TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN
DOCTOR IN DE WIS- EN NATUURKUNDE
AAN DE RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT
OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR^MAGNIFICUS
Jhr. Dr. B. C. DE SAVORNIN LOHMAN HOOG-
LEERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER RECHTS-
GELEERDHEID VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN
DEN SENAAT DER UNIVERSITEIT TE VER-
DEDIGEN TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN DE
FACULTEIT DER WIS- EN NATUURKUNDE

Aan het einde gekomen van een belangrijk tijdperk van mijn
leven, is het mij een behoefte allen die in deze jaren mij geleid
hebben mijn dank te betuigen.

Deze dank geldt vooral U, hoogleeraren in de faculteit der
Wis- en Natuurkunde, voor het aandeel dat Gij in mijn weten-
schappelijke vorming gehad hebt.

Hooggeleerde Pulle, hooggeachte promotor, daar ik het
voorrecht gehad heb, nu reeds verscheidene jaren Uw conservator
te zijn, had ik de gelegenheid, meer dan anders het geval geweest
zou zijn, van Uw kennis te profiteeren. Ik ben U hiervoor zeer
erkentelijk. Uw voortdurende belangstelling in mijn persoon
en de buitengewone welwillendheid waarmee Gij mij steeds
tegemoet zijt gekomen, heb ik zeer op prijs gesteld. Uw groote
kennis der Surinaamsche flora was voor mij bij de bewerking
van dit proefschrift van veel waarde.

Hooggeleerde Went, Westerdijk, Jordan, Nierstrasz
en Rutten, ik ben U zeer dankbaar voor het onderwijs in de
door U gedoceerde wetenschappen. Aan den tijd op uw Laboratoria
doorgebracht bewaar ik steeds zeer aangename herinneringen.

Zeergeleerde Uittien, hartelijk dank ik U voor het vele,
dat Gij voor mij gedaan hebt. Uw vriendschap was voor mij
van groote beteekenis. Dat Gij de vertaling en correctie der
Latijnsche beschrijvingen op U hebt willen nemen, waardeer
ik zeer.

Zeergeleerde Van Asperen de Boer, ik heb het ten zeerste
op prijs gesteld dat Gij de Engelsche vertaling van mijn proef-
schrift hebt willen verzorgen.

Waarde Eyma en Van Ooststroom, hartelijk dank ik U
heiden voor Uw voortdurende belangstelling in mijn werk en
voor de wijze waarop Gij mij behulpzaam hebt willen zijn bij
het oplossen van talrijke problemen.

W^aarde De Bouter, de goede zorg, die Gij aan het ver-
vaardigen der teekeningen hebt willen besteden, zal voor het
gebruik van dit boekje van veel waarde zijn.

The present publication is intended to be a monograph
the Euphorbiaceae of Surinam. It is divided into two parts.
The first part contains: general remarks, critical discussions of
different species, information about the utility and the use
and application by the natives, and some geobotanical remarks.
The second part is the proper taxonomical part, with the
description of the genera, the determination keys and the
description of the species with literature and localities. This
second part is a copy of the first number of the quot; Flora of Surinamquot;,
edited by Prof. Dr. A. Pulle at Utrecht.

The investigations have been carried on in the quot;Bofcanisch
Museum en Herbariumquot; at Utrecht, where all the Surinam
niaterial is found, except some of the older collections (cf. Pulle,
Enum.). The writer wishes to record his thanks to Prof. Dr.
A. Pulle, who suggested that this work should be undertaken,
for his help and his kindly encouragement. The author\'s work
Was made possible by studying the materials of many Herbaria.
He is very much indebted to the Directors of the Herbaria
at Leiden, Kew and the Natural History Museum in London
for the hospitality and help during his residence in these places.
He wants to mention especially Dr. Cotton, Dr. Ramsbottom,
Mr. Sandwith and Dr. Taylor for the help during his visit
to London, Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Directors
of the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem, Geneva (Herbier du Jardin
bot. de la ville), Brussels and Gottingen for lending specimens.

It would have been impossible to finish the work completely,,
without this assistance.

The author is also much indebted to the quot;Van Eedenfondsquot;
which enabled him to stay in London for a few weeks.

The greater part of the materials consisted of dried specimens.
A few species could be studied on alcohol-materials. Data on
the Surinam materials are to be found in Pulle, Enum, and
Neue Beiträge IV (Ree. des Trav. bot. néerl. XXII (1926)
p. 324). The map at the end of the book shows the forest-
reserves, where materials of numbered trees have been collected.
The collection of materials from numbered trees came un-
fortunately to an end in 1926, and material of several species
is still lacking as Pulle already remarked. It is especially a
pity with the new species, of which an incomplete description
could only be given. May this part of the botanical investigation
of Surinam be started again! It is very important indeed not
only from a scientific point of view but also economically.
It vvould be of the utmost importance if material would be
collected in parts of Surinam which have hardly or not at all
been visited. Many species, which have been found in the
neighbouring countries and not in Surinam so far will certainly
occur also in our colony.

Literature, The literature on this subject is reviewed in
detail in Pulle, Enum.

The two principal publications which have been used with
the study of the Surinam Euphorbiaceae are Müller\'s treatise
on the subject in De Candolle, Prodromus XV. 2, and the
monograph of Pax (partly assisted by Käthe Holfmann) in
Engler, Das Pflanzenreich. Müller\'s work is extremely good,
though it is no longer up to date. The only drawback in Müller\'s
work is the way in which he devides the different polymorphous
species into varieties: First of all his calling the original species,
i.e. the type-specimen, var. genuina, which he certainly did

because he did not want to give a preference to one variety.
It is rather confusing and it is not right either because the
species as such does not exist any longer and we are dealing
M^ith varieties of a theoretical species. If the var, genuina
remains a species, the other varieties will be real ones, plants
which do belong to the species but differ in one or more
characters. A var. genuina is very illogical. This was also the
idea of Hugo de Vries (Species and Varieties, their origin by
mutation, 1906, p. 128) which may be seen in the following
quotation: quot;Varieties on the other hand are derived from a
real and commonly, still existing type.quot; It seems that Huber
liolds the same opinion. He does not mention it as such, but
lie criticises Pax, because the latter called the type of Hevea
bradiLien^iö H. brad\'dienüi var. Janeirendid Pax. Müller\'s custom
to divide species into a great number of varieties is also wrong
because the differences are either too small to speak about
a variety without culture-experiments or so prominent that
different species have to be distinguished. Müller\'s classification
^as been changed on and oif, but only in the case that all the
specimens could be studied.

The chapter on new and critical species will show that there
^re some mistakes in Pax\'s monograph. Pax\'s division of the
larger systematical groups and the given relationships are very
good, but the study should sometimes have been more critical,
especially in the species. It is very obvious that the larger part
of the work was written during the war, many specimens have
not been examined. The determination keys fail in several
cases or they cannot be used because the characteristics of the
female flowers and the male flowers have been confused, which
IS especially a drawback with dioecious plants. Nevertheless,
the work contains an almost complete bibliography. It is only
a pity that the large genera Euphorbia, Croton and Phyllanthus
We not yet been published, because they need especially a
new critical survey. Now Müller could only be consulted.

Reference is made to the entire literature on Surinam plants,
also to the most important literature which was used in this
study.

Nomenclature« The international rules have been used as
they have been adopted at the Congress at Cambridge in ipSo,
according to personal communications of Prof. Pulle and
Dr. Henrard. The rules of 1910 have been applied in doubtful
cases. The rule quot;once a synonym always a synonymquot; has
been used.

The botanical terms are from Jackson, Glossary of botanic
terms. Fourth edition, London 1928.

New as well as changed and enlarged descriptions have
been given in Latin. Type specimens are not referred to because
this work is only meant to be a Flora of Surinam.

General remarks» The Euphorbiaceae are a very difficult
family on account of the many different species and the uni-
sexual flowers, often monoecious. Especially the determination
keys give a lot of trouble. In the flora two genera-keys are
given in order to determine female branches as well as male
ones. These keys will not be infallible either, but they will
certainly be of some use.

Remarks about colour, juice, etc. and vernacular names
are always from collector\'s notes on labels or from the literature.
All the mentioned specimens have been studied personally
unless something else is recorded. Most of these specimens are
in the herbarium at Utrecht. Otherwise the name of the Her-
barium is given.

During the study of the Euphorbiaceae for the quot;Flora of
Surinamquot; there appeared, apart from some new species, several
mistakes or inadequacies in the existing literature. Most of
the difficulties have been solved with the help of the Herbaria
mentioned in the introduction. In a few cases a satisfactory
interpretation could not be given, as in the case of AcaLypha
dcandend where the limits of the species are not very clear.
Neither will the given solution of the problems with the genus
PhyUanthud be a definite one.

The new species and the remarks have been arranged
according to the genera. The succession of the genera is the
same as in the system of Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV.
147. XIV (1919).

Phyllanthus attcnuatus Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848)
p. 478; in Stirp. Surin. (i85o) p. 100, t. 3i A; — PhyUanthud
guyanetidid Müll. Arg. (non Klotzsch) in D.C. Prodr.
l.c.p. 376; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 39; Pulle, Enum. p. 255.

This species was described by Miquel in Linnaea with the
specimen Kappler n. 3o5, which is in the Leyden Herbarium
(a better specimen is in the Kew Herbarium, as Hostmann
n. 3o5, very likely by mistake because the two collections have
very often been confused, cf. Plate I). Müll. Arg. in D.C.

Prodr. l.c.p. 3/6, considered this and some other plants and
Meborea gayanenùà Aubl. (Hist, des pl. Gui. fr. II (1776) p. 826,
t. 323) to be identical. He called it therefore PhyLLanthult;i gaya-
nenéid (Aubl.) Müll. Arg. but he had not seen Aublet\'s type.
This name must be dismissed for several reasons.

1.nbsp;There was already a PhyUanthué guyanendà Klotzsch.
Müller cancelled this species as a matter of fact and
he classed Klotzsch\'s plant as a variety gayamtuiA with
PhyUanthué Schomburgkianud Müll. Arg. But the name
guyanenùà should still be reserved for Klotzsch\'s plant.

2.nbsp;All the specimens, called Phyllanthué guyaneriMà Müll.
Arg. by Müller, which were looked over (Perrottet and
Sagot n. 1399 could not be obtained), are certainly not
the same as Aublet\'s specimen present in the Natural
History Museum.

The flowers are not clustered in the leaf-axils with Aublet\'s
specimen, but occur in more or less lax terminal inflorescences
(cf. Plaie II). Aublet\'s description of the ßowers is rather
curious. They are bi-sexual according to him and the filaments
and the styles are described to be grown together. quot; Les étamines
sont au nombre de trois; chacun de leurs filets fait corps avec
l\'extrémité d\'un style, au dessous du stigmate. Ces filets sont
larges à leur naissance, et se divisent ensuite en deux parties,
chargées chacune d\'une anthère à deux bourses partagées par
un sillon.quot; This statement is probably the result of wrong
observations. It is a pity that the specimen from the Nat. Hist.
Mus. has not any flowers left. There are still some fruits which
may be three-celled. Some cocci which have split up, have
been stuck next to the plant. They certainly belong to an
Euphorbiaceae. The leaves are also completely different. The
PhyLlanthuà attenuatué leaves are smaller and more cuspidate-
acuminate. There is also much difference in the nervature, the
nerves, especially the secundary ones, are more prominent
with Aublet\'s plant. Whether Aublet\'s plant is a genuine

Phyäanthuö is very difficult to say, and must be left undecided
It is at any rate not the same as Miguel\'s attenuatua.

Meborea guyanmAö was subsequently called Rhopium citri-
foLium by Willdenow (in Spec, pi. cura Willd. IV (i8o5) p. i5o)
apparently without any reason.

The name PhyUanlbuö attenuatud had already been used before
Miquel by Willdenow. This name occurs (without any des-
cription) as a synonym of PhyUanthuö acuminatum in Steud
Nom. Bot. ed. 2, pars II (1841) p. 326. The name is given as
follows P. attenuatuö Willd. hrb. and originates most probably
from a labeL The name has therefore not been published offici-
ally and Miguel\'s species can subsist.

French Guyana (Martin [K]; Poiteau FKl); Brit
(Schomburgk n. 997 [K, N-H]); Surinam (Hostmanf or

n 1072 [B]); Paramaribo, Paraweg (BW. n. 46a, fl. Jaf)
Orinoco R. near Maypures (Spruce n. 3692 [N-H]).

Phyllarithus guyanensis Klotzsch in Hook. Tourn of
Bot. II (1843) p. 5i; Mig. Stirp. Sur. (i85o) p. xoo Müll
Arg. in Linnaea XXXII (i863) p. 20- _ var arnJ I
Müll. Arg. I.C.P. 29; ~

Arg. van guyanenöi, Müll. Arg. and var. acuminatum Müll\'
Arg. in D.C Prodr. l.c.p. 387; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 46; Pul e
Enum. p. 255.nbsp;^

This species has been described by Klotzsch. Müller divided
it into several varieties, which cannot be allowed as far as
the var. acuminatum is concerned. This variety and the species
are identical. There is no marked difference in the leaf-form
In D.C. Prodr. Müller called this species Schomburgkianuö
because at the same time he used the name guyanenmlm for a
different plant. It was done wrongly as has been pointed out
above, so that the original name should again be given to the
species.

Croton cuneatus Klotzsch in Hook. Journ. of Bot. H
(1843) p. 49; Miquel in Linnaea XXI (1848) p. 477 (named
C. cuneatus Mart, in Herb. Bras.); Müll. Arg. in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 525 f in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 89; .—\' Croton öuriiiütnenlt;)iö
Müll. Arg. in Linnaea XXXIV (1868) p 82; in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 020.

Croton cuneatuö has been described for tte first time by
Klotzsch. The name was first mentioned by Martius who wrote
it on a label from a specimen in the Herb, at Munich. The
Surinam specimens (Kappler n. i5o5 and Hostmann n. 1094)
have been inserted to C. cuneatud Kl. by Miquel. Müll. Arg. raised
them to a new species C. mrinamenöid Müll. Arg. and gives the
following differences in D.C. Prodr.: quot;A simili et affini C. cuneato
differt ambitu foliorum latiore, lepidibus paginae utriusque sparsis,
colore fuscescente omnium partium, et praesertim calycibus
foem. oblongatis nec globosis et distincte majoribus nec non
forma antherarum.quot; The present writer saw an important
collection of specimens from Surinam and arrived at the con-
clusion that it is not allowed to distinguish two species. There
is only one characteristic in which they dilfer absolutely. The
specimens Poeppig n. 2593 (D) and Spruce n. 2238 (D) have
much more densely lepidote leaves than the Surinam species.
The other characteristics occur with all transitions. Therefore
the two species are united and there follows a new enlarged
description according to this conception.

Arbor parva vel frutex. Ramuli plerumque striati, sicut
pedunculi petiolique squamis brunneis dense vestiti. Squamae
fere orbiculares, laciniis radiatis, medio apice pilis 1—3 longis
strictis deciduis ornatae. Petiolus 1.—^3 cm. longus, canaliculatus.
Limbus oblongo-ellipticus, oblongo-lanceolatus vel lanceolatus,
apice acutus, cuspidato-acuminatus vel acumine longo obtuso
vel subobtuso, basi acutus vel cuneatus, glandulis binis patelli-

formibus praeditus, margine integro vel obsolete dentato, dense
squamosus, 23^6 cm. longus, 9—aj cm. latus. Stipulae \'parvae
subulatae, declduae. Racemi elongati, in apicibus ramorum
aggregati, i5 —^20 cm. longi, apice masculini, ceterum bisexuales
floribus masculinis femineisque intermixtis. Flores fasciculati
in axillis bractearum. Bracteae parvae, oblongae, ovatae vel
triangulares, squamosae, margine pilosae. Calyx masculina
oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, obtusa, 2—3 mm. longa, margine
et intus dense lanata, extus lepidota; petalis spathulato-obovatis,
margine et intus pilosis, extus glabris. Stamina 14—16, fila-
mentis dense pubescentibus, connectivo lato, antheris tri\'angu-
laribus vel ovoideis. Flos femineus calyce oblonga, obtusa,
3,5 mm. longa, extus squamosa, intus margineque pubescente\'
petalis rudimentariis, linearibus, glandulosis, barbatis; ovarió
squamoso, stylis bipartitis, laciniis bilobis. Semina applanata,
triangularia, nigro-brunnea.

Brazil: Amazone R. (Poeppig n. 2693 [D]); Rio Neero
(Spruce n. 2238 [D]); Surinam: Couroupina R.near pW.
Repubhek (Gonggrijp n. 11. fl. Aug.); Toekoemoetoe R (B
W. n. 5713. fl. and fr. March); Para R.opposite plant. Nieuwe
Hoop (Gonggrijp n. 428, fl. April); Upper Saramacca R
(PuUe n. 466, fl. March); without locality (KapplL n^ föoö
Wöstmann n. 1094 [K]; a not numbered specimen from the\'
expedition to the Wilhelmina mountains, probably collected
near Goddo; Focke).

This species was first described by Aublet. Müll. Arg. en-
larged the conception of the species and devided it into four
varieties, a method which he followed with many species.
As already has been said in the introduction, I can not agree
with this method. It has completely been changed, because

I was obliged to unite some varieties. By the species of Aublet
the var. genuinus Müll. Arg. is meant (i.e. the specimen to which
Aublet described the species).

The different varieties of Müll. Arg. are chiefly different
in the vestiture of the leaves and in the female flower. In my
opinion the characteristics of the leaves are not very constant
and may be left out of consideration. With the female flower
there arose a mistake by the figure of Aublet. Aublet\'s figure
shows the styles free. Müller inferred, that the var. genuinuö
Müll. Arg. and var. Benthamianud Müll. Arg. both with free
styles, could immediately be distinguished from the var. öericeus
Müll. Arg. and var. Poeppigianua Müll. Arg. both with connated
styles. I saw Aublet\'s specimen in the Natural History Museum.
It has also connated styles.It is true there are two flowers,
which have not or not distinctly got this characteristic, but
the other flowers show it clearly. The same question of being
connate or not arises in a specimen of Brit. Guyana, Berbice R.
(Hohenkerk n. 772, Kew). There is still an other difference
with the var. Benthamianiid Müll. Arg. To the latter belong
Spruce n. 1120 (named by him Croton n. 2), from Barra do
Rio Negro, and Traill n. 726 from Manaos Amazona (both
specimens in the Kew Herb.). The sepals of the female flower
are here reflexed, so that the flower is star-shaped, whereas
in the species the calyx is erect, giving the flower an oblong
appearance. In the var. Benthamianud Müll. Arg. the sepals
are on the inside vestited with small star-shaped hairs, with
patent rays. The margin is glabrous but for the rest the inside
is stellate, without a glabrous part. In the species they are
vestited with long simple hairs on the inside, especially along
the margin, the central part is glabrous. The species has rudi-
mentary petals (cf. fig. 1).

There appeared to be sufficient differences to raise var.
Benthamianuö Müll. Arg. to a different species.

Fig.lt;i. Croton matourcnsis Aubl. a —e leaves, a and b from
tree Brownsberg n. iiSy; c from Poeppig n. i83o (J); d and e
from tree Sectie O n. 5i8; h female flower; i sepal;
C. Benthamianus Lan;. f female flower; g scale.

Müll. Arg. and var. éericeué Müll. Arg. do not hold true especially
not with the Surinam materials. The only difference found
was the following: In the specimen collected by Poeppig, the
glands, lining the margin of the leaves, are placed on the margin,
whereas in the other specimens they are placed on the lower
surface, at i mm. distance from the margin. Müller does not
mention these glands, in my opinion the difference is not very
important. He describes the glands at the base of the limb in
the var. Poeppigianué Müll. Arg. as sessile, in contradiction
to the var. éericeuà Müll. Arg. where they are stipitate. From
Surinam I have specimens which have branches bearing leaves
with sessile and stipitate glands, so that this argument does
not hold good either. Further Müller mentions the difference
in the size of the leaves but this too varies considerably. For
this reason the two varieties have been united. As may be seen
from fig. 1 there is much difference in the size and the shape
of the leaves even in leaves from one tree. In the next paragraph
the synonymy of the two species is given, together with the
specimens which belong to each of them.

Croton matourensis Aubl. l.c.p. 880, t. 338; — Croton
àericeué Lam. Encycl. II (1786) p.210; Willd. Spec, plant. IV
(i8o5) p. 547; —■ Croton poLydtachya Spreng. Syst. veg. III
(1826) p. 868; — Croton impetiginoàuà Poep. in sched. ex
BailL Adansonia, Ree. d\'Obs. Bot. IV (i863) p. 298; —
Croton cyathodenué Desvaux in sched. (Herb. Genève);
Croton matouren/u Müll. Arg. var. genuinué Müll. Arg., var.
Poeppigianuà Müll. Arg. et var. éericcuà Alüll. Arg. in Linnaea
XXXIV (i865) p. 95.

Brazil: Para (Hoffmansegg in hb. Willd. fol. n. 17892
ex D. C. Prodr.); Upper Amazone R. (Poeppig n. 2i3o, ex
D.C. Prodr.).

without collectors name [J], named C. cyathodenuà Desv. ;
Godebert [K] ; Wachenheim n. i38 [K]; Leprieur [K]; Martin
ex D.C. Prodr.).

Surinam: Sectie O, Tree n. 5i8 (B. n. 5o5o, fl. Febr.;
n i65o, fl. March; n. i343; n. 6o63, fl. Febr.); Brownsberg,
Tree n. iiS/ (B.W. n. 1766, fr. April; n. 6664, fl. Sept.);
Brownsberg, Tree n. 1041 (B. W. n. 4696, fr. June; n. 6111,
fr. May; n. 6397, fl. March; n. 1716); without locality
(Dumortier).

Croton Benthamianus (Müll. Arg.) Lanj. n. sp. — Croton
matourenàié Auct.- non Aubl. Benth. in Hook. Journ. of
Bot. VI (1864) p. 376; — var. Benthatnianiu MülL Arg.
in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 96.

Barra do Rio Negro (Spruce n. 1120, Croton n. 2 [K]);
Manaos Amazona (Traill n. 726 [K]).

Arbor? Ratnuli juveniles petioli rhachesque indumento stel-
lari fusco dense vestiti. Pili stellati, praeter radios horizontales
radium singularem verticalem gerentes. Stipulae 7.—^8 mm.
longae, subulatae, pilis stellatis dense vestitae, deciduae. Folia
alterna, petiolata, eglandxdosa; petiolus 1—cm. longus. Limbus
6 — 12 cm. longus, 2—6 cm. latus, ovatus vel elliptico-ovatus,
longiuscule vel longe acuminatus, basi rotundatus vel subcordatus,
membranaceus, supra verrucis pilum unicum aculeiformem,
oblique tendentibus vestitus, nervis stellato-pilosus, infra omnino
dense stellato-tomentosus, reticulato-venosus, costis secimdariis
6—\'8, subtus prominentibus. Spicae axillares et terminales,
3^—\'4 cm. longae, simplices, bisexuales, floribus in axillis
bractearum solitariis, superne masculis, inferne femineis. Brac-
teae 3—4 mm. longae, subulatae, stellato-pilosae. Flores $
pedicellati; sepala 5, ovata, obtusa, extus et margine pilosa,
intus glabra; petala 6, oblongo-ovata, obtusa, extus minute stel-
lata, intus sparse pilosa. Disci glandulae 5, crassae. Stamina ii.

filamenhs basi pilosis. Receptaculum pilosum. Flores feminei
sepahbus 5 ovatis, acutis, extus stellato-pilosis, intus glabris
disco annulari reducto. Ovarium pilis stellatis hirsutis dense
tectum, 3-loculare, stylis 3, dichotome bidivisis. Capsula 7-8 mm
diametiens, pilis stellatis, flavo-brunneis vestita. Semina fusca\'
5 mm. longa, 3,5 mm. lata, caruncida parva coronata.

which -e eglandular. The habit is rather similar to that of
6. flai^end Müll. Arg.

Frutex- scandens. Ramuli tenues cum petiolis indumento
stellari ferrupneo et cinereo tecti. Stipulae deciduae. Folia
alterna, petiolata; petiolus 2-5 cm. longus, dense pilis stellatis
vestitus. Limbus 8-11 cm. longus, 4,5-8 cm. latus, late ovatus

sparse stel ato-pilosus, pilis basi bulbosis, subtus pilis stellatis
cinereis vel ferrugineis dense vestitus, margine integro, glandu-
ligero; glandulae crateriformes. Costae subtus prominentes
costae secundariae 12-14; costa primaria subtus basi glandulis 2\'
parvis, onusta. Flores monoici. Spicae axillares, 12-20 cm\'
lonpe, basi ramosae vel simplices, bisexuales; folia prope
basin spicarum, 0,7-1 cm. petiolata, limbo 5-6 cm. longo
2,5—3 cm. lato, ovato, acuminato basi truncato. Flores i
in axilhs bractearum, breviter pedicellati, 5-8-fasciculati
inferne floribus foemineis intermixti. Bracteae 2-3 mm longae\'
anguste triangulares. Sepala c? (3-)5, ovata, acuta, extus stellato-
tomentosa, margme pilosa; petala c? (3-)5, late obovata extus
sparse stellato-pilosa, margine et intus pilis longis, flavis dense

vestita. Stamina 11; filamenta margine et intus pilis longis,
flavis, subhirsutis tecta. Receptaculum glabrum; disci glandulae
(3—)5 ad basin sepalorum, crassae, subreniformae. Flores $
subsessiles, nonnisi statu juvenili cogniti; sepalis 5, ovatis
acutis extus pilis stellatis vestitis, intus pilosis; styli 3, pluries
dichotome divisi, ovarium dense pilosum, triloculare.

This plant belongs to the section Eucroton notwithstanding
the glabrous receptacle. The exact place in the section can
not be determined on account of the incomplete knowledge of
the female flower.

This species seems to be the only liane in the genus Croton.
A not determined specimen (perhaps a new one) from Columbia
(Kew) had the same appearance and seemed to be a liane.

Arbor parva 8 m. alta. Ramuli et petioli stellato-pubescentes
glabrescentes. Stipulae subulatae, rigidae. Petioli 5—^8 cm.
longi. Folia —ly cm. longa 9.—\'ii cm. lata, ovata vel ovato-
triargularia, acuminata, basi subtruncata vel subcordata, inter-
dum juvenilia lato-cuneata, 5-nervia, membranacea, supra nervis
stellato-pubescentibus, pagina sparse pilis stellatis, multiradiatis
radio uno centrali praelongo erecto caeteris horizontalibus
minutis, vestita, infra stellato-pilosa, pilis radiis aequilongis
7 — 10, margine minute glanduloso-denticulato. Racemi ^ 10 cm.
longi; bracteae 6—y mm. longae, subulatae. Flores masculi;
calyce 5-lobato, triangulari, extus stellato-pubescenti, intus
glabro, petala 5, utrinque pilosa, receptaculum pilosum, disci
glandulae 5, stamina 14, lilamentis basi pilosis. Flores feminei,
sepalibus 5, extus dense stellato-pubescentibus. Ovarium glabrum.

This species is closely related to C. BiiLbergianum Müll. Arg.
(Linnaea XXXIV [1866] p. 98; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 682).
The stellate hairs on the lower surface of the leaves are different.
They are smaller, there are more rays and they are more densely
distributed with C. BUlbergianum. The new species is vestited
with simple hairs on the upper surface (reduced stellate hairs)
besides the stellate hairs. The male flower shows a second
difference. The calyx of C. BiUbergianum has patent stellate
hairs, whereas the hairs are more appressed with C. Longiradiatum.
The petals of C. BiUbergianum are oblong, 1-nerved and densely
covered with long hairs all along the margin outside and also
at the base inside, which gives them a woolly appearance. The
petals of the new species are obovate-spathulate and rather
folded at the apex, 3-nerved and with much shorter hairs. These
differences are shown in fig. 3. The following specimens of
C. BiLlberglanud were studied:

Billberg n. 3i6 (D); S. Haynes n. 118 (K and D); Pittier
n. 35i3 (K); S. Haynes n. 710 (N-H).

All these specimens were from Panama. A specimen collected
by Friedrichsthal in Guatamala (K) and determined as C. Bill-
bergianuA is completely similar to C. Longiradiatuö.

Concevciba Hostmanni Benth. Hook. Journ. of Bot. VI
(1864) p. 332; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 897; Pax
in E.P. IV. 147. VII (1914) p. 216.

A new description is given of this species because the existing
one was very inadequate, so that the species was hardly to
distinguish from C. guyanenum Aubl.

Arbor; ramuli validi, apice fulvo-puberuli, mox glabrescentes.
Folia alterna, bistipulata, stipulae deciduae, petiolus 2—4,5 cm.
longus, puberulus, apice ad limbi basin saepe obsolete biglan-
dulosus; limbus 8 — 17 cm. longus, 4,5—8,5 cm. latus, basi
distincte cordatus, distanter et obsolete glanduloso-dentatus,
coriaceus, utraque pagina reticulato-venosus, supra nitidus et
tantum in costis sparse puberulus, subtus sparse stellato-pilosus
et lepidulatus, in costis dense stellato-pubescens; costae secun-
dariae 7—8. Flores (J ignoti. Inflorescentia $ terminalis, spicato-
racemiformis, basi paniculatim ramosa; pedicelli calyce breviores
rarius calyce aequilongi, basi bibracteolati. Sepala 5, trian-
gulari-lanceolata, ut bracteae glandulosa. Ovarium triloculare,
fulvo-tomentellum, calycem aequans, styli calyce pluries brevi-
ores, bilobati vix connati et recurvi. Capsula c. globosa, glabra,
c. 2,2 5 cm. lata. Semina 12 mm. lata, glabra, fusca. Semen
caruncula magna coronatum.

This species can at once be distinguished from all the other
Conceigt;eiba-s^ec\\QS and especially from C. guyanenlt;iu by the
following characteristics: The leaves are always cordate at
the base, further on more shining above and thick coriaceous.
The styles are always very short and not connate and they
are always bent to the fruit as Bentham already pointed out.
The fruit is globose, smooth and without ribs.

Alchornea triplinervia Müll. Arg. var. laevigata Müll
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 910; in Fl. Bras, l.c p 38i •
Pax in E.P. IV. 147. VII (1914) p. 221.nbsp;\'

This variety is rather common in British Guyana as well
as in Surinam. The variety was founded on specimen Spruce

n. 2117 from the Rio Negro. Pax, who only knew this particular
specimen, suggested that it might not be a variety but a species.
He did not settle it definitely because the female flower was
Wanting. The plants from Surinam have female flowers but
there is no reason to distinguish a separate species. The only
important difference with the other varieties is the smaller
degree of hairiness. The ovary is nearly glabrous in contrast
with all the other varieties. The description of the variety has
to be as follows:

Petiolus !•—5,S cm. longus; limbus —cm. longus, 2—6 cm.
latus, ovatus vel ellipticus, acuminatus, basi obtusus vel acutus,
glanduloso-dentatus, opacus vel nitidulus, subcoriaceus, supra
glabrus, subtus pilis stellatis minutis sparse adspersus. Ovarium
glabrum vel sparse pilis stellatis vestitum; styli 5\'—^7 mm. longi.
Capsula glabra.

Brit. Guyana: Kamwatta, Kamuni R., Demerara R.
(Hohenkerk n. 8/3, [K] 9 fr. April, total height 19 ft.); Demerara
R. (Jenman n. ^323 [K] Waramuri Mission, Moruka R.
Pomeroon district (J. S. de la Cruz n. 2672, [K] 9)-
Vernacular names: Kanakudi-balli (Hohenkerk).

ALCHORNEOPSIS Müll. Arg.
Alchorncopsis trimera Lanj. nov. spec. Fig.
Arbor; ramuli juveniles pilis minutissimis adpressis vestiti,
mox glabrescentes, cinerascentes. Petiolus 1,5.—5 cm. longus,
vestitio eodem quod in ramis juvenilibus; limbus 7—cm.
longus, 3—5,5 cm. latus, ellipticus, breviter et obtuse acuminatus,
basi angustatus in petiolum contractus, margine remote crenu-
lato, supra nitidus, glaber, subtus in costa et nervis lateralibus
pilis minutis sparsis vestitus, nonnunquam in axillis nervorum
lateralium inferiorum, foraminibus oblongis, glanduligeris, circum
pilosulis, praetera in lamina sparsim maculis glandulosis prae-

ditus, longe trinervius, nervis supra prominulis, subtus valde
prominentibus, chartaceus, reticulato-venosus. Flores ^ ignoti.
Racemi $ axillares, solitarii vel bini vel terni ^ 6 cm. longi,
stricti, fere a basi florigeri, pubescentes; bracteae parvae, trian-

gulares, pilosae, uniflorae; pedicelli articulati; pilosi, bi-
bracteolati. Sepala 3, triangularia pilosa, apice setacea, i
0,5 mm. longa. Discus hypogynus, magnus, annularis, setosus;
ovarium ± 1 mm. longum, pilosum, pilis rigidis. Styli basi vix
connati, extus pilosi, intus papillosi. Capsula globosa, glabra.

6 mm. diametiens. Semina ^h 2,5 mm. longa, albido-striata,
strils longitudinalibus hinc inde transversaliter connectis.

Para, forest reserve Sectie O, Tree n. 617 (Hb. B. W.
n. 2696 fr. March 1917 type!; n. i65i fr. March 1916; n.
1137 fr. Okt. 1916; n. 2614 £1. Jan. 1917) and Tree n. 761
(Hb. B. W. n. 2419); forest reserve Zandery I Tree n. 184
(Hb. B. W. n. 2289).

Vernacular names: Kassavehout (Surin. Dutch); Kassaba-
hoedoe (Negro Engl.); Kanekediballi (Arovi^.); Atapiripio,
Atapilio, Moe toesirian (Kar.).

This species looks very much like A. portoricen/u Urb. (Symb.
Antill. I (1899) P- 337; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. VII (1914) p. 267)
in the form of the leaves and in the habit, but the female flowers
of this species are unknown. The Surinam plants had no male
flowers so that it is very difficult to say whether there is only
one species. It may be possible to prove in future that the two
species are the same.

Acalypha scandens Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. VI
(1854) p. 329; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 809; in
Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 618; Pulle Enum. p. 259; Pax in E.P. IV.
147. XVI (1924) p. 147; —Acalypha macro^lachya Jacq. var.
tridtid Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 345; Pulle, Enum. p. 259;
—■ Acalypha cuneata Auct. non Müll. Arg. Pulle in Ree.
des trav. bot. neerl. IX (1912) p. 145.

All the Acalypha specimens have provisionally been arranged
under this species (Except two numbers which certainly belong to
A. d\'weröifoUa Jacq.). All specimens belong to the series Pantogynae-
Pleurogynae Müll. Arg. and within this series to the Pahninerviae
Müll. Arg., though one or two may belong to the Penninerfiae

MülL Arg. It is very difficult to settle if complete plants are
not to be had, because the upper leaves may be penninerved
when the lower leaves are positively palmately nerved. Pulle
called the specimen coll. indig. n. 3o8, A. cuneata. According
to Pax\'s description this cannot be correct. (The type-specimen
could not be obtained). A. dcandend can be mixed up with A. macro-
dtachya Jacq., apart from A. cuneata. The differences between
these two species in Pax\'s determination key are very unsatis-
factory:

2.nbsp;Pax mentions with dcandend quot;Frutex scandensquot; with
macrodachya quot;Frutex erectus vel arborquot;. Specimens from
Surinam which have no other differences whatever, are
described as shrub, tree or herb, but never as a climber.
It still seems very likely that the plants belong to dcandend,
because different external factors may effect the plant.
The descriptions may not be reliable either.

