STUDIES IN SOUTH AMERICAN MALPIGHIACEAE,
LAURACEAE AND HERNANDIACEAE,
ESPECIALLY OF SURINAM.

6 .T^Tj

STUDIES IN SOUTH AMERICAN MALPIGHIACEAE,
LAURACEAE AND HERNANDIACEAE.
ESPECIALLY OF SURINAM.

TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN
DOCTOR IN DE WIS= EN NATUURKUNDE
AAN DE RIJKS=UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT
. OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR MAGNIFICUS
Dr. C. W. VOLLGRAFF, HOOGLEERAAR IN
DE FACULTEIT DER LETTEREN EN WIJS-
BEGEERTE, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DEN
SENAAT DER UNIVERSITEIT TE VERDEDI-
GEN TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN DE
FACULTEIT DER WIS- EN NATUURKUNDE

AMSTERDAM

MCMXXXVI

t^Mm^mmmm:

Gaarne grijp ik deze gelegeniieid aan om hen, die mij in
mijn wetenschappelijke vorming geleid hebben, mijn dank te
betuigen.

In de allereerste plaats geldt dit U, Hooggeleerde Pulle,
Hooggeachte Promotor: Dat Gij Uw studenten reeds tijdens
hun opleiding de gelegenheid geeft wetenschappelijk systematisch
werk te verrichten, is van groote invloed geweest op de keuze
van mijn studierichting. U stelde mij in de gelegenheid het
onderzoek over de flora van Suriname, aangevangen tijdens de
studie voor het doctoraal examen verder voort te zetten; de hulp
en de faciliteiten, die ik A-an U ondervond, heb ik zeer op
prijs gesteld.

Hooggeleerde Jordan, Uw onderricht en practica, het voor-
recht bovendien Uw assistent te zijn geweest, hebben niet
nagelaten mijn inzicht te verdiepen in biologische processen
en hiervan heb ik gedurende de jaren, verbonden aan het
Middelbaar en Voorbereidend Hooger Onderwijs, kunnen
profiteeren.

Hooggeleerde Westerdijk, Xierstrasz en Rutten, ik
dank U voor Uw lessen en practica.

Eveneens denk ik met dankbaarheid terug aan de leiding,
die ik mocht ontvangen van wijlen Professor F. A. F. C. Went.

Hooggeleerde Bremekamp, dat gij zoo bereidwillig de
re\isie van de tekst van het eerste deel van dit proefschrift op
U hebt willen nemen, heb ik buitengewoon gewaardeerd.

Zeer geleerde Eyma, Lanjouw en Uittien, onvermoeid
hebt gij U steeds beschikbaar gesteld om mij met raad en daad
bij te staan, hiervoor mijn dank.

Zeer geleerde Stein, ik heb Uw welwillendheid als rector
gedurende den eersten tijd, dat ik als leeraar werkzaam was,
zeer op prijs gesteld.

Vervolgens dank ik allen, die hier niet met name genoemd
zijn, voor alles, wat zij in deze jaren in en buiten de Universiteit,
voor mij gedaan hebben.

Descriptions of the Malpighiaceae, Lauraceae and Her-
nandiaceae known from Surinam. (Reprinted from
A. Pulle, Flora of Surinam, Vol. II, p. 146—344.)

{JflededeeLingen van het Bolanuch Aluöeum en Herharlum van de
Rijkd-UniverMte'd te Utrecht n. 26, pubt. i3 Jan. ig36).

STUDIES IN SOUTH AMERICAN
MALPIGHIACEAE, LAURACEAE AND
HERNANDIACEAE, ESPECIALLY OF
SURINAM

The present investigation has been carried out in the
quot;Botanisch Museum en Herbariumquot; oi^ the University of
Utrecht. I wish to render to Dr. A. Pulle, the Director of
the Institute, my most sincere thanks for the facilities afforded
to me and for the interest in the progress of this work.

I am also greatly indebted to the Directors of the Berlin-
Dahlem, Brussels, Göttingen, Leiden and Paris Herbaria and
to the members of their staff for the opportunity of studying
in these Institutes the collections entrusted to their care and
for their helpful advice. Special words of thanks are due to
Dr. O. C. Schmidt (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr. R. Benoist
(Paris) and Dr. Exell (South Kensington). To Mr. Wilmott
(South Kensington) I am obliged for the information he gave
me with regard to the genus Persea, and to Dr. Hochreutiner
(Geneva) for the loan of the type specimen of Ocotea vernicosa.
To the Brussels, Berlin-Dahlem, Göttingen, Kew, Leiden
and Paris Herbaria I am indebted for the loan of specimens
which I needed for the solution of various special problems.

It are in the first place Surinam species to which in this paper
attention has been paid. In various instances however it was
found advisable to revise a part of a genus, and then of course
species not occuring in Surinam had also to be taken into
consideration.

I have done my best to make the enumeration of the specimens
collected in Surinam as complete and reliable as possible. For
this purpose I have verified all the older determinations. The
Surinam collections preserved in the Herbaria of Berlm-
Dahlem, Brussels, Gottingen and Leiden are entirely included.
It is doubtless true that other herbaria too possess specimens
of Surinam plants, but as the greater part of these are merely
duplicates of sheets belonging to the herbaria mentioned above,
these collections are not of great importance. Those of Daniel
Rolander, presumably in the Copenhagen Herbarium, could
not be found: this is a great pity, because the study of these
plants is absolutely necessary for the solution of several
problems of identity. The Surinam material preserved in
Utrecht consists for the greater part of collections made by
the ,,Boschwezenquot; (Forestry Bureau); it was collected mainly
in the localities indicated on the map at the end of this paper.
In 1924 the numbering of the trees in the forest, a method
which up to that date had been applied by the Forestry Bureau
with such a great succes, was unfortunately' stopped. Especially
in a family like the Lauraceae this method is of the utmost
importance, as it is practically the only way for establishing
the specific identity or non-identity of the various fruiting and
flowering branches, which in their vegetative characters are
often very similar. A survey of these collections has been given
by Pulle in his ,,Enumeration of the Vascular Plants known
from Surinam (1906)quot; and in a paper published in the „Rec.

d. Trav. Bot. Xeerl. 22 (1926), p. 324quot;. The Utrecht Her-
barium possesses also a number of jars containing flowers and
fruits preserved in alcohol. As they belong to the herbarium
specimens collected by the Forestry Bureau they are not
mentioned separately. Information with regard to habit and
to colour and fragrance of flowers and fruits were taken from
the labels supplied by the collectors and from the card catalogue
made bj- the Forestry- Bureau. All other particulars were
studied on herbarium material.

Herbaria:

Niedenzu in his monograph of the Malpighiaceae includes the
diagnostic characters of the varieties in his description of the
species. In this paper however the description of the species
is based exclusively on the var. typica. The presence or absence
of glands on the sepals has been used by Xiedenzu as a varietal
diagnostic and before him even new species had been based
on this character. In the course of this study it appeared
however that glandular and eglandular sepals may be found
even in the flowers of the same tree (see: Byrdonlma coriacea).
Consequently no great taxonomic value can be attached to
the presence or absence of these glands and in the enumeration
of the specimens I have indicated the two forms therefore
merely as: glandless and gland bearing.

In my opinion Al. macroduca (Tr. et PI.) Xiedenzu is a
variety only of M. anuopetaLa. The sole difference lies in the
tomentum, which is sericeous in JH. macrod'uca and tomentose
in AI. anuopetala. The difference in the form of the leaf, to
which Xiedenzu draws the attention, viz. leaves usually
cuspidate-acuminate in Al. macrodiaca, acuminate or obtuse-
apiculate in Al. anidopetala are of fluctuating nature. Of still

less importance is the diameter of the wings and I have not
been able to confirm his statement that the glands of the sepals
of- M. macrodiéca are less free than those of JI. aniéopetala.
Niedenzu did not see flowers of AI. macrodUca. A specimen
with flower buds from Bolivia (Buchtien n. 1799) shows that
the flowers too are exactly the same as those of JJI. aniMpetala.

Mascagnia anisopetala (Juss.) Griseb., var. macrodisca
(Tr. et PI.) Kosterm. nov. var.

Frutex scandens. Pube sericea appressa. Folia ovata apice
pleraque cuspidato-acuminata. Samarae ala 6—cm diametro.

Ramuli teretes, dense lanuginosi. Folia oblonga vel elliptica
basi rotunda vel subcordata margine subrevoluta apice breviter
acuminata vel apiculata supra glabrescentia nervis majoribus
exceptis subtus dense persistenter lanuginosa. Inflorescentiae
floresque ferrugineo-lanuginosi.

I have united the two species T. mucronata Cav. and
T. crebriflora Juss., because they merge into each other. The
var. dubia Griseb. of T. crebriflora can hardly be distinguished
from T. mucronata. To get a better survey of the different
varieties I have divided the species into two subspecies:
eumucronaLa, covering T. mucronata s.s. and crebriflora, consisting
of 'r. crebriflora.

Tetrapteris discolor (G. F. W. Meyer) Niedenzu, var.
brownsbergcnsis Kosterm. nov. var.

Folia glabra obovato-oblonga vel oblonga basi acuta apice
breviter acuminata obtusa petioHs usque ad i5 mm longis.
Inflorescentiae (fructiferae) usque ad 20 cm longae.

Surinamo, Brownsberg (B.W. n. 658, fr. m. Sept.; v. Emden
s. n., fr. m. Sept.; typus in Herb. Utrecht).

This variety links T. discolor with T. ovaLifoiia Grueb. from which
it differs by the thinner and smaller leaves.

Tetrapteris puberula Miq. in Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. X
(1843), p. 84; id. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 56.

The type specimen of this species: Focke n. 33o, lower
Suriname R., is identical with T. ducoLor (G. F. W. Meyer)
Niedenzu. The error may be explained by the fact that this
specimen consists of an inflorescence only, the inflorescence
leaves always being smaller and somewhat different in shape
from the normal ones.

According to Macbride in Field. Mus. Nat. Hist. VIII,
2 (igSo), p. 120, this name must supplant: H. dubero^a (Willd.)
Griseb, the name of Willdenow being a nomen nudum. I ha^-e
combined this species with H. anoplera Juss. Neither the length
of the inflorescence, nor the thickness of pedicels and peduncles,
nor the shape of the top of the styles of H. anoptera are
sufficiently distinct from those of H. nen'Oda. In the shape and
the length of the wings of the samaras there is no difference at all.

Heteropteris multiflora (D. C.) Hochreutiner in Bull.
N.-York Bot. Gard. VI, (1910), p. 277.

This species has first been described by Poiret as JUalpighia
reticulata (1816). In Flora Bras. XII, I (i858), p. 71 Grisebach
described another species as Heteropterilt;i reticulata Griseb.
Niedenzu altered the name illegally into H. Griaebachiana.
The name H. reticulata has to be kept for the species described
by Grisebach andnbsp;reticulata Poir. should be altered into

De Jussieu (St. Hil., Fl. Bras, merid. HL iSSa, p. 27)
and after liim several other authors, including Niedenzu, have
employed the name Banidteria in another sense than Linnaeus
did. As the name: Heteropter'u Kunth, based on the tjqje specimen
of Linnaeus' genus Banidteria, belongs to the nomina conservanda
and Banidteria Linn, has been rejected (Intern, rules, ed. 3,
1935, p. i35), it appears advisable to make Banidteria Juss.
(non Linn.) a nomen conservandum and Banidteriopdid Robinson
ex Small (N. Amer. FI. XXV, 2, 1910, p. i3i) a nomen
rejiciendum. In this way the renaming of the numerous species
mentioned by Niedenzu in his monograph under the name:
Banidteria sensu Juss. will be avoided. See for the discussion
of the generic names: Heteropterid Kunth and Banidteria L.:
Niedenzu in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928) p., 386; Fawcett and
Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920), p. aSa, and the following scheme:

idem.nbsp;Banisteria L.

New motion

idem.nbsp;Heteropteris Kunth

Banisteria Juss. (non L.)
(type: B. brachiata L.)

Banisteria calocarpa Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 53.
Niedenzu's monograph merely refers to the diagnosis given
by Miquel. Miquel did not describe the flowers. He stated
that this species is nearly related to B. Lucida Rich., but that

it differs from the latter in the shape of the leaves, in the
inflorescence and in the flowers. Of this species I have only
seen the specimen: Focke n. 329, which bears the determination
of Miquel. The same specimen was labeled: B. lucida by
Niedenzu. It is very incomplete, having samaras only, the
latter are not different from those of B. Lucida, and a few
leaves, one of the leaves has a slightly cordate base, the others
do not differ in the least from those of B. Lucida.

B. eLegans Tr. et PI. is a very polymorphous species. By
some of its forms it is connected with B. leptocarpa. I have
removed the var. ciliata Ndz. of B. elegant to B. Leptocarpa. But it
is better perhaps to unite the two species. In both the underside
of the leaf is provided with glands on either side of the midrib
and in both calyx glands occur. Niedenzu points rightly to the
following differences: B. Leptocarpa has pseudo-alternate leaves,
differing in shape from those of B. elegand and with glands
along the margin. The tomentum too of this species differs
from that of B. elegatid.

The specimen: Wullschlagel n. i83, mentioned by Niedenzu
in Pulle, Enumer. PI. Surin. was collected in Venezuela.

This genus is closely related to Stigmaphyllon, but differs
so widely in its general habit, its inflorescence and its fruit,
that there is no sufficient reason for uniting it with Stigmaphyllon,
as Niedenzu has done.

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich, ex A. Lj de Jussieu in
Ann. Mus. Paris XVIII (1811), p. 481.

A.,L. de Jussieu in Ann. Mus. Paris XVIII (1811), p. 481
says: „D'autres. . . . (Malpighiacees), telles que les JH. lt;ipicala,

genre que Mr. Rictard nomme Byrdonima, . . . .quot; As the name
Byrdonima of Richard is accepted, there is no reason why the
names of the species, above mentioned, should not be accepted
as valid combinations, though Jussieu himself was not convinced,
that they belonged to the genus ByrMnima. The combinations
of Richard should therefore have the priority above those of Kunth.

Small includes B. cotinifoLia Kunth also in this species. This
niay be advocated on the ground of the polymorphy of this
species, but the shape of the leaves and their tomentum make
it preferable to keep them separated. The forms: Kunthiana
Niedenzu, ferruginea (Kunth) Griseb., and more or less cubendid
(Juss.) Niedenzu are merging into each other. The differences
in the pilosity of ovaries, anthers and leaves are of little value,
as this character often changes in the process of maturing.

Byrsonima coriacea (Swartz) Kunth in H.B.K., Nov.
gen. V (1821), p. ii3 (col. ed.).

Kunth states in a note in H.B.K., Nov. Gen. V (1821),
p. ii3 (col. ed.): ,,(Byrsonima Rich.) fiujus generis sunt:
AI. craddifoLia Aubl., AI. moureila Aubl., AI. dpicata Cav.,
altudima Aubl., AI. verbadcifoLia Aubl., AI. Lucida Swartz,
AI. coriacea Swartz, et At. rufa Poirquot;. I consider these names,
for so far as they had not yet been published by Richard, as
Valid combinations made by Kunth. Sandwith (Kew Bull. 5,
1935, p. 3i2) is of a different opinion. The case is rather
dubious, but in my opinion no difficulty can arise as to what
Was the meaning of Kunth.

According to Sandwith (Kew Bull. 5, 1936) this species is
identical with B. altidMtna Auct. (not of Aubl.). The name
^laLpighia altiddima Aubl. Guia. I (1775), p. 466 is of younger

date than JIalpighia aUudima Jacquin, Observ. Bot. I (1764),
p. 40 and must therefore be rejected. I propose for Jlalpighia
altUMma Aubl.the name Byrsonima Aublctii Kosferm. nom. nov.

I have united this species with B. amazonica Griseb. The
differences according to Niedenzu are: Leaves glabrous (or
puberulous at the margin) and shining beneath; B. amazonica-.
leaves glabrous, dull beneath but in the latter species the var.
lucidula (Huber) Niedenzu has a shining lower surface. Poiret
(Enc., Suppl. IV, 1797, p. 7) states that the leaves of
B. amazonica are shining on both surfaces, but less so beneath.
The shape of the leaves is in both practically the same. I
could not confirm Grisebach's statement, that the lower leaf
surface is sparsely covered with black dots: in Grisebach's
material the leaves may have been infected by fungi. It is
possible, that B. piincluLata Juss. also should be included in the
above mentioned species: the description of Jussieu accords very
well with this supposition, there is only a slight difference in
the shape of the leaves. Unfortunately I could not find this
specimen in the Paris herbarium.

Folia oblanceolata apice emarginata, apice ramuli brevissime
congesta. Internodia —5 mm longa.

founded a new genus: Alcoceratothrix on the 2 species: Byrdonima
rugoda Benth. and B. dtipulacea Juss. The name of the genus
is derived from the antler shaped hairs (the author introduces
here the name Elk-horn shaped hairs, probably under the
influence of the Elk reserve in the vicinity of his residence;

I did not use this name, as it may give a false impression of
the shape of these hairs: the branches of the latter namely
are not flattened like those of the antlers of the Elk; usually
thej' are more or less stellate or antler-shaped). Antler shaped
hairs however also occur in Byrdonima Poeppigiana Juss., B.
nitididdima Kth. and B. taurifoLia Kth., where they can even be
6-branched. Other species of ByrMnima moreover show hairs
differing from the ordinary compassneedle type, e.g. B. verbascifoiia
(L.) Rich, where they appear to be simple, one of the branches
being reduced. Therefore not too much significance should be
attributed to this character. On the other hand the large deciduous
stipules, the sepals already recurved in bud and the rectangular
nervation of the leaves also serve to distinguish Aicoceratothrix
from Byrsonima. In the opinion of Sandwith and myself, however,
these characters are not so important as to necessitate the
Separation of the two genera, especially because the general
appearance of the various species is very similar, (see also
Gleason and Smith in Bull. Tor. Bot. CI. 60, p. 36i and
Sandwith in Kew Bull. igSS, p. 3ii). Other differences,
mentioned by Niedenzu are still more dubious, e.g. the bullate
leaves of Aicoceratothrix and its climbing habit. More or less
bullate leaves also occur in other species of Byrdonima and
Aicoceratothrix stipulacea Juss. is, according to v. Emden (on
label), a tree.

I have combined ByrMnima rugoda and B. dtipulacea Juss.
The principal difference, according to Niedenzu and already
mentioned by Bentham in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII (1848),
p. 118, is the presence of glands in B. rugoaa. As previously
remarked, this character has no specific value. Neither could
I confirm the presence of a difference in the shape of the
hairs, as indicated by Niedenzu, viz. the presence of trimorphous
hairs in B. dtipulacea and of hairs of one kind only in B. rugoda,
nor that the tertiary nerves are parallel in B. rugoda only.
The sole difference I could find lies in the stipules, which

in B. rugoda are longer and provided with longer hairs; the
poor state of the specimens of B. ^tipuLacea makes it however
very doubtful, whether this difference is of any value.

Mr. A. J. Wilmott from the British Museum of Natural
History has been very kind in giving me the necessary infor-
mation with regard to the publication of this genus in Miller's
Gardener's Dictionary. The 8th edition of this work follows
the Linnean nomenclature, the other editions do not and
consequently they figure on the list of works to be rejected
according to the proposal of Mr. Wilmott (Kew Bull. igSS).
As Mr. Wilmott pointed out to me the genus Persea was
properly described and the name is therefore valid in the
usual sense. It therefore seems necessary to Mr. Wilmott
and me to change the name Perdea Gaertn. to Perdea Mill, in
the list of nomina conservanda. Otherwise we should have
the curious fact that the species name: Perdea americana Mill,
is of older date than the genus name: Persea Gaertn.

The leaves of this species are densely sericeous beneath;
the adult leaves of Perdea nivea Mez are nearly glabrous and
pruinose beneath, but the young leaves have the same sericeous
tomentum as those of P. Benthamiana. In my opinion the two
species are identical.

Arbor i5 m. Ramuli sulcati sparse pilosi glabrescentes.
Rami cylindrici laeves glabri. Petioli tenues glabri supra distincte
canaliculati usque ad 2 cm longi. Folia alterna coriacea
felliptica vel lanceolata basi breviter acuta apice breviter

acuminata vel acuta veteriora rotundata vel emarginata margine
recurva (5—)io —12( —13) cm longa, (11/2——-3) cm
lata supra glabra nitida dense tenuiter punctiformi-areolata
nervo mediano impresso costis vix prominulis infra glabrescentia
brunneo-lutescentia sub lente granulata nervo mediano prominente
costis utrinque 7—^10 patentibus curvatis subprominentibus
venis prominulis dense areolatls. Inflorescentiae in axllll sfollorum
superiorum florlbus pauciorlbus late pyramidales usque ad
10 cm longae pedunculo gracillore sulcato glabro usque ad
6 cm longo incluso ramulls alternls usque ad 1% cm longis.
Floris tubus subnullus attenuatus in pedicellum sulcatum extus
dense breviter clnereo-pllosus intus glaber. Perlanthli lobl
sub-equales ovato-orblculares 1% mm longl concavl carnosl
extus dense cinereo-puberuli exterlores intus eodem Indumento
vestltl interlores intus clnereo-serlcel. Stamina exteriora 2 mm
longa filamentls extus dense serieels antheras sub-aequantlbus
sub-graclHorlbus applanatls antheris elliptlcls apice rotundatls
margine plerumque constrlctls cellulls introrsls, serlel tertlae

—2 mm longa filamentls 1—mm longis extus cinereo-
tomentosis intus glabrls tertia parte a basi glandulis parvls
sessilibus elllpsoldels compressis praeditls antheris elllpticis
glabrls cellulls extrorsis. Stamlnodla 1 mm longa extus fere
usque ad aplcem dense clnereo-serlceo-tomentosa intus glabra
apice sagittata Incrassata atra. Serlel qulntae stamlnodlum
singulum saepe adest. Ovarium glabrum cyllndrlcumnbsp;mm

longum stylo crasso % mm longo. Bacca globosa laevls 1 cm
diametro cupula subplana parva margine Integra 4 mm diametro
2 mm alta. Pedlcellus fructifer crassus obconlcus 1 cm longus
apice 3 mm latus.

Surinamo, Emma Range, Hendrik top; 1080 m. (B.W.
n. 6748, fl. m. Mart.; typus in Herb. Utrecht).

Speeles Peraeae Lanceolatae (Melssn.) Mez simllllma sed
magnltudlne et forma loborum perlanthli ovarlo glabro alllsque
notis differt.

0. rubra Mez, 0. Rodiaei (Rob. Schomb.) Mez and O. bar-
cellendid (Meissn.) Mez differ from the other Ocotea species in
the shape of the outer stamens. But for the position of the
anther cells the latter show a striking resemblance with those
of many Nectandra species. I agree with Mez, that for the
separation of the genera Ocotea and Nectandra, the position of
the cells is of primary importance and the shape of the anthers
secondary. The cells in the species mentioned above are inserted
in two vertical rows and these species are therefore to be
reckoned to the genus Ocotea.

My description of the flowers based on Surinam material
shows important deviations from that given by Mez. There can
be no doubt however, that the type specimen (Melinon s. n.
in the Paris Herb.) and the specimens from Surinam are con-
specific. The flowers of the type specimen are badly preserved
and moreover rather young.

Bentley and Trimen (Med. pi. Ill, 1880, p. 219) give a very
good drawing of this species. It has repeatedly been mixed up
with other species, but can easily be recognised by the elongated-
triangular form of the outer stamens with their basal cells.
The specimen Schomburgk n. 1004 in the Kew Herb, is the
same as Schomburgk n. i/oS in the Brussels and Dahlem
Herb., the former bearing in addition the number ijo5. It is
curious that most flowers of this species are abnormal in
possessing an increased number of stamens.

Rio de Janeiro V, igSo, p. ii3) as a Nectandra. He was led
astray by taking the shape of the outer stamens, instead of the
position of the anther cells as a generic criterium. The t3^pe
specimen of 0. barceLleru'u (Spruce n. 1926) has immature fruits,
still included in the cupule. But the cupule shows already the
same double margin as that of the two specimens of Nectandra
elaiophora Barb. Rodr.: Ducke n. 23963 [D.] and n. 19936 [U.],
which I had an opportunity for studying. The flowers of the
latter specimen are abnormally enlarged.

According to the description of GymnobaLaniu FendLeri Meissn.
from Venezuela, which is given by Mez as a synonym, the
berries of this species are 2 cm long and the fruiting pedicel is
sub-cylindrical and up to 7I4 mni long, and 5% mm diam. This
species can not belong therefore to 0. glomerata.

Aublet (Guia. II, 1776, p. 781, III t. 3io) gives a description
and a drawing of a fruit, which do not belong to this species.
He mistook the valves of the anther cells for the anthers
themselves and described the filaments as bearing four anthers,
each of the latter with a cavity underneath. A specimen in
the Sprengel Herb, in Berlin, determined as Laiirud durinamenaid
Swartz is Ocotea jtoribunda Mez p. p., the rest is not a Lauracea.

