.

point of honour to support and respect its doctrines : but as a nation, the
Javans by no means feel hatred towards Europeans as infidels; and this
perhaps may be given as the best proof that they are very imperfect Maho-
metans. As another example of the very slight hold which Mahometanism
has of them, may be adduced the conduct of the reigning prince (the
Susunan) in the recent conspiracy among the Sepoys serving on Java. The
intimacy between this prince and the Sepoys first commenced from his
attending the ceremonies of their religious worship, which was Hindu, and
assisting them with sevezal idols of that worship which had been preserved
in his family. The conspirators avaihng themselves of this predilection of
the prince foe the religion of his ancestors, flattered him by addressing him
as a descendant of the great Rama, and a deliberate plan was formed, the
object of which was to place the European provinces once more under a
Hindu power. Had this plan been attended with success, it would proba-
bly have been followed by the almost immediate and general re-conversion
of the Javans themselves to the Hindu faith.*

Whatever of their more ancient faith may remain in the institutions. Antiquities,
habits, and affections of the Javans, the island abounds in less perishable
memorials of it. The antiquities of Java consist of ruins of edifices, and
in particular of temples sacred to the former worship ; images of deities
found within them and scattered throughout the country, either sculptured
in stone or cast in metal j inscriptions on stone and copper in ancient cha-
racters, and ancient coins.

The antiquities of Java have not, till lately, excited much notice ; nor
have they yet been sufficiently explored. The narrow policy of the Dutch
denied to other nations facilities of research; and their own devotion
to the pursuits of commerce was too exclusive to allow of their being much

interested

* In the account which has been given of the literature of the Javans, the most esteemed
compositions connected with their ancient faith have been referred to; but as most of these,
such as the Rama, Brdta Yudha, Niti Sdstra, and others, are in many respects similar to
corresponding works on the continent of India, It may not be uninteresting, while treating of
the religion of the country, to give some account of the Mdnek Maya, a composition m prose,
which in its origin and story appears to be perfectly local, and which contains many of the
peculiar notions still entertained by the people of the beginning of the world, amp;c. It is a
work in high estimation among the modern Javans, and continually referred to. The copy in the
Javan language from which the annexed translation was extracted, was procured as an especial
favour from the present Susunan. It has obviously been compiled since the establishment of
Mahometanism, but neither the time at which it was written, nor its author, is known.

interested by the subject. The numerous and interesting remains of
former art and grandeur, which exist in the ruins of temples and other
edifices j the abundant treasures of sculpture and statuary with which
some parts of the island are covered ; and the evidences of a former state
of religious belief and national improvement, which are presented in images,
devices, and inscriptions, either lay entirely buried under rubbish, or were
but partially examined. Nothing, therefore, of the ancient history of the
people, of their institutions prior to the introduction of Mahometanism, of
their magnificence and power before the distraction of internal war and the
division of the country into petty contending sovereignties, or of their
relations either to adjacent or distant tribes, in their origin, language, and
religion, could be accurately known or fully relied on. The grandeur of
their ancestors sounds like a fable in the mouth of the degenerate Javan ;
and it is only when it can be traced in monuments, which cannot be falsi-
fied, that we are led to give credit to their traditions concerning it. Of
these monuments, existing in great profusion in several places, and forming,
if I may so express myself, the most interesting part of the annals of the
people, none are so striking as those found at Brambdnan in the district of
Matdrem, near the middle of the island, at Boro Bodo in Kedu, on Gii-
nung Frdhu and its vicinity, in Kediri, and at Sing\'a Sdri in the district
of Mdlang, in the eastern part of the island.

In addition to their claims on the consideration of the antiquarian, the
ruins at two of these places, Brambdnan and Boro Bodo, are admirable as
majestic works of art. The great extent of the masses of building covered
in some parts with the luxuriant vegetation of the climate, the beauty
and delicate execution of the separate portions, the symmetry and regu-
larity of the whole, the great number and interesting character of the
statues and bas-reliefs, with which they are ornamented, excite our
wonder that they were not earlier examined, sketched, and described.

With respect to the ruins at Brambdnan, we find, upon the authority of
a Dutch engineer, who in 1797 went to construct a fort at Kldten, on the
highway between the two native capitals, and not far from the site of the
temples, that no description of its antiquities existed at that period. He
found great difficulty in clearing away the rubbish and plants, so as to
obtain a view of the ruins and to be enabled to sketch them. The indiffer-
ence of the natives had been as great as that of their conquerors, and had
led them to neglect the works of their ancestors which they could not

imitate.

imitate. They bad allowed a powerful vegetation, not only to cover the
surflice of the buildings, but to dislocate and almost to overthrow them.
They still viewed with veneration, how^ever, the most conspicuous statue in
the ruins, and in spite of their Mahometan principles, addressed it with super-
stitious reverence. The temples themselves they conceived to have been the
Work of a divinity, and to have been constructed in one night j but unfor-
tunately this belief did not restrain the neighbouring peasants from carrying
off the stones of which they were constructed, and applying them to their
own purposes. Enough;, however, still remains, to shew the style of archi-
tecture that was followed in their construction, the state of sculpture at
the period of their erection, and the nature of the religion which then
prevailed.

In the beginning of the year 1812, Colonel Colin Mackenzie,* so well
acquainted with the antiquities of Western India, visited Brambdnan,
took an accurate survey of the ruins, and sketched the fragments of
the building, the architectural ornaments, and the statues found there.
His journal, accompanied with much ingenious and interesting speculation
on the nature and origin of the worship indicated by them, he kindly per-
ttiitted me to publish in the seventh volume of the Transactions of the
Batavian Society.

Considering it as a matter of importance, that a more extensive and
detailed survey should be made while we had the best opportunity of doing
so, I availed myself of the services of Captain George Baker, of the Bengal
establishment, employed in the provinces of the native princes, to survey,
iTieasure, and take draughts of all the buildings, images, and inscriptions
which this magnificent mass of ruins presented. The following is an abstract
of his report on the subject.

quot; In the province of Matdrem, and between the native capitals of Siira herta BramMnan.
and Yugya kerta, lies the village of Brambdnan, and at a distance of a mile
from the high road, there are hills which run east and west, for about anbsp;^

«lile and a half. On one of these, within about one hundred yards to the
south-east of the Bandar^s* house, stands

THE

* Now Surveyor-General of India.

t Bandar is the term given to the Chinese farmer of the toll ports or transit duties; whence
ianddran, the place or residence of the handar.

ANTIQUITIES,nbsp;f^ii

THE CHANDI KOBON DALAM,

but so covered with trees and shrubs, that it is not visible till you are within
two or three hundred yards of it. I could find no remains of the ancient
enclosure, but the fields for some distance round have been enclosed in
later days with the stones which have fallen from the temple. About forty
yards westward of the temple, formerly stood two colossal images or rechas^^
both now overthrown, and one broken in two : these evidently faced each
other inwards, as if to guard the approach. Each of these, including the
pedestal, is of a single block, seven feet high j the head is two feet high;
the square of the pedestal about three feet, and its height thirteen inches
and a half: the stone block coarse grained, and apparently the same as the
outer coating of the temple. The door-way is three feet and a half wide,
and now ten feet long, so that allowing two feet for dilapidation, the thick-
ness of the walls must have been more than twelve feet. This leads directly
to an apartment twenty feet square, the terrace of which, or original floor,
is now covered to an unknown depth with masses of stone fallen from the
walls and roof. The present height of the interior of the building is
about twenty-eight feet.

The roof is a square pyramid about fourteen feet high, formed of stones
which overhang each other like inverted steps. The stone composing the
interior of the apartment is whitish and close grained, and breaks in flakes
something like flint. The whole is uniformly cut and neatly morticed
together without cement. The interior is perfectly plain, the exterior
could never have possessed more than the simplest architectural embellish-
ment.

Excepting the two rechas, or porters, I saw no remains of statuary;
but it is probable that images of Hindu deities lie buried in the rubbish.
These porters or giants seem to have been posted as if to guard the
approach to the sanctuaries of the gods. The hair of each is plaited and
wound round his head, after the fashion of the mendicant priests of India.
He wears large cylindrical earrings, like those of the Javan women, brace-
lets and necklace of beads. His waistband, which is very bulky and
reaches almost to his knees, is confined by a chain of square links, and
receives on the right side a small square-hilted dagger. Between his legs

and

* Recha is the term given by the Javans to all the remains of antiquity generally, b,iil
p9.rticularly to the images of their former worship.

and under the waistband there passes a lungofa or kopina, the ends
of which hang down before and behind. In his right hand he hold
an octagonal club ; in his left a snake, coiled and darting its tongue
along the breast: small twisted snakes also form his armlets Ld
one passes over his left shoulder diagonally across the body, the\' head
and tail forcing a kind of knot. His head is broad, his forehead
and chm short but widej his eyes quite round, large, prominent, and
staring; his lips thick; his mouth open, and shewing two very large do^
teeth and four others of the upper jaw. Singular as the countenance is it
has generally an open good humoured expression. The sepoy who attended
me, and who had resided two years among the Bramins at Benares, and of
a corps of upwards of eight hundred sepoys, was acknowledged to be the
best acquainted with such subjects, informed me that similar figures were
common guardians of the entrance to the temples of India, and seemed
perfectly well acquainted with their history, purpose, and distinctive accom-
panimentsj but he was lost in surprise at the number, magnitude, and
superior execution of those at Brambdnan, to which he said that India could
in no respect furnish a parallel. Every thing here, he said, was manifestly
the work of the gods, as no human power could have effected such thin J
Ihe temples at Bmmbdnan are entirely composed of plain hewn stone
without the least mixture of brick, mortar, or rubbish of any kind, even in

h WestTr T ^^nbsp;andbase\'men s f

he largest s ructures. Large trees have made their way through many of
them, and give an air of high antiquity.nbsp;^ ^

Close by the road side at Brambdnan, and in front of the bdndar\'s house
here are several pieces of sculpture deserving of notice. One is a vLy wS

IkhTn r^^joon two small stones, of about eighteen inches by five,
within the bandar s hampung : it represents elephants completely caparisoned
in the Hindu fashion. Another is a piece of sculpture representing thP
wide-extended mouth and erect curled proboscis of the elephant havin. I
figure (I bdieve af a ^ or inferior deity or demi-god) seated i; an erfct
posture on the animal\'s tongue, surrounded with a formidable array of teeth.
ƒ his IS found on either side of the top or bottom of flights of steps, grand
entrances, or portals of all the Brambdnan buildings. There is also a more
finished specimen of the same kind as the last, but having instead of a
Gopm a hon, decorated with a necklace, to whose head descends from the

lotos flowers which crown the elevated proboscis of the elephant ^ JZ
yoh. II.nbsp;rquot;nbsp;^ i very

Cnbsp;. ,

rich

^tp

rich cluster of beads. Two stones are sculptured in relief with the figures of
seven apes traversing a wood: they are each about two feet six inches high
by two feet wide. These pieces are more damaged by time and weather than
any others I met with, and perhaps more ancient. They appear to be
entirely historical, and probably formed together the memorial of some
legendary event, which the learning of my Brahmin did not reach : he
seemed however positive that Hanumdn was not of the number. The
shield occurs twice, a reptile of the lizard kind led by a string once, and
all the figures appear armed with sticks.

The only other piece of sculpture found here is of a headless naked
figure, sitting on a double throne, surrounded with foliage, opposite the
Banddran at the corner of a field. The journal of Colonel Mackenzie,
which had previously appeared in the Transactions of the Batavian Society,
had so fully persuaded me that all these rude figures in a sitting cross-
legged posture were Jain or Budhist, that I by accident only asked my
companion if he knew what this was ? To my astonishment he replied, that
this, with all other similar images, were tupis wurri, or Hindus in the
act of devotion, and that this figure was evidently a Brahmin (from the
sacrificial or sacred string over his left shoulder) employed in tupisya, I
asked him whether it might be Budh ? to which he replied. No 5 that
BudJi held a very low rank in the estimation of the Brahmins, who, in
consequence of the schism between Brahmins and Budhists, did not choose
to make tupisya before him, or erect his likeness in their temples; and
that, as all the temples at Brambdnan were entirely Braminical, or had
their origin from the same sect of which he himself was a member, it
was not likely that any images of Budh should be found thereabouts.
When we afterwards came to examine the temples at Loro Jongran and
other places, where the same figure complete appears seated in the small
temples, surrounding the great central one, I pointed out to him the
long-extended ears, short curled head of hair, and other marks, which I
had understood served to distinguish the Jain or Budh images from all
others. He said he was only more convinced that they were all simple
Hindu devotees in the act of making tupisya, in the presence of the prin-
cipal deity enthroned in the grand temple in the midst of them; that this
\\vas frequently the case in India, and wherever practicable the Brahmins
placed images of devotees, of exactly similar form and attitude, around
the fanes of Brahma and their inferior gods; that what I called curled

hair

hair was nothing more than a peculiar kind of cap {topi he called it) worn
by devotees when in the most sacred acts of tujpisya, which caps are com-
mon, he said, throughout Bengal or Hindustan, and are made for the
purpose, by a particular class of people. I found the lower part of two
counterpart decorated stones, having the part of the body of Ganisa in

the centre of each. They were extremely well executed and in good pre-
servation.

CHiNDl L(5R0 JONGRANG; or TEMPLES OF L(5R0 J(5NGRAN.

These lie directly in front (north) of the village oi Bramhdnan, and
about two hundred and fifty yards from the road, whence they are visi-
ble, in the form of large hillocks of fallen masses of stone, surmounted,
and in some instances covered, with a profusion of trees and herbage of
all descriptions. In the present dilapidated state of these venerable build-
ings, I found it very difficult to obtain a correct plan or description of
their original disposition, extent, or even of their number and figure.
Those that remain, with any degree of their primary form or elevation, are
ten, disposed in three lines, running north and south. Of those on the
western line, which are far the largest and most lofty, that in the centre
towers high above the rest, and its jutting fragments lie tumbled about
over a larger area. Nothing can exceed the air of desolation which this
spot presents ; and the feelings of every visitor are attuned, by the scene
ot surrounding devastation, to reflect, that while these noble monuments of
the ancient splendour of religion and the arts are submitting, with sullen
slowness to the destructive hand of time and nature, the art which
raised them has perished before them, and the faith which they were to
honour has row no other honour in the land.

After repeated visits to the place, I am perfectly clear, that the temples
of Jongrdngan originally consisted of twenty separate buildings, besides
the enclosures and gateway j that of these, six large and two small temples
were within the second wall, and twelve small ones, exactly similar to each
other, formed a kind of square about the exterior of the inner wall. The
first temple that occurs on entering, is the small central one on the right
hand of the present pathway ; and though its roof is gone, a most beauti-
ful terrace appears, which supported the building, and measures twenty-three
feet six inches by twenty-two feet ten inches. At present the height of it
is barely three feet and a half. The lower part contains five small niches on
either side, profusely decorated and resting on small pilasters, each niche
occupied by a lion, seated exactly similar to those described in the ele-
phant\'s mouth. The intervals between the niches are very neatly filled with
diminutive pilasters and other ornaments, displaying real taste and skill,
which again support a double fillet projecting all round. One carved most
beautifully, with a running festooned beading, with intermediate knots and
pendents, each festoon filled with a lively representation of a perroquet
with expanded wings, the other fillet with a fancy pattern more simple.
On the opposite, or north side, was a building similar to this, but now a
mound of stone.

The largest temple, apparently about ninety feet in height, is at present a
mass of ruin, as well as the five others connected with it ; but ascending to
its northern fac^ over a vast heap of stones fallen from it and the third
temple, at the height of about thirty feet you reach the entrance : the
whole is of hewn stones, fitted and morticed into each other, without rub-
bish or cement of any kind. Directly in front of the door-way stands the
image of Loro Jôngra7i.* I had previously found a very similar, and I
think a more beautiful representation of Déù, as the Bramin called it, in
the village of Ku^wtran, about fifteen miles north-east from Brambdnan,
The image of Loro Jmgran here has exactly the same attributes and
accompaniments as that found at Kwwiran, but it is larger, not at all
damaged, perfectly smooth, and with a polished surface : the buffalo is en-
tirely recumbent ; the character of the countenance, general figure, and
attitudes are very different, and the shape, attitude, and visage of the
goddess far less elegant and feminine. The figure at Brambdnan is six

■ feet

^ See plate of subjects in stone found in the central districts of Java, No. 6\'.

■m

feet three inches by three feet one inch in the widest part at the pedestal;
that at Kwwiran is three feet nine inches high by twenty inches. The
general description of this goddess, as read to me by the Bramin from a
Sanscrit paper he copied at Benares, will serve to illustrate both these
images, in the literal precise manner in which I took down his words. quot;
quot; Bhawdni, Devi, Soca, Juggudumha, Mahamya, Lutala, Phulmuttis, and
quot; Mata, are the designations of this powerful goddess, who resides 2ii Shasi
quot; or Basini (Benares), at an angle of the sacred Ganges. Her adoration
quot; is called urchit with oblations of flowers, chundun, kundun, SlXiA mugt.
quot; In her hand she holds a tulwar, called hJiug : round her neck she has a
quot; mala of sumpurun, tooUi, or chundun. Her weight is very great, and
wherever her effig-y is placed the earth trembles and becomes much
quot; heavier. The name of her buffalo isnbsp;and the Dewth who

quot; attempts to slay it is Ussoor. She sleeps upon a bed of flowers.\'\'

Thus much could I understand and repeat verbatim of this goddess\'s
power and attributes. For the rest, in her eight arms she holds, 1st. the
buffalo\'s tail; 2d. the sword called Mwr^-; 3d. the bhullaov janclin ; 4th.
the chukur or whut; 5th. the lune or conch shell; 6th. the dhat or shield ;
7th. thejundah or flag ; and 8th. the hair of the Dewth Mahikusor, or per-
sonification of vice, who while attempting to slay her favourite MaJiisa is
seized by the goddess in a rage. He raises a dhat, or shield, in his defence,
and a sabre, or some offensive weapon, should be in his right hand.

J. he apartment in whicli this image and some other sculptured stones are
placed, rises pm-ifectly square and plain, to the height of ten feet, and there
occurs a richly carved cornice of four fillets, a single stone to each. From
this rises thereof in a square pyramid, perfectly plain or smooth, for ten
feet more.

Proceeding over the ruins round to the west face of this building, you
pass the intermediate angular projection, carved alternately in a running
flower or foliage, which Colonel Mackenzie has called ^raamp;e^^we, and with
small human figures of various form and attitude in compartments, above
representations of square pyramidal temples, exactly like those on so many
of the entablatures of Boro Bbdo, and similar, I understand, to the Budh
temples of Ava, amp;c. amp;c., the whole extremely rich and minute beyond
description. The western doorway is equally plain with the former, and
the entrance is still lower. The apartment is ten feet two inches square,

apparently

apparently more filled up (that is, the floor raised higher than the other),
but in all other respects exactly the same. In front is seated a complete
Ganisa* of smooth or polished stone, seated on a throne: the whole a
single block, five and a half feet high and three wide. In his hands
rie has a plantain, a circlet of beads, a flower, and a cup to which the end of
his proboscis is applied : a hooded snake encircles his body diagonally over
the left shoulder. His cap is high, with a death\'s head and horned moon
in front and as well as his necklaces, waistband, armlets, bracelets, anklets
and all his habiliments, is profusely decorated. The only damage he appears
to have sustained is in losing all but the roots of his tusks.nbsp;^

The Javans to this day continue to pay their devoirs to him and to Loro
Jdngran, as they are constantly covered with turmerick, flowers, ochre,
amp;c They distinguish GanSsa by the name of Raja Demdng, Singa Jaya,
or \'Gana Singa Jdya. Going still round over heaps of fallen stone to the
south face, you with some difficulty enter by the doorway (nearly closed up
by the ruin) into the third apartment, where there is scarce light enough to
see a prostrate Sim with his feet broken off and lost. What remains is four
feet ten inches and a half long, and two feet two inches wide.t

The whole of the apartment on the east side has fallen in, or is closed up

by the dilapidation of that entire front.