An obvious difference between A. MandenA and macrodtachya
var. hirdutiddima Müll. Arg. is the vestiture of the leaves. The
leaves of the latter are always rather densely pubescent or villose
at any case on the lower surface, those of the former always
rather sparsely scabrous pilose and scabrous punctated. The
specimens of the var. macrophyila Müll. Arg. in the Kew Herb,
cannot be distinguished from dcandend. The var. Iridtid Müll.
Arg. gives more difficulties. Specimen Wullschlägel n. 774
does certainly not belong to this variety. It is a poor specimen
which will probably belong to A. dcandend. It is quite possible
that it would have been necessairy, to distinguish more species,
if a larger and better collection had been studied. The best
thing to do at the present moment is to call all specimens
A. dcandend.

Hevea guyanensis Aubl. PI. Gui. fr. II (177^) P-
Ducke in Arch. Jard. bot. Rio de Janeiro V (igSo) p. i5o.

There are considerable mutual differences with the specimens
from Surinam. The same with the specimens from Brazil which
are mentioned by Ducke and which could be obtained. It looked
at first as if there were different species on account of the
differences:

3.nbsp;Colour of the leaves from glaucescent to violascent,
especially the lower surface.

It is possible that different types might be distinguished after
a thorough study of the species in Surinam. This is, however,
impossible to do on the material from Surinam which was
studied. The only thing which can be said is that the species
Hevea marginata Ducke, seems rather unreal though this cannot
be proved.

Pera bicolor (Klotzsch) Müll Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p.
1028 (p.p.); Pax in E.P. IV. 147. XIII (1919) p. 8 (p.p.); —
Feridium bicolor Klotzsch in Hook. Journ. of Bot. II (1843)
p. 44; — Benth. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. VI (1864) p. 323
(p.p.).

This species is based by Klotzsch upon Schomburgk n. 114.
Bentham classed some other specimens in this species by mistake
and divided it into two varieties, viz. var. tomentoMm Benth.
for Rob. Schomburgk n. 114 and a specimen collected by Spruce
near Barro do Rio Negro (the latter belongs to P. cinerea Baill.
= P. tomentoda Müll. Arg.), and var. nitidum Benth. for the

specimens Rob. Schomburgk n. 685 and 686 = Rich. Schomburgk
n. 1070 and 1071. He overlooked an important difference between
these two. Number 114 has a densely villose ovary, the numbers
685 and 686 have a lepidote ovary which has at the same time
a different shape. Müller observed this difference and made
two species from these materials: P. bicoLor (Klotzsch) Müll.
Arg. and P. declpiend Müll. Arg. (see Linnaea XXXIV — i865 —
p. 201; D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1029). He mentions the var. nitidum
Benth. with P. bicolor by mistake and mentions the specimens
Rob. Schomburgk n. 685 and 686 in that place. He places the
specimens Rich. Schomburgk n. 1070 and 1071 with P. decipiend
Müll. Arg. The specimens in Kew are numbered: 685/1071
and 686/1070. They belong undoubtedly to P. declpiend Müll.
Arg. Bentham writes (in Genera Plant. III. 1. 1880, p. 340)
about this question: — P. declpiend Müll. Arg. ad P. bicoiorem
restituenda, nam specimina eadem a Rob. Schomburgkio nume-
ribus 685 et 686, et a fratere Rich. Schomb. numeribus 1070
et 1071, designata fuerunt. Müller has mentioned the numbers
685 et 686 under P. bicolor because he may never have seen
them and he did not know that they are similar to the numbers 1070
and 1071. Bentham did not examine the differences given by
Müller very well, otherwise he would have observed that here
are two species.

Pax transfers all the numbers again to P. bicolor, and describes
the ovary: — ovarium dense rufo-villosulum —. Nevertheless
he mentions the same specimen from the Herb. Berol. of which
Müller said — ovario dense lepidoto lepidibus adpressis fim-
briatis —I saw the specimen from the Herb. Berol. and agree
with Müller. Besides Rob. Schomburgk n. 114 belongs to
P. bicolor Müll. Arg. a specimen collected by Sagot in French
Guyana (named by Pax P. Schomburgkiana Müll. Arg.), a specimen
from Brit. Guyana (Sandwith n. 425 (K), Wallabaforest,
fl. Oct. )^and one from Surinam, Sectie O, tree n. 543 (B.W.
n. 4785, fl. Oct.; n. i353).

Fig. 5. Pera bicolor Müll. Arg. a female flower, inside; b outside;
c longitudinal section; d diagram of a bisexual involucre with two
male and one female flower.

Unisexual involucres were only known with P. bicolor. In the
Surinam specimen, however, bisexual involucres also occur.
Up to the present moment this was only known for P. heterodoxa
Müll. Arg. The Surinam plant is further quite the same as Rob.
Schomburgk n. 114, The description has to be completed with
the following lines:

In specimine B.W. 4/85 involucra nunc bisexualia, floribus
masculinis 2, femineo 1, nunc unisexualia (cf. Fig. 5).

In this characteristic we have a transition from the section
DipLopera Müll. Arg. to the section Neopera Griseb. Further
examination may probably produce more transitions of this
kind so that a separate section for P. heterodoxa Müll. Arg.
may eventually be unnecessary. Together with P. diétichophylLa
Baill. it will be placed in the section Schidmatopera Baill.

Arbor 8 —lo m. attingens; latex ferrugineus, ramuli juveniles
pilis brevibus, rigidis sparse vestiti, demum glabrati. Folia
alterna, bistipulata; stipulae triangulari-lanceolatae, 5 mm.
longae, basi ± 2 mm. latae, apice acuminatae, supra pilis
rigidis adpressis vestitae, subtus glabratae. Petiolus i—3,5 cm.
longus, sulcatus, pilis brevibus ramosis, mollibus patentibus
aliisque longioribus, simplicibus, rigidis, adpressis vestitus.
Limbus (8,5) 12—26 cm. longus, 3,5—8,5 cm. latus rigide-
membranaceus, oblongo lanceolatus, basin versus cuneato-
angustatus, saepe acumine 1—1,5 cm. longo praeditus, irregu-
lariter serrato-dentatus, parte superiore dentibus saepe glanduli-
feris, basi glandulis binis, planis, lanceolato-acuminatis, i 2 mm.
longis \\ mm. latis, ornatus, supra subfuscus opacus, sulatus
fuscescenti-viridis, nervis utrinque praesertim subtus prominenti-

longae flagelliformae; rhachis sparse hirsuto-pilosa; racemulae
4-florae in axillis bractearum i,5—4 cm. remotae. Flores
subsessiles; calyx crassa comosa irregulariter 5-lobata quin-
cuncialis, lobis triangularibus, rotundatis, extus atro-fusca
granulata, pilis rigidis vestita-. Petala 5, crassa late ovata
obtusa, extus pilis eis calycis simillimis, sparse vestita. Discus
extra-staminalis, brevius urceolatus, sulcis rectis. Stamina 6
quorum 5 epipetalia unum centrale, fdamentis brevibus disco

aequilongis, antheris satis latis, accuminatis, introrsis, longi-
tudinaliter dehiscentibus. Flores $ nonnisi statu fructigero juvenili
cogniti. Pedicelli crassi, brevi, ± 2 mm. longi. Sepala 5, late
triangularia, acuta, extus sparse pilosa. Ovarium 3-loculare,
± 7 mm. longum, ± 5 mm. latum, oblongum, sparse pilosum.
Discus annularis parvus. Semina laevia, caruncula mediocre
coronata.

Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6725. type fl. July; n. 724, fl.
Sept. n. 3290, type fl. Sept.; n. 6484, fl. June).

This new species is closely related to the other species of this
genus especially to F. Montana (Casar) Radlk. (Flora LIII
(1870) p. 92 t. 2 Pax in E. P. IV. 147. Ill (1911) p 42
fig. i3 A and B).

Manihot csculcnta Crantz, Inst, rei Herb. I (1766) p. 167;
— Manihot utiVuMma Pohl, P. Bras. Ic. et Descr I (1827)
p. 32, t. 24; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1064- in Fl
Bras, l.c.p. 457, t. 66; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. II (igio)
p. 67; — Jalropha Manihot L. Spec. pl. ed. 1 (1763) p. 1007.

This plant is cultivated in every tropical country and especially
in South America. There are many varieties as is always the
case with species which have been cultivated for very long
times. Several people have already tried to arrange these
varieties systematically (cf. Pax). The divisions are practically
of no use because it is impossible to distinguish the different
types without experiments with these plants on a large scale.
Several investigators call the different varieties after the
vernacular names. The many specimens from Surinam are
labelled with about the same number of different vernacular
names. It is, however, impossible to distinguish different types

with one exception. This type differs largely in the shape of
the leaves. The lobes are longer and narrower and equally
broad over the whole length of the lobe. There are more side-
nerves, which are more rectangular with the midrib.

Many specimens of this variety have been collected in Surinam,
all with this leaf-form. Pax gives a provisional diagnosis of
^ specimen collected by Spruce and calls it JKanihot Sprucei
Pax (in E.P. IV. 147. II — 1910 —■ p. 71). This specimen
Was examined in Kew and proved to be exactly like the above
mentioned Surinam plants. Fruits were unknown. The Surinam
plants have many fruits and they are similar to those of M.
^dcuLenta Crantz. Spruce made this note on the label: quot;This is
the variety most commonly cultivated here, it grows 8 to 10 feet
high, has the stems lengthen, the lower leaves falling off, having
the stem naked to near the topquot;. In Kew are also 2 specimens
from Paraguay determined as M. utiLimdima, which are very
similar to this variety. It seems rather unlikely that we are
dealing with a species. It will certainly be a variety and as
such a description is given below, though it might just be a forma.

var. Sprucei (Pax) Lanj. n. var. ^ Manihot Sprucei Pax in
E.P. IV. 147. II (1910) p. 71.

Folia quinque-lobata, lobis lineari-lanceolatis, i3—^21 cm.
longis, supra olivaceo-viridia, subnitida, subtus pruinoso-glauca,
apice mucronulata; costae secundariae numerosae, ± horizontals.

Near Santarem (Spruce n. Ssö [K]); Paraguay (Morong
n. 391 [K]; Hassler n. 1748 [K]); Zanderij I (B. W. n. 2841,
fl. May; n. 2786, fr. March; n. 2778, fl. March; n. 2846,
fr. May; n. 2780, fl. Febr.; n. 2873, fl. May).

There are also some differing specimens with the Manihot
plants which are growing wild. They have much smaller leaves
and these leaves are at the same time slightly peltate, though

this occurs also with the common plants. These differences are
probably due to the habitat.

In the literature for Surinam we found also Manihot DuLcid
(J. F. Gmel.) Pax var. Aipi (Pohl) Pax e.g. Splitgerber n. 277 (L)
(see Pulle, Enum. p. 261). The only differences between M.
clt;sculenta and M. DulcU are:

The capsules are indeed winged with Splitgerber\'s specimen.
The character about the anthers is rather vague because it
depends largely on the stage of development. There is there-
fore no reason why the specimen should not belong to M. eaculenta.

Arbor, latice albido, ramulis juvenilibus fulvo-pubescentibus,
mox glabratis. Petiolus 0,6—2 cm. longus fulvo-pilosus; limbus

5 —15 cm. longus, i,5—\'6 cm. latus, oblongus vel lanceolato-
oblongus, breviter et obtuse acuminatus, mucronatus, basi
obtusus, rotundatus, supra olivaceo-fuscescens, glaber, nitidus,
subtus fuscus, opacus, in axillis costarum secundarum puberulus,
chartaceus, costae secundariae utrinque 6; stipulae Jt —4 nmi\'
longae. Paniculae laterales, in apice ramulorum congestae, pube-
rulae, folia aequantes vel longiores. Flores sepala 5, i i«5 mm.
longa, intus glabra, extus puberula; stamina 4—5, fdamentis
sparse puberulis, receptaculum pilosum. Flores sepala 5,
i 3 mm. longa, ovato-lanceolata, extus puberula; ovarium
pubescens; styli breves, bilobati; discus annularis tenuis,
pubescens. Capsula lo mm. longa, ii mm. lata, glabra. Semina
laevia, brunnea.

Surinam River, forest reserve Brownsberg. Tree n. 1146
(Hb. B.W. n. 6687, fl. 3i Oct. 1924 type; n. 4267, fr. 24
Febr. 1919 typel for the fruits n. 4701 fr. 6 June 1920) and
Tree n. 119 (Hb. B. W. n. 3233 fl. 11 Sept. 1917); Brownsberg
(Hb. B.W. b. 6721 fl. 1 July 1924; Hb. B.W. n. 6637 fl.
26 June 1924).

Vernacular names: Koedi biose balli, Bartabalie balli (Arow.)
Topoeloe alome, Moereidam (Kar.).

This species can be distinguished from y?/. dphonoided Benth.
(in Hook. Kew Journ. of Bot. VI (1854) p. 371; Pax in E.P.
IV. 147. I (1910) p. 20) by the shorter pedicels, the smaller
leaves, which are shining on the upper surface and are provided
with an acumen, and by the typical hairs of the pedicels and
the corners which the side-nerves make with the midrib. There
are only about 6 side-nerves. The species resembles indeed
somewhat M. heterophyUa Poisson (Bull. Mus. hist. nat. Paris
t. 8 (1902) p. 56i) but can not further be determined by the
very imcomplete french description and the lack of authentic
specimens.

Mabca taquari Aubl. PL Gui. fr. II (1775) p. 870, t. 33,
f. 2; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1149; Pax in E.P.
IV. 147. V (1912) p. 32.

M^Biä Sfefiömamp;ürgtii Dvfitli, iii Höök. jöuiii. 0I üüL VI
(1854) p. 365; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1149; Pax
l.c.p. 38.

Several characters of these two species have to be discussed.
First of all something about the umbels being sessile or stalked.
Aublet gives a picture of J{. taquari with stalked umbels.
BentKam divides the two species according to the character
0/ having stalked umbels or not (No stalked umbels with
M. Schomhurgkii). Pax apparently interpreted this wrongly
for he states in his description that it is M. Schomburgkii which
has the stalked umbels. This appears also from the plants in
the Berlin Herb, which he determined in that way. One should
not contribute too much value to this character, because with
plants from Surinam sessile and stalked umbels were some-
times found on the same branch. On the other hand the specimens
from the Kew Herb., which belong to Af. Schomburgkii by
their fruits, always showed closely sessile umbels.

The second point of distinction between the two species is found
in the fruits which are bimuricate on the back of each valve
or not. Pax knew the difficulties of the discrimination between
the species of the genus Mabea very well and he says in his
introduction that M. taquari and M. Schomburgkii cannot be
kept apart without the fruits. In the determination key he
declares that the ovary has to be muricate with M. Schomburgkii.
It seems therefore very curious that Pax divides the Herb,
sheet Schomburgk n. 40 from the Berl. Herb., consisting of
a fruit-bearing twig and a flowering one, into ßl. taquari and
/H. Schomburgkii. The fruiting twig bears non-muricate fruits
and is called M. taquari to which there cannot be any objection.

The flowering branch has got stalked umbels. This characteristic
quot;lay not have much value but tells at any rate against M. Schom-
burgkii. But Pax determined the branch as a M. Schoniburgkii,
it is impossible to explain why. The two branches very likely
belong both to M. taquari. In the Kew Herb, three sheets with

1 • A sheet with two flowering branches, 2 leaves and a fruit-
bearing twig. The male umbels are sessile and the fruits
are distinctly bimuricate (compare Plate IV).

a.nbsp;A. branch with young fruits. These fruits do not
produce the slightest sign o£ points, whereas thej
certainly occur on young fruits o£ otVier specimens.

b.nbsp;Two flowering branches, separated from a. by a lead
pencil line. The male umbels are stalked. These two
branches have been determined as yJI. taquari.

The two species have very likely been collected by Schomburgk
and have become mixed up later on. The Berl. specimen of
Schomburgk n. 40 is probably a duplicate of the third sheet.

1.nbsp;A sheet Sagot n. 1147, two branc\\\\es, one with fruits:
fruits muricate: JI. Schomburgkii Benth.

2.nbsp;A sheet Hohenkerk n. 668 (Berbice), two fruit-bearing
branches and two flowering branches. Fruits muricate,
male umbels closely sessile or with a stalk of only half
a mm.: Jll. Schomburgkii Benth.

3.nbsp;Two sheets Rich. Schomburgk n. 535 with flowering
branches only. The male umbels are not quite as sessile
as with Rob. Schomburgk n. 40: A£. taquari Aubl.

For a reliable distinction between the two species fruits,
are really indispensable.

The type-specimen of this species, A. W. Bartlett n. 8217,
collected in British Guyana from the Herb, at Berlin-Dahlem
was studied as well as the specimen Ule n. 8897 in the Kew
Herb. It had been determined as such and is certainly the
same as Bartlett\'s specimen.

The plant collected by Bartlett looks very much like the
specimen from French Guyana (without collectors name: ded.
Poiteau) from the Berl. Herb, called M. occidentaLid Benth.
var. purpuraöcenö Müll. Arg. by Müller and Pax. The latter
plant is not very much like the other varieties of M. occidentalid.
Pax already suggests the idea of dividing this species into a
number of new species. It will certainly be necessary with
the var. purpuramcend. It is a very striking fact that Pax described
Bartlett\'s specimen as a new species in the quot;Addendaquot; which
happened when he had already written his monograph on the
genus Mabea. The only difference is the position of the glands
of the male umbels. With the specimen from French \' Guyana
they are very near to the base and with Bartlett\'s specimen
they are at the top of the peduncles. This difference is certainly
not of enough importance to make a new species on it. Both
specimens should certainly be called M. caudata Pax et K. Hoffm.

A certain number of specimens belonging to the Surinam-
Mabea-material was first called M. occidentaLid Benthe var.
purpuramcenm Müll. Arg. and is now called AI. caudata. There
are, however, still a few differences which will be described
in the following paragraphs:

1. The leaves are larger for the greater part though this
may be contributed to the fact that they belong to older
branches. More important is the colour of the lower
surface which is the same as that of the upper surface
and not glaucescent.

But all these differences cannot be defined very accurately,
because there are all sorts of transitions. It would therefore
not be right to make a new species. The plants from Surinam
are provisionally called var. concoLor nov. var. of M. caudata.

The synonymy of the species and the variety, together with
a description of the latter, is given below.

Mabca caudata Pax et K. Hoffm. in E.P. l.c.p. 282; —
Alabea occidentals Benth. var. purpuraacend Miill. Arg. in Fl.
Bras, l.c.p. 621; Pax l.c.p. 34; — Jfabea piriri Aubl. var.
purpuraécenö Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1160.

Distribution: French Guyana (without collector\'s name [D])
Brit. Guyana, Conawaruk R. (A. W. Bartlett n. 8217, [D],
fl. Sept.); (Ule n. 8897 [K]).

var. concolor Lanj. nov. var.; — JIabea occidentalié Benth.
var. purpuradcenó Auct. non Miill. Arg. Pulle in Rec. des
Trav. bot. néerl. IX (1912) p. 146.

Folia 9—^23 cm. longa, 4,5—9 cm. lata, oblonga vel ovato-
lanceolata, concoloria. Capsula dense minutissime puberulo-
tomentosa, 11—^14 mm. longa, 11 mm. lata, trisulcata. Sémen
8—^10 mm. longum, bruneum, laeve, caruncula parva, nigra
coronatum.

Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6876, fl. May; B. W. n. 6781, fr.
Jan. (fruit red); B. W. n. 766, fl. Sept.; Gonggrijp n. ?, fl.
and fr. Oct. 1910, Typel; B. W. n. 3242, fr. Sept.; B.W. n.
3199, fl. Sept.); Upper Coppename R. (Boon n. 1216, fl.
Oct.).

During my study of the genus Sapium, some specimens caused
me a lot of trouble, because they belonged to quot;le terrible
bloc du Sapium biglandulosumquot;. as Huber exactly calls it.
A great number of forms in this species had been united by Müller
as varieties. Huber was quite right when he divided the species
into a number of new ones in his excellent work on the South
American species of Sapium. But, after a comparison of the
Surinam plants with specimens from the Berl. Herb, and the
Herb, de la Conservatoire at Geneva it seems necessary to
unite some of Huber\'s species to one. Huber expected it, he
wrote: quot;Sans doute il faudra réunir plus tard des formes
qui ont distinguées par moi comme espèces mais ce travail
de concentration sera plus facile une fois que nous n\'aurons
plus à lutter avec le terrible bloc du Sapium big LanduLo.umquot;
It still gives a lot of trouble but it is undoubtedly a fact that
Huber contributed much to the systematics of the genus Sapium
in South America. Pax\'s monograph is not of much value,
it should have been more critically written, which is probably
due to the lack of material. Now it has only compiled facts.

Sapium intercedend, CtauMenianum, KLotzôchianum and peliolare
are only different in the form of the leaves. Of these species
plants from Berlin and Geneva were available together with
a fair quantity of specimens from a numbered tree from Surinam.
A close examination of all these specimens leads to the con-
clusion that these species should be united into one, because
there are no real differences. Fig. 9 and 10 give the pictures
of the leaves of all the plants. It is evident that every transition
occurs even with leaves of one tree. The leaves n. sS {S. Ciaué-
Mtiianum) and n. 8 and 10 {S. peliolare) obviously belong to the
same type. N. 7, a leaf from the same specimen as n. 8 is similar
to n. 1 and 3, the tip of the latter is only not cucullate. N. 5
and i3 represent here a transition, having the same type of

leaf but with a slightly reduplicative tip. N. 19 (S. KLotz^ichianum)
resembles n. 24 {S. CLaud^enianam). The varied form of the
leaves is very well shown by n. 27—33; all the leaves belong
to the same tree from Surinam (Watramiri n. 1662) and every
type is represented. N. 27 is similar to n. 26 and 26 (iSquot;. inter-
cedena)-, n. 28 and 3i to n. 16 and 18 (S. KLotzlt;ichianum)] and
n- 29 and 3o at any rate to n. 7 and 8 {S. petlolare). There is
certainly enough evidence to unite the above mentioned species.
There was at first some doubt about S. petioLare, which differs to
some extent with the other species:

1.nbsp;The apex is not cucullate but flat. Huber says in his key:
quot;pointe de la feuille obtuse et planequot;. Pax has already
abandoned this characteristic and writes in his description:
quot;apice cucullato inflexusquot;. Indeed one may find all
transitions, though not on one specimen, for instance
the leaves n. 5,6 and i3 have a very slightly recurved tip.

2.nbsp;Some specimens have longer petioles, but as can be seen
from the figures, there occur also other forms with longer
petioles.

There appears to be no reason to retain S. petioLare. It is
possible that a study on living plants will prove the existence
of two species, but the species should at present be united
because no real differences can be given. The species has to be
called Sapium Klotzdchianum (Müll. Arg.) Huber. A new
description follows according to this conception of the species.

Sapium Klotzschianum (Müll. Arg.) Huber in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. 2 sér. VI (1906) p. 438, f. 3o; Pax in E. P. IV. 147. V
(i9i2)p. 228; — Sapium biglandulodum var. Klotzöchianum f.
obovatum et f. oblongatum Müll. Arg. (ex parte) in Linnaea
XXXII (i863) p. 16; — StiUingia cremoAtachya Baill. Adan-
sonia V (i865)p. 322; — Excoecaria biglanduloAa var. KLotz-
échiana f. obovata et oblongata Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p.
i2o5; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 619; — Excoecaria blglanduloóa var.
Clauééeniana, var. intercedent et var. grandifolia Müll. Arg. in

Fig. 9- Sapium Klotzschianum Hub. 1 — 14 S. petiolare Hub.
1 Regnell 243; 2-—4 Glaziou 9687,• 5 — 6 Glaziou 4190; 7—8
Sellow 3i8; 9 — 10 Sellow 402; 11—-12 Sellow iSgo; i3 Glaziou
14266; 14 Ule 5355; i5 —19 S. Klotzschianum Hub. i5—.16
Pohl iggS; 17 Riedel 187; 18 Ule 602; 19 Lhotzky.

Fig. lo. Sapium Klotzschianum Hub. 20—21 Pohl 1698;
22 — 24 S. ClauMenlanum Hub. 22 — 23 Claussen; 24 Warming
1537; 25—^26 S. Inlercedenó Hub. Warming i536; 27—32
Watramiri tree 1662.

Sapium End Lieber ianum Klotzsch in Sched.; — Sapium Longi-
foLium Klotzsch in Sched.; — SapiopAé cremoótachyó St. Hil.
in Sched. ex Baill. l.c.p. 322; — Sapium PoisLianum Klotzsch
in Sched.; — Sapium éubéerratum Klotzsch in Sched.

Arbor 6—13 m. alta; ramuli dense foliosi. Folia valde vari-
abilia. Petiolus 1 —3,5 cm. longus, gracilis vel gracillimus, apice
glandulis 2, divaricatis vel recurvis vel resupinatis, elongato-
ovoideis vel obtuso-conicis, onustus. Limbus 4 —17(21) cm.
longus, 1,5—5 cm. latus, lanceolatus vel ellipticus vel oblongo-
ellipticus vel obovato-oblongus vel obovatus, acumine breve
obtuso uncinato, rarius subuncinato vel plano, basi cuneatus,
acutus, interdum subrotundatus obtusus, margine subintegro vel
obsolete crenulato, eglanduloso vel hinc inde appendiculato-
glanduligero, supra nitidus, membranaceus vel subcoriaceus,
costis secundariis numerosis, satis prominentibus, stipulis late
triangularibus, acutis. Folia superiora inferioribus saepe longiora
et angustiora. Spicae 6—20 cm. longae, terminales, androgynae,
basi floribus $ paucis praeditae, breviores, vel omnino $ longi-
ores; $ in axillis bractearum 7 — 11-fasciculati, flores $ solitariis.
Bracteae semi-orbiculares, apice lacerato, utrinque glandula
orbiculari vel oblonga instructae. Calyx $ bilobus, $ 3-dentatus.
Stamina 2, filamentis parte media paulo incrassatis. Ovarium
3-loculare, stylis 3, basi in columnam crassiusculam connatis.
Capsula 3-cocca, 3-sulca, 11 mm. lata, 8 mm. longa, sessilis.
Semen 4.—^5 mm. diametiehs semi-orbiculare, dense verrucu-
losum.

The following specimen have been studied. (For the locality
see Pax I.e.). From the Berlin Herb. Glaziou n. 14266; n.
4190; Sellow n. 1390; n. 3i8; n. 402; Ule n. 602; Pohl n.
1996; n. 1698; Riedel n. 187; Lhotzky. From the quot;Herb.

de la Conservatoire, Genèvequot;: Glaziou n. 9687; Warming
n. i535; n. i536; n. 1637; Salzmann n. 5oo; Regnell n. 243;
Ule n. 5355; Pohl n. 1995; Riedel n. 187; Claussen.

Surinam: Watramiri, Tree n. 1662 (B.W . n. 4548, fr.
Febr. and B. W. 2229, fr. Aug.); Kaboerie, Tree n. 554
(B. W. n. 4920, sterile: a sterile specimen with large leaves).

Among the materials from the quot; Herb. Berolensequot; was a
specimen collected by Glaziou (named by Pax S. petiolare) which
differs importlantly in the form and the place of its glandules.
This characteristic is often used to distinguish the species.
It will, however, only be a variety because the other parts
show a striking resemblance (Fig. 11).

Fig. 11. Sapium Klotzschianum Hub. var. Glaziovii Lanj.
base of the limb, a lower surface; b upper surface.

Folia obovata, basi cuneata, apice obtuse acuminata et
plana, obsolete glanduligero-dentata. Glandulae ad limbi basin
affixae, sub folio latentes, globosae.

Arbor ramulis glabris striatis, dense foliigeris Folia alterna,
vel subopposita, bistipulata; stipulae deciduae, ± o,5 cm.

longus, 4—^6,5 cm. latus, oblongus vel obovato-oblongus, cuspi-
dato-acuminatus, acumine obtuso, basi in petiolum contractus.

subrotundatus vel cuneatus, margine minute glanduloso-dentato
et paulo supra basin glandulis 2 vel 4, linearibus, ± 2 mm.
longis, onusto, membranaceus, supra nitidus, subtus pallidior,
reticulato-venosus. Nervi subtus prominentes. Costae secun-
dariae utrinque 10 — 12, arcuato-conjunctae. Flores et fructus
ignoti.

This species belongs also to the subsect. PlanifoLia Pax et
K. Hofm. The species is related to S. erythroépennum (Griseb.)
Müll. Arg. [Linnaea XXXII (i863) p. 119; Pax, in Engler,
Das Pflanzenreich, IV, 147. V. (1912) p. 218] and is to distin-
guish by the form and the size of the leaves and the number
and form of the glandules.

Arbor, i5 m. alta, latice albido; ramuli dense foliosi. Petiolus
6—12 mm. longus, apice glandulis 2, parvulis, hemisphaericis,
i 0,5 mm. longis onustus; limbus 4,5—^8,5 cm., longus, 2 — Z cm.
latus, oblongo-lanceolatus, cuspidato-acuminatus, acumine obtuso,
basi acutus, subcoriaceus, margine obsolete undulato vel integro,
sparse glanduligero, subrevoluto; costae secundariae 7—^8, cum
venis utrinque paullum prominentes, tenues, 3 mm. a margine
arete conjunctae, venae pauce evolutae. Spicae terminales,
8~io cm. longae, androgynae, basi flores $ paucos solitarios
gerentes; floribus $ 3—^7 fasciculatis in axillis bractearum
brevissimarum, basi glandulis 2, orbicularibus praeditarum. Calyx
c? bilobus; stamina 2. Capsula breviter pedicellata, bilocularis,
globosa, i 6—8 mm. lata, sicca compressa. Semen 3—5 mm.,
longum, 2—^4 mm. latum, compressum, subrugosum.

This species belongs to the subgenus Eiuapiutn Pax et K.
Hoffmann and of this subgenus to the subsect. PLanifoLia Pax
K. Hoffmann from the sect. Americana Pax et K. Hoffm.
Within this subsect. the species is related with Jenmanii
Hemsley (Hook. Icon. PI. t. 2649 (1900); Pax in E.P. IV.
147. V (1912) p. 217). It can be distinguished from the latter
by its 2-celled ovary, and by the less developed enervation
of the leaves.

It is very likely that Dawe 233 (K) belongs to this species
It is a rubber tree which is usually found in the more sandy
parts of the llanos of San Martin. The nerves seem to have
a greater development but the position of the fruits is apparently
the same.

Caule herbaceo, erecto, glauco, striato, articulato, glabro
vel, imprimis in nodis, pilis patentibus nonnilis sparse vestito.
infra simplice, superne plerumque dichotomo. Folia glauca,\'
petiolata, alterna, superiora ternata. Petiolus 2 — 12 mm. longus,\'
sparse patenti-pilosus. Folia utrinque, precipue basi, sparse
pilosa, caulina ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, 3,5—7,5. cm. longa,
1—\'2,5 cm. lata, maxima latitudine in tertia parte a basi, longé
acuminata, basi abrupte acuminata, inflorescentialia angustiora,
longiora, 5—8,5 cm. longa, 0,6—2 cm. lata, maxima latitudiné
in 1- vel \\ parte a basi, nervi 10 — 14, tenues, supra subprominentes.
Inflorescentiae terminales, ternatae, 2—2,5 cm. longae, 1 cm.
pedunculatae, bis vel ter-dichotomae, foliolis tribus, inflorescenti-
alibus conformibus sed parvioribus, subtensae, dense bracteatae.

Fig. i3. Euphorbia surinamcnsis Lanj. a habit; bcyathium;
c seed; E. insulana Veil, d cyathmm.

Bracteae anguste triangulares, ± i mm. longae, acutae, pagina
inferiore et margine subfimbriato-pilosae. Involucra 1,7 mm.
longa, 1—2,5 mm. pedunculata, cupulata, utrinque glabra, 5-
lobata, laciniata, biglandulosa. Glandulae infundibula, c\'om-
pressa, extus nasata, simulantes. Ovarium pilis brevibus tectum,
stylis tribus, brevibus, crassis, bilobatis. Capsula pilosiuscula!
3 mm. diametro, coccis 3, 2-valvatis. Semen 2 mm. longum\'
verrucis mammiformibus serialibus, verruculis intermixtis, ves-
titum, caruncula alba, globosa, parva coronatum.

Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n 832 (typel) fl. Dec.); Avanavero
falls (B. W. n. 4670, fl. March).

This species belongs to the section Dichiiium Müll. Arg.
and is closely related to E. inmlana Veil, and E. Lancifoli \'a
Schlecht. The specimen from Surinam was compared with the
type-specimens of these two species and there appeared to be
some very distinct differences, e.g.: long narrow leaves at the
top of the plant, inflorescences short and compact, the shape
of the \\gt;racts, the appendage of the glands which are very small
with this Surinam species (cf. fig. i3). Specimen B.W. n. 4670
is a little different from the type-specimen. The internodes are
shorter, the stems and the leaves stronger.

Everything that the present writer has found in the literature
-about the use of the Euphorbiaceae occurring in Surinam, has
been collected in this chapter. In the first place of course con-
cerning Surinam, but a few things about the use in other
countries, especially South-America, are also mentioned. The
extensive and scattered character of the literature may cause
that this summary is found to be incomplete. But it may be
useful for those hearing about the use of these plants in Surinam,
to be referred to the following information and to find out whether
the use is also known in other countries.

As the present author could not verify all this information,
a separate paragraph has been devoted to every statement
while the author\'s name and if possible the name of the country
to which the information refers, are mentioned between brackets.
Sometimes the information was found written by the collector
on a label. At the end of the chapter the literature will be found.

As will be seen in the course of this chapter there are among
the Euphorbiaceae a great number of purgatives, diuretics
and remedies for venereal diseases. The healing qualities are
mostly found either in the oily seeds or the milky juice. Every
body is warned against applying the remedies mentioned above
without first taking medical advice as in some cases they may
have an injurious effect (Lampe). Besides Rodway points
out that the importance of these remedies should not be over-

rated, as some of them, when dry, have no value whatever,
and others cannot be kept for a long time. Yet, as he writes\'
they are of some importance for the natives having the herbs
fresh and close at hand.

Apart from the fact that Manihot is an important article
of food among the natives, none of the Surinam Euphorbiaceae
is of really great economical importance. Manihot if cultivated
well, might yield some profit (Gonggrijp).

A tall tree supplies nicely variegated, red wood, much sought
after for furniture-wood (Peckolt—Brazil).

Some information as to anatomy and appearance is to be
found in Stone and Kribs.

A decoction of the leaves is applied to stomach ache. The
leaves contain the alcaloid Phyllantin (Sack—Surinam).