Fluv. Surinamo super, prope Goddo (^Vilhelmina Exped.
n. io5, fl. m. Jan.; spec, femin.; typus in Herb. Utrecht).

Ocotea Wachenheimii R. Benoist in Bull. Mus. Hist. nat.
Paris 3o (1924), p. 5io.

minute, stipitiform and provided with an inconspicuous stigma,
but shows all gradations to a quite distinct ovary, provided
with a conspicuous style and stigma. The shape of the
rudimentary ovary consequently is of no importance as a
species character.

This species shows a great variation in the shape of the
leaves, which are sometimes obovate-cuspidate and sometimes
oblong-cuspidate. Both forms of leaf occurred on the same
plant. 0. LirophyUa (Meissn.) Mez is perhaps also a mere variety
of this species.

This species was first validly published by Miquel as Nectandra
Needana in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 746; afterwards Miquel
himself altered this name info Oreodaphne fallax (Stirp. surin.
i85o, p. 202), the name adopted by Mez. 0. fiorulenta (Meissn.)
Mez, of which I could study the type specimen (Spruce n. 812,
Ocotea n. 1 in the Dahlem Herb.) does not differ from
O. Neesiana. Mez however confused his 0. floruLenta with other
species. Oreodaphne dlspersa Nees (Syst., i836, p. 427; Linnaea
21, 1848, p. 620, quoad cit. spec. Sello n. i36i) is 0. Hdariana
Mez. Oreodaphne confusa Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 126 and in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 221, quoad cit. spec.
Sello n. i38i, is 0. Hdariana. It remains doubtful, whether
GymnobaLanud Sprucei Meissn. belongs to O. Neesiana or to
O. Hdariana. With the aid of the leaves alone they can not
be distinguished and I had no opportunity for studj'ing fruiting
specimens of 0. Hdariana. The latter can easily be recognised
by the larger flowers which seem fo be hermaphrodite and not
dioecious, as they are described by Mez: in the so called male
flower a well developed ovary, provided with style and stigma
is present.

This widely distributed species has been described under
several names. 0. Martiniana (Nees) Mez differs from O. puberula
according to Mez by the filaments. The latter are said to be
united with the perianth segments. Pilger (Engl. Jahrb. 3o,
1902, p. i53) could not confirm this statement, nor could I.

Mez mixed a flowering specimen (Melinon n. 555 in the
Paris Herb.) of 0. globifera Mez with the fruiting specimens
of O. igt;ernlcoöa (Melinon s. n.). The label of the specimen in
the Geneva Herb, bears the w^ords noA^ spec, and I therefore
consider this specimen as the type of 0. vernicoM. Neither the
cupule, nor the leaves resemble those of an Ocotea species.
In my opinion it is more probable that this species belongs to
the genus Acrodiciidium.

Ocotca subglabra R. Benoist in Arch. Bot. T. 3 (Jan.
1929), p. 10 and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France /S (1928),
p. 979, is identical with Ocotea oblonga (Meissn.) Mez.

Ocotca Tcssmannii O. C. Schmidtin Notizbltt. Berl.-Dahlem
X, 93 (1928), p. 233 is identical with Ocotea cuneifolLa (R. et P.)
Mez. I do not agree with Macbride (Field Mus. XI, 1, igSi,
p. 18) that the names of the species published in Ruiz et Pavon,
FI. Peruv. IV are invalid. The drawings are very good and
they are provided with flower details. Nothing in the rules
compels us to consider these species as invalidly published.

Ncctandra grandis (Mez) Kosterm. nov. comb., non Nees
mscr. ex Klotsch et Karst in syn. in Linnaea 21 (1848),
p. 5o5; ■— Endlicheria grandiö Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 124; — Nectandra praeclara Sandwith
in Kew Bull. 1932, p. 224; — Nectandra dioica Mez in
Fedde, Rep. 16 (1920), p. 3o8.

The fruiting type of this species in the Paris and Dahlem
flerb. from French Guiana is identical with the flowering
type of N. praecLara Sandwith. Flowers, collected at various
times from the same Surinam tree show a good deal of
variability; the tube, at first infundibuliform, increases at the
end of the flowering period rapidly in bulk and becomes sub-
globose with a distinct contraction at the top; in the specimen:
B.W. n. 5546 the tube is extremely, in my opinion more or
less abnormally, enlarged; the perianth segments vary but
little in shape and tomentum. The 6 outer stamens vary between
ovate or ovate-rectangular and transversally elliptic, the top
of the anthers is as a rule truncate or emarginate and incurved,
but an obtuse top is not rare. In young flowers the anthers of
the third row of stamens are as broad as the filaments, after
the flowering period they give the impression of being narrower.

Neclandra dioica Mez is, according to Sandwith, a distinct
species, the principal differences with Nectandra grandid being
the indumentum of the branches, in N. dioica tomentose and
not appressed as in N. grandid. However Surinam specimens
of N. grandid show a tendency to become tomentose. The
tomentum of the adult leaves shows no difference and the
specimens of N. dioica have no young leaves. The top of the
adult leaves of N. dioica varies between mucronate and cuspidate,
consequently in this respect there is no difference with
N. grandia. The flowers of both species are identical; it is sure
that the glands of N. dioica are as a rule somewhat smaller
than those of N. grandid, but small glands occur also in the
latter species. The ovary rudiment is not pilose, as stated by
Mez, but in both species glabrous. The only difference lies in
the length of the pedicel, which is very short in N. dioica, but
it has not been proved, that this character is constant.

Nectandra Laurel Klotsch et Karst ex Nees in Linnaea 21
(1848), p. 5o5 and N. rigida Nees can easily be distinguished

from N. reticulata (R. et P.) Mez by the glabrous inside of
the flower tube; in N. reticulata the tube is densely sericeous-
hirsute inside, a character not mentioned by Mez in his
monograph. As the three species are otherwise very much
alike, it is comprehensible, that Mez mistook several specimens
of N. reticulata for specimens of the other two species and vice
versa. N. Laurel and N. rigida are closely allied and it is often
difficult to decide to which of these two species a specimen
belongs. In both species the shape of the leaf is very variable
and the young leaves are moreover different from the adult
ones. The following differences could be found: in N. Laurel
the leaves are as a rule alternate, but now and then, especially
at the top of the branches they may become opposite or sub-
opposite; in N. rigida the leaves are usually opposite, but this
holds true only for the upper ones, the lower ones being often
sub-opposite. N. Laurel has elliptical or ovate leaves with
obtuse base; the latter showing the typical ,,auriclequot;, i.e. the
margins are reflexed; N. rigida has lanceolate leaves with acute
base, but the older leaves of N. rigida are rigidly coriaceous,
those of N. Laurel coriaceous with distinctly impressed nerves
on the upper surafce. In the flowers no difference could be
found; in both species the size of the flowers and the length
of the pedicels vary strongly. The presence of a difference in
the length of the style, as mentioned by Mez, I could not confirm.

Mez saw a male specimen only of this species. The female
ones from Surinam show that this species does not belong to
Ocotea but to Nectandra and that it is closely related to Nectandra
grandid (Mez) Kosterm.

This species was identified by Mez in his monograph as
N. globoaa. Aublet, Guia. I (iZ/S), p. 364, gave no description

of his Laurud globoda, but referred to Plumier, Gen. 4. According
to Urban (Fedde, Repert., Beih. V, 1920, p. 49), Plumier's
plant, figured in Descr. pi. Amer. ed. Burm. (1775), p. 5o,
t. 60, is identical with Nectandra antilLana Meissn., a species
closely related to N. Pi/i, but known from the West Indian
islands only, not from Surinam. The name: Nectandra globosa
(Aubl.) Mez must be reserved therefore for N. antilLana Meissn.
Lauras globosa Lamarck, Diet. Ill, p. 45igt; based on a specimen
collected by Martin in S. Domingo, may be identical with
this species. Ocotea LineaLa fl.B.K., Nov. Gen. II (1817), p. i3i
is treated by Mez as identical witft N. Pidi. I could not study
the type specimen; the description however does not correspond
with tnat of N. Pisi.

The conclusion is that the Surinam species should bear the
name: N. Pidi Miq. But there remains another unsolved
difficulty: N. sanguinea Rol. ex Rottb. in Act. Hafn. (1778),
p. 279, is based on a specimen of Rolander, collected in
Surinam. The type specimen could not be found in the Copen-
hagen Herb., and Mez apparently did not see it. The locality
makes it possible that Rolander's plant may be identical, either
with N. Pidi Miq. or with N. guianendid Meissn. If the first
supposition should prove to be true the name N. danguinea Rol.
should supplant the name N. Pidi. The species, interpreted
by Mez as N. danguinea, has not been found in Guiana.

In Stirp. Surin. (i85o) Miquel gave a description of
N. Leucantha Nees based, as he remarks, on the description
given by Nees, but he recognised already that there were
differences between the various specimens described under
this name by Nees himself. However he did not draw the
conclusion that it was desirable to split the species up, though
he mentioned N. Rodiaei Schomb. as a possible constituent,
but not as a distinct species. According to Miquel the specimens
Hostmann n. 235 and Kegel n. 193 (both N. Pidi Miq.) connect
N. Rodiaei with N. Leucantha. Miquel gave a good drawing of

the specimen Hostmann n. 2 35 and he stated also that there
exsists a difference between this specimen and the specimen
Schomburgk n. 29 (N. ambigua Meissn.); of the latter he gave
a short differential diagnosis.

The specimen: Kappler n. 1827 in the Leiden Herb, has
much longer, lanceolate leaves with acute base, of the same
shape therefore as those of N. ambigua. The leaves however
are alternate and not opposite as in N. ambigua. The type
specimen of N. Pi/r. Focke n. i3o5 bears abnormal, gall-like
berries; the cupule is badly developed, flattish, irregular instead
of hemispheric.

The specimens: Schomburgk n. 29 in the Leiden en Dahlem
Herb, agree with the description given by Mez. Schomburgk
n. 29 in the Brussels Herb, is different and belongs to N. Pidi.

The type specimen of N. Fichurim (H.B.K.) Mez in the
Kunth Herb, in Dahlem is identical with N. amazonum Nees.
The leaves possess a sericeous tomentum beneath, while those
of N. cudpidata are puberulous. The many primary nerves and
the hemispheric cupule exclude the possibility that Ocotea
Pichurim H.B.K. should be identical with N. cudpidata Nees.
N. amazonum Nees is only a synonym of Ocotea Pichurim. =
Nectandra Pichurim (H.B.K.) Mez (excl. descript.). The young
leaves of N. Pichurim and the adult ones are very different.
A beautiful specimen: Krukoff n. 2077 and also the type
specimen of N. amazonum of Martius show the young, narrowly
lanceolate cuspidate leaves, densely sericeous beneath and
puberulous above, whereas the adult leaves are ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, shining, and glabrous on both sides. N. urophyUa
Meissn. does not show the slightest difference from this species
and must therefore be considered as a synonym. The type

specimen has the young lanceolate leaves only, but it shows
the same kind of panicle as N. Pichurim.

The leaves and cupules of N. paUida Nees of which I could
study two fruiting specimens are in my opinion identical with
those of N. iirophyLLa, except that in N. paUida the older,
coriaceous leaves remain sericeous beneath and have the same
shape as the young leaves of N. Pichurim usually have. The
type specimen of N. Pichurim however has the same kind of
leaves. It is questionable whether N. ambigua Meissn. should
be considered as a distinct species or merely as a variety of
N. Pichurim. The base of the adult leaves is different, usually
acute, but there occur also leaves with rounded bases resembling
those of N. Pichurim. The cupule and flowers of both species
are, the tomentum excepted, nearly the same. The leaves of
N. ambigua are usually opposite, those of N. Pichurim alternate
but the latter has sometimes sub-opposite leaves.

Mez cites as a synonym: N. Nee/iana Miq. in Linnaea 18,
p. 746, teste Nees. This species is based on Hostm. et Kappl.
n. 1433, which is Ocotea Neediana (Miq.) Kosterm.

The description of Nectandra aanguinea Rol. ex Rottb. shows
many controversies, as already pointed out by Nees. The shape
of the leaf: oblong and the description of the nerves make it
possible that this species is identical with N. guianendd. See
also under N. Pidi Miq.

Nectandra kaburiensis Kosterm. nov. spec.; — Nectandra
aurinamen/u Mez in Urban, Symb. II (1900), p. 262, nec
alibi; — Aniba sulcata R. Benoist, nomen, in Bull. Soc.
Bot. France 76 (1928), p. 976.

Arbor usque ad 3o m alta. Ramuli crassissimi angulati
sulcati dense fulvo tomentosi vel sericei. Rami cylindrici leaves
grisei. Gemmae dense sericeae. Folia alterna rigide coriacea

late elliptica vel oblonga raro oblongo-lanceolata (9—)!3 —19
(—21) cm longa/(4———^8) cm lata basi acuta vel cuneata
margine vix recurva apice acuminata acumine usque ad 1 cm
longo acuto, juniora interdum lanceolata puberula, adulta
supra glabra nitida nervo mediano costis nervisque secundariis
impressis infra sparse hirsuta vel puberula nervo mediano valde
prominente costis utrinque lO'—15 prominentibus rectis adscen-
dentibus margine arcuato-connectis inferioribus exceptis nervis
secundariis parallelibus subhorizontalibus 4—5 mm distantibus
subprominentibus venis fere inconspicuis, petiolis crassis latis
glabrescentibus supra planis lo-—iS mm longis. Paniculae
multiflorae axillares in ramulis pyramidales dense fulvo-tomen-
tellae usque ad 18 cm longae pedunculis crassis compressis
usque ad 7 cm longis ramulis strictodivaricatis crassis com-
pressis usque ad cm longis cymis pluribus floribus pseudo-
umbellatis. Bracteae lanceolatae acutae 1—mm longae
extus tomentellae intus glabrae deciduae. Pedicelli graciles
tomentelli 2% mm longi. Flores fragrantes albi vel flavescentes
rotati 5—6 mm diametro tubo % mm longo apice paullo con-
stricto extus tomentello vel subglabro intus glabro. Perianthii
segmentis ovatis vel oblongis 11/2—■2y2 mm longis extus glabres-
centibus intus dense lanuginoso-papillosis. Stamina seriei ex-
terioris 1 mm longa filamentis brevibus latis tomentellis antheris
transverse ellipticis vel suborbicularibus truncatis incurvis
interdum subemarginatis % mm longis extus dense papillosis
loculis serie paullo curvata dlspositis magnis introrsis exterioribus
saepe sublateralibus, stamina seriei tertiae paullo longiora
antheris cuneatis apice truncatis gradatim in filamenta lata
hrevia transeuntibus intus canaliculatis loculis inferioribus
extrorsis superioribus lateralibus glandulis basalibus maximis
depressis globoso-polygonis magis minus filamenta amplectentibus.
Staminodia seriei quartae % mm longa subclavata pilosa vel
glabra. Ovarium glabrum globosum 1 mm diametro stylo brevi
vel vix y, mm longo stigmate discoideo parvo. Bacca globosa

12 mm diametro sublibera. Cupula plana parva 6 mm diametro
pedicello crasso obconico 12 mm longo apice 5 mm diametro
insidens.

Surinamo, Kaboeri, arbor n. 649 (B.W. n. 4888, ster.
m. Oct.; n. 6901, fl. m. July, tjpus in Herb. Utrecht).

Mez reckoned (Urb. Symb. 1. c.) material of this species
from Trinidad to JV. durinamendid, but it can easily be distinguished
from the latter species by the broadly elliptic, rigidly coriaceous
leaves with their thick, broad petioles.

Aniba dulcata R. Benoist was published as a nomen nudum;
there can be no doubt that the type specimen in the Paris
Herb, is identical with N. kaburiendid.

N. kaburiendid is closely related to N. myriantba Mez, from
which it differs in the distinctly impressed nerves and the
secondary nerves which are prominulous on the lower side.
A specimen from Peru (Weberbauer n. 6027) determined by
Mez as N. ciddiflora Nees, is in my opinion N. myriantba-, the
inflorescences however are tomentose.

N. Kuntzcana Mez in O. Ktze. Rev. II, 2 (1898), p. 277
is identical with N. myriantba. Not the least difference could
be discovered in leaves and flowers.

Aniba Koumaroucapa Kosterm. nov. spec.; — Aniba dahct-
foiia (Nees) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889),
p. 71, p. p., quoad cit. spec. Melinonis in Herb. Paris; —
Laurud koumaroucapa L. C. Richard, mscr. in Herb. Paris.

Arbor. Ramulis rectis gracilibus cylindricis subnitidis glabris
rubro-brunneis vel cinereis plerumque lenticellis pluribus magnis
internodiis usque ad 10 cm longis ramis cinereis gemmis sub-
glabris. Folia sub-verticillata obovato-lanceolata, (6—)io^—
( — 20) cm longa, (2—5 cm lata, basi subcordata vel
rotundata apice breviter acuminata vel acuta saepe obtusa
margine vix recurvulo supra glabra satis opaca nervo mediano
et costis prominulis vel planis venis inconspicuis areolatis

subimpressis infra rubro-brunnea opaca glabra nervo mediano
subprominente costis utrinque 7—^10 prominulis subcurvatis
margine evanescentibus venis inconspicuis. Petioli breves crassi
glabri usque ad 6 mm longi. Paniculae pseudo-terminales glabrae
usque ad 4 cm longae vix ramosae ramulis inferioribus usque
ad 1 cm longis pedunculo brevissimo cylindrico gracile glabro.
Pedicelli florum defloratum tenues glabri cylindrici usque ad
4 mm longi. Flores deflorati subglabri 1 mm longi tubo ellip-
soideo 2 mm longo glabro apice constricto perianthii segmentis
1 mm longis aequalibus exterioribus anguste ovatis obtusis
interioribus orbiculato-ovatis duplo latioribus margine fimbriato
incluso. Stamina inclusa exteriora antheris triangularibus obtusis
glabris connectivo cellulas brevissime superante filamentis antheris
subaequilatis dense lanuginosis seriei interioris antheris ovatis
obtusis glabris minoribus filamentis lanuginosis apice excepto
quam antherae angustioribus glandulis basalibus sessilibus
minutis. Ovarium ellipsoideum glabrum in stylum inclusum
conicum stigmate majusculo sublaterale attenuatum. Bacca
ellipsoidea laevis lutea apice depressa mucronulata 3 cm longa
1I4 cm diametro cupula subhemisphaerica ferrugineoverrucosa
subtenue % cm diametro 1 cm alta in pedicellum crassum
conicum sensim transeunte.

Guiana gallica ad amnem Kourou, leg. L. C. Rich. s. n.
(typus in Herb. Paris); Mélinon s. n. in Herb. Paris; collect,
ign. in Herb. Paris.

Anibae bracteatae (Nees) Mez forma foliorum proxima petiolis
autem tenuioribus foliorum lamina subtus rubescente haud
reticulata diversa est.

ad Pozuzo, Cuchero) in the Dahlem Herb, is a fruiting one.
The shape of the leaves induced Mez to place it in the same
group as A. firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez. Weberbauer collected
a flowering specimen (n. 1919, La Mezzed in Chamayo
vale, Dep. Junin) of which the leaves agree very well
with those of Ruiz' specimen. The flowers however are
quite difi^erent from the A. firmula type. Here follows the
description:

Narrow, small panicles, densely rusty-tomentellous, few-
flowered, up to 4 cm long, clustered at the top of the branchlets;
peduncle compressed, up to 2 % cm long, branchlets up to
1 cm long. Flower tube nearly cylindrical, 1 mm long, con-
stricted at the top, fomentulous inside. Perianth segments ovate-
triangular, slightly acute or obtuse, concave, tomentulous, inner
roAv broader, orbicular-ovate, obtuse,nbsp;mm long. Outer

6 stamens % mm long, fdaments hirsute, broader than the
anthers; anthers transversally oblong, 3 X broader than long.
Inner stamens % mm long, filaments narrower than those of
the outer ones, slightly narrower than the anthers, canaliculate,
glabrous inside, twice as long as the glabrous, small, depressed-
oblong anthers, densely pilose outside; connectives not protruding
beyond the cells; glands large, touching each other. Ovary
ellipsoid, nearly glabrous, 1 mm long, merging into the slender,
conical, glabrous, 1 mm long style, stigma minute. This species
differs from A. firm.uLa in its minute flowers with their cylindrical
tube, in the indumentum of the filaments and in its nearly
glabrous ovary.

Aniba Burchellii Kosterm. nov. spec.; — Aniba firmula
(Nees et Mart.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889),
p. 58, p. p., quoad cit. spec. Burchell n. 9620.

Arbor. Ramuli angulati, striati, dense ferrugineo-puberuli;
ramuli cylindrici laeves cinerei. Folia alterna chartacea oblonga
vel elliptica, i3—^i7(—16) cm longa, 4——6%) cm lata

basi breviter acuta apice acuminata margine recurvulo supra
viridia nitida laevia nervo mediano costis et venis reticulatis
plerumque planis, subtus glabra nervo mediano puberulo flavida
sub lente papillosa nervo mediano prominente costis prominentibus
utrinque 10 — 14 arcuatis patentioribus margine haud connectis
venis prominulis dense reticulatis. Petioli crassi striati 1—11/2 cm
longi ferrugineo-puberuli. Paniculae axillares et pseudo-terminales
pyramidales laxae dense ferrugineo-puberulae usque ad 14 cm
longae, pedunculo compresso striato breve, ramulis paucioribus
patentibus usque ad 5 cm longis. Flores 21/2 mm longi puberuli
pedicellis crassis 1 mm longis tubo subcylindrico breve 1 mm
longo apice paullo constricto perianthii segmentis aequalibus
concavis obovatis apice subtriangularibus margine pilosis extus
puberulis 1 mm longis interioribus angustioribus ovato-oblongis
subacutis puberulis. Stamina exteriora sex 1 mm longa filamentis
gracilioribus % mm longis incurvatis dense hirsuto-lanuginosis
antheris parvis subglabris cellulis parvis introrso-apicalibus
connectivis cellulas distincte superantibus. Stamina interiora
paullo breviora antheris minoribus filamentis latioribus dense
lanuginosis cellulis extrorsis connectivis cellulas haud super-
antibus glandulis basalibus magnis filamentis sub-aequantibus
globosis sessilibus. Ovarium ellipsoideum puberulum glabrescens
1 mm longum in stylum gracilem 1 mm longum vix puberulum
stigmate minimo transeuns.

Brasiha, Para (Burchell n. 9620, typus in herb. Leiden);
in planitie alta inter flum. Livramento et flum. Ipixuna (Krukoff
n. 7060, fl. m. Nov.).

The differences between A. Panurenéié Mez, A. firmula and A.
laevigata Mez given by Mez in his Monograph are the following:

leaves subcoriaceous;
elliptical- or broadly
sublanceolate-oblong;
top acuminate;

minent-reticulate;
pedicels 3.— 8 mm long
Flowers 2—3 mm long;
glands very large.
Ovary densely strigose;

These characters are hardly sufficient to distinguish the
3 species. Of A. PanurenMS I could study: Spruce n. 26o3 (type),
Glaziou n. 7809; of A. firmuLa: Sellow n. 369 (type), Glaziou
n. 17193, Moura n. 1001; of A. laevigata-. Glaziou n. 8104,
Pohl s. n., Schwacke n. 6608, III 464. The length of the
petioles of A. firmuia (Sellow n. 369) is up to 12 mm, of
A. laevigata (Glaziou n. 8104) up to i5 mm. Not the least
difference could be found in the thickness of the leaves. The
shape and the length of the leaves is so variable that this
character has no value at all. The specimen Sellow 369 shows
in contradiction with Mez' statement the reticulation of the
lower leaf surface better than the type specimen of A. Panurendis.
The length of the pedicel depends on the stage of development
of the flower: in the same specimen lengths varying between
1 and 7 mm may be found. The same holds true for the length
of the flower. Flowers with small and with large glands occur
in Surinam specimens on the same tree. The ovaries are densely
tomentellous in youth, but in the end they become glabrous.
A. Gardneri M.ez is also a synonym only of this species, though
the distinct reticulation of the lower leaf surface seems a
rather characteristic feature, but it also occurs in A. firmuia

(Glaziou n. 1793). I have studied the specimens Glazlou
n. 12118, Schwacke n. 6664, Gardner n. 5i56 (type), Mexia
n. 5i63, Jelski n. 2o3, 192; Raimond n. 3764, 4o55. According
to Mez the difference lies in the length of the leaves, the latter
being shorter and more distinctly elliptic than those of A. firmula;
however the specimen Jelski n. 2o3 shows among short leaves
also some reaching up to 18 cm long and 6 cm wide. Another
difference should lie in the broader filaments, but I could not
confirm this, as among very broad filaments there are also
narrow ones, even in the same flower. A. fragrand Ducke
(specimens studied: Ducke n. 18349 ^^id 19978) differs from
A. firmula in the denser tomentum of branchlets, lower leaf
surface and flowers. A specimen of A. laevigata (Pohl s. n.)
has the same tomentum, whereas the specimen Glaziou n. 12118
{A. Gardneri) is intermediate between the more glabrous and
the tomentose type. The type specimen of A. firmula (Sellow
n. 369) too has a denser tomentum. The shape of the leaves
and of the flowers is the same as in A. firmula.