From the elevated situation of the entrances to all the apartments first

described, it is evident that there must formerly have been flights of steps
to them. The plan of this temple, and as far as I could judge of the two
adjoining ones, north and south, was a perfect cross, each of the four
apartments first described occupying a limb or projection of the figure, and
the small intermediate protruding angles between these limbs of the cross
could only be to admit of a large apartment in the centre of the building, to
which however no opening was practicable or visible. Moreover, as all the
grand entrances to the interior of Hindu temples, where it is practicable,
face the rising sun, I could have wished to ascertain from this (the largest
and most important at Jongrdngan) whether or not the main apartment was
in existence, as I had made up my mind that, were I possessed of the means
to clear away the stone, I should have found Brahma himself in possession
of the place: the smaller rooms being occupied by such exalted deities as
Bhawani, Siva, and Ganesa, scarce any other, indeed, than Brahma could
be found presiding on the seat of honour and majesty.

* See plate from subjects in stone found in the central districts of Java, No. 2.

f See the same plate, No. i.

The three large temples on the eastern line are in a state of utter ruin.
They appear to have been very large and lofty, and perfectly square. The
upper terraces, just under the supposed entrances, were visible in some
places, at the height of about sixty feet.

CHANDI Sl^WU, or THE THOUSAND TEMPLES.

In the whole course of my life I have never met with such stupendous
and finished specimens of human labour, and of the science and taste of
quot; ages long since forgot,quot; crowded together in so small a compass as in this
little spot; which, to use a military phrase, I deem to have been the head
quarters of Hinduism in Java. These ruins are situated exactly eight
hundred and thirty-five yards north-north-east from the northern extremity of
those of Loro Jongran, and one thousand three hundred and forty-five yards
from the high road opposite the bandar\'s house. Having had in view all the
way one lofty pyramidal or conical ruin, covered with foliage, and sur-
rounded by a multitude of much smaller ones, in every stage of humbled
majesty and decay, you find yourself, on reaching the southern face, very
suddenly between two gigantic figures in a kneeling posture, and of terrific
forms, appearing to threaten you with their uplifted clubs : their bulk is so.
great, that the stranger does not readily comprehend their figure.* These
gigantic janitors are represented kneeling on the left knee, with a small
cushion under the right ham, the left resting on the retired foot. The
height of the pedestal is fifteen inches, of the figure, seven feet nine inches
to the top of the curls; total, nine feet. The head twenty-six inches
long: width across the shoulders, three feet ten inches. The pedestal
just comprises the kneeling figure and no more.

The character and expression of the face I have never met with else-
where : it belongs neither to India nor to any of the eastern isles. The
countenance is full, round, and expressive of good humour. The eyes are
large, prominent, and circular ; the nose is prominent and wide, and in
profile seems pointed ; the upper lip is covered with tremendous mustaches j
the mouth is large and open, with a risible character, snewing two very
large dog-teeth ; the under lip thin, and the chin very strait and short; fore-
head the same ; no neck visible ; the breast broad and full, with a very
prominent round belly ; the lower limbs, as well as the arms, extremely
short and stout. But the most extraordinary appendage of these porters,

is

* See plate of subjects-in stone found in the central districts, No. 7.

is a very large full-bottomed wig, in full curl all over, which, however, the
Bramin assured me (and I really believe) is intended to represent the usual
mode in which the Moonis are supposed to dress their natural hair j these
gigantic genii, whose duty it is to guard the sanctuaries of the gods, requir-
ing as formidable an appearance as possible. In other respects the images are
in the Hindu costume. The lungota passes between the legs, the ends of it
decorated, hanging down before and behind, over the waistband, and
a curious square-linked chain, which encircles the waist. A snake en-
twines the body diagonally over the left shoulder, the tail and head twisted
on the left breast. A small ornamented dagger is stuck in the girdle on
the right loins. A pointed club of an octagonal form is held up in the
right hand, and rests on the knee; the left hand, dropped down his side,
grasps a circled snake, which seems to bite the fore part of the left arm.
The necklace is of fillagree-work (such as is called star J 5 and the ears,
which are large and long, are decorated with the immense ornamented cy-
lindrical ear-rings worn by the Javan women of the present day. Round
the two arms are twisted snakes, and round the wrist bracelets of beads.
The waistband extends nearly to the knees. From the waist upwards the
figure is naked.

The same description is applicable to the eight other pair of images,
which guard the other approaches of Chdndi Sewu, at twenty feet distance
from the exterior line of temples, and facing inwards to each other about
twelve feet apart. Each of these statues and its pedestal is of one piece of
a species of pudding stone, which must have required great care in working.

Lm.Jm .AM,M \'Jlhu-hM,,,-, fc ^ttm. ZcM,M S„ ,!v

y

The whole site or ground-plan of these temples forms a quadrangle of
five hundred and forty feet by five hundred and ten, exactly facing the
cardinal points. The greater extent is on the eastern and western sides, as
there allowance has been made for wider avenues leading up to the grand
central temples situated within, while on the north and south sides the
spaces between the small exterior temples are all alike. There is no vestige
of an exterior boundary wall of any kind. The outer quadrangle, which is
the limit of the whole and which encloses four others, consists of eightv-
four small temples, twenty-two on each face : the second consists of seventy-
six ; the third of sixty-four; the fourth of forty-four j and the fifth, or
inner parallelogram, of twenty-eight; in all two hundred and ninety-six
small temples, disposed in five regular parallelograms. The whole of these
are upon a uniform plan,¹ eleven feet and a half square on the outside,
quot;«^ith a small vestibule or porch, six feet two inches long, by four feet and a
half externally. Within is an apartment exactly six feet square, with a
doorway five feet nine inches high, by three feet four inches wide, directly
opposite to which stands the seat or throne of the statue which occupied
the temple. The walls inside rise square to the height of seven feet ten
inches, and quite plain; thence the roof rises about five feet more in a plain
pyramid, and above that a perpendicular square rises two feet more, where
the roof is closed by a single stone. The interior dimensions of the porch
or^ vestibule in front were three feet and a half by two and a half. The
thickness of wall to each temple was about two feet nine inches, and of the
vestibule one foot four inches. The exterior elevation of each must have
been about eighteen feet, rising square to the cornices about eight or nine
ïeet, according to the irregularities of ground, and the rest a fanciful super-
structure of various forms, diminishing in size to the summit, which was
crowned with a very massive circular stone, surmounted with another
cylindrical one rounded off at the top. The whole of each superstructure
thus formed a kind of irregular pyramid, composed of five or six retiring
steps or parts, of which the three lowest appeared to me of the figure of a
cross, with intermediate projecting angles to the two lower, and retired ones
to the upper step, which varied in position also from the lower ones. Above

Dnbsp;that

* See plates. One of the smaller temples at BramUnan, and one of the smaller temples at
Bramhdnan restored to its original state ; the first of these was taken in the year 1807 bj Mr.
Cornells, when the temples would appear to have been in a much more perfect State than at
present. For then* present appearance see vignette.

that the summit appeared to rise in an octangular form, diminishing gra-
dually to the stones above described, The same kind of stone appears also
to have been placed on the four projecting angles of at least the lower part
of the elevation above the body of the building. I saw none that were
complete ; but from the detached views I had of all, I think either nine
or thirteen similar ones were disposed at the various points of the roof.
Besides these, the roofs had little in the way of decorations to attract
notice, beyond a profusion of plain cornices, bands, fillets, or ribbands,
forming a kind of capital to the crest of each stage of the superstructure,
and on one of them small square pilasters cut in bas-relievo at intervals.

I have already stated, that the small temples appeared to be all upon one
uniform plan, differing however according to their situation. The deco-
rations, internal and external, are alike in all, except that the exterior
niches are all variously filled with the endless variety of Hindu mythology.

Proceeding inwards from the southern récha, and reckoning from their
centre, the distances are as follow: to the exterior line of the outer qua-
drangle twenty feet ; depth of these temples, including porch, sixteen feet ;
space from thence to the next line of temples eleven feet j depth of the
second quadrangle sixteen feet j thence to the third quadrangle thirty feet ;
supposed depth of this line sixteen feet ; thence to the fourth quadrangle
thirty feet ; depth of the fourth quadrangle sixteen feet ; thence to the
fifth or inner quadrangle thirty feet} depth of the inner quadrangle sixteen
feet ; thence to the bottom of the flight of steps leading up to the grand
temple fourteen feet j in all two hundred and fifteen feet from the centre of
• the porters to the bottom of the steps. The spaces between all the temples
on the same line are about twelve feet and a quarter, but on-the east and
west sides the central avenue is larger. Between the inner quadrangle and
the central temple, at a distance of five feet from the bottom step of it,
runs a line of stone fourteen inches high, and two feet four inches wide.

We now come to the great temple.^ You ascend from each of the car-
dinal points by a flight of fourteen stone steps, all rough hewn, and now
mostly disjointed or displaced. The length of each flight was about sixteen
feet to the edge of the upper step, the breadth eight over all, and ths
height about ten feet, that being the elevation of the terrace of the tem-
ple.

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pie. The walls of this elevated terrace projected on either side of the
steps, so as to form with the walls that received the steps three sides of
squares, which the Sepoy who was with me immediately said must have
been intended for small tanks, one at each side of every flight of steps,
for the devotees to purify themselves in before their appearance at the
shrine of the deity. On the third step from the bottom, on each side of it,
was a figure of Hastu Singh (or the lion seated in the elephant^s mouth),
looking outwards and having a very fine e£Fect. The same figures, facing
outwards, supported each side of the four entrances to the vestibules. The
terrace has a breadth of three feet and a half, clear of the walls of the tem-
ple all round, and as far as I could discern in the ruin, following the angles
of the edifice.

The form of the building, like that at Loro Jongran, is a crosamp;gt;. with the
same intermediate angular projections, in order to afford room for the grand
central apartment. Entering from the east you pass through a portal, five
feet eight inches in width by five feet nine inches in length (which is the
thickness of the walls), into an outer vestibule, twelve feet wide, by ten
deep. The walls of this vestibule are ornamented with three niches, a
large and two smaller ones, with pointed arches, and all the profuse deco-
ration of Hindu architectural sculpture. In most of these niches remained
the throne of the inferior deities, who the Sepoy said must have
originally occupied them : not one was now to be found. The throne was
generally a single stone, decorated in front with a vase and profusion of
flowers, filling the whole space in a natural easy manner. Leaving this
room you pass on through a doorway four feet five inches in width, and four
feet in depth (the thickness of the wall), but of uncertain height, to a
second vestibule, fourteen feet nine inches wide, and four feet four inches
deep. At either end of this vestibule is a door, twenty-six inches wide in
the clear, four feet two inches deep in the passage or width of the wall,
and barely five feet and a half high, which communicates with the surround-
ing terrace. This vestibule is perfectly plain, with the exception of a raised
spiral fluting, which surrounds the large portal or gate leading into the
central apartment, and terminates near the bottom steps in the represen-
tation ofthe elephant\'s mouth and trunk, simply cut in relief on the wall,
with no other addition but several strings of beads descendmg from the top
of his proboscis. The roofs of the vestibules or limbs of the building,
though entirely fallen, were originally shaped like the Syrian, that is pointed

D S

and falling down to the upper cornice of the walls, with a gentle double
swell or curve. The northern limb is an entire mass of confusion and ruin;
but the description just given of the double vestibule on the east side ofthe
temple, answers with a very trifling variation of dimensions to those on the
south and west, but that instead of the large and spacious portal to be see n
on the east, theHB are five very lofty niches let into the main walls about a
foot, with pointed Indian arches, standing on square pilasters of the same
fashion, the capitals of each of which are supported by a small, squat,
doubled-up human figure, having its arms embowed over its head\' which
my Cicerone informed me was very common in the like situations in India,
He concluded also, that images of the gods had occupied the niches in front
against the main walls of the temple, on the north, south, or west sides;
but we saw not one, and only the centre niches had even the thrones re\'
maining. The niches and pilasters are surmounted with a very deep
elaborate projecting cornice, crowned again with five representations of
small temples on each side, and immediately over these are seen the two
swells or curves ofthe original Syrian roof.

So far we have gone on a level with the external terrace or platform
which surrounds the whole ; but on the east side you ascend by a flight of
eight steps, at least six feet high, through the spacious portal before men-
tioned, which is twelve feet high from the top of these stairs, and six
leet eight inches wide in the clear, formed entirely of massive blocks of
stones, well squared. The depth of the passage or thickness of the wall is
ten feet. The top of the portal, which is flat or square externally, sur-
inounted in the centre with a very large and terrible gorgon visage, changes
with the ascent of the stairs, in a very artful manner, to the pyramidal
form, internally, formed by the overhanging of the stones to resemble
inverted square steps closed at the top with a single stone. You thus find
yourself in the sanctum sanctorum, the spot which has rewarded the toil and
zeal of many a weary pilgrim. My expectations were raised, and I ima-
I should find the great and all-powerful Brahma seated here, in
g ory and majesty proportionate to the surrounding splendour and magsi-
cence of his abode. Not a single vestige, however, remains of Brahma,
or of any other deity. The apartment is a plain, unadorned square, of
tWenty-one by eighteen feet. Four feet from the eastern wall or door is a
raised platform, three feet and a half high, extending all across the room
(north and south), surmounted with a deep projecting capital or crest, to
ascend which are two small flights of six steps each, situated at the extre-
^i^ties on either hand. The walls of this sanctuary, to the height of about
orty feet, rise square and plain, and are composed of uniform blocks of
greyish stone, well squared, and fitting closely without cement, grooved
nto each other, according to the general manner of all the buildings at
Bramhdnan. Above this is a projected cornice of three or four stones,
rom which the roof assumes the pyramidal form of overhanging stones,
or inverted steps, to the height of ten feet nearly ; thence it rises per-
pendicular, plain and square, for about ten feet more, and hence to the
top in an octangular pyramid of overhanging stones, approachino- each
other gradually by tiers or layers for nearly fifteen feet more, where it
Closes finally with a stone about two and a half or three feet across,
sc ^^nbsp;of this great temple contains a great variety of ornamental

ju pture but no human or emblematical figures, or even niches in the
a ,s, as in all the small temples surrounding it. The capitals of the
Pi asters (as in the niches against the body of the temple) are indeed
PPorted by the very diminutive figures before mentioned j but nothing

further

further appears in that way throughout the whole structure. The style,
taste, and manner of execution, are every where light, chaste, and beau-
tiful, evincing a fertile invention, most delicate workmanship, and expe-
rience in the art. All the figures occupying the niches of the smaller
temples (and there were thirteen to each of the two hundred and ninety-
six) are a wonderful variety of mythological characters, which the Brah-
min said figured in the Hindu legends.

Of the small temples, at least two-thirds are strewed along the ground,
or are mere ruined heaps of stone, earth, and jungle. On the third qua-
drangle no more than six large heaps of dilapidation remain: fields of
palma christi, sugar-cane, and tobacco, occupy the place and many
detached spots on the site of the temples. Not one, in fact, is at all per-
fect : large trees and many kinds of herbage have shot up and split them
asunder. They are covered wnth the foliage which has hastened or pro-
duced their destruction, certainly prematurely; for the stone itself, even
externally, and where it would be most perceptible on the sculpture, exhi-
bits not the least token of decay. The whole devastation is caused by a
most luxuriant vegetation. Towering directly over the temples the warin-
gin, or stately banyan, is conspicuous, both for its appearance and the
extraordmary damage it has caused. In short, hardly twenty of the
temples give a satisfactory notion of their original form and structure.

Under such circumstances, it can hardly be supposed that I examined
the interior of many of them. Few could boast of the original four walls
alone; but within such as I did examine I found only five of the original
images occupying their places. As these five, however, were found in
points very remote from, and bearing no relation to each other, and were
all exactly counterparts in size, shape, character, and general appearance,
I may safely conclude, that each of the two hundred and ninety-six smaller
temples contained a similar image. Of these five, which are exactly the same
with those Colonel Mackenzie calls Jam, only one was perfect the others
had lost their heads and received other damage in the fall of their habita-
tions • but all were manifestly intended to represent the same figure. The
Bramin maintained, that these were all tupes^murri, or devotees, represented
by the Braminical founder of these temples in the act of tupisya, around
the sanctuary of the divinity himself, situated in the centre of them., ,

.nbsp;, Returning

^ See plate of subjects in stone found in the c^tral districts, No. 1.

Returning from Chdndi Sewu towards L6ro Jbngran^ about halfway on the
left of the road, two hundred yards distant, are the remains of a small
assemblage of temples, which on examination proved to consist originally of
a small square of fourteen temples, with a larger one in the centre. Five
temples were on the east and west faces, and four on the north and south,
including throughout those at the angles. The only difference, however,
between these temples and the small ones of Chdndi Sewu was, that they
Were rather smaller and the elevated terraces raised much higher, those
of Chdndi Sewu not being a foot above the ground, while these were raised
nearly four feet, and had a small flight of steps and a doorway inwards
towards the middle temple. The exterior of all these buildings was per-
fectly plain, excepting a very simple square pilaster and cornice surmount-
ing it. The central building alone possessed the very same kind of decora^
tive sculpture which is seen on those of Chdndi Sewu, was about twice the
size of its neighbours, and about four feet larger either way than those of
Chdndi Sewu, from which it only further differed in having no porch. I
shall only add to this brief notice, that the whole site of this cluster seems
comprised in an area of eighty feet by sixty ; that the spaces between the
temples of this quadrangle are equal to the extent of each building ; that
only nine of the exterior temples, of which one is a mere heap of stones,
exist in any form indicating their primitive order or position ; and lastly,
that no statuary of any kind remains, to indicate the deity in whose honour
they were erected, except the relievos in the eleven niches round the
central building, which certainly seemed, as the Bramin asserted, to be of
the tribe of Gopias, or demi gods and goddesses, which occupy the walls of
the two hundred and ninety-six temples of Chdndi Sewu,

The only name the Javans could give this assemblage was the generic
term chdndi or temples. The inclosures of the surrounding fields attest the
extent to which the farmers have turned to account the devastations raad@
by the waringen trees.

REMAINS at DINANG-\'AN, or RANDU GUNTING.

Taking the road from Bramhdnan to Ydsya Iterta, a little beyond the Ruins at w-
seventh furlong, you arrive at an angle bearing nearly south-west. At this
angle, about sixty yards off the road to the left, a very large statue is con-
spicuous, standing close to the corner of the village of Dindngan, which is
behind

it. Searching about I found the broken scattered remains of five

other

Other images exactly similar to it. Twenty yards in the rear of the erect
image, and just to the westward of the village, a very extensive heap of
blocks of hewn stone (particularly large hollow cylinders intended to hold
the water used in ablution in India) intermingled with earth, points out the
site of what must once have been a spacious temple, long since prostrate.
The principal image is called by the Javans Bega Minda.

CHiNDI KALI SARI, or TEMPLE of KALI SAri.