A decoction is taken by way of diureticum. The planters
take it as a medicine in case of intermittent fever Aloreover
it is taken for colic, menstruation disturbances, nephritic and
vesical diseases. If taken in a somewhat greater dose it would
act abortively or toxically. The plant is also a remedy for Diabetes
mellitus. The fresh plant pulverized with a spoonful of kitchen
salt is «applied to dry, itching eczemes (Peckolt—Brazil).

and also as a purgative. The root is recommended as a remedy
for jaundice (Dragendorff).

Very recommendable for intermittent fever, acts also preven-
tively (Bocquillon-Limousin).

quot;According to Muhammadan writers the milky juice is a good
application to offensive sores; a poultice of the leaves with
salt cures scabby affections, and without salt may be applied
to bruises etc.quot; (Dymock ex Watt).

Applied to the same diseases as P. niruri L., but is not in
such a high repute (Peckolt—Brazil).

This plant is usually used in the same way as P. niruri and
also as a fish-poison (Wiesner—Guyana, Brazil).

Is applied to stomach diseases (Tulleken.—\'Surinam).
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels.

Among the natives a decoction is said to have curative power
in case of haemorrhage (Peckolt—Brazil).

The root acts strongly emetically and drastically. The leaves
are used as diaphoreticum and antarthriticum (Dragendorff).

quot;The fruit is acid and adstringent, the root is an active purga-
tive and the seed is also cathartic. The fruits are much used
as an article of food, either raw or dressed in various fashions,
pickled or made into preservesquot; (Watt—India).

The wood is heavy or rather heavy and hard. The colour
of the sapwood is pink or reddish and that of the heartwood
varies from dark brown to purple. The wood is said to be strong
and durable. It does not easily split or tear, but it warps soon.
It is to be used for ordinary building purposes, also where
the wood is in contact with the damp soil; it might be used
for sleepers (Pfeiffer—Surinam),

The bark is sometimes used as an adulteration for the genuine
Cascarilla, which is made of Croton Eluteria Bennett and has
been applied to gastric and intestinal disturbances and fever
in Europe since the 17th century (Dragendorff).

Concerning the var. Manihot Müll. Arg. Peckolt says: The
leaves act as a diuretic (Peckolt—Brazil).

Mabi-wood is light and soft. It is not strong or durable.
According to Pfeiffer it is much the same as Hevea wood, so
that for the use the reader is referred to that (Pfeiffer-

Peckolt, Dragendorff and Eichler state that the seeds are
oily and edible (Peckolt, Dragendorff, Eichler—Brazil).

The fresh leaves rubbed small are used as compresses or a
concentrated decoction for compresses and the cleaning of
quot;Wounds both with man and animals. The stem supplies service-
able wood (Peckolt—Brazil).

The leaves are applied to oedeme and abscesses, they are
also eaten by way of greens (Dragendorff).

The leaves are taken as a diuretic, the root as a drastic and
the milky juice is applied to warts. The milky juice, with grease,
is applied as a remedy for sores and wounds (Peckolt—
Brazil).

The root supplies a purgative and a diuretic. The milky juice
is applied to cutaneous diseases (Dragendorff).

The leaves and stems are beset with poisonous hairs, which
give a burning sensation and blisters (Cook and Collins-
Porto Rico).

About this well-known plant exists an extensive literature.
Only the most important things will be quoted here; for the
detailed data is referred to the various text-books dealing
with this subject.

The seeds are pulverized, boiled in water; the oil, floating
on the surface, is taken as a purgative (Sack—Surinam).

The seeds contain about 5o % of oil. The greater part of
the oil is used for the manufacture of soap, dye stuffs (Turkey
red), pomatums and the rubbing of leather to keep it supple.
The seeds are very poisonous, caused by an albumen, ricine,
of which the seeds contain about 3 %. This albumen is left
behind in the residuum and this is therefore not suitable for
consumption, but is used as manure (Sack—Surinam).

The root is applied to nephritis, the leaves to abscesses, rash
and affections of the eyes (Dragendorff).

For therapeutic use the skelled kernels are boiled in water
In Brazil the seeds mainly supply lubrication oil and lamp oil.
Women use a decoction of the fresh leaves to put on their
breasts in order to promote the milksecretion. (A decoction is
also drunk). It is rather striking that the reverse is also stated.

Planters use the pulverized seed-kernels w^ith fried bacon by
Way of rat\'s bane (Peckolt—Brazil).

quot;It has also been strongly recommended by Dr. Johnston
as an éliminant in malignant choleraquot; (Bentley and Trimen).

The seeds supply excellent lamp oil, better than any other.
quot;All the great parfumers of London and Paris use the castor
oil for the manufacture of Golden oil and its beneficial effects
are due to the demulcent quality of the castor oil, w^hich keeps
the head cool and the pores of the skin and roots of the hair
soft and open. A purgative is made of the bark of the roots.quot;

De Jussieu deals at length with the poisonous qualities which
the seeds possess. Moreover he states that it is used to expel
intestinal worms. The root acts as a diureticum, but according
to de Jussieu the remedy is not much used (de Jussieu).

The stems and leaves are used as a raw material in the
^manufacture of paper. The bark serves as a substitute for
jute (Wiesner—Brazil).

The decoction of the root has been used in the West-Indies
as a remedy for colic and that of the leaves for venereal diseases.
(Standley).

The decoction of the root is taken for bilious attacks and
to Cool down the blood (Boldingh—the Antilles).

The wood is light or rather light, soft and of a light brownish
grey to a yellowish grey. It is not very strong or durable, so
that it is only to be used for cheap wooden boxes (Pfeiffer-
Surinam).

The tree yields rather good rubber, though of a somewhat
^ess quality than H. braéUieuMô Müll. Arg. It seems that the
Indians use the seeds for necklaces, (van Asbeck—^Surinam).

This is the well known rubbertree. In Surinam efforts have
been made to grow this tree for the market, which has failed
owing to diseases.

Among the natives the seeds are used for consumption; they
also yield a greasy oil (Peckolt—Brazil).

In Costa Rica the leaves are rubbed upon the cheeks as a
remedy for tooth ache (St and ley).

Peckolt records that according to Jules Poisson a decoction
of the bark of the root is used as a cosmetic. The tincture prepared
with sugar-cane brandy acts as a tonic and an aphrodisiac
when applied in a small dose, in a larger dose it acts as a purgative
(Peckolt—Brazil).

The seeds supply a bright yellow ill smelling oil acting as
a piu\'gative. This oil is used for the manufacture of soap. It soon
thickens and for this reason it cannot be used as a lubrication
oil. The seeds contain about 26 % of oil. They are poisonous
which is caused by the albumen, curcine, corresponding to
quot;ricinequot;. The juice of the plant contains the same material
(Sack.—^Surinam).

The seeds and oil were formerly applied to anasarca, ileus
and chronic gout. Among the natives in Brazil the seeds are
still often taken as a purgative and a drastic. The cotyledons

must be carefully removed as otherwise it will act as a toxin
attended with vomiting and dysentery. Four or five seeds will
cause death. This injurious effect is eliminated by the natives
by roasting the seeds. The taste of the seeds is good. Two
pulverized seeds with sugar are used as a purgative, 4 or 5
seeds as a drastic. The oil of the seeds also acts as a purgative.
It is also taken by drops for several forms of rash. Besides
it is applied externally with limewater. A decoction of the
leaves is used by the natives as a mouthwash for tooth ache
(Peckolt—Brazil).

quot;A decoction of the leaves externally applied is said to excite
the secretion of milk. The viscid juice which flows from the
stem on incision has a high reputation as an application to
Wounds and foul ulcers. It checks bleeding and promotes healing
by forming an air-tight fdm like that produced by collodionquot;
(Watt—India).

The oil is used as combustion-oil, lubrication oil and for
the manufacture of candles and soap (Wiesner).

A decoction of the leaves is drunk for jaundice. The leaves
are boiled with the leaves of Croton baldamifer L., the decoction
is allowed to get lukewarm and the woman in child bed is
bathed in it (Boldingh—the Antilles).

We find many cases of poisoning described, owing to eating
the seeds especially by children. Watt recommends limejuice
as an antidote. Dr. Justiniano mentions sugar-cane brandy
as the best antidote (Peckolt).

A decoction of the leaves is recommended as infallible for
leprosy. According to Sack without effect (Sack—Surinam).

are said to act as a purgative. A decoction of the leaves is
taken for colic and jaundice. (Peckolt—Brazil).

The milky juice is applied to sores. In the Antilles the
leaves are used in case of intermittent fever. (Bocquillon-
Limousin).

The milky juice is highly reputed among the natives as vul-
nerary balm for green wounds. It hardens on the wound and
forms a fdm like that produced by collodion without causing
the least irritation. The seeds are used among the natives,
but always after having been slightly roasted. Two kernels
pulverized with sugar are taken as a purgative. The seeds are
also applied to secondary syphilis. The negroes eat the boiled
leaves by way of vegetables. The fresh leaves boiled in beef-
tea are taken as a purgative. A decoction of the leaves is used
to cleanse dirty wounds. A decoction of the bark of the root
is taken as a purgative and also applied to dropsy. The pulverized

The seed kernels are applied as a drastic. The milky juice
is applied to remove warts. The leaves serve as Rubefaciens
and Vesicans (Peckolt—Brazil).

The stinging hairs contain a caustic juice causing a burning
sensation on the skin besides swellings and inflammations.
It is successfully applied in case of paralysis of the limbs.
(Eichler—Brazil).

The thick, fleshy roots are employed locally for venereal
and other diseases. (Standley—Mexico).

Sack states that Prussic acid which was formerly supposed
to occur in the bitter cassava only, is also found in the sweet.
However in the latter it occurs chiefly in the skin, which is
removed in preparing. Moreover the boiled cassava is always
harmless, the boiling point of Prussic acid being 26,6° C.
The cassava root contains a fair quantity of amylum, about
3o %. The cassava is used for the manufacture of cassava-
bread, quot;gommaquot; (starch), couac and quot;peperpotquot;. For the
manufacture of cassava-bread the roots are peeled and rasped
after which the matter is squeezed. The drainage chiefly contains
the Prussic acid. The squeezed matter is dried, pulverized and
sieved. The flour without first making batter or dough of it is baked
and made into cassava bread in large iron pots. The drainage
is boiled down to treacle, which is known under the name
quot;kasseripoquot;; this is used to preserve fish and meat in, yet both
will have to be reboiled every day. For the preparation of
quot;gommaquot; or starch the roots must be rasped more finely. The
matter is squeezed in a cloth, the drainage containing the amylum.
Next it is allowed to subside and the water is poured off. The
flour is dried and is called quot;gommaquot; which is used as starch
and for the manufacture of small cakes. By a renewed
purification a pure flour is obtained which is known in the
trade as tapioca. The Indians still eat the so-called quot;peperpotquot;,
consisting of boiled cassava water mixed with peppers,
much salt, fish and meat. A beverage is prepared from the
cassava water which is called quot;couacquot;. (Sack—Surinam).

follows: In order to make the bitter cassava fit for consumption
the poisonous juice must first be removed. To that end the root
is pulverized and put in a long bag prepared by the Indians
from the elastic fibres of a certain sort of reed. At one end
the bag is fastened to the roof of the hiit and at the other they
hang a heavy weight; thus the bag is drawn tighter and tighter
and the injurious juice is expressed. After this process flat
round cakes are made of the flour by baking them on hot stones.
These cakes can be kept for half a year (Albert von Sack.—
Surinam).

The seeds contain oil acting as a drastic. The root is applied
to sores (Dragendorff).

quot;The sauce called quot;cassareepquot; is made from the juice con-
centrated by heat, which dissipates its poisonous properties
and is afterwards flavoured by aromatics. Cassareep when
mixed with peppers and meat, forms the West-Indian quot;pepper-
potquot;. About the sweet cassava Bentley and Trimen write:
quot;the expressed juice of the root when fermented constitutes
the intoxicating liquor drunk by the Indians and called Piwaryquot;.
(Bentley and Trimen).

A decoction of the leaves promotes the milksecretion. The
mashed roots are a remedy for sweating and burning or
syphilitic sores. (Hartwich).

In tropic regions the cassava is an important article of food.
Surinam seems very suitable for the cultivation of this plant.
In 1917 Gonggrijp drew the attention to this in an article
in „West-Indiequot;. In this article he gives a survey of what
may be expected in case of an intensive cultivation. In 1921
Pyttersen in „De West-Indische Gidsquot; also pointed out
the importance of this plant. According to this writer the great
difficidty in Surinam is the lack of labourers. The work will
have to be carried out with machines and then, as he supposes,
something may be expected from it in the future.

This tree supplies a very heavy and hard sort of wood, the
sapwood being brownish grey, the heartwood greyish redbrown,
showing occasionnally dark brown stripes. The wood is strong
and durable and can be easily worked. Though the use is un-
known in Surinam, according to Pfeiffer it makes the impression
of being quite serviceable for building purposes, and it is also
suitable for furniture wood. (Pfeiffer—Surinam).

The seeds are oily and their taste resembles that of almonds.
They are often eaten. (Eichler—Brazil).

The oil of the seeds is also applied to pectoral-, intestinal-,
and nephritic diseases and to raise the labour-pains. The flower
is used as an astringent. (Dragendorff).

Supplies also inferior caoutchouc. The twigs are used as
pipe-stems (Peckolt—Brazil).

This wood is rather light to rather heavy, moderately hard
and of a light, brownish grey. The wood is moderately strong

and durable and is to be used for light building purposes indoors
and for boxes. The wood is not very important (Pfeiffer,—■
Surinam).

The milky juice is applied among the natives as a remedy
for a cutaneous disease causing wart-like swellings on the
soles of the foot. After the patient has taken a hot bath in the
decoction of the leaves a plaster of the milky juice mixed with
sulphate of copper in powderform is applied to the wound.
A decoction of the leaves is also applied externally in case
of syphilitic eruption (Peckolt—^Brazil).

According to Wiesner this species in British Guyana also
supplies bird-lime (Wiesner).

The caustic milky juice causes tetanus and paralysis of the
heart. It is applied to warts, syphilis and elephantiasis; it also
supplies caoutchouc (Dragendorff).

A decoction of the leaves is applied to leprosy by rubbing
the lgt;ody with it. The milky juice may cause blindness when
it gets into the eye. As a remedy for this we find recommended

to drop the juice of the sugar-cane into the eyes. This explains
why the men who have to cut woods where this quot; Postentrie
occurs frequently, always carry sugar-cane on them. (Sack-

The quot;Postentriequot; wood is very heavy to light, soft and of
a yellowish white; it contains rather good technical qualities
while the durability is not bad for such a light sort of wood.
The wood can be easily worked and, therefore is serviceable
for all particular purposes when even a light, easily workable
sort of wood is wanted. It easily assimilates colouring matter
and glue so that it is also serviceable for marquetry in furniture.
It can also be used for the manufacture of cellulose. (Pfeiffer—
Surinam).

A short time before they are ripe the capsular fruits are
stripped of the seeds, fdled with sand and used as a paper-weight.
The fresh seeds may cause death. Three roasted seed-kernels
act strongly as a purgative. The pulverized leaves are used
for warm compresses in case of neuralgia. The bark is a much
valued, strong diuretic and drastic. A decoction of it is taken
for dropsy. The bark of the root is said to act very favourably
in case of cutaneous diseases and syphilis. The milky juice,
in a small dose, acts as a drastic, in a larger dose as a toxin.
The dried up milky juice is applied as a remedy for leprosy,
psoriasis and lupus. Among the Indians the milky juice is also
used in fishing. (Peckolt—Brazil).

The septums of the fruits are pulverized and applied to
chronic sores (Heyne—Dutch East-Indies).

The milky juice is applied to warts. A decoction of the whole
plant is taken for stomach-ache. A decoction of the plant mixed

with sugar and the juice of a Citrus-species (lemmetje) is taken
for the whites (leucorrhoea) (Sack—Surinam).

According to Tulleken it is applied to gonorrhoea when boiled
with sugar-cane (Tulleken—Surinam).

The juice of this plant is known to be a violent purgative.
The dried leaves are aromatic and adstringent and used in
native practice in diarrhoea and dysentery of children along
with butter and milk (Watt—India).

A decoction of this plant is usually given to children in case
of diarrhoea and to expel intestinal worms (Boldingh—
the Antilles).

Van Coll writes about it that the milky juice is so caustic
that the least contact with it causes blisters on the skin
(van Coll).

A decoction of the leaves is taken as a diuretic, also for
bronchitis, asthma, and gonorrhoea and as an antidote for
snake-bites (Peckolt—^Brazil).

The young stems and leaves are eaten. A decoction is applied
to intestinal diseases (Heyne—^Dutch East-Indies).

Is recommended by Zollicholfer for dysentery, diarrhoea,
Menorrhagia and leucorrhoea (Watt—India).

Peckolt says it is reputed to be a wonderful remedy for eye-
lt;liseases but in case of real wounds it has no effect. He did
find that it was efficacious when applied to ophthalmoblenorrhoea,
ophthalmia and blepharitis (Peckolt—Brazil).

The milky juice is caustic, irritant, and emetic and is some-
times used in domestic medicine. It is employed in some regions
for venereal diseases (Standley—Mexico).

The plant supplies resin which is said to be used as varnish
(Wie sner.—^Java).

Ber. der deutschen Pharm. Ges. XV (1906) p. i83,
226, XVI (1906) p. 22, 176, 23i.

-2. Sack, J. Lijst van eenige planten, die in Suriname als
geneeskrachtig worden beschouwd, met opgave van
de ziekten tegen welke zij worden aangewend.
Insp. van den Landb. in West-Indië, Buil. n. i3
(1908).

A thorough study of the materials from a geobotanical point
of view cannot be given because we are dealing with Surinam
a small area and unknown for a great part. Second, only one
family has been studied. A few particulars, however, are worth
mentioning.

Eighty-two Euphorbiaceae species from Surinam are known
at present, belonging to 36 genera. A table is given with the
number of species of the different Surinam genera:

It is a striking fact that the larg er number of genera is
represented by one species only.

Two questions will be discussed regarding the distribution
of the different species:

2.nbsp;The distribution of these species and the related plants
in other continents.

Several plants can be left out in the discussion. First of all
the endemic species to the number of i3, which is quite an
important part of the whole number:

Alchorneopsis trimera Lanj.
Caperonia corchoroides Müll. Arg.
Conceveiba Hostmanni Benth.
Croton Hostmanni Miq.
„ longiradiatus Lanj.
„ Pullei Lanj.
„ Stahelianus Lanj.
Drypetes variabilis Uitt.
Euphorbia surinamensis Lanj.
Micrandra brownsbergcnsis Lanj.
Pausandra flagellorhachis Lanj.
Sapium microdentatum Lanj.
„ montanum Lanj.

Second, ii other species which are either cultivated plants
or weeds with a distribution throughout the tropics:

prostrata Aitt.
„ thymifolia L.
Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.
Manihot esculenta Crantz
Phyllanthus niruri L.

The distribution of the other species is given in the table
below. Hylaea includes the same countries as in Hayek\'s work
(3) except Guyana, though a great part of Surinam will certainly
belong to it, as already has been pointed out by Pulle (6).

ngt;
a
o

aquot; n

o ^

n ^
ft-

24
41

26
38
10
24
4

Surinam has apparently a great many species in common
with Brit. Guyana and the Hylaea. The smaller number of
species in French Guyana is of course due to the fact that
French Guyana is less investigated. There are still 8 species
in French Guy ana which do not occur in Brit. Guyana. Forty-
nine Surinam species or 83,3 % (besides the 24 species mentioned
above) occur also in one of the two neighbour countries.

Surinam has also many species in common with the West-
Indies, Central America and Columbia, though much less than
with the previous two countries.

Only few species occur in the Andine area, and the greater
part of these species are only found in the eastern part of the
Andes next to the Amazone R. area.

There are many species in common with the remaining part
of South America, which plants grow nearly all in South Brazil.
It is very typical, especially because a certain number of these
species is not found in the Hylaea.

areas that the following species only occur in Brit, or French
Guyana or in both countries:

subincanus Miill. Arg.
Discocarpus essequeboensis Klotzsch
Mabea caudata Pax et K. Hoffm.
Pera bicolor Müll. Arg.
Phyllanthus guyanensis Klotzsch
adiantoides Klotzsch

These species are therefore the typical Guyana-plants.
In the Hylaea (Amazone R. area and Brit, and French
Guyana) occur:

var. laevigata Müll. Arg.
Alchornea Schomburgkii Klotzsch
Amanoa guyanensis Aubl.
Conceveiba guyanensis Aubl.
Croton cuneatus Klotzsch
matourensis Aubl.
„ Miquelensis Ferguson
Dalechampia affinis Müll. Arg.

Euphorbia cotinoides Miq.
Hevea guyanensis Aubl.
Hyeronima laxiflora Müll. Arg.
Mabea piriri Aubl.

„ taquari Aubl.
Phyllanthus attenuatus Miq.
Plukenetia verrucosa Smith
Sagotia racemosa Baill.
Sapium Aubletianum Hub.

Amanoa guyanenaid Aubl., Croton AliqaeLenMd Ferguson and
Sapium Hippomane Mey. occur also in the Antilles, but they
certainly belong to this area.

The following species belong to the area of the West-Indies
and Central America.

multifida L.
„ urens L.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit.
Sapium aucuparium Jacq.

Croton glabeUud is especially known in Central America and
Columbia. Hura crepitand occurs also in the Amazone area
but it is really a West-Indian species. The four Jatropha species
are also found in South Brazil, but not in the Amazone district
They will all be of West-Indian origin, and they are very nume-
rous in that area. The first three Jatropha species occur also
in the old world, probably run wild from cultivated plants.
Sapium aucuparium Jacq. from Panama, Columbia and Venezuela
belongs very likely to this group, though the species does not
occur in the West-Indian islands.

A third group of species is found in Guyana, Columbia and
Venezuela, Hylaea and South Brazil:

Phyllanthus hyssopifolioides H.B.K.
diffusus Klotzsch
lt;nbsp;„nbsp;orbiculatus L. C. Rich.

Pera glabrata Baill. has a typical disjunct area: South Brazil,
Surinam and Trinidad. A similar disjunction is found with
PhyLlanthuà hyààopifolioideà H.B.K, and Sapium Klotzéchianum
Hub. PhyLianthué diffuduà Klotzsch occurs also in the Antilles and
Panama, the distribution is on the whole typical Brazilian.

The following species belong to the same group, but their
area is extended over the West-Indies and Central America:

The next four species belong also to this group, but they
are also distributed in Tropical Africa

Acalypha dii\'erdj\'oUa Jacq. from Central America, the western
part of South America and South Brazil.

PhyllanthuA Lathyroideà H.B.K, with a disjunct area, but
with much resemblance to the previous species.

It is obvious that the Euphorbiaceae belong for the greater
part to the Brazilian area and especially to the Amazone R.
district. Only a small number is West-Indian.

The distribution of the species or of the related species in
other continents has been studied on maps of each species and
of some genera with the localities. The distribution of the
species was obtained from different floras. This is, however,
not a safe method, as also may be gathered from a quotation
from Engler (i): quot;Nur darf man nicht ohne Weiteres die An-
gaben der Florenwerke nach dieser Richtung hin verwerthen
wollen, sondern muss seine Schlüsse auf ein genaues Studium
der Pflanzen selbst und ihrer verwandten Formen gründen.quot;
A preliminary survey can yet be given and a special paper on
this subject will probably follow in due time.

There appears to exist a typical relation with the West-
African plants and practically no relation with the Asiatic
plants. A relation between the flora of America and Africa
has been suggested before. Engler (i) published a list of species
and related species which occur in both continents. He investi-
gated which plants may have been transported by means of
ocean currents, birds, etc. and this proves to be impossible
for a certain number of species. He suggests the necessity of
a former land-bridge and says: quot;Zur Not würde zur Erklärung
der von mir angeführten Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Pflanzen
unter Inanspruchnahme weitgehendster Mitwirkung von Meeres-
strömungen, Vögeln und Wind auch genügen, wenn die jetzt
2000—4000 m. unter der Oberfläche des Atlantischen Oceans
gelegenen Areale über das Meer emporgeragt hätten; aber
eine vollkommnere brasilianisch-aethiopische Landverbindung
wäre mir erwünschter. quot;Pax (5) arrives at the same con-
clusion and writes on the relation between the two different
floras:\'quot;Besonders deutlich treten die Beziehungen der Flora
Afrikas zu Amerika hervor.quot; This publication deals only with

the Euphorbiaceae. Hallier (2) mentioned a great number of
species, especially Convolvulaceae, which occur in Africa and
America or of which there are related species in the other
continent. He spends however too much time on discussing
the priority of this suggestion. Irmscher (4) tries to prove
Wegener\'s theory of continental drift, but he thinks that there
is but a very slight relation between Africa and America.
This may be contributed to the fact that Irmscher certainly
used a wrong method. He investigates which genera occur in
the two regions. This method is not the right one, though still
better than working with species only. Related species, sections
or genera should be compared; c.f. another quotation from
Engler: quot;Man geht fehl, wenn man bei der hier zu erörternder
Frage glaubt, die den beiden Continenten gemeinsamen
Arten ganz besonders in Betracht ziehen zu müssen. Diese
haben für mich weniger Beweiskraft als das Vorkommen
correspondirender Arten, Sectionen oder Gattungen, welche
anderen Erdtheilen fehlen und deren gibt es eine auffallend
grosse Zahl.quot; Irmscher is really of the same opinion but he
did not work on these lines.

This genus is divided into 3 sections, of which two are
distributed over Asia and Africa. The third section Eualchornea
Müll. Arg. is entirely American, except one species: Alchornea
cordifotia Müll. Arg., which is found in West-Africa (map I).

This genus occurs only in America and Africa. The American
species are found from the Antilles to the north part of South

Map I. Alchornea Swartz. 1 A. triplinervia
Müll. Arg. var. laevigata Miill. Arg. 2 Sect.
Eualchornea Miill. Arg. 3 A. cordifoHa Müll. Arg.

Map II. Amanoa Aubl. 1 A. guyanensis Aubl.
2 South American Amanoa-species. 3 African
Amanoa-species.

Brazil. The African species are in Tropical West- and Central-
Africa. (map II).

Caperonia paLudrid St. Hil. occurs in America from Mexico
to South Brazil and also in West-Africa. Introduction has
been suggested in this case and not with Caperonia LalifoLia
Pax with exactly the same distribution. Neither of them will
have been introduced, more so because certain species, which
are related to Caperonia paLuitrid St. Hil., are only found in Africa.

Croton Lobataa L. grows in South America from Mexico to
South Brazil and in Africa. This plant as supposed to be
introduced into Africa which is not at all necessary. The genus
as such has an outstanding American-African character (Pax).

This genus has a very typical distribution: 1 species in
Guyana, 2 in South Brazil, 1 in West-Africa, 2 in Ceylon and

1nbsp;in the South-Eastern part of Asia. Neither the American
nor the Asiatic species are closely related to the African one.
The different species are very likely the descendants of a very
old genus.

Dalechampia Acandent L. is distributed all over America and
Africa and is very variable. The species is more variable in
Africa than in America according to Prain (Fl. of Trop. Africa).
Pax mentions a variety on the coast of Malabar.

2nbsp;in the Amazone R. district and 1 in the Cape-Colony in
South Africa. The latter has quite a different habit.

Three of the 4 Surinam species are also found in Africa.-
as already has been said. It is, however, not very important
because these species have been transported all over the tropics.
There seems to be a relation between the American and the
African species according to Pax.

in Africa. Maprounea guyanenud Aubl. is most related to M. mem-
branacea Pax et K. Hoffm. according to Pax, which is rather
curious (map HI).

This genus has got a very peculiar distribution. The most
important centre is the West-Indian Islands and Central America.
They occur also in the continent of South America as far as
South Brazil. Besides one species is found in Madagascar,
1 in East Australia, i in the Philippines and i in Borneo.

The genus AngodtyLidium Pax et K. Hoffm. is closely related
to this genus and used to be united with it. Plukenetia is entirely
American, the monotypic genus Angoalylidiuni occurs in West-
Africa.

Tragia volubitid L. occurs in America from Mexico to South
Brazii and in Tropical West-Africa. The species is supposed
to be introduced into Africa which seems not necessary at all.

A great many of these cases, which show the relation between
the African and the American flora, have already been mentioned
by Pax. It seemed desirable to publish them again, together
with maps which are always more explicit. Pax says that it
does not really matter whether one accepts the land-bridge
theory or W^egener\'s theory, the facts are explained in either
-case. This does not seem to be quite right:

1.nbsp;Wegener\'s theory is much simpler than the theory of a
vast continent between Africa and America.

2.nbsp;If there had been a continent like that, a close relation
between the two different floras is more difficult to explain
than in the case that Africa and America had been
connected together (in more or less the present shape).

Pax concludes that the Euphorbiaceae will certainly be a
very old family, which is very likely indeed. An exchange between
Africa and America can still have happened during the Eocene-

period, when there was a narrow connection between Guyana
and Guinea according to W^egener (7).

All the above mentioned facts show a close relation between
the American and African species. There is on the other hand
not any contrary fact showing a closie relation with Asiatic
Euphorbiaceae, at any case not with the genera and species
in this work. It would be of the utmost importance if other
families were studied in the same way as Pax carried out with
the Euphorbiaceae.

Tropischen Afrika und Amerika, sowie über die
Annahme eines versunkenen brasilianisch-äthiopischen
Continents.

unbekannter Stellung und über pflanzengeschichtliche
Beziehungen zwischen Amerika und Afrika.
JVLeded. van \'s Rijks Herbarium. Leiden. N. 35 (1918).

Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes twining or climbing, often
with milky juice. Leaves usually alternate, rarely opposite or
whorled, simple or rarely compound, sometimes digitately
lobed, or rudimentary (not in Surinam species). Stipules often
present, sometimes enclosing the bud. Inflorescence rather
variable. Flowers usually small, unisexual, monoecious or
dioecious, usually regular. Perianth sometimes wanting, usually
small, often dissimilar in the two sexes, either a calyx only,
or a calyx and corolla, imbricate or valvate. Male flowers:
Disk intra- or extrastaminal, or of separate glands or lobes.
Stamens sometimes indefinite, sometimes as many as the sepals
or fewer, or reduced to one. Filaments free or more or less
united. Anthercells sometimes discrete. Rudimentary ovary
present or absent. Female flowers: Disk annular or cup-shaped,
or of separate glands or wanting. Ovary usually 3-celled,
sometimes 1—4-, rarely more than 4-celled. Styles usually as
many as carpels, free or more or less connate, entire or i-many
times-cleft or laciniate. Ovules in each cell 1 or 2, collateral,
pendulous, anatropous, attached at the inner angle of the cell;
raphe ventral; funicle often with a thickened appendage
(obturator); micropyle often covered by a caruncle, persistent
on the seed. Fruit usually capsular, splitting into 2-valved
cocci, separating from the persistent axis, sometimes drupaceous

and indehiscent, divided into i—cells. Seeds generally as
many as the ovules, often carunculate. Endosperm usually
copious, fleshy; cotyledons broad, flat, rarely thick and fleshy.

Distribution: Species about 4000, widely distributed,
mostly in the Tropics of both hemispheres.

Pax, in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich (1910—\'\'24).
Lanjouw, The Euphorbiaceae of Surinam (1931).

Flowers apetalous or petals when present small and scale-
like. Stamens opposite the sepals or indefinite in the centre
of the flower. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers clustered or
solitary in the axils of the leaves, rarely in inflorescences.

Perianth single or double. Stamens in i-many series, the
outer alternate with the sepals or indefinite, few or many
in the centre of the flower. Ovules solitary in each cell.
Inflorescences often (not always) racemose, spicate or pani-
culate.

Several male flovi^ers and one female flower enclosed
within an involucre, a quot;cyathiumquot;, simulating an hermaphro-
dite flower. The male flower consists of a single stamen,
jointed to a pedicel, with or without a minute or rudimentary
perianth. The female flower consists of a pedicellate ovary,
with or without a minute calyx. Ovules solitary in each cell.

3.nbsp;a. Leaves not lepidote. Petals present 1. Amanoa
b. Leaves lepidote. Petals wanting 7. Hyeronima

3-celled. Petals present. Stigmas disk-shaped
............................... 1. Amanoa

b. Leaves lepidote. Stipules not intrapetiolar, coch-
leate. Ovary 2-celled. Petals wanting. Stigmas
not disk-shaped...............7. Hycronima

variegated. Female calyx campanulate. 5. Breynia
b. Disk present. Leaves not variegated. Female calyx
not campanulate...........................

1.nbsp;a.nbsp;Leaves 3-foliolate, or more or less 3-many-lobed 2
b.nbsp;Leaves simple and undivided................ 7

b. Leaves never biglandular at the base. Perianth
single. Filaments erect. Styles broadened and
irregular cut into many lobes. ... 26. Manihot

6.nbsp;a. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes. Disk
*\' present. Stamens 10—8......... 22. Jatropha

b. Flowers in panicled racemes. Disk wanting.
Stamens very numerous.......... 17. Ricinus

b.nbsp;Perianth single, rudimentary or wanting ■••;••nbsp;M
9. a.nbsp;Flowers in glomerules along a long rhachis, with

rather long internodes. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
or obovate-lanceolate, irregular dentate, large

a broad, flattened connective; anthers with dis-
crete locules.................... 21. Sagotia

b. Filaments more or less monadelphous, erect in
bud. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes.
............................ 22. Jatropha

b.- Leaves coriaceous. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 5,
episepalous, filaments free... 23. Pogonophora

lobate or entire. Filaments united at the base.
......................... 26. Chaetocarpus

Shrubs, glabrous or vestited vs^ith simple hairs.
Involucres rather large, enclosed by 2 foliaceous,
bistipulate often coloured bracts. Stamens i5—3o

b. Shrubs or trees, lepidote or stellate. Involucres
small, globose; bracts not stipulate, not foliaceous
and not coloured. Stamens 2.— 5..... 20. Pera

Stamens 4, connate at the base. 12. Aparisthmium
b. Leaves not stipellate....................... 20

conspicuous bracts, arranged in catkin-like spikes
or racemes. Anther-cells distinct, divaricate or

25.nbsp;a. Lianes. Inflorences spike-shaped. . 15. Plukenetia
b. Trees or shrubs. Panicles terminal; male flowers in

27.nbsp;a. Filaments united into a column,gt;only the anthers free 28
b. Filaments free, or only united at the base .... 29

column; connectives thick forming an horizontal
peltate cup-shaped mass, with the anther-cells on

b. Calyx 3-lobed. Filaments connate into a slender
column..................... 32. Maprounea

b. Spikes rather long, bracts biglandular. Calyx usual-
ly 2-lobed. Leaves with 2—4 glands at the base of
the limb, or at the apex of the petiole 33. Sapium

b. Petals wanting, sometimes sepals strongly imbri-
cate, simulating more or less a double perianth 36

34.nbsp;a. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.. . 8. Croton
b. Inflorescence paniculate ........ 22. Jatropha

b. Petals free (female flower unknown in the Suri-
nam species)................ 24. Pausandra

b. Flowers monoecious; 1—3 female flowers at the
base of the male spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-lobed,
or very minute or wanting. Styles undivided.
Capsule with 6 hornlike or gibbose processes. . 40

sule with 6 gibbose processes. 3o. Actinostemon
b. Calyx 3-partite or -lobed; sepals with 2 stipitate
glands at the base. Capsule with 6 horn-like
processes at each end........ 3i. Sebastiania

b. Sepals usually deciduous, never enlarging in fruit.
Leaves usually covered with stellate hairs or
scales, often biglandular at the base. 8. Croton

46. a. Styles connate into a short column. 32.Maprounea
b. Styles connate into a long column, usually about
1 cm. or longer.................. 29. Mabea

46.nbsp;a. Leaves stipellate at the apex of the petiole .. . 47
b. Leaves not stipellate....................... 48

b. Inflorescences terminal or axillary; female flowers
in racemes, not enclosed by an involucre.
........................ 12. Aparisthmium

1. a. Involucre regular, campanulate, with 4—5 lobes
and as many or fewer glands, outside the lobes

b. Involucre irregular, oblique, shoe-shaped, made
up of a fissured tube and an appendix at the base
of the tube; glands 4, inside the appendix.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves alternate, penninerved,
coriaceous, entire. Petioles thick, nigricant. Stipules intra-
petiolar. Flowers monoecious, clustered in the axils of the
leaves or in simple or branched, terminal inflorescences fascicled
in the axils of the bracts, minutely bracteolate. Petals present.
Male flowers: Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, short, scale-like,
unguiculate. Disk deeply lobate. Stamens 5, inserted within
a thick receptacle, episepalous; filaments free, short, anthers
ovoid, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Rudimentary ovary
column-shaped, 3-lobed. Female flowers: Sepals as in the male.
Petals as in the male but often narrower. Ovary subglobose,
3-celled; stigmas 3, sessile, thick, fleshy, discoid, crenate.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule drupiform, indurating, separating
into 2-valved cocci. Seeds solitary by abortion, smooth,
ecarunculate, emarginate at the base; testa crustaceous, albumen
thin. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.