The stamens of the third row are fertile and not sterile as
stated by Mez. The shape of the flower changes very markedly
when the fruit begins to develop: the tube becomes constricted
at the top, the ovary, at first ellipsoid, pilose and gradually
merging into the style becomes globose-ellipsoid, glabrous and
distinct from the style. A. elliptica A. C. Smith differs only in
the shape of the leaves, the latter are more distinctly elliptical.

Arbor. Ramuli paulo angulati ferrugineo-tomentelli. Rami
cylindrici brunnei glabri. Gemmae ferrugineo-tomentosae. Folia
alterna tenuiter chartacea obovato-elliptica vel elliptica,
(11—)i4 —18(—22) cm longa, (4—)5—6(—81/2) cm lata, basi
cuneata vel acuta apice acuminata acumine lato obtuso usque

ad 1 % cm longo supra glabra subnitida nervo mediane sub-
prominulo vel piano costis vix prominulis venis obliteratis,
subtus flavido-viridia glabrescentia nervo mediane valde pro-
minente tenuiter tomentello costis utrinque lo^—prominentibus
patentibus quodam spatio a margine curvatis connectis venis
reticulatis prominulis vel indistinctis. Petioli supra valde canali-
culati dense ferrugineo-tomentelli glabrescentes, i—cm
longi. Paniculae permultiflorae, ferrugineo- vel cinereo-tomen-
tellae apice ramulorum congestae pyramidales usque ad 9 cm
longae pedunculo subcompresso sulcato gracile usque ad 3 cm
longo ramulis patentioribus compressis usque ad 3 cm longis
bracteis ovatis carinatis usque ad 3 mm longis, deciduis.
Pedicelli 1—^3 mm longi sulcati dense cinereo-tomentelli. Flores
cinereo- vel ferrugineo-tomentelli, — 2 mm longi; perianthii
segmentis ovatis vel ovato-orbicularbus, 1 mm longis margine
paullo ciliatis apice obtusis. Stamina inclusa, 6 exteriora
antheris glabris ovatis vel depresso-ovatis filamentis villosis
quorum tria seriei primae filamentis dilatatis tria seriei secundae
filamentis antheris aequilatis praedita sunt. Stamina seriei
tertiae antheris aequilatis basi tantum hirsutis. Ovarium elHp-
soideum praeter basin tomentellum in stylum conicum praeter
apicem tomentellum stigmate minimo transeuns. Fructus ignotus.

Surinamo, Brownsberg, arbor n. 1024 (B.W. n. 6337,
fl. m. Nov., typus in herb. Utrecht).

Anibae firmuLae (Nees) Mez valde affinis sed foliorum magni-
tudine crassitudine et forma filamentis angustioribus diversa.

Arbor. Ramuli angulati crassi dense ferrugineo-tomentosi.
Rami cylindrici laeves cinerei. FoHa alterna chartaceo-coriacea
elliptica vel magis minus obovato-elliptica, (7—^12(—aS) cm
longa, 3—5(—j) cm lata basi breviter acuta apice breviter
acuminata margine recurvulo supra glabra laevia venis vix
conspicuis subtus flavida sub lente papillosa glabra praeter

nervum medianum prominentem, costis utrinque 6'—'lo prominen-
tibus patentioribus superioribus arcuato-connectis quodam spatio a

margine distantibus venis
vix prominulis dense reti-
culatis. Petioli dense fer-
rugineo-puberuli supra
distincte canaliculati, i —
1 % cm longi. Flores ignoti.
Paniculae fructiferae axil-
lares usque ad io cm
longae. Bacca ellipsoideo-
ovoidea flava laevis mu-
cronulata usque ad 2 cm
longanbsp;cm diametro.

Cupula crassa ferrugineo-
verrucosa maculis albidis
irregularibus verrucosis, hemispherica, i5 mm alta, 17 mm
diametro margine integro sub-tenuo in pedicellum fructiferum
crassissimum obconicum verrucosum sensim transeuns.

Surinamo, fluv. Suriname sup., Parwa-Kreek, prope Wane-
Kreek (B.W. n. Sög, fr. m. Oct.; typus in herb. Utrecht).

Aniba opaca A. C. Smith (type: Krukoff n. 1730) is identical
with A. affinid (Meissn.) Mez (type: Spruce n. 3769). Both
specimens show a remarkable resemblance to A. Trinitatia Mez
(type: Crueger n. 69). In the shape and nervature of the leaves
no difference could be found. The same may be said of the
flowers, except that the ovary is densely tomentellous in
A. opaca, tomentellous in A. aff'in'u and nearly glabrous in
A. Trinitatilt;). This may be due however to the circumstance
that the latter are older. A. Trinitatu has very slender panicles,
but its peduncles and branchlets have the same tomentum and

the same compressed form as those of A. opaca and A. affinu.
As the type specimen of A. Trinitatis gives the impression of
being very poorly developed, I doubt whether these differences
are of any value. The three species may easily be recognised
from other Aniba species by the very thick and large, truncate
anthers of the stamens of the third row, with minute cells and
by the strongly protruding connectives in the large anthers
of the outer six stamens with their distinct, narrow fdamenfcs.
The label of the type specimen of A. affinia (Spruce n. 3769) in
the Brussels fierb. bears the name: Goeppertia Sprucei Meissn.; this
is an error: the description of Goeppertia Sprucei refers to Spruce
n. 2769. It is strange however that Meissner in Fl. Bras. V,
2, p. 182 cites the number of Spruce n. 3769 as p. p.; probably
a mistake has been made in the numbering of Spruce's specimens.

The cells of the outer anthers are introrse and not exfcrorse
as Mez erroneously states. This can best be seen before the
cells open: after dehiscence the thick cells give the impression
of being more or less lateral. But for the climbing habit,
A. dcandend Ducke looks almost exactly like A. den/iflora. The
petioles of^. scandens are somewhat longer, the staminodes of
the fourth row are longer, but not broader than those of
A. densifiora: the anthers and the staminodes of the third row
are of identical form.

The cells of the outer anthers are extrorse and not introrse
as Mez erroneously states. This applies also to the type specimen
of Aublet in the Paris Herb.; the description of Aublet is right
therefore. But for the size of all its parts A. rubra A. C. Smith
(Phytologia I, 3, igSS, p. 115) does not differ from A. guianensia.
The filaments are not glabrous, but sparingly puberulous. As
if is very difficult fo distinguish the closely allied Aiouea

Schomburgkii Meissn., A. bradUiendid Meissn., A. guianendid Aubl.,
and A. dendiflora Nees, I will give here a key.

divided at the top. Filaments long. Staminodes of
the 3rd row long, but not so long as the style,
truncate at the top .... A. brasilicnsis Meissn.
b. Staminodes of the 4th row ovate, sub-stipitate;
top incised. Filaments of the fertile stamens very
short. Staminodes of the 3rd row long and as long
as the style; top clavate. . . A. dcnsiflora Nees.

b. Filaments of the fertile stamens long. Staminodes
of the 3rd row very short, hardly longer than the
glands................... A. guianensis Nees.

Mez stated erroneously in his monograph that the fertile
anthers had extrorse cells; in the abundant material I could
study the cells however were introrse. The cupules of the
fruiting specimen from Surinam (B.W. n. 49^1) agree with
those of the fruiting specimen of Aniba megacarpa Hemsl. (Bot.
Gard. Herb. Trinid. n. 6786). The cupules of the Surinam
specimen are somewhat smaller, probably owing to their youth.
A fruiting specimen from Brit. Guiana (Forest Dep. n. 2299)
has as large cupules as Hemsley's specimen. Leaves and flowers
of A. megacarpa are identical with those of A. Canella, the
small size of the outer staminodes made it difficult for Hemsley
to decide whether they were sterile or not.

Lamarck, Enc. 3 (1789), p. 470; Nees, Syst. (i836),
p. 344 et 658; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 259; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281 in adn. ;
Bâillon, Hist, n (1870), p. 466; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 220 et 378; Hallier in Meded. Herb.
Leiden 35 (1918), p. 20; Gonggrijp in de Indische Mercuur
23 Apr. 1920; Benoist in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 76 (1928),
p. 979; Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro V (1930),
p. 108.

Arbor. Ramuli graciles, subcylindrici, dense ferrugineo-
tomentelli. Rami glabri cinerei. Petioli graciles ferrugineo-
tomentelli glabrescentes supra canaliculati 1 cm longi. Folia
alterna chartacea elliptica vel lanceolata breviter acuta apice
caudafo-acuminata acumine usque ad 1 % cm longo basi 5 mm
lato margine recurvula, (5—)7—9(—cm longa, (2—)2%—^3
(—4) cm lata, juvenilia supra dense areolata infra sericea
adulta supra glabra nitida medio canaliculata nervo mediano
prominulo costis impressis nervis secundariis subimpressis infra
brunescentia sericeo-tomentella glabrescentia nervo mediano
prominente costis utrinque 3—4 prominentibus arcuatis adscen-
dentibus distincte connectis quodam spatio a margine separatis
nervis secondariis prominulis laxe reticulatis venis inconspicuis.
Paniculae pyramidales in axillis foliorum vel bractearum usque
ad 8 cm longae dense ferrugineo- vel rubro-tomentellae pedunculis
gracilibus cylindricis usque ad 3 cm longis ramis sparsis
patentibus usque ad 1 % cm longis. Pedicelli graciles tomentelli
3 mm longi. Flores 2 mm longi tubo conico apice constricto
tomentello 1—mm longo perianthii segmentis extus tomentellis
intus glabris crassis concavis depresso-obovatis apice acutis.
Staminibus serierum 2 exteriorum sterilibus glabris perianthio
brevioribus foliaceis ovatis acutis seriei secundae basi paulo
constrictis perianthio brevioribus seriei tertiae fertilibus vix
Vz mm longis antheris obtusis cellulis terminalibus filamentis
pilosis antheras sub-aequantibus et iis subaequilatis glandulis
basalibus parvis foliaceis seriei quartae nullis. Ovarium pilosum

ellipsoideum vix 1/2 mm longum in stylum angustum dimidio
breviorem attenuatum stigmate indistincto. Bacca ellipsoidea
laevis i5 mm longa 9 mm diametro apice depressa tertia partem
a cupula hemisphaerica subcylindrica tenue sparse ferrugineo-
verrucosa margine Integra tecta. Pedicellus fructifer obconicus
apice 2 mm crassus.

Surinamo: Zandery I, arbor n. i56 (B.W. n. ^365, fl. m.
July, typus in Herb. Utrecht; n. iSs^, ster m. Deo.); Zandery I
(B.W.' n. 6424, fr.; Samuels n. 536, fl. m. July [L.]); Watramiri,
arbor n. i653 (B.W. n. igaS fl. m. Juny; n. 4706, fl. m. July).

A AcrodicLidio guianenóe Nees cui valde affinis foliorum
forma et nervatura floribus minoribus differt.

The identity of Licaria guianendié Aubl. was difficult to establish.
Nees (i836) reckoned it to DicypeUium caryophyUatum Nees,
but mentioned it also under his species incertae sedis (Syst.,
p. 658). In the latter publication he suggested that it might
belong to Meép'dodaphne. Meissner (1848) does not accept
L. gaianeriMd as a synonym of DicypeUium caryophyUatum and
puts it under the dubious species. Gonggrijp (De Indische
Mercuur 1. c.), who studied the rose wood species from a
technical point of view, comes as a result of an anatomical
investigation to the conclusion that the real rose wood belongs
to the genus Aniba and that Licaria, which according to Aublet
is also called rose wood, is not the real one. It is strange that
he says that the leaves of Licaria are glabrous beneath; he
must have based this opinion on a description because I do
not believe that he saw the type specimen of Aublet. Mez in
his monograph concludes, after studying the Aublet specimen
in Paris, that Licaria is identical with Ocotea caudata. Hallier
in Meded. Rijks Herb. Leiden 3i, 1918, p. 20 reviews all the
different opinions with regard to the identity of Licaria
guianendid. R. Benoist (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 1. c.) states
rightly that the tomentum of Aublet's specimen differs from
that of Ocotea caudata and remarks that Licaria belongs to a

hitherto undescribed species. The abundant Surinam material
of A. Aubletii of which the leaves look exactly like those of
Aublet's type in the Jussieu Herb, in Paris proves that it is
this AcrodicLidium species which is identical with Licaria
guianeiuu.

In comparing the drawing of the leaves one may see that
there exists a certain resemblance between the Licaria leaves

and those of Ocotea caudata-. the base of the leaves however is
different. The leaves of Licaria and of A. Aubletii are sparingly
puberulous beneath, while those of Ocotea caudata are glabrous.

As the genus name Licaria has not been used for i5o years
and the renaming of the about 3o species of Acrodiclidium would
cause much confusion, I propose that the name Licaria Aublet,
as this genus is moreover based on sterile material only, should
be rejected and the name Acrodiclidium Nees should be retained.

Acrodiclidium rigidum Kosterm. nov. spec.; — AcrodicLidium
guianenée Auct., non Nees, Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 97, p. p., quoad cit. spec. Mélinonis n. 601 in
Herb. Paris.

Arbor, 60 cm diametro (teste Gonggrijp). Ramuli graciles
subangulares dense cinereo- vel ferrugineo-tomentelli. Rami
cylindrici glabri cinerei. Gemmae dense cinereo-sericeae. Petioli
tenues tenuiter pubescentes glabrescentes supra canaliculata

—^11) mm longi. Folia opposita coriacea lanceolata basi
breviter acuta apice acuminata vel acuta margine recurvula
(5^—8(.—^11) cm longa, —2(—2%) cm lata supra glabra
nitida medio canaliculata nervo mediano filiforme subprominulo
costis vix distinctis vel impressis infra brunnea tenuiter sparse
pubescentia (in nervo mediano prominente densius) costis
utrinque 5—^10 prominulis satis patentibus arcuato- connectis
quodam spatio a margine separatis venis vix distinctis. Flores
ignoti. Inflorescentiae axillares oppositae. Fructus ignotae.
Cupula maxima crassissima usque ad 28 mm alta 35 mm
diametro hemisphaerica maculis magnis ferrugineis margine
triplice intimo tenue 1—2 mm alto erecto extimo 8 mm crasso
magis minus patente lobls magnis irregularibus biseriatis verosi-
militer e perianthii segmentis valde auctis ortis.

Surinamo, Sectie O, arbor n. 862 (B.W. n. 4682, fr. m.
Maio, typus in Herb. Utrecht; n. 4269, ster. m. Febr.; n. 4249»
ster. m. Febr.). Guiana gallica: Mélinon n. 601 in Herb.
Paris.

Foliis oppositis ad AcrodicLidium AleiMnen Mez et A. debile
Mez accedens sed ab utraque specie foliorum forma et crassi-
tudine diversa. Habitu A. dcricei Griseb. quae species cupula
simplicimarginata et foliis sparsis a nostra differt.

The name Silvia was first published by Vellozo, Fl. fl. (1825),
p. 55, t. 149 (1827). The only species S. curialiA Veil, is
universally reduced to a species of Eécobedia Ruiz et Pav.
{Scrophulariaceae). Silvia Benth. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1846),

p. 5i3 was changed by Pennell (1928) in his revision of the
ScrophuLariaceae to SiLvieLLa Pennell. As Miss Green points out
it is therefore not advisable to put forward Silvia Benth.
for conservation (Kew Bulletin 1935, p. 492). Silvia Fr.
Allem, in Diss. Rio de Janeiro (1848) (See Bot. Ztg. XII,
1864, p. 464) was accepted by Mez in his monograph (1889)
and he described 6 species under this name. O. Kuntze in Rev.
Gen. I (1891), p. 5/3 rejected the name Silvia as a later
homonym and changed it to Alexia O. Ktze. Pax (Engl.-Prantl.,
Nachtr. II—^IV, 1897, p. 174) pointed out, that a genus of
the Malpighiaceae had already been named Alexia by Schwacke
and he therefore changed the name Alexia to Neodilvia. Mean-
while however Mez had already changed his Alexia into
Alezilaurus (Taubert in Bot. Cntrlbltt. 5o, 1892, p. 21). In
Arb. Bot. Gart. Breslau I (1892), p. 112 Mez gave an
enumeration of the species, which he transferred to this genus,
adding the description of a new Mezilaurud species. He renounced
his authorship of the new combinations of Alexilaurud in favour
of Taubert. For the same reason as in the case of Silviella
Pennell it is not advisable to keep Silvia Allem, as a nomen
conservandum. Neither Sampaio (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
laneiro IV, 1928, p. Zg), nor Sandwith (Kew Bull. ig55,
p. 338), nor Ducke (Trop. Woods 42, igSS, p. 18) seem to
have known Mez' publication in Arb. Bot. Gart. Breslau.
The 2 new species described by Ducke: Silvia subcordata and
S. decurrens should be changed into: Mezilaurus subcordata
(Ducke) Kosterm. nov. comb., and Mezilaurus decurrens
(Ducke) Kosterm. nov. comb.; and Silvia synandra M.ez into
Mezilaurus synandra (Mez) Kosterm. nov. comb.

I fully agree with Ducke (Tropic. Woods 42, 1935, p. 18),
that Silvia polyantha Mez can not be treated as a distinct

species; the only difference lies in the larger inflorescences
and pedicels. I had no opportunity to study the type specimen
of Silvia Rondond Mez, but according to Ducke this species
too is identical with Alezilaarud Itauba.

Concerning the dehiscence of the anther cells in the genus
Alezdaurud I should like to add the following remarks: The
normal Lauraceous type of dehiscence, viz. from base to top
is found in Al. oppo/difoLla (Nees) Taubert and Al. Sprucei
(Meissn.) Taubert. However the cells are in these species
not oblong, but more ovate, moreover they are not parallel,
but convergent: the cells are not vertical, but more or less
horizontal. In Al. craddiramea (Meissn.) Taubert and Al. dynandra
(Mez) Kosterm. the cells are minute and nearly orbicular:
the valves dehiscing horizontally in the direction of the centre;
if we might consider the cells as horizontal, there would be
no difference with the normal type of dehiscence. In AL Itauba
the dehiscence begins in the upper and outer corners and
proceeds from there towards a point somewhat below the
centre, which gives the impression of a dehiscence from top to base.

Silvia Duckei A. Sampaio {Alidanteca Duckei A. Sampaio
in Comm. Linh. Telegr. Matto Grosso Amaz. 56, Ann. 5,
1917. p. i5) of which I could study the specimens Ducke
n- 17593 and Ule n. 7678 does not differ from Alezilaarud
Lindaviana Schwacke et Mez of which I have seen the type
specimen (Schwacke n. 19798) in the Dahlem Herb. Apparently
Ducke did not know the description of this Brazilian species
in Bot. Gart. Breslau I (1892), p. 112. There is some discrepancy
m the description with regard to the indumentum of the ovary.
According to Mez the latter is glabrous: the type specimen
however has very young buds only and consequently the
pubescence of the ovary could not safely be judged.

Endlicheria Nees has been published in Linnaea 8 (i833),
p. 37 with 2 species E. hirmta Nees and E. dericea Nees.

Nees himself altered this name into Goeppertia (Syst. i836,
p. 365), when he discovered the publication of Presl in Symb.
Bot. I (1832), p. 73, where the latter described a Rubiaceous
genus EndLicbera Presl. The name Goeppertia however had already
been published as a genus (genus spurium) of the Scitamineae
by Nees in Linnaea 6 (i83i), p. 337 (^ee also Nees, Syst.,
p. 365 in adn.). In: Lindley, Infrod. Nat. Syst., 2nd ed.
(i836), p. 202 in adn., Nees suggested that, if Endiichera Presl.
(Rubiac.) was to be retained, the name of the Lauraceous
genus should be altered into: Schauera Nees. Supposing that
this conditionally given name should be valid, Schauera Nees
should be kept for the Lauraceous genus. The consequence
will be, that the name Schaueria Nees (Acanthaceae) in Linnaea 13
(1839), Lit. Ber., p. 119, must be rejected.

Endiichera Presl (Rubiac.) has an older synonym: Emeorhiza
Pohl in Flora 8 (i835), though a nomen nudum (Mez in his
monograph erreonously quotes the name Endiichera Presl as
a nomen nudum). Endiichera Presl (Rubiac.) has one species
only, whereas Endlicheria Nees (Laurac.) is a large genus and
includes already about 3o species. Therefore it seems advisable
to keep the name Endlicheria Nees (Laurac.) with E. hirauta
Nees as type specimen and to reject: Schauera Nees (Laurac.);
consequently Emeorhiza Pohl (Rubiac.) should be kept (t3^e
specimen: E. braóHLen,ii,i (Presl) Walp.) and Endiichera Presl
(Rubiac.) rejected. A motion in this sense has been put forward
at the Vlth Bot. Congress (Prelim, opinions etc., p. 25).

The specimen: Triana n. 1059 from Colombia differs in its
cupule and in the nervation of the leaves from E. pyriformid
and does not belong to this species.

The type specimen (Hostmann n. ii63) is a male one. The
female plant is rather different from the male one in the form
of its panicles. The latter are more or less spicate and rather
short. The type specimen of Endiicheria viLLoóa Mez should be
in the Gottingen Herbarium, but I could not find it there;
a few leaves and flowers however were available from the
Mez Herb, in Dahlem. This specimen shows that the only
difference lies in the narrowly lanceolate leaves, but a Surinam
specimen of E. muLtifiora (Voltz s. n.) and specimens from
French Guiana have the same narrow leaves. The locality of
E. vilLoda is doubtful. The species has hitherto never again
been found in Jamaica, the locality indicated on the label;
I suppose that the specimen was a Guiana one, but as the
collector of this specimen: March has never collected on the
continent, it must erroneously have been inserted by Grisebach
among specimens of March.

Endiicheria endlicheriopsis (Mez) Kosterm. nov. comb.;
— Ocotea endLicheriopéió Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 3oo; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 73.

The female type specimen: Mélinon n. 6o5 in the Paris
Herb, is rather defective and consists of a few flowers and
some leaves only. The abundant material of male specimens
does not leave the slightest doubt that Mélinon's plant is an
Endiicheria. The rudimentary, sterile state of the anthers in
the female flowers made it difficult for Mez to decide to which
genus it ought to be reckoned.

Cassytha filiformis L. (non Thunberg), Spec. pi. I (1753),
p. 35; — FoLutella aphyLLa Forsk., Fl. Aeg. Arab. (i77^)gt;
p. 84; — Caddy tha zeylanica Gaertn. Fruct. I (1788),
p. 134; — Catodiam cochinchinende Lour, in Fl. Cochinch. I
(1790), p. 247; — Caddytha aphyLLa Raeusch., Nomencl.
ed. 3 (1797), p. 116; — Caddytha panicuiata R.Br., Prodr.
(1810), p. 404; —■ Caddytha guineendid Schum. et Thonn.,
Beskr. Gui. PI. (1827), n. i, p. 219; — Caddytha americana

Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 644; — Cassytha bra/dien/10 Mart.
ex Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 648; — Spironema aphyUa Raf.,
Fl. Teil. IV (i836), p. 92; — Caééytha remotiflora F. Muell.
ex Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 256; —
Caééytha capULarié F. Vill. (non Meissn.), Nov. App. (1880),
p. 182 ex Merr., Enum. 2 (1923), p. 204; — Caééytha
timorienéió Gandoger in Buil. Soc. Bot. France 40 (1913),
p. 419.

Caééytha pondoenöié Engl. in Engl. lahrb. 26 (1899), p. 392
is identical with C. rubiginoéa E. Mey. in Drège, Zwei Pfl.
Doe., p. 171 and with C. pubeécené E. Mey. (non R. Br., non
Schlechtend). This species differs only from C. fihformié by the
rusty tomenfum of the peduncles, the outer perianth segments
and the base of the inner ones; I consider it therefore as a
variety only of C. filiformié-. var. pondoensis (Engl.) Kosterm.
nov. comb. Caééytha cap'dLarié Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 262
differs from C. filiformié by its very thin stems and capittate
flowers. A specimen of C. fiLiformié from Flores shows the
same slender stems, but the spikes are the same as those of
C.fiLiformié. Caééytha cap'dLarié also may prove after all to be
a mere variety. Caééytha panicuLata R. Br. 1. c. differs from
C. fiLiformié by the clustered spikes, but these occur now and
then also in C. fiLiformié; Bentham in Fl. Austr. V (1870),
p. 3ii already pointed out that the two species are probably
identical.