Returning to the angle of the road which I had left to inspect Bega
Minda and his maimed and headless brethren, and proceeding along the
high road, at a distance of little more than two furlongs further, I crossed
the small stream now called Kali Bening, formerly Kali Buhus. A hundred
and twenty yards beyond this, having the village of Kdli Sdri, which gives
its name to the temple, close to the right hand, you turn up a path between
two hedges in that direction, and at the south-western side of the village,
about two hundred yards off the road, you come upon the south-east angle
of a large and lofty quadrangular building, having much the appearance of
a two-story house or place of residence of a Hindu Raja. It resembles a
temple in no point of view even externally. It is an oblong square, regu-
larly divided into three floors, the ground-floor having in front a large door
between two windows, and on the sides two windows corresponding to the
others. The first floor appears to have three windows in front, and two in
the depth, answering to the apertures below, and through the foliage which
decorates and destroys this monument of grandeur, may be seen several
small attic windows at intervals, seemingly on the slope of the roof: these,
however, are false, as the structure has but the two floors and no other.

The external appearance of this edifice is really very striking and beau-
tiful. The composition and execution of its outer surface evinces infinite
taste and judgment, indefatigable patience and skill. Nothing can exceed
the correctness and minute beauties of the sculpture throughout, which is
not merely profuse, but laboured and worked up to a pitch of peculiar
excellence, scarcely suitable to the exterior of any building, and hardly to be
expected in much smaller subjects in the interior of the cabinet. It originally
stood upon an elevated terrace of from four to six feet in height, of solid stone.
The exterior dimensions of this building are fifty-seven feet and a half by
thirty-three and a half, measured along the walls just above the terrace or
line of the original basement, which is divided obviously enough into three

partSj

parts, by the centre projecting nearly a foot, and the general correspondent
composition or arrangement observable in each. The door in the centre is
four feet eight inches and a half wide, surmounted with the wide-gaping,
monstrous visage, before described at Chdndi Séwu, from which runs round
each side of the portal a spiral-fluted chord, ending near the bottom in a
large sweep or flourish, inclosing each a caparisoned\'elephant in a rising
posture ; the space left over its hinder quarters being filled with the face of a
munnook, or human being, all in the usual style of relief. At either side of
the door the original coat of stone has fallen, as far as the extremities of the
vestibule, which covered the whole central compartment of the east or front
of the building. In the middle of each of the other divisions is an aperture

window, nearly a square of eighteen inches, having a very deep and pro-
jected double resemblance of a cornice beneath, resting on the upper fillet
of the terrace, while the same single projection crowns the top of the
window, surmounted with a more lofty and elegant device of two elephants*
heads and trunks, embellished and joined in a most t^teful way, with a
profusion of other devices. On either side of the windows is a small double
pilaster, having a space between for the figure of a small garûda, an efiSgy
Well known by the Hindus, which is human down to the waist, and has the
body, wings, and talons of an eagle. Beyond the second pilaster, on each
Side of the windows, is a large niche rising from the terrace to the cornice
or division between the upper and lower story. The niche is sunk in the
Wall about four inches, and is formed by the adjoining pilasters rising
straight to their capitals, whence the top of the niche is formed by a
Very beautiful series of curved lines, leaving the point clear in the centre,
Which I can hardly compare to any thing but rounded branches of laurel, or
some such foliage. This is crowned with a square projecting fillet, which
reaches the central cornice dividing the two floors. Beyond the last pilaster
of the niches, a single stone brings you to the angle of the building, which
is covered from top to bottom with the running arabesque border, most deli-
cately executed. On entering the building, the mind of every one must be
fully satisfied that it was never constructed for, or dedicated to mere reli-
gious purposes. The arrangement is entirely adapted to the domestic resi-
dence of a great Hindu chieftain or Raja.

The whole building, within and without, was originally covered with a.
coat of very fine chunam, or lime, about one-sixth of an inch thick, of
surprising tenacity.

VOL, II,nbsp;Pursuing

CHxiNDI KALI BENING.

Pursuing the high road from the spot at which you leave it to visit the
palace of Kali Sdri, at the distance of about three furlongs and a half, a lofty,
massy pile is seen, about one hundred yards offquot; the road to the left. This
ruin is of the same general form and appearance as the larger temples at
Chdndi Sewu and Loro JongraUy but on a closer examination is found to be
superior to the whole, in the delicate and minute correctness of execution of
all its decorative parts. It is a cross, with the intermediate angles projected
to give space to a large central apartment, which is entered from the eas-t
side only. The building is about seventy^two feet three inches in length,
and the same in breadth. The walls are about thirty-five feet high ; and the
roof, which appears to have fallen in to the extent of five feet, about thirty
more. Only one front or vestibule is perfect.

On the south face is seen a small door, five feet seven inches high, and
three feet five inches and a half wide, situated in a deep niche, which also
receives in the recess above the door a small figure of Sita (as the Sepoy
called it) in a sitting posture. Beyond the door a small projection contains
probably more various elaborate specimens of the best sculpture, than were
to be found any where within a small compass, and on similar materials. A
yery large and well defined monster\'s head projects over the door, surrounded
with innumerable devices of excellent workmanship. I know not how to
describe them, nor the niche beneath, containing Sita, which amongst other
accompaniments is supported by two small pilasters, the capitals of which are
upheld by the small naked figures before described, under the generic term
munnooJe. The central compartment of this southem limb (whicli is formed
by the niche and door below and the gorgon head above) terminates at the
top in a point, by a gradual elliptical slope upwards on both sides. These
sides of the slope are filled, on either hand, with a succession of small naked
munnooh figures, all seated in various postures on the steps formed for
their reception, along the edges of this ellipse, and closed by a similar one
above.

On either side of the door-way is a small niche, three feet high and six
inches wide, supported by small pilasters, and filled with relievo figures of
the fraternity of Gopias and their wives. That occupying the niche to the
right, my Cicerone recognized to be Krhm. He was peculiarly happy to
find Sita seated over the door, whiqh he declared to be a decisive proof of the

sense

sense and devotional excellence of the founders of this superb temple, which
he very justly extolled, as far excelling in sculptural beauty and decorations
any thing he had ever seen or heard of in India, or could possibly imagine
had existence any where. This surprise and admiration at the superiority of
the Javan architecture, sculpture, and statuary, over those of India, was
manifest in every Sepoy who saw them. Nothing could equal the astonish-
ment of the man who attended me throughout this survey at every thing he
saw ; nor did he fail to draw a very degrading and natural contrast between
the ancient Javans, as Hindus and artists, and their degenerate sons, with
scarce a remnant of arts, science, or of any religion at all.

The arch of all the niches is surmounted with a very lofty and magnifi-
cent representation, in bas-relievo, of a grand pyramidal temple, on a small
scale, though superior in size, and far more so in execution, to those at
Loro Jongran or at Boro B6do. Beyond these niches to the angles of the
building are a series of pilasters, rising to the cornice, which surmounts
the whole face of each projecting vestibule. In the centre, just at the
point of each niche, is a gorgon head of the usual aspect, which is sur-
rounded by the lofty temples just described.

The exterior sides of the vestibules occupy an extent of eleven feet and
a half, in the centre of which is a niche, much larger and deeper than those
in the front, being about six feet high and two wide, and one deep in the
clear, supported on either side by a real Hindu pilaster already described,
and the top of the niche surmounted with the gorgon head and pyrymidal
temple, equally well known by description. Each of these niches was
formerly occupied with solid statues, I imagine, of Gopia. On either side
of these single niches are the same series of terminating pilasters (three in
number), which occur also on the fronts of the vestibules, of which the
centre one is a very magnificent running arabesque, from top to bottom ;
the two others are plain, without any variation.

A very fine coat of stucco, of excellent quality, covers the whole exterior
surface of the ternple, and is made so to follow the most minute and laboured
strokes of skill on the stone underneath it, as even considerably to add to
their efiect, particularly in concealing the junction of the stones. The
Walls are surmounted with a deep projecting double cornice. No principal
image was found in the temple or vestibules.

E 2nbsp;REMAINS

REMAINS\'OF AN ANCiENT HALL OF AUDIENCE, amp;c. AT KALI

BENING.

The temple which I have just described stands close to the north side of
the village of Kdli Bening, east of which is the river of that name ; and as
I had never before heard of any thing further in this quarter, I fancied my
work was over. I was, however, most agreeably surprised, on being told
by my Javan guides that there was something more to be seen directly south
of the village behind us. We accordingly passed through it, and barely-
one hundred and fifty yards from the temple, in a high sugar-cane and
palma christi plantation, we came suddenly on two pair of very magnifi-
cent gigantic porters, all facing eastwards, each having stood about twelve
feet from the others. The pedestals of all these statues are nearly covered,
or rather entirely sunk into the ground. The height of each figure, from
the top of the pedestal, is five feet one inch and a half, and breadth at the
shoulders three feet six inches. They are generally much better executed,
defined, and consequently more marked and striking in their appearance,
than those I had seen.* The countenance is much more marked and
expressive, the nose more prominent and pointed, the eyebrows meeting in
a formidable frown. The hair flows all round and down the back in large
ringlets and curls, and on the ankles, instead of beads, are the small cir-
cular bells common in India, under the name of googoor. These figures
are called Gopolo. Behind the second pair of porters, or west of them, is
a heap of ruins of brick and mortar, which proved on examination to be
the remains of an ancient hall of audience or state, originally standing on
fourteen pillars, witb a verandah all round it standing on twenty-two pillars.
The porters guarded this building exactly in the centre of its eastern front:
the nearest pair scarcely thirty feet distant from it. The greatest length of
the building was east and west. The inner apartment over all gave forty-
seven feet in length, including the pillars : the width of the hall was twent)\'-
eight feet and a half in the same way. A verandah, of twelve feet and a
half wide all round over the pillars, surrounded the hall.

It struck me forcibly, that the house at Kdli Sdri was formerly the resi-
dence of some great Hindu Raja of Java; the superb temple at Kdli
Bening, the place of his devotions and prayers; this hall, a little south of
it, that of state or audience, perhaps also of recreation after his devotions.

Other

* See plate from subjects in stone found in central districts, No. 5.

Other ruins of brick-work, without any mixture of stone, were close by,
and perhaps served as out-houses.

BÖ^I^O BODO.

In the district of Boro, in the province of Kedü, and near to the conflu- BóroBódo.
ence of the rivers Elo and Prdga, crowning a small hill, stands the temple
of Boro Bódo,quot;^ supposed by some to have been built in the sixth, and by
others in the tenth century of the Javan era. It is a square stone building
consisting of seven ranges of walls, each range decreasing as you ascend,
till the building terminates in a kind of dome. It occupies the whole of
the upper part of a conical hill, which appears to have been cut away so as
to receive the walls and to accommodate itself to the figure of the whole
structure. At the centre, resting on the very apex of the hill, is the dome
before mentioned, of about fifty feet diameter; and in its present ruinous
state, the upper part having fallen in, only about twenty feet high. This
IS surrounded by a triple circle of towers, in number seventy-two, each
occupied by an image looking outwards, and all connected by a stone casing
of the hilljwhich externally has the appearance of a roof.

Descending from thence, you pass on each side of the building by steps
through five handsome gateways, conducting to five successive terraces,
which surround the hill on every side. The walls which support these ter-
races are covered with the richest sculpture on both sides, but more par-
ticularly on the side which forms an interior wall to the terrace below,
and are raised so as to form a parapet on the other side. In the exterior
of these parapets, at equal distances, are niches, each containing a naked
figure sitting cross-legged, and considerably larger than life ;t the total
number of which is not far short of four hundred. Above each niche is
a little spire, another above each of the sides of the niche, and another
upon the parapet between the sides of the neighbouring niches. The
design is regular j the architectural and sculptural ornaments are profuse.
The bas-reliefs represent a variety of scenes, apparently mythological, and
executed with considerable taste and skill. The whole area occupied by
this noble building is about six hundred and twenty feet either way.

The

* So termed by the people of the neighbouring villages, B6ro is the name of the district
means ancient.nbsp;\'

t These figures measure above three feet in height in a sitting posture and with the images
tound in the towers exactly resemble those in the small temples at Chandi Smiu See plate
quot;om subjects in stone found in the central districts, No. 1.

The exterior line of the ground plan, though apparently a perfect square
when viewed at a distance, is not exactly of that form, as the centre of each
face, to a considerable extent, projects many feet, and so as to cover as
much ground as the conical shape of the hill will admit: the same form is
observed in each of the terraces.

The whole has the appearance of one solid building, and is about a
hundred feet high, independently of the central spire of about twenty
feet, which has fallen in. The interior consists almost entirely of the hill
itself.*

Near the site of this majestic edifice was found a mutilated stone image
of Brahma^-f and at no great distance, situated within a few yards of the
confluence of the rivers Elo and Prdga, are the remains of several very
beautifully executed and interesting temples, in form and design corres-
ponding with those in the neighbourhood of Brambdnan. In niches and on
the walls of these are designed in relief numerous figures with many arms,
evidently of the Braminical order, most of them having their several attri-
butes perfect. It is remarkable that at Boro Bodo no figures of this des-
cription occur.

The image of the harpy (No. 1 of the annexed plate) was taken from the
temple at Boro Bodo and brought to England : it is of stone, in length
about twenty inches, and exceedingly well executed. The other subjects
in this plate were not found in this neighbourhood. No. 2 is a stone
box about a foot square, containing a small golden lingam : it was recently
dug up near Mdlang by a peasant, who was levelling the ground for a cook-
ing place. No. 3 and 4 are representations of ornamented stone water-
spouts, collected in the vicinity of JPaltalung\'an. No. 5 is an ornamental
corner stone, now lying among the ruins of Majapdhit, the figure carved
upon which is nearly as large as life.

DiengorPrihu. Next to Bovo Bodo iu importance, and perhaps still more interesting, are
the extensive ruins which are found on Gunimg Dieng, the supposed resi-
dence of the gods and demigods of antiquity.^ This mountain, from its

resemblance

* Drawings of the present and former state of this edifice, and illustrative of the sculptu-
ral ornaments by which it is distinguished, have been made, and have been long in the hands of
the engraver.

t See Plate.

J Here, according to the tradition of the Javans, are to be found the ruins of the dwelling
of Arjuna, Gatut Kdcha, Bima, Derma Kasuma, Sa Dewa, and other characters who figured
in the Brdta Yudha, or war of the Pdndus.

resemblance to the hull of a vessel, is also called Gunung Prahu. It is
situated northward and westward of the mountain Sindoro, which forms the-
boundary between Kedu and Bdnyumas, and terminates a range of hills
running east from the mountain of Tegdl. There are no less than twenty-
nine different peaks of this mountain, or rather cluster of mountains, each
of which has its pecuUar name, and is remarkable for some pecuHar produc-
tion or natural phgenomanon.

On a table-land about six hundred feet higher than the surrounding
country, which is some thousand feet above the level of the sea, are found
the remains of various temples, idols, and other sculpture, too numerous
to be described in this place. A subject in stone having three faces, and
another with four arms, having a ball or globe in one hand and a thunder-
bolt in another, were the most conspicuous.^

The ascent from the country below to the table-land on which these tem-
ples stood is by four flights of stone steps, on four different sides of the hill,
consisting of not less than one thousand steps each. The ascent from the
southern side is now in many parts steep and rocky, and in some places
almost inaccessible, but the traveller is much assisted by the dilapidated
remains of the stone steps, which appear to be of the greatest antiquity.
Time alone, indeed, cannot have so completely demolished a work, of which
the materials were so durable and the construction so solid. The greatest
part of this wonderful memorial of human industry lies buried under huge
masses of rock and lava ; and innumerable proofs are afforded of the
mountain having, at some period since the formation of the steps, been in
a state of violent eruption. Near the summit of one of the hüls there is a
crater of about half a mile diameter.

At no great distance from this crater, in a north-west direction, is situated
a plain or table-land, surrounded on all sides but one by a ridge of moun-
tains about a thousand feet above it. At some very remote period it was
perhaps itself the crater of a vast volcano. On its border are the remains of
four temples of stone, greatly dilapidated, but manifestly by the effect of
some violent shock or concussion of the earth. The largest of them is
about forty feet square : the walls are ten feet thick, and the height about
thirty-five feet. The only apartment which it contains is not more than
twenty feet square, and has only one entrance. The roof is arched to a

point

* See plate from subjects in stone found near B6fO Bodo in Kedu,

point in the centre, about twenty feet high above the walls, so that the
whole building was almost one solid mass of masonry, composed of the
most durable cut stone, in blocks of from one to two feet long and about
nine inches square. Yet these walls, so constructed, are rent to the bottom.
It was particularly observable, that little or no injury had been done by vege-
tation, the climate being unfavourable to the waringen, whose roots are so
destructive to the buildings of the lower regions. The entablatures of these
buildings still exhibit specimens of delicate and very elegant sculpture.
Several deep excavations are observed in the neighbourhood. These, it is
said, were made by the natives, in search of gold utensils, images, and
coins, many of which have, from time to time, been dug up here.

The whole of the plain is covered with scattered ruins and large fragments
of hewn stone to a considerable distance. In the centre are four more
temples, nearly similar to those before-mentioned, but in a much better
state of preservation, the sculpture being in many places quite perfect.
Numerous images of deities are scattered about.

On a more minute examination of this plain, traces of the site of nearly
four hundred temples were discovered, having broad and extensive streets
or roads running between them at right angles. The ground plan of these,
as far as it could be ascertained, with sketches of the different images,
ornaments, and temples, which distinguish this classic ground, have been
made by Captain Baker, who devoted three weeks to the accomplishment of
this interesting object. At present I have it only in my power to exhibit a
drawing of one of the temples, in the state in which it was found in 1815,
with the same temple restored to what it originally was.*

The whole of the country lying between Gunung Dieng and Brambdnafi,
in a line nearly crossing the central part of the island, abounds with ruins
of temples, dilapidated images, and traces of Hinduism. Many of the
villagers between BUdran and Jetis, in the road from Bdnyumas through
Kedd, have availed themselves of the extensive remains to form the walls
of their buildings. In the enclosures to several of the villages (which are
here frequently walled in) are discovered large stones, some representing
gorgon heads, others beautifully executed in relief, which had formed the
frizes and cornices of temples, all regularly cut so as to be morticed toge-
ther, but now heaped one upon another in the utmost confusion and dis-
order.

Along

* See Plates.

J.t\'iiJoil.P,Mis/i,;l h- JiUxrk M.urv kjtlcn Xe.utcnhult Slm-t ,lby..

„kV-

quot; quot; à-:-\'

\' ^nbsp;- - ■ • ......: ^^V

■ïom-...nbsp;imiLnbsp;, \'-ä«-: - ■nbsp;- ; ;nbsp;■■ ■nbsp;-nbsp;^

Along the fields, and by the road side, between Jétîs and MàgeUn, are
seen m ditches or elsewhere, many beautiful remains of sculpture, and among
them many yonis and lingams, where they seem not only to be entirely
disregarded by the natives but thrown on one side as if in the way.

The following is the account given by Dr. Horsfield of the ruins founa
in the Eastern Provinces of the native princes, in the year 1815.

KEDIRI, amp;c.

quot; In the districts oï Jagardga, Ch^ruban, Rdma, Kaldngbret, Trengdli, Kediri amp;c
^ranardga, and Magetdn, these antiquities are dispersed solitary -at occa-
sional points,, and consist principally of images or réchas. The remains of
buildings, and of towns and cities, generally distinguished by the name
^UCàta-bedâh, are also noticed j but Mddion, Kértasdna, Kediri, ^nàSreng^dt
contain very important and interesting antiquities.

In regarding them, the vicinity of the former capital of the princes of
the house of Majapdhit strikingly offers itself for consideration ; and a
raveller perceives them to increase in number, as he proceeds from the
^\'estern to the eastern districts.