Distribution: Species abotit 8 : 3 in Tropical Africa, the
others in Tropical America.

Amanoa guyanensis Aubl. Hist. pi. Gui. fr. I (1776) p. 266,
t. 101; — Amanoa gayanenÂà Müll. Arg. var. genuina Müll.
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. I.e. p. 219; in Fl. Bras. I.e. p. 10;
Pulle, Enum. p. 266; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. XV (1922) p. 196;
var. grandißora Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. I.e. p. 219; .—■
Amanoa grandißora Müll. Arg. in Flora LV (1872) p. 2;
Pax l.c.p. 196.

Tree, glabrous. Stem straight, cylindrical, resting on stelt
roots; the heaviest flattened, the thinner round. Petioles 5.—^10
(17) mm. long, blackish-fuscous. Stipules intrapetiolar, short,
ovate-triangular, acute, oblique. Leaves 6—cm. long, 4—7-cm.
broad, oblong or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, siccitate, often
plicate-falcate at the apex, obtuse, acute or subcordate at the
base, coriaceous, nerves prominent at both sides especially
above, shining above, minutely papillose and puncticulate
beneath. Flowers in simple or branched, terminal inflorescences
or in the axils of the leaves; bracts broad-triangular, acute,
coriaceous or membranaceous, carinate. Flowers at the base
bibracteolate ; bracteoles exactly like the bracts, but narrower
and thinner. Male flowers 8—^10 mm. long, shortly stalked:
Sepals i 4 mm. long, coriaceous, with a narrow hyaline margin,
subcucullate at the apex and the outside sometimes irregularly
carinate. Petals very short, about 1 mm. long, triangular-ovate,
acute. Disk short, thick. Stamens introrse, filaments short,
thick. Rudimentary ovary cylindrical, 3-lobed. Female flowers:
Pedicels short, thick. Sepals lanceolate, cucullate, coriaceous.
Petals unguiculate, rhombic or orbicular, ciliate-denticulate.
Ovary glabrous; stigmas sessile. Capsule 2—3 cm. in diameter,
subglobose; mesocarp much thicker than the endocarp. Seeds
14—\'17 mm. long, emarginate at the base.

Paramaribo near plant. La Prospérité (Wullschlägel n.
1670, ex Pax); Wajombo R. (Pulle n. 664, fl. Sept.); Coran-
tijne R. (B. W. n. 2979, fl. Oct.); Zanderij I, Tree n. 91

(B.W. n. 2624, fr. Dec.; n. 4767, £1. Sept.; n. 1413, fr. Nov.;
n. 3355, fr. Oct.; n. 466, fl. Sept.); Watramiri, Tree n. 1614
(B.W. n. 4274, fl. March; n. 4o32, fh Oct.; n. 3768. fr.
March); without locality (Hostmann n. 1180 [K] n. 1141 [K]).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, entire,
penninerved, coriaceous. Flowers dioecious, densely glomerulate
in the axils of the leaves or solitary; male numerous, female
a few or rarely solitary. Male flowers: Calyx 5 (4)-lobed,
imbricate Petals small, linear or lacking. Disk extrastaminal,
cyathiform or cupulate, lobate; lobes episepalous. Stamens 5 (4),
episepalous, filaments connate into a column, the upper part
free; anthers dehiscing longitudinally, introrse. Rudimentary
ovary 3-partite. Female flowers: Sepals more rigid than in the
male flower. Petals often rudimentary. Disk thicker, nearly
entire. Ovary 3-celled, styles free or nearly free, in a broad
crenulate limb dilatate. Ovules two in each cell. Capsule 3- or
rarely i-cocced, cocci 2-valved, 1-seeded.

Distribution: Four species, one in Guyana, 2 in Brazil,
and one in Africa at the Cape.

Discocarpus cssequeboensis Klotzsch in Wiegm. Arch.
VII (1841) p. 201; Baill. Étude gén. Euph. (i858) p. 585,

Shrub or tree, glabrous. Petioles 5.—7 mm. long, rugose.
Limb 5.—13 c.m. long, 2.5\'—6 c.m. broad, oblong-ovate, acuminate,
obtuse at the base, margin slightly recurved, shining above,
opake beneath; side-nerves 5—8, veins inconspicuous. Stipules
deciduous. Flowers in the axils of the leaves; male numerous,
female mostly three. Male flowers almost sessile. Calyx turbi-

nate, lobes subobtuse, pilose. Petals shorter than the calyx,
linear. Disk cyathiform, crenulate. Stamens 5, 2 X as long as
the calyx. Female flowers with a short thick pedicel: Sepals 5,
broad-ovate, acute, the outside pilose. Petals 5, ovate or oblong,
acuminate. Disk carnose. Ovary sessile, pubescent, 3-celled, in
each cell 2 ovules. Styles short, thick, stigmates petaloid,
recurved, crenate laciniate, at the base of the limb two curled
slips canaliculate above. Capsule globose, pubescent, obtusely
6-angular, three cocced.

Tapanahoni-River (Kappler n. 2143, ^ fl. Oct.); Corantijne-
River, Matappi (B. W. n. 2044, fr. June).

Shrubs, leaves entire, penninerved, membranaceous or charta-
ceous. Flowers clustered or solitary in the axils, monoecious
or dioecious, apetalous. Male flowers: sepals 5, imbricate,
disk extrastaminal, lobes of the disk 5, alternating with the
stamens, rudimentary ovary more or less evident, 2—^3-fid.
Female flowers: Calyx like the male one, subcoriaceous. Disk
urceolate, lobulate. Ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles
Z\'—■2-fid, recurved. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscing loculicidally
into 3 two-valved cocci. Seeds without a caruncle.

Securinega congesta Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 76, t. 11,
fig. 1. Phyllanthud congedtud Müll. Arg. Linnaea 33 (1864)
p. 20; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 379.

Shrub, branches terete. Stipules ± 1 cm. long, linear lanceo-
late, acute at the base, cuspidate-acuminate at the apex,
6\'—12 cm. long, 2-—^4 cm. broad, membranaceous, olivaceo-
fuscous, pallid beneath, 8—^10 side-nerves. Flowers in axillar

glomerules, 1 —7-flowered, at the base some small male flowers,
female flowers 1—5. Male flowers: stamens 5, filaments short,
ovary-rudiment subcilindrical. Female flowers: calyx blackish-
brown, subcoriaceous, disk urceolate, lobulate, ovary 3-celled,
styles 3—2-fid, recurved. Capsule blackishbrown ^ 7 mm.
broad and 5 mm. long.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire, often
distichous, well developed in all the Surinam species. Petioles
usually very short or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
small, solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves, some-
times in short inflorescences. Petals absent. Male flowers:
Sepals 4—6, imbricate, free or nearly so. Disk of separate
glands or annular. Stamens 3—6, filaments free or connate
into a column. Rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers:
Sepals as in the male. Disk generally saucer-shaped or cup-
shaped, entire or undulate or toothed, sometimes of separate
glands. Ovary 3—5-celled. Styles 3, free or more or less connate,

2-cleftnbsp;or 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule dry or at
first rather fleshy; splitting up into 2-valved cocci. Seeds generally

3-sided,nbsp;ecarunculate, often scabrously punctuated or with
longitudinal lines on the back.

1.nbsp;a. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually longer than 2 cm. 2
b. Herbs or undershrubs. Length of the leaves al-
ways less than 2 cm....................... 6

b. Leaves usually shorter than 4 cm., margin ciliate
by hyaline hairs...... 3. P. acuminatus Vahl

Disk of male flowers consisting of 4 free glands.
Flowers clustered axillary or in about 10 cm. long

b. Leaves not glaucous beneath. Flowers dioecious.
Disk of male flowers annular. Male flowers in a
5 — 15 mm. long panicle, female solitary or few
together........... 12. P, nobilis Müll. Arg.

acuminate, side-nerves —^10. Flowers dioecious.
Filaments connate into a column only in the

b. Leaves usually shorter than 6 cm,, acuminate,
side-nerves 5—6, Flowers monoecious. Filaments
connate into a column, anthers connate at the apex
................ 1, P. adiantoides Klotzsch

10. a. Leaves with 4—5 distinct side-nerves. Disk-
glands in the male flower papillose. Stamens con-
lt; nate in the lower part. Seeds scabrously punctated

Female sepals oblong. Seeds with 5 or 6 longitudi-
nal lines on the back........ 8. P, niruri L.

b. Stipules subulate, only slightly broadened at the
base. Female sepals linear-obïong. Seeds with
5 or 6 thin longitudinal lines and many transversal
lines on the back---- 9. P. diffusus Klotzsch

. Phyllanthus adiantoides Klotzsch in Hook. London
Journ. of Bot. H (1843) p. 5i; Müll. Arg. in D. C. Prodr.
l.c.p. 356; Pulle in Rec. des Trav. bot. néerl. IX (1912) p. 144.

A shrub 2,5—3 m. high. Branches terete, cinereously punc-
tuated by the lenticels. Branchlets 6—10 cm long, pilose,
glabrescent. Petioles short, 1—2,5 mm. long, rugulose. Stipules
small, lanceolate, acute. Leaves distichous, 3—7 cm. long,
1—^3 cm. broad, ovate, acuminate, mucronulate, membranaceous,
glabrous, fuscous; side-nerves 5—6, slightly prominent at both
sides. Flowers monoecious, fasciculate in the axils of the leaves.
Male flowers: Pedicels about 10 mm. long, slender, capillaceous.
Sepals 6, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Disk urceolate, thick
tuberculate. Stamens 3, connate into a column, anthers apiculate,
connate at the apex. Female flowers: Pedicels about 12 mm.
long, slender, capillaceous. Sepals 6, oblong-obovate. Disk
urceolate, nearly entire, thin. Ovary 3-celled, styles short,
thick, 2-cleft. Capsule ± 3 mm. in diameter, 3-sulcate, blackish-
brown, minutely punctate. Seeds smooth, 3-sided.

Corantijne R. (Hulk n. 21, £1. Dec.); Kabalebo R. Avanavero
Falls (Pulle n. 432, fr. Sept.).

2. Phyllanthus attenuatus Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848)
p. 478; Stirp. Surin. (i85o) p. 100, t. 3i A; Lanjouw, Euph.
p. 8, t. II; — Phyllanthus guyanenAé Müll. Arg. in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 376; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 39; Pulle, Enum. p. 255.

Small tree, 5 — j m. high. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled,
rigidly membranaceous, glabrous, distichous, 6—^ii cm. long,
2—cm. broad, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute or obtuse at
the base, long cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, mucronulate,
shining above, side-nerves 8.—^lo, reticular-veined, nerves
slightly prominent at both sides, especially the midrib beneath.
Petioles 2—\'4 mm. long, minutely puberulous, glabrescent.
Stipules small, triangular, subulate, deciduous. Flowers dioecious,
fascicled in the axils of the leaves on a short pulvinate pedimcle;
bracts small, triangular. Pedicels of the male flowers slenderer
than those of the females, 2—A^ mm. long. Male flowers: Sepals 6,
imbricate, oblong, obtuse at the apex. Disk urceolate, undulate.
Stamens 3, filaments connate into a column in the lower part,
the upper part free; anthers discrete-bilocular. Female flowers:
Sepals 6, imbricate, oblong, obtuse at the apex. Disk urceolate,
undulate. Ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles 3, 2-
partite. Capsules 5\'—6 mm. in diameter. Seeds compressed,
oblong, smooth, dark-brown.

Paramaribo (Wullschlägel n. 1072 [B] $); Paraweg (B. W.
n. 46a, fl. Jan. $); without locality (Hostmann et Kappler
n. 3o5 [L. K.] cJ).

3. Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl, Symb. bot. II (1791)
p. 96; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 38i; in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 42; Pulle, Enum. p. 205. .

Shrub or a small branched tree, 2,5^—7 m. high. Branches
angular, green, minutely puberulous by hyaline hairs in lon-
gitudinal rows. Leaves 2—^4,6 cm. long, 1 — 2 cm. broad, ovate
or oblong-ovate, acuminate or cuspidate and mucronulate at
the apex, acute at the base, margin ciliate by the same hyaline
hairs as those of the branches, and slightly vestited with these
hairs along the nerves above, the other parts glabrous, thin
membranaceous, pale green. Petioles 1 — 2 (4) mm. long, vestited

with the hyaline hairs mentioned above. Stipules linear, subulate.
Flowers very small, white, numerous, in axillary clusters, one
female, the rest male. Bracts linear-ovate, scariose, sometimes
irregularly lobed. Male flowers: Pedicels slender ± 2 mm.
long, capillaceous. Sepals 6, ovate or oblong, concave. Disk-
glands 3, opposite the 3 outer sepals, subglobose. Stamens 3,
filaments united into a column, anthers spreading horizontally.
Female flowers: Pedicels 5 in fruiting time up to i5 mm. long,
thickened at the apex. Sepals 6, the 3 outer broad-ovate, the
3 inner oblong-ovate. Disk-glands 3, connate into an irregular
laciniate cup. Ovary 3-celled, smooth, styles free, 2-branched,
reflexed. Capsule 3-4 mm. long, 3-sulcate, surface net-veined.
Seeds reddish-brown, keeled on the back.

Paramaribo (Tulleken n. i3i. fr Au^; Kuyper n. 35, £1.
andfr. Dec.; Splitgerber n. i55\\[L.] fl. Dec.; Focke n. 1110);
Suriname R. (Kappler n. 1688); without locality (Hostmann
n. 4i3;Weigelt ex D. C. Prodr.).

4. Phyllanthus guyanensis Klotzsch in Hook. London
Journ. of Bot. II (1843) p- 5i; Miq. Stirp. Surm. (i85o)
p 100 t 3i B; Lanjouw, Euph. p. 10; — PhylLanthud
guyanehöiö var. acuminatum Müll. Arg in Lmnaea XXXII
(i863) p quot;Q. — Phyllanthud SchomburgkianuA Müll. Arg. var.
guyanenAö Müll. Arg. and var. acuminatus M.ü\\\\ Arg. in
h.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 387; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 46; Pulle, Enum.
p. 205.

Low shrubs, 26—45 cm. high, glabrous. Young branches
subcompressed, fuscous, angular. Leaves distichous, 10 —15 mm.
long, 3—6 mm. broad, shortly petioled, oblong, elliptical or
lanceolate-elliptical, acute or obtuse, sometimes subacuminate
at the apex, subacute at the base. Stipules ovate-lanceolate,
acute, fuscous, scariose, rotundate-auriculate at the base.
Petioles 2—3 mm. long. Flowers 1—3 in the axils of the leaves;
bracts triangular, scariose. Male flo^vers: Sepals 6, obovate-

lanceolate. Disk-glands cuneate. Stamens 3, free or nearly so.
Female flowers; Sepals 6, linear-obovate, white-marginate.
Disk urceolate nearly entire. Ovary 3-celled, styles short,
2-cleft. Capsule 1—2 mm. long, depressed-globose. Seeds
scabrously punctuated along longitudinal lines.

Upper Suriname R.near Berg en Dal (Focke n. 1167);
Suriname R.near Brokopondo, on rocks (Went n. 604• fl\'
and fr. Oct.); Wonotobo R. on rocks (B. W. n. 3i6o^ fl\'
Oct.); Lawa R. on rocks (Versteeg n. 123, fl. Auff.)- Lucie
R (Hulk n 389; fr. Dec.); Kabalebo R. (B. W. n! 4690,
with larger leaves).

5. Phyllanthus Urinaria L. Spec. pi. ed. 1 (1763) p. 082-
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 364; Hook f. Fl Brit
Ind. V (1890) p. 293; Hutchinson in Fl. Trop Afr VI
pt. 1 (1913) p. 721; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. of Jamaica IV
(1920) p. 255,

An annual herb, about 10—40 cm. high. Stems sometimes
rather woody at the base, longitudinally sulcate, glabrous.
Flowering branchlets 5—6 cm. long, minutely hispid at the
angles. Leaves 5 —18 mm. long, 2—4 mm, broad, oblong,
rounded or acute and minutely mucronulate at the apex, rounded
at the base, membranous, glaucous beneath, margins hispid or
minutely ciliolate; side-nerves 5—6, distinct and slightly promi-
nent beneath, leading to a longitudinal nerve close to the margin.
Petioles very short, glabrous. Stipules broad and auriculate
at the base, ending into a long point. Flowers monoecious,
solitary, subsessile, females in the lower part of the branchlets,
males in the upper part. Male flowers very small: Sepals 6,
obovate-elliptical. Disk glands 6, minute. Stamens 3, fdaments
connate. Female flowers: Sepals 6, oblong, margins white,
membranous; persistent and reflexed in fruit. Disk saucer-
shaped, margin toothed. Ovary densely covered with minute
warts, styles short, bifid. Capsule ± 2 mm. in diameter, de-
pressed-globose. Seeds transversely wrinkled.

6.nbsp;Phyllanthus lathyroides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Spec.
II, col. ed. (1817) p. 87; — PhyUanthud lathyroided Müll.
Arg. var. genuinuö Müll. Arg. in Linnaea XXXII (i863)
p. 42; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 404; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 62;
Pulle, Enum. p. 266.

Herbaceous annual, stems sometimes rather woody, 3o—60 cm.
high. Branches patent, 6—8 cm. long, slightly compressed,
filiform. Stipules linear-lanceolate, subulate, longer than the
petioles. Petioles very short, o,5—1 mm. long. Leaves distichous,
6—14 mm. long, 2,5—6 mm. broad, oblong-elliptic, rotundate
and acuminate at the apex, oblique and slightly cordate at the
base; side-nerves 4—5, distinct beneath. Flowers monoecious;
females solitary, males solitary or two together in the axils
of the leaves. Male flowers: Pedicels short, ± 2 mm. long,
not thickened at the apex. Sepals 5, broad-ovate, subobtuse.
Disk-glands 5, free, papillose. Stamens 3, connate in the lower
part, the upper part free, 3-branched. Female flowers: Pedicels
in fruiting time 4—5 mm. long. Sepals 5; oblong-obovate,
distinctly veined, not white-margined. Disk flat, slightly undulate.
Ovary smooth, styles 3,2-cleft, branches subcapitate at the
apex. Capsule 2,5 mm. in diameter, depressed, obtusely 3-
gonous. Seeds densely vestited with scabrous points in numerous
longitudinal rows.

7.nbsp;Phyllanthus hyssopifolioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et
Spec. II, col. ed. (1817) p. 86; — Phyllanthus hyMopifoUu.)
Auct. Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 390; in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 5o; Pulle, Enum. p. 256; — Phyltanthud guyanendd
Auct. non Klotzsch, Miq. Stirp. Surin. (i85o) p. 101; Pulle,
Enum. p. 256.

Annual. Stems 14—\'So cm. high, simple or branched in the
lower part, erect or adscendent, in the lower part terete, in
the upper part compressed, fuscous and glabrous. Petioles
short, 1 mm. long or shorter. Leaves 6\'—\'ii mm. long, 3—\'5 mm.
broad, lanceolate-elliptic, subacute at both ends or obtuse at
the base, glabrous, membranaceous; side-nerves hardly distinct.
Stipules broad triangular-ovate, setaceous-acuminate, scariose,
rotundate-auriculate and lacerate-dentate at the base. Flowers
monoecious, 1—3 in the axils of the leaves, males very small.
Male flowers: Pedicels ± 1 nrni. long, slender. Sepals 5, oblong-
obovate. Disk-glands 5, cuneate. Stamens 3, filaments united
in the lower half. Female flowers: Pedicels ± 1 mm. long,
thick. Sepals 6, ovate, white-margined. Disk-glands free. Ovary
6-sulcate, styles 3, short, 2-cleft, reflexed. Capsule 2—3 mm.
in diameter. Seeds smooth, foveolate-reticulate, not asperously
punctuated.

Upper Suriname R.near plant. Berg en Dal (Wullschlägel
n. 468 [B]; Focke n. 1278, fl. May).

8. Phyllanthus niruri L. Spec. pl. ed. 1 (1763) p. 981;
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1890) p. 73i; Pulle, Enum. p. 266;
Hutchinson in Fl. Trop. Afr. VI, part 1 (i9i3) p. 731;
Fawcett and Rendle in Fl. of Jamaica IV, part 2 (1920)
p. 266; ■—■ Phyilanthud niruri Müll. Arg. var. genuina Müll.
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 406; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 53; —
PhyUanlhuö Lathyroided var. genuinud Müll. Arg. f. purpuraöcend
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 404; in Fl. Bras l.c.p. 52.

An annual herb, 3o—60 cm. high. Branches angular or
slightly compressed, glabrous. Leaves 6 — 15 mm. long, 2—6 mm.
broad, oblong, oblong-elliptic or obovate-oblong, rounded at
both ends, membranaceous, glabrous, subsessile; side-nerves
inconspicuous. Stipules subulate, with a broad triangular,
scariose base. Flowers greenish-white, solitary or one male
and one female flower together in the axils of the leaves. Male

flowers: Sepals 5—6, ovate or obovate. Disk-glands 5—6,
small. Stamens 3, filaments connate. Female flowers: Pedicels
1—2 mm. long in fruiting time. Sepals 6, oblong, membranous.
Disk tliin, flat, saucer-shaped, 5—6-lobed. Ovary subglobose,
smooth, styles short, suberect, 2-cleft. Capsule 1,5—2 mm. in
diameter, depressed-globose, 3-sulcate. Seeds with 5 or 6
longitudinal lines on the back.

Paramaribo (Splitgerber n. 367 [L], £1. Dec); mouth of
the Suriname R. near plant. Leonsberg (Soeprata n 176, fl
Aug.); Suriname R. near plant. Onverwacht (Wullschlägel
n 1073 rBl); Suriname R. (Tresling n. 168, £1. July); Tapana-
honi R.near Drie-Tabbetjc (Versteeg n. 693, fl. July); Upper
Lawa R. (Versteeg n. ii5, £1. Aug.); Maratakka R. near
Cupido (B. W. n. 836, fl. Jan.).

9. Phyllanthus diffusus Klotzsch in Seem. Bot. of Herald
(1857) p. io5; Britton and Wilson in Scientific Survey of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands V (1924) p. 477; —
PhyUanthuö difuöiu Müll. Arg. var. genuinus Müll. Arg. in
D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 409; in Fl. Bras l.c.p. 55; Pulle, Enum.
p. 266; Phyllanthud tnicrophyllud Auct. non H.B.K. Klotzsch
in Hook. London Journ. of Bot. II (1843) p. 5i; Miquel
in Sched.

In habit similar to Phyllanthiu niruri L. Stems sometimes
rather woody. The leaves are generally smaller, 3—6 mm.
long, 2—2,5 mm. broad, subsessile, elliptic or oblong, rounded
at both ends, glabrous; Side-nerves inconspicuous. Stipules
subulate, only slightly broadened at the base. Flowers solitary
or two together in the axils of the leaves. Male flowers exactly
like in Phyllanthuo niruri L. Female flowers: Sepals 6, linear-
oblong, acute. Disk 5—6-lobed, lobes more or less acute. Ovary
and capsule as in Phyllanthus niruri L. Seeds with 5 or 6 thin,
longitudinal lines and many transversal lines on the back.

Suriname R.near plant. Jagtlust (Went n. 70, fl. Aug.);
Upper Suriname R.near plant. Berg en Dal (Wullschlagel
n. 467 [B]); Saramacca R.near Maripaston (Kegel n. i3oo
[G]); Upper Gran Rio R.near Maupédam (Stahel n. 178,
fl. Febr.); without locality (Focke).

10.nbsp;Phyllanthus orbiculatus L.C. Rich, in Act. Soc.
hist. nat. de Paris (1792) p. ii3; Pulle, Enum. p. 266; ^—
Phytlanthua orbicuLatiu) var. genuLnud Müll. Arg. in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 401; in Fl. Bras l.c.p. 62.

An erect herbaceous annual. Stem simple with slender
branchlets, 4—\'lo cm. long, which are sometimes branched
once more. Stipules small, triangular, acute. Petioles short
1.— 2. mm. long. Leaves 5—^10 mm. long, 6-—12 mm. broad,
rhombic-orbicular, often mucronulate, obtuse or truncate at the
base, olivaceous-green above, glaucescent beneath, membrana-
ceous; side-nerves 3 — 4. Flowers solitary or two together in
the axils of the leaves. Male flowers: Pedicels slender, 2 mm.
long. Sepals 6, oblong. Disk glands 6, cuneate. Stamens 3,
nearly free. Female flowers: Pedicels clavate, as long as the
male, in fruit growing out up to 3-—^4 mm. Sepals 6, oblong
or linear-oblong, acute. Disk 6-partite. Ovary 6-sulcate, styles
3,2-cleft. Capsule about 2,5 mm. in diameter, compressed.
Seeds ±1,5 mm. long, trigonous, with longitudinal rows of
scabrous points on the back.

Suriname R. (Kappler n. 1821, fl. April); Marowijnc R.near
Albina (Versteeg n. 24, fl. Aug.; Wullschlagel n. 469 [B]);
Maratakka R.near Saparra, in Savanna (B. W. n. 887, fr.
Febr.); Warappa Creek near plant. Bentshoop (Wullschlagel
n. 469).

11.nbsp;Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in U.S. Dept. Agric.
Bur. PI. Industry Bull. n. 148 (1909) p. 17; .— Aigt;errhoa

acida L. Sp. pL ed. i (i753) p. 428; Rheede Hort. Mal. III
(1682) t. 47, 48; — Cicca didicha L. Mant. (1767) p. 124;
Lam. Encycl. II (1786) p. 1, IH- H (1793) t. 767; —
PhyUanthuö longifoliuö Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. II (1797) p. 36; —
PhyUanthuö diötichuö Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 4i3;
in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 68.

Tree with very robust branches, from which the leaves have
fallen, and slender leafy branchlets. Leaves distichous, 3—9 cm.
long, 2,5—3 cm. broad, ovate, acute or acuminate, base a little
oblique, membranaceous, glaucous beneath; side-nerves 6—9,
prominent beneath. Flowers monoecious, shortly pedicelled, in
axillary clusters or in slender many-flowered raceme-like panicles,
several together at the axils of fallen leaves. Male flowers:
Sepals 4, obovate. Disk-glands 4, subglobose. Stamens 4,
filaments free. Female flowers: Sepals elliptical. Disk annular.
Ovary 4—(3)-celled, styles 4, free, reflexed, 2-partite. Fruit
with a fleshy pericarp, when dry lignescent, deeply 6—8-sulcate
(splitting up ?), reddish-yellow. Hermaphrodite flowers are often
observed, also in the Surinam specimen.

Paramaribo, near the quot;Militair hospitaalquot; (Versteeg n. 566,
fl. and fr. July).

12. Phyllanthus nobilis (L. fil.) Müll. Arg. in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 414; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 69; — Margaritaria
nobUiö L. fil. Suppl. (1781).P- 428 (excl. male plant); —
Cicca öurinamenöiö Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848) p. 479; —
PhyUanthuö nobilid Müll. Arg. var. genuinuö Müll. Arg. and
var. guyanenöiö Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 414; Pulle,
Enum. p. 257; — Cicca guyanenöiö Splitgerber in Sched.

Tree up to 14 m. high. Branches glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves
6—13 cm. long, 2,5—5 cm. broad, elliptical or lanceolate-
elliptical, acuminate, or cuspidate-acuminate, acute or sub-
acute at the base, firmly membranaceous, glabrous; side-nerves

8 — 12, Flowers dioecious, males fascicled along a 5—mm.
long peduncle, females solitary or 2—together in the axils
of the leaves. Male flowers: Pedicels slender, 3—5 mm. long.
Sepals 4, in 2 series, roundish or elliptical. Disk annular, fleshy,
adhering to the sepals. Stamens 4, filaments free. Female flowers:
Pedicels thick, 10—mm. long. Sepals 4, just as in the male
but a little narrower. Disk just as in the male Ovary 4—5-
celled, styles 4—5, thick, united below, shortly 2-cleft. Capsule
about i3 mm. long, subglobose, pericarp at first fleshy, after-
wards drying up and dehiscing. Seeds complanate, 3-sided,
olivegreen, nearly 3 mm. long.

Paramaribo (coll. indig. n. 129, [$]; Soeprata n. 2 D, fl
June [cj]); Suriname R.near plant. Guin. Vriendschap (Soeprata
n. 326, fr. Aug.); Commewijne R.near plant. Slootwijk (Soe-
prata n. 37 J, fl. July [(?]); without locality (Hostmann n. 622;
Dalberg; Hostmann n. 416; 1060; Kappler n. 1667; 1626;
ex D. C. Prodr.).

Brcynia nivosa (W. G. Smith) Small in Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club XXXVII (1918) p. 5i6; — PhylLanthud niigt;omsW. G.

A much branched shrub, 1—2 m. high. Leaves broad-ovate
or elliptical, white and green variegated, or sometimes com-
pletely white. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Disk wanting.
Male flowers with a top-shaped calyx, the lower part thick
and connate, the lobes rhombic, narrowed to the base, thin.
Stamens 3. Female flowers with a campanulate, dark-pur-
purascent calyx, unequally 5-lobed and enlarging in the fruit.

Paramaribo (Went n. 426, fl. Oct.; Coll. indig. n. 36); Lower
Commewijne R.plant. NijdtenSpijt(TuUekenn. 142 [L], fl. Aug.).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, penninerved,
entire. Stipules minute, caducous. Flowers dioecious, apetalous,
clustered in the axils of the leaves. Male flowers: Sepals 4-6,
imbricate, often fleshy or coriaceous. Disk central, flat or
concave. Stamens 3^12, opposite the sepals, filaments free.
Rudimentary ovary wanting or obscure. Female flowers: Calyx
as in the male. Disk annular or cupular, crenate or undulate.
Ovary 1-2(3)-celled; stigmas sessile or nearly sessde; ovules
2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, not splitting open, a little
fleshy at first, 1-2-seeded. Seeds ecarunculate.

Drypetes variabilis Uitt. in Rec. des Trav. bot. Néerl. XXII
(1926) p. 348 t. 6.

Tree in youth minutely setulose, afterwards glabrescent.
Leaves\' coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, or rarely suborbicular,
decurrent into the petiole at the base, often unaequilateral,
rotundate or subcordate or acute, at the top rotundate or
shortly recurvate-acuminate, 7 —(6—27) cm. long. 4—7
(—16) cm. wide, integer, plurinerved, nerves prominulent,
glabrous, shining, petioles ± 1 cm. long. Male flowers i-3
fasciculate in the axils of the leaves, pedicels 3-5 mm. long,
slender, setulose just as the sepals. The exterior sepals obovate,
fleshy, the interior elongate at the base, slenderer. Stamens 4-7.
Disk undulate, pulviniform. Rudimentary ovary wanting. Female
flowers 6 fasciculate. Disk small, annular, undulate. Ovary
minutely setulose 1- or rarely 2.celled; style calyptra shaped.
Fruit a drupe; crustaceous, pear-shaped. unaequilateral,
2-2,5 cm. long, pedicels in fruiting-time 2-3 cm.

Brownsberg, tree n. 1233 (B. W. n^ 6481, fl. June,
Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6499; fl. June, $); Brownsberg, tree

n. ioo5 (B. w. n. 1717; n. 4538, fr. Jan; n. 6676, fr. Aug.);
Kaboerie, tree n. 622 (B. W. n. 4780, 685i); tree n. 532
(B. W. n. 5854, 5900 fr.; 5oio, fr. Sept.); tree n. 56o (B. W.
n. 4806); Sectie O, tree n. 694 (B. W. n. 1184); Zanderij I,
tree n. 169 (B. W. n. j556); Upper Suriname R. near Goddo
(Stahel n. 101, fr. Jan.).

Trees or shrubs, young parts scaly, rarely tomentose. Leaves
alternate, entire, penninerved, petioled. Stipules often cochleate.
Flowers small, dioecious, apetalous, in axillary panicles; bracts
small. Male flowers: Calyx campanulate, 3—6-toothed. Disk
cup-shaped, or 5 glands, alternating with the sepals, connate
at the base. Stamens 3—6, episepalous, fdaments free, glabrous,
anther-cells spreading from a thickened, horizontal, glanduliferous
connective. Rudimentary ovary small. Female flowers: Caly
like that of the male. Disk entire or lobulate. Ovary 2—(3)-
celled; styles short, 2-cleft, reflexed; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit drupaceous, small, 2- or often 1-celled by abortion,
1-seeded; exocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp hard. Seeds without
a caruncle.

Hyeronima laxiflora (Tulasne) Müll. Arg. in Linnaea
XXXIV (i865) p. 67; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 272; in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 22; Pulle, Enum. p. 267; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. XV
(1922) p. 39; — StilaglnelLa Laxiflora Tulasne in Ann. Sc,
nat. 3 sér. XV (i85i) p. 244.