Liana. Ramuli crassi striati cylindrici sparse puberuli. Rami
glabri laeves striati. Folia alterna subtriplinervia chartacea
ovata, (4——6(-—^8) cm longa, (2——^3(—cm lata basi
subcordata vel rotunda margine recurvulo apice breviter acu-
minata supra glabra nervis primariis et secundariis tomentellis
planiusculis subtus sparse tomentosis nervo mediano sub-
prominente nervis primariis binis lateralibus ad dimidium vel

duas partes folii adscendentitus costis utrinque 3—^ sub-
prominentibus superioribus arcuato-connectis nervis secundariis
prominulis laxe reticulatis. Petioli graciles glabrescentes usque
ad 11/2 cm longi. Paniculae densae permultiflorae corymbiformes
axillares usque ad 10 cm longae pedunculo cylindrico usque
ad 4 cm longo ramulis usque ad 4 cm longis cinereo-tomentosis.
Pedicelli graciles cinereo-tomentosi usque ad 1 cm longi. Flores
rubescentes 4 mm longi tubo cylindrico-ovoideo puberulo 1 Yz mm
longo perianthii segmentis 4 oblongo-linearibus obtusis extus
tomentellis intus glabris. Stamina 4 filamentis % mm longis
glabris filiformibus contortis antheris oblongo-linearibus 1 mm
longis glabris connectivis cellulas paullo superantibus. Stylus
crassiusculus puberulus stigmate capitellato. Paniculae fructiferae
divaricato-dichotomae albae ramulis gracilibus nodis incrassatis.
Pedicellus fructiferus usque ad 6 cm longus gracilis. Fructus
ovoideo-ellipsoideus acutus i5 mm longus 7 mm diametro
dehiscens.

Surinamo, fluv. Corantijne in saxis prope catar. quot;Wonotobo
(B.W. n. 3120, fl., fr., m. Oct.; typus in herb. Utrecht).

iS. Botocudorum Mart, valde aflinis sed foliorum forma tomento
nervatura et pedicellis fructiferis longis gracilibus diversa.

Hernandia sonora L., Spec. pi. II (1763), p. 981; —
Hernandia, foliu peLtatid Hort. Cliff. (1737), p. 485, t. 33;
— Hernandia ampLo hederae folio umbilicato Plum. Gen. 6
(1737), p. 374, t. 40; — Nux veéicaria oleoma, foliié umbilicatiö
ex inéula barbadenài Pluk. Almag. (1696), p. 266, t. 208
f. 1 ; — Nax zeylanica umbilicatié foUié Kigg., Hort. Beaumont.
(1690), p. 3i; Burm., Thes. Zeyl. (1737), p. 171; Linn.
Fl. zeyl. (1748), p. 199; — Arbuécula exotica foliid ambilicatié
etc. Breyn. Prodr. 2 (1689), p. 20?; — Hernandia arborea
foliié cordato-peltatié etc. Browne, Jam. p. 373; — Hernandia
óonora L., Jacq. Stirp. Amer. (1763), p. 246 et Pict. (1780),
p. 120; Buchoz Hist. Regn. Veg. IX, Dec. X (1775),

t. g; Aubl. Guia. II (1776), p. 862; Gaertn. Fruct. I
(1788), p. 194; Lam. Diet. 3 (1789), p. 123, excl. syn.
Arbor regis Rumph.; Willd., Spec. IV, 1 (i8o5), p. 327;
Descourt., Fl. Pitt, et Med. Ant. 2 (1822), p. 143; Blume,
Bydr. 2 (1826), p. 55i; Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. i (1837),
p. 689; ed. 2 (1846), p. 478; Twaith, Enum. Zeyl., p. 268;
Hassk., Pl. Jav. rar. (1848), p. 217; Wight, le. V (1862),
t. i855; Miq., Fl. Ind. bat. I (i855), p. 887, excl. Arbor regis
Rumph.; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 263;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 3oo; Bâillon, Hist. II
(1870), p. 449'nbsp;— Hernandia ovigera L., Stickman in

Am. Acad. ÎV (1769), p. 126; Arbor ovigera Rumph.
Amb. III (1743), p. 193, t. 123; Lam., Diet. 3 (1789),
p. 123; Willd., Spec. IV, 1 (i8o5), p. 327; Poir., Enc.
Suppl. 3 (i8i3), p. 45, Pl. t. 755 f. 2; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.
III (1832), p. 577; Schnizlein, le. I (i85o—^i856), t. 109;
Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 262; id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 299;
Baker, Fl. Maurit. (1877), p. 293; Greshoff, Nutt. pl.
(1896), t. 21; Koorders en Valet., Booms. VII (1900),
p. 110; id. Atl. IV (1913), t. i85; Koorders, Exkurs. Fl. 2
(1912), p. 281; Merrill, Enum. Phil. pl. 2 (1923), p. 206,
id. in Phil. Journ. Se. (1926), p. 370; Heyne, Nutt. pl. I
(1927), p. 674; Alston in Trim., Fl. Ceyl. VI (1931), p. 248;
— Hernandia guianentiid Aubl. Guia. II (1776), p. 849, III
t. 329; W^illd., Spec. 1. c., p. 328; Poir., Enc. Suppl. 1. c.,
p. 46; Pl. IV, t. 755 f. 1; Meissn. in D.C. I.e., p. 262;
id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 299; Pulle, Enum. pl. surin. (1906),
p. 187; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 76; Standley
in U. S. A. Herb. 23,2 (1922), p. 298; id. in Field. Mus. X
(1931), p. 202; — Hernandia peitata Meissn. in D.C , Prodr.
1. c., p. 203; Kurz, For. Fl. Br. Burma II, p. 5og;
Beddome, Fl. sylv. (1873), t. 3oo; Benth., Fl. Austr. V
(1870), p. 314; Seem., Fl. Vit. (i865—73), p. 206, t. 62;
Baker, Fl. Maurit. I.e., p. 293; Vidal, Intr. Fl. Filip.
(i883), Afl. t. 78 f. G.; Hook., Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1890),
p. 188; Schimper, Bot. Mitt. III (1891), fc. 7; Greshoff,
I.e., t. 21; Reinecke in Engl. Jahrb. 26 (1898), p. 366;
Engl., Pfl. Ost-Afr. C, p. i83; Koorders et Valet. 1. c.,
p. 106; id. Exkurs. Fl. I.e., p. 281; id. Atl., t. 184;
v. Eeden, Houts. Ned. O. Ind. (1906), p. 43; Bailey, Compr.
Cat. Q,ueeusl. pl. (1909), p. 439, t. i3; Sprague in Fl. Trop.

Afr. IV, 1 (igiS), p. 191; Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine V,
2 (1914), p. 169, f. 14; Hattori in Journ. Coll. Sc. Tokyo
23, X, p. i3; Gamble, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 76, 1, p. 204;
Ridley, Fl. Malay Pen. Ill (1924), p. i38; Heyne 1. c.,
p. 676; — Hernandia peitata Sesse et Moc., Fl. Mex. 2na
ed. (1894), p. 2i3; — Hernandia peitata, var. dubcordata
Hochr. in Candollea II (1925), p. 365; — HernandiA
catalpifoUa Britton et Harris in Torreya II (1911), p. 174;
Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. Ill, 1 (1914), p. 221 f. 90.

Linnaeus enumerated under this name specimens from Asia
and from America. The type specimen being the American
plant the name H. donora was exclusively used for this species.

Stickman in Am. Ac. 1. c. described the closely related Asian
H. ovigera, whereas Meissner distinguished a H. peitata. Merrill,
Enum. 1. c. discovered in studying numerous plants that the
supposed differences between H. ovigera and H. peitata break
down absolutely.

H. guianendid, belonging to the same group as H. peitata is
fully identical with it: Surinam and Brasilian specimens show
that peltate and not peltate leaves occur on the same plant.

H. donora dilfers according to Meissner by the male flowers
being 3—^4-merous and having one gland only at the base of
each filament. In studying the abundant material from America
and Asia I came to the conclusion that neither of these
differences holds true. The specimens of Meissner which I
could study had 3-merous male flowers. The number of the
glands is a character of no value. On the same (American)
plant I have found flowers in which the filaments bore 3 glands
and flowers in which one of the filaments bore two basal glands.
In the Asian specimens I have found flowers with up to 9 glands.
The glands are often only partially divided and the conclusion
may be drawn that the variability in the number of the glands
IS due to union and to division of the normal 6 ones. The
shape of the flowers and other characters too of the American
plants are the same as those of the Asiatic ones.

H. donora, as already suggested by Hooker, is a pantropical
species. The species has not been found hitherto on the West
coast of Africa; the species found there: H. benineMU Welw.
however is, according to Sprague, 1. c., very closely allied to
H. donor a and may prove one day identical with this species.

Hernandia Kunstleri King ex Heyne, Nuftige Ind. PI. I
(1927), p. 674 is no Hernandia. Judging from the vernacular
name the plant might be a Podocarpud.

The geographic distribution of the Malpighiaceae shows
but few interesting points. By means of their flying apparatus
they are easily transported by the wind and consequently the
species cover as a rule very large areas. Of the 42 species
occuring in Surinam one only: DoUchopteryd durinamendu Kosterm.
is endemic; 4 species: Hiraea affinid Miq., Tetrapterid fimbripetaLa
Juss., DipLopteryd rodea (Miq.) Ndz. and Byrdonima Aerugo Sagot
occur in the Guianas only.

AlaLpighia coccigera L. is endemic in the Antilles: the Surinam
specimen is most probably a cultivated one. Outside Surinam
Aladcagnia muitigLanduioda Ndz. has been found hitherto in
Paraguay only but there is every reason to suppose that this
species will be found one day in the Amazonian district too.
The remaining 35 species, that is 83 %, occupy extensive areas,
often reaching from Central America to Argentine.

Heteropterid africana Juss. is the only species of this genus
occuring in Western Africa. The explanation given by Niedenzu,
namely that its samaras must have been transported either by
by wind or sea to Africa, after the latters separation from
America, though a simple one, is not convincing: it is, for
instance, curious that a species like Brachypteryd ovata (Cav.)
Small, a plant living on the coast, should not have wandered
to Africa in the same way. The supposition that the migration

of this species to Africa will have taken place in the Eocene
period, when there existed according to Wegener (Die Ent-
stehung der Kontinente und Ozeane) a narrow connection
between Guiana and Guinea, is more satisfactory.

The representatives of the Lauraceae are usually very large
trees with minute flowers and they are therefore difficult to
collect. As this family therefore is rather badly known and as
I will restrict myself to a small area: Surinam, the following
remarks should be regarded as preliminary. The distribution
of the species was, with the exception of a few ones, verified
by myself.

Of the 5/ species of these two families we need not discuss
the cultivated ones: Persea americana Mill., Cinnamomum zeyLa-
nicum Breyn. and Lauras nobitis L. Only the first one is a real
American plant, Cinnamomum has its representatives mostly
in Asia, though it has been recorded as growing wild in the
Amazone area; Lauras nobilis has its native country in Minor
Asia and the Mediterranean. Of the remaining species, two
are pantropic: Hernandia sonora L. and Cassytha fiiiformis L.
It is remarkable that both species seem to have been distributed
from about the same centre, viz. Australia and Polynesia, as
both genera have the greatest number of representatives in those
regions. Cassytha fiiiformis is in Guiana a typical savanna plant,
climbing on and over minor shrubs and herbs. Hernandia sonora
is a coast plant, though it has often been found farther inland.
Its wide distribution may be due to the circumstance that the
seed is protected against the influence of sea-water by several
layers; moreover the cupule will give it some buoyancy. That
the wood is used for ship-building pvirposes may also be one
of the reasons of its wide distribution. The remaining 02 species
are divided into lo genera as follows:

One may see that the genera are all, more or less in
accordance of their size, well representated in Surinam.

Of the other genera, occurring in South America, it is
curious that not a single species of Phoebe has been found
hitherto in Surinam. This genus has its largest distribution in
Central America; its area extends eastwards over the West
Indian islands as far as Trinidad, where a few species have
been found; southwards it reaches over the Andes region to
Southern Brazil; the Hylaea and the Guianas however are
avoided. The area of the genus Per^sea reaches its limit in the
Guianas, the greater part of the species occur in the Andes
region, Mexico and the Campos of Southern Brazil; its
distribution, though somewhat more extensive, is consequently
more or less the same as that of the closely related genus
Phoebe. Cryptocarya has been found in French Guiana only
(two species) but in view of the similarity of the flora of this
country with that of Surinam, we may expect it in Dutch
Guiana too. The genus HufeLandia reaches its limit in British
Guiana, where one species is found; its area covers Central
America and the West Indies. The genus LiUea does not
occur in the Guianas; a few species are known from Central
and Southern Brazil, the others occuring chiefly in Mexico;
fhe centre of this genus is found in tropical Asia. The
distribution in America is similar to that of Phoebe, though not
so evident.

Of the 62 Surinam species of the Lauraceae and the
Hernandiaceae, 6 are endemic:

The remarkable fact, that most of them belong to the genus
Aniba, may be explained by assuming, that this genus has its
centre of distribution here; it is unfortunately one of the worst
known genera.

The distribution of the other species is given in the table
page 52. As Ocotea punctuLata Mez and Ocotea oblonga (Meissn.)
Mez occur both in French and in British Guiana, these species
may be expected in Surinam too: for this reason they are
inserted in the table.

The number and percentage of the species occurring in the
different regions runs as follows.

Surinam has of course most species in common with French
and British Guiana, but there exists also a relation between
Dutch Guiana and the Amazonian district. It is a curious
fact, that only one Surinam species occurs also on the West
Indian Islands; according to Mez' monograph there were
several other species in common with West India, but they

all proved to be different though closely related species. With
the Andes region Surinam shows but little similarity. It is
rather dubious whether the specimen of Nectandra Laurel Kl. et
Karst. really belongs to this species. With Trinidad, as was
to be expected Surinam has several species in common.

It is curious that among the 14 Surinam species of this genus
three belong to the group, which by the shape of the outer
6 stamens, link the genera Nectandra and Ocotea. Mez described
6 species only of this group, of which 3 occur in Central
America and one on the West Indian Islands; the 3 Surinam
species have their area restricted to Guiana or to Guiana and
the Amazone district. In view of this distribution and with
regard to the different character of the anthers it is probably
advisable to separate this group from both Nectandra and Ocotea.
Of the Surinam Ocotea species: 0. puberula Nees has the widest
distribution: its area extending from Mexico to Argentina.
In view of the localities where it has been found, we must
assume that it prefers the drier and higher regions. A few-
species of Ocotea occur in Eastern and Southern Asia and on
the Mascarenes, they differ from the American species by the
large staminodes.

Nectandra Plm Miq., described by Mez as N. globoda Aubl.,
is not so widely distributed as Mez supposed. The species
has hitherto been found only in the Guianas and in the Amazone
district. Other specimens from Southern and Central America
described by Mez belong probably to the closely related:
N. lucida Nees; in the West Indies it is supplanted by:
N. antiliana Meissn. (= N. globosa Aubl.).

Nectandra ambigua Meissn. This species has been found in
British Guiana only and its area seems to reach its limit in
Western Surinam, the plant has not been found eastward of

the Nickerie river; in the Amazone district it is replaced by
the closely related N. Pichurim (H.B.K.) Mez.

Nectandra ciupidata Nees has a very extensive area, reaching
from Mexico to Argentina.

The centre of the area of this genus seems to lie in the
Guianas and the Hylaea. Of the about 40 species, 17 occur
in the Guianas and about 10 in the Amazone district.

The same may be said of this genus. Of the about 3o species:
11 are Guianean, 5 Amazonian.

This genus has its centre of distribution in the Amazone
district. A few species extend however as far as Eastern
Venezuela and Guiana and southward a few are found in
Central and Eastern Brazil. Mez'daiirua Itauba (Meissn.)
Taubert has a large area, it seems to prefer dry, rising ground
and does not grow in marshes.

On the following pages is given a brief survey of the useful
plants. As the literature on this subject is very scattered, the
list does not claim to be in any way complete. Everybody is
warned against applying any of the medicaments mentioned
here without medical advice.

A list of the principal works from where the data have been
taken, is given at the end of this chapter; all authors moreover
are mentioned between brackets.

In the West Indies the fruit is much eaten, either raw or
it is used for jellies and tarts; it has a sour flavour. The bark
is reported to yield a red dye (Standley). The fruit is used
against obstipation and inflammatory and adynamic diseases;
the sap is purgative and diluted in water it is used in case of
scorbut as a refreshment (Descourtilz).

An Incision of the bark furnishes an in water soluble gum,
named: „Ciruela gumquot; in Caracas, it is employed against
diseases of the respiratory organs and against catarrh of the
bladder (Hartwich).

The fruit is eaten mostly by children and birds although
occasionally in Central America if is offered for sale in the
markets. It is used for preparing a kind of lemonade; in some
localities it has been fermented to produce an alcoholic drink
(Standley). The bark is used for tanning leather and for painting
paddles, arrowpoints, etc. (Bentham). It is said to yield a
strong fibre (Guzman). The plant is astringent and various
parts have been used in domestic medicine for fevers, colds,
diarrhoea and snake-bites (Standley, Poiret, Schomburgk). The
Wood is rather heavy and dense and has a dark red-brown
colour (Wiessner); is is used for charcoal and burning purposes,
now and then for building.

A decoction of wood and roots is used as vulneral, detersive
and astringent. It gives a red dye (Poiret). The trunk furnishes
timber (Niedenzu).

Leaves and berries possess aromatic and stimulant properties
and have been reported narcotic. The leaves are also said to
be diaphoretic and in larger doses emetic. Both leaves and
fruits were employed formerly in flatulent colic, hysteria,
amenorrhoea and other affections but they are rarely or never
^sed internally at the present time either in Europe or elsewhere.
The berries, commonly called Bay-berries, yield a green or
yellow -green oil, extracted by boiling, though in minute quan-

titles. Externally this commercial oil of bays is sometimes
employed as an external stimulant and application in sprains,
bruises, etc., sometimes against hemorrhoids or against vermin.
But its principal use is in the veterinary medicine. Now and
then it has been used for making soap. The leaves are frequently
used by the cook and the confectioner as a flavouring agent.
The volatile oil is also sometimes employed in perfumery. The
plant itself is cultivated for ornamental purposes.

Two principal horticultural forms of Per^a americana are
recognised: the West Indian type with smooth fruit and leathery
skin and the Guatemalan type also called the Mexican or
highland avocado (P. americana, var. drymifoLia) with rough and
warty fruit and membranous skin, the leaves when crushed
dissipating an anise-like odour. There is great variation in
size and shape of the fruit (Standley, Popenoe). In Surinam
two forms are cultivated: one with pink and one with whitish
pulp, the skin of the fruit being reddish or green (Sack). It is
commonly used as a table fruit and eaten raw; it is so rich
and mild that most people make use of some spice or pungent
substance to give it a poignancy and for this purpose some
make use of wine, of sugar or of lime-juice, but most people
add pepper and salt and the berry is eaten as a salad (Browne);
in the Dutch East Indies usually brandy or coffee is added;
it is used further in soups or spread on bread. The seed is used
for marking linen: one method being to hold the cloth over
the fresh stone and pricking through into the seed with a
needle, the milky juice becomes dark-red and is practically
indelible. A large number of therapeutic uses are reported.
The pulp is credited with hastening the suppuration of wounds
and is reputed to have aphrodisiac and emmenagogue properties
(Duss, Standley). The seed contains an astringent milky juice
reputed against diarrhoea and dysentery (Bocq.-Limousin).

Ground and mixed with cheese, meal, etc. the seeds are used
to poison rats and mice (Standley). An ointment of the pulverized
seeds is sometimes employed as a rubefacient and a decoction
of them or a piece of the seed, put in the cavity of a tooth is
believed to cure tooth-ache (Standley). According to Sahagun
the powdered seeds are employed as a remedy for dandrulf;
they should have a soothing influence in case of intercostal
neuralgia (Hartwich). The seeds are also used for manufacturing
various trinkets (Standley). The rind is used to expel intestinal
parasites (Standley, Peckholt). Hernandez states that by pressure
oil was obtained from the seeds and used in curing eruptions
of the skin. According to Britton the valuable oil contained
in the seeds is used for burning and for making soap. The leaves
and bark are employed in domestic medicine because of the
pectoral, stomachic; emmenagogue, resolutive, antiperiodic,
antihysteric, antidysenteric, anthelmintic properties ascribed to
them. These properties are probably due to the presence of
a large quantity of tannin (Duss, Standley). On the West
Indian Islands the leaves are used as pectoral, balsamic and
carminative (Bocq.-Limousin). According to Bisschop Grevelink
the buds are employed in the Dutch East Indies against con-
tusions and against syphilis. A decoction of flower and leaf
buds is used as aperitive. An infusion of leaves and seeds is
administered for diarrhoea and chronic catarrh. For building
purposes the wood has little or no value.

Cinnamon bark has generally the properties of the spices,
being aromatic, carminative and stimulant. It is also somewhat
astringent. It is rarely prescribed alone but chiefly as an
addition to other medicines to improve their flavour or to
check their griping qualities. As a cordial, stimulant and tonic
it is indicated in all cases characterised by feebleness and atony.
As astringent it is employed in diarrhoea, usually in combination

with chalk, the vegetable infusions or opium. As a cordial and
stimulant it is exhibited in the latter stages of low fever. In
flatulent colic, flatulence, in spasmodic affections of the bowels
and gastric irritation it often proves a very efficient carminative
and antispasmodic. It checks nausea and vomiting. It has also
been used in uterine haemorrhage as a stimulant of the uterine
muscular fibre and in tedious labour depending upon insufficiency
of uterine contractions. The oil of cinnamon possesses the
cordial and carminative properties of the bark without its
astringency and is a good deal used as an adjunct to other
medicines and also as a powerful local stimulant in paralysis
of the tongue, cramp of the stomach, toreleave headache etc.
An oil of clove-like odour and taste is also destilled from the
leaves of the plant in Ceylon and occasionally exported as
,,clove oilquot;; it resembles in medicinal properties and uses closelj'
the oil of cloves. A substance called cinnamon suet is also
expressed in Ceylon from the ripe fruit (Lindley). From the
root is extracted a yellow oil which has a strongly camphoraceous
flavour (Watt).

Furnishes one of the best and mostly widely distributed
timber woods of Guiana. The wood is rather light, rather soft,
coarse and somewhat splintery but does not burst as a rule,
yellowish-brown, useful for indoor constructions, furniture and
light cabinet work. It is said not to be attacked by worm
(Pfeiffer, Sack, Stone and Freeman). This species furnishes
the so called: ,,suikerkisten-houtquot; (sugarbox wood) according
to v. d. Speck Obreen.

Dr. Rodie prepared from the Bibiru (Bebeeru) bark a solution
of the sulphate of its alkali, which he has administered with
success in intermittent fevers. Maclagan succeeded in procuring
two vegetable alcaline bodies: bibirine and sipirine (according

to other investigators identical v^^ith the already known buxine;
see Wiessner, Rohst. p. 38). Bebeeru, though not so effective
as quinine, is used as a substantive for it as antiperiodical,
but it never causes nausea, head-ache or other unpleasant
effects, which so frequently follow the use of quinine (Bentl.
and Trimen). According to Merrill it is used in various uterine
diseases as dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, also
useful in affections of the kidneys and bladder and in blenorrhoeal
discharges (Bentl. and Trimen). Bocquillon states that it may
be used in case of periodical neuralgia. Externally it is employed
against inflammation of the eyes (Dragendorff). There is 64 %
starch in the fruit and the aborigines use it in times of scarcity
as a substitute for bread. The seeds are grated for that purpose
and immersed in water, when a white starch precipitates itself
which is repeatedly washed to deprive it of its bitterness. It
is afterwards mixed with decayed wood, chiefly that of Eperua
Jalcata Aubl. and baked into cakes. The Indians are sometimes
obliged to live on it for months (Schomburgk, Martius). The
hard, heavy, coarse-grained wood of a more or less pronounced
green or greenish-brown colour with prominent light-green pores
(Stone and Freeman) is much esteemed for luxurious furniture,
constructions of ships and docks, especially for keelsons, beams,
engine bearers, planking, dock and lock gates, piers and piling
(Record), but in Europe only it proved to be resistent against
the attack of marine borers; for Central and South America
this reputation is wholy lost: constructions for which it has
been used in Panama, San Francisco and Surinam were
destructed within a year by a species of Teredo (Pfeiffer).
The wood tends to check and splitter in drying and requires
great care in seasoning and in working (Record). An excellent
charcoal is made of it (Wiessner).

When the tree is cut down or when an incision is made in
the stem, several litres of a terpentine-like fluid run out of the
wound; it is used by the Alukuja Indians for burning (Snijders).

The leaves are used as a cataplasm in order to obtain the
suppuration of tumours and bubos (Aublet). The plant furnishes
a resin (Dragendorff).