Commencing my notices from the westward, I have to point out in
Mddion four monuments, or stones covered with inscriptions: these,
.^ith several pedestals and other remains of ancient buildings, have
een collected and employed at Mauspdti, the capital of Mddion, lately
^stabhshed by Rdden Rdng^ga, the well known rebel of the Yûgya-kerta
ourt. On the largest of these monuments the characters of the inscrip-
tion are stdl m a great degree distinguishable, and these I have carefully
taken off ; on the others, which are smaller, the characters, although com-
pletely perceivable, are too much obliterated by the decomposition and
lt;iecay of the substance of the stone to afford a copy. Besides these in-
scriptions ; remains of buildings, pedestals, and réchas of different sizes
^ave also been collected from various parts of this province, and employed
to decorate a well and bath near the capital. After a considerable inter-
^nption, which contains no remains at present, I discovered, in a direction
^ most due east from Mauspdti, in the district of Anjog, a monument with
inscription in a more perfect state. In form this, as well as the others,
resembles the common tomb-stones of our burial grounds, exceeding them
y in size : its dimensions have been carefully taken. Four sides are

^OI\'. II.nbsp;T?

^nbsp;covered

covered with characters ; two of these were in a state sufficiently preserved
to be copied with only occasional deficiencies. This stone w^as placed near
a cMndi, of which the ruins only remain. It was two stories high, built
of elegant bricks, according to the usual plan and distribution. In size,
it nearly agrees with that of Jdhung, near Probolmgo. It is obvious, that
both the dimensions and the general plan of the numerous chdndis found
in these eastern districts, built of these materials, are similar; at least they
do not exhibit that variety, both in size and distribution, that is observed
among the larger edifices built of stone.

Aryog is connected in the east to Kertasdna. In this province I found
two monuments covered with inscriptions, a kbta heddh, or destroyed capital,
and various rechas. The district of Brebeg has lately been separated from
Kirtasdna. The newly-appointed Tumungquot;gung, in clearing and levelling
the ground for a dwelHng and for a new capital, on the site of the village
Brebeg, discovered, by following the indication of water oozing from the
surface, in a slight concavity covered by a wild vegetation, the remains of
a bath, constructed with neatness, and not without taste and art. The
principal excavation, which appears to have been employed as a bath, is
oblong, and about ten feet in lengths Six small outlets or fountains pour
the water into it, which was conducted from a rivulet flowing at some
distance, by small canals cut of stone, but bedded in a foundation of brick.
The fountains discharging the water are covered with sculpture in relief,
tolerably executed : one of these is a female figure pouring small streams
from the breasts. Adjoining to this bath are several other reservoirs of
water, included in the same square, and receiving the supply by the same
channels. Every thing is constructed massy of regular and elegant bricks.
The present Tumiing^gung has collected, near this bath, many rechas and
lt;Aher antiquities from various parts of the district: among these was found
one small inscription. Towards the foot of mount Wilis, in a southern
direction from Breheg, I visited, at the village Ng^etos, d, chdndi constructed
of brick and still entire, with only partial dilapidation of the ornamental
\'Jgt;arts. It is on the whole very similar to the appearance exhibited by the
remains of the chdndi at Anjbg, and to the others constructed of bricks in
the eastern districts above mentioned. Near this is a smaller chdndi, of
the same construction, in ruins, with various other remains of anti-
quity.

The

The environs of the capital of Kediri abound with antiquities of every
kind J but it is evident that here, more than at other places, great expense
atod labour has been bestowed to demolish the buildings and to mutilate the
images. In all parts of the site of the present capital I noticed fragments
covered with sculpture in relief, broken réchas, and regularly chiselled oblong
stones, of that kind which was employed in the construction of the chdndis,
besides very extensive foundations, in brick, of walls, buildings, amp;c. I am
further led to suppose, from the regularity and elegance of the materials
employed, that a Mahometan temple and grave have been constructed almost
entirely from an antient building demolished for the purpose, at the period
of the introduction of the Mahometan religion. This temple is called
Astdna Gedmg, but none of the present inhabitants can give any information
as to the period of its construction. As it is of Mahometan origin I took
only a very slight view if it, to avoid the disagreeable gesticulations which
the natives always exhibited on the approach of one of their sanctuaries; and
it is a very comfortable circumstance that a traveller is freely permitted to
examine undisturbed, all those antiquities which are unequivocally derived
from a period preceding the introduction of Mahometanism, or from what
the natives call quot; xaong küna, kapir, or huda^

I shall shortly enumerate the principal antiquities of Kediri which I
visited, and only mention the names of those villages where the greatest
number of réchas are dispersed. These are Pdpar, Keho-gddungy Gadüngmii
and Fdgot.

The cave of Séla-mdngleng is situated about two miles in a western direc-
tion from the capital, at the foot of the hill Klbtok, an appendage to the
large mountain of Wilis : it consists of four small apartments cut into the
solid rock composing the hill, on a very gentle erninence. The apartments
are adjoining to each other, forming a regular series, which stretches from
north to south. The two middle apartments, which are the largest, have
each an entrance from without, while those at the extremity communicate
by an interior door, each with the apartment next to it. They differ but little
p size. Their form is square or oblong; the largest is less than twenty feet
in length. The walls of the two principal apartments are covered with
sculpture, and various platforms and projections indicate the places of
devotion or penance. Several réchas now arranged in the avenue leading to
the cave, as well as the sculpture covering the walls of the apartments
within, are handsomely worked j but the external sculpture of the rock is

F 3nbsp;coarse,

antiquities.

coarse, and the steps by which one ascends, which are cut out of the same
general mass of rock, appear to have been made intentionally rude. Several
niches for rechas, lamps, amp;c. are cut in various parts of the walls j a lingam,
several reservoirs of water, and other figures, are arranged on the vestibule.
Of an inscription on the external rock, one regular line, stretching from the
door ofthe outer apartments to the northern extremity of the rock, is still
discernible, but many of the characters are probably too much effaced to
afford an explanation.

In an eastern direction from the capital of Kediri, the antiquities of
Sentul and of Pr-ddung are the most remarkable. Sentul is situated near
the district of Tiga^wdngi, in a forest, the condition of which indicates an
undisturbed vegetation for many successive ages. The dimensions of the
principal edifice, now remaining nearly entire, are comparatively inconsider-
able, but the workmanship is executed in a style of elegance, equal to that
of any antiquity found on the island. By the present inhabitants the building
is denominated a chiinkup, v^hich. word, in as far as it admits of a precise
translation, denotes a place of burial or a repository of the dead. It appears
to resemble, in its general scheme, several of the other principal antiquities
of Java, being a solid massy structure, without any internal apartment or
chamber, as a chdndi, but affording, on the summit, an extensive platform
or place of devotion, to which one of the sides is appropriated to furnish an
ascent, while the others are perpendicular. The access to the chMup was
from the west. Not only the sides of the stairs, but the perpendicular walls
of the building, are ornamented by entablatures, the internal divisions of
which are covered by elegant sculpture, while the projections are carved
into a great variety of forms, which can only be represented clearly by a
drawing. A few images, removed from their original situation, are dispersed
through different parts of the surrounding area, displaying an exquisite
workmanship. On the summit remains an highly elegant reservoir of water
of uncommon dimensions. The plan of this building is a nearly regular
square, the sides of which have about thirty-six feet in length.

It contains in its foundation a subterraneous cell, to which the descent is
by very narrow steps, leading from the south : this consists of three com-
partments, gradually decreasing in dimensions as they extend into the body
of the building. The height of the cell does not permit a person to stand
erect, and no vestiges indicate its former appropriation, whether as a place

of

m

of devotion or penance, or for the reception of the remains of the person
to whose memory devotion was paid on the summit.

Near this chunhup is a smaller building of the same kind, equally ornamen-
ted by handsome sculpture. The remaining bases of numerous walls shew
the division of the surrounding court into many compartments, and the
whole adjoining territory was included within a wall constructed of brick,
of which I found the vestiges in various points, and numerous separate
foundations and detached fragments of chiseled stone remain within the
exterior wall in the confines of the chunhup.

In proceeding from Sentul, in an eastern direction, to the extremity of
the province of Kediri, solitary remains of antiquity are occasionally found ;
and it is probable that these extend, without considerable interruption,
towards the celebrated antiquities of Mdlang. Among these, iugus or
landmarks are also observed,

Tao. chdndi of Prudung is situated about eight miles south-west of Sentul.
Though constructed entirely of brick, this edifice deserves particular notice.
It exceeds in its dimensions and importance all other edifices built of the
same materials lhat 1 have seen. Besides a principal apartment, the
entrance to which is from the west, it contains in the east, the north, and
the south, smaller apartments on the same floor, whose entrance corresponds
to the niches usually observed in the walls. The projecting base containing
the stairs has been destroyed, and one ascends at present to view the interior
of the chdndi by a ladder, the height of about twenty feet. The dimensions
of the ornaments and figures on the sides correspond to the size of the
building, and the sculpture is executed in a superior style. Following a
southern direction, rechas, reservoirs of water, mortars, fragments of buil-
dings and ornaments, are found at almost every village. Near the boundary,
but within the province of Srengdt, a chdndi of brick, of the usual size, still
remains entire near the village Genengan.

The rechas which have been accumulated at the capital of Sre7ig^dt ^tom
the vicinity, indicate the condition of the antient establishments, as the
general review of the antiquities found in this province, strongly points out
that its former culture was very different from its present rudeness. Places
Which are now covered with almost impenetrable forests, like those surround-
ing the chunimp of Sentid, the first appearance of which would indicate an
undisturbed growth from the origin of vegetation, are found to conceal the
i^iost stupendous monuments of human art and labour. During various

botanical

botanical excursions which I made through this province, I discovered
(or rather was led to them by the natives) the chdndi of Gedbg, the antiqui-
ties at Penatdran, and various monuments covered with inscriptions, which
I shall separately enumerate below.

The chdndi of Gedog is a structure in the usual style of brick, but execu-
ted with superior excellence, while much of the ornamental work is supplied
of stone. Several of the sides are still entire, but the base of the entrance
or steps has gradually separated. Gedog is situated near Blitar, formerly a
capital, but now reduced to a simple village. Here, also, interesting anti-
quities are found, among which the site of a deserted capital, with its walls
and many stone pedestals, attract the notice of the traveller.

Proceeding in a nearly north-east direction, I visited the antiquities at
Penatdran. These, if not of the first rank, must doubtless be considered
as belonging to those of second importance and interest, both on account of
extent and execution j but a complete and accurate description would
require a detail too extensive for my present purpose. The greatest part of
these antiquities is now in ruins. Their general plan indicates an appropria-
tion both to purposes of devotion and habitation. They comprize an exten-
sive area of an oblong form, which was surrounded by an external wall of
which the foundations can be traced throughout, and the whole was divided
into three compartments. The principal edifice is situated in the eastern
compartment, and was only accessible after passing three separate gates,
which are all discernible, although much decayed* They are individually
guarded, as at Chdndi sewu and Singasdri, by porters resting on their hams,
while a knee is drawn up to support the hand clasping a club of proportionate
size. The principal gate, in antient times probably the only entrance, is of
huge dimensions and guarded by porters of gigantic size. This led to the
first subdivision of the whole area, in which two elevated plains, of an
oblong form, confined by walls rising above the surrounding territory, and
in all probability the floors of former places of dwelUng, are the most inte-
resting objects that now remain.

One of these plains extends to the north-east extremity, having been in
contact with the external wall, as appears from its relative situation to the
gate, and to the foundations that still exist j this is of great dimensions: the
other inclines more to the middle of this compartment, and is somewhat less
in extent. Both exhibit the appearance of having supported a building, and
are elevated at present about three feet above the level of the surrounding

forest,

forest, while the same depth is concealed by a layer of vegetable mould,
accumulated during many successive ages. The sides of the smaller plain
are covered with elegant sculpture in relief, the detail of the design of which
Would alone require a considerable time. Four entrances are indicated by
as many flights of steps, the sides of which are elegantly decorated, and the
pedestals stili remaining at regular intervals along the confines, having the
form of truncated pyramids, appear to shew that it was covered by a roof
supported by wooden pillars, somewhat in the style of the pasebans of the
present Javans. Similar pedestals are likewise placed in regular order along
the sides of the large plain, which has the same number of entrances as the
smaller, of which those in the north and south are guarded by porters of com-
paratively small stature.

The second compartment is less extensive than the western : a small
chdndi of excellent workmanship, built of stone, here attracts particular no-
tice. The remains of various buildings, pedestals, and broken ornaments, are
also observed, and it is probable that others are concealed by the foreamp;tand
mould, which covers this compartment, which must be considered as the
vestibule to the third or eastern division, containing the principal edifice:
this of the various remains of the whole area deserves the most attention. It
is indeed a surprising and a wonderful work: both the labour required in the
construction and the art displayed in the decoration are incalculable. The
general base is a large square, but each of the sides has a particular projec-
tion in the middle, the largest being in the west where the ascents are placed,
by which the outline exhibits twelve angles. It belongs to the same class of
buildings as that at Sentul, containing no chamber or vacancy within, but
exhibiting a solid mass, highly decorated at the sides, and affording exter-
nally places of devotion. It consists of three different compartments, suc-
cessively of smaller dimensions. Two pair of steps, one to the north, the
other to the south of the most projecting part of the western side, lead to the
area furnished by the lower compartment, the form of which agrees with the
general base. From the middle of the most projecting part of the western
side of this area, a single flight of steps conducts to the second, and is
immediately continued to the third area on the summit of the whole building.
The second compartment does not agree in form with the general base, but
by means of the diverging of the sides in a direction opposite to the most
projecting parts of the lower area, it furnishes in the west a plain before the
steps, and in the north, the south, and the east, extensive areas or squares,

which

,whic}i were probably destined for particular worship. By the form of the
second compartment the second area is likewise modified ; but to demon-
strate this a plan would be required ; and I shall only add, that the upper
area was a regular square, but as appears from the remains of various foun-
dations, subdivided into partitions.

Here the figure of Brdma (the recha with four faces) is placed alone, of a
workmanship and finish superlatively excellent. It i^ to be remarked in this
place, that besides this, only one image is found on this structure, attached
to the walls of the second compartment, facing the smaller area on the base,
from which it appears to have been worshipped. I shall not enter into a
detail of the sculpture which covers all the sides of the three compartments :
its diversity far exceeds the bounds of my examination or description. In
the intelligent visitor it excites astonishment, and displays a degree of art and
of taste, equal, as far as my opportunities for observation have extended, to
that of any of the other remains of antiquity found on Java.

In clearing up part of the rubbish that surrounded the southern sides of
this edifice, I was fortunate enough to discover a monument covered with an
inscription of the usual size and form ; but the characters have suffered much
from time.

Of other antiquities which fell under my observation in the province of
, Sreng\'dt, I shall only mention those at Semdnding and Sangrdhan. These,
from their semblance to the edifice at Seniul, appear to have contained
the remains of the dead, and to have been employed to celebrate their
memory. They are considered as chunhips by the natives. Each has
something particular in its structure and appropriation; but I shall not
extend these details. Various spots were mentioned by the inhabitants,
which are now covered with a close forest, in which less considerable remains,
rechas, amp;c. are found, and others are probably concealed or unknown. They
existed also on the south side of the large river flowing from the east, a
branch of the river of Kediri and Surahdya, in the tract of iMddya, cele-
brated at present only on account of the wildness of the territory. Among
these I visited a monument covered with inscriptions in a highly preserved
condition. In my botanical excursions through this and the neighbouring
districts, I also met with various caverns and other remains, the retreat of
fakirs, hermits, amp;c. to which the approach is difficult or painful: they are
distinguished by the denomination of Ber-tdpa.

I have

■ Proceeding further east, the ruins in the district of Mdlang next attract
«ur attention. These I visited in 1815.

RUINS at SINGA SARI, amp;c. in the DISTRICT of MALANG.

We first proceeded from Pastiruan to Ldwang, mounting our horses at the
ruins of a fort, which for some time withstood the Dutch arms on their
first taking possession of these districts. Further on, between Ldwang and
Mdlang, the scene of a famous battle fought at that time was pointed out
to us. The family of the present regent were first appointed to the office
for services rendered on quot;that occasion. The road from Pastiruan to irf-
quot;mng lay principally through forests, in which we observed the waringen to
predominate.

On the next morning we visited the ruins of Singa Sdri, which are situ-
ated a few paces within the entrance of a teak forest, about four miles from
Ldwang, and to the right of the high road leading to Mdlang.

The first object which attracted our attention was the ruins of a chdndi or
temple. It is a square building, having the entrance on the western side :
its present height may be about thirty feet. Over the entrance is an enor-
mous gorgon head, and a similar ornament appears originally to have been
placed on each of the other sides of the building, over the niches, which
correspond with the entrance on the western side. In one of these niches
We observed an image lying flat on the ground, with its head off j in ano-
ther, the pedestal of an image, which we were informed had been taken
away by Mr. Engelhard and where the traces of a third niche appeared,
the stones had been removed, and a deep hole dug, so as to disfigure, and
in a great measure demolish, this part of the building. This was also
attributed to Mr. Engelhard\'s agents.

On entering the chdndi, to which we ascended by stones which had evi-
dently been once placed as steps, we observed a very deep excavation, and
a large square stone upset and thrown on one side. We ordered it to be
filled up and the large stone replaced. There was a round hole passing com-
pletely through the centre of this stone, which, whether it had been an altar,
the pedestal to some image, or a ymi, we could not ascertain.

Without the building, on part of the ruins which appeared to have been
the lower terrace, we noticed two porters, with clubs in their hands, resting
on the shoulder. The features were entirely defaced, and the images rude ;

VOL. 11.nbsp;,nbsp;Gnbsp;but

but we easily recognized their similarity to the porters at Brambdnan. They
were, however, not above three feet high.

The devices, ornaments, and general style of this temple are not very
different from those of the great temple at Brambdnan: the cornices and
mouldings are no less rich and well executed. The external form of the
building may differ, but the recess, or chamber within, seems on the same
principle. There is no inlet for the light from above.

Proceeding a short distance further into the forest, we found several
images of the Hindu mythology, in excellent preservation, and more highly
executed than any we had previously seen in the island. In the centre,
without protection from the weather, was the bull Ndndi, quite perfect!
with the exception of the horns, one of which was lying by the side of it\'.
This image is above five feet and a half long, in high preservation, and of
excellent proportion and workmanship.*

Near the bull, and placed against a tree, is a magnificent Brahma.f

The four heads are perfect, except that there is a mutilation about the

nose. The figure is highly ornamented, and more richly dressed than is
usual.

Not far off we noticed Ma}mdewa,t known by his trident. On the stone
from which this is cut in relief are several Devandgari characters.

Another stone, with a figure nearly similar, stood by it. A Hindu sepoy,
who accompanied us, asserted that it represented a Bramin, but it was too
mutilated for us to ascertain the point.

A car or chariot of Suria, or the sun, with seven horses, of which the
heads were wanting, was the only other object of antiquity in this groupe.
The horses are at full speed, with extended tails, and the square of the
chariot seems to have once formed the pedestal of an image.

At the distance of about a hundred yards from this spot, we were con-
ducted to a magnificent Ganha of a colossal size,§ most beautifully executed,
and in high preservation. The pedestal is surrounded by skulls, and skulls
seem used not only as ear-rings, but as the decoration of every part to
which they can be apphed. The head and trunk are very correct imitations
of nature. The figure appears to have stood on a platform of stone; and

from

* See plate from subjects in stone found near Singa Sari, No. 5.

t See the same plate, No. 1.nbsp;J See the same plate, No. 2.

§ See plate— the frontispiece to this volume.

TmAmSuilLked tj yiitM„Saiiiry blllai XaJe,a,aa. Slrect^ij.y.

■ f;

m

^Sss

from the number of stones scattered, it is not improbable it may have been

inclosed in a niche or temple.