Tree. Stem cylindrical, crooked, with distinct root insertions
or with narrow, very heavy spurs, accompanying the stem to
a high level. Branches thick, densely lepidote; rays of the scales
connate for the greater part. Petioles 4—12 cm. long, rather
slender, densely lepidote, slightly thickened and glanduliferous
at the apex. Stipules petiolate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, cochleate,
deciduous; petioles 5—8 mm. long, sulcate, limb 8 — 10 mm.

long, densely scaled. Leaves 8.—^22 cm. long, 6—^iB cm. broad,
rotundate-elliptical, elliptical-ovate or elliptical-obovate, rotun-
date and shortly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or
shortly narrowed and acute at the base, membranaceous or
subcoriaceous, when young densely, later on sparsely lepidote
on both sides; nerves slightly prominent above, midrib and
nerves prominent and vestited with brownish hairs beneath;
side-nerves 7—(10). Panicles 8 —12 cm. long, densely lepidote,
composed of racemes, placed in the axils of bracts similar to
the stipules, flowering bracts small, triangular, acute. Pedicels
about 1 mm. long. Male flowers: Calyx campanulate, minutely
4(3—5)-dentate, lepidote. Disk about as long as or a little
shorter than the calyx, entire, margin brownish pilose. Rudi-
mentary ovary pubescent, obscurely 2-lobed. Female flowers:
Calyx minutely dentate. Disk as in the male but shorter. Ovary
lepidote; styles 2, very short, 2-cleft. Fruit 3—5 mm. long,
globose.

Sectie O, Tree n. 812 (B. W. n. 2392); Coppename R.
(B. W. n. 3599, fr. Jan); Watramiri, Tree n. 1571 (B. W.
n. 5443, fl. and fr. Oct.; n. 5091, fr. Dec.; n. 4727, fl. and
fr. June; n. 4423, fr. Oct.); Zanderij I, Tree n. 180 (B. W.
n. 2295, fr. Aug.; n. 4641, fr. April; n. 5257, fl. July; n. 3o3o,
fr. July; n. 3913, fr. July; n. 3333, £1. Oct.; n. 4434, fl. Nov.);
Kaboerie, Tree n. 670 (B. n. 5934, fr. July; n. 4822, fl.
Nov.); without locality (Hostmann n. 391, (?; Kappler n.
1623, cJ).

Vernacular Names: Piento-bolletrie (N. E.); Anoniwana
(Saram.); Okotjo, Ajowo, Ajono, Amapaia, Makoeroerian,
Tarroema, Teloko-enoeroe, Troko-enoeroe, Tapierin, Katoe-
lienja (Kar.); Soeradan, Sorrodan, Soeladan, Tokadie-ballie
(Arow.).

Trees, shrubs or herbs, usually covered with stellate hairs
or scales. Leaves usually alternate, often with 2 usually stalked
glands at the base or at the apex of the petiole, entire or serrate.

rarely lobed, penninerved or — 00-nerved from the base.
Flowers spicate or racemose, monoecious or rarely dioecious,
the males in the upper part of the inflorescence, the females
in the lower part or sometimes both sexes mixed. The female
flowers solitary or sometimes one with two or three males
under each bract Bracts small. Petals usually present in the
male flowers, often absent from or rudimentary in the females.
Male flowers: Sepals 6(4—6), valvate or slightly imbricate.
Disk represented by glands opposite the sepals. Stamens 5—• 00,
generally 10^—^16, filaments inflexed in bud, erect in the flower.
Receptacle usually pilose sometimes glabrous. Rudimentary ovary
wanting. Female flowers: Sepals often unequal. Disk annular
or divided into glands. Ovary 3-celled; styles 1—^many times
bifid or partite; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule splitting
up into 2-valved cocci. Seeds smooth, with a small caruncle.

Distribution: Species nearly 700, distributed throughout
the tropics and some in the subtropical countries of America.

b. Branches patently hirsute. Bracts linear, with
long stalked glands..... 11. C. hirtus L\'Herit.

b. Plants densely vestited with stellate hairs on the
youngers parts...... 4. C. Stahelianus Lanj.

b. Erect shrubs. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, usu-
ally not broader than 3 cm., acute at the apex,
obtuse at the base 10. C. subincanus Müll. Arg.

b. Small tree. Leaves triangular-ovate, green or
greyish-green. Stipules and bracts eglandular.
.................. 6. C. longiradiatUS Lanj.

b. Leaves glabrous above, 20^—^22 side-nerves.
Anthers 16..... 3. C. matourensis Aubl.

1. Croton glabellus L. Sp. pi. ed. 2. (1763) p. 1426,
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 517; Fawcett and Rendle
Flora of Jamaica IV. 2. (1920) p. 282; — Croton Eluteria
Sw. Prodr. (1788) p. 100; Fl. Ind. occ. II (1800) p. ii83.

A small tree. Young branches angular, just as the petioles
and the midrib of the leaves covered with brown irregular
scales. Petioles o,5—3 cm. long. Leaves oblong-elliptical or
oblong-ovate, entire, variable in size 4 — 16 cm. long, 2—cm.
broad, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse, base rotundate or sub-
rotundate or sometimes subacute, above sparsely, beneath
densely covered with round silvery scales, which have a brown
warty point in the centre and a fimbriate margin, pinnately
nerved, side-nerves 8—^12. Racemes simple or branched, axil-
lary, usually not reaching the length of the leaves, densely
flowered. Flowers white, scenting. Pedicels of the male flowers
± 2 mm. long, of the female flowers i 6 mm. long. Male flowers:

Calyx 5-parfced, lobes ovate-triangular, covered with large
stellate hairs, margin puberulous. Petals spathulate, tomentose,
pellucid-punctate. Female flowers: Calyx as in the male flowers.
Petals oblong-lanceolate, persistent. Ovary densely scaled, styles
frequently 2-parted. Capsule oblong-globose, scaly, tuberculate,
7\'—10 mm. long. Seeds brown, smooth.

Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6680; fl. Oct.); mouth of the Mamboen
Creek (B. W. n. 4640, fl. and fr. March); Marowijne R.,
Joeka Creek (B. W. n. 366i, fl. March).

2. Croton cuneatus Kl. in Hook. London Journ. of Bot. II
(1843) p. 49; Miquel in Linnaea XXI (1848) p. 477; Müll.
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 025; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 89; Pulle
Enum. p. 267; Lanjouw, Euph. p. 11 ; — Croton mrinamenéià
Müll. Arg. in Linnaea XXXIV (1868) p. 82; in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 525.

A small tree or shrub. Young branches often striate and
just as the peduncle and the petiole densely covered with brown
scales. Scales nearly orbicular, radial incised and above in
the middle with 1—3 long hairs, stretching forth and later on
deciduing. Petiole 1—3 cm. long, caniculate. Limb oblong-
elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic or lanceolate, at the top acute,
cuspidate-acuminate or long acuminate, with an obtuse or
subobtuse acumen, at the base acute or cuneate, margin entire
or obsolete repandous dentate, densely scaled. Some typical
measures for the size of the limb are: 23 X9; 22 X7I; 18 x6;
16 X 5; 9 X 3-1; 12 X 3|-; 17 X 7; 6 X At the base of the
limb there are two patelliform glandules. Stipules small, subulate,
deciduous. Racemes elongated, aggregated at the top of the
branches, 15—20 cm. long, at the top only male flowers, the
remaining part with males and females mixed. Flowers fasciculate
in the axils of bracts. Bracts small, oblong, ovate or triangular,
scaled, pilosy on the margin. Male flowers: Calyx-lobes oblong

or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2—3 mm. long, the margin and the
inside densely lanate, the outside lepidote. Petals spathulate-
obovate, the margin and the inside pilosy, the outside glabrous.
Stamens 14—16, filaments densely pubescent, connective broad,
anthers triangular or ovoid. Female flovi^ers: Calyx oblong,
obtuse ± 3,5 mm. long, exterior scaled, interior and margin
pubescent. Petals rudimentary, linear, glandular, barbate, ovary
squamose, styles twice-cleft. Seeds flattened, triangular,
blackish-brown.

Couroupina R.near farm Repubhek (Gonggrijp n. 11, fl.
Aug.); Toekoemoetoe R. (B. W. n. S/iS, fl. and young fruits
March); Para R. oppösite farm Nleuwe Hoop (Gonegrijp
n. 426, fl. April); Upper Saramacca R. (Pulle n. 466, fl.
March); without locality (Kappler n. i5o5, Hostmann n.
1094, [K.], a not numbered specimen from the expedition to
the Wilhelmina Mountains, probably collected near Goddo,
a not numbered specimen collected by Focke).

3. Croton matourcnsis Aubl. Hist, de pi. Gui. fr. II
(1775) p. 880, t. 338; Pulle, Enum. p. 267; Lanjouw, Euph.
p. 12, f. 1; — Croton matourendu M.ii\\\\. Arg. -vsLT. genuinud
Müll. Arg., var. Poeppigianuö Müll. Arg. and var. dericeud
Müll. Arg. in Linnaea XXXIV (i865) p. g5; in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 55o; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 11g.

Trees. Young branches and petioles covered with ferrugineous
stellate hairs. Petioles 2—3 cm. long. Leaves 9—^24 cm. long,
(2) 5—7,5 cm. broad, ovate-elliptic, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic,
accuminate, rounded or subacute at the base, fuscous and glabrous
above, densely covered with cinerascent or subargillaceous scales
and along the midrib also with stellate hairs beneath, biglandular
at the base of the midrib beneath, glands shortly stalked or
sessile and patelliform, margin nearly entire. Glands with short
stalks are also found on the lower surface at 1 cm. distance
from the margin, or rarely on the margin, at about 1 cm. distance

from each other. Racemes aggregated at the top of the branches,
11\'—20 cm. long, only a few female flowers, for the greater
part males; bracts lanceolate. Male flowers: Sepals 5, triangular,
the outside lepidote. Petals 5, lanceolate-spathulate, densely
villose, pellucid-punctate. Stamens 11, fdaments densely villose
hirsute. Female flowers: Sepals lanceolate, the outside lepidote,
the inside vestited with long simple hairs, especially along the
margin, the central part is glabrous. Ovary densely lepidote,
styles 3, connate into a short column, the upper part free and 2
or 3 times dived. Capsule 3.—5 mm. long, subglobose, lepidote.
Seeds 2 mm. long, subnitidous.

Sectie O, Tree n. 518 (B. W. n. 5o5o, £1. Febr.; B. W.
n. i65o, fl. March; B. W. n. i343; B. W. n. 6o63, fl. Febr.);
Brownsberg, Tree n. 1137 (B. W. n. 1766, fr. April; B. W.
n. 6664, fl. Sept.); Brownsberg, Tree n. 1041 (B. W. n. 4696,
fr. June; B. W. n. 6111, fr. May; B. W. n. 6397, fl. March;
B. W. n. 1716); without locality (Dumortier).

Vernacular Names: Without (Sur. Dutch); Wakaladan horo-
rodikoro (Arow.); Koesapoelan, Moeroewabbo (Kar.).

Tree? Young branches, petioles and peduncles vestited with
brownish stellate hairs. Stipules 7—8 mm. long, subulate,
stellate-pubescent, deciduous. Petioles 1—^4 cm. long. Leaves
6-—12 cm. long, 2 — 6 cm. broad, ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate
at the base rounded or subcordate, membranaceous, vestited
with small warts, ending in an obliquely oblique placed hair,
and along the nerves stellate pilose above, densely stellate
tomentose beneath, side-nerves 6—^8, prominent beneath. Spikes
axillar or terminal, 3-—4 cm. long, flowers solitary, bracts subulate,
stellate pilose. Male flowers: Sepals 5, ovate, obtuse, the out-
side and margin pilose, the inside glabrous. Petals 5, oblong-
ovate,, obtuse, the outside stellate pubescent, the inside sparsely
pilose. Stamens 11; filaments pilose at the base. Receptacle

pilose. Disk-glands 5, thick. Female flowers: Sepals 5, ovate,
acute, stellate pilose outside, the inside glabrous. Disk annular,
reduced. Ovary hirsute, 3-celled, styles 3, dichotomous. Capsule
7—\'8 mm. in diameter, covered with yellowish-brown stellate
hairs. Seeds fuscous.

5.nbsp;Croton guyanensis Aubl. Hist, des pi, Gui, fr, II
(1775) p, 882, t. 339; Müll. Arg, in D,C, Prodr. l.c.p, 56i.

Shrub 2 m. high. Leaves congested at the top of the branches,
6—15 cm, long, 2—\'7 cm, broad, petiolate, glabrous or in the
youth vestited with depressed stellate hairs, membranaceous,
fuscous, biglandidar at the base, glands stalked, 5-nerved from
the base, glandular-crenate Stipules 6—8 mm, long, subulate,
glandular-dentate. Racemes elongate, 20^—So cm, long, female
at the base; bracts lanceolate, glandular-incised or dentate,
1-flowered, Male flowers: Petals obovate, sericeous at the
base of the inside. Stamens ±11, fdaments hirsute. Female
flowers: Calyx angular, lobes broad triangular-ovate, acute,
laciniate or dentate. Ovary fulvous hirsute, styles —6-cleft,

Lucie R, (B, W, n. 6983 = Stahel n. 406, a specimen with
very young flowers only).

A small tree, 8 m. high. Young branches and petioles stellate
pubescent, glabrescent. Stipules subulate, rigid. Petioles 5—8 cm.
long. Leaves 14—^17 cm, long, 9 — 11 cm, broad, ovate or
triangular-ovate, acuminate at the apex, subtruncate or slightly
cordate at the base, rarely in the young leaves broad cuneate,
5-nerved from the base, membranaceous, above stellate pubescent
along the nerves and sparsely vestited with stellate hairs on

the limb. The horizontal rays of the hairs are reduced and
only the central patent ray is well developed. Beneath stellate
pilose, stellate hairs with 7.—^10 long rays, margin minutely
glandular-denticulate. Racemes ±10 cm. long, bracts 6—7 mm.
long, subulate. Male flowers: Calyx 5-lobed, lobes triangular,
outside stellate pubescent, the inside glabrous. Petals 5, pilose
at both sides. Receptacle pilose. Disk-glands 5. Stamens 14,
fdaments pilose at the base. Female flowers: Sepals 5, the
outside densely stellate pubescent. Ovary glabrous. Disk-
glands 5. Styles 3, 4-parted, the connate part of the styles
stellate pubescent.

Scandent shrub. Yoimg branches and petioles vestited with
ferrugineous and cinereous stellate hairs. Petioles 2 — 5 cm.
long. Leaves 8 — 11 cm. long, 4,6—^8 cm. broad, broad-ovate,
shortly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base,
chartaceous, sparsely stellate pilose above, densely vestited
with ferrugineous or cinereous stellate hairs beneath, margin
entire, glanduliferous, glands crateriform; side-nerves 12—-14
prominent beneath, biglandular at the base of the midrib
beneath. Spikes axillar, 12—20 cm. long, sometimes ramose
at the base; leaves at the base of the spikes 0,7 — 1 cm. petiolate,
5—6 cm. long, 2,5—3 cm. broad, ovate, acuminate at the apex,
truncate at the base. Male flowers shortly pedicelled, 5—^8-
fascicled in the axils of small triangular bracts, in the lower
part mixed with female flowers. Male flowers: Sepals (3) 5,
ovate, acute, the outside stellate tomentose, the margin pilose.
Petals (3) 5, broad obovate, the outside sparsely stellate pilose,
the margin and inside vestited with long, yellow, hairs. Recept-
acle glabrous. Stamens 11; filaments vestited with long, yellow.

subhirsufce hairs. Disk-glands (3) 5, thick, subreniform. Female
flowers subsessile, (only known at a very young stage): Sepals 5,
ovate, acute, the outside vestited with stellate hairs, the inside
pilose. Styles 3, several times divided. Ovary densely pilose,

8.nbsp;Croton Hostmanni Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848)
p. 477; Miill. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 622; Pulle, Enum.
p. 258.

Shrub? Young branches and petioles densely covered with
adpressed stellate hairs. Stipules small, lanceolate-ovate. Petioles
2—3 (7) mm. long. Leaves 2—4 cm. broad, 2,5—6 cm. long,
elliptical, obtuse at both ends, rather glandular-crenulate, two
patelliform glands at the base, penninerved, nerves undistinctly,
rather densely covered with adpressed stellate hairs beneath,
sparsely vestited with hirsute stellate hairs above. Racemes

4—7nbsp;cm. long, stellate tomentose, densely flowered; bracts
small ovate, cucullate, concave. Male flowers: nearly sessile.
Sepals oblong-ovate, stellate tomentose. Petals obovate-oblong,
villose. Stamens ± 11, filaments pilose at the base. Female
flowers shortly pedicelled: Sepals 2—3,5 mm. long, obovate,
obtuse, covered with adpressed stellate hairs. Ovary stellate
pubescent, 3-celled. Styles 3, 2-partite up to the base. Rarely
4 styles and the ovary 4-celled, but in that case one cell abortive.
Capsule 4—5 mm. long, globose.

9.nbsp;Croton lobatus L. Spec. pl. ed. 1. (1763) p. ioo5;
Hutchinson in Thiselton-Dyer, Flora of Trop. Africa VI. 1.
(1913) p. 760; — CnidodcoLud durinamendU Miq. in Linnaea
XVIII (1844) p. 749, and XXI (1848) p. 476; — Croton

lobaLud Müll. Arg. var. ripariuö Müll. Arg. and var. genuinum
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 668; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 239;
Pulle, Enum. 267.

An erect and more or less woody annual. Young stems and
petioles sulcate, more or less hirsute, with long, patent hairs,
hairs with a basilar wart, glabrescent. Stipules subulate.
Petioles 3—10 cm. long. Leaves digitately 3—5-partite, mem-
branaceous, stellate pubescent or glabrescent; the segments
oblanceolate, obovate or elliptic, acuminate or caudate-acuminate,
narrowed to the base, crenate to serrate, 3—^5,5 cm. long,
1 — 2,b cm. broad. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 10 cm.
long, female flowers at the base, the upper part male; axis
sulcate and pubescent just as the branches, bracts lanceolate.
Male flowers: shortly pedicelled, sepals 5, elliptic, glabrous,
petals 5, lanceolate or oblanceolate, glabrous, stamens 10.—^i3,
with glabrous filaments, receptacle glabrous. Female flowers:
subsessile, sepals 5, linear or lanceolate, acute, sparsely stellate-
pubescent, with a few glanduliferous hairs on the margin,
petals represented by a hair, disk 5-lobed, glabrous, ovary stel-
late-pubescent and covered with scattered acicular hairs, styles 3,
free or nearly so, 6—^8-cleft at the apex, lobes nearly filiform.
Capsule i 0.8 cm. long, globose-ellipsoid, stellate-pubescent
and setose, glabrescent. Seeds oblong, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad.

Distribution:West-Indies, Central-America,Tropical South-
America and tropical Africa.

Paramaribo, near farm Leonsberg (Soeprata n. 164, fr.
Aug.); Paramaribo (Focke n. i332, fl. Nov.; Tulleken n.
97[L] fl. July; Soeprata n. 36B, fl. June); without locality
(Kappler n.nbsp;Hostmann [L.]; Wullschlägel n. 464 [B]; n.

10, Croton subincanus Müll. Arg. in Linnaea XXXIV
(i865) p. 139; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 680.

Shrub up to 3 m. Young parts densely tomentose, glabres-
cent. Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 6—11 mm. long.

densely vestited with patent hairs; stipules broad linear,
deciduous. Limb ovate or oblong-ovate, 2,5 — S cm. long,
1,5—2,5 cm. broad, penninerved, acute at the apex, at the
base oblique and obtuse, on the lower side 2 patelliform glandules,
crenate, rigidulous, fragile, densely stellate-pubescent at both
sides, incanous beneath. Racemes 8—lo cm. long; bracts ovate
or lanceolate, acute, i-flowered. Male flowers: Sepals broadly
ovate, outside pubescent, inside glabrous. Petals obovate-
lanceolate, villose. Stamens lo^—12, filaments glabrous. Recept-
acle villous. Female flowers: Calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate
or lanceolate-spathulate, outside densely pubescent, inside
glabrous. Ovary stellate incanous tomentellous. Styles 3,
bipartite. Capsule about 4 mm. long, globose, tridymous,
tomentellous. Seeds smooth, lengthwise striate.

11. Croton hirtus L\'Herit. Stirp. nov. (1784) p. 17,
t. 9; Griseb. Fl. of the Br. West Ind. Isl. (1864) p. 42;
Fawcett and Rendle Fl, of Jam. IV, part 2 (1920) p. 285; ^—
Brachydlachyd hlrta Klotzsch in Hook. London Journ. of
Bot. II (1843) p. 47» — Croton gianduLodUö L. var. hirtiu)
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p, 684; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 267;
Pulle, Enum, p. 257; — Geiöeleria hirta Miq. Stirp. Surin.
(i85o) p. 99.

Herbaceous annual. Stems and petioles hispid by stellate
hairs of which one of the rays longer and patent. Petioles of
the lower leaves three quarters of their length, the upper ones
much shorter. Limb rhombic-ovate, 3- or 5-nerved from the
base, serrate or doubly crenate-serrate, usually (2,5) 4—(7) cm.
long, (1) 3—^4 (5) cm. broad, canescent beneath, at the base
two long stalked, cup-shaped, small glands, at both sides with
adpressed stellate hairs, usually only one ray developed on
the upper surface. Stipules linear 3—h mm. long. Racemes

1,5—\'3 cm. long; flowers subsessile, bracts linear, with long
stalked glands. Male flowers: Calyx segments elliptical, acute,
outside vestited with stellate hairs. Petals oblong or linear-
oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens lo—^ii, filaments
glabrous. Female flowers: Segments of the calyx unequal,
lanceolate or spathulate, 3—4 times as long as the capsule, the i
or 2 others smaller. Ovary hirsute, styles bipartite almost to the
base. Capsule 0—4 mm. long, globose, hirsute. Seeds 2,5—3 mm.
long, with a small caruncle.

Distribution: West-Indies, Central-America, Venezuela,
Peru, Brit, and French Guyana and Brazil.

Paramaribo (Focke n. 1249; 777\' fk April; Splitgerber
n. 1040 [L]; Soeprata n. 35 B, £1. June; CoU. Indig. n. 78;
Essed n. 116, fl. Aug.; Samuels n. i83 [K]; n. 77 [L and K]);
Sectie O (B. W. n. 569, fl. April); Upper Suriname R. (Focke
n. 1293); Zanderij I (Samuels n. 498 [K], fl. July); near Goddo
(Stahel n. 5, fl. Jan.); Para district (Versteeg n. 604, fl. June);
Marowijne R. near Albina (Versteeg n. 627, fl. July); Sara-
macca R. (PuUe n. 107, fl. Dec.); without locality (Kegel,
Wullschlägel n. 462, ex Pulle l.c.p. 268).

Herbaceous annual. Stems and petioles scabrous pubescent,
glabrescent. Petioles short, 2 —10 mm. long, sometimes in the
lower part of the stem longer. Leaves 2—4 cm. long, 7-16 cm.
broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, acuminate, simple
or double crenate-serrate, dents acute or obtuse, stellate pubes-
cent at both sides, with two shortly stalked glands at the base
of the limb, cinerascent beneath. Stipules subulate. Racemes

axillar or terminal, i—\'2 cm, long; bracts broad triangular,
bilobed at the base, flowers shortly pedicelled, Male flowers:
4—5-merous, calyx segments ovate-triangular, outside with
some acicular hairs, at the apex tufted, stamens 8 or lo, pilose
at the base, receptacle pilose. Female flowers: sepals often
unequal, stellate-pubescent outside, petals rudimentary, subulate,
hypogynous disk annular, small, ovary hirsute, styles 3, 2-
partite up to the middle. Capsule 3—-4 mm, long,

Paramaribo (Splitgerber n. 216, [L] and n. 677 [L], fl. Dec.;
Tulleken n. 109 [L], fl. Aug.; Soeprata n. 9 D, fl. June); Para
district near Post Republiek (Tulleken n. 2o3, [L], fl. Aug.);
Upper Suriname R. (Focke n. i3o2, fl. May); Upper Suriname
R.near Carolina (B. W. n. 6117, fl. May); Marowijne R.near
Albina (Tulleken n. 690 [L], fl. Nov.); near Onoribo (Focke
n. 876, fl. March); near Sara Creek (Coll. indig. n. 220, fl.
May); Lawa R.near Cottica (Versteeg n. 287, fl. Oct.);
without locality (Kappler n. 1417: Wullschlagel n. 463, ex
Pulle, Hostmann [L]; near Poelepantje (Kegel n. 3io [G],
fl. July, ex Pulle l.c.p. 268).

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, short-petioled,
stipulate. Flowers in lax axillary spikes or spike-like racemes,
each solitary to a bract, the upper males, the lower females.
Disk wanting. Flowers monoecious (in Surinam species). Male
flowers: Calyx segments 5 or 6, valvate. Petals 5, mostly equal
sometimes unequal, attached at the base of the staminal column.
Stamens about 10, distinctly 2-seriate, filaments connate below
into a column, anthers ovoid, dehiscing longitudinally. Rudimen-
tary ovary at the apex of the staminal column. Female flowers:
Sepals 5 or 6, imbricate, generally unequal, the outer smaller
than the inner ones. Petals 5, narrower than the petals in the

male. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; styles short, deeply laciniate.
Capsule muricate or spinulose, splitting into three 2-valved
cocci. Seeds subglobose, ecarunculate.

1. a. Leaves usually long er than y cm., lanceolate-ovate
usually more than i6 side-nerves. Stems not aculeate

b. Leaves usually shorter than 7 cm,, oblong or lanceolate-
oblong, usually less than 16-side-nerves, Stems and

1. Capcronia palustris (L.) St. Hil. Hist. pi. remarq,
jBresil (1824) p, 245; Müll, Arg, in D.C, Prodr, l.c,p, 744;
in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 324; Pulle, Enum. p. 258; Pax in E.P.
IV. 147. VI (1912) p. 33, fig. 6; Prain in Fl. of Trop. Africa
VI. 1. (1913) p. 832 and p. io55; — Croton patudtria L. Spec,
pi. ed. 1. (1753) p. 1004.

Herbaceous annual, o,5 —1 m. high. Stems erect, branched,
striate, setulose-hispid and usually glandular, at least above.
Petioles 2—25 mm. long, hispid. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
3—5 mm. long. Leaves linear, lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate,
acute, base cuneate or rounded, 5 —15 cm. long, o,5—3 (5) cm.
broad, membranaceous, margin sharply serrate; side-nerves
10—26. very prominent beneath. The lower leaves elliptic or
ovate and obtuse. Racemes 4—^10 cm. long, rhachis hispid
and glandular just as the stems; bracts ovate, acuminate. Male
flowers: Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Petals 5, equal or
unequal, spathulate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse. Stamens 10.
Female flowers: Sepals 6, rhomboid or ovate, acuminate, un-
equal, margin and base outside glandular. Petals 5, spathulate-
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, shorter than the sepals. Ovary
closely covered with narrow-subulate gland-tipped processes;

styles 3—8 partite. Capsule muricate, 5—7 mm. broad, 4—5 mm.
long. Seeds foveolate, ovoid.

Distribution:West-Indies, Central America, Tropical South
America, Tropical Africa (introduced?).

Paramaribo (Tulleken n. i3o [L], fl. Aug.; Boldingh n.
3826, fl. and fr. Oct.; Went n. 287, fh Aug.; Kuyper n. 18,
fl. Dec.); Para district (Splitgerber n. 1140 [L], fl. May);
Commewijne R.near plant. Breukelerwaard (Focke n. 617,
fl. Sept.); near plant. Rust en Werk (Soeprata n. 73, fl. Aug.);
Suriname R.near plant. Zwarigheid (Focke n. ig, fl. Oct.).

2. Caperonia corchorcides Müll, Arg, in Linnaea
XXXIV (i865) p, i53; in D,C, Prodr, l,c,p. 703; Pax in
E.P, l.c.p, 45; — Caperonia cadtaneifoUa Auct. non St, Hil.
Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848) p, 477; Pulle, Enum, p. 258; —
Croton acuLeatuö Splitgerber in Sched.

Herbaceous annual. Stems branching, adpressed pubescent
and minutely aculeate. Petioles very short. Leaves 3—7 cm.
long, 5 —18 mm, broad, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute or
acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, sharply serrate,
membranaceous, sparsely adpressed pilose along the nerves
beneath and also aculeate along the midrib; side-nerves 8—\'16.
Flowers monoecious. Racemes —7gt; cm, long, rhachis pubescent
or setose, bracts ovate or triangular, acuminate, margin setulose,
ciliate, Male flowers: Sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute. Petals
obovate-oblong or spathulate, longer than the calyx. Stamens
10, column of the filaments rather long, rudimentary ovary
undivided. Female flowers short-pedicelled. Sepals 6, the 3 inner
larger than the 3 outer, ovate, acuminate, setulose, ciliate,
outside glandular at the base. Petals obovate or lanceolate-
obovate, longer than the sepals. Ovary closely covered with
hairs and fusiform glands; styles nearly free, 2—^3-partite. Capsule
4 mm. broad, 2—3 mm. long, setulose and densely covered with
the warty glands. Seeds globose, foveolate.

Suriname R.near Blauwe berg (Splitgerber n. 939, [L],
fl. May); Upper Suriname R. (Focke n. 338; named by Miquel
Acanlhopyx\'u crotonoideö gen. nov., but published as Caperonia
caötaneifoUa St. Hil.); without locality (Hostmann n. 1084,
[B, G] ex D. C. Prodr. l.c.p. 753; Hostmann, without number.).

Trees, young branches puberulous, soon glabrescent. Leaves
alternate, stipulate, penninerved, nerves reticulate, coriaceous
or chartaceous. Flowers in terminal panicles. Male flowers
small in glomerules. Female flowers in a simple panicle with
a rather thick axis, bracts biglandular at the base. Flowers
dioecious, apetalous. Male flowers: Calyx 3—^4-partite, stamens
2I1 16, free, the 6—^8 exterior fertile, the interior sterile, rudimen-
tary ovary absent. Female flowers: Sepals 5—8, imbricate,
glands alternating with the sepals, ovary 3-celled, styles 2-
lobed, thick papillose at the inside. Capsule large, usually
smooth. Seeds carunculate.

1. a. Styles shortly connate at the base, not recurved to
the fruit. Leaves distinctly and rather long caudate-
acuminate, not cordate at the base. Capsule three-

b. Styles hardly not connate at the base, recurved to
the fruit. Leaves shortly obtuse acuminate, distinctly

1. Conceveiba guyanensis Aubl. Hist, des pl. Gui. fr. II
(1775) p. 924, t. 353; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 896;
in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 371, t. 55; Pulle, Enum. p. 258; Pax
in E.P. IV. 147. VII. (1914) p. 214.

Tree.* Stem straight, cylindrical, without root insertion.
Leaves glandular at the base of the limb. Limb 9—^33 cm. long,

4—xj cm. wide, oblong-elliptic, caudate-acuminate with an
obtuse tip, obtuse or rather acuminate at the base, remotely
glandular-dentate, coriaceous or membranaceous, sparsely stel-
late at both sides. Male inflorescences pyramidal, patently
branched, 20—^3o cm. long, puberulous; bracts biglandular at
the base, 3-flowered, flowers subsessile. Female inflorescences
racemose, 7—^10 cm. long, pedicels bracteolate at the base.
Male flowers: Calyx 3.—^4-partite, lobes ovate, acute, glabrous.
The exterior 6.—stamens fertile, erect, the filaments broad,
the interior 6.—^8 sterile, flexuose, much longer than the exterior
ones. Female flowers: Sepals 5\'—^8, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
unequal, pubescent, glanduliferous. Ovary oblong-globose,
obtusely 3-ribbed, tomentose; styles connate at the base, patently
recurved. Capsule 2\'—2,5 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, lignose, 3-
ribbed. Seeds 1 cm. long, smooth, with a small caruncle.

Paramaribo near plant. Onverwacht (Wullschlägel n. i33i
[B]); Lower Saramacca R. near iVLariepaston (Kegel n. i3i8);
Kaboerie Tree n. 680 (B. W. n. 4900); Sectie O, Tree n. 808
(B. W. n. 6082, fr. March: n. 1839, fr. May); Zanderij I,
Tree n. 104 (B. W. n. 6o36, fr. Febr.: n. 4073, fr. Nov.: n.
1288); Zanderij I, Tree n. 171 (B. W. n. 4080, fl. Nov.: n.
1469); Watramiri, Tree n. 1626 (B. W. n. 4297, fr. March:
n. 1922); Lucie R. (Stahel n. 304, fr. April).

Vernacular Names: Mabi, W^itte hoedoe (Sur. Dutch, and
N.E.); Mababalli horiraro, Wadiehie koro (Arow.); Peierjan,
Talemo merehe, Harimenango, Jawareran (Kar.); Koesoewe
oemattoe, Bakhie bakhie, Necoehoeda (Saram.).

2. Conceveiba Hostmanni Benth. in Hook. Journ. of
Bot. VL (1864) p. 332; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 897;
Pulle, Enum. p. 269; Pax l.c.p. 216; Lanj. Euph. p. 21.

Tree. Leaves alternate, stipules deciduous, petioles 2\'—cm.
long, puberulous, the top of the petiole (base of the limb) a little
glandular. Limb 8 — xj cm. long, 4,6—8,5 cm. broad, elliptical
or ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate at the base, the margin

glandular-dentate, coriaceous, shining and only sparsely puberu-
lous along the midrib above, sparsely stellate and lepidulate
beneath. Male flowers unknown. Female inflorescences terminal,
spicate-racemiform, at the base panicle-like branched. Bracts
glandular. Sepals 5, triangular, lanceolate, acuminate, thick.
Between the sepals thick, black glandules. Ovary 3-celled,
fulvous-tomentose, styles bilobate, many times shorter than
the calyx, not connate at the base and recurved to the fruit.
Capsule globose, smooth, without ribs. Seeds glabrous, fuscous,,
coronated by a large caruncle.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, penni-
nerved or palmatinerved, at the base glandular-maculate on
the lower surface. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small,
apetalous, in simple or panicled spikes. Male flowers several
together in the axils of the bracts. Calyx globose, 2—^5-partite.
Stamens 8. Female flowers: —5 flowers in the axils of the
bracts, usually solitary. Sepals 5\'—6, usually 4. Ovary 2—^3-
celled; styles 2 — 3, usually simple and free; 1 ovule in each
cell. Capsule 2\'—\'S-cocced. Seeds ecarunculate.

Trav. bot. néerl. IX (1912) p. 146; Pax in E.P. IV. 147.
VII (1914) p. 227; •— Antideéma triplinerfia Spreng. Neue
Entd. II (1821) p. 116.

Trees or shrubs. Young branches and petioles densely covered
with minute stellate hairs, glabrescent. Petioles shorter than
the limb, o,5—5 cm. long. Limb 2,5—cm. long, 2—^11 cm.
broad, ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate at the apex, the
tip obtuse, obtuse or acute at the base, dentate, coriaceous
or subcoriaceous; 3-nerved at the base, side nerves, besides
these basal nerves, !■—■4» reticularly veined, between the nerves
at the base 2—4 glanduliferous spots, usually glabrous above,
sparsely vestited with stellate hairs beneath. Spikes axillar,
simple or ramosed, rhachis vestited just as the young branches;
bracts small, triangular, ^ pluriflowered, $ 1—3-flowered.
Male spikes often fasciculate, 3—20 cm. long; female spikes
3 — 12 cm. long, lax-flowered. Male flowers small, 1—2 mm.
broad, shortly pedicelled. Sepals 2, glabrous. Stamens 8. Female
flowers: Sepals 4, triangular, puberulous. Ovary pilose or
glabrous; styles 2, free, 5 —15 mm. long, sulcate at the base
and more or less covered with stellate hairs. Capsules 7—^10 mm.
broad, —■\'] mm. long, 2-celled. Seeds echinate-tuberculate.

var. laevigata Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 910; in
Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 38i; Lanj. Euph. p. 22; — Alchornea gLandu-
Loóa -Poepp. et Endl. var. parvifoLia Benth. in Hook. Journ.
Bot. VI (1854) p. 33o.