The yellow, peppery wood is common in carpenter shops
and used for tables, shelving and all kinds of joinery (Record).

The yellowish-brown, hard wood, easily to work on, is
employed for indoor work and furnishes a durable timber for
ship-building and constructions in water (Stone). It needs
brass nails, as iron is rapidly attacked (Lauessan).

Furnishes a very light and durable timber used for building
purposes (Miquel, Krukoff).

In 1876 the Frenchman Samain succeeded in destilling out
of the wood an oil: „Huile de linalois ou huile d'aloesquot;, after-
wards called: ,,Essence de bois de rosequot;. A narrowly related
product: „Linaloe mexiquequot; is provided by: Burdera DeLpechiana
Poiss. and B. ALoexyLon Engl. The oil contains 90 % of linalol.
The wood was shipped chiefly to France for the extraction
of the oil, but owing to the loss of essence in transportation, it

was found best to manufacture it in Cayenne itself. The oil is
used in the perfumery industry. At the beginning of 1918 this
Aniba species, named in French Guiana: ,,Bois de rose femellequot;
was found by Snijders on the Gonini river. (See: Pulle in Rec.
Tr. Bot. Néerl. 22, igiS). Afterwards it has been found
elsewhere too, though it seems to be very rare in Surinam.
Another species, so closely related, that the collectors could
only distinguish it by the terpentine smell of the wood, is called:
quot;Bois de rose malequot;.

The bark, with the taste and smell of cinnamon, though
fainter is sold on the smaller markets in the Amazonian inland;
it is used in the shape of powder for perfuming linen and
sometimes for making a stimulating tea (Ducke).

Furnishes a very hard, heavy, dark-brown wood with a
faint cinnamon smell. It is durable, but very brittle and difficult
to work (Pfeiffer). A decoction of the wood is said to be
anti-rheumatic (Correa).

According to Aublet this plant should furnish the: ,,Bois
de rose de Cayennequot;. It has been proved now that the real
rose wood is furnished by Aniba roaaeodora. Several AcrodicLidium
species have a more or less pungent rose smell. As producers
of rose wood plants belonging to various families are mentioned
e.g. Protium aLtiséimum March, Amyrid and Fagara species, etc.

Furnishes one of the most useful and durable timbers of
Brazil and Guiana; the wood is yellowish-green, very sound
and strong and especially suited for ship-building (Ducke).
The fruit is edible, but it has a strong resinous flavour; from
the pulp a wine is made (Spruce). The bark is astringent
(Dragendorff).

The aborigines use the stems rubbed with chalk to pitch
their vessels (Rumphius). The crushed stems are employed to
expel intestinal parasites (Hasskarl) and a watery decoction
is said to be a remedy against the coming out of hair (Greshoff).
Pulverized and mixed with nutmeg it is said to cure diseases
of the abdomen and stomach; the powder mixçd with ginger
and butter is used as an ointment on tumours. In Southern
India the Brahmans use the plant for giving skimmed milk a
more agreeable flavour (Greshoff). The powder or viscous juice
of the stems is used against vermin (Dragendorff), mixed with
sesam oil it preserves the hair, mixed with sugar it is a remedy
against sore eyes and head-ache (Rheede). In China it is used
as depurative and antivenereal (Bâillon, Bot. méd.).

The wood is used for canoe-building and indoor work; it
is very light and porous, and when dried it can be used as
tinder (Lamarck). In the Dutch East Indies swimmers for
fishing nets are made of it (Greshoff). The bark should cure
inflamed wounds (Dragendorff). An alcoholic extract of the
pink sap wood is employed as aphrodisiac; a decoction of the
bark should cure wounds, caused by poisoned arrow points
(Hartwich). The fruit yields an oil for burning in lamps; in
the Dutch East Indies the aborigines make a sort of candle

sticks of it. The oil, extracted out of the stamped and boiled
seeds should be narcotic (Hasskarl). On the isle of Réunion
a liqueur is made of the fragrant cupule of the fruit (Greshoff);
on the Antilles it is used as a drastic. The belief that the plant
should have depilating properties is due to the fact that
Rumphius' Arbor regu was for a long time taken for Hernandia,
it is however a plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae. The boiled
fruit is used against chronical diarrhoea; it is a strong purgative.
An ointment made of the fruits is employed against scrofulous
affections (Descourtilz).

H. E. Bâillon, Histoire des Plantes II (1870); id., Traité de
Botan. médic. (i883).

W. G. Freeman and R. O. Williams, Useful and ornament,
plants of Trinidad and Tobago (1928).

M. Greshoff, Nuttige Indische planten 3 (1896).
C. Hartwich, Die neuen Arzneidrogen (1897).
K. Heyne, Nuttige planten van Nederl. Indië (1926).
J. P. Pfeiffer, Houtsoorten van Suriname I (1926).
W. Popenoe in Contrib. U. S. A. Nat. Herbarium 24, 5
{1924).

S. Record, Timbers of Tropical America (1924).
Rich. Schomburgk, Reisen in Brit. Guiana II and III
(1848). _

(1922); id. in Field. Mus. III (1903).
H. Stone and W. G. Freeman, Timbers of Brit. Guiana
(1914).

G. Watt, Diction, of the Economic Products of India (1889—^93).
J. W^iessner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs (1927—28).

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MALPIGHIACEAE, LAURACEAE
AND HERNANDIACEAE KNOWN FROM SURINAM,

Lianes, shrubs or trees. Young parts covered with i-celled,
mostly brachiate, bifurcate, or compass-needle-shaped hairs.
Leaves opposite, (rarely aUernate) mostly entire, usually
petioled, often with glands on margin and beneath, usually
pinnately nerved. Petioles often with glands. Stipules usually
small or wanting, rarely large, either interpetiolar, attached
to the petiole or to the branch, or intrapetiolar, mostly free.
Inflorescences racemose, terminal or axdlary, simple or com-
pound, consisting of racemes, corymbs or umbels, rarely reduced
to a single flower. Pedicels articulate, provided with 2 bracteoles,
at the base with 1 bract or rarely a leaflet. Flowers herma-
phrodite, rarely diclinous (not in Surinam species), zygomor-
phous, heterochlamydeous, rarely apetalous (not in Surinam
species). Receptacle convex, flat or depressed. Sepals 5, free
or rarely united at the base, with quincuncial aestivation,
rarely valvate, beset with usually 5 —10 glands, or glandless
(in nearly all species there are glandless and glandbearing
varieties). Petals 5, alternating with the sepals, with cochlear
aestivation, mostly manifestly clawed, usually unequal, often
concave, rarely entire, margin often glandular. Androecium
obdiplostemonous, (the 5 stamens opposite the petals often
shorter than the ahernating ones) either actinomorphous or
zygomorphous, often some stamens sterile or abortive. Filaments
usually united at the base or higher up, rarely distinct. Anthers
narrow or broad, the connectives often large. Carpels 3,

rarely 2 or 4, partly or entirely united, epigynous, each with 1
pendulous, campylotropous or hemi-anatropous ovule. Styles 3,
mostly free, rarely united, bearing at the top the acute, obtuse,
capitellate or dilated stigma. Fruit a schizocarp, the mericarps
with wings or hairs (not in Surinam species), ventrally or
dorsally dehiscent capsules, 1—'S-pyrenous drupes, or 1-seeded
nuts. Seeds without endosperm. Embryo notorrhizal, rarely
straight, with mostly curved, circinnafe, involute or convolute
cotyledons. Plumula small.

Distribution: Nearly 800 species, 56 genera, mostly in
the tropics of the New and Old World.

A. J. Cavanilles, Diss. bot. Vlll (1780) and IX (1790).
K. S. Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen. et spec. pi. V (1821).
A. P. De Candolle, Prodr. I (1824), p. S77.
Adr. de Jussieu in de St. Hilaire, Flora Brasiliensis merid.
Ill (1832); id. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. (1840); id.
in Arch. Mus.Hist. nat. Paris III (1843).
F. A. G. Miquel, Stirpes Surinam, selectae in Nat. Verh.

Holl. Maatsch. Wetensch. Haarlem (i85o).
A. H. R. Grisebach in Martius, Flora Brasiliensis XII,

1 (i858); id. in Flora Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1859).
A. A. Pulle, An Enumeration of the Vascular Plants known

from Surinam (1906).
I. K. Small, in N.-Amer. Flora XXV, 2 (1910).
F. Niedenzu, Über die Fortentwickelung in der Familie der
Malpighiaceae, in Engler's Bot. lahrb. 5o, Suppl. (1914),
p. 162.

W Fawcett and A. B. Rendle, Flora of Jamaica IV (1920).
F. Niedenzu in Engler, das Pflanzenreich IV, 141 (1928).
A. J. G. H. Kostermans, Studies in South American Mal-
pighiaceae, Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae, especially of
Surinam, also in Med. Bot. Mus. en Herb. Utrecht n.
25 (1936).

1. a. Fruit winged (samara) attached to a high pyra-
midal, usually 3-sided receptacle............. 2

winglet and large distinct or united lateral wings. 5
h. The largest wing of the samaras is the dorsal one. 6

bracts and bracteoles ovate, elliptical or lan-
ceolate. Styles nearly straight (except: Hiraea).
Lateral wing large, the medio-dorsal one deve-
loped, intermedial emergences wanting, or con-
sisting only of wrinkles, crests, or small winglets. 4
h. Aestivation of sepals valvate; sepals and large
bracts and bracteoles oblanceolate or spathulate.
Styles ± sigmoid. Intermedial emergences verv
large, therefore fruit with 5 parallel, subequal
wings. Inflorescences consisting of 4-flowered
pseudo-umbels, in axillar panicles or corymbs.
Leaves beneath grey-velutinous, with 2 glands at
the base. Calyx pink, with 8 pairwise united
glands. Ovary densely hirsute with 3 styles. . .
........................... 3. Diplopterys.

b.nbsp;Lateral wing X-shaped, consisting of 4 parts . .
............................4. Tetrapteris.

c.nbsp;Lateral wing V-shaped, consisting of 2 parts. .
......................... 6. Dolichoptcrys.

Inflorescences consisting of racemes (rarely umbels)
forming panicles. Pedicels with small bracteoles
above or at the middle. Seeds with nearly equal

b. Stipules large, attached either to the base or
to the top of the petiole. Inflorescences con-
sisting of axillary or terminal umbels, either
solitary or in corymbs, shorter than the leaves.
Pedicels bibracteolate at the base. Seeds with
unequal cotyledons, the larger one plicate around
the strongly reduced interior one . . 2. Hiraea.

b. Flowers zygomorphous. Stamens opposite the
4 lateral sepals sterile, the others fertile or all
more or less fertile. Style-tops leaf- and clawlike,
with stigma at the inner angle. \Ving with thick
upper, thin lower margin................... 8

style compressed, often ending in a short claw.
Stigmas clavate or truncate, at the inner angle
of the top of the style. Dorsal wing of the
samara with thin upper (ventral) and thick
lower (dorsal) margin. (Wings of Heteropteris
reticulata entirely thickened) 6. Heteropteris»
h. Flowers zygomorphous. Top of the styles truncate
and mostly with orbicular, capifcellate stigmas.
Dorsal wing with thick upper and thin lower
margin.......................7. Banisteria.

b. Leaves palmately nerved. The 4 lateral stamens
sterile. Dorsal wing large.. 8. Stigmaphyllon.

branchlets. Bracts and bracteoles with glands.
Flowers pink. Filaments glabrous, at the base
united into a hirsute ring; anthers glabrous.
Ovary glabrous, 2-locular with 2 styles. Fruit
separating into 2 smooth cocci. 10. Spachca.
b. Axillary racemes or many-to 1-flowered corymbs.
Bracts and bracteoles glandless (except Bun-
chosia). Ovary 2-—^3-locular, with 2 or 3 styles.
Fruit a 3 — i-pyrenous drupe, or —^inuts .... 10
10. a. Styles obtuse. Drupe with 2 or 3 pj'renes.

Cotyledons nearly straight or shortly uncinate. 11
b. Styles subulate, nearly straight. Drupe with 1,
3-locular, 3-seeded pyrene, exocarp thin, fleshy,
endocarp bony or woody. Cotyledons sub-equal,
spirally involute or one enveloping the other
with the margins ........... i3. Byrsonima.

Bracteoles glandless. Calyx with 6—^lo glands,
the 6 posterior longer than the others. Ovary-
glabrous; styles free, with obtuse or slightly
dilated top with the-stigma at the inner angle.
Drupe with 3 pyrenes, longitudinally 3 —
crested, and transversally ribbed. 11. Malpighia.
b. 00-flowered, elongated, axillary racemes, larger
than the leaves. Bracteoles with large glands.
Ovary glabrous or sericeous. Styles free or
united, with oblique capitellate stigmas. Drupe
with 2 smooth pyrenes.......12. Bunchosia.

Climbing or partially erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, reticulate,
petiolate, membranous or coriaceous, varying from glabrous
to copiously pubescent. Stipules scanty, attached to the sides
of the base of the petiole, deciduous. Axillary or terminal,
simple or panicled racemes, sometimes umbels (not in Surinam
species). Pedicels rather long. Bracts and bracteoles ovate,
lanceolate or elliptical. Sepals broad, ovate, lanceolate or
elliptical, persistent; aestivation quincuncial, outside puberulous,
inside glabrous, provided with 8, rarely 10 glands. Petals
unguiculate, varying in colour, membranous, mostly glabrous,
ovate or obovate, with usually cordate base, often undulate;
the margin crenulate, erose or toothed, rarely one of them
fringed, the 5th petal rarely glandular. Stamens 10, all fertile;
androecium either actinomorphous, and then the stamens
opposite the petals shorter, or zygomorphous, and then the
2 stamens opposite the posterior-lateral petals, resp. opposite
the posterior styles, longer than the 8 others. Filaments subulate
or lanceolate, with short anthers. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-locular.
Styles 3, short, mostly straight, obtuse, glabrous. The 1—^3
samaras attached to a pyramidal, trigonous torus, at last
becoming more or less free, with large, lateral, entire, or at
the top incised wing, or divided into 2 lateral wings; dorsal

crest or winglet often, and intermedial appendages or winglets
now and then present. Cotyledons mostly moré or less equal,
notorrhizal, leaflike.

h. Petals in adult flowers sericeous outside; margin
glandular-toothed or lacerate-ciliate. Samara-wing
incised as far as the nut..................... 3

than the alternating ones. Styles short, nearly
straight, equal; top of the styles compressed, acute.

h. Of the epipetalous stamens those opposite the
posterior styles larger and thicker than the others.
The 2 posterior styles thickest, curved at right
angles at base; the anterior style shorter, nearly
straight. Tops of the styles compressed, distinctly
uncinate. Panicles large, decompound, leaf-bearing,

the styles triangular, truncate, stigma covering
the whole top. Corymbs few-flowered, forming
terminal or sub-terminal ample, 3 X compound

h. Petals densely sericeous outside. Top of the
styles compressed; stigma at the inner angle. Simple
or panicled racemes ......................... 4

surface with 1—4 abortive glands along the
margin. Sepals with revolute, glandless tops. Petals
with lacerate-ciliate, involute margins. The epipe-
talous stamens slightly longer than the alternating

b. Margin of the bracteoles with 7 —15 long-stipitate,
capitellate-clavate glands. Sepals erect, upper part
of the margin with 5 — g stipitate glands. Petals
flat with sub-glandular teeth. The 3 stamens
opposite the styles with curved filaments and with
much thicker anthers than the others. Styles curved,
the 2 posterior ones thicker and more curved

a. Mascagnia sepium (Juss.) Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 96; id. in Vid. Medd. Kiob. (1876), p. 147;
Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb. Ill (1908), p. 6;
id. in Engl., Pfl. reich. IV, 141 (1928), p. 94;^ — Hiraea
lt;sepium Juss. in St. Hil., Fl. Bras. mer. Ill (i832), p. 16,
t. i65; id. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843), p. 552; Griseb.
in Linnaea XIII (1839), p. 243.

Liane or shrub, dependent on the surrounding vegetation.
Young parts covered with rufous, yellowish or whitish, sericeous
or velutinous hairs; compass-needle-shaped with straight bran-
ches, or forked with erect branches; feet always very short
(in Surinam specimen forked hairs with conspicuous feet).
Branchlets compressed, slender, velutinous; branches cylindrical,
mostly glabrous, brownish or greyish, 5 — 5 mm in diam, beset
with many small lenticels; internodes ——20) cm long.
Leaves opposite (sometimes pseudo-alternate) membranous,
chartaceous or coriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, with rounded
or subcordate base, revolute margin and acuminate top, very
varying in size. Young leaves sericeous or velutinous; adult
ones either glabrescent or with persistent hairs; above smooth,
beneath often with several impressed glands; midrib strongly
prominent (in subspec. bierosa), primary nerves (4—on each
side) prominent, arcuate, not attaining the margin, the secondary
ones laxly reticulate. Petioles mostly sericeous, 4-—^25 mm long,
canaliculate. Stipules small, deciduous. Small, manj^flowered,
axillary corymbs, at the top of a velutinous peduncle. Pedicels
very slender, ascending, velutinous, up to 20 mm long, bracteate

at the base, jointed below the middle and somewhat below
the articulation bibracteolate. Bracts and bracteoles mostly
subulate or lanceolate (rarely ovate), hirsute, 2—resp.
% — mm long, one of the bracteoles often with a small
gland. Flowers —cm in diameter. Sepals ovate, erect,
outside sericeous, inside glabrous, 3 — 4 mm long, beset with
8 large, ellipsoid or obovoid, 2 — 5 mm long, contiguous glands,
with mostly free and recurved tops. Petals subequal, mem-
branous, glabrous, patent. Limb elliptical or obovate, hollow,
3—5 mm long, base subcordate or hastate, margin toothed, top
galeate, dorsally carinate; claws straight, 1—2 mm long.
Stamens exserted, the episepalous ones somewhat longer; the
2 stamens opposite the posterior styles exceeding the others;
filaments glabrous. Anthers elliptical, cells straight, parallel
with a thick connective. Ovary 3-lobed, villose, dorsally crested;
styles 3, attached to the ventral side of the carpids, glabrous,
straight or slightly diverging, 2 mm long, top compressed or
obtuse, stigma at the inner angle. Samaras puberulous; nut
sub-globose, hardly % cm high, top acuminate; lateral wing
orbicular or ovate, yellow-green, at the top slightly protruding
beyond the nut and slightly sinuate-emarginate, 2—cm in
diam., very thin; margin undulate; dorsal crest semi-lanceolate,
-ovate, or -cordate, 8 —15 mm long, 1—^2 mm high, not
attaining the apical sinus. Ventral areole ovate-acute, 2—^3 mm
'ong, embryo with short radicle and fleshy cotyledons.

Sub-species acuminata Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc.
liraunsb. Ill (1908); id. in Engl., Pfl. reich. IV (1928),
P- 96.

Leaves rather long-acuminate, acumen up to ^/lo ^^ the
length of the leaf; mostly with long petiole (not in var.
•^alzmanniana).

Branchlets and branches soon glabrescent. Leaves large,
soon glabrous, chartaceous, ovate; base oblique-cordate, often
with 2 glands; margin strongly revolute; top short-acuminate.
Lower surface with strongly prominent midrib, few, arcuate
primary nerves, and laxly reticulate, hardly prominent other
veins; the veins at the base of the leaf slightly puberulous.
Petioles puberulous, i cm long. Stipules subulate, hardly
2 mm long.

Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 68i, fr. July); Locality
unknown: Menge, ex reliq. Wullschlagel s. n. [B. |.

Branchlets and leaves with persistent velutinous hairs.
Leaves small, 3—g cm long, membranous. Petioles long,
sericeous or velutinous. Stipules very small, setaceous, caducous.
Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate or setaceous. Flowers 1 cm
in diam.; anthers globose.

Subspecies bierosa (Moric.) Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 96; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928),
p. g6; — Hiraea bieroM Moric. ex Juss. in Ann. sc.
nat. Bot. XIII (1840), p. 260.

Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, ovate; base cordate;
top obtuse or emarginate, or shortly and broadly acute or
acuminate.

var. aequatorialis Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. 1. c., p. 7;
id. in Engl., 1. c., p. 96.

Leaves chartaceous-coriaceous; above glabrous, beneath
hispid, up to i3 cm long, and 71/2 cm wide.

2. Mascagnia ovatifolia (Kunth) Griseb. in Fl. Brit.
W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 121; Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc.
Braunsb. Ill (1908), p. i3; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 101, f. i5A; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2
(1910), p. 120; ■— H'lraea ovatifolia Kunth in Nov. gen.
et spec. V (1821), p. i3i; luss. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill
(1843), p. 552; — Hiraea divaricata Kunth I.e., p. i3i;
Juss. 1. c., p. 55i; .— Hiraea oblongifolia D.C., Prodr. I
(1824), p. 585; luss. 1. c., p. 55o; — Hiraea elegans luss.
1. c., p. 549: ■— Hiraea Jiissieuana Miq. in Linnaea XIX
(1847), p. 142; •— Alascagnia elegans Griseb. in FL Bras.
XII, 1 (i858), p. i5, t. 19; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 466.

Shrub or liane dependent on the surrounding vegetation.
Young branchlets grey-velutinous, thin, cylindrical; branches
glabrous, brownish, striate, up to Yi cm in diam.; internodes
up to 12^/2 cm long. Leaves opposite, membranous-chartaceous,
ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, up to 12% cm long,
7V2 cm wide, with obtuse or acuminate base, and rather long
and abruptly acuminate top, mostly glandless; margin flat.
Young leaves sericeous, glabrescent, except the veins beneath;
beneath midrib and primary nerves (4^—^5 on each side)
prominent, the secondary nerves reticulate. Petioles slender,
cylindrical, often curved, beneath canaliculate, sericeous, velu-
tinous or glabrescent, up to 2 cm long, mostly glandless. Stipules
minute (^—% mm), triangular or subulate, puberulous. Leaves
of the inflorescence gradually diminishing to 1cm long
(petioles included) bracts. Grey-pubescent, up to 40-flowered
racemes, up to 10 cm long (peduncle included), in lax, ample,
terminal, leafy, decompound panicles. Pedicels grey-pubescent,
1—1^4 cm long, cylindrical, nearly erect, 2—3 mm above the
base articulated, and bibracteolate somewhat below the joint.
Bracts and bracteoles triangular-subulate or linear, small
(1—resp. Vi,—mm long), glandless, top acute. Flowers
cm in diam. Sepals elliptical or oblong, 2—3 mm long,
outside sericeous, with 8, thick, oblong 2—^2% mm long glands.

with recurved and often free tops. Petals pink or lilac, patent,
glabrous, semi-orbicular or broadly ovate; margin toothed or
wavy; base cuneate or cordate; —mm long; claw straight,
3 mm long. Stamens long-exserted, glabrous, the stamens
opposite the posterior styles slightly thicker and longer than
the others; anthers elliptical, %—mm long; cells pilose,
recurved at the base. Ovary subglobose-ovoid, white-hirsute,
each carpid with 3 dorsal crests; styles 3, glabrous, trigonous,
2 mm long, the posterior thicker, at the base curved at right
angles, the anterior style nearly straight, slightly shorter; top
of the styles acute or slightly uncinate, with stigma at the
inner angle. Samaras pink, with few long hairs ; nut reticulately
veined, up to 5 mm high; ventral areole obpiriform, 5—4 mm
long; wing sub-orbicular, symmetrical, entire or undulate, glabrous,
membranous, with strong radial veins, 1 %—^3 cm in diam.,
at the top 3 mm incised; dorsal crest keel-like, —6 mm long,
2'—mm wide, reaching as far as the apical wing-sinus.

Paramaribo (Hering 32 [L.J, type of Hiraea JuMLeuana
Miq.; Wullschlagel n. 920 [G.]; Went n. 226, fl. Aug.;
Splitgerber n. 768 [L.]; v. Hafl s. n. ; Weigelt s. n. [D.]);
Way to Charlesburg (B.W. n. 604, fl. and fr. Apr.);
Tourtonne-laan (Kegel n. 829, fl. March [G.]); locality
unknown: Focke n. 3i7, n. iio3, and s. n.

var. oblongifolia (Bertero) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc.
Braunsb. Ill (1908), p. i3; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 102; — Madcagnia obLongifoLia Bertero ex D.C.,
Prodr. I (1825), p. 585; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill
(1843), p. 55o.

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, up to 12 cm long, 5 cm wide ;
top of the style acute or shortly uncinate; wing ovate, up to
2 cm long, 1,6 cm wide.

Localité' and collect, unknown: Herb. Reichenbach s. n.,
named Hiraea floribunda [D.].