Still further in the wood, at a short distance, we found another
colossal statue, of the same stamp as the porters at Brambdnan. This
statue was lying on its face at the entrance of an elevated stone terrace :
but the people having excavated and cleared the earth around, we were
enabled distinctly to examine the face and front. It measures in length
about twelve feet, breadth between the shoulders nine feet and a half, and
at the base nine feet by five, and is cut from one solid stone. The figure
is represented as sitting on its hams, with the hand resting on each knee,

but no club, although it is not impossible it may have been broken off.
The countenance is well expressed and the nose prominent; but this fea-
ture, as well as the mouth and chin, have suffered injury from partial
mutilation.

The statue seems evidently to have fallen from the adjacent elevated ter-
race, which is about eighteen feet high in its present dilapidated state, and
is built of stones, the upper ones being immense slabs of five feet by four, and
three feet thick. A second figure of the same dimensions was afterwards
found in the vicinity ; these were no doubt porters who guarded the entrance
to these temples.

Having visited all that could be traced in the vicinity of Singa Sari, we
proceeded on to Mdlang, distant thirteen palls from Ldwang, and in the
evening we visited the ruins of Supit-iirang, usually called Kotah Bedah, or
demolished fort, the site of the last establishment of the refugees from
MqjapdMt.

The wall of this fortification is of brick, and the foundation is traced with-
out difficulty. We rode round it within side, and as far as we could calcu-
late it could not measure less than two miles round. It is of an irregular
figure but in a position rendered remarkably strong by two rivers, which
run their course round three-fourths of the wall, and then unite. The
depth from the wall to the rivers is from fifty to a hundred feet, and m
some places still more; in many parts the descent is nearly perpendicular.
Where the rivers do not encircle the walls, a deep moat is cut from one river
to the other, which is easily flooded by stopping the course of either river.
It is about seventy-five feet wide and not less than fifty deep, even m its
present state, filled up no doubt considerably, and in many parts cultivat-

G 2

antiquities.

ed. There appear to be several dwellings, if not villages, within the walls,
and a good deal of cultivation, principally of tobacco.

The next morning we proceeded to visit the ruins at KM and Jdgu, the
former about seven miles, the latter nearly four from Mdlang, in a^ south-
easterly direction.

At Kedal are the remains of a very beautiful temple of stone: its present
height about thirty-five feet. The building is supported by a lion at each of
the four cornices, and one on each side of the steps of the entrance. In the
centre of each of the lower departments, between the lions, are figures in
relief upon the wall. The mouldings and sculpture on this temple are
in the same style as those of Brambdnan and Boro Bodo, but of still greater
beauty. The building is surrounded by a square wall, and in the front is a
raised terrace. The chamber appears to be of the same form as most of the
temples in Java. Over the entrance is an immense gorgon head, and in the
chamber itself a deep hole.

There are no Hindu images or other traces of Hindu mythology, except
what may be afforded by the lions, and the figures in relief above mention-
ed. These represent the same principal figure, but with different attributes.
On one side three immense serpents entwine over the head, the tail of one of
them evidently held in the right hand; on another a water-pot, with a
serpent\'s head attached to it, is on the head of the figure ; and on the other
there is a female figure with a serpent, the female reclining over the head.

This temple is just within the skirts of a forest.

At Jdgu, also, we found the ruins a few yards within a forest, but these
appeared to have been more extensive than the preceding.

The base of the principal building is much larger than any of the tern-
pies we visited in the eastern part of the island, and there appeared to have
been originally two or three terraces rising one above the other to the
height of thirty feet. The form of the entrance still appears, but the roof,
sides, and back part of the building, have entirely given way. Behind the
ruin, and apparently in the same spot on which it originally fell, lies a
dilapidated image of a Hindu deity.* The pedestal of this image is perfect,
and lies near it. The head had been carried to Mdlang some years ago by a
Dutchman.! On the back stone we observed an inscription, evidently in the
Damp;vandgari character, and which the Sepoy who accompanied us declared

to

* See plate from subjects in stone found near Singa Sari, No. 3.nbsp;f Diito, No. 4,

y\'// \'//I-

h\'/i J.\'iiHù-/h\\l fy J^ldcA-.I\'nr-I\'Hry kAlien J^eai^c/ûi\'xâ Svc-ft-jM-j-T.

to he Sanscrit. The characters on each side were extremely distinct, but
those at the back of the head of the figure were defaced.

This building is most richly ornamented with carved work, and various
devices in relief are cut in the first, second, and third stories. One of these
relievos represents a battle between an army of apparently polished people
and an army of Ramksa. The figures are very rudely carved and dispropor-
tioned, but in general richness of effect may be compared to the style of the
ornaments at Boro Bodo. There are a variety of processions and achieve-
ments represented in different parts, but no where could we observe any
image or particular object of devotion. Along the cornices, which are most
splendidly rich, we noticed birds and beasts of various descriptions interwo-
ven. In one part a palm tree between two lambs approaching each other,
in another a perfect boar, apparently led to the sacrifice.

At a short distance from this principal building, say fifty yards, stands the
remains of what would appear to have been an elevated terrace of about
twelve feet high. The ascent is on one side, by regular stone steps, still
perfect.

Previously to leaving Mdlang we took sketches of two images brought
in from the fort, and also of the image of a man, peculiar from the manner in
which the hair was tied. At Mdlang, also, I received from the Tumiing\'gung
a small square stone box, containing a golden lingam j this had been discovered
three months before, about a cubit under ground, by a peasant, while digging
for stones to build his cooking place. The lingam had originally two very
small red stones within it, something like rubies : one of them was lost before
It was delivered to me, the other by the party examining it,*

TEMPLES AT StJKU.

The remains of antiquity still existing at Suku, though not to be com-
pared with those at Brambdnan and Boro Bodo in extent and magnificence,
seem to claim a peculiar interest, on account of the indication they afiEbrd
of a different form of worship. These ruins were not known to Europeans
^^ntil a short time previous to my visit to the central districts, in May 1815.
Vhen I visited them, the native inhabitants of Sura-kerta were also igno-
lant of their existence, and we are indebted for the discovery to the British
resident at that court. Major Martin Johnson.

They

* See plate from subjects in stone, No. 2,

They lie in an eastern direction from Sura-herta, and are distant from
that capital about twenty-six English miles, being situated on the summit
of one of the smaller hills to be found on the base of the mountain Ld\'wu.
From Sura-Tcerta our road was a continued ascent, which increased as we
approached the hills : the country most highly cultivated, and in the imme-
diate vicinity of the hills, where the dry cultivation predominated, beau-
tiful beyond description.

Suku is the name of the village to which the lands in the neighbourhood
of these ruins are annexed ; and we were not able to ascertain that they
were designated by any other name, or that the term Suku had any imme-
diate reference or application to the buildings.

The principal structure is a truncated pyramid, situated on the most
elevated of three successive terraces.* The ruins of two obelisks, having
the form of the section of a pyramid, are also observable in the vicinity of
the principal building:, and on each side of the western front appear several
piles of ruinous buildings and scnlptnrp. The length of the terraces is
about one hundred and fifty-seven feet 5 the depth of the first, eighty feet;
of the second, thirty j and of the highest, one hundred and thirty feet.

The approach is from the west, through three porches or gateways, of
which the outermost alone is now standing j but enough remains of the
second and third to indicate a similarity of construction. This porch is a
building of about sixteen feet high, in tolerable preservation, of a pyra-
midal form. The entrance is seven feet and a half high, and about three
feet wide ; a gorgon head forms the key-stone of the arch. The ascent is
first by seven, and shortly after by three steps ; and in relief, on the centre
of the flooring under the porch, is a representation of the male and female
pudenda.

On the outer face of the porch several figures are sculptured in relief.t
On the right side, the principal figure is that of a man of monstrous appear-
ance devouring a child : to his right a dog sitting, the head wanting, and a
bird of the stork kind near the root of a tree, on one of the branches of which
a bird not unlike a dove or pigeon is perched; over the figure is a bird on the
wing, either the hawk or eagle. Above the figure of a man with the tail of
a writhing snake in his mouth, is another which appeared to us to be that
of a sphynx ; it is however represented as floating in the air, with the legs,
arms, and tail extended. The tail is similar to that of the lizard species,

and

* See vignette, page 1.nbsp;f See annexed plate, No 2.

7/nbsp;.yMz^m/a/n^^Mmz/y.

ZiVLionM/ühedlyXiick.Tartiay Schillen

t

and the hands appear to be webbed claws, but the body, Hmbs, and face,
are human: the breasts distinguish it as female. Over this again is a small
curhng reptile, like a worm or small snake, reminding us of the asp.

On the north and on the south face of the gateway there is a colossal
eagle with extended wings, holding in its talons an immense serpent, plaited
in three folds, its head turned towards the eagle and ornamented with a
coronet.

It was impossible to reflect on the design of these sculptures, without
being forcibly struck with their reference to the ancient worship of Egypt.
The form of the gateway itself, and of all the ruins within our view, was
pyramidal. In the monster devouring the child we were reminded of Typhon j
in the dog, of Anouhis; in the stork, of the Ihis: the tree, too, seemed to
be the palm, by which the Egyptians designated the year ; the pigeon, the
hawk, the immense serpents, were all symbols of Egyptian worship.

Lying on the first terrace we observed several scattered stones, having
various devices sculptured on them, some of human figures, one of a tiger
wanting the head, which had been broken off, and several of elephants and
oxen. On one we noticed the representation of a man on horseback, fol-
lowed by five spearmen and a pdyong bearer. We then ascended by five
steps to the second terrace, on which were also some scattered ruins of
buildings and sculpture. Ascending again three steps we came to the third
terrace, when the principal building appeared in front, at the distance of
about ninety feet. The ruins of several other temples and buildings also
appeared in irregular heaps on each side of its front.

This building is\'on the centre of the terrace. Its base is a perfect square,
of forty-three feet and a half to the side, decreasing in size at each succes-
sive layer of stones, so as to form steps to the height of nineteen feet: above
this is a sort of cornice, four feet nine inches high. The roof is twenty-one
feet two inches from north to south, and nineteen feet nine inches from
east to west. In the centre of it we observed a part raised, of about a
foot square, pierced by a small round hole. It had the appearance of being
intended as a pedestal, or step, to some object which had been removed.

The sides of the pyramid face the cardinal points. The western side
contains a flight of narrow steps. At the top, in the front of the building,
We noticed two serpents, which appear to have been used for water-pipes 5
^ith this exception, the whole building was plain and unornamented by
sacred emblems. The sides of the staircase are faced with flat stones.

The

The upper story or Gornice is constructed with greater delicacy than the
building generally. We were not able to ascertain whether there was any
chamber within, and the point cannot be decided without material injury to
the edifice. The eastern side seems to have suffered most from the effects of
time.

Upon the ground on each side of the ascent is a large stone, in the shape
of a tortoise, measuring not less than eight feet in length; the back flat,
but the head well executed. A little advanced in front there is a third of
the same description.

Near these, on the south side of the entrance, stand the remains of two
temples, in one of which we discovered-the ashes of fire recently kindled.
The natives who attended informed us that the peasantry of the neighbour-
ing villages were still in the habit of burning incense and kindling fire in
this temple, and that when they suffered under or dreaded any misfortune,
they made an offering of this nature in the hope of averting it. The
building is about seven feet square, and on all sides various images are
sculptured on it.

The other building, which is still further south, has a terrace in the
centre, the steps ascending to which are still perfect. The building
appears to retain nothing of its original pyramidal form, except at the south-
east corner.

On different sides of this pile of building we noticed two inscriptions,
each consisting of four characters. As they both agreed with various other
inscriptions in this neighbourhood, except in the last character, which was
different in all, we concluded that they were dates. To the north of the
principal building, and almost contiguous to it, is an oblong structure,
running east and west. On this there has evidently been a low terrace
with a raised wall at the back. On the upper part of this terrace, and near
the principal building, is a raised platform, from which rises an obelisk,
somewhat similar to that noticed in the south, but of a much larger
base, and ornamented with various devices on all sides. The spiral top is
incomplete. Resting inclined upon the west front of the obelisk, is a statue,
about four feet high and three feet broad.*

On each side of the terrace, which is narrow and long, we observed, both
above and below, various devices cut in relief j also a stone vase for con-
taining water, respecting which a tradition runs, that it could never be

empty.

* See No. 7 of the plate, from the ruins of S]uku.\'

empty. We also raised from the ground and took sketches of several slabs
and stones in the vicinity, which had been thrown down on their faces.
Of these one represents a horned boar.t On another is an elephant, tole-
rably well executed. In another the chief figure is represented striking off
human heads.t On another there is a dog standing erect, and dressed like
a man, with some buildings remarkable for the correctness of the perspec-
tive. On another is a representation of the monkey flag, § the standard of
Arjuna, and even used at the present day by the Glddak |1 establishment at
Sura-Mrta.

We discovered, nearly buried in the ground, two gigantic statues with
human bodies and limbs, but winged from the arms like bats, and with spurs
above the heel like those of a cock.f This figure occurs frequently in relief
with some variation : sometimes with a fan tail, and its wings extended, so
as almost to form a circle in another the face appears devoid of flesh,
and the figure is standing with one foot on an elephant and the other on a
tortoise.tt

On the lappet of the waistband of one of these colossal statues vi\'e noticed
an inscription of several lines; but the most interesting and perfect was
discovered on the back of the other, after we had with much difficulty raised
it to an erect posture. This last inscription is in excellent preservation, and
consists of lines, in each of which there are characters. The perfect state
of this part of the stone must be attributed to its having been protected from
the weather by its position along the ground. This inscription, as well as
all the others which we discovered, are raised from the stone in relief, in
the same character as that first noticed, which differs from most which had
previously been discovered on the island.tt

We noticed particularly, as forming an exception to the sculptures in
general, another figure with four hands. It has a coronet on the head and
earrings, and from the back of the ear on each side appear to spring wings,
■^hich are half expanded over the back of each shoulder. The arms and
hands were too mutilated to enable us to distinguish the attributes.
VOL. II.nbsp;Hnbsp;A

t See No. 11, same plate. t See No. 1, same plate. § See No. 5, same plate.
il An establishment consisting of a certain number of men and horses always kept in readiness
for the public service.

f See No. 4, same plate, « See No. 6, same plate. ft See No. 8, same plate,
it For a fac simile of one of these, see plate; others of the same kind were subsequently
discovered at Kediri and farther east.

antiquities.

A little nearer to the north of the tortoises, in front of the principal
building, stands a large erect statue,* apparently in its original position;
at the back of which, on a scroll hanging from the waistband, is an inscrip-
tion of several lines; a figure holding a double-headed trident in each hand
and having three spikes on each elbow, rudely executed, and elsewhere a
phallus, upwards of six feet long and not less than five in circumference.
It had been broken in halves, but the two parts were easily brought to-
gether : round the upper part are four large balls of equal dimensions:
along the urethra is an inscription in two lines, the letters being one above
the other, and on the upper part of one of these lines is the representation
of a Icris blade, and two squares crossing each other just above the point,
with a circle and other ornaments in the centre, so as to represent the sun ;
to the right of this is a representation of the moon in the first quarter;
and further again to the right a small circle, representing a star: the whole
in relief, very correctly executed, and in good preservation.

On one of the temples adjacent there are representations of a similar

symbol cut in relief.

We observed several monstrous figures with clubs of different sizes. One
in particular fronting the principal building, grinning most horribly, and
two near the steps leading to the upper terrace from the south side.

Below the upper terrace, on the south side, we noticed the foundation of
a building of an oblong shape, with three large slabs, on which were
sculptured several objects which appeared much to interest the Javans. On
one we observed a manufacturer of his blades in the act of striking the
steel. Above him are placed, as in his workshop, among several blades of
different forms, a trident, a water-pot, a pair of shears, and something not
very unlike Mercury\'s wand. On another stone is seen a man with the
proboscis of an elephant, and in his hand a dog: on the third is a man
blowing a Javan bellows.

The natives informed us, that the country people were in the habit of
making offerings to these sculptures, which they highly esteemed, from a
tradition that they represented the original Javan tuhang besi, or workman in
iron and steel.

The workmanship is ruder than that in the temples at Bramhdnany Boro
Bodo, or Mdlangy and the worship must have been different.

Most

* See No. 10 of the same plate.

Most of the images which are not in relief have been decapitated, and
the heads are not to be found ; but there still remains enough to enable a
person well acquainted with heathen mythology, to decide on the classes
to which they may generally be referred.

I could find no traditions regarding these temples 5 but subsequent exa-
mination has enabled us to decide that the character found in the inscrip-
tions is an ancient form of the Javan, and that the dates are, on one of the
stones, 1361, and on the larger phallus, 1362.

Besides the ruins of temples in brick noticed by Dr. Horsfield in the temples in

„ ,nbsp;.nbsp;.nbsp;t -1 T.nbsp;I ^quot;ck alJabang,

eastern provinces of the native prmces, numerous buildmgs, constructed amp;c.
of similar materials, are found extending from the site of Mqyapdhit east-
Ward as far as Probolmgo, near which, a few yards off the high road, are
Situated two temples in brick represented in the vignettes. The larger
temple may be about sixty feet high.

All the temples of this class (that is to say, constructed in brick, for they
vary in their style) were probably built during the latter years of the
Hindu religion. Those constructed of stone must be referred to a much
earlier period.

^^ear Buitenzorg, and also at Recha Domas, a few miles further inland, Antiquities
quot;tu places adjacent to the site of the ancient capital of Pcyqjdran, are
found several rude images in stone, and among them a figure with three
^ces {trimurti). Images of the same kind, as well as casts in metal, *are

also

also found in Cheribon. The latter are particularly prized by the chiefs \'of
Teldga, who are descended from the princes of Pajajdran, and consider
these relics as representations of their forefathers. In the possession of the
present Tumung\'gung of TeUga is an ancient manuscript written on Javan
paper, and folded up in the manner of the manuscripts of Ava. The cha-
racters appear to be ancient Javan or Kdwi, but ill written. This manu-
script contains drawings of deities, of the signs of the Zodiac, and
numerous other astronomical, or perhaps rather astrological devices.* Of
the history of the manuscript nothing is known, further than that the
Tum{ing^gung2.ud. his family believe it to have come with the relics before-
mentioned from Pajajdran. A copy of it has been brought to England.

Ruins at Ung. Besides the extensive remains of temples and other edifices already
mentioned in the districts east of Cheribon, where alone the antiquities
deserve attention as works of art, there are to be found on the mountain
of Ung\'drang the ruins of several very beautifully executed temples in stone,
with numerous dilapidated figures, and among them several chariots of
Suria, or the sun. Most of them are sadly mutilated, but enough was left

to authorize a sketch of their original design.t

The Chdndi BanyuUning (yellow water), which are so called from their
vicinity to the village of that name, are situated within a few yards of a
small volcanic crater, which at the time I visited them was in many parts
too hot to be trodden with safety. They appear to have been built on
extensive terraces cut out of the mountain, and rising one above another at
intervals of some hundred yards. The natives assert, that the temples were
formerly far more extensive, and that near the summit of several of the
adioining peaks other temples are to be found. But here, as in most parts
of Java, the mountains for a considerable way below the summit have been
covered, for ages, with an almost impenetrable forest: and where this is
not the case, the mountains have either been rent near their summit, or are
covered with lava or ashes from volcanic eruptions, so that whatever may
have formerly been the extent and grandeur of the edifices which once
crowned these towering heights, they are at present either concealed or
more frequently destroyed. Notwithstanding the diligent search made by
the British during the short period of their stay on Java, there are doubt-
less many very interesting discoveries to be made.nbsp;^^

» For the signs of the Zodiac and extracts from this manuscript see Astronomy, vol.i.

t See plate.

Zi\'ndcn. .Tuôùjh^d h ■ jßLic^ .7f,ü-hiry Men XeAdenliäll Jh^rt -±81^.