Petioles 1 — Z,S cm. long; limb S-—cm. long, 2—6 cm.
broad, glabrous above, sparsely covered with minute stellate
hairs beneath, ovate, acuminate, subcoriaceous. Ovary gabrous
or nearly so, styles 5—j mm. long.

Upper Gran Rio R. (Stahel n. 231, fl. $ March); Kaboerie,
tree n. 651 (B. W. n. 4876); Kaboerie, tree n. 701 (B. W.
n. 6975, fr. Aug.: n. 4926); Watramiri, tree n. i583, (B. W.
n. 4283 fl. 9 March); Sectie O, tree n. 827 (B. W. n. 4100,
fl. Nov.; n. 5583, fl. Jan.; n. 4496, fl. Dec.); near Lelydorp
(Gonggrijp n. 83, fl. $ Jan.).

Vernacular Names: Kasaba hoedoe, Basra bebe (N-E);
Mattoe groègroè (Saram.); Kannekedie ballie, Koereroe
(Arow.); Naporan, Moetoesirian, Kjeraporan (Kar.).

A small tree. Young branches angular, covered with short,
minute, stellate hairs, glabrescent. Petioles short o,5 — 2,5 cm.
long, densely stellate tomentose. Limb 6—cm. long, 2,5 — 6 cm.
broad, chartaceous, acuminate or abruptly acuminate with an
obtuse tip, or obtuse, at the base obtuse or nearly acute, crenate,
glabrous above except the nerves, which are vestited with
minute simple hairs, papillose and rather densely vestited
with small stellate hairs, glabrescent, at the base two almost
elliptic glandular spots; penninerved, 10—side nerves, in
the axils barbulate by long simple hairs. Male spikes copiously
paniculate, panicles on the older branches in the axils of fallen
leaves; flowers in 3—5-flowered fascicles in the axil of small
triangular bracts, nearly sessile. Female spikes in a more or less
contracted panicle, placed exactly like the male panicle; female
flowers solitary, bracts acute. Male flowers small ^^ 2,5 mm.
broad. Sepals 2 — 3, glabrous. Stamens 8. Female flowers shortly
pedicelled, at the base of the pedicel two bracteoles. Sepals 4,
covered with small stellate hairs and with simple hairs at the
top. Ovary two-celled, ± 2 mm. long, stellate tomentellous;

styles 2,1—20 mm. long, free, erect, thread-shaped. Capsule
8 mm. long, 9 mm. broad, didymous (ex Pax).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, long petiolate, ovate,
stipulate and stipellate at the apex of the petiole, chartaceous,
penninerved. Inflorescences terminal or axillary; male flowers
in panicles, female in racemes. Flowers monoecious, apetalous.
Disk wanting. Male flowers: Calyx valvate, 2—3-partite.
Stamens generally 4, filaments connate at the base, for the greater
part free. Rudimertary ovary absent. Female flowers: Sepals
4—6, connate at the base, subimbricate. Ovary 3-celled, styles
shortly connate at the base, thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 3-cocced;
cocci 2-valved, columella persistent. Seeds ecarunculate, smooth.

Aparisthmium cordatum (Juss.) Baill. Adansonia V (i865)
p. 307; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. VII (1914) p. 258, fig. 40; —
Conceveibum cordatum Juss. Euph. Tent. (1824) p. 43, t. i3,
fig. 42a; — Conceveiba macrophyila Klotzsch ex Benth. in
Hook. Journ. of Bot. VI (1864) p. 333; — Alchornea cordata
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 307; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 376;
Pulle, Enum. p. 269.

Tree or shrub, up to 10 m. high, nearly naked when flowering.
Stem straight, cylindrical, rather gnarled, with feeble root
insertion. Young branches, petioles and peduncles yellowish-
puberulous. Stipules ± 3 mm. long, linear-subulate, puberulous,
deciduous. Petioles (3) 5 — 14 (18) cm. long, at the apex
bistipellate; stipella 2—4 mm. long, puberulous, curved. Leaves

lo — 24 (32) cm. long, 4 —15 (19) cm. broad, ovate, rhombic-
ovate or orbicular-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate or acute at the
apex, rounded, cordate, subacute or contracted at the base,
dentate or nearly entire, chartaceous or membranaceous,
sparingly pilose at both sides or glabrous, biglandular at the
base beneath in the axils of the first pair of side-nerves; side-
nerves 7 —11, prominent at both sides but especially beneath.
Male flowers in i5—-35 cm. long panicles, fascicled along the
rhachis in clusters in the axils of bracts; bracts broad-triangular,
acute, pilose, biglandular outside. Flowers greenish white,
shortly stalked. Sepals pilose outside. Stamens 4, filaments
pilose. Female flowers in terminal, 10—^25 cm. long, racemes,
bracts 1- or rarely 2-flowered; bracts just as in the male.
Pedicels 5 —10 (i5) mm. long. Sepals triangular, acute, pilose.
Ovary puberulous, styles 3, shortly connate and shortly 2-
lobed, the outside pilose, the inside papillose. Capsule 8\'—^10 mm.
in diameter, subglobose, deeply 3-sulcate, sparsely puberulous
or glabrous. Seeds ellipsoid, pallid-striolate.

Suriname R. near Joden Savanna (Kegel n. ii53 [G]);
Zanderij I, tree n. 99 (B. W. n. 3go3, fl. July; n. 4446, fl.
Nov.; n. 1475, fl. Dec.; n. 1642, fl. Jan.; n. 376, fl. and fr.
Dec.; n. 4342, fl. July; n. 3579, fl. Jan.); Sectie O, tree n. 769
(B. W. n. 1602, fr. Febr.); Maratakka R. (B. W. n. 3468,
fr. Nov.); Para R. Coropina Creek near Republiek (Kuyper
n. 81, fl. Oct.); without locality (Hostmann n. 1208; n. 977;
and Wullschlägel n. 1662 [ex Pax]).

Vernacular Names: Mababallie (Arow.); Sauoero nani (Kar.);
Koesoewe oe mattoe, Tossie kojo (Saram.).

Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or remotely crenu-
late, 3-nerved from the base, glabrous. Flowers small, dioecious,
apetalous, in simple slender axillary spikes, 3 in each axil.

Male flowers solitary or clustered. Calyx —\'^-partite. Stamens
5—8 usually 6, filaments free. Receptacle thick, pilose. Ovary-
rudiment glabrous, tripartite. Female flowers solitary with
3—4 sepals, hypogynous disk annular or lacking. Ovary 3-celled;
styles 3, short, simple; eels i-ovuled. Capsule dry, splitting,
nearly globose, glabrous. Seeds ecarunculate, reticulate or
whitish-striate.

Tree, young twigs pilose. Leaves remotely crenulate, elliptic,
3-nerved, j\'—^14 cm. long, 3 — cm. broad, glabrous, acuminate,
with a short and obtuse tip, at the base narrowed and tapered
in the petiole, shining above, sparsely pilose on the nerves
beneath, sometimes with an oblong glandular hole at the base.
The midrib and the two lateral nerves prominulous above,
prominent beneath. Male flowers not observed. Pistillate flowers
in axillary racemes, racemes solitary or 2 ^—^3 in each axil, bracts
small, one-flowered. Pedicels articiJate, bibracteolate. Sepals 3,
triangular. Young racemes, pedicels, bracts and sepals pilose.
Ovary rigidly pilose, 6 mm. in diameter; styles hardly connate
at the base. Hypogynous disk annular, large, setaceous. Seeds
± 2,5 mm. long, whitish-striate.

Sectie O, Tree n. 617 (B. W. n. 2696, fr. March: n. i65i,
fr. March: n. ii37, fr. Oct.: n. 2614, fl. Jan.); Sectie O, Tree
n. 761 (B. W. n. 2419); Zanderij I, Tree n. 184 (B. W.
n. 2289).

Vernacular Names: Kassavehout (Sur. Dutch); Kassabahoedoe,
Hegon bebe (N.E.); Atapiripio, Atapilio, Moe toesirian,
Ware honne, Wawe naton (Kar.); Danlieba, Papantie ie
apiesie, Gire gire oemattoe (Saram.); Kanekediballi, Horo-
radihoro, Kanoewaballi, leto boro balli (Arow.).

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, generally toothed,
3—7-nerved from the base or penninerved, petiolate. Flowers
monoecious (rarely dioecious), apetalous. Inflorescences axillary
or terminal or both, bisexual or unisexual, if bisexual, the female
flowers few at the base of the male spikes. Male flowers small,
clustered in the axils of small, inconspicuous bracts, arranged in
catkinlike spikes or racemes. Female flowers solitary or rarely
2—4 together in the axil of a toothed or lobed bract, usually
enlarging in fruit. Disk absent. Male flowers: Calyx closed in
the bud, later valvately 4-partite. Stamens generally 8, fdaments
free; anther-cells distinct, divaricate or hanging, oblong or
linear, usually flexuose or vermiform, opening at the apex.
Rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers: Sepals 3—5,
imbricate, small. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, free, generally
lacinulate; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting up into 3, 2-valved
cocci. Seeds without a caruncle.

Distribution: Species about 400, throughout the tropics
of both hemispheres and a few in extra-tropical America.

1. Acalypha divcrsifolia Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. II (1797)
p. 63 t. 244; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 853; in Fl.
Bras, l.c.p. 357; Pulle Enum. p. 269; — Acalypha Leptodtachya
H.B.K. Nov. gen. II (1817) p. 96; — id. var. genuina Müll.
Arg. in Linnaea XXXIV (i865) p. 34; Acalypha diverM-
foiia var. leptodtachya Auct. Müll.\' Arg. in D.C. Prodr.
Lc.p. 854; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 358; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. XVI
(1924) p. 107.

Shrub or small tree. Branches slender, villose or pubescent,
glabrescent. Petioles o,5—2 (5) cm. long. Stipules 5—6 mm.
long, linear, subulate, rigid, glanduliferous at the base. Leaves
5 —10 (22) cm. long, 1,5—4 (10) cin- broad, ovate or ovate-

lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, narrowed and
obtuse, slightly cordate or acute at the base, denticulate, penni-
nerved, membranaceous, the lower surface just as the branches
and petioles villose or pubescent, the upper surface glabrescent;
side-nerves 6-—g, prominent beneath. Flowers monoecious.
Spikes axillary, male, or with a few females at the base,
3—\'(i) cm. long, sessile, the male part densely flowered; female
bracts i—^3-fIowered, small, ovate, acute, slightly glanduliferous
denticulate, male bracts ovate, acute. Male flowers: Sepals
linear or oblong. Filaments pilose. Female flowers: Sepals ovate,
acute, outside pilose. Ovary muricate, hispid; styles 2—^3 mm.
long, lacinulate. Capsule about 3 mm. broad. Seeds i,5 mm.
long, minutely puncticidate.

Marowijne R. (Versteeg n. 466, £1. Dec.); Tapanahoni
R. (Kappler n. 2074, ex Pulle).

2. Acalypha scandens Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. VI
(1854) p. 329; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 809; in
Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 618; Pulle, Enum. p. 269; Pax l.c.p. 147;
Lanjouw, Euph. p. 26; — AcaLypha macrodtachya var. tridtid
Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 346; Pulle, Enum. p. 269; —
Acalypha cuneata Auct. non Müll. Arg. Pulle in Ree. des
trav. bot. neerl. IX (1912) p. 145.

Scandent or erect shrub (or small tree?). Branches angular,
densely yellowish hirsute, glabrescent. Petioles 3\'—12 cm. long,
contracted-angustate to the base, vestited just as the young
branches. Stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glanduliferous-
dentate, hirsute. Leaves 8 — 17 cm. long, 5 —11 cm. broad,
broad-ovate or elliptical-ovate, shortly cuspidate-acuminate,
rotundate at the base, serrate, membranaceous; 5—7-nerved
from the base, the lowest short, which makes the leaves look
penninerved, scabrous-pilose and scabrous-punctate on both
sides, glabrescent. Flowers monoecious. Spikes densely hirsute.

glabrescent, male 5—^lo (20) cm. long, female 26—40 cm.
long, female bracts in fruit 5-—^10 mm. long, orbicular or ovate,
10—\'19-dentate, sometimes glanduliferous, 1-flowered, hirsute,
glabrescent. Male flowers: Sepals elliptical-ovate. Filaments
glabrous. Female flowers: Sepals ovate, acute, glanduliferous-
ciliate. Ovary strigose and slightly muricate; styles o,5—cm.
long, multilacinulate. Capsule about 3 mm. broad. Seeds 1 — 2 mm.
long, minutely foveolate.

Suriname R. near Blauwe berg (Splitgerber n. 916 [L],
fl. May); near Zizone (Tresling n. 69, fl. July; Upper Suriname
R. (Wullschlägel n. 774 [B]; near Abontjoeman in the virgin-
forest (Coll. indig. n. 3o3, fl. and fr. May); Upper Coppename
R. (Boon n. 1060, fl. Aug.); Lower Saramacca R. near Mindri-
netti (Pulle n. 43, fl. Nov.); Corantijne R. Apoera island
(B. W. n. 2061, fr. June); Upper Nickerie R. (B. W. n. 896,
fl. Febr.); Maratakka R. near Cupido (B. W. n. 846, fl. Jan.);
Sara Creek, near Dam (B. W. n. 3428, fl. Dec.); without
locality (Hostmann n. 990 [K], n. 818 [G]).

Vernacular Names: Wajakoe jeha edan (means Sunbird-
flower), Maboballi djamaro (means simulating Honey-tree)
(Arow.); Aimala mekalale (Kar.); Kwaapitano (Kar.).

Lianes. Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, ovate, usually
3-nerved at the base. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Inflores-
censes spike-shaped, at the base 1 or 2 female flowers. Calyx
i globose, 4quot;Partite, imbricate. Stamens 12—^3o, filaments
free, thick, anthers terminal with the 4 loculaments crossways.
Ovary 4-celled, 4-winged. Styles connate into a column, shortly
stigmate. One ovule in each cell. Capsule dehiscent, carinate
or alate or warty at the back. Seeds lens-shaped or globose,
without a caruncle.

Plukcnetia verrucosa Smith in Nov. Act. Upsal. VI
(1799) p. 4; Müll. Arg. D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 771; Flor. Bras,
l.c.p. 335; Pulle Enum. p. 269; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. IX
(1919) p. 16, f. 4G; — P. i^olubilidL. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 421.

Liane. Sterns slender, in youth pubescent. Petioles —5 cm.
long, pubescent. Limb 5—^10 cm. long, 2,5^—^6,5 cm. wide,
oblong-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate at the top, cordate at the
base, entire, glabrous, membranaceous, biglandular at the base
(rarely 4), three-nerved from the base, lateral nerves 3—gt;4.
Stipules small, triangular, lanceolate. Peduncles ± 2 — 10 cm.
long, racemes i5—^20 cm. long, ^ with one ^ flower at the base.
Bracts triangular, acuminate. Bracteoles triangular, obtuse.
Pedicels $ 5 —10 mm. long, pedicels (J 3—6 mm. long. Pedicels
and bracts pilose. Male flowers: Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, pubescent. Stamens 12^—15, fdaments short, thick, anthers
with diverging loculaments. Female flowers: Sepals 4, ovate,
acute, pubescent. Ovary 4-celled, at the back with thick warts
and deeply sulcate in longitudinal direction. Styles connate
into a thick column. Capsule 7 mm. long, 14 —15 mm. broad.
Cocci on the back with two tubercules.

Without locality (Dalberg ex Linn. f. Suppl. p. 421); near
Paramaribo (Wullschlägel n. 840); Voltzberg (Pulle n. 221,
fr. Aug.).

Herbs or undershrubs often climbing or twining, perennial,
usually more or less hispid or rough with stiff stinging hairs.
Leaves alternate, cordate, penninerved, stipulate. Flowers
monoecious, apetalous, in axillary or terminal racemes, with
many male flowers at the top and few females at the base.
Bracts persistent, usually 1-flowered. Male flowers: Calyx
globose, closed in bud, valvately 3—^(5)-parted when flowering.

Disk absent or obscure. Stamens usually 3, sometimes i—5,
filaments free. Rudimentary ovary minute or absent. Female
flowers: Calyx 3—6 lobed, lobes imbricate, entire or pinnately
lobulate. Ovary 3-celled, ovules solitary, styles 3, united into
a column, stigmas always undivided. Capsule splitting up into
3, 2-valved cocci. Seeds globose, without a caruncle, endosperm
fleshy.

Distribution: Species about 126, widely spread throughout
the tropics and subtropics.

A slender perennial twining shrub. Stems armed with stinging
hairs, rarely shortly pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves 2—^16 cm.
long, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, base
rounded, subcordate or truncate, serrate, more or less hirsute
especially on the nerves, glabrescent. Petioles 1.—^3 cm. long,
stipules lanceolate, i 3 mm. long. Racemes lateral, slender
1.— 2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, persistent, margin hirsute;
male flowers numerous, female usually one. Pedicels of male
flowers 1.—^3 mm. long, jointed about halfway, of female en-
larging and jointed near the apex, bracteolate. Male flowers:
Sepals 3, ovate or oblong, unequal. Stamens usually 3, extrorse.
Female flowers: sepals 6 lanceolate, acute, sparsely hirsute
outside. Ovary setose, styles 3, glabrous. Capsule 5—^7 cm.
in diameter, setose deeply 3-lobed; 3-coccous; cocci subglobose,
2—3 mm. in diameter.

Distribution:West Indies, Tropical America from Mexico
to Uruguay, W^est Africa (Introduced ?)

A tall annual glabrous herb, sometimes a tree-like shrub.
Leaves alternate, peltate, palmately 7- or more lobed, lobes
serrate. Stipules large, united, covering the bud. Flowers
monoecious apetalous, in more or less panicled racemes, at
the end of the branches, the lower males, the upper females,
shortly pedicellate. Disk absent. Male flowers: Calyx globose
in bud, splitting into 3 — 5 valvate lobes. Stamens very numerous,
fdaments branched repeatedly; anther-cells subglobose, divaricate
and separately attached to the connective. Rudimentary ovary
wanting. Female flowers: Calyx spathaceously splitting, cadu-
cous. Ovary 3-celled, styles spreading usually 2-cleft; ovules
one in each cell. Capsule splitting up in three 2-valved cocci,
smooth or usually spiny. Seeds with a caruncle, endosperm
fleshy.

Distribution: A monotypic genus, perhaps originally African,
widely cultivated and run wild throughout the Tropics.

Ricinus communis L. Sp. pl. ed. i (1753) p. 1007; Bot.
Mag. t. 2209; Baill. Etud. gen. d. Euphorb. (i858) t. 10
and 11; — var. genuinud Miill. Arg. in D.C. Prod, l.c.p. 1019;
in Flor. Bras, l.c.p. 421; Bentl. et Trimen Med. pl. (1880)
t. 237; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1890) p. 467; Pulle Enum.
p. 260; Prain in Fl. Trop. Afr. VI, part 1 (1913) p. 946;
Fawcett and Rendle in Fl. of Jamaica IV (1920) p. 3o6.

An erect herb or herbaceous tree, branches glaucous. Petioles
as long as the leaves or longer. Stipules united into an acute,
bud-sheathing, caducous calyptra. Leaves alternate, nearly
orbicular in outline, peltate, 10—60 cm. in diameter, deeply
palmately lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong or linear, acute or acu-
minate, margin irregularly glandular-toothed, glabrous, glaucous.
Flowers in large paniculate racemes. Male flowers: Calyx
6—^12 mm. long. Female flowers: Calyx 4.—^8 mm. long. Ovary
densely covered with long wart-like processes ending in a spine.

Capsule 1,5.— 2,5 mm. long, ellipsoidal, spiny. Seeds ellipsoidal,
flattened, 10—ly mm. long, marbled, carunculate.

Paramaribo (Tulleken n. 24 [L]; n. 1269 [L]; n. 1497 [L],
fl. July); Upper Saramacca R.near Pakka-Pakka (Pulle n.
i85, fl. and fr. Jan.); Commewijne R. plant. Slootwijk (Soe-
prata n. 19J, fl. July); Lawa R.near Cottlca (Versteeg n.
293, fl. and fr. Oct.).

Trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, long petioled,
3-foliolate. Petioles glandular at the apex. Folioles petiolulate,
entire, penninerved, membranaceous or coriaceous. Flowers
in ramosed panicles of cymes, small, the central flower of the
cymes often female, monoecious, apetalous. Male flowers:
Calyx ovoid or globose in the bud, 5-lobed. Disk-glands small
or inconspicuous. Stamens 5\'—\'lo, filaments connate into a
column, anthers regular or irregular, —^2-verticiliate, rudi-
mentary ovary coronating the column. Female flowers: Calyx
as in the male but often narrower. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas
thick, obscurely 2-lobed, sessile or subsessile; one ovule in
each cell. Capsule large, 3-sulcate, splitting up into 3, 2-valved
cocci, endocarp lignose. Seeds large, oblong or subglobose,
smooth, ecarunculate.

1. a. Anthers 10, 2-verticillate. 1. H. brasiliensis Miill. Arg
b. Anthers 5, 1-verticillate..... 2. H. guyanensis Aubl.

1. Hevea brasiliensis (H.B.K.) Müll. Arg. in Linnaea
XXXIV (i865) p. 204; in D.C. prodr. l.c.p. 718; in Fl.
Bras, l.c.p. 3o2; Hemsley in Hook. Icon. pi. XXVI (1899)
t. 2573, f. 1—7, t. 2575, f. 1—7; Ducke in Arch. Jard.

bot. Rio de Janeiro V (igSo) p. 164; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. I
(1910) p. 121; Siphonia braMÜenöU H.B.K. Nov. Gen. VII,
col. ed. (1815) p. i3i; — Hevea janeirenMö Müll. Arg. in
Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 706; •— H. Äe^m Warburg, Kautschukpfl.
(1900) p. 32; — H. bradiliendid \\a.v. janeirenö\'u Pax 1. c, p. 122.

Tree up to 20 m. high. Stem straight cylindrical. Petioles
slender, glabrous just as the folioles, as long as the folioles
or longer. Folioles variable in shape and size, —^60 cm. long,
3.—cm. broad, elliptical, lanceolate-elliptical or oblong-
obovate, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, narrowed, acute
or cuneate at the base, opace or subnitidous above, greenisk
or glaucescent beneath, reticular-veined, shortly petiolulate,
membranaceous or subcoriaceous; side-nerves 16,—^22. Panicles
10—^20 cm. long, branches greyish-white pubescent; flowers
whitish tomentose. Male flowers: Pedicels short, tomentose.
Calyx long acuminate in the bud, connate to 1/3 from the base,
lobes lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose. Disk small, urceolate
lobate, puberulous. Stamens 10, 2-verticillate, column ending
in the rudimentary ovary, cylindrical, puberulous. Female
flowers: Pedicels longer than in the male, the upper part just
as the lower part of the calyx nigricant-maculate, tomentose.
Calyx just as the male but longer. Disk as in the male. Ovary
tomentellous, 3-celled, stigmas 3, sessile, 2-lobed. Seeds oblong,
maculate, 2,5—3 cm. long.

Cultuurtuin Paramaribo (B. W. n. 762, fl. Aug.); Two
other sterile specimens collected in Sectie O and Brownsberg,
which probably belong to this species.

2. Hcvea guyanensis Aubl. PI. Gui. fr. II (1775) p. 871;
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 719; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 3o3;
Hemsley in Hook. Ic. pi. XXVI (1899) t. 2573, f. 8 — 10;
Ducke l.c.p. i5o; Pax l.c.p. 127; Lanj. Euph. p. 27; — Hevea

peruviana Aubl. l.c. IV (1776) t. 335; — Jatropha elastica
L. f. Suppl. pi. (1781) p. 422.

Tree up to 20 m. high. Petioles 4^—cm. long, glabrous
or sparsely pilose, 2—(5) glands at the apex above. Folioles
5^—^18 cm. long, 2,5 cm. broad, oblong or oblong-obovate,
membranaceous or subcoriaceous, rounded and shortly obtuse-
apiculate, acute or rarely obtuse at the apex, acute at the base,
greenish above, fuscous-glaucescent beneath, sometimes violas-
cent, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the nerves beneath;
petiolules 2—7 mm. long. Panicles half the length of the leaves
or nearly equally long, branches ferrugineous-tomentellous.
Male flowers in the bud obtuse or acute. Calyx 2—3 mm. long,
5-lobed, pubescent, lobes triangular, acute. Disk very small
or inconspicuous, glabrous. Stamens 5, 1-verticillate, column
tomentose, minutely lobate at the apex. Female flowers; Calyx
3\'—^4 mm. long, lobate to 1/3 from the apex. Ovary puberulous,
stigmas sessile. Capsule 2,5—4nbsp;long, 3-sulcate. Seeds

Maratacca R. Martin Creek (B. W. n. 2676, fr. Febr.;
n. 2255); Sectie O (B. W. n. 544, fr. March); Patrick Savanna
(B. W. n. 543, fr. March).

Shrubs, often scandent, glabrous or vestited with simple
hairs, sometimes stinging. Leaves alternate, petiolate, undivided
or 5—\'S-lobed or -fingered, stipulate and often stipellate at
the apex of the petiole. Inflorescences terminal or axillary,
enclosed in a two-leaved involucre. Leaves of the involucre
large, foliaceous, membranaceous, bistipulate, often coloured.
Within the bracts a lower female, three-flowered, three-bracted

dichasium and a superior male pleiochasium, which is 4-bracted,
bracts often urceolate-connate. The pleiochasium exists of
3-flowered male cymes, 1-flowered female cymes and sterile
flowers. The flowers are shortly pedicelled and apetalous.
Male flowers: Calyx 4—6-partite. Stamens indefinite, lö—So
(10—^90), filaments short. Female flowers: Sepals 5\'—12, imbri-
cate, often pinnatifid, often incrassating and indurating after
flowering time. Ovary 3 (4)-celled; styles connate into a long
column, which is obtuse or dilatate at the top. Capsule 2-valved,
cocci with a persistent column, endocarp often lignose. Seeds
ecarunculate.

1. Dalechampia micrantha Poepp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. III.
(1845) p. 19, t. 222; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1253;
in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 664; Pulle, Enum. p. 260; Pax in E.P.
IV. 147. XII. (1919) P- 7\' t. 2.

Climbing shrub, branches cinerascent puberulous. Petioles
2,5—4,5 cm. long, puberulous. Leaves 9 — 14 cm. long, 5—^i3 cm.
broad, oblong-ovate, obtuse, cuspidate-acuminate at the apex,
obtuse or subtruncate at the base, denticulate, shortly pubescent
on the nerves, 5-nerved at the base. Stipels linear to lanceolate,
deciduous. Inflorescences axillar. Involucral bracts small,
2,5—4 mm. long. Bracts of the female flowers ovate, acute and
subtridentate, male bracts obovate-spathulate. Stamens nearly i3.

2.nbsp;Dalechampia scandens L. Spec. pi. ed. 1. (lyöS)
p. 1064. — D. dcandenö var. genuina Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr.
l.c.p. 1244; Pulle, Enum. p. 269; Pax l.c.p. 33; .— DaLe-
champia guyanendim Klotzsch in Hook. London Journ. of
Bot. II. (1843) p. 43; .— Dalechampia nitiduia Steud. in Sched.

Scandent shrub. Branches pubescent. Petioles 1,5.—\'lo cm.
long, densely puberulous. Leaves 4 — g cm. long, 6—^12 cm.
broad, membranaceous, deeply 3-lobed (rarely 5), nearly entire
or a little denticulate, deeply cordate at the base, sparsely
tomentose above, densely tomentose beneath. Lobes oblong-
elliptic, the lateral lobes unequal. Stipels linear subulate,
1—^3 mm. long. Inflorescences axillar, peduncles 1,5^—6 cm. long.
Involucral bracts pallid, 5-nerved, i,5—\'3 cm. long, widely
ovate, cordate at the base, 3-lobed, glandular-denticulate,
pubescent at both sides. Stipules ovate to lanceolate. Female
bracts ovate, the lateral ones connate, ciliate or glandular-
ciliate, male bracts free. Stamens 20.— 2y, rarely 4\'—Female
sepals 7 — 10, pinnately lobed, lanceolate, glandular-capitate.
Ovary pubescent, style-column dilatate at the top. Capsule
about 1 cm. wide, pilose. Seeds globose.

Distribution: West-Indies, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador,
French and Brit. Guyana.

Marowijne R. (Kappler n. 1888); Marowijne R. near Albina
(Tulleken n. 694, fl. Sept.); Paramaribo near pi. Nieuwe
Grond (Splitgerber n. 821); without locality (Wullschlägel
n. 467; 5i5; 881, ex Pax l.c.p. 33).

3.nbsp;Dalechampia affinis Müll. Arg. Linnaea XXXIV
(i865) p. 223; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1249; in Fl. Bras.

l.c.p. 660; Pax l.c.p. 46; ■— DaLechampia diodcoreifoLia Auct.
non Poepp. et Endl. Pulle, Enum. p. 260.

Climber with white milky juice. Branches slender, puberulous.
Petioles 2—5,5 cm. long, puberulous. Leaves (3) 5 —11 cm.
long, 3—-J cm. broad, triangular ovate, acute or a little acuminate,
cordate at the base and minutely dentate, membranaceous,
palmately nerved, reticulate-nerved beneath, nerves prominent,
tomentose, scarcely pilose above. Stipels linear, about 3 mm.
long. Stipules linear-acuminate. Inflorescences terminal. In-
volucral bracts 2,5—3 cm. long, 2—2,5 cm. broad, acute,
rotundate at the base, the exterior silverish-white, the interior
green (teste Gonggrijp), pubescent, with 9 nerves, promi-
nent at both sides. Stipules linear. Bracteoles slightly 3-lobed,
the female bracteole glandular-ciliate, the male one without
glandules. Female sepals 10 — 12, pinnatifid, lacinulate, glandular,
increasing after flowering time. Ovary hispid, column of the
styles dilatate in a disk at the top. Capsule about 1 cm. broad,
hispid, hairs deciduous, minutely warty. Seeds ± 4 mm. long,
subglobose, slightly compressed.

Corantijne R., Matappi (B. W. n. 2183, fl. June); Toekoe-
moetoe R. (B. W. n. 6888, fr. March.); Upper Saramacca
R. (Pulle n. 169); Lawa R. (Kappler n. 143, named D.nitidula
Steud.); without locality (Hostmann n. 162, Kappler n. 69).

Trees or shrubs, lepidote or stellately lepidote or stellate,
rarely with simple hairs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite,
shortly petioled, entire, coriaceous, penninerved. Flowers in
globose or pearshaped involucres, fasciculated in the axils of
the leaves. Involucres at the base with 1 or 2 bracteoles, in flowe-
ring time laterally splitting or opening by two valves; usually
nnisexual, rarely bisexual. Male involucres, 3—4 $ flowers.

with or without 3—\'4 rudimentary $ flowers; female involucres
3—4 flowered, sometimes with rudimentary ^ flowers in the
centre; bisexual involucres, § flowers peripherical and ^ flowers
central or 3-flowered, 2 male and 1 female flower. Flowers
sessile, dioecious or rarely monoecious, apetalous or without
a perianth. Male flower: Calyx small, valvate, turbinate, some-
times rudimentary or wanting. Stamens 2 — filaments short
and nearly free or connate, anthers basi- or dorsifixed, longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Female flower: Calyx wanting. Ovary 3-locular;
styles short, stigma peltate-disciform or 3-lobed, one ovule in
each cell. Capsules 3-cocced, globose or pearshaped, cocci
2-valved. Seeds ovoid or obovate, compressed, carunculate,.
testa blackish shining, smooth, albumen fleshy.

1. a. Involucre covered with stellate hairs. Leaves with
stellate hairs beneath, rounded at the apex and

b. Involucre lepidote. Leaves sparsely lepidote beneath,
rounded and obtuse at the apex.. 2. P. glabrata Baill.,

1. Pera bicolor (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr.
l.c.p. 1028; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. XIII (1919) p. 8; Lanj.
Euph. p. 27, f. 5; — Peridiutn bicoLor Klotzsch in Hook. London
Journ. Bot. 11 (1843) p. 44; — Peridium bicolor Klotzsch
var. tomentomm Benth. (ex parte) in Hook. Journ. Bot. VI
(i885) p. 323.

Tree; young branches and petioles ferugineous, stellately
tomentose, glabrescent. Petioles —cm. long, sulcate.
Limb 5—^10 cm. long, 2—\'4,5 cm. broad, elliptic to broad-
elliptic, abruptly contracted at the base, rounded and mucronulate,
sometimes emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, blackish shining
and with stellate hairs along the midrib above, densely covered
with minute stellate hairs beneath, which gives the lower surface
a fine granulated appearance; side-nerves 6—j, prominent

beneath, impressed above. Involucres male, female or bisexual,
fasciculated in the axils, very shortly pedunculate, densely
covered with stellate hairs, bibracteolate. Male involucres
globose, 2—3-flowered, without rudimentary female flowers.
Male flower with small dentate or fimbriate sepals. Stamens 3—4.
Female involucres globose or ovoid, 2—^4quot;flowered. Ovary
sessile, densely covered with rust-brown hairs; stigma 3-lobed,
appressed on the ovary. Bisexual involucres with 1 female and
2 male flowers. Capsule not observed.

2. Pera glabrata (Schott) Baill. Étud. gén. Euphorb.
(i858) p. 434; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. io3o; in
Fl. Bras. I.e. p. 429, t. 61; Pax l.c.p. 11, fig. 3; — Peridium
glabratam Schott in Spreng. Syst. IV. 2 (1827) p. 410.

Tree; young branches densely lepidote, glabrescent. Petioles
4—10 mm. long, lepidote. Limb 4—9 (16) cm. long, 2,5—5 (7) cm.
broad, oblong to obovate or elliptic, acute at the base, narrowed
at the apex, tip rounded and obtuse, glabrous above except
a few scales along the midrib, sparsely lepidote beneath, fuscous-
purpurascens at both sides. Involucres bibracteolate, lepidote,
globose or pear-shaped, shortly peduncled. Male involucre
3-flowered, without $ rudiments. Male flower: calyx small,
stamens 4, filaments short. Female involucre 4-flowered; ovary
glabrous, stalked, stigma shortly stipitate, 3-lobed, asperous.
Capsules globose-ellipsoid, lo.—mm. long, 9 mm. broad,
plicate venose, leptodermous. Seeds 5 mm. long, 3,5 mm. broad,
blackish-brown, shining.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
penninerved, entire. Flowers monoecious, pedicellate, in terminal
racemes, unisexual or with female flowers at the base, rarely
many flowers of both sexes. Disk absent. Male flowers: Sepals 5,
broad, imbricate. Petals 5, longer than the sepals, imbricate.
Stamens more than 20, conferted, filaments short, continuing
into a broad flattened connective, anthers with discrete cells.
Rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers: Sepals 5, narrow,
enlarged after flowering. Petals absent. Ovary 3-celled, styles
thick, patent, 2-partite; one ovule in each cell. Capsule ovoid,
surrounded by the persistent, stellate-patent sepals, splitting
up into 3, 2-valved cocci. Seeds ovoid, carunculate.