3. Mascagnia anisopetala (Juss.) Griseb. in Fl. Bras.
XII, 1 (i858), p. 95; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 466; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV, 141 (1928), p. 106;
t. i5N, O; Kostermans 1. c. p. 4; — Hiraea anitiopetala
Juss. in St. Hil., Fl. Bras. mer. Ill (i832), p. i3; id. in
Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843), p. 554; Miq. in Linnaea
XVIII (1844), p. 67; — Afadcagnia macrodUca (Tr. et
Planch.) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb. (1908),
p. 16; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. io5; ■— Hiraea
macrodidca Tr. et Planch, in Ann. sc. nat. 4e ser. Bot.
XVIII (1862), p. 326.

Shrubby liane, grey-tomentose; arms of the hairs curved,
1 mm long, feet 0,2 mm long. Branches cylindrical, 4—5 mm
in diam.; branchlets compressed; internodes 1 %—5( —17) cm
long. Leaves opposite, membranous-chartaceous, ovate, obovate,
elliptical or oblong ,5 — io(—^17) cm long, 2—5(^—^9) cm wide;
base acute or obtuse; top acuminate, mucronate or obtuse;
margin flattish. Adult leaves above glabrous, smooth, shining,
beneath densely sericeous-tomentose (rarely nearly glabrous)
with prominent midrib and primary nerves (5—6 on each side);
the secondary ones reticulate, slightly prominent; base along
the margin often with 2—5 glands. Petioles thick, canaliculate,
Yz — 2 cm long, usually with disappearing glands. Stipules very
small or wanting. Densely sericeous, simple, —^2 0-flowered
racemes, or axillary and terminal, up to 10 cm long, raceme-
bearing panicles. Pedicels 3—7 mm long, densely sericeous,
bracteolate slightly above the middle, bracteate at the base.
Bracts and bracteoles ovate or lanceolate, outside sericeous,
top often slightly revolute; bracteoles along the basal margin
with o^—4 glands. Flowers —^1,2 cm in diam. Sepals lan-
ceolate with revolute top, outside densely sericeous, inside
glabrous, shining, 4—7 mm long, with 8 oblong-elliptical,

—3 mm long glands, halfway free and recurved. Petals
membranous, pale-reddish, strongly unequal, patent, except
the petal opposite the glandless sepal (Chodat, in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Geneve 9 (1917), p. 58), outside densely sericeous.

obovate-oblong, 2—3 mm long, the 5th one 5'—6 mm long,
with involute lacerate-ciliate margin, and thin (5th one dilated),
—^3 mm long claws. Stamens included, glabrous, those
opposite the sepals slightly longer than the others; filaments
subulate, short; anthers linear-oblong, with cordate or hastate
base. Ovary densely hirsute, 3-crested; styles equal, nearly
straight, glabrous, top compressed, stigmas at the inner angle.
Samaras sericeous-tomentose; nut subglobose, 5—6 mm in
diam.; ventral areole broadly ovate or orbicular, 4 mm in
diam.; wing sub-orbicular, 3—5(—8) cm in diam., with deep-
sinuate margin, at the top incised as far as the nut; dorsal
crest oblique-elliptical or ovate, sinuate, —2 cm high,
6—^10 mm wide.

Paramaribo (Splitg. n. 768 [L.], named Hiraea rojea
Splitg.); upper Saramacca R. near Jacob-Kondre (Pulle
n. Ill, fl. Dec.); upper Suriname R. near Goddo (Stahel
n. 35, fl., fr., Jan.).

4. Mascagnia multiglandulosa Ndz. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
2 ser. VII (1907), p. 284; id. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc.
Braunsb. Ill (1908), p. 17; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 107, f. i5P.

Olive-green, velutinous liane. Branches cylindrical, glabrescent,
brownish, slightly striate, up to 4 mm in diam.; branchlets
compressed, velutinous; internodes 2—^12 cm long. Leaves
opposite, chartaceous, ovate; base cordate; margin flattish;
top caudate-acuminate; up to 10 cm long, and 5 cm wide.
Young leaves densely velutinous; adult on both sides velutinous,
beneath midrib and primary nerves (6—9 on each side)

prominent, the few secondary ones reticulate and slightly
prominent. Petioles thick, cylindrical, velutinous, 3—^11 mm
long. Stipules very small. Leaves of the inflorescences gradually
diminishing to small bracts. Racemes 6—^12-flowered, 2—3 cm
long, axillary and terminal, usually in panicles. Pedicels straight,
thickish, velutinous, 6-—mm long, bibracteolate slightly
above the middle, bracteate at the base. Bracts ovate or
lanceolate, acute, outside velutinous, inside glabrous, 4—j mm
long. Bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acute, outside velutinous,
inside glabrous; margin with —long-stipitate (up to 1 mm)
capitellate-clavate glands. Flowers 1 cm in diam. Sepals
erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, outside velutinous, inside glabrous,
4—6 mm long, margin with 5—9, long-stipitate (up to 1 mm),
capitellate-clavate glands, at the base with 8 ellipsoid or
obovoid, —^2 mm long glands. Petals yellow, membranous,
outside sericeous; limb flat, ovate-orbicular or obovate; base
cordate; margin sub-glandular-toothed; 2—4 mm long; claw
thick, straight, 2 mm long. Stamens glabrous, the 2 stamens
opposite the posterior styles incurved, much longer and thicker
than the others, 4 mm long; the stamen opposite the anterior
style as long, but thinner; the stamen opposite the 5th petal
2 mm long, sigmoid between the posterior styles. Anthers
glabrous, cells slightly protruding beyond the base of the flat,
thick, glandular connective; filaments glabrous, united at the
base. Ovary long-hirsute, 3-lobed, 3-locular; styles 3, glabrous,
compressed; the posterior ones curved, the anterior one nearly
straight, 3—4 mm long, top compressed, with acute or slightly
Uncinate dorsal side; stigmas at the inner angle. Samaras
unknown.

Branchlets cylindrical, covered with dense lanuginose hairs.
Leaves oblong or elliptical, with rounded or subcordate

beneath with persistent dense lanuginose hairs.nbsp;Inflorescences
and flowers with rusty lanuginose hairs.

5. Mascagnia leucanthele Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 96; Ndz. in Engl.-Prantl., Nat. Pfl. fam. Ill,
4 (1890), p. 55; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 108;
Pulle, in Rec. Tr. Bot. Néerl. IX (1912), p. 143; —
TetrapLeru leucanthele Griseb. in Schomb., Fauna u. Fl.
Guia. (1847), p. ioo3; — Tetrapteru calophylia Griseb.
in Linnaea XXII (1849), p. 23; — Jlaécagnia bracteoM
Griseb. p. p. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 97.

Liane with silvery or somewhat yellow, velutinous tomentum.
Branches cylindrical, glabrescent, brown or dark-violet, beset
with lenticels, up to 5 mm in diam.; branchlets compressed;
internodes 34 — 12 cm long. Leaves opposite, chartaceous,
obovate; base rounded; margin strongly revolute; top shortly
acuminate or apiculate. Young leaves densely velutinous, the
adult ones subglabrescent, smooth, shining above; beneath
densely velutinous, with prominent midrib and primary nerves
(4'—^5 on each side), secondary nerves hardly prominent. Petioles
velutinous, above canaliculate, up to 1 % cm long. Stipules
setaceous, nearly invisible. Leaves of the inflorescences gradually
diminishing to hardly (included the 2—mm long petiole)
6 mm long bracts. Corymbs 4—6-flowered, forming terminal
or subterminal, ample, compound, lax panicles. Pedicels
ascendent, slender, 6 mm long, jointed below the middle.
Bracts obovate, obtuse, concave, outside densely sericeous,
3 mm long, petioles 1 —3 mm long; bracteoles same shape,
1—134 mm long, petioles 1 mm long. Flowers 1 cm in diam.
Sepals lanceolate, outside sericeous, with strongly revolute
top, 4—5 mm long, with 10 obovoid, striate,nbsp;2 mm long

with revolute top, obovate, in bud puberulous at base,
glabrescent; 3-—4 mm long, the 5th one larger; margin slightly
toothed; claw broad, erect, 1—2 mm long. Stamens nearly
equal, included; anthers resupinate, cordate-ovoid, 1—1,3 mm
long; filaments short, glabrous, united at the base. Ovary
sericeous; styles 3, straight, trigonous, glabrous; stigmas
truncate, covering the whole top of the style. Samaras reddish,
the young ones sericeous, at last puberulous, attached to the
pyramidal torus, at last becoming free; nut subglobose, 6 mm
in diam.; ventral areole suborbicular, 4 mm in diam.; wing
suborbicular, entire, except for the angle of —'120° at the
top, up to 3% cm wide, nearly 3 cm high; margin sinuate,
incised as far as the nut; dorsal crest semi-cordate, with
sinuate margin, up to 134 cm high, and Yz cm wide.

Daalbergweg (B.W. n. 5453, fr. Nov.); Para district
near Republiek (Kuyper n. 46, fl. Oct.); forest of Zanderij I
(Samuels n. 264 [L.]); Patrick-savanna (Gonggryp s. n., fr.);
Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6692, fl. Nov.); locality unknown:
^Veigelt s. n., named Banu^leria nilida Weigelt [D.].

Trees or lianes. Leaves opposite, entire, petiolafe, mostly
coriaceous, usually somewhat pubescent, often copiously so,
glandless; not only the primary nerves, but also the secondary
ones parallel to each other. Petiole biglandular, rather short.
Stipules mostly large, mostly subulate, persistent, attached
to the base or to the top of the petiole, sometimes wanting.
Usually 4-flowered umbels, axillary or at the top of short
branchlets, or often 3-oo forming an axillary corymb. Pedicels
bibracteolate at the base; bracts and bracteoles ovate, lan-
ceolate or elliptical. Flower buds globose. Sepals 5, with
quincuncial aestivation, persistent, ovate, lanceolate or elliptical,
mostly with 8, rarely wnth 9—^10 glands; in the same species
often glandless. Petals 5, unguiculate; limb membranous or

fleshy, ovate to sub-orbicular, yellow or white; margin nearly
entire, toothed or shortly fimbriate, of the 5th one long and
glandular-fimbriate. Stamens 10, all fertile; filaments subulate
or filiform, united at the base; anthers sub-globose, oblong or
ovoid. Androecium and gynaecium either actinomorphous (not
in Surinam species), or zygomorphous, with curved stamens
and styles. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-locular, dorsally crested; styles
distinctly sigmoid, uncinate. The 3—samaras with large,
entire, or variously divided wing, dorsal winglet and inter-
medial crests, or the latter wanting; torus pyramidal; samaras
becoming free. Cotyledons strongly unequal, the exterior
enveloping the reduced interior one.

opposite the posterior styles much longer and thicker
than the others, strongly curved with decurrent
anthers; the filament opposite the 5th petal much
smaller than the others. Styles sericeous at the
base, the 2 posterior ones semi-circular, sigmoid,
longer and thinner than the slightly incurved
anterior one. Wings thickish-coriaceous, divided

b. Leaves benath glabrous or nearly so. Stamens
diminishing from the for-part to the back-part of
the flower. Styles sericeous or glabrous at the
base, nearly equal in length, the posterior ones
sigmoid. Wings membranous; dorsal crest toothed,
or only the midrib prominent ................. 2

Petals membranous, yellow. Anthers sub-globose
with short, thick, glanduliform, sub-globose con-
nectives. Dorsal crest of samara small, only the
midrib o,3 mm prominent .... 1. H. affinis Miq.
b. Leaves acuminate, glandless or glandular-toothed.
Petals fleshy, yellow or white. Anthers large

—1 mm), ellipsoid or obovoid. Samara with
a distinct dorsal crest........................ 3

3. a. Leaves coriaceous or coriaceous-chartaceous, gla-
brous, acuminate, base slightly cordate or cuneate,
margin revolute, glandular-toothed. Stipules attached
at Ys from the base of the petiole. Pedicels thick,
1 mm in diam. Stamens hardly diminishing from
the for-part to the back-part of the flower. Dorsal
crest of the samara cm high, or only the
midrib prominent. . . 2. H. Gaudichaudiana Juss.
h. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, except the midrib
beneath; obtusely acuminate, base usually obtuse
or rounded; margin flatfcish, glandless; midrib and
primary nerves beneath strongly prominent, reddish.
Stipules at, or nearly at the top of the petiole.
Petioles more slender, Y^.-—■! mm in diam. An-
droecium strongly zygomorphous. Dorsal crest of
the samara oblique-quadrangular, 2 mm long,
1—\Y2 mm high .... 3. H. fagifolia (D.C.) Juss.

1. Hiraea affinis Miq. in Linnaea XIX (1847), p. i33;
Ndz. in Verz. Vorl. Lyc. Hos. (1906), p. 8; id. in Engl.,
Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. i35, t. 18J; Pulle, Enum. PI.
Surin. (1906), p. 467.

Liane. Branchlets compressed, striate, at first sericeous.
Soon glabrescent; branches cylindrical, grey or brownish, with
many, very small lenticels, up to 7 mm in diam.; internodes
2 —10 cm long. Leaves coriaceous-chartaceous, obovate or
oblong-obovate or oblong, up to 2 3 cm long, and 11 cm wide;
base cordate; top obtusely acuminate, margin flat, glandless.
Young leaves sericeous; adult ones soon glabrescent, above
nearly smooth, shining, with impressed midrib and primary
nerves, beneath strongly prominent, the secondary ones nearly
parallel, 14■—'3 mm from each other, slightly prominent; veins
reticulate. Petioles thick, sericeous, 5—^11 mm long, with
subulate, hardly 1 mm long stipules at Yz from the base, top
with 2 inconspicuous, gland-like, disappearing dots. Umbels
mostly 4-flowered, forming axillary, ± contracted and corym-

biform panicles. Umbel-bearing peduncles 4—8 mm long,
sericeous, thick, bibracteate O'—i mm above their base. Lower
bracts subtriangular, acute, 2'—^2% mm long, upper ones ovate,
1 % mm long. Bracteoles semi-orbicular, 34 nim long, sericeous
outside. Pedicels sericeous, —2 mm long, bibracteolate at
the base. Flowers 1,7 cm in diam.; buds globose. Sepals
lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, —5 mm long, top reflexed,
outside sericeous, with 8—9 oblong, longitudinally canaliculate,
2—3 mm long glands. Petals membranous, yellow, concave,
suborbicular, 5—6 mm long, base sub-hastate, decurrent into
the claw; margin, especially of the 5th one, toothed or fringed;
claw rather slender, slightly reflexed, 3 mm long. The 3 anterior
stamens slightly curved, separated from the others, the 7 others
inclined to the for-part of the flower; filaments of the epipetalous
stamens shorter than the others, the filament opposite the
5th petal smallest. Filaments glabrous, united at the base.
Anthers sub-globose, with thick glanduliform sub-globose con-
nectives. Ovary ovoid, 1 mm long, densely hirsute, each carpid
with 2 dorsal appendages; styles 3, rather slender, long-
exserted, 3 mm long, the posterior ones sigmoid, as long as the
slightly curved anterior one; tops long-uncinate, stigmas at
the inner angle. Nut of samara sericeous, globose, 6 mm in
diam., fanlike nerved, ventral areole orbicular, 2 mm in diam.
The 2 wings membranous, glabrous, reniform, greenish-white,
up to 5 cm high and 3 cm wide, margin sinuate. Only the
midrib of the dorsal crest o,3 mm prominent.

Glandless form: Marowijne R., Djoeka-creek (B.W''.
n. 3685, fl. March.); Coppename R.. bank below Raleigh-
falls (Lanjouw n. 989, fr. Sept.).

(1843), p. 571; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 98;
Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 467; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl.
reich IV (1928), p. 137; —' Telrapter'u Gaudichaudiana Juss.
in St. Hil., Fl. Bras. mer. Ill (i832), p. 9.

Climbing shrub. Young parts rusty-sericeous. Branchlets
compressed, sericeous; branches glabrous, smooth or striate,
Yz cm in diam., wifh few lenticels; internodes 2—'lo cm long.
Leaves large, coriaceous or coriaceous-chartaceous, obovate
or oblanceolate, up to 28 cm long, 11 cm wide, with often
glandular-toothed, revolute margin; base slightly cordate or
cuneate, top shortly acuminate. Young leaves sericeous, soon
glabrescent, rarely midrib remaining sericeous beneath; adult
ones with rather smooth, shining upper surface with impressed
nerves, beneath midrib and primary nerves strongly prominent,
the secondary' less, nearly parallel, 1—mm from each
other. Petioles thick, often sericeous,nbsp;cm long with

4—7 mm long, intrapetiolar, setaceous, hirsute stipules at or
above the middle. Umbels 3—^6-flowered, forming axillary,
much contracted yellow-or grey-sericeous panicles. Peduncles
sericeous, thickish, o—cm long, consisting of 2 internodes.
Pedicels thick (1 mm in diam.), velutinous or tomentose,
1—234 cm long, bracteolate at the base. Bracts and bracteoles
ovate, —^3, resp. 1%—i mm long. Flowers i5—^23 mm in
diam.; buds globose. Sepals broadly ovate, outside sericeous,
3 mm long, with 8—^10 ellipsoid or obovoid glands; petals
fleshy, yellow or white, glabrous; limb concave, orbicular,
with cuneate, more or less rounded base; 6—7 mm long,
margin subentire or slightly fringed, the 5th petal glandular-
fimbriate, 5 mm long, fringes %—mm long. Claw thin,
reflexed at the base, 2—'3 mm long. Stamens hardly diminishing
from the for-part of the flower to the back-part; the 3 anterior
stamens curved and separated from the others; anthers obovoid,
—2% mm long, with thick, red, flat-convex connectives,
cells parallel. Filaments glabrous, 2^4 mm long, united at the

base. Ovary densely hirsute, dorsally with 2 appendages;
styles 3, exserted, the anterior one less sigmoid than the other
two ; tops uncinate, stigmas at the inner angle. Samaras
sparingly pubescent; nut globose, 1/2 cm in diam.; ventral areole
sub-orbicular, 2 mm in diam. Wings membranous, semi-orbicular
or elliptical-reniform,nbsp;4 cm high, 2 cm wide; margin

undulate or repand; dorsal crest deeply lacerate, hardly % cm
high and wide, or only midrib prominent.

Gland bearing form: Marowijne R. (Kappler s. n. |L.]);
Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 68, fr. Avig.); Brownsberg (B.W.
n. 6696, fr. Nov.); without locality: Kappler n. 64 [L.].

3. Hiraea fagifolia (D.C.) Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 258; id. in Arch. Mus. Par. III
(1843), p. 567, t. XIX; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 99; Ndz. in Verz. Vöries. Lyc. Hos. (1906),
p. 14; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 140, t. 18N;
Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 467; Small in N.-Amer.
Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 123; — Hiraea fagifolia (D.C.)
Juss., var. CandoUeana Ndz. in Verz. Vorl. I.e., p. 114;
id. in Engl., Pfl. reich 1. c., p. 141; — Baniéteria fagifolia
p.c.,'Prodr. I (1824), p. 590; — Hiraea Riedleyana Juss.
in Ann. sc. 1. c., p. 268; id. in Arch. Mus. 1. c., p. B6g;
Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1859), p. 121; Pulle,
Enum. 1. c., p. 467.

Climbing shrub; young parts sericeous. Branchlets com-
pressed, striate, grey-sericeous (hairs very short), wdth few,
very small lenticels; branches glabrous, reddish, up to % cm
in diam. ; internodes 1 —y cm long. Leaves chartaceous, mostly
obovate, up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide, usually acuminate
(with blunt tip) or rarely apiculate ; base mostly rounded or
more or less cordate; margin flattish, glandless. Young leaves
sericeous, soon glabrescent, the midrib on the lower surface
excepted; adult leaves above glabrous, rather smooth, the
midrib and primary nerves (9 — 14 on each side) impressed, the
secondary ones nearly parallel, 1 —2 mm separated from each

other; beneath midrib and primary nerves strongly prominent,
reddish, the secondary ones slightly prominent. Petioles stout,
grey-sericeous, —1 cm long, with 2 setaceous, 3—5 mm long,
stipules at or little below the top, and dorsally 2 glandular dots.
Umbels mostlj' 4-flowered, forming axillary, contracted, corym-
biform panicles. Umbel-bearing peduncles 5—7 mm long,
puberulous, on their turn attached to o — 2 mm long peduncles.
Pedicels slender, % — 1 mm in diam., grey-puberulous, 1.—cm
long. Bracts and bracteoles concave, ovate, outside puberulous,
^Vz—2, resp. 1—134 mm long. Flowers 1—cm in diam.;
buds globose. Sepals sub-orbicular, shortly acuminate, 2—4 cm
in diam., outside puberulous, glandless or with 8 ellipsoid,
—2 mm long glands, with free tops. Petals fleshy, yellow or
white; limb hollow, orbicular, glabrous, 4—7 mm long, with
cuneate, emarginate base, and toothed or fringed margin, the
5th one distinctly glandular-fringed; claws thin, 2—5 mm long.
Stamens exserted, the epipetalous ones smaller than the others:
the stamen opposite the 5th petal smallest; the 3 anterior ones
curved and separated from the others; those opposite the
posterior styles with much thicker and longer filaments than
the others, and with curved cells, long-protruding beyond the
connectives; filaments ± highly united, anthers large, elliptical
or obovate, 1^4—2 mm long, connectives thick, glanduliform,
ellipsoid. Ovar^' hirsute, 1 mm high, carpids 3-crested; styles 3,
exserted, sericeous at the base, 4% mm long, the posterior
ones distinctly sigmoid, curved at right angles, with uncinate
tops; the anterior one nearly straight, with long-uncinate top.
Stigmas at the inner angle. Samaras glabrous; nut globose,
puberulous, 4 mm high, ventral areole elliptical, 2 mm high;
the lateral wings sub-orbicular or reniform, membranous, with
semi-circular, sinuate exterior, and rather straight interior
margin, 2.—5 cm high, —^2^4 cm wide; dorsal crest oblique-
quadrangular, short, puberulous.

Gland bearing form: Paramaribo near Pl. Beekhuizen
(Wullschlagel n. 67 [B.] and s. n. [B.]); near Pl. Kwatta
(Kegel n. 804 [G.]); Para district (\\'^ullschlàgel n. 917
p. p. [G.]); locality unknown: Hostmann n. 291, 363a,
412 [L.], 494 p.p., s. n. [L.], Kappler n. 412 [L.].

Glandless form: Paramaribo (Splitgerber n. 242 [L.], type
of H. gayanetiMé Splitg. msc., fl. Nov.); Para district
(Splitgerber n. 468 [L.], H. guyanen/u Splitg. msc., fl. May);
localit^^ unknown: Hostmann n. 494 p.p.; W^eigelt s, n. [D.],
named Hiraea WeiqeLliana Rchb.

Leaves mostly elliptical or oblong; base rounded. Stipules
attached below the top of the petiole. Calyx with 8 glands.
Dorsal crest of the samara sub-triangular, hardly 2 mm high.

Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 170, fl. Aug.); Paramaribo (Focke
n. 325, fl. and fr. May, 493 [L.], 993 [L.]; Kegel n. 293 [G.1
fl. Aug. and 352 [G.]; Essed n. 3ob, fr. March; Coll. indig.
n. 32a, fl. Febr.); Paramaribo, near Kwattaweg (Focke
n. 784; 1104, type of ƒ/. mulliflora Miq.; Pulle n. 16,
fl. July; Kegel n. 804 p.p. [G.]); Slootwijk (Soeprata n. 23J,
fl. July); Hemas Boite (Soeprata n. 48A, fl. June); Wagen-
wegstraat (Soeprata n. 23A, fl. June); Poelepantje (Kegel
n. 737 [G.], fl. Febr.); Para district (Splitgerber n. 468a fL.],
fl. May), near PI. La Rencontre (Focke n. 784, fl. Apr.) ;
Saramacca R. (Focke n. 317 p.p.); localitv unknown:
Splitgerber n. 33 fL.] and s. n. [L.], n. 468 [L.], fl. Jan.,
468a [L.]; Focke n. 468 [L.], 1072, and s. n. [L.]; Hostmann
n. 363, 493 [L.], and s. n. [L.].

(1843), p. 572; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, i (i858), p. loo,
t. XX; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 122; Ndz.
in Verz. Vorl. Lyc. Hos. (1906), p. 16; id. in Engl., Pfl.
reich IV (1928), p. 143, t. iD, 19; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 467.