■w

In Banyuwdngi, the most eastern province of the island, besides figures J-^^-^an-
of Hindu deities, several others are to be found of extraordinary and
grotesque appearance, which appear to represent the local deities of the
island, and corresponding with those which are still worshipped on Bdli.
But whether they are to be considered as the deities of the Javans or Balians
is doubtful, as the Balians long had possession of this province ; and it is
remarkable, that no such figures are to be found in the provinces further

westward.nbsp;.

The traditions of the country concerning the former seats of government,nbsp;capi-

enable us to trace at this day the site of Medang KamMan, Jang\'gdla,
Gegelang or Shiga Sdri, Dahd or Kediri, Pajajdran, and Majapdhit, exist-
ing in remains of immense tanks, heaps of building materials, and other
unequivocal vestiges of former cities.

Medang KamUlan* was situated in the district of Wirasdba, where in
the centre of an extensive forest is pointed out the site of the Setingel,
distinguished by heaps of stones and bricks; and at no great distance
from it are the wa\\ls and excavation of an extensive tank, several hundred
feet in length and breadth. These ruins, of which little more can be said
than that they are clearly discernible, are situated between Penwadddos and
the most eastern of the volcanic wells alluded to in a former part of this
work. The natives have a superstition, that the site of this ancient capital
cannot be visited without some misfortune attaching to the party who under-
took the visit. Those whom I had, with some difficulty, induced to accom-
pany me to the spot, did not fail to assure me that I should lose my govern-
ment within the year. As the event justified the prediction, it is probable
that the superstition has rather gained ground than otherwise. Many Javans
maintain, that Brambdnan was the original of Medang Kamulan ; it is at least
highly probable that it was once the seat of empire.

The site of Jang\'gdla is still pointed out in the district of that name in
the division of Surabaya, and the country around is strewed with antiqui-
ties. The same may be said of Sing\'a Sdri and Kediri. At Pajajdran, a
heap of stones is pointed out as the ruin of the Setingel, and numerous lines
crossing the country between rivers, attest the care with which this position
was entrenched. They may be seen close by the road side, at a few hundred
yards from the governor-general\'s country residence, and in many places
they have been cut through to make a passage for the high road.

At

* See chapter on History,.

Slajiipahit. At Majapdhit, in the district of Wirasdba, the marks of former grandeur
are more manifest. Here the walls of the tank, upwards of a thousand feet
in length and not less than six hundred in breadth, are quite perfect. They
are of burnt brick and about twelve feet high. The whole area of the tank,
when I visited it, was one sheet of beautiful rice cultivation, and almost
surrounded by a noble forest of teak.

A village adjacent is called Tra Wulan, or Trdng WMan (the light of the
moon): here we found the tomb of PM Champa. Proceeding through
three regular squares, each enclosed with a wall, and in each of which were
erected several penddpas or sheds, we came to the interior on ascending
a few steps. On the right side of this enclosure, and elevated a few feet,
was the tomb of the princess and her nurse ; the tomb being in the Maho-
metan style, and having upon it, in ancient Javan characters, the date 1S20,
perfectly distinct and in relief. On the other side are the tombs of Kidi
Tumung\'gung Jdya Bdya, Dm Mas, and nine other chiefs whose names
are mentioned. The tomb is religious!/ guarded by several priests.

The ruins of the palace and several gateways of burnt brick are to be
seen; but the whole country, for many miles, is thickly covered with a
stately teak forest, which appears to have been the growth of ages, so that
it is difficult to trace the outline of this former capital. Ruins of temples,
mostly executed in brick, are scattered about the country for many miles,
and attest the extent and grandeur of this quot; pride of Java.quot;

BITRG-A,

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I observed near the former site of Majapdhit two images of Ganesa, and
some other mutilated deities of the Hindu mythology. Near the tank was the
figure represented in one of the plates,¹ partly human and partly of the form
of a bird, and a distorted figure, which the Javans called Menak Jtng\'ga ;
but in general the vicinity of Majapdhit is remarkable for the absence of any
I\'epresentations ofthe Hindu deities. The temples are beautifully decorated
with representations of flowers, and other peculiar ornaments, which it
^ould be difficult to describe.

The only collection which appears to have been made by Europeans of SljSSr^
these interesting remains of antiquity, previously to the establishment of
t^e British government in 1811, was by Mr. Engelhard, formerly governor
of Semdrang. In the garden of the residency at that station, several very
beautiful subjects in stone were arranged, brought in from different parts of
tbe country. Of them, and of several others, which appear to have been
brought into some of the native villages from the vicinity of the different
temples, drawings have been taken, and the representations of Ganesa\\ and
I^drgaX (called Lora Jongran), both from subjects as large as life, wrought
in close grained stone, will serve to convey some notion of the beauty and
delicacy with which they are executed.

I shall conclude this very general and imperfect account of the remains
®f sculpture on Java, by referring the reader to the annexed plate, con-
taining representations of several subjects in stone, collected and arranged
in the Chinese temple of worship in the neighbourhood of Batavia. The
period at which they were collected is not known, and the subjects in
pneral are not so well executed as those found in the eastern parts of the
island; but it is remarkable, that the Chinese, whose form of worship
is at present so different from that of the Hindus (however similar it may
have been formerly) should in a foreign land thus prize and appreciate the
idols of a people whom they affect to hold in contempt. §

Another plate annexed exhibits several subjects in stone, collected from the
vicinity of Boro Bodo in Kedu. The originals are as large as life, and the
sculpture and ornaments are executed with great skill. No. 2 is an image
^ith three heads (or trimurti), similar to one on Gunung Dieng. No. 3 is a

inutilated image of Brahma, having four faces: this was found in a field,

within

1nbsp; See plate from subjects in stone, No. 5. f See frontispiece to the second volume,
t See plate from a subject in stone brought from Brambanan.nbsp;§ See plate.

within a few hundred yards of the great temple of Boro Bodo, The image^
No. 4 also occurs on Gunung Prdhu.

Casts in metal. The casts in metal which have been discovered in the central districts of
Java are numerous. The subjects represented in the plates annexed, were
selected from a collection of about a hundred brought by me to this coun-
try, They had most of them been found at different times near the ruins
of the temples, and preserved in the families of the petty chiefs. I am
indebted to Mr. Lawrence, the resident of Kedil, for many of them, which
were brought in to him by the natives, on its being generally known that
subjects of the kind were interesting to the British authorities.

These casts are generally of copper, sometimes of brass, and rarely of
silver. The majority and best executed were found in the vicinity of
Gunung Dieng j and it is asserted that formerly many gold casts, of a simi-
lar description, were discovered, which have been melted down. The
village of Kdli Beber, situated at the foot of the mountain, is said from
time immemorial to have paid its annual rent, amounting to upwards
of a thousand dollars, in gold, procured by melting down the relics of
antiquity discovered in the vicinity j but for some years past, no more
golden images being found, the rents are paid in the coin of the country.

Among the casts which are now exhibited, will be observed two images of
Brahma; one with eight arms, standing upon a male and female figure ;
the other with four, on a pedestal surmounted by the lotus, having a frag-
ment of the goose in front. The former, in particular, is most beautifully
executed.

The casts vary from three to six inches in height, and abound in a
variety of delicate ornaments, which it has not been attempted to represent
in the plates.

Zodiacal cups. Several copper cups, varying from three to five inches in diameter, and
having the signs of the zodiac and other designs represented upon them in
relief, have likewise been discovered in different parts of the island. A fac
simile (reduced) of them is given in the annexed plate.

As the Javans of the present day attach no particular designation to the
different deities, except that of Gdna and other terms to Ganesa, and that
of Loro Jbngran to Durga, I have not thought it necessary to attach to all
the representations the names which some of them may bear in the Hindu
mythology of continental India. Many of them do not occur in Moor\'s

Pantheon :

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Pantheon : some are decidedly Braminical, others Budh, and some it is
difficult to class under either head.

A variety of bells, tripods, and ornaments of various descriptions, occur
^^ casts of metal, and form part of the collection brought to England.
These are of a small size, seldom exceeding a few inches in length, although
^ells sometimes occur much larger j several of them are represented in one
j^f the annexed plates.

The inscriptions engraved on stone, and in characters no longer under-
stood by the people of the country, are innumerable: similar inscriptions
engraved on copper have also been found in particular districts. The whole
^^y be classed under the following heads:

Inscriptions in the ancient De\'vandgari character of continental India.

Inscriptions in characters which appear to have some connection with
the modern Javan, and were probably the characters used by the people of
^^nda.

Inscriptions in various characters, not appearing to have any immediat©
^onnection with either the Devandgari or the Javan characters, and which
^^ has not been practicable to decypher.

Inscriptions in t\\\\Q Kdwi or ancient Javan character.
Of these the first seem to lay claim to the highest antiquity. The prin-
^^pal inscription of this kind, and indeed the only one of any length, is
^t found at Bramhdnan, and noticed by Colonel Mackenzie in his inte-
resting account of the ruins of Bramhdnan, as a real Hindu Sassanum. The
stone, which is now broken into six parts, was originally six feet nine inches
and three feet six wide, in the shape of a tomb-stone, and the whole
of one face is covered with characters, which appear to have been very well

-^\'\'fecuted.

J\'ac-similes of this inscription having been brought to Europe, the cha-
\'^^cters were immediately recognised by Mr. Wilkins as an ancient form of
e Igt;e\'vandgari, in use upon the continent of India probably about eight or
^^ne centuries since. It is to be regretted, that from the constant exposure
® the stone, and the fractures which it has received, the characters are in
Jnany effaced, so as to render it almost impossible to connect the
^^ntences. No date can be discovered, nor any name whieh might afl^brd
^ ue to the object or origin of the inscription. From such detached parts
^^ are legible, it appears to be a record of some grant of honour or riches
^ ^he party whose praises it records. A specimen of a sentence from this

Inbsp;inscription,

inscription, of the same size as the original, with the corresponding cha-
racters in the modern Devanagari*, appears in the chapter on Language and
Literature.

Similar characters, though apparently somewhat more modern, are found
on several images at Singa Sdri, transcripts of some of which will be seen
in the plates to this work.

Of the second class are the inscriptions on the Bdtu tulis, or engraved
stone, standing near the ruins of the ancient capital of Fajajdran, and those
found at Kwdli, in the province of Chérilon, to which place it is related
that some of the princes of Bajajdran fled on the overthrow of that capital
by the Mahometans. The characters on these inscriptions appear very
nearly to resemble each other. The stone at Pqjajdran, as far as I
could decypher it, with the assistance of the Panambdhan of Sumenap,
appears to be a record in praise of a certain Maharaja, whose name is not
mentioned. One of these Kwdli, a fac-simile of which is exhibited in
the annexed plate, we were enabled to translate as follows.

quot; The Pandita is able to check the evil course of men, by washing away
quot; their evil inclinations, and he can shew them the right way, and prevent
quot; covetousness and slander by his good advice. 1363.quot;

At JTk;«/« there are several other inscriptions in the same character, but
in common with the whole of this class very rudely executed. Several of
the characters and signs were found, on strict examination, to be on the
same principle as the Javan.

Of the third class the reader will find a fac simile on a reduced scale.t
But the inscriptions of the last of these classes are the most numerous,
the best executed, in the highest state of preservation, and as they admit
of translation, are of perhaps higher interest than the others. Of these
some have been already noticed in Dr. Horsfield\'s account of the remains
of antiquity in the vicinity of Kediri (formerly called Dahd) ; many have
been found in the vicinity of the supposed site of the ancient capital of
Jang^gdla, in the division of the modern Surabaya, and some at Batu, near
Singa Sdri. These are invariably engraved on large flat stones, in the shape
of tomb-stones, resting upon a kind of throne of lotus leaves.if: Fac-similes
of the whole of these have been brought to England, and several have been
translated into EngHsh.

In

* See plate, quot;Volume I.-—Language.
t See plate of an inscription in the district of Pakdlongan
t See plate.

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sSquot; r aw îj t^t rn--

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In the collection of inscriptions Surabaya, the following dates appear:

On a stone found near Jang\'gdla.^--------863.

On another found near the same

On another from the Kendang hills-------

Several prior dates, as 116, 363, 647, 773, are mentioned in the body of
these inscriptions, which seem to refer to historical events of preceding
centuries j but the dates above-mentioned, with some others, appear in the
usual place to shew the actual date of the inscription itself.

The date of a similar inscription found in Kedu is 505, and of another
stone found in the central districts 506 ; but it has not yet been ascertained
what particular events these inscriptions record. The annexed translations
from three of the stones collected at Surabaya, were made by Captain
Davey at my request, with the assistance of the Panambdhan of Sumenap.^

Inscriptions in the same character have likewise been found on copper,
very beautifully executed and in a high state of preservation. The date on
one of these has been ascertained to be 735, and on another 865. I found
several collected in the Museum of the Society of Arts and Sciences at
Batavia.f

The Panambdhan of Sumenap was able to read the latter without difficulty j
but finding them to be filled with terms of praise and devotion which he
could not comprehend, it was not attempted to render a literal translation.
One of the plates (No. 3), to which at my request he devoted particular
attention, contains an invocation to Sang yang Brdma to favour and pros-
per the country of Gegelang (Singa Sdri), and to give assistance, by means
of Jdya Kdtsang, in repelling all evils and attacks, so that the country may
become celebrated and flourishing.

The country of Gegelang (Singa Sdri) flourished in time of Pdnji.

Another of these plates (No. 9.) contains an invocation of a similar na-
ture, in favour of the country of Dahd (KediriJ, which flourished at the
same time.

In some of the eastern districts of the Native Provinces and at SiiJcu, near
the mountain Ldwu, inscriptions on stone occur in relief. Some of them occu-
py stones several feet high, and are written in well executed letters, above an
inch square. The date of one of these is 1363. A fac simile of another
of the same kind reduced, is given in the annexed plate.

12.nbsp;The

* See Appendix I.

t See a fac-simile of one of them in the annexed plate.

t See plate of an ancient inscription at Suku.

The following is a translation of this inscription, as far as it could be
rendered into modern Javan by the Panambdhan of Siimenap.

quot; This is an advice to mankind, whose ignorance arises out of a covetous
quot; desire to obtain more than they possess. If mankind were not by their
quot; disposition inclined to be covetous of what others possess, and to scandal-
quot; ize each other, where would be the use of advice j when they are receiving
quot; advice, they have a confidence in doing what is right, but afterwards they
quot; follow their natural inclinations. Therefore, oh ye men of the city, be
quot; advised by this, not to follow such dispositions, but to do what is required
quot; of you by the times and the customs of the country, and be not singular.quot;

In the present burial place at Gresik are the tombs of several of the early
Mahometan missionaries, most of them of stone, bearing inscriptions with
dates. That of Sheik Muldna Ibrahim is in marble, and in good preserva-
tion, having the date 1334 (409 years since). Here is also the tomb of
Muldna Mach^ribi, who was antecedent to Ibrahim. This has however falle^L
to decay, and has no legible inscription.

The entrance to the cemetery is through several squares enclosed by walls
and gateways, some of them very ancient, and in the same style of archi-
tecture as distinguishes those of Majapdhit. On the side of the gateway
leading to the division in which are the most ancient tombs, is a small stone
pillar with the date 1340 upon it in relief. Passing on to the division in
which the family of the regents is interred, are also to be noticed many relics
in stone, brought from some of the Hindu ruins. Among these is a gigan-
tic toad or frog, and an oblong vessel of three feet long, having in relief the
date 1246. On the side of the tomb of the great grandfather of the present
regent, is a Yoni, said to have been brought from Majapdhity and in this
Mahometan sanctuary serving as a kneeling or resting place to the tomb.
Similar relics are to be found in other burial places in the eastern part of
the island, most of the chiefs priding themselves upon having some remnant
of Mcyapdhit. At the residence of the regent of Surabdya are also collec-
ted several curious remains j and in particular a large bath, excavated from
a solid stone about six feet long.

Aneieat coins. In the central and eastern districts of Java, in the vicinity of the dilapi-
dated temples, are found numerous ancient coins in brass and copper, exhi-
biting various subjects in relief, and invariably with a hole in the middle foi\'
the convenienc3 of stringing them. Those which are represented in the

annexed

hT\'hick.Tarhu-y kAÜCfi J.euxddithaÜ Siri\'irtiÔX\'].

^

antiquities.

annexed plate* are taken indiscriminately from a collection of upwards of a
hundred brought to England, the dates annexed to each being determined
hy the Chandra Sangkdla, as explained for each particular coin by the Kidi
Adipdti of DemdJu Thus the last, which has the date 1568, is explained as
follows :

Naganbsp;ftobanbsp;wisayanbsp;jalma

Stiakeanbsp;movenbsp;worknbsp;men

8nbsp;6nbsp;5nbsp;1

That is to say,quot; isnakes are moving while men are working alluding to the
two snakes which appear entwining together between and above the two men
who are mastering an animal. The coin with the date 1489 bears a Javan
inscription of F anger an Rdtu, the title by which a prince of Bantam, who
reigned in that year, is recognized by the Javans.

The mode of determining these dates by the Chdndra Sangkdla appears
however so uncertain and ill understood, that perhaps but little reliance is to
be placed on it. I have, nevertheless, given them, in order to shew the notion
of the Javans on the subject, and as it is not improbable they may be found
useful in illustrating the early history of the country. Many of the coins not
European or Indian, found in the Archipelago, as well as in China and
Japan, have a hole in the centre. These coins seem to have been of
home manufacture: the execution is rude ; but the figures, such as they
are, in general well defined and clearly expressed. In the vicinity of the
principal temples have been found small silver coins, about the size of a
Madras pagoda, bearing the impression of a small cross and of some rude
and unintelligible characters.

But perhaps the most striking and interesting vestige of antiquity which island of Ban.
is to be found in the Eastern Seas, is the actual state of society in the island
of Bali, whither the persecuted Hindus took refuge on the destruction of
Mqjapdhit, and where the Hindu religion is still the established worship of
the country. This interesting island has hitherto been but little explored
by Europeans, and what we know of it is only sufficient to make us anxious
to know more. I visited the island in 1815, and such particulars concern-
ing it as the limits of the present work admit of, will be found in Appen-
dix K.

In the course of the present work it has been my object to convey to the Conclusion,
public, in as compressed a form as my time permitted, and without bias
quot;from previously conceived opinions or new theories, the information which

I possessed.

^ See plate, Ancient Coins, with their supposed dates.

I possessed. The antiquities of Java, however, afford such an ample and
interesting subject for speculation, that I shall presume on the reader\'s
desire for some opinion concerning their origin and purpose.

With respect to the remains of architectural grandeur and sculptural
beauty which have been noticed, I shall simply observe, that it seems to be
the general opinion of those most versed in Indian antiquities, that the large
temple of Boro Bodo (a corruption perhaps of the Bdra Budha, or the Great
Budh), and several others, were sacred to the worship of Budh. The style and
ornament of this temple are found much to resemble those of the great Budh
temple at Gai-ya, on the continent of India; and it is probable that it may
have been constructed by the same people, perhaps even by the same artists.
The DemnAgari characters on the inscription found at Brambdnan are re«
cognized by Mr. Wilkins to be such as were in use on continental India
eight or nine hundred years ago. The date of several inscriptions in the
ancient Javan characters, found in the central part of Java, is in the sixth
century, supposed to be of the present Javan era, and the traditions of the;
Javans concerning the arrival of enlightened strangers, and an intimate con-
nexion between Java and continental India, for the most part refer this
Intercourse to the sixth and three following centuries; that is to say, to the
period of the empires of Medang Kamulan and Jdng\'gala.