Sagotia racemosa Baill. Adansonia I (i860) p. 54; —
S. racemoéa Miill. Arg. var. genuina Miill. Arg. in Flora
XLVII (1864) p. 5i6; in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1114; in Fl.
Bras, l.c.p. 5o6; Pulle, Enum. p. 261; Pax in E.P. IV. 147.
Ill (1911) p. 40.

Shrubs or small trees. Petioles swollen at the apex, sulcate.
Leaves 10.—^18 cm. long, 3,5.—g cm. broad, oblong or oblong-
obovate, shortly acuminate or subobtuse at the apex, acute
at the base, subcoriaceous, nerves prominent at both sides;
side-nerves 12—\'14. Racemes i,5 — j cm. long, shortly and
sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; bracts linear or lanceolate,
caducous. Pedicels (J 8 —15 mm. long, Ç 5—8 mm. long, enlarging,
in fruit about 4 cm. long. Male flowers: Sepals orbicular-ovate.
Petals orbicular-obovate, undulate. Female flowers: Sepals
lanceolate-spathulate, 10—^20 mm. long. Ovary tomentellous.
Capsule depressed-globose, shortly puberulous, 10—15 mm.
long. Seeds ± 10 mm. long.

Marowijne R. (Kappler n. 1990, fr.); without locality
(Hostmann n. 115, 1156, ex parte, ex Pulle, Enum.).

var. ligularis Müll. Arg. in Flora XLVII (1864) P- 5i6;
in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. iii3; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 5o5; Pulle,
Enum. p. 261; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. III (1911) p. 40.

Leaves lanceolate-elliptical, acute at both ends. Female
flowers: Sepals sublinear-spathulate, liguliform, about 2,5 mm.
long. Ovary tomentellous. ,

Herbs, shrubs or trees or herbs with a thick perennial rhizome.
Leaves alternate, petiolate (or sessile), rarely entire, often
pinnately lobed, glabrous or pubescent often glandular. Stipules
often setaceous-dissected. Flowers arranged in terminal dicho-
tomous cymes, the female solitary and terminating all axis,
the males lateral. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious,
often petaliferous. Sepals 5, imbricate, often more or less connate.
Petals 5, imbricate, free or connate into a 5-lobed tube, or
absent. Disk entire or divided into 5 glands. Stamens usually
10—^8, more or less monadelphous, often in two series, the 5
outer epipetalous; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Rudimen-
tary ovary absent. Ovary 2—3 (4—5)-celled; styles connate
at the base, often shortly divided into 2 branches; ovules solitary
in each cell. Capsule dehiscing in 2-valved cocci; endocarp
crustaceous, seeds carunculate.

Distribution: Species about 160 — 170, throughout the
Tropics, especially in America and Africa.

1. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Spec. pi. ed. i. (1763)
p. 1006; Jacq. Icon, pi. Ill (1786—1793) t. 623; Müll.
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1086, in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 491; Pulle
Enum. p. 260; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. I (1910) p. 26; Hut-
chinson in Fl. of Trop. Africa VI. 1 (1913) p. 783; Fawcett
and Rendle in Fl. of Jam. IV (1920) p. 3i2. — var. elegand
(Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1087, in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 492; Pulle Enum. p. 260; Pax l.c.p. 26; ^— Jatropha
etegand Klotzsch in Seem. Bot. Voyage Herald (1846/51)
p. 102; — Adenoporium elegand and goddypifoLium Pohl PL
Bras. icon, et descr. I (1827) p. i5/i6.

Shrub —2 m. high. Petioles (4) 6—^8 cm. long, covered with
branched glanduliferous hairs. Limb 8 — 15 cm. broad, 7 — 10 cm.
long, cordate at the base, over the middle 3—5-partite, pubescent,
glabrous or sparsely hirsute, the segments oblong, 2—3 (4—5) cm.
broad, acute, margin glandular ciliate, puberulous, i denticulate.
Stipules dissected, branched glandular bristles. Flowers arranged
in paniculiform cymes. Bracts 8 — 10 mm. long, linear-oblong,
glanduliferous. Sepals ovate, acute, glanduliferous on the margin,
the outside pubescent, the inside glabrous, cj about 5 mm. long,
$ 6—7 mm. long. Petals 5, obovate, glabrous, purple, length
i| x that of the sepals. Disk-glands 5, diameter 2I X the
height. Stamens 8(—^12), monadelphous farther than to the middle.
Ovary pubescent, styles 3; short, stigmates 2-branched. Capsule
1 cm. in diameter, three-sulcate, trimcate at both ends, gla-
brescent. Seed oblong, pale-darkbrown, carunculate.

var. staphysagrifolia (Mill.) Müll. Arg. D.C. Prodr.
l.c.p. 1087, Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 491; Pulle Enum. p. 260; Pax
l.c.p. 27; Hutchinson l.c.p. 784; — Jatropha dtaphyöagrifolia
Mill. Diet. n. 9 (1768) — J. goddypifolia var. elegant Auct.
non Müll. Arg. Pulle Enum. p. 260; — Adenoporiutn Jacquini
Pohl, PI. Bras, l.c.p. i5.

Leaves pubescent at both sides, especially beneath. Margin
entire or slightly denticulate.

Paramaribo (Sphtgerber n. 74, fl. Nov.); without locality
(Hostmann n. 490, this number is not collected by Kappler
as Mull. Arg. and Pax wrote by mistake; Kappler n. 6296 in
Herb. Gött. ex Pulle); cultivated in the quot;cultuurtuinquot; at
Paramaribo (Pulle n. 4, fl. and fr. July).

2. Jatropha multifida L. Spec. pl. ed. 1 (1763) p. 1006;
Müll. Arg. D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1089, Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 496,
t. 69; Pulle Enum. p. 261; Pax l.c.p. 41; Hutchinson l.c.p.
784; Fawcett and Rendle l.c.p. 3i3 — Adenoporium multifidum
Pohl, PI. Bras. icon, et descr. I (1827) p. 16

A shrub or small tree, glabrous. Petioles as long as the limb
or longer. Limb nearly orbicular in outline, nearly to the base
many-parted. The lobes often 12 —15 cm. long 1,5 — 2,5 cm.
broad, lanceolate, pinnately incised or entire, acuminate, at
the base in a 2—3,5 cm. broad disk confluent, green above,
white-glaucous beneath. Stipules setaceous-dissected. Cymes
long-peduncled, bracts small. Flowers scarlet. Sepals ovate
glabrous. Petals spathulate, glabrous, ^ 4—5 mm., $ 6—7 mm.
long. Disk-glands ^ and $ connate into a lobed urn. Filaments
free for the greater part. Ovary glabrous. Capsule subglobose,
yellow, 2—3 cm. long.

Distribution: From Texas and Mexico through the \\Vest-
Indies up to Brazil, except in the Andes. Cultivated and run
wild in the tropics of the old world.

3.nbsp;Jatropha Curcas L. Spec. pi. ed. i.nbsp;p. ioo6;
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. io8o; Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 487,
t. 68; Pulle, Enum. p. 260; Pax, l.c.p. 77; Fawcett and
Rendle p. 3io; .—■ Curcad Lobata Splitg. in sched. — Curcas
Curcas Britton et Millspaugh, Bahama Flora (1920) p. 226.

A shrub 1,5—5 m. high. Petioles long, about as long as the
limb. Limb 6—iS cm. long, almost as broad as long, orbicular-
ovate, obsoletely 3—5-lobed or angular, cordate at the base,
entire, beneath glabrous except the nerves, digitately 5 — j-
nerved from the base and distinctly reticulate-veined. Cymes
pedunculate, contracted. Bracts lanceolate or linear. Flowers:
sepals ovate-elliptic, ± 4 mm. long in the female flower, glabrous,
petals oblong-obovate, nearly free, densely pilose within, in
the male flower about twice the length of the sepals, in the
female flower nearly as long as the sepals. Disk-glands free.
Stamens 8: outer filaments free, the inner connate. Ovary
glabrous, styles short, connate at the base. Capsule ± 2,5—4 cm.
long, 3.—^2-cocced, ellipsoid. Seeds 20 mm. long, 11 mm. broad,
oblong-ellipsoid, pallid, with a black prominent striation.

Distribution: Throughout Tropical America. In the tropical
countries of the old world cultivated and run wild.

4.nbsp;Jatropha urens L. Spec. pi. ed. 1 (1753) p. 1007;
Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1100, Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 5oo;
Pulle, Ree. des trav. bot. neerl. vol. VI (1909) p. 274;
Pax, l.c.p. 97.

which are densely covered with sharp stinging hairs, o,5—0,8 cm.
long, just as the petioles, stipules, nerves and peduncles. The
younger parts of the stem, the petioles and the peduncles have
the same short soft hairs as the leaves. Petioles often much
longer than the limb. Limb 8 — 16 cm. long and broad, irregularly

beneath, cordate at the base, lobes ovate or lanceolate or oblong,
acute, dentate or sinuate; stipules small, triangular. Cymes
shortly peduncled, corymbiform. Flowers white. JVlale flower:
calyx 1 cm. long, cylindrical, throat contracted, the outside
pubescent and stimulose, up to a quarter of the length lobed,
lobes imbricate. Stamens usually 10, the exterior free, the
interior partly connate and much longer than the exterior.
The filaments are surrounded by a disk at the base, which is
obsoletely lobed and tomentose. Female flower: sepals 5, oblong-
obovate, staminodes 2—3 or lacking, ovary acute, puberulous,
stimulose, styles slender, connate, 2—3-fid. Capsule ± 1 cm.
long, densely covered with stinging hairs. Seeds complanate,
carunculate.

Upper Suriname River, on a mountain 400 m. above sea
(Tresling n. 483, fr. Sept.); Corantijne River, left bank, on
a rocky hill (Hulk n. 90, fl. and fr. March); Saramacca River,
Poika Savanna (B. W. n. 354, fk and fr. May). Corantijne
River, Rocks near Wonotobo (B. W. n. Sojo, fl. and
fr. Oct.); Foot of the Voltzberg, stony plate (Pulle n. 277,
fl. and fr. Aug).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, acute
or cordate at the base, coriaceous, penninerved. Flowers

dioecious, small, in axillar panicles. Flowers nearly sessile
? shortly pedicelled. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate, petals longer
than the calyx, imbricate, inside barbate. Stamens 5, episepalous,
inserted on the disk, fdaments short, free, anthers linear, shortly
apiculate. Ovary rudiment 3-partite. Disk ? shortly cupulate.
Ovary 3-celled, styles connate at the base, irregularly 2-lobed
at the apex. Ovules, one in each cell. Capsule small. Seeds
ovoid, crustaceous, ecarunculate.

Pogonophora Schomburgkiana Miers, ex Benth. in Hook
Journ. Bot. VI (i85zf) p. 373; Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr\'
l.c.p. 1040; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 436, t. 62; Pax in E.P. IV.
147. Ill (1911) p. 108, inclus. f. eUiptica Pax.

Tree, young branches pilose, afterwards glabrous. Petioles
1—3 cm. long, swollen at the apex. Limb coriaceous, 6—19 cm.
long, 3,5—8,5 cm. wide, oblong, acuminate at the top, acute
at the base, entire, glabrous, shining above. Side-nerves 6—8,
arcuately adscendent, prominent beneath. Stipules tooth-shaped!
Inflorescenses c?, 2-5 cm. long, $ 3-5 cm. growing out in
fruiting time, adpressed pilose. Bracts triangular, ovate, 2 mm.
long. Flowers S subsessile ? shortly pedicelled. Calyx lobes
ovate, obtuse, the two exterior smaller. Petals coriaceous
linear-oblong, inside rigidly barbate, 2 mm. long, ^ acute, ?
obtuse. Disk 5-crenate, $ thick, nearly flat, $ urceolate. Ovary
rudiment 3-partite, covered with long hairs. Ovary tomentose.
Capsule elliptic. Seeds brown, shining.

Vernacular Names: liajokantoballi, Sibadan (Arow^.); Paua-
rangdja (Saram.); Tapirln pipio (Kar.); Poripio (Kar.).

Trees, usually glabrous, when young with branched hairs.
Leaves alternate, penninerved, cuneate-spathulate or oblong-
lanceolate, cuneate to the base, dentate, petioles short. Flowers
dioecious. Male flowers small in spike-like arranged glomerules
along a long rhachis, subsessile. Calyx campanulate, shortly

cupulate, extrastaminal. Stamens 5.—j often 6, fdaments free.
Anthers oblong, introrse. Rudimentary ovary minute or wanting.
Female flowers in short spikes, sepals and petals 5, petals free.
Diannular, styles 3, recurved to the ovary. Capsules, tridymus,
cocci 2-valved. Seeds ecarunculate.

Distribution: Tropical America and the West Indian
Islands only one species known from Surinam.

Tree, with red milky juice. Leaves shortly petioled, stipules
triangular-lanceolate. Limb 12 — 26 cm. long, 3,5—8,5 cm broad
rigid-membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
often with an 1 — 1,5 cm. long point, cuneate-angustate at the
base, irregularly dentate, the dents in the upper part glandular,
biglandular at the base, glandules about 2 mm. long, lanceolate-
acuminate, shady-brown above, brownish-green beneath. Nerves
prominent at both sides, side nerves 12 — 16. Male flowers in

glomerules and 1,5—4 cm. long internodes. Flowers subsessile.
Calyx thick, carnosy, irregularly 5-lobed, the outside pilose.
Petals connate at the base, the outside pilose. Disk shortly
urceolate. Stamens 6, 5 epipetalous and one central, filaments
short. Anthers broad, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Female
flowers onlj^ observed in an early fruit stage. Pedicels thick,
short, about 2 mm. long. Sepals 6, broad-triangular, acute, out-
side sparsely pilose. Ovary 3-celled, about 7 mm. long, 5 mm.

Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6726, fl. June; n. 724 fl. Sept •
n. 3290, fl. Sept. n. 6484, fl. June.).nbsp;\'

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, often more or less glaucescent
or pruinose. Leaves alternate usually petioled, palmately lobed
or undivided, sometimes peltate. Stipules small. Flowers
monoecious, apetalous, in terminal or subterminal racemes or
panicles, with male upper flowers and a solitary O flower or few
female flowers towards the base. Bracts small or large and
leafy, entire or lacinulate. Male flowers: Calyx often coloured,
campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, attached between
the lobes or glands of the disk, filaments free, slender. Riidi-
mentary ovary minute or wanting. Female flowers: Calyx as
in the male. Ovary 3-celled, styles shortly connate at the base,
variously dilatate or lobed at the apex. Ovules solitary in
each cell. Disk entire or lobed or glandular. Capsule 3-coccous;
cocci 2-valved. Seeds carunculate, ovoid or oblong.

Manihot esculenta Crantz, Inst, rei Herb. I (1766)
p. 167; Lanjouw Euph. p. 32; — Manihot atiiumima Pohl,
PI. Bras. ic. et descr. I (1827) p. 32, t. 24; Müll. Arg. in
D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1064; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 457, t. 65; Pulle,
Enum. p. 261; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. II (1910) p. 67; —
Jatropha Manihot L. Spec. pi. ed. 1 (i753) p. 1007; Manihot
palmata var. Aipi Auct. non Müll. Arg. Pulle, Enum. p. 261.

Shrub; root tuberous, thick, bitter and charged with a noxious
juice or sweet and harmless. Petioles as long as the leaves
or longer. Petioles greenish or purplish like the main-nerves.

Leaves usually 3—y-lohed, the uppermost sometimes entire,
membranaceous, glaucous and glabrous at both sides or more
or less pubescent along the nerves beneath. Lobes 8—\'I7 cm.
long, 1 ■—5 cm, broad, oblong or spathulate-lanceolate, acuminate,
to the base narrowed and confluent in a disk with a breadth
of about 2 cm. Stipules about 5 mm, long, puberulous, acute,
deciduous. Flowers in lax few-flowered racemes; peduncle

4—6 mm, long, female i,5 — 2,5 cm, long, enlarging. Calyx
dirty-yellow, campanulate, male 3 mm, long, 5-lobed, glabrous
and pruinose outside, puberulous within, female 1 cm, long,
puberulous within near the apex. Stamens 10; anthers small,
with hairy tips, filaments glabrous. Disk lobate, glabrous.
Ovary glabrous 6-winged. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, rugu-
lose, 6-winged; wings undulate and often crenate. Seeds ellipsoid,
marbled.

Distribution: A native of Brazil, cultivated in many races
throughout the tropics.

Zanderij I (B, W. n, 2773, 2776, 2876, 2837 fl. and fr.
May: 2874, 2791 fl, and fr, March: 2826 fl. May: 2784 fl,
March; 2779 A- Febr,; 2871 fl. May; 2839 fl. March);
Avanavero falls (Pulle n. 2i3); Lawa R. on cultivated ground
(Versteeg n. 146, fl, Aug,) Upper Tapanahony R, slope
of the Treboe (Versteeg n, 801, fr. Sept.); Upper Litani
R. on rocks (Versteeg n. 419, fr. Dec.); Voltzberg (B. W. n,
6331: fl. Aug.); without locality (Hostmann n. 891; Focke
n. 76; Splitgerber n. 277, fl. Dec.).

Vernacular Names: Alepaipio, Alesebie, Alomie, Alostiki,
Anoewanopo, Aresamoene, Jakopoekondrekasaba, Kappa-
sienjolo, Koeme repo, Kolaroripio, Komorepo, Kwallabo,
Oelanare, Oskiboe, Pakoema, Patakapio, Piekieriepo, Pitto-
rolli, Pulwapie, Sanieme, Seperalipio, Sepiepabo, Tapitjie
Tapopire, Tapirin joepoe, Tiana, Tisiekiboe, Tisie moene,
Tollokopo, Topitoe, To we sipio, Walaloppo, Wale miepjo,
Wayaloepo, Wolo wolo.

var. sprucci (Pax) Lanj, Euph, p, 33; — Manihot Sprucei
Pax in E.P. IV, 147- 11 (1910) p. 71,

olive-green and subnitidous above, glaucous and pruinose
beneath, mucronulate; side-nerves numerous, nearly rectangular.

Zanderij I (B. W. n. 2841, fl. May; n. 2786, fr. March;
n. 2778, fl. March; n. 2846, fr. May; n. 2780, fl. Febr.; n.
2873, fl. May).

Shrubs or trees, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
penninerved short-petioled, entire, coriaceous. Flowers small,
axillary, densely fascicled. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Male
flowers: Sepals 4\'—S, strongly imbricate. Disk extra-staminal,
lobate or entire. Stamens 5—\'20, filaments at the base connate
into a column, anthers oblong, dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally.
Rudimentary ovary 3-fid. Female flowers: Sepals 4—^6, as in
the male. Ovary 3-celled; ovules in each cell solitary. Styles
free, ± erect, 2-partite, the arms papillose-fimbriate within.
Disk urceolate, ± lobate. Capsule globose-setose or tubercled,
breaking up into 3, 2-valved cocci. Seed ovoid, testa black-
polished, carunculate.

Tree. Stem straight, cylindrical, lower end sulcate, with
low broad spurs; young branches puberulous. Petioles 5—^8 mm.
long, rugose across; limb (5) 10 — 20 (22) cm. long, 3,5 — 10 cm.
broad, coriaceous, oblong or ovate sometimes broadly ovate,
acuminate, at the base obtuse, shining and glabrous above.

on the lower surface sparsely pilose along the nerves, after-
wards glabrescent. Side-nerves 10 — 12. Stipules linear-lance-
olate. Male flowers small, sessile: Sepals 5, outside pilose,
disk with triangular lobes. Stamens 10, filaments pilose.
Rudimentary ovary 3-fid. Female flowers small: Sepals 5.
Ovary covered with small tubercules each coronate by a long
sharp thick hollow hair, styles 3, 2-fid. Capsule densely covered
with the grown up, sharp, pyramidical tubercules, of which
the hairs have fallen off. Ripe fruits red.

Zanderij I Tree n. 212 (B. W. 1419, fl. Nov. 25/3 fr. Dec.
i53q. fr. Tan. 5865, fl. May, 2677, fr. Febr. 2643, fr. Jan.
4066, fl. Nov.); Tree n. 2o3 (B. W. 4461, fl. Dec. 3558, fr.
Jan. \'1246, ster. 3773, fr. April, 5o56, fl. Nov. 4062, fl. Nov.);
Tree n. 226 (B. W. 4453, fr. Nov. 6043, fr. Jan 2292 ster.);
Sectie O, Tree n. 104 (B. W. 23i6 ster.); Tree n. 612 (B. W.
6411, fr. Febr.); Maratakka-River (B. W. 2930, fr. Febr.);
Goni\'ni-River (Gonggrijp n. 87, fr. March); without locality
(Hostmann).

Vernacular Names: Kwepiran (Kar.), Toepoeloe koesoliepo,
Koesaljeppo, Jappopalli (Kar.), Toekoeleroe kanta (Arow.),
Warakkajaroe harilaroe (Arow.). Mattoe Swama (Saram.)
Kantoballi (Arow.) Tokovero kaumta (Arow.) Bokko bokko-
takon (Arow.) Witte Djoebolletrie (Sur. Dutch), Witte
Djoebotrie (N.E.) Mammerieballi, Witte Apakwie ie, Basau
Botie ie (Saram.) Boeloewe balli. Mora balli (Arow.).

Trees. Leaves alternate, entire, penninerved, petiolate. Flowers
small, in cymes, cymes collected in a terminal or lateral panicle,
monoecious, apetalous. Male flowers: Sepals 5, imbricate,
quincuncial. Disk-glands 5. Stamens 4, 5 or 7, filaments free,
anthers inflexed in the bud. Ovary-rudiment small, pubescent.
Female flowers: Sepals longer than in the male, caducous.
Disk annular, small. Ovary 3-celled; styles short, tick; ovules

solitary in each cell. Capsule globose, three-cocced, cocci 2-
valved. Seeds carunculate.

Tree, with white milky juice, young branches pubescent.
Petioles o,5—2 cm. long, brown pilose. Limb 5 —15 cm. long,
1,5—6 cm. broad, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, shortly obtuse
acuminate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, olivaceous-brown,
glabrous and shining above, brown opake and puberulous in
the axils of the secundary veins beneath, chartaceous, side-
nerves ± 6, stipules ± 3—mm. long. Panicles lateral, puberu-
lous, as long as the leaves or longer. Male flowers: sepals 5,
J:: 1,5 mm. long, stamens 4^—5, receptacle pilose. Female flowers:
sepals 5, 3 mm. long ovate-lanceolate, ovary pubescent,
styles short, bilobate, disk annular, small, pubescent. Capsule
1 cm. long, 1,1 cm. broad, glabrous. Seeds smooth, brown.

Brownsberg, Tree n. 1146 (B. W. n. 6687, fl. Oct.: n.
4267, fr. Febr.: n. 4701, fr. June); Brownsberg Tree n. 119
(B. W. n. 3233, fl. Sept.) Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6721, fl.
July: n. 655j, fl. June).

Vernacular Names: Koedi biose balli, Bartabalie balli
(Arow.); Topoeloe alome, Moereidam (Kar.).

Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. Leaves alternate,
stipulate, penninerved, often 3—5-nerved from the base. Petioles
with two glands at the apex. Flowers monoecious, apetalous,
in small panicled cymes, with or without a central female flower.
Bracts subtending the cymes rather leaf-like. Disk obscure
or absent. Sepals 4—5, broad, imbricate. Male flowers: Stamens

filaments connate into a short column, connective thick
and broad, forming a peltate cap-shaped mass, with the anther-
cells on the periphery. Rudimentary ovary wanting. Female
flowers: Ovary 2—3-celled; style-column thick, obtuse or shortly
2^3-lobed; one ovule in each cell. Fruit thick, fleshy. Seeds
globose, ecarunculate.

Omphalea diandra L. Syst. PI. ed. 10 (1769) p. 1264;
Aubl. PI. Gui. fr. II (177Ö) P- 843, t. 328; — var. genuina
Miill. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. ii35; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 5i5,
t. 72; Pulie, Enum. p. 261; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. V (1912)
p. 20, fig. 2; —- Omphalea cordata Sw. Prodr. (1788) p. 96; —
Omphalea guyaneniid Klotzsch in Sched.

Leaves 12 — 16 cm. long, 8 — 10 cm. broad, coriaceous, glabrous
and subnitidous above, tomentose-pubescent beneath, broadly
elliptical or orbicular-ovate, shortly cuspidate-acuminate at the
apex, cordate at the base, 3—5-nerved from the base; side-

Male flowers: Sepals 4, outside rough, inside glabrous, margin
pubescent. Stamens 2, filaments united into a column, connective
thick, broad, forming a flat umbrella with the anther-cells on
the periphery. Female flowers: Calyx as in the male. Ovary
tomentose. Fruit large, pear-shaped, 10 cm. long, 7,6 cm. broad.
Seeds 4—5 cm. long, 3 cm. thick.

Near Paramaribo (Boldingh n. 38i5, fl. Oct.); Comme-
tewane Creek near plant. Slootwijk (Soeprata n. 14}, fl.
July); Upper Suriname R. (B. W. n. 5383, fl. June); Corantijne
R.near Wonotobo, on rocks (B. W. n. 3oi8, fl. Oct.); Kabalebo
R., Avanavero Falls, in the virgin forest (B. W. n. 4627, fl.

March); Coppcname R. (B. W. n. 63i6, fh July); Corantijne
R.near Kaunie-Crcek (B. W. n. 3048, fl. Oct.); Paulus Creek
(Went n. 648, fl. and fr. Nov.); Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n
812, fl. Aug.); Sectie O, Tree n. 836 (B. W. n. 2406); Voltz-
berg (Pulle n. 273, fl. Aug.).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, penninerved, stipulate,
shortly petioled. Panicles terminal: male flowers usually in
3-flowered umbellas, bracts often biglandular, a few female
flowers at the base of the panicle. Flowers apetalous. Male
flowers: Calyx 3—5-lobed, lobes broad, imbricate, often tomen-
tose. Stamens usually many, in Surinam species i5—60, conferted.
Female flowers: Calyx 5—6 partite. Ovary 3-celled, styles connate
into a long colu mn, the upper end free undivided; one ovule
in each locality. Capsule globose often 3-sulcate, Seeds carun-
culate ovoid, smooth.

late or oblong, abruptly caudate-acuminate, sub-
coriaceous, glabrous. Stamens 3o.—^5o. The branches
carrying the male umbellas often with glandules at

b. Leaves smaller, —^12 cm. long, i,5—5 cm. broad.
Stamens i5—^3o. Glandules usually at some dis-
tance from the base. Flowers pallid or white..... 2

Tree. Petioles 5 —10 mm. long, glabrous. Leaves 11—cm.
long, 5,5—9 cm. broad, ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly caudate-
acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, margin
entire or subundulate, subcoriaceous, glaucescent beneath,
usually glabrous. Lateral nerves 10 —15, arcuately conjuncted
at a distance of ± 8 mm. from the margin. Panicles long peduncled,
peduncles 10 — 24 cm. long, flowering part i3 —18 cm. long,
^ 3,5 cm. broad. Male flowers in 3-flowered umbellas, peduncles
4—5 mm. long, with two thick glandules at the base or at a
short distance from the base, pedicels 6—18 mm. long. Female
flowers solitary in the axil of linear bracts, pedicels 1—2 cm.
long. The whole inflorescence is puberulous, flowers purple.
Sepals S and ? purple-pulverulent; male sepals broad-triangular,
acute, female sepals triangular-lanceolate, long acuminate.
Stamens 3o—5o, anthers sessile. Ovary tomentose, style column
2,2—3 cm. long, the free part o,5—0,8 cm. long.

var. concolor Lanj. Euph. p. 39; — JIabea occidental^
Benth. var. purpurascend Auct. non Müll. Arg. Pulle in Ree.
des Trav. bot. neerl. IX (1912) p. 146.

Small tree, 4 m. high. Leaves 9-26 cm. long, 4,5—9 cm.
broad, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, concolorous. Capsule minutely
tomentose, 3-sulcate, n-M ^m. long, 11 mm. broad. Seeds
1. long, brown, coronate by a small caruncle.

Brownsberg (B. W. n. 6876 fl. iHay: B W. n. 6781 fr.
Tan. (Fruit red): B. W. n. 766 fl Sept.: Gonggrijp n. ?, f .
and fr. Oct.: B. W. n. ^242 £r. Sept.: B W. m 3199, fl.
Sept.); Upper Coppename R. (Boon n. 1216, tl. Uct.).

2. Mabca piriri Aubl. Hi3t. pl. Gui. fr. II (1776) p. 867,
t. 334 f. 2; Benth. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. VI (1854)
p. 364; Pulle, Enum: p. 262 (ex parte); Pax l.c.p. 35; —-
Jlabea mrinamenmid Klotzsch in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guv Hl
(1848) p. ii85 (nomen).

Tree. Leaves 8 — 13 cm. long, 2,5—4,5 cm. broad, lanceolate,
or obovate-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, acute
or subobtuse at the base, brown above, greyish-blue beneath,
membranaceous, the margin subserrulate, side-nerves 11—14,
arcuately conjuncted; nerves prominent at both sides especially
beneath. Petioles 5 — 12 mm. long. Panicles peduncled; peduncles
3—6 cm. long, flowering part 4—7 cm. long, 2—3 cm. broad.
The male umbellas are 3-flowered and peduncled; peduncles
3—5 mm. long, with 2 thick glands at the apex. Male flowers
small, white, pedicels 6—10 mm. long, stamens i5—20. Female
flowers: Pedicels i5 mm. long. Style-column 11 mm. long,
puberulous just as the ovary. Capsule 2 cm. long, 3-sulcate.
Seeds globose or ovoid.

Upper Suriname R. (Hostmann et Kappler n. i32o partly,
n. 1362); Sectie O, Tree n. 621 (B. W. n. 1197, fL Oct.,
fr. Dec.); Brownsberg, Tree n. 1207 (B. W.
n. 6296, a Oct., B. W. n. 6093, fr. April); Watramiri, Tree
n. i5o7 (B. W. n. 1878); without locality (Hostmann n. 409).

Vernacular Names: Bakaa Poeirenga (Saram.); Baririe Koli
Kakkelïoro (Arow.); Koenbotassi, Wepenjana atakarie, Pakiira
emoeroe, Wepe lana noe takalH (Kar.).

3. Mabea taquari Aubl. Hist. pi. Gui. fr. II (i775)p. 870
t. 334, f. 2; Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. VI (1854) P- 364;
Pulle Enum. p. 261; Lanjouw Euph. p. 36, t. IV; — JIabea
taquari Aubl. var. genuina Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr 1 c p
1149; in Fl Bras, l.c.p. 624; Pax l.c.p. 38; - Mabèa piriri
Auct. non Aubl. Pulle Enum. p. 262 (ex parte).

Shrubs or little trees. Young branches, inflorescence and the
nerves on the lower surface of the leaves covered with dendroid

ramosed, rusty-brown hairs. Petioles 4—\'8 mm. long. Limb
4—12 cm. long, 1,5—5 cm. broad, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic,
about twice as long as broad, abruptly acuminate or acute at
the top, obtuse or cordate at the base, shining above, glaucous-
brown beneath, reticulate-nerved. Panicles 4^—^8 cm. long,
1,5—\'4 cm. broad. The branches of the male umbellas 2—^4 mm.
long or nearly sessile, with large glands at the apex, 3-flowered.
Pedicels (J 4—12 mm. long, slender. Male flowers small, pallid,
stamens i5—^3o, anthers tomentose. Pedicels $ about i5 mm.
long. Ovary smooth, style-column tomentose, ± 7 mm. long,
the free part i ^ mm. long. Capsule globose, i 12 mm. in
diameter, tomentose, rust-coloured.

Suriname R.near Berg en Dal (Focke n. 1298); Upper
Suriname R. (Hostmann et Kappler n. 132o, partly) Zanderij I,
in the forest (Samuels n. 53i [K], fl. July) Lower Saramacca
R. (Pulle n. 67, fl. Nov.: Pulle n. 69, fl. Nov.); Upper Sara-
macca R. (Pulle N. 409, fl. Jan.); Marowijne R.near Galibi
(Went n. 416, fl. Oct.); Upper Coppename R. (Boonn. 1094,
fl. Sept.); Upper Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 836, fl. Aug.);
Corantijne R.near Wonotobo (B. W. n. 3074, fl. and fr. Oct.);
without locality (Focke n. ii3).

var. angustifolia Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1149;
in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 626; Pax l.c.p. 38.

Upper Nickerie R. (Tulleken n. 364, fl. Sept.); Upper
Coppename R. (Boon n. 1069, fl. Aug.); Lucie R. (Hulk n.
399, fl. Dec.); Gonini R. (B. W. n. 3714, fr. Febr.).

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves alternate,
shortly petiolate, firmly membranaceous or coriaceous, entire,
penninerved. Racemes terminal or axillary, solitary or few

together, in the bud covered over by imbricate, coriaceous
scales; rhachis glabrous or pilose. Male flowers ternate (or
2—j) in the axils of the bracts; bracts often biglandular. Female
flowers solitary. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Disk absent.
Male flowers: Sepals i—\'3 or suppressed. Stamens 2 — 17,
fdaments free; anthers ovoid, longitudinally dehiscent. Rudi-
mentary ovary wanting. Female flowers: Sepals 1—3 or absent.
Ovary 3-ceIled, styles connate at the base, recurved, undivided,
one ovule in each cell. Capsule 3-coccous, armate on the back
or smooth; cocci-2-valved; columella persistent. Seeds sub-
globose carunculate, testa crustaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons
broad, flat.

Actinostcmon Schomburgkii (Klotzsch) Pax in E.P. IV.
147. V (1912) p. 68; — Dactylodtemon Schomburgkii Klotzsch
in Wiegmann. Archiv VII (1841) p. 181 (nomen); in Hook
London Journ. Bot. 11 (1843) p. 46; Müll. Arg. D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 1198; — Actinodtemon concoLor Auct. non Müll.
Arg. Pulle, Enum. p. 262.

A shrub, —^3 m. high. Branches fulvous-pubescent, glabrescent,
often heterophyllous. Leaves sparsely at the apex of the branch-
lets. Petioles of the lower leaves about 2 mm. long, those of
the upper leaves longer, —12 mm. long. The largest leaves,
few at the apex of the branchlets 6—^9 cm. long, 2—\'2,5 cm.
broad, the small ones i,5—\'2,5 cm. long, 6—^14 mm. broad,
lanceolate, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, with an obtuse tip,
eglandular, pilose especially along the nerves and the margin
at both sides, often glabrescent, membranaceous, subnitidous
above. Inflorescences, in bud obtected by striate, ciliate scales,
short, 6\'—^10 mm. long, densely pubescent; bracts small, densely
pubescent, lanceolate, biglandular; glands large, pubescent;
male bracts !■—5 flowered. Male flowers shortly pedicellate:
Sepals 3,—ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, stamens 7^—12. Female

flowers subsessile; Sepals linear or oblong-ovate, ciliate; Ovary
hirtellous especially on the 6, thick, gibbose processes; styles
connate into a short column. Capsule unknown.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or serrulate,
penninerved. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in terminal or
axillary racemes. Disk absent. Male flowers small, solitary
or a few together in the axils of the bracts. Calyx 5—5-lobed
or partite. Stamens generally 3, fdaments free or connate at
the base. Rudimentary ovary wanting. Female flowers at the
base of the male racemes or at a short distance from them on
the stem: Calyx 3-partite or 3-lobed. Ovary 3-celled; styles
patent or revolute, generally free, undivided. One ovule in each
cell. Capsule 3-cocced. Seeds carunculate.