Liane or shrub. Young parts covered with golden-yellow
hairs. Branchlets sericeous, glabrescent; branches glabrous,
brown-violet, striate, with many very small lenticels, 3 mm in
diam.; internodes 1 —10 cm long. Leaves chartaceous, obovate
or oblong, 5—^10 cm long, 2%'—5 cm wide, with acuminate or
apiculate top, and narrowed, obtuse base. Young leaves
sericeous; adult ones glabrous above, smooth, with impressed
midrib and primary nerves, beneath golden-yellow or rarely
silvery sericeous, with strongly prominent midrib and primary
nerves, the secondary ones nearly parallel, %—2 mm from
each other, nearly invisible. Margin flat, often with very small
glandular dots. Petioles sericeous, 6—7% mm long, mostly
curved, with 2 glands and 2 stipules below the top. Stipules
linear, hirsute, 1 —4 mm long. Usually 4-flowered umbels,
forming a contracted, axillary, shortly puberulous corymbiform
panicle, much shorter than the leaves. Umbel-bearing peduncles
thin, 7 mm long. Pedicels slender, puberulous, 1—lY^ cm long,
bibracteolate at the base. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, obtuse,
outside sericeous, i-—'2% mm long. Flowers 1,7 cm in diam.;
buds globose. Sepals ovate, acute, 2 mm long, outside sericeous,
with 8 or 10 ellipsoid, 1 mm long glands with free tops. Petals
fleshy, glabrous, yellow; limb concave, orbicular, 6 mm in
diam., with cuneate base, toothed or shortly fimbriate margin
(fringes hardly Yz mm long); the 5th one distinctly glandular-
fimbriate; claw thin, curved. Stamens exserted; filaments
glabrous, rather highly united; epipetalous stamens smaller
than the others, the stamen opposite the 5th petal smallest;
those opposite the 2 posterior sepals longer and thicker,
strongly curved, with decurrent anthers; the 3 anterior stamens
slightly curved, separated from the other 7, which are curved

to the for-part of the flower. Anthers orbicular, 1/2 mm long,
with thick, globose connectives. Ovary ovoid, 1 mm high,
hirsute, carpids dorsally 3-crested; styles 3, sericeous at their
bases; the posterior ones semi-circular-sigmoid, longer and
thinner than the small, thick, simply curved anterior one.
Tops hammer-shaped, long-uncinate, with stigmas at the inner
angles. Samaras pubescent; the 2 lateral wings 1 cm long,
divided into 3 ovate, oblong or linear lobes; the lobes thick-
coriaceous, entire. Dorsal crest nearly entire, semi-oblong,
1—2 mm high, 5 mm long.

Glandless form: Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 8o3, fl. Aug.);
Cottica R. near Moengo (Lanjouw n. 423, fl. Aug.); upper
Commewijne R. (Hostmann n. 226, and n. 3i8 [L.]; Focke
n. 1225); upper Suriname R. (B.W. n. 5448, fl. June);
upper Coppename R. (Boon n. 10/5, fl. Aug.); Wajombo
(B W. n. 3146, fl. Nov.); Corantijne R., near Goud-creek
(B.W. n. 3577, fl. Oct.).

Gland bearing form: Marowijne R., Siparawyne-creek
(Kappler n. 2127 [L.]); Commewiine R. near PL Waiampibo
(Splitgerber n. 5ii [L.], named: H. dUcoLor Splitg. msc.,
fl. Jan.); Suriname R., Kabelstation (Lanjouw n. ii53, fl. Nov.);
Suriname R., Sara-creek, Abontjeman (CoU. ind. n. 3o2,
fl. May); upper Gran Rio (Stahel n. 222, fl. and fr. March);
upper quot;Gran Rio, Maupe-dam (Stahel n. 2o5, fl. Febr.);
Saramacca R. (Wullschlagel n. 55 [B.]); upper Saramacca
R. near Janbasigado (Pulle n. ig3, fl. Jan., n. 406, 436,
478, fl. March); locality unknown: Hostmann n. 1107 p.p.;
Tulleken n. ioy5 [L.].

Lianes or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, the
secondary nerves nearly parallel, veins areolate. Stipules large,
interpetiolar. Umbels 4-flowered in terminal or axillary panicles
or corymbs. Bracts and bracteoles oblanceolate or linear-
spathulate. Aestivation of the sepals valvafce; sepals oblanceolate
or spathulate, velutinous on both sides, with 8, pairwise united

glands. Petals orbicular, generally cochleate, toothed or fringed,
outside sericeous. Stamens 10, all fertile; the 3 posterior ones
much smaller than the others; the 2 opposite the posterior-
lateral petals with longer and thicker filaments and anthers
than the anterior ones. Ovary pilose, 3-lobed. Styles 3,
sigmoid, short, obtuse or uncinate. Samaras attached to a
pyramidal torus, at last becoming more or less free; each
with at least 5 longitudinal wings. Cotyledons flat, straight.

1. Diploptcrys rosea (Miq.) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst.
Lyc. Braunsb. IV (1912), p. 20; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 228; ■— Hiraea rosea Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o),
p. 84; — Juhelina rosea (Miq.) Ndz. in Pulle, Enum. PI.
Surin. (1906), p. 472.

Liane. Branchlets compressed, densely velutinous-tomentose
(hairs bifid); branches cylindrical, glabrescent; internodes
1—12 cm long. Leaves opposite, entire, membranous-charta-
ceous, obovate, up to 18 cm long and 10 cm wide; base
oblique, obtuse or rounded; top obtuse or very short-acuminate;
margin flat, with few, glandular dots. Young leaves densely
velutinous-tomentose, glandless; adult ones minutely punctulate
above, with few scabrous hairs and impressed midrib and
primary nerves; beneath with persistent hairs, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves (7 on each side) slightly prominent,
the secondary ones parallel, 5'—5 mm from each other, veins
areolate. Petioles velutinous, glandless, above canaliculate,
10 —18 mm long. Stipules thick, triangular, hirsute, 1 mm long.
Umbels 4-flowered, forming terminal or axillary, ample, densely
rusty-velutinous, up to 4 X compound panicles. All peduncles
compressed, canaliculate; 2—4 umbels on short, V2 cm long
peduncles. Pedicels with incurved top, abruptly thickened, seri-
ceous, up to 1 cm long, bibracteolate at the base. Bracts and
bracteoles petiolate, pink, velutinous, linear-oblanceolate, con-
cave, with thick top, acuminate or obtuse, —^i3, resp.

5—J mm long. Flowers 11/2 cm in diam.; anterior part enlarged.
Sepals pink, sericeous, spathulate-Hnear, thickened towards
the top, 5—6 mm long, already in bud inclined towards the
anterior part of the flower, with 8, pairwise connate, white-
greenish, broadly ovoid (broader than the sepals), 2 — Z mm long
glands. Petals pink, outside sericeous, orbicular; the 2 anterior
ones cochleate, nearly entire, 8 mm long, the others flat,

5—4nbsp;mm long. Stamens diminishing from the for- to the
back-part of the flower. The episepalous ones smaller and
thinner; the 3 posterior ones reduced; the 2 stamens opposite
the posterior-lateral petals with sigmoid, thick filaments and
thick anthers. Filaments glabrous, flat, united up to the middle.
Ovary ovoid, hirsute, 11/2 mm high. Styles 3, the posterior
ones sigmoid, thicker and slightly longer than the straight
anterior one. Young samaras densely sericeous, with thick
and long hairs (arms of the hairs 2 mm long), glabrescent. Nut
with a rather broad rostrum (1 mm) at the base; ventral areole
linear, 6—7 mm long; the 2 lateral cells empty, the other one
ovoid. Wings membranous-chartaceous, with deep-wavy margin,
the 2 lateral ones oblong- elliptical, 3—^3^2 cm wide, 4^—cm
high, bases confluent. Dorsal wing semi-orbicular, 3i/4 cm long,
hardly 2 cm wide; the 2 intermediate appendages one half
shorter than the dorsal wing, forming transverse, wavy winglets.

Upper Marowijne R. (Kappler ed. Hohenack. n. 1807,
fl. Aug., type of Hiraea rodea Miq.); Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg
n. 720, fl. Aug.).

Low, climbing or erect shrubs, mostly lianes. Leaves opposite,
entire, petioled, chartaceous or coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly
pubescent, reticulate, glandless. Stipules interpetiolar, attached
to the petiole or to the branch, inconspicuous, deciduous.
Corymbs or umbels in terminal panicles, rarely axillary, or

terminal, simpl racemes, corymbs or umbels. Bracts and
bracteoles ovate, lanceolate or elliptical, now and then leaf-like.
Sepals 5, broad, persistent, with quincuncial aestivation, with 8,
rarely lo glands, or glandless. Petals 5, unguiculate, usually
glabrous, yellow or reddish; limb concave, ovate, orbicular or
obovate, with acute, rounded or cordate base and revolute,
nearly entire or toothed margin (rarely the 5th one fimbriate).
Stamens lo, all fertile, actinomorphous, the episepalous ones
usually slightly longer. Filaments triangular or subulate, up to
Va — connate; anthers broad, glabrous or rarely hirsute.
Ovary consisting of more or less united carpids; each
carpid with crest. Styles 5, usually nearly equal and straight,
short, obtuse, stigmas mostly truncate. The i—3 samaras
attached to a pyramidal torus, at last more or less free. Wing
X-shaped, divided into 4, rarely 2 segments; the parts equal,
or the lower ones (rarely the upper ones) smaller. Various
dorsal and intermediate emergences. Seeds pear-shaped or
sub-globose. Cotyledons thick, nearly equal, replicate.

Distribution: Species about 60, from Argentina and Rio
Grande do Sul to Cuba and Mexico.

b. Leaves thick-chartaceous, densely-sericeous beneath
....................... 7. T. calophylia Juss.

or % nim longer than the anterior one. No
appendages between dorsal crest and wing of the

b. Styles nearly equal. Many intermediate appendages.
..:.... 6. T. discolor (G. F. W. Meyer) D.C.

leaving annular scars. Umbels mostly 4-flowered,
forming a panicle. Lower segments of the wing

b. Stipules petiolar, attached to the base of the
petiole. Racemes or corymbiform racemes. Seg-
ments of the wing nearly equal................ 5

limbriate margin. Filaments filiform, up to 4 mm
long. Carpids glabrous. \Ving of the samara
glabrous, membranous. Intermediate appendages

b. Sepals outside sericeous. Petals sericeous or
glabrous with entire or toothed margin. Filaments
broad, —^3 mm long. Carpids sericeous. Wing
coriaceous, nearly glabrous or sericeous. Inter-
mediate appendages many..................... 6

bracteoles 6—4, resp. 4—^3 mm long. Flowers
1%.— 2 cm in diam. Sepals erect. Dorsal crest

b.nbsp;Corj-mbiform racemes or panicles. Bracts and
bracteoles 3—resp. —-Yz mm long. Flowers
1 — xY^ cm in diam. Sepals strongly recurved.
Dorsal crest nearly entire. 4. T. acutifolia Cav.

c.nbsp;Axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts and
bracteoles 2 — Z, resp. 3'—mm long, one of the
latter with a gland. Flow^ers \Yi cm in diam.

1. Tetrapteris maranhamensis Juss. in Arch. Mus. Paris
III (1843), p. 537; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858),
p. 87, t. i5; Pulle in Rec. Tr. Bot. Néerl. IX (1912),
p. 144; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 179; —
Hiraea graciiu Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. VII
(1848), p. i35; Griseb. in Linnaea 22 (1849),p. 24.
Liane. Young parts white-sericeous, with long hairs, soon
glabrous. Branchlets compressed, very slender, nearly glabrous;
branches cylindrical, dark-violet, glabrous, ribbed, up to 3 mm
in diam., with many, small grey lenticels; internodes Yi—^ cm

long. Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong, or ovate-oblong,
up to 9 cm long, 3 cm wide; base rounded or subcordate;
margin flat; top very acute and long-acuminate. Young leaves
white-sericeous; adult ones above glabrous, shining, with
slightly prominent nerves, beneath dull, glabrous or with few
hairs, the rusty midrib and primary nerves {5-—on each side),
prominent, secondary ones densely reticulate; lower surface
with few glandular dots. Petioles glabrous, slender, canaliculate
above, lYz-—2 mm long. Stipules inconspicuous. Racemes
axillary, somewhat sericeous, many-flowered, up to lo cm
long; peduncle often with small, —^^ cm long, leaves.
Pedicels slender, glabrescent, erect-patent, thickened towards
the top, 8 —11 mm long, bibracteolate in the middle, bracteate
at the base. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, outside sericeous, 4—'6, resp. 3—4 mm long, base
often petioled. Flowers 11/2—2 cm in diam. Sepals triangular-
ovate, erect, outside densely sericeous, inside glabrous, except
at the base, 3—3^4 mm long, with 8 oblong, 2 mm long glands.
Petals yellow, membranous, unequal; limb nearly flat, obovate
or sub-orbicular, 5—9 mm long, outside sericeous, base slightly
sagittate-cordate, margin toothed or nearly entire, claws
straight, 1 — 2 mm long; 5th petal smaller. Stamens glabrous,
slightly exserted. The stamen opposite the glandless sepal very
short; those opposite the styles largest, with flat, sYz-—^3 mm
long, filaments, united at the base. Anthers erect, curved,
elliptical, Y2—mm long; cells nearly as long as the connectives.
Carpids slightly connate, densely sericeous, with 4 appendages.
Styles nearly straight, glabrous, slender, more or less equal,
5—334 mm long, attached at the base of the ventral side of
the carpids; tops compressed, uncinate. Samaras glabrescent.
Nut sericeous, cylindrical, obconical, radially ribbed, 2 mm
long. Sub-basal areole orbicular, 1 mm in diam. Segments of
the wing coriaceous, nearly equal, linear-oblong or linear-
oblanceolate, nearly entire, up to 8 mm long, 2Y2 mm wide.

Dorsal crest nearly semi-orbicular, lacerate; the many lobes
lanceolate, 2—3y2 mm wide. Many intermediate, aculeate-
lingulate 2—^3y2 mm long appendages.

2. Tetrapteris squarrosa Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 87, t. 16; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 181; Pulle in Rec. Tr. Bot. Neerl. IX (1912),
p. 144; •— BunchoMa dqaarrom Griseb. in Linnaea 22 (1849),
p. 11; .— Tetrapteris fimbripetata Griseb. in Linnaea I.e.,
p. 23; — Tetrapteris compticata Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o),
p. 82; Pulle, Enum. PL Surin. (1906X p. 468; — Tetrapteris
rhodopteron (Dliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2e ser. Bot.
(1887), p. 272.

Climbing shrub or liane. Young parts with very short,
sericeous hairs, very soon glabrous. Branchlets slightly puberulous,
compressed, dark-brown; branches cylindrical, grey, slender,
2% mm in diam.; internodes 2—6 cm long. Leaves coriaceous
or chartaceous, ovate or lanceolate, 11—15 cm long, 5% cm
wide; base mostly obtuse or rounded; margin flat or slightly
revolute; top acuminate, with generally obtuse acumen. Young
leaves sparingly pubescent; adult ones above glabrous, shining,
smooth, beneath with long-persistent sericeous hairs, only
midrib prominent, primary nerves (5—j on each side) hardly
prominent, veins obsolete. Stipules minute, %—mm long,
or wanting. Petioles glabrescent, slightly canaliculate above,
4—6 mm long. Racemes straight, axillary, peduncled, 10—26-
flowered, with long-persistent sericeous hairs, up to 10 cm long.
Pedicels 12 mm long, bracteolate at or below the middle,
bracteate at the base; the upper ones shorter. Bracts lanceolate-
ovate, fleshy, outside nearly glabrous, with prominent midrib,
2—^3 mm long, top often revolute or circinnate. Bracteoles
larger, elliptical, fleshy, nearly glabrous, concave, 3—5 mm
long, one of them with a large gland at the outside. Flowers
cm in diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, outside slightly

sericeous, —5 mm long, top acutish, slightly incurved, with
10 verj' thick, oblong, longitudinally furrowed, decurrent glands,
5—4 mm long, with recurved, free tops. Petals yellow, glabrous,
ovate or obovate, 4—6 mm long, base somewhat sagittate,
margin toothed; claw thick, 1—2 mm long. Stamens hardly
exserted, the episepalous ones hardly longer; filaments flat,
glabrous, rather highly connate, 2% mm long. Anthers linear-
lanceolate or elliptical, with cordate base, slightly puberulous,
1—mm long. Carpids slightly united, densely hirsute,
1 mm long, with many appendages. Styles nearly equal,
glabrous, thickish, slightly recurved towards the top, attached
to the basal, ventral side of the carpids; tops acutish or
hardly compressed. Samaras nearly glabrous; nut obconical,
radially ribbed, sericeous, 3 mm in diam.; sub-basal areole
orbicular, 1 mm in diam. Lateral wing distinctly 4-parted,
rigid-coriaceous, segments nearly equal, oblong or spathulate-
oblong, nearly entire, or top slightly retuse, glabrous, up to
12 mm long, and 3^4 mm wide. Dorsal crest nearly entire,
semi-orbicular, 2—3 mm high, up to 5 mm long, at the top
protruding 2 mm between the upper segments. The many
transversal, intermediate crests lingulate, parallel, 1 —3 mm long.

Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 224, fl. and fr. Aug.); savannah
near Bergendaal (Focke n. 1153, fl. Oct., type of T. compLicaLa
Miq.); savannah near Brownsberg (Lanjouw n. 1247, fl. Nov.);
Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6643, fl. Sept.); Para district (Wufl-
schlagel n. 917 p. p. [B.]; n. 827 p. p. [B.]; Kegel n. 317 [D.]);
upper Suriname R. (Wullschlagel n. 919 p. p. [B.]); Gros
Placer (coll. indig. n. i53, fl. and fr. Apr.); Coppename R.
near Raleigh falls (Lanjouw n. 736, fl. Sept.; n. 969, fl. Sept.);
upper Coppename R. (Boon n. 1223 and n. 1222, fr. Oct.;
n. 1144, fr. Sept.); upper Nickerie R., Blanche Marie falls
(Tulleken n. 342, fl. Sept.; n. 367 [L.], fl. Sept.).

3. Tetrapteris fimbripetala Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 263; id. in Arch. Mus. Paris III
(1843), p. 544; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 468;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 182.

Liane. Young parts sparingly appressed white-pruinose-
puberulous, soon glabrescent. Branchlets compressed, glabrous;
branches cylindrical, dark-purple, smooth, up to 2% mm in
diam. Internodes 2—5 cm long. Leaves coriaceous or chartaceous,
oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, up to 12 cm long, 5 cm wide;
base acute, rarely obtuse; margin revolute; fop acuminate.
Young leaves slightly pubescent; adult ones soon glabrous,
above smooth and shining, wdth impressed midrib, and slightly
prominent primary nerves, below with several, often more or
less obsolete, glands, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves
(8_io on each side) and the few^ laxly reticulate secondary
ones slightly prominent. Petioles usually glabrous, canaliculate
above, 6 — 15 mm long. Stipules minute or wanting. Racemes
axillary, nearly glabrous, lax, 4—8-flowered, 7^/2 cm long;
peduncles compressed, 21/2 cm long. Pedicels compressed,
puberulous, 11/2—2 cm long, jointed 5—8 mm above the base,
bibracteolate 2—3 mm below the joint. Bracts ovate or
triangular, acute, sericeous, 11/2 — 2 mm long. Bracteoles large,
leaf-like, sub-orbicular or ovate, with acute base and very
short petioles, 3—5 mm long, often biglandular at the base.
Flowers 2 — 21/4 cm in diam. Sepals erect, ovate, 31/2 mm long,
more or less glabrous, with 10 ellipsoid or oblong, 1I/2—2 mm
long glands. Petals yellow, glabrous, membranous, with many
veins, concave, orbicular, 7—9 mm long, base cuneate, margin
long-fimbriate (fringes 1 mm long), claws recurved, slender,
2—3 mm long. Stamens exserted, those opposite the posterior
stjdes longer and thicker than the others; the episepalous ones
hardly longer than the others. Filaments long, fdiform, glabrous,
slightly connate at the base, the 2 largest 4 mm long. Anthers
oblong, glabrous, 1 — 1 % mm long. Carpids slightly connate,
glabrous, 1 mm high, with many appendages. Styles nearly
equal (5 mm), attached to the base of the carpids, exserted,
glabrous, the posterior ones recurved at the base, the anterior
one nearly straight; tops obtuse. Samaras glabrous. Nut

glabrous, cylindrical, radially veined, 2—3 mm in diam.; the
sub-basal areole orbicular, somewhat concave, 1 mm in diam.
Segments of the wing nearly equal, membranous, glabrous, red,
oblique, linear-oblanceolate, with acute top and hardly confluent
bases, up to 2 cm long, 5-—mm wide. Dorsal crest trapezoid,
deep-sinuate, 5 mm high, 6 mm long, the dorsal top acute,
protruding 5 mm between the upper segments of the wing.
Intermediate crests wanting.

Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6817, fr. March); Maratakka R.nbsp;(B.W
n. 3507, fr. Sept.; n. 3466, fl. Nov.); without locality:
Hostmann n. 1262; n. 1227 [K.].

4. Tctraptcris acutifolia Cav., Diss. IX (1790), p. 433,
t. 261; D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 687; Juss. in Arch. Mus.
Paris III (1843), p. 534; Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844),
p. 56; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 467; Ndz. in
Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 189; — Tetrapterid Lancifolia
Juss. in Arch. Mus. 1. c., p. 536; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 82.

Liane. Young parts yellow- or grey-sericeous. Branchlets
compressed, very slender, glabrous or sericeous; branches cylin-
drical, smooth, dark-violet, nearly glabrous, up to 3 mm in
diam.; internodes j-—6( —10) cm long. Leaves chartaceous,
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, up to i3 cm long, 5% cm wide;
base obtuse or rounded; margin recurved, often with few,
small glands; top acute or long-acuminate. Young leaves
sericeous, (hairs thin, 700 (A long, curled, feet short); adult
ones above smooth, metallic shining, beneath the rusty midrib
prominent, primary nerves (5—8 on each side) slightly prominent,
slightly curved, not attaining the margin; secondary ones laxly
reticulate. Petioles mostly slender, canaliculate above, with
long-persistent, sericeous hairs, often with 2 minute glands
at or above the middle, 4—6 mm long. Stipules minute.

Racemes few-flowered, 4—6 cm long, often corymbiform,
forming lax, densely sericeous, terminal (or in the axils of the
upper leaves) panicles. Pedicels densely sericeous, slender,
oblique-erect, 6 —12 mm long, bracteate at base, at 1/3 from
the base bibracteolate. The lower bracts often lanceolate,
more or less amplexicaulous, densely sericeous, up to 3 mm
long, the upper ones ovate, 1—11/2 mm long, with rounded or
acutish top. Bracteoles ovate or sub-orbicular, concave, thickish,
outside sericeous, %—1 mm long, base somewhat amplexicaul.
Flowers 1 cm in diam. Sepals outside sericeous, inside glabrous,
oblong or linear, 3—5 mm long, tops strongly recurved, with 8,
oblong, narrow, 1 —3 mm long glands, with free and recurved
tops. Petals membranous, outside more or less sericeous, yellow,
elliptical or ovate, 3 mm long, base cuneate or sub-sagittate,
margin nearly entire or serrate; claws patent, sericeous, slender,
1—2 mm long. Only the anthers of the nearly equal stamens
exserted. Filaments broadish, 11/2—2 mm long, outside sericeous,
up to 1/3 connate. Anthers glabrous, broadly elliptical, with
cordate base, recurved, 1 mm long; cells parallel, slightly
protruding beyond the base of the ellipsoid, dark, connectives.
Carpids united at the ventral side, densely sericeous. Styles
sericeous at the base, nearly straight, tops obtuse. Samaras
sericeous. Nut ovoid, densely sericeous, 4 mm long; ventral
areole ovate, acute, small, 2 mm high. Segments of the wing
coriaceous, sericeous at the base, nearly equal, ovate, oblong-
obovate or linear-oblong, 1—1^/4 cm long, 4—7 mm wide;
tops rounded or slightly emarginate. Dorsal crest ring-shaped,
beginning at the insertion of the style, ending between the
lower segments, 2—4 mm high. Between dorsal crest and wing
a row of verrucous or wing-like, 1—5 mm high appendages.

Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 106, fl. and fr. Aug.); upper
Suriname R. (Wullschlagel n. 919 [B.] p.p.); upper Cottica
R. (Focke n. 682, fl. Oct.); upper vSuriname R. (B.W.
n. 5iio, fr. May).

5. Tetrapteris mucronata Cav., Diss. IX (1790), p. 434,
t. 262, f. 2, emend. Kosterm.; D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 687;
Juss. in St. Hil., Fl. Bras. mer. Ill (i832), p. 9; id. in
Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 621; Griseb. in Fl. Bras.
XII, 1 (i858), p. 80; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 467; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 198,
f. 22D; Kosterm. 1. c., p. 6; — Tetrapteru crebriflora Juss.
in St. Hil., Fl. Bras. mer. 1. c., p. 8; id. in Arch. Mus.
Par. 1. c., p. 521; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. I.e., p. 80; Ndz.
in Engl., 1. c., p. 197; — Banuteria eglanduloda Vellozo,
Fl. flum. IV (1827), p. 290. t. i55.