Mahometanism having become the established religion in the year 1400
(A. D. 1475), all the great works of a pagan character must, of course,
be referred to an earlier period.

The ruins at Majapdhit and its vicinity are distinguished by being prin-
cipally, if not entirely, of burnt bricks, a circumstance which justifies us
in assigning an anterior date to most of the edifices constructed of a different
material. The date found on the ruins at Suhu, and some few other places,
may be an exception to this rule; but the sculpture of these is coarse and
rude, compared to the magnificent remains in stone found elsewhere. On
this account it is reasonable to conclude, that the arts at that period had
considerably declined. The edifices and sculptures at Singa Sdri were pro.
bably executed in the eighth or ninth century, that being the period of the
greatest splendour of this state ; and as the style and decorations of the
buildings, as well as the execution of the sculpture, appear very nearly to
resemble those of Brambdnan, Boro Bodo, amp;c. it is probable that the
whole were constructed about the same period, or within the same century,
or at any rate between the sixth and ninth century of the Christian era.

From

From the extensive variety of temples and sculpture, as well as from
that of the characters found in the ancient inscriptions, it is probable that
Java has been colonized from different parts of the continent of Asia.

The Budhist religion is by many deemed of higher antiquity than what is
now called the Braminical; and it seems generally admitted, that the fol-
lowers of Budh were driven by the Bramins to the extremes of Asia and
the islands adjacent. The Jains and Budhists had probably the same worship
originally, from which the Bramins or priests may have separated, after the
manner in which it has been said the Jesuits of Europe once aimed at
universal empire; and when we consider that the religion of Budh, or some
modification of it, is still the prevailing worship of Ceylon, Ava, Siam,
China, and Japan, we are not surprized to find indications of its former
establishment on Java.

To trace the coincidences of the arts, sciences, and letters of ancient
Java, and those of Egypt, Greece, and Persia, would require more time
and more learning than I can command. Such investigations I must leave
to the reader, deeming myself fortunate, if in recording their vestiges in the
traces of a high state of civilization, to be found in the ruins, languages^
poetry, history, and institutions of Java, I have succeeded in obtaining
any share of his interest and respect for a people whom I shall myself
«y.er consider with peculiar esteem and affection.

In the archives of the princes of Java are deposited histories of their
country, extending from a remote antiquity to the latest date. It is prin-
cipally from abstracts of these, made at my request, in three different parts
of the country, by the Panambdhan of Sumenap, the late Kidi Adipdti of
DemaJc, and the secretary of the Pangeran Adipdti of Sura-kerta, all dis-
tinguished among their countrymen for literary attainments, that the two
following chapters have been compiled. The abstract presented by the
Kidi Adipdti of Demdk being the most continuous, forms the main stream
of the narrative.

Copies, versions, and detached fragments of history, are found in the
possession of every family of distinction. Of these I have occasionally
availed myself.

So much of the native accounts as relates to the period anterior to the
establishment of the empire of Jang\'gala, in the ninth century, is con-
fused, obscure, contradictory, and interpolated with the fabulous and
heroical histories of continental India 5 but from that epoch they correspond
essentially, and from the subversion of paganism (A.D. \\4rj5) they are
circumstantial, and claim attention, not only as illustrative of the character
of the people, but as historical records of the transactions of the times.
Much abridgment has been requisite: the passages between inverted
commas are however literal translations from the native writings; and those
so distinguished, subsequent to the arrival of the Dutch, are from the
original histories. In the course of the narrative, a Dutch abstract of the
native history, by Mr. Middlecoop, has occasionally been consulted.

Besides these historical relations, called Bdbat, as Bdbat Jang*gala, Babat
Matdrem, amp;c. the native princes and chiefs have been in the habit of
keeping a register of the principal events, in the form of a chronological
table. These are not very consistent in what regards events anterior to the
Mahometan conversion. From these tables is formed that which is annexed
to the following history. All that is subsequent to the establishment of
Matdrem is translated from the records of the court of Sura-ketia,

CHAPTER X.

The History of Jam from the earliest Traditions till the Establishment of

Mahometanism.

Amongst the various traditions regarding the tnanner in which Java
and the Eastern Islands were originally peopled, and the source whence its
population proceeded, it has been related, that the first inhabitants came in
vessels from the Red Sea (Lâut Mira), and that, in their passage, they
coasted along the shores of Hindustan; that peninsula then forming an
unbroken continent with the land in the Indian Archipelago, from which it
is now so widely separated, and which, according to the tradition, has
since been divided into so many distinct islands, by some convulsions of
nature or revolution of the elements.*

These people are supposed to have been banished from Egypt, and
to have consisted of individuals professing different religious persua-
sions, who carried along with them to the land of their exile, their different
modes of worship and articles of belief. Some are said to have adored the
sûn, others the moon j some the elements of fire or water, and others the
trees of the forest. Like all other uncivilized men, they were addicted to
the arts of divination, and particularly to the practice of astrology. la
other respects, they are described as savages, living m hordes, without
fixed habitations, without the protection of regular government, or the
restraint of established law. Respect for age was the only substitute for
civil obedience. The oldest man of the horde was considered its chiefs
and regulated its simple movements, or prescribed its political duties.
When the crop was gathered and the accustomed devotions performed, it
was he who appointed the mode and time of its departure from one place to
another. On these occasions, the horde, after offering their sacrifices and
feasting in an open plain, left the remains of their repast to attract the
vol. 11»nbsp;Knbsp;bird

* Middlekoop\'s Collection,

bird called lUunggdga and the young men shook the dngMmg,\'^ and set up
a shout in imitation of its cry. If the bird did not eat of the meal offered
to it, or if it afterwards remained hovering in the air, perched quietly on a
tree, or in its flight took a course opposite to that which the horde wished to
pursue, their departure was deferred, and their prayers and sacrifices renewed.1:
But when the bird, having eaten of its meal, flew in the direction of their
intended journey, the ceremony was concluded by slaying and burning a lamb,
a kid, or the young of some other animal, as an offering of gratitude to
the Deity; and for the favourable omen a second feast was enjoyed, which
ended with the most violent demonstrations of joy, the whole party dancing
a^id, springing to the music of the dngklung. Every thing being arranged for
the journey, the eldest of the hprde, with his wife and children, were either
pkcefil upon an elephant, or carried in a litter shaded by mats ; the rest
moved on foot, preceded by young men and boys, shaking the dngklung
g,i;id shouting aloud, for tlje double purpose of doing homage to the chief
$nd of frightening away the wild beasts, which at that time abounded in the
island. §

;But it is only from the supposed arrival of Adi or Aji Sdka, that the
Javans, even in their traditions, enter with any confidence into details.
This eve;nt is generally referred to the first year of the Javan era, which

corresponds

* Supposed to have been a crow or raven.

-{• A rude instrument of music still in use, particularly in the Swida and mountainous dis-
tricts.

J The JDdyaa of Borneo still hold particular kinds of birds in high veneration,, and draw-
omens from their flight, and the sounds which they utter. One of the principal of these is a
species of white-headed kite, which preys on fish, snakes, and vermin. Before the Ddyas,
enter .on a journey, or engage in any war, head-hunting, or indeed any matter of importance,,
tfiey endeavour tOfp^ocwe onaens from thes^ kites, and, for this purpose, invite their approach
by screaming songs, and scattering rice before them. If these birds take their flight in the
direction they wish to go, it is regarded as a favourable omen ; but if they take another direc-
tion, they consider it as unfavourable, and delay the business until the omens are more suit-
able to their wishes.—of the Batavian Society, vol. vii.

§ The, m^mwm wbi.ch. the mountainee.r,s, of the Su/tda districts still spring and shout to the
sound of this rude^ instrument, as already described, corresponds with this account; and
on occasions of public rejoicings or ceremony, the native princes of the eastern part ofthe island
frequently introduce a party of wild men, with dishevelled hair, and covered with leaves,
shaking the angUung, and shoutiiig, springing, and distorting their limbs in the rudest man-
ner : the object being to exhibit the original inliabitants, in contrast with what they have bee»
rendered by civilization.

corresponds with the seventy-fifth of the Christian era, and in some accounts

is thus related.nbsp;r i •nbsp;/nbsp;i i

« Prdbu Jdya My a was a great and powerful prmce of Astma, and the

« fifth in descent from Arjuna, the son of Pdndu DSwa Ndta • after whom

-nbsp;had reigned successively, Bimdnyu, ParaJcisit, Vdaydna, and Gandra
« Ydna, His Peng\'gdrva, or chief minister, being a man ot great enter-
« prize and ability, was sent to visit and civilize foreign countries. In the
« course of his travels, he landed on Java, then the abode of a race of
» Basdksa, and known by the name ofnbsp;Jl- happened nx
« the first year ofthe Javan era, and is distingmshed in he CMndra S^

-nbsp;Mia by the words, nir, dbu, tdnpo, jdlar, meanmg hterally, \'nothing
« « dust, not any thing (but) man,\' and metaphorically the figures 0001.

« He here discovered the grain called jdwa-wut, at that time the princi-
quot; pal subsistence ofthe inhabitants ; and, in consequence of this discovery,
« he changed the name of the country from Msa Kendang to Nusa Jdwa,
In his progress through the island he met with the dead bodies of two
« Basdksa, each holding a leaf with an inscription on it, one in p^ima

-nbsp;(ancient), the other in Siamese characters: these he united, and thus

« formed the Javan alphabet of twenty letters.

« He had several combats with the Basdksa, particularly with one
.. Dewdta Chengkar; and after fixing the date of his different discoveries, and

« leavino- mementos of his visit wherever he went, he finally returned to
« Astma, and delivered to his sovereign a written account of all he had seen

quot; and done.quot;nbsp;.

The accounts of the real character of AJi Sdka are various. Some repre-

tt^reiatt: r: saint and deity, and believe that on Ms vo,-

aseto Java he sailed over mountains, islands, and continents. Most, how^
ever ac^ree in attributing to him the first introduction of letters, govern-
ment and religion ; the only trace of anterior civilization being a tradition,
that before his time there existed a judicial code, under the title of sun^and
moon, the punishments of which appear not to have been severe : a tmet
^vas bound to make restitution of the property stolen and to pay - ^^^
fine in cattle or produce j and if the theft was considerable, he oecame

slave ofthe injured party or his relations, without, however, bemg trans-

gnbsp;leiable

ferable to another master: murder was not punished by death, but by a
heavy fine, and perpetual servitude in the family of the deceased. This code
Aji Sdka is represented to have reformed ; and an abstract collection of
ordinances, said to have been made from his instructions, is believed to have
been in use as late as the time of Janggdla (A.D. 900), and even of
Majapdhit ( A.\'D, 1300).

In the Sanscrit language Sdka means an era, and is applied to the founder
of an aera j and in the chronology of the Hindu princes of India Sdka
is a name or title, which has so often been assumed, that it is sufficient to say
to whom it is most appropriately due. According to Sir William Jones,
Sdka is a name of Budha. In the chronology of the kings of Magddha,quot;^ by
Major Wilford, the Hindus are stated to have divided the Kaliyuga into six
unequal portions, or subordinate periods, cdXXeà Sdkas, because they derived
their origin from six Sdkas, or mighty and glorious monarchs, of whom
three have already made their appearance and three are Still expected. The
third Sdka was Salavahana, who is believed to have lived at the same time
with our Saviour, and is represented to have corresponded with him in some
of the principal features of his life. The era which bears his name com-
menced from his death (namely, seventy-eight years after the Christian era),
and is doubtless that adopted by the Javans, whicli corresponds with it
within about three years : and the slight difference between them may be
accounted for, by the introduction of the Mahometan mode of reckoning
during the last three centuries.

The same writer informs us, that the first Bala Rdja, a title peculiarly
given to the ancient sovereigns of Guy rat, and who is supposed to have
lived in the seventh century of the Christian era, was called Di Sdka, or.
BévaSdka ; which being also one of the titles oî Salivahana, might induce
an opinion that they were the same person, if, as Major Wilford acknow-
ledges, the confusion and uncertainty of the Hindu records did not almost
deter us from forming any fixed opinion whatever. According to the Japa-
nese historians, Sdka lived a thousand years before our Saviour; and the
worship of that country is still denominated by them the rehgion of Sdka or
Sidka,\\

According, however, to a prophetic chronology of the Javans, which
is now in the possession of the SusiMnan, and is ascribed to the pen of the

Aji

* Asiatic Researches.nbsp;| Kempfer\'s Japan, vol. i, p. 148.

HISïOEY qp JAVA.

AJi Jdya Bdya, but is doubtless of a more modern composition, the sup-
posed arrival of Aji Sdka did not take placo till after the year 1000. In this
chronology, the author himself is described as sovereign of Kedtri in the
year 800 of the Javan era.

quot; What was first known of Java,quot; says this account, quot; was a range of
quot; hills, called Gunung Kendang, which extends along the north and south

coasts; it was then that the island first came into notice, and at that
period commenced t.hp, Javan era.

quot; After this the Prince of Rom sent twenty thousand families to people
Java ; but all of them perished, except twenty famiHes, who returned to
Rom.

quot; In this year, twenty thousand families were sent to Java by the Prince
of Kling (India). These people prospered and multiplied. They conti-
nued, however, in an uncivilized state till the year S89, when the
Almighty blessed them with a prince, named Kdno, who reigned for one
quot; hundred years, at the end of which period he was succeeded by Bdsu
quot; Keti. The name of the sovereignty was called Wirdta. Bdsu Keti
quot; dying, he was succeeded by his son, Mdngsa Pdti. The father and son
quot; together reigned three hundred years.

quot; Another principaHty, named Astma, sprung up at this time, and was
quot; ruled by a prince, called Pula Sara, who was succeeded by his son
^^ Ahidsa, who was again succeeded by his son Pdndu Dewa Ndtathe
quot; reigns of the last three priuces together amounting to one hundred
quot; years.

quot; Then succeeded Jdya Bdya himself, who removed the seat of govern-
quot; ment from AsUna to Kediri.

« The kingdom of Kediri being dismembered on the death of its sove-
quot; reign, there arose out of its ruins two other kingdoms, the one called
« Brambdnan, of which the prince was called Bdka; the other Peng\'ging
quot; of which the prince\'s name was Angling Bria.

quot; These two princes having gone to war with each other, Bdha was killed
quot; in battle by Ddmar Maya, the son-in-law of Angling Dria. On the death
quot; of Bdka, the kingdom of Brambdnan was without a prince, and contmued
« so, till Angling Dria dying a natural death, Ddmar Maya succeeded him
quot; and ruled the country.

quot; Ddmar May a dying, and the sovereignty becoming extinct, there arrived
quot; from a foreign country a person named Aji Sdka, who established himself

quot; as

as Prince of Méndang Kamülan, in tlie room of Bewdta Chénghar, whom
« he conquered.

In the year 1018 the Chdndi SéWu. (thousand temples) at Brambdnan
were completed.

^ \'\' The empire of Méndang Kdmulan and its race of princes becoming
quot; extinct, the kingdoms which rose up and succeeded to it were :
quot; 1. Jan^gdla,^^of which the prince WBS^Ami Luhur.

quot; Kediri,---------------——. Tjémbu Ami Jdyd.

quot;3. Ng\'ardwan,^..^^—^—----Lémbu Ami Sêsa.

quot; 4. Sing\'a Sdriy^^^___________________Lémbu Ami Lueh.

Anno 1082. «\' Thcse kingdoms were afterwards united under Pdrji Suria Ami Sésa,
** thé son of Ami Luhur.

quot; Pdiyi Suria dying, he was succeeded by his son, Pdnji LaUan, who
quot; removed the seat of government from Jang\'gala to Pajajdran, This
— 1200, « took place in ISOO.-»quot;

In some accounts it is stated, that the religion and arts of India were
first introduced into Java by a Bramin named Tritrésta, who with numerous
followers landed on Java about this period, and estabhshed the era, in
consequence of which he is considered the same with Aji Sdka. The

descendants

* This history, which is written In the Mahometan style of inspiration and prophecy, com-
mences by a declaration on the part oi Jdya Bdya, that it is clearly ascertained, the
island of Java will be annihilated in two thousand one hnndred years from the date of its first
existence; and after detailing every event, down to the Javan year 1743 (the present year, A.D.
1816), has the following extraordinary conclusion.

quot; The whole of the above chronological relation of events, from the first year to the present
quot; date, was written by the inspired Aji Jdya Baya, who himself hved about the year SOO,
quot; What follows is a continuation of events which were foretold by him, and which are still to
quot; happen, viz.

quot; In the year 1801, Sura-herta being no more, the seat of government will be removed to
quot; Katamp;ngga, which being afterwards demolished, the seat of government will be removed in
quot; 1870 to Kamp;rang Bay a.

quot; In 1950, the seat of government will be removed to Kediri, where it was of old. The
quot; Pringi people (Europeans) virill then come, and having conquered Java, will establish a govern-
quot; ment in the year 195S- The Prince of Kling^ however, hearing of the Conquest and ruin
quot; of Java by the Prmgis, will send a force which will defeat and drive them out of Java ;
quot; and having given up the island once more to its Javan government, will, in the year i.960gt;
quot; return to his own country.

quot; On regaining possession of the country, the new Javan government will desert the former
quot; capital of jffiramg Bdya, as being an unlucky site, and remove it to Warmgin Kubu, which is
quot; near the mountain N\'gmdrta Ldya. This will take place in 2020.

By the year 2100 there will be an end of Java entirely.quot;

descendants of Tritresta are acccordingly said to have succeeded to the
government of the country ; and a list of eighteen princes is adduced, to
bring down the history to the ninth century, in -which the empire of
Jang\'gala was established. From these accounts, with some minute details
regarding the different adventurers, who are supposed to have arrived during
the three first centuries, it has been inferred, that these were probably
followers of the religion of Budha, and that those who crowded to Java,
about the close of the fifth century, are to be considered as the first settlers
professing the Braminical faith j but whatever authority this inference may
derive from the knowledge we possess of the religious revolutions which
have taken place elsewhere, and however probable it may be, that
the followers of Budha were at an early period established on Java, we
apprehend that the conclusion will derive but little support from a chrono-
logy which, on the slightest investigation, will be found borrowed from
continental India. Even the names^ of the principal characters, who are
thus represented as having ruled Java for a period of so many centuries,
will be readily traced in the accredited Hsts of Indian sovereigns 5* and when
it is considered, that the princes of Java pretend to deiive their descent fi-om
Parakisit, the descendant of Arjima, that the scene of the celebrated war
of the Pa^iddwa, which forms the subject of the most popular poem in the
country, as well as that of the great Indian poem, callcd the Mahahdrat, is
believed to have been laid on Java, and that not only the countries men-
tioned in that war, but the dwelhng places and temples ofthe different
heroes who distinguished themselves in it, are at the present day pointed out
on Java, it is easy to account for the indistinctness and inaccuracy of the
line drawn between the princes of India and those who may have actually
ruled on Java.

Without entering into the mythology of the ancient Javans, which has
been more particularly treated of in another place, it may be sufficient to
observe generally, that in some of the co^iq^ of the Niti Sdstra Kdwi, a.
work of the highest antiquity and celebrity, the following is the\'duration
prescribed for the several ages of the world.

quot; The kertayoga was of one hundred thousand years duration ; the treta
quot; yoga was of ten thousand years ; the duapdra\\N2iS of one thousand years 5

the sandinika (which began A.D. 7-8) i=s now in its course.quot;

The

Vide Asiatic Researches-

The kêrta ybga is considered to have terminated with the expulsion of
Vishnu from Suraldya. The fréta ybga commences with his becoming incar-
nate in the person of Jrjiina Wijdya, sovereign of Mauspati, and ends with
the death of Rama, an event supposed to have taken place about the time of
Sdkri, in the following line of princes.