Distribution: Tropical America, the greatest number in
Brazil, only one species in the temperate regions of North
America.

Sebastiania corniculata (Vahl) Müll. Arg. sensu Pax in
E.P. IV. 147. V (1912) p. 96; Pulle, Enum. p. 262; —
Tragia corniculata Vahl Eclog. Amer. II (1798) p. 56; t. 19; —
StiUingia corniculata Baill. Etud. gén. Euphorb. (i858) p. 5i6;
t. 8, f. 1 —12; — Sebastiania corniculata Müll. Arg. var.
genuina Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1173; in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 563; var. Iragioides Pax in E.P. l.c.p. 98.

Herbaceous annual, branched, 40 — 5o cm. high. Stems
patently hispid-pilose, glabrescent. Petioles 2—20 mm. long,
densely hispid-pilose. Leaves 3—^ (6) cm. long, 5—25 mm.
broad, lanceolate-ovate, acute, subcordate at the base, adpressed
pubescent at both sides, serrulate, glanduliferous dentate near

the base, thin membranaceous. Male spikes opposite the leaves,
± 1 cm. long, rhachis pubescent, glabrescent; bracts distichous,
5)-flowered, 3-lobed. Male flowers: Sepals obovate-
elliptical. Stamens 3. Female flowers at the base of the male
spikes or opposite the leaves. Sepals ovate-elliptical, denticulate,
2 stipitate glands at the base. Ovary subcylindrical, 6-cornute
at both ends and irregularly muricate. Capsule about 5 mm.
long, pubescent, with 6 horn-like processes at each end. Seeds
subcylindrical.

Marowijne R. (Kappler n. i886: fl. Aug.); Para distr.
near Onoribo (Sphtgerber n. 666 [L] fl. March).

var. micrantha (Benth.) Müll. Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p.
1173; in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 563; Pax in E.P. l.c.p. 99; —
Micromtachyd micrantha Benth. in Hook. Journ. of Bot. VI
(1854) p. 326; — Alicroötachyö lanceolata Splitgerber in Sched.

Stems about 3o cm. high, branched. Leaves 2—4 cm. long,
4—8 mm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowly trimcate-
rotundate at the base, pubescent, glabrescent. Capsule pilose.

Para distr. near Onoribo (Sphtgerber n. 667 [L], fl. March);
without locality (Wullschlägel n. 458, [ex Pax]).

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, petioled, usually
reticulate, stipules small. Flowers usually in 2-sexual spikes;
males densely, ovoid, terminal on special, much contracted
branchlets, bracts small, imbricate, biglandular at the base,
each subtending 3—5 sessile flowers; females 1—3, under the
male spike, pedicelled, usually solitary. Flowers monoecious,

rarely dioecious, apetalous. Disk o. Male: Calyx small, mem-
branous, urceolate, shortly 2—3-lobed, lobes imbricate. Stamens
1 —3, exserted, fdaments united into a slender column, free
at the apex; anthers oblong, opening longitudinally. Rudimentary
ovary o. Female: Calyx short 3-lobed, ovary 3-celled, ovules
solitary, styles connate into a short column at the base, free,
at the top imdivided. Capsule globose or slightly 3-gonous,
breaking up in three 2-valved cocci. Seeds ovoid with a large
fleshy caruncle; testa crustaceous, foveolate, rugulose or smooth,
cotyledons broad, flat.

Maprounea guyanensis Aubl. Hist, des pl. Guyan. H
(1774) P- 895, t. 342; Müll. Arg. D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1191;
Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 543, t. 81 fig. H; Pulle Enum. p. 262; Pax
in E.P. IV. 147. V (1912) p. 177; _ StiLLingia guyanendU
Baill. Adansonia V (i865) p. 332; ~ Excoecaria quyanendid
Baill. Hist. pl. V (1874) p. i33, fig. 207—209.

long, 1,5—3,5 cm. broad, firmly membranaceous, acuminate,
tip subobtuse, base cuneate or subobtuse, often two glandular
spots near the base, shining above, more or less pruinose,
often rather glaucescent beneath, firmly nerved and reticulate.
Stipules small, triangular. Inflorescenses short-peduncled,
1 —^(3) female flowers at the base. Male spikes oblong or ovoid,
3—5 mm. long, dense-flowered, bracts with 2 stipitate glandules
at the base. Female flowers pedicelled, pedicels 3—5 mm. long,
in fruiting time up to 7 mm. Male flowers yellow, calyx very
small, irregularly 3—■4-lobed, lobes denticulate. Stamens 2.
Capsule 4—\'5 mm. long, globose. Seeds dark brown, coronate
by a large caruncle.

3721 fr. March; 53o2 young fr. Dec,, 5393 fl, Oct., 4271 fr.
March, 4027 fl. Oct., 4442 fl, Oct., 1960 ster.); Sectie O,
Tree 619 (B. W. 4768 fl. Nov., 1218 ster.); Kaboeri, Tree
n. 667 (B. W. 4861 fr. Nov.); Zanderij I, Tree n. 116 (B. W,
5552 fl. Nov,, 2619 fr, Dec., 1634 fr. Jan., 1466 fr. Dec.),
Tree n. 221 (B. W. 6476 fl. Nov., 5o58 fr. Jan.); Savanna
near Zanderij I (B. W, i53o fl, Jan,); Coppename River
(B, W, 3865 fr, June); Saramacca R, near Mariepaston
(Kegel n, 1297 [G.]),

Vernacular Names: Peihatti, Dekie hatti (N.E.) Pirapisi,
letjotono parapisi (Kar.), Awatie (Arow.), Gingepan (Saram).

Trees (or shrubs) with white milky juice, glabrous. Leaves
alternate, petiolate, margin entire or serrulate and often
glandular, the top often glandular and cucullate inflected. Petioles
biglandular at the apex, or 2—4 glands inserted at the base
of the limb. Spikes terminal, male, or only female at the base;
bracts usually with glands on each side of the base. Flowers
monoecious, apetalous. Disk wanting. Male flowers: Calyx
2(—\'3) fid. Ovary 3(.— 4) celled, 1 ovule in each cell; styles
free or connate at the base. Capsule globose, pear-shaped or
trigonal. Seeds nearly globose, without a caruncle.

Distribution: All tropical countries of the world, some-
times subtropical, and especially in America, In America only
the section Americana Pax et K. Hoffm.

b. Leaves at the top with an inflected acumen, subsect
Cucullata Pax et K, Hoffm..................

b. Glands at the upper end of the petiole, not inflected
under the limb ..............................

b. Leaves larger, about 12 cm. long, membranaceous.
.................... 1. S. Aubletianum Hub.

b.nbsp;Leaves nearly integer, never glandular-dentate .. .
5. a. Leaves broad-oblong, about 6| cm. broad; the

1. Sapium Aubletianum (Müll. Arg.) Huber, Bull, de
I\'Herb. Boiss. 2e série, VI (1906) p. 362 f. 23. Pax in
E.P. IV. 147- V (1912) p. 2i5; — Hippomane biglanduloda
Aubl. Hist, des PI. Gui. Franç. vol. 11 (1776) p. 885; —
S. bigLandulomm var. Aubletianum Müll. Arg. Linnaea 32 (i863)
p. 217; .—^ Excoecarla biglanduloöa var. Aubletiananbsp;Kvg.

about 1 mm. long. Limb 9 — 16 cm. long, 2—5 cm. broad, elliptic,
narrowed to the base, cuspidate-acuminate and flat at the top,
margin dentate or subentire, with some glands; nerves 11 —15
pairs, arcuately conjuncted. Spikes terminal, slender, only the
male flowers observed. Bracts triangular, bearing about 9 flowers.
Glandules big, flat, inserted a little under the base of the bracts.
Calyx bilobed. Stamens 2.

Matappi, Corantyne river (Gonggryp n. 65, B.W. n. 2141,
fl. June; Watramiri, Tree no. 1577, (B.W. n. 1842, sterile);
Kaboerie, Tree no. 668 (B: W. n. 4878, sterile).
Vernacular Names: Alekosine (Kar.); Komaakaran (Kar.)
Mabowaballi (Arow.).

Tree with glabrous, striate, densely foliolate branches. Leaves
alternate or subopposite, bistipulate; stipules deciduous. Petioles
1,5-2,5 cm. long. Limb 9-17 cm. long, 4-6,5 cm. broad,
membranaceous, oblong or obovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate
obtuse, at the base contracted into the petiole, subrotundate
or cuneate, minutely glandular-dentate along the margin and
shortly above the base 2-4 glandules, which are linear and
about 2 mm. long, and inflected under the base of the limb;
shining above, pallid beneath, reticulately nerved. Nerves
prominent above. Lateral nerves 10-12, arcuately conjuncted.
Flowers and fruits not observed.

Brownsberg, Tree n. io58 (B.W. n. 1769).
Vernacular Names: Maboewa Djamaro (Arow.).

4- Sapium Klotzschianum (Müll. Arg.) Huber, l.c p 438
f. 3o; Pax l.c.p. 228; Lanjouw Euph. p. 41, f. 9 and 10;
Jixcoecaria bigLanduloóa var. KLotzàchiana Müll. Arg. D C
Prodr. l.c.p. 1206, Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 619.

Tree. Petioles 1—3,5 cm. long, biglandular at the apex,
glandules cilindrical, divaricating, i,5—2 mm. long. Limb,\'
rather polymorphous, 4—15 cm. long, i,5—5 cm. broad\'
lanceolate-oblong or obovate-oblong or ovate-oblong cuneate at
the base, obtuse acuminate, usually cucullate incurved and glan-
dular at the apex, margin entire or obsolete dentate, sparsely
glandular. Lateral nerves numerous, prominent at both sides
of the limb. Spikes 12 — 18 cm. long, length of the remaining
part in the fruitbearing specimen ± 10 cm. long, terminal, male
or androgynous with some female flowers at the base. Bracts
biglandular at the base, 9 — 11 flowered. Calyx bilobed. Stamens 2!
Ovary obovate, styles shortly connate at the base. Capsule
sessile, globular, 7—8 mm. across. Seed subglobular rough.

Watramiri, Tree n. 1662 (B.W. n. 4648, fr. Febr. - B W
n. 2229, fr. Aug.); Kaboerie Tree n. 664 (B.W n jqoo\'
steril; this specimen has very large leaves, 18 — 20 cm. lo\'ng
and Ji 6 cm. wide).nbsp;°

5 Sapium Hippomane G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Essequeb.
(1818) p. 275; Miq. in Linnaea 21 (1848) p. 476; Stirp
Surin. (i85o) p. 97, t. 29; Huber l.c.p. 36o, fig. 21; Pax
l.c.p. 23i; — Hippomane glanduLoàa L. spec. pl. ed. 1. (1753)
1191 ex parte; — StiLLingia Hippomane Baill. Etud. gén. Euph.
(i858) p. 5i3; — Sapium Hemdeyanum Huber l.c.p. 362; —

Excoecaria blgianduloda Auct. non Müll. Arg. Pulle Enum.
p. 362; — Sapium LntegrifoUum Splitg. in Sched.

Tree or shrub. Leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 4—15 cm.
long, 3—8 cm. wide, abrupt acuminate and obtuse at the anex,
with an inflected acumen, rotundate or subcuneate at the base,
subcoriaceous; margin subentire. Leaves of the sterile branches
much larger. Lateral nerves numerous, slightly curved. Petioles
about 1,5 cm. long, biglandular at the upper end; glandules
1,5—2 mm. long. Spikes terminal, androgynous or male. Bracts
6—9-flowered, biglandular at the base; glandules elliptic. Male
flowers: Calyx 2-lobed, purple. Stamens 2. Female flowers:
Calyx 3-partite. Styles 3, shortly connate at the base. Capsule
sessile, globose.

Without locality (Hostmann n. 314 and a not numbered
specimen collected by Focke); Para (Splitgerber n. 461, fr. Jan.
Sapium. Integrifolium Splitg. var. eglanduLoöum Splitg., called by
Sphtg.); without locality (Splitgerber n, 460, fr. Jan., often
in the forest); Near Paramaribo (Collect indig. n.1.).

6. Sapium aucuparium Jacq. Enum. pi. carib. (1760)
p. 3i; Select. Stirp. Amer. hist. (1/63) p. 24, t. i58; Huber
l.c.p. 358, f. 18; Pax l.c.p. 229; — Sapium bigianduLomm

Tree. Leaves alternate or subopposite. Petioles o,5—3,5 cm.
long, biglandular at the apex; glandules subcilindrical. Limb
6—25 cm. long, 3 —^8 cm. broad, oblong or oblong lanceolate,
acute or shortly cuspidate, cucullate at the apex, obtuse at the
base; margin dentate in the lower half obscurely dentate or
integer, sparsely glandular, membranaceous. Lateral nerves
numerous, curvate, prominent at both sides of the leaf. Spikes
terminal, 16-20 cm. long, androgynous. Bracts broad, rotundate.

fimbriate, at the base 2 oblong-elliptic glandules, 7—9 flowered.
Male flowers: Calyx 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Female flowers:
Calyx 3-partite, Ovary sessile, styles nearly free. Capsule
globose.

Paramaribo near plant. iHerveille (Splitgerber n. 647, sterile,
with only very big leaves).

Large trees with broad cordate leaves, biglandular at the
base of the blade. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Disk wanting.
The staminate flowers in oblong, thick spikes, sessile, the bract
encloses the flower entirely, it opens irregularly in flowering
time. Calyx cupuliferous, irregularly toothed. Filaments and
connectives connate into a thick column; anther-cells distinctly
attached in 2—5 whorls on the outside of the column under
the top, extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent. The pistillate flowers
in the upper axils or at the base of the male spikes, solitary.
Calyx cupulate, entire; ovary 5 —20-celled, styles coimate into
a long carnosy column, infundibuliform at the apex, stigma
radiate. Capsule big, deeply sulcate into many cocci. Seeds
compressed, ecarimculate.

Hura crepitans L. Spec. pi. ed. i (1753) p. 1008; Müll.
Arg. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 1229; Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 632, t. 86;
Pulle Enum. p. 262; Pax in E.P. IV. 147. V (1912)
p. 272; — H. dtrepenö Willd. Enum. pi. hort. Berol. (1809)
p. 997; Miq. in Linnaea XXI (1848) p. 474.

A high glabrous tree 10—40 m.; branches often aculeate.
Stem often with broad, heavy spurs with concave upper edge.
Petioles as long as the leaves or longer. Leaves 5 — io(—^20) cm.

in diameter, orbicular or broadly ovate, cuspidate-acuminate,
cordate or rotundate at the base, entire or dentate, glabrous
or beneath often pilose along the nerves, especially the midrib
towards the base of the limb. Stipules linear-lanceolate, pubes
cent, deciduous. Peduncles 5—8 cm. long; spikes (J, cylindrical
ovoid, reddish-brown, about 6 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad
Anthers (2—3) 4—5-seriate. Pedicels $ about 2—5) cm
long. Ovary and style about 5 cm. long, stigma large violet-red
Capsule about 6.—^8 cm. broad, about 3.—4 cm. high, concave
at both ends, deeply sulcate into many cocci.

Distribution: Tropical America. Often cultivated, also in
the Tropics of the old world.

Cultivated near „Proefstationquot; (B.W. n. 694, fl. Aug.);
near Post Oranjewoud (Focke 686); near Paramaribo (coll.
indig. n. 180); Cultuurtuin (B.W. n. 5641, 6208, 6374 fl.
and fr. Febr. 6376 fl. Febr.) without locality (Kappler).

Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, with milky juice. Leaves
alternate or opposite, or only the upper leaves opposite, simple,
entire or toothed. Several male flowers and one female flower
enclosed within a calyx-like, cup-shaped involucre, a „cyathiumquot;.
Involucre campanulate, sometimes unequal, with 4—^5 lobes
and as many glands or fewer outside the lobes and alternate
with them; glands with often a petallike spreading white or
coloured limb. The male flowers consist of a single stamen,
jointed to a pedicel and soon falling away from it, usually
without a calyx; anther-cells usually globose. Bracteoles within
the involucre linear or setaceous, often woolly. Female flower,
one in the centre of the involucre, with or without
a minuté 3-lobed calyx. Ovary sessile at the top of the pedicel,
3-celled, 3-ovuled; styles 3, free or more or less united, often

divided into two. Capsules of 3 2-valved cocci, separating at
maturity from the central persistent axis and opening ventrally.
Seeds with or without a caruncle, with a thin crustaceous testa;
embryo with broad flat cotyledons.

b. Leaves small, not longer than 4 cm., very shortly
petioled or sessile. Branches not articulated..... 3

b. Involucres clustered and axillary, or in the forks of
the branches or terminal or on short axillary leafy

± 2 mm. in diameter ... 2. E. brasiliensis Lam.
b Stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1 mm. long. Capsules
± 1 mm. in diameter..... 4. E. hypericifolia L.

angular, those on the lower side of the stem united.
Capsules hirtellous along the acute angles.......

b. Stems puberulous to glabrate. Stipules minutely
fimbriate, with a long point. Capsules obtusely
keeled, usually entirely pubescent 6. E. thymifolia L.

1 Euphorbia cotinoides Miq. Stirp. Surinam. (i85i) p. 96;
Boiss. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 60; Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 668; Pulle, Enum. p. 203.

Shrub 2—6 m. high. Stems articulated, branches erect,
branchlets ternate or opposite. Stipules: those of the leaves
obtuse, rounded and glanduliferous; those of the involucral
bracts subulate. Petioles about as long as the limb, sometimes
a little shorter or longer. Limb 3—8 cm. long, i,5—5 cm. broad,
broadly ovate or elliptical-ovate, rounded at the base, slightly
peltate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rigidly membranaceous,
olivegreen above, glaucous beneath, entire; side-nerves 7—^10.
Cymes axillary, lax, corymbose-paniculate; peduncle 4—6 cm.
long or sometimes shorter. Two leaflike bracts at the top of
the peduncle; involucral bracts obovate-oblong to lanceolate.
Involucre ± 2 mm. long, cup-shaped, the outside sparingly
hirtellous, the inside glabrous; lobes obovate, truncate and
laciniate, glands slightly plicate-bilabiate, transversely elliptic
to suborbicular, appendages subrotundate, dentate. Interior
bracts numerous, pubescent. Ovary shortly pedicelled, enclosed
in the involucre. Capsules not observed.

Marowijne River near Albina (Versteeg n. 649, fl. July);
Wajombo River, Donder Creek (Stahel and Gonggrijp n. 816,
fl. Jan.); without locality (Kappler n. 1669, fl. Febr.).

An extract of the leaves is used by the natives as a fish-
poison. Its effects are very violent.

2. Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam. Encycl, II (1786) p. 423;
Boiss. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 24; Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras,
l.c.p. 676; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. of Jamaica IV part II
(1920) p. 338; Pulle, Enum. p. 263; —■ Euphorbia Klotzschi-
anum Miq. Stirp. Surin. (i85i) p. 96, t. 28.

Annual; stems erect, 10—^40 cm. high, often branched, gla-
brous or pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate
or subsessile. Stipules short, cilliate, broad in outline, usually

united. Leaves oblong to lanceolate-oblong or ovate or obovate,
subacute or blunt at the apex, oblique at the base, more or less
serrulate, especially in the upper part, glabrous or slightly
pubescent at both sides,nbsp;cm. long, those of the flowering

branches narrow, linear-oblong. Cymes axillary, lax, involucres
few, intermixed with linear bracts. Involucres small, campanulate,
glabrous; lobes triangular-lanceolate, glands oblong or orbicular,
appendages large and white, transversely elliptic, unequal.
Capsules glabrous, slightly keeled, ± 2 mm. in diameter. Styles
deeply two-cleft. Seeds 4-angled, black-reddish, with 2—3
transverse ridges.

Near Paramaribo, plant. La Liberté (Soeprata n. i85,
fl. Aug.); near Domburg, plant. Guin. Vriendschap (Soeprata
n! 3i7, fl- Aug.); Marowijne River near Albina (Versteeg
n. 23, fl. July); Marowijne River near Galibi (Went n. 416,
fl Oct); Lower Commewijne River (Focke n. 283, fl. Oct.);
Commewijne River, Commetewane Creek, plant. Slootwijk
(Soeprata n. 36G. fl. July); mouth of the Commewijne River
plant. Rust en Werk (Soeprata n. io3, fl. Aug.);Paramaribo,
plant\' Leonsberg (Soeprata n. 176, fl. Aug.); Marowijne River
(Kappler n. 1820, fl. July); Maratakka River, savanna near
Saparra (Stahel and Gonggrijp n. 864, fl. Febr.); Corantijne
River, savanna near Oreala (Pulle n. 644, fl. Sept.).

The inflorescense is terminal according to Müller in Fl. Bras,
and others, it is, however, axillar just as in E. hypericifoLia L.

3. Euphorbia hirta L. Spec. PI. ed. 1. (i753) p. 4^4^
Amoen. Acad. Ill (i756) P- i^J Brown in Thiselton-Dyer,
Flora of Tropical Africa, VI. section Inbsp;V-nbsp;7

Euphorbia piLuiifera Auct. non L. Jacq. Ic. Ill (1786) p. 5,
t. 478; Boiss. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 21; Pulle, Enum. p. 263; —
Tithymaiud botryoidem ZeyLanicuó and Tdhymaluó botryoidem
erectué Burm. Thes. Zeylan. (17) p. 223, t. 104, io5 fig. 1; —

Annual, 10—40 cm. high. Stems erect or decumbent at the
base, simple or dichotomously branched, pilose with yellowish
spreading hairs, glabrescent below, with an underpubescense
of subadpressed minute hairs. Leaves opposite, ovate to ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more or less falcate, 1—^3 cm.
long, acute or subobtuse, on one side of the midrib cuneate
at the base, on the other rounded, finely serrate, adpressed
pubescent on both sides; petioles 1—2 mm. long. Stipules aristate,
hairy. Involucres capitulate in peduncled globose clusters,
± 6 nim. in diameter, peduncle 2 — b mm. long, puberulous.
Involucres minute, very shortly pedicellate, obconic or cuplike
with 4 glands and 5 deltoid acute fringed lobes, glands slightly
exceeding the lobes, orbicular at the truncate apex, with a
minute dorsal appendage just under the apex. Capsule globose-
trigonous, i 1 mm. in diameter, puberulous, styles short, deeply
divided into 2 arms, thickened at the apex. Seeds oblong with
4 sharp angles and slight, transversely rugulose, irregular
anastomosing ridges, light-reddish.

Near Paramaribo (Focke; Tulleken n. 68, fl. July; Tulleken
n. 12, fl. June; Went n. 17, fl. July); Paramaribo, plant. Sloot-
wijk (Soeprata n. 26H, fl. July); plant. Leonsberg (Soeprata
n. 147, fl. Aug.); Saramacca River (Pulle n. 109, fl. Dec.);
Maratakka River near Cupido (B. W. n. 835, fl. Jan.); Maro-
wijne River B.W. n. 3684, fl. March): without loc. (Focke
n. 1272; Splitgerber n. i56, fl. Nov.; Weigelt).

4.nbsp;Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Sp. pl. ed. 1. (1763)
p. 464; Boiss. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 23; Pulle, Enum. p.
264; Brown l.c.p. 498; Fawcett and Rendle l.c.p. 340; —
Euphorbia piluLifera L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (i753) p. 464; — Cha-
maedyce hypericifolia Millsp. l.c.p. 3o2.

Annual 10—45 cm. high. Stems simple or branched, glabrous
or rarely puberulous. Petioles very short. Leaves opposite,
0,6—4 long, 0,3 — 1,8 cm. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate
or elliptic, subacute or rounded at the apex, oblique at the
base, serrulate or subentire, puberulous or glabrous. Stipules
ovate to lanceolate, 1 mm. long. Cymes axillary, in racemose
clusters with few to many involucres. Peduncles 1,5—2,5 cm.
long, with a pair of leaflike bracts at the apex. Bracts linear
or lanceolate 1—1,5 mm. long. Involucres about 1 mm. long,
cup-shaped, puberulous or glabrous, with 4 appendaged glands
and 5 deltoid, fringed lobes; glands minute, orbicular, witli
a white transversely elliptic appendage. Capsule ± 1 mm. in
diameter, glabrous; styles deeply bifid. Seeds 4-angled, slightly
transversely rugose, reddish brovm.

Paramaribo (Coll. indig. n. 206; Soeprata n. 5A, fl. June);
plant. Dordrecht (Soeprata n. 21F, fl. June); without locality
(Kappler n .i585).

5.nbsp;Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1. II (1789)
p. iSg; Boiss. in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 47; Boiss. Ic. Euphorb.
(1866) p. 12, t. 17; Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 683; Brown
l.c.p. 610; Pulle Enum. p. 203; Fawcett and Rendle l.c.p, 341;
— Euphorbia calLitrichoided Kunth in H.B.K. Nov. Gen. II
col. ed. (1817) p. 42; — tenella Kunth l.c.p. 53; — Chamae-
dyce prostrata Small in Fl. S.E.U. St. (1903) p. 713.

Annual. Stems prostrate, 5—20 cm. long, with alternate
branches, puberulous on the upper side, especially along a median

line. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, 3—-7 mm. long, oblong
to elliptic or slightly obovate-elliptical, rounded or obtuse at
the apex, more or less oblique at the base, minutely toothed,
glabrous or sparingly hairy beneath. Stipules triangular, those
on the upper side of the stem usually free, those on the lower
side united. Involucres in very short axillary racemes; the
involucres are subtended by two leaf-like bracts. The racemes
are sometimes reduced to a cluster of 2—3 involucres on a
short peduncle, each with its bracts. Involucres small, cam-
panulate; lobes 5, ovate, glands 4 minute, appendages slightly
broader than the gland or wanting. Capsules 1 — 1,5 mm. in
diameter, hirtellous along the acute angles. Seeds pale-reddish,
4-angled with transverse ridges.

Distribution: Tropical America, introduced into other
tropic and subtropic regions.

Paramaribo (Wullschlägel n. 1077, rB]; Focke); without
locality (Weigelt, [B]).

6. Euphorbia thymifolia L. Spec. PI. ed. 1. (1763)
p. 454; Burm. Flor. Ind. (1768) p. 112; Boiss. in D.C.
Prodr. l.c.p. 47; Müll. Arg. in Fl. Bras, l.c.p. 684; Urban
in Symb. Ant. IV (1910) p. 356; Hook. Fl. Brit. India V
(1890) p. 262; Pulle, Enum. p. 263; — TithymaLud hurnilU
ramodiöMmuö etc. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. (1737) p. 226, t. io5,
fig. 3; — Euphorbia macuLata Aubl. (non L.) PI. Guian. fr I
(1775) p. 479» •— Chamaeöyce thymifolia Millsp. in Field
Columb. Mus. Bot. II (1916) p. 412; Euphorbia adenoptera
Auct. (non L.) Pulle Enum. p. 263.

Annual, prostrate; branches puberulous to glabrate. Leaves
very shortly petiolate, 4—7 mm. long, oblong, serrulate-crenate,
obtuse at the apex, oblique at the base, glabrous or slightly
puberulous beneath. Stipules minute, fimbriate, with a long point.
Axillary, racemose clusters, consisting of few involucres. In-
volucres glabrous or pubescent outside, with long hairs inside;

lobes triangular, acute, ciliate, glands minute, stipitate, appen-
dages small, usually narrower than the gland or wanting. Capsules
1 — 1,5 mm. in diameter, in youth erect, obtusely keeled,
puberulous, especially on the keels of the cocci. Seeds acutely
4-angled, with 4—5 transverse ridges, reddish.

Commewijne River near plant. Marienburg (Went n. 274
fl. Aug.); near plant. Slootwijk (Soeprata n. 16, fl. July); near
plant. Leonsberg (Soeprata n. 172, fl. Aug.); Saramacca River
(Pulle n. 5o, fl. Nov.); Nickerie River (Tulleken n. 317 [L 1 •
Corantijne River (Hulk n 98, fl. March); plant Susannadaal
(Soeprata n. 49I\', fl. july); Gonini River (Versteeg N. 2o5);
Upper Surinam River near Goddo (Tresling n. 321, fl. Aug.);
without locality (Hostmann, Kegel, Kappler).

Herb. Stems erect, glaucous, striate, articulate, simple at the
base, in the upper part dichotomous, glabrous or with a few
scattered, spreading hairs, especially on the nodes. Leaves
glaucous, petiolate, leaves of the stem alternate, the upper leaves,

long, sparsely patently pilose. Leaves on both sides sparsely
pilose, especially at the base. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 3,5—7,5 cm. long, 1—2,5 cm. broad, the broadest
part almost one third from the base, long acuminate at the
apex, abruptly acutate at the base. Upper leaves narrower and
longer, 5—8,5 cm. long, 0,6—2 cm. wide, largest at V4—Vs from
the base. Side-nerves 10^—^14» thin, slightly prominent above.
Inflorescenses ternate, terminal, 2—2,5 cm. long. Peduncle

dichotomously branched. Bracts small, triangular, ^ 1 mm.
long, acute, patently hairy. Involucres petiolate, 1,7 mm. long,
cup-shaped, glabrous; lobes 5, fimbriate at the apex, glands 2,

compressed-infundibuliform, with a nozzle-shaped appendage.
Ovary pubescent, styles 3, short, thick, 2-cleft. Capsules 3 mm.
in diameter. Seeds 2 mm. long, with mammiform warts in longi-
tudinal rows, mixed with smaller warts; caruncle small, globose,
white.

Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n 832, fl. Dec.); Avanavero
Falls (B. W. n. 4670, fl. March).

Shrubs with fleshy branches and milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate, shortly petioled, entire or undulate, with the midrib often
thickened or flanged beneath. Stipules represented by small
glands. Several male flowers and one female flower in the centre
enclosed within an involucre, a „cyathiumquot;. Involucres in
terminal cymes or axillary, oblique, shoe-shaped, consisting of
a tube and an appendix at the base of the tube; tube bilabiate,
fissured above and notched below with two lateral lobes and
a median accessory one, more or less closing the fissure. The
two lateral lobes more or less united with the main lobes along
the inside of their fissural margin. Appendix gibbous, distinctly
or inconspicuous, 2^—^3-lobed. Glands 4, two inside the lower
part of the appendix, and two near the junction of the appendix
and the tube. Flowers pedicellate. Male flowers: Perianth
absent. Stamen 1, the filament jointed with the pedicel. Female
flowers: Perianth of 3 minute scales or absent. Ovary 3-celled;
styles united into a long protruding column, stigmas 3, free,
usually 2-cleft. Ovules 1 in each cell, coronated by a thick
obturator. Capsule splitting up into, 3, 2-valved cocci; axis
persistent. Seeds carunculate.

Distribution: About 3o species in Tropical America from
Mexico to the Amazone R. district and the West Indies.

Pedilanthus tithymaloidcs (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris
XIX (1812) p. 390; Boissier in D.C. Prodr. l.c.p. 5; Baill.
Étud. Gén. Euph. (i858) p. 287, t. Ill, f. 1—15; Britton
and Millspaugh, The Bahama fl. (1920) p. ^ Euphorbia
tithymaloideé L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1763) p. ^63; — Euphorbia
myrtifoLia Lam. Diet. II (1786) p. 419; — Pedilanthus retusus
Auct. non Benth. Pulle, Enum. p. 264.

A small shrub, 1—2 m. high. Branches succulent, striate,
glaucous or green. Leaves 4—10 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad,
alternate, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex,
cuneate at the base, fleshy, subsessile, margin entire or sub-
undulate; side-nerves inconspicuous, the midrib prominently
undulate-flanged beneath. Stipules represented by small, deciduous
glands. Involucres in terminal cymes, red or purple, 10 —i5mm.
long, tube glabrous, only the margin of the lobes pilose and
the median lobe inside. Appendix with rather a long linear
median lobe, extending the lower end of the fissure. Pedicels
of male and female flower hirsute. Filaments glabrous at the
base, sparsely pilose at the apex. Ovary glabrous; styles about
8 mm. long, shortly 2-partite. Capsule ± 8 mm. long, 7—9 mm.
broad, slightly truncate at both ends; cocci slightly keeled.
Seeds ovate or oblong 5 mm. long.

Saramacca R. near Groningen (Went n. i58, fl. Aug.);
Commewijne R. near plant. Ma Retraite (Soeprata n. 39 B,
fl. June).

164

165

164

166

165

166
36

166

167
166
i58

i58
169

i58

169
i58

170

171
109

161

162

35
170
170

162

163
i63

i63
i63

,57

brow^nsbergensis Lanj. .. 3/|
heterophylla Poisson . .
JUcroétachyj lanceolata Splitg
micrantha Benth.......

Peridium bicolor Klotzsch .. 27
var. nitidum Benth. . .
var. tomentoöuni Benth 27

io3
io5
io5
io5

105

106

109

107
106

106

110
109
109
109

108

var. genuinud Müll. Arg.
var. guyanendid Müll. Arg
orbiculatus L. C. Rieh . 53

Page
,57
32

186

187
187

147

148

28
3o

149

29
28

148
27

148

149

108

102

lOl
lOl

10
98
107

107

109

io5

103
101

Lepeschkin heeft bewezen dat het licht invloed
heeft op de permeabiliteit van het protoplasma.

De wijze waarop Filzer een photoblastisch en
een phototropisch proces onderscheidt, is onjuist.

De door Klebahn in het Zeitschr. f. Bot. 23
p o5i genoemde Botrytis-soorten kunnen niet allen
als vormen van Botrytis cinerea Pers. beschouwd

Bacterium tumaefaciens veroorzaakt door het uit-
eenden van mitogenetische stralen abnormale cel-
deelingen. Dit is waarschijnlijk de oorzaak van het

De meening van Winterstein, dat het geleidings-
;roces van een electriscKe prikkel in een periphere
zenuw niet gepaard gaat met een vermeerderd zuur-
stofverbruik, is onjuist.

Bii Ket onderzoek naar de activeerende of rem-
xnende werking van verschillende stofen op de
werking van enzymen werd niet voldoende rekemng
gehouden met de concentratie dier stoffen.

In overeenstemming met Meyek moeten de Acan-
thocephalen worden bescKouwd als verwanten van
de Priapuliden en niet van de Nematoden zooals
tot dusverre veelal geschiedde.

Het is wenschelijk dat er voor hen die een
doctoraal-examen afleggen met hoofdvak Plantkunde
of Dierkunde, een facultatief bijvak Plantengeographie,
in den ruimsten zin des woords, wordt ingesteld.


Jy^ . t

	- V
• X vSs/^^ N

	-.......




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