Climbing shrub. Young parts with golden-yellow, sericeous
hairs, very soon glabrescent. Branchlets nearly cylindrical,
thin, smooth; branches cylindrical, rufous, striate, 1/2 cm in
diam.; internodes 1 —5 cm long. Leaves ovate, elliptical or
oblong, up to 7, resp. 12 cm long, 7, resp. 51/2 cm wide,
coriaceous, base acute, obtuse or slightly rounded; margin
revolute, top obtuse, acuminate or mucronate. Adult leaves
glabrous, shining, above midrib and primary nerves slightly
prominent, beneath midrib strongly, primary nerves prominent,
secondary ones densely reticulate. Lower leaf surface with
glandular dots. Petioles thickish, slightly marginate, canaliculate
above, glabrous, —cm long. Stipules membranous, distinct,
triangular, o,3 mm long, attached to the branch, very soon
deciduous, leaving an annular scar. Umbels 4—^6-flowered,
forming a simple, axillary panicle, % — Vs length of leaf, rarely
equal in length (subspec. eumucronata), or longer than the
subtending leaves (subspec. crebriflora). Pedicels slender, seri-
ceous, 6—^10 mm long, bracteolate somewhat below the middle,
bracteate at the base, on a compressed, 1 cm long peduncle.
Bracts of the umbels lanceolate, acute, with two, 3—6 mm
long glands at the base, or glandless. Bracts and bracteoles
of the flowers lanceolate-subulate, 1—2, resp. o,3 mm long.
Flowers 1—lY, cm in diam. Sepals erect, sparingly haired,
elliptical or sub-orbicular, 2 mm long, with 8 ellipsoid, 1Y2 mm
long glands or glandless. Petals white or yellow, glabrous,

orbicular or elliptical or oblong-obovate, concave, 4—5 mm
long, with cuneate or cordate base, crenulate margin, and
mm long claws; 5th petal flat, 3 mm long, with broader,
2 mm long claw^ Androecium slightly or distinctly zygomorphous,
and then anterior stamens much larger and thicker than the
posterior ones. Anthers erect, those of the posterior stamens
elliptical, 1 mm long, of the anterior ones oblong, 2 mm long,
with cells protruding beyond the thick, glanduliform, con-
nectives. Filaments glabrous, rather highly connate. Ovary
ovoid, hirsute, 1 mm high, carpids with 2 glabrous appendages.
Styles thin, straight, glabrous, 2 mm long, the anterior one
1 mm longer than the posterior ones; tops obtuse or slightly
capitellafe, more or less compressed. Samaras glabrous. Nut
sub-globose, 4 mm in diam.; ventral areole ovate, acute, 3 mm
long. Segments of the wing entire, obovate, oblong or linear-
oblong, coriaceous; the lower ones (up to 3 x) smaller than
the upper ones. Dorsal crest semi-ovate, 1 cm long, up to
2y2 mm high, with wavy margin, thorn-shaped at the base.
Intermediate winglets thorn-shaped on each side.

Panicles Vz—Va of the length of the subtending leaves.
Petals orbicular or elliptical. Androecium distinctly zygo-
morphous.

f. ovata Ndz. in Verz. Vorl. Lyc. Hos. (1909), p. 3o;
id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 199.

Leaves usually ovate or obovate, up to 10 cm long, 7 cm
wide. Segments of samara obovate, upper ones i3 mm long,
8 mm wide, lower ones 10 mm long, 5 mm wide. Dorsal crest
up to 4 mm long, with 2 large teeth, the basal one up to
7 mm long.

Paramaribo (Wullschlägel n. 66 [B.], fl. Aug.); near
Poelepantje (Kegel n. 982 [G.]); Para district near Berlijn
(Wul Schlägel n. 1389 [B.] and n. 1690 [B.]), without
locality: Wullschlägel n. 917 p. p. [B.] and s. n. [B.].

Leaves usually elliptical. Segments of the samara oblong,
upper ones i5 mm long, 5 mm wide, lower ones 10 mm long,
4 mm wide.

Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 716, fl. July); Wajombo R.
(Pulle n. 55i, fl. Sept.); without locality: Hostmann n. 1142
(eland bearing form, named T. spec. Benth. Lond. Journ.
Bot. VII, 1848, p. 134); Hostmann s. n. [L.]; Kappler
n. 626 [L.]; Kegel n. 964 ,n. 982 and s. n. [G.].

Leaves usually oblong, up to 121/2 cm long, 5 cm wide.
Segments of samara linear-oblong, upper ones up to 16 mm long,
4 mm wide, lower ones 12 mm long, 3 mm wide. Dorsal
crest nearly rectangular, 5 mm wide.

Upper Lawa R. (Kappler n. 2120, fl. Nov. and n. 2126 [L.],
fr. Nov.); Paramaribo (Kegel n. göS [G.] and s. n. [G.]);
Brownsberg (B.W. n. 726, fl. Sept.); without locality:
Kappler n. i5o [K.].

Subspec. crcbriflora (Juss.) Kosterm. 1. c., p. 5.
Panicles as long as or longer than the subtending leaves.
Petals oblong-obovate. Androecium slightly or distinctly zygo-
morphous.

var. dubia Griseb. in Vidd. Medd. Kjöb. (1875), p. 142;
Ndz. in Engl. I. c., p. 198.
Pedicels bracteolafe 3—4 mm from the base. Bracts and
bracteoles lanceolate, 2 mm long. Posterior stamens larger.
Anterior style longer. Samaras with elliptical segments.

Paramaribo (Went n. 536, fr. Oct.); Gran Rio (Hulk
n. 226, fr. Sept.); without locality: Kappler a. 1862 [L.]
and s. n.

6. Tetrapteris discolor (G. F. W. Meyer) D.C., Prodr. I
(1824), p. 587; jfuss. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843),
p. 525; Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 121;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 2o5, t. 22, f. F; —
Triopteris ducoLor G. F. W. Meyer Prim. Fl. Esseq. (1818),
p. 182.

Climbing shrub. Young parts grey-sericeous. Branchlets
compressed, white-sericeous or sub-glabrous; branches cylin-
drical, grey, glabrous, striate, 3 mm in diam., usually with
many tuberculate, reddish lenticels; internodes 1—5% cm long.
Leaves thin-chartaceous, oblong or elliptical, up to i3 cm
long, and 5 cm wide; base obtuse, margin flat; top acuminate.
Young leaves sericeous; adult ones glabrous, except along
the nerves beneath; above smooth, shining, lower surface with
many glands, midrib and primary nerves (6^—8 on each side)
prominent, secondary ones slightly prominent, reticulate. Petioles
nearly glabrous, canaliculate above; up to 1 cm long. Stipules
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, j —2 mm long, deciduous, leaving
an annular scar. Umbels axillary, usually 4-flowered, forming
a short, corymbiform, leaf-bearing, terminal panicle, up to
5 cm long. Peduncles of the umbels thick, compressed, of
2 Internodes, the lower internode (1 cm) longer than the upper
one (up to 5 mm) with 2 elliptical, 2—5 mm long bracts at the
joint. Pedicels pubescent, 3 mm long, bracteate at the base,
bibracteolate in the middle. Bracts ovate, acute, outside
puberulous, 1% mm long; bracteoles sub-orbicular, 1 mm long,
swollen at the base, outside puberulous. Flowers 1 %cm in
diam. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, erect, glabrous, 3—4 mm
long, margin ciliate, with 8 thick, ellipsoid, 2^—3 mm long
glands, with more or less free and recurved tops. Petals
j'ellow, patent, fleshy, glabrous, elliptical, concave, 4—5 mm

long, with sagittate base and nearly entire margin; claws
lYz—2 mm long. The episepalous stamens slightly longer.
Filaments glabrous, broad-triangular, i mm long, up to % connate.
Anthers obovoid, cells protruding % mm beyond the base of
the thick, glanduliform, i mm long connectives. Carpids ovoid,
densely hirsute, i —2 mm high, with appendages. Styles thick,'
straight, 1 mm long. Tops crest-shaped with arcuate, decurrent
stigmas, the anterior one less curved and hardly decurrent.
Samaras sericeous. Nut globose, densely sericeous, % cm in
diam.; ventral areole ovate, acute, large, 4 mm high. Lateral
segments of the wdng coriaceous, obovate, entire, the lower
ones up to 3 X shorter than the upper ones, 10 X 6 mm,
resp. 18 X 8 mm. Dorsal winglet semi-orbicular, 4 mm high,
8 mm long. Many intermediate, obovate or linear, or rect-
angular, 2 —8 mm high, appendages.

var. surinamensis (Miq.) Ndz. in Verz. Vorl. Lyc. Hos.
(1909), p. 42; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 206; Pulle in Rec. Trav.
Bot. Néerl. IX (1912), p. 144; — Telrapteru mrinamenéU
Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 55; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 468; — Tetrapterié puberula Miq. in Tydschr.
Nat. Gesch. X (1843), p. 84; id. in Linnaea 18 (1844),
p. 56; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 525; Pulle,
Enum. 1. c., p. 467-

Leaves obovate-oblong, up to 16 cm long, 6 cm wide, very
long (2—3 cm) acuminate. Ventral areole of the samara sub-
orbicular. Wings oblong.

n. 33o, type of T. puberula Miq., fl.nbsp;Sept.); Brownsberg
(B.W. n. 6646, fl. Oct.); Saramacca R. (Pulle n. 179,
fr. Jan.); without locality: Focke n. 107 [L.]; Kappler

Leaves glabrous, obovate-oblong, with acute base and
short-acuminate top with blunt point. Petioles up tonbsp;cm

7. Tetrapteris calophylia Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 264; id. in Arch. Mus. Paris III
(1843), p. 525; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (a858), p. 77;
Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 467; Ndz. in Engl.,
Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 209, t. 22, f. L.

Liane. Young parts with short, densely golden-yellow sericeous
hairs. Branchlets compressed; branches cylindrical, sericeous,
up to 8 mm in diam.; internodes —\i cm long. Leaves
thick chartaceous, large, ovate or obovate, or elliptical, up to
3o cm long, and 14 cm wide, base rounded or more or less
cordate, margin revolute; top obtuse, rarely with long and acute
acumen. Young leaves densely sericeous; adult ones above
glabrous, shining, nearly smooth, with more or less impressed
midrib and primary nerves, secondary hardly prominent, reti-
culate; beneath sericeous, midrib and primary nerves (7 — 11 on
each side) prominent, secondary ones more or less parallel,
slightly prominent. Leaves of the inflorescence orbicular,

—2 cm long, membranous, sericeous, with cordate base and
acuminate or emarginate top. Petioles canaliculate, slightly
sericeous or glabrous, 1 —^3 cm long. Stipules interpetiolar,
connate, ovate-acute, or lanceolate, 2 mm long, very soon
deciduous, leaving an annular scar. Umbels mostly 4-flowered,
forming corymbiform, up to 3 X compound, terminal (or in
the axils of the upper leaves), leaf-bearing panicles. All
peduncles canaliculate or ribbed, sericeous, those of the umbels
thick, 2 cm long, jointed in the middle, with 2 large bracts
and stipules. Pedicels 6 —10 mm long, bibracteolate in the
middle, bracteate at the base. Bracts ovoid, acute, thick,
outside puberulous, 2 mm long; bracteoles ovate-orbicular,

outside puberulous, 1 mm long. Flowers 17 mm in diam.
Sepals broadly ovate, triangular, incurved, outside puberulous,
5—5 mm long, with 8 very thick, obovoid, 2%'—5 mm long
glands. Petals yellow, glabrous, concave, orbicular, 5—j mm
in diam.; base cordate or rounded; margin undulate and
lacerate-toothed or crenulate; claws reflexed, 2 mm long;
5th petal smaller. Stamens exserted. Filaments glabrous, 2 mm
long, up to Ys-—'Yz connate, the epipetalous ones broader.
Anthers obovate, nearly glabrous. Carpids puberulous, with
appendages. Styles exserted, the curved posterior ones much
thicker and longer than the nearly straight anterior one, with
contort-uncinate tops, the anterior one with obtuse top with
decurrent stigma. Samaras golden-yellow sericeous. Nut semi-
ovoid, 1 cm long, with broad, ovate, acute, 1 cm high ventral
areole. Upper segments of the wing 3—X longer than the
lower ones, coriaceous, entire, linear-oblong, up tonbsp;cm

long, 12 mm wide; lower segments elliptical or obovate,
usually —.1Y2 cm long, 5—7 mm wide. Dorsal crest falcate,
elliptical, j 34 mm high, 5 mm long; on each side a single,
intermediate, 6 mm long winglet or small crest, or appendages
wanting.

Paramaribo (\Vullschlägel n. 916 and n. giSa [B.]); near
PI. Jagtlust (Splitgerber n. 687 [L.], fl. Febr.); Guiana Goud
Placer (Coll. indig. n. 96, fr. Apr.); upper Saramacca R.
(Pulle n. 229, fl. and fr. Apr.).

8. Tetrapteris crispa Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 265; id. in Arch. Mus. Paris III
(1843), p. 52; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 2i3,
fc. 4, f. F, t. 22, £. K; I. F. Macbride in Field Mus. VIII
(1930), p. 121; — Tetrapteru acapulcendid Kunth in H.B.K.,
Nov. gen. V (1821), p. i3o (col. ed.); D.C., Prodr. I
(1824), p. 587; luss. in Ann. sc. I.e. ,p. 261; id. in
Arch. Mus. 1. c., p. 521.

Liane. Branchlets compressed, grey-sericeous; branches
glabrous, smooth, reddish, up to 4 mm in diam., with few

lenticels; internodes i —12 cm long. Leaves membranous-
chartaceous, ovate, obovate, elliptical or lanceolate-ovate, up
to i5 cm long, 10 cm wide; base obtuse, acute, rounded or
sub-cordate; margin slightly undulate; top slightly acuminate.
Young leaves sericeous; adult ones glabrous, except the
principal nerves on the lower surface; above smooth, beneath
along the margin small glands, midrib prominent, primary
nerves 5-—6 on each side, the many secondary ones slightly
prominent, somewhat parallel, veins reticulate. Leaves of the
inflorescences shortly acuminate or apiculate, broadly ovate,
obovate, elliptical or sub-orbicular, %—3 cm long, crispy.
Petioles slender, glabrescent, canaliculate above, 12—20 mm
long. Stipules ovate, puberulous, 1% — 2 mm long. Umbels
usually 4-flowered, shortly peduncled, in sub-corymbose panicles,
forming compound, axillary panicles. Branches and branchlets
of the inflorescence with 2 conspicuous, leaf-like, sub-orbicular
bracts. Pedicels 5—^10 mm long, pubescent, jointed somewhat
below the middle, and there bibracteolate. Bracts and bracteoles
nearly equal, appressed to the petioles, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 1I/2 mm long, with thin, pilose margin, and swollen
base. Flowers 1—1% cm in diam. Sepals erect, glabrous,
ovate, 5 mm long, with 8 thick glands, the anterior ones
obovoid, 2—2^4 mm long, posterior ones oblong, 3—3^4 mm
long, with free tops. Petals yellow, glabrous, patent, obovate,
5—7 mm long, somewhat contracted above the cordate or
hastate base, lower part carinate, margin undulate; claws
recurved, 1 —2 mm long. Stamens glabrous, equal, only the
elliptical, 1—3 mm long anthers exserted; cells protruding
34 mm beyond the base of the sub-globose, or ellipsoid, 34 mm
long connectives. Filaments up to % united. Carpids hirsute,
crested. Styles slightly exserted, short, straight, the posterior
ones twice as thick as the anterior, equal in length or up to
34 mm longer; tops compressed, uncinate, stigma of the anterior
style crest-shaped, of the others oblique-decurrent. Samaras

sericeous, especially the nut. Nut ovoid, thick, 34 cm high;
ventral areole ovate, acute or acuminate, 5 mm high. Upper
segments of the wing entire, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, up to
3 cm long, 1,3 cm wide, with rounded tops; lower segments
entire, elliptical, up to 10 mm long, 5 mm wide. Dorsal crest
3 — 5 mm high, 10 mm long. Intermediate appendages wanting.

Lianes. Leaves entire, petioled. Stipules inconspicuous.
Racemes terminal, elongated, branched at the base. Pedicels
bracteate and bibracteolate at the base. Sepals 4, each with a
sub-orbicular, radially sulcate, large gland. Flowers unknown.
Samara 3 or by abortion 1, attached to a pyramidal, trigonous
receptacle. Dorsal wing of the samara large, crest-shaped,
lateral wings very long, erect-divaricate, narrowdy oblong.
Cotyledons equal, replicate.

Liane. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescences covered with
velutinous, fuscous-ferrugineous pube. Branchlets thick, obsoletely
angular, internodes usually 4 cm long, up to 6 mm diam. Leaves
obovate-oblong, base rounded, margin hardly recurved, top
emarginate, 16 — 20 cm long, at top 7—9 cm wide, coriaceous,
rigid, above glabrous, green, shining, midrib impressed, slightly
pilose at base, primary nerves (8 — 11 on each side) prominulous,
not attaining the margin, arcuately united, veins prominulous,
densely reticulate, beneath densely sub-sericeous tomentellous,
midrib tomentose, strongly prominent, primary nerves prominent;
secondary ones prominulous, veins obsolete. Petioles thick.

sub-angular, canaliculate, up to 2y2 cm long. Stipules not seen.
Racemes forming a few-branched, many-flowered terminal
panicle, up to 18 cm long. Flower clusters sessile. Pedicels
thick, 1% mm diam., up to 8 mm long. Bracts and bracteoles
small, ovate-lanceolate, densely tomentose, up to 5 mm long,
deciduous. Flowers unknown. Calyx-glands 4, large, 3 mm
diam., sub-orbicular, radially sulcate, hollowed in the centre.
Styles subulate, curved, 3 mm long, glabrous, stigma obtuse.
Samaras densely reddish-rusty sericeous- tomentose. Nut globose,
tomentose, up to i3 mm diam., ventral areole flat, sub-orbicular,
top acute, up to 6 mm diam. Dorsal crest chartaceous, large,
ring-shaped, sub-triangular, base elongated, up to 2 cm long,
obtuse, top short, obtuse, up to 12 mm long. The lateral wings
chartaceous, sericeous, erect-divaricate, linear, up to 6 cm
long, 9 mm wide, top rounded, margin entire, reddish (Stahel).
Cotyledons equal, flat.

Lianes, erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, mostly
entire, petioled, or very rarely sessile, thick-membranous or
coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent, often with glands on the
lower surface. Parenchym with solitary or clustered cristals.
Stipules inconspicuous. Mostly terminal racemes, or corymbs,
usually forming panicles. Flowers small. Pedicels bibracteolate
in the middle. Sepals 5, persistent, with 8 —10 glands or
glandless. Petals 5, unguiculate, glabrous, sub-orbicular or
reniform, yellow, reddish or white, mostly entire, not rarely
carinate. Stamens 10, all fertile, glabrous, the episepalous ones
longer than the others and moreover the posterior ones
generally smaller than the anterior ones. Anthers usually
elliptical, erect, attached above the base, glabrous, rarely pilose,
without appendages. Ovary 3-locular, 3-lobed, carpids dorsally

gibbose. Styles 3, free, nearly straight, short; top obtuse,
capitellate, acute or uncinate, stigmas at the inner angles.
Samaras 1—3, attached to a pyramidal torus, at last more or
less free. Dorsal wing developed, with thick lower, and thin
upper margin or wing entirely thickened. Cotyledons straight,
slightly unequal, flat-convex.

Distribution: Species about 80, in tropical America,
including the West Indies; one species in western tropical
Africa.

h. Leaves golden-yellow sericeous beneath. Petioles
biglandular in the middle. Cristals in clusters.
Umbels mostly 4-flowered, arranged in panicles.
Androecium actinomorphous ; the epipetalous
stamens shorter. The 3 styles straight, with obtuse
tops ............... 1. H. macrostachya Juss.

with few appressed hairs beneath, and strongly
prominent nerves. Petioles up to 11/2 cm long.
Racemes 20—^40-flowered, up to 3o cm long.
Pedicel 5—^10 mm long, the upper joint with the
flower often deciduous, the lower part with the
bracteoles at the top persistent. Top of the styles
pediform, with broad claw. Wing of the samara
lorizontal or bent back, entirely thickened, usually

b. Leaves up to 26 cm long, 9 cm wide, glabrous
beneath, veins on both surfaces densely reticulate,
nerves slightly prominent. Petioles 2—^8 mm long.
Racemes —2 0-flowered, 11/2—10 cm long, forming
panicles. Pedicels 2—mm long. Tops of the
styles uncinate, rounded or angulate. Wing of
the samaras only thickened along the lower margin,
ascendant, upper margin with an appendage at
the base .................2. H. nervosa Juss.

1. Heteroptcris macrostachya Juss. in Ann. sc. nat.
26 ser. Bot. XIII (1840), p. 276; id. in Arch. Mus.
Paris III (1843), p. 460, t. 14; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,

1nbsp;(i858), p. 73; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869),
p. 120; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p.nbsp;Ndz. in
Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 342; — Heteropterid {!)
apiculata Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 81; .— Banidteria
apiculata (Miq.) Robinson ex Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV,

Liane or shrub. Young parts and inflorescences golden-
^^ellow sericeous. Branchlets compressed, rufous-sericeous;
branches cylindrical, glabrous, grey, striate, with many minute,
white lenticels, up to 7 mm in diam., internodes —^8 cm long.
Leaves coriaceous, ovate, obovate or oblong, up to 20 cm
long, 10 cm wide; base obtuse, rounded or more or less cordate,
rarely cuneate; margin nearly flat; top usually shortly acuminate
or apiculate, rarely emarginate or obtuse. Young leaves
sericeous, above less; adult ones above glabrous or nearly so,
smooth, shining, nerves not prominent, beneath golden-yellow
sericeous, with a row of few, glandular dots along the margin;
midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves (8—^12 on each side)
prominent, secondary nerves more or less parallel, slightly
prominent, veins inconspicuous, densely reticulate. Leaves of
the inflorescence gradually diminishing to bracts. Petioles
thickish, rusty-sub-sericeous, up to 12 mm long, biglandular
in the middle. Usually 4-flowered umbels, solitary or 1—3
together in a sessile or peduncled, up to 3 cm long corymb;
corymbs forming a narrow, axillary or terminal, elongated,
leaf-bearing panicle. Pedicels thick, compressed, sericeous,
3—^8 mm long, bibracteolate at or above the middle, bracteate
at the base. Bracts ovate, bracteoles orbicular, both erect,
outside sericeous, inside glabrous, 1—mm long. Flowers
1—134 cm in diam. Sepals erect, ovate, acute, 2—mm long,
outside sericeous, with 8, thick, oblong or slightly sigmoid,
conglutinous or more or less connate, 2 34—'4 mm long glands.

Petals yellow with a brown stripe (Versteeg), fleshy, unequal,
concave-carinate, ovate, 31/2—6 mm long, base sagittate, margin
nearly entire; 5th petal smaller, glandular-undulate at the
base. Claws thick, carinate, curved, 1 % — inm long; 5th
one straight. Stamens included, 4 mm long. Filaments outside
puberulous, broad, Yi or nearly entirely united. Anthers oblong-
elliptical, glabrous, bent back, !■—2 mm long; cells slightly
exceeding the thick, glanduliform connectives. Ovary ovoid,
2 mm high, hirsute. Styles equal, glabrous, triangular, slightly
recurved towards the top. Tops obtuse, slightly dilated. Samaras
usually 2 (3rd one abortive), thick, golden-yellow sericeous,
ascendant. Nut nearly globose, compressed, smooth, 1 cm in
diam. Endocarp not protruding into the cells. Ventral areole
flat, ovate, acute, 4 mm high. Wing semi-obovate, up to
6 cm long, 2 cm wide, lower margin thick, straight, curved at
the top, upper margin thinner, wavy, curved and often con-
tracted at the base, forming a small appendage.

f. oblonga Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 342;
Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 468.

Marowijne R. (Kappler ed. ffohenacli. n. 1916, fl. Aug.,
type of H. aplcuLata Miq.; n. 1996 [L.], fl. Aug.); Marowijne R.
(Wullschlagel n. 1900 [B.]).

Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 169, fl. Aug.); Suriname R. near
Gottadam falls (Tresling n. 268, fl. July); lower Coppename R.
(Went n. 146 and n. 110, fl. Aug.); without localité':
Hostmann n. 897.

VIII, 2 (1930), p. 120; — Heteropterid duberoéa (\Villd.)
Griseb. in Linnaea XIII (1839), p. 229; id. in Fl. Bras.
XII, 1 (i858), p. 68; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 469; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 369; —
Banióteria mberoéa Willd. Herb. n. 8885 (nomen nudum);
Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 13/; —
Heteropterid Leddertiana Juss. in Arch. JVlus. 1. c., p. 462;
— Heteropterid Candotteana Juss. 1. c., p. 463; —■ Heteropterid
egtandutoda (non Juss.) Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844). P- 73/,
p. 54; ■—■ Heteropterid anoptera Juss. in Ann. scienc. nat.
2 sér. Botan. XIII (1840), p. 276; id. in Arch. Mus. Ill
(1843), p. 469; Pulle, Enum. p. 469; Ndz