Mdnu Mandsa,

Tritrésta,

Parikéna,

Sutdpa,

Sapûtram,

Sdkri,

Pulasdra,

A bids a,

Pdndu Dewa Ndta,

Many of these princes, with their descendants, are in the traditionary
accounts of the country, believed to have established themselves on Java ;
and while we find Tritrésta founding a colony in the first year of the
Javan era, or about seventeen hundred and forty years ago, it is the less
surprizing that the war of the Pdndus should have been transferred from
the duapdra ybga to the present age, and believed to have taken place in Java
about twelve hundred years ago.

In the Javan, or modern version of the Niti Sdstra, the following periods
are assigned to the principal events of fabulous history. quot; In the beginning
quot; every thing was at rest and quiet. During the first years, kings began to
«lt; start up, and wars arose about a woman named Déwi Darûki ; at this
quot; period writing was introduced. One thousand five hundred years after
quot; this, another war began, about a woman named Dém Sinta. Two thou-
quot; sand years after this, a third war broke out about a woman named Déwi
quot; Drupddi ; and two thousand five hundred years afterwards another war
quot; took place, about the daughter of a spiritual man, not named in
quot; history.quot;

The following account of princes, commencing with Tritrésta, who is
believed to have established his government at Giling Wési, at the foot of
the mountain Se Miru, with the dynasties which they severally established,
and the dates at which they respectively succeeded to the government,
while it shews the manner in which these islanders have interwoven their

fabulous

fabulous history with that of the continent, will prove how little credit is
due to those accounts, which furnish local details during a period so remote

and obscure.nbsp;„ , i

This account is extracted from a collection of the legends of the country,

compiled by Ndta Kasiima, the present Panamhdkan of Sdmenap ; a man

who is not only distinguished among the Javans for his eminent erudmon and

information, but who, from the superior endowments of his mind, would

command a high degree of respect among the more civilized people of

^quot;Te\'fore there were any inhabitants on Java, m^nu (Vishnu) presided
quot; therein • but having offended Sang ydng Guru, Tritresta, the son o^Jala
« Prdsi, and grandson of Brdma, was sent to Java as sovereign of the
country. This prince was married, at ten years of age, to Bramdni Kdli,
« of Kdmb^a, and with eight hundred families from the country of Kling,
« estabUshed the seat of his government at the foot of Gunung Semiru, the
« capital of which he called Giling WSsL He had two sons, Mdnu Mandsa,
» and Mdnu Madewa, and his people increased to 20,000.

« In the country of Kling there was a man named J^^atu Gdnung son of
«nbsp;ofnbsp;SangMa, who heard of the fame of^m.. and ia.^ap, two

« beautiful women residing at Gkllng Wesu Wdtu Gunung went m search
« of them, and finding them under the protection of Tritresta, attacked
« and defeated him. Tritresta was slain, and Wdtu Giinung reigned as
« sovereign of Giling Wesi for one hundred and forty years. Under his
« government the country became very flourishing. He adopted forty sons
quot; and as many daughters ofthe princes ofthe country, and gave them
« the names of the deities of ^^rga (Swerga), for wMch, and for other
^^ acts, he was in the end punished with death by W^snu, m the year

quot; 240 ¹

« After this Batdra, Giiru sent Gutdka from the mountain Sm^la Chdla A«no240.
« in Kling, to be sovereign of Giling West, where after a reign of fifty
f« years he died, and was succeeded by his son, Rdden Sawela, in the year
quot; 290. This last prince reigned twenty years, and was succeeded by
Gutdma, who removed from Giling Wesi while yet unmarried, and went
« to a country {Astma), which was possessed by an elephant that desired
vol.. II.nbsp;Lnbsp;Vnbsp;quot;the

1nbsp; See account of Wdtu Gunung in vol. i, Literature.

quot; the princessnbsp;marriage. He fought and killed the elephant,

quot; and married the princess, and afterwards proceeded to Lagrestina.

quot; There was a Fandita of Gûnung Jdli in the country of Kling, who
had a son called Rdden Ddsa Wiria, who when twelve years of age,
having obtained leave of his father to go to Java, took up his abode at
the foot of the mountain Ldmu. His son. Dam Bdhw, when ten
quot; years of age, determined to make himself independent, and travelled
quot; with one hundred followers, until they smelt the dead elephant which
quot; had been killed by Gutdma. There he established himself, calHng
his ciipital Gdja-kuia or AsUnd Pûrà. This was in the year 310.

Ddsa jBa^«« was succeeded by his son Suantdna, who had wars with the
quot;quot; giant Bûru Sdda. This prince had a son, named Dètsoa Brdta, whose
« mother died immediately after the birth of the child ; and the prince
« finding no one from whom the child would take milk, was obliged to
carry dt about in search of some one to whom it might take a liking.
quot; Of the descendants o£ Tritrésta were first, Mdnu Mandsa ; second,
Sutdpa ; thxïà, Sapûtram ; fouxth, ^dJcm. The last begot Fula Sara
quot; who had a son namednbsp;It happened that Abidsa, when an infant,

^^ was borne in the arms of his mother Ambu Sam, at the time when
quot; Sudntdna -^as in search of a wet nurse ;fbr %is son. ^Hpon seeing her,
the infaiit Dewa immediately cried out and wanted milk from her,
quot; which, however, she would not consent to ;give, until after much alter-
*\'^ \'éktion Suantdna SLgrmd to give his country in e-xchange-j so thsit Ambu
Sdri reeeivéd the countiy of Astina for her son Abidsa, who when
« arrived at a proper age succeeded as sovereign, in the yearnbsp;J)éwa

Brdtamas made Erince of Kumhina.

Abidsa Was married to a woman advanced in years, by whom he had
three sons-: Drésia Bdta, who was blind j FdnduDéwa Ndta, who was
«quot; very handsome.; and Rdma Wtddra, who was lame. After twelve years he
quot; retired and transferred the government to his second son.

Pdndu Déwa Ndta, at the age of fourteen, then succeeded as sove-
reign of Astina, and married Dew Kénti, daughter of Bdsu Kéti, Prince
« of Mamp;dura, by whom he had three sons, Kûnta Déïva, Sèna, and

\'\' Jindha. Déwa Nâta also married .Mai^frm, daughter of the Prince of
quot; Mandaraga, and died, leaving her pregnant. She was delivered of two
quot; sons and died also j but Dém Kûnti gave the -children milk, and called

quot;the

m

«\'the one Sadewa and the other NaMla. At that time the children of
« Fdndu Dewa Ndta were very young ; Dm^a was therefore nomi»
« nated protector during their minority : but instead of resigning the
« kingdom to them, he gave it to his own son, Suyuddna ; ^ho becoming
« sovereign of Astma, the five children were sent by Abidsa, with a thousand
« families, to establish a new country, to which they gave th© Ba«ie of
quot; Amerta.

« Suyuddna married the daughter of the Prince of Manddraga, hf v^m
« he had a son, and the country became great, flourishing, and happy.
« There was none more powerful^ and the dependent chiefs were the
« Princes Kerna of Amdng\'ga, Bisma, or Dewa Brdta of KumUna, Jdya
« Pdta of Bah Sejdna, Jakap Sam of Madum^ and Sdlrn of Mandardga.
« But Punta Dewa and his brothers in the country of Amerta were not
quot; satisfied: they wished for their father\'s inheritance^ and sent their cousin,
« Kresna of Dlarawdt$y to confer with. Suyuddna and to demand thejr right-
quot; ful possessions. For the sake of peace with their cousin, they offered
« to accept of half; but Suyuddna rejected their demand, and replied,,
« \' that without the decision of the sword, they should have none.^ Then
« began the war called Brdta Yudha, because it was a contest for their just
« rights. The war lasted long, and during its continuance the sons and
« followers of both parties were nearly all killed: at last Suyuddm himself

« fell, after a reign of fifty years.*

« Pdnta DSwa then became sovereign of Jstina, in the year 4915 but abao m,
after two years he transferred the government to PariMsity son of AU-
« mdnyu and grandson of his brother Jendka. After defending the country
« successfully against the giant Usi Aji of Surabdya, whom he slew, he
« was succeeded by his son Udaydna, who. died after a reign of twenty.
« three years. His son Jdya DSrma succeeded. This prince had two sons,
« n^^med Jdya Misdna^nd.Ang\'Ung Derma. The former succeeded his father
« after a reign of twenty-seven years, and died at the expiration of five
quot; years. During the reign of Jdya Misdna there was a dreadful pesti-

quot; lence and a violent earthquake which destroyed the country, andhis soji
« removed to Mildwa, where he became a tdpa.

quot; To this country Ang%ng Derma had already removed with Jthree thou-
« sand families, during the lifetime of his brother, andwas acknowledgeci

as sovereign ot Mildwa Pdti, where he reigned in prosperity for ten
years. At the expiration of this period, it is related that his princess
burnt herself, in consequence of being refused the knowledge of a certain
prayer by which she might understand the languages of all animals. The
prince afterwards became insane, wandered about, and was transformed
into a white bird.

« The son of Jdya Misdna, Jdya Purusa, begat Puspa Jdya, who begat
Pikspa Wijdya, who hegd^t Kasuma ^^IcMra, who again begat Rdden Aji
Nirmdla, who reigned for twenty years at Mildtva Pati, hnt in whose
days the country was greatly afflicted with pestilence. In consequence
of this, his son, Biskra Champdka, departed with his followers, and pro-
ceeded to Mendang Kamulan, where he abode as Paudita. He had,
however, a son, named AngHing Derma, from whom descended Aji Jdya
Bdya, who became sovereign of the country, and gave it the name of
Pzirwa CAiHto ; under his government the country greatly increased, he
acquired large possessions, and all under his administration was flourish-
ing and happy. It is related of him, that he dictated the poem ofthe
Brdta Yudha, hy onlev o£ Dewa Batdra Giiru, in the year 701. He
was succeeded by his son, Saldpar Wdta, in 756, whose son, named
.^Tdwfi/awaw, afterwards came to the government, under the title ot Jdya
Langkdra. This last named prince had a sister, callamp;A. Chandra Sudra,
four sons, Suhrdta, Para Ydta, Jdta Wida, and Su Wida, and a daughter,
name Pamhdyun. His Pdteh was named Jdya Singdra, and among his
dependents were Gaja Ird^wan of Buddy a, Lembu S-dren Guna of
Jang\'gala, Wira Tikta of Kediri^ and the Arias of Sing\'a Sdri and
Ng\'rdwan.

quot; In course of time this prince became very wicked, and married his
sister, Chandra Sudra. When his Pdteh, chiefs, and followers, heard of
it, they rose in arms, but feared to attack the prince, as it had been pre-
dicted that he could only be killed at the full of the moon. The p\'rince,
in the mean time, being informed of the conspiracy, immediately attack-
ed the party, and killing the Pdteh, committed great slaughter among his
followers.

\'«When the battle was over, he assembled his sons, and after telling
them they were not ignorant of his deeds, and that it was his intention
to burn himself at the full of the moon, he desired that they would
thereupon remove from the place, and leave the country of Mendang

quot; Kamdlan

quot; Kamdlan to become a wilderness. He then divided his possessions into
quot; four parts : to the eldest son, Subrdta, he gave the country of Jang\'gala ;
quot; to his second son. Para Ydta, he gave Kediri; to his third, Jdta Wida,
\'\' he gave Sing\'a Sdri; and to his fourth son, Su Wida, he gave Ng\'ard-
quot; \'Wan: and these princes severally became independent chiefs of those
quot; kingdoms.

« When the full of the moon arrived, Sri Jaya Langkdra, with his wife
« and sister, Chdndra Sudra, went to the Sdng\'gar of Déwa Pabayéstan,
quot; where they burnt themselves. The families of the Pdteh and the chiefs
quot; slain in the late battle also accompanied him, and committed themselves
quot; to the flames. Pembdyuji, his daughter, was not however permitted to
quot; sacrifice herself, in consequence of which she bore great ill will to her

father; and it is related, that she is the same person who afterwards went
quot; to Jdng\'gdla, and abode at Wdna Kapuchdng\'an, where she assumed the
quot; name of Kili Suchi, and went about from place to place, being much be-
quot; loved ; for she was very learned, and made inscriptions upon stones, one
quot; of which h cdWedi Kdla Kérma.*

But

* To this popular account of the early and fabulous history of Java, it maybe interesting
to add the equally popular and generally received ancient history of Madura, formerly called
Mandura, and in the basa, or court language, Mandurétna.

quot; Batara Rama Yana having completed the wars, and conquered Dasa MuJea, of the country
quot; 0Ï Alinlea, thought of making a new settlement from the wilderness. To this he gave the
quot; name of Durjayapura ; and after a long reign, resigned the governrdent of it to his son,
quot; Butlavoa, ending his days in solitude. Butlaiva reigned for some years over the country of
quot; Durjayapura, and was succeeded by his son, Kunti Buja, who married thé daughter of his
quot; Fdteh, named JiTasa. This prince removed the seat of government, or rather changed the
\'\' name of it, to Mandura Rdja, and was succeeded by his son, Basu Keti, who ascended the
« throne at nine years of age. During his reign there arrived a beautiful woman, named De\'wi
\'\' Sani Gatra, daughter of Bengawan Adi Rusa, who had fled from the Prince of Nusa Kam-
« bangan, called Jura Mataraja. The prince married her, and was in consequence attacked
quot; by Jura Mataraja ; but by the assistance of Puln Sara, the fatlier of Abiasa, who after-
quot; wards became sovereign of Astina, he defeated him, and remained in quiet possession of
quot; his country. By the princess he had four children; three sons, named Basu Dewa, Aria
quot; Prahu, and Angrasana, and a daughter named Dewi Kunti. When Basu Dewa was fifteen
quot; years of age, his father wished him to marry a princess of the country, but the youth having
quot; fixed his affections upon the daughter of Raja Sirusonga, named Dewii Angsa Wati, refused
quot; compliance, and was in consequence dismissed the royal presence.

Basu Dewa, learning that the daughter of Sirwonga had been carried off by a giant into
quot; the woods, succeeded in overpowering the giant, and married Dewi Angsa Wati; but intel-
\'\' ligence being given thereof to the chief, the prince of Amhulutiga, a chief called Tiga

Warnck

But other accounts, which attempt to draw a line between the Indian-
and Javan princes, date the commencement of the latter, five centuries

subsequently

quot; Warna (tri-coloured) was sent in pursuit of Basu Dema, whom he overtook on his return to
quot; Mandura Raja. Basu Deioa was vanquished and fell into a cave: the princess fell into
quot; the hands of Tiga Warna.

quot; It was about this time that I\'ula Sara obtained the kingdom of Astina for his son Ahiasa;
quot; and was desirous of betrothing him to Dewa Ambalika of Astina; but the young prince
quot; would not consent; and one day, when he was wandering in the forests, he heard a voice
lt;lt; is®ie from a cave, and discovered; Basu Devm, who related his case and entreated his aid
quot; in the recovery of his wife. The young princes then proceeded in search of Tiga Warna, and
quot; having discovered him, Basa Devoa discharged\' an arrow at him and killed him. Deioi Angsa
quot; Wati was in consequence restored toi her husband.. Basa Detva and. Ahiasa then exchanged
quot; vows of perpetual friendship between themselves and tiieir. descendants, invoking a curse
« upon whomsoever of them-should be guilty of breaking it.. After this, Basu Devia returned
quot; to Mandura Rajor^

quot; Baste Dewa at length succeeded his-father in the government ©f Mandur-a Raja and had
quot; several children; of whom one was^ white, named Kahra Sana, the other black, named
quot; Kresna. He was succeeded by a son whotis he had exposed in the woods, but to whom he
quot; afterwa^rds became reconciled, named .Rcaien Kangsa, to whom he gave the country.. At this
\'\' time PanduDem Nata reigned over Ae kingdom of Astina. One night a voice said to him
quot; in a dreamy \' When you meet with chiMren of Madura white or black, put them to death.\'
quot; His father, who» was still living, apprehensive for the fate of his favourite sons, Kahra Sana
quot; and Kresnlt;t, sent them to Widara Kandang for concealment, with Angga Gopa. These two
quot; princes afterwards hearing o£ an exhibition of fighting men, proeeeded with their sister
Sambddra to the Alun alun,. where the combatants were assembled, and heee they met Raden
quot; Aria Jenaka and Sena, sons of Pandu Detva Nata,. from Astina,, who when theis father died
heard of the fame of Madura,, and eame in quest of tiie country.

« Raden Kangsa was seated in the pasehan, surrounded by his- chiefs, when his Pdteh in-
formed him that the proscribed children had at last appeared. The prince, delighted that those
whom he had so long sought in vain had now appeared of their ossn accord, ordered his
Pateh immediately to seize them ; but Kahra Sa^a fought with the Patek, and drove liimi
back upon the prince,, who^ then seized him hiinself^ and throwing him on. the ground with
« violence, blood gushed from his mouth;, Kahra Sana then called for aissistaafie from Kresna,
quot; who with Raden Sena immediately came and overpowered Raden Kangsa. Upon this Kahra
quot; Sana put him to death with his weaponnbsp;The Pateh, ignorant of the fate of his

« prince, rushed upon the parties, but was pierced with a spear by Kahra Sana, who imme-
\'\' diately exclaimed, \' I am Resi Anapita of Repat Kapanasan i I am Resi di Jala data Bala\'
quot; \'nbsp;the son of Basu Detxia of MaduraJ

quot; Then his uncle,. Aria Prabu, spoke; and having embraced him, carried him to his fatlier,
quot; Basu Dewa, wbo\'conferred the country upon him. At night, however, Kahra Sana heard a
voice in his sleep, saying, \' to-morrow will I be revenged in the war Brdta Yudha: there
quot; \' will be one of the country Chawfala Raja, I am he..\' Kahra Sana replied, \' welL I dare
quot; ^ you.\'quot;\'

subsequently to the first landing of Aji Sdica, and consider the kingdom of
Mendang Kamalan as the first regular establishment on Java. .As these, if
not the most consistent with the historical data which have been .admitted
on continental India, have the advantage of being the least confused, a
more particular account of the first establishments may be interesting. With
regard to the statements that commence with a more remote antiquity, it
it may be sufiicient to shew, at one view, the hne of princes who are
represented to have ruled on Java, according to the two different .authori.
ties which have been referred to.

LINE OF HINDU SOVEREIGNS

Who ruled on Jam, according to the Manuscript ascribed to Aji Jdya Baya, in the

Possession of the present Susuhman.

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Wirata

Kediri ....
Péng\'ging .
Brambanan

Méndang- Kamulan

Kediri ..........

Ngarawan........

Singa Sari........

Jang\'gala ........

Pajajaran

Majapahit

Basu Keti.
Mangsah Pati.
Pula Sara.
Abiasa.

Pandu Déwa Nata.
Aji Jaya Baya,
Angling Dria
Baka.

Damar Maya.
Aji Saka.
Lémbu Ami Jaja.
Lembu Ami Sésa.
Lembu Ami Lueh.
Lembu Ami Luhur.
Panji Suria Ami Sésa.
Laléan.
Banjaran Sari.
Méndang Wang\'i.
Jaka Sura, or
Browijaya 1st.
Browija^ya 2d
Browijaya 3d,
Browijaya 4th
Browijaya 5th

Who reigned on J am, according to the Manuscripts of the Eastern Parts of Jam, Sumemp,

n^r!nbsp;7.., \'KTAt^ TT^.c/i\'mfi ilip. ryresentnbsp;_____

VOL. II.

The following is the chronology of the Javan princes according to the
legends abstracted by Kiai Adipdti Adi Mang\'gdla, formerly Regent of
■Demdlcy and in which the Javan princes commence in the sixth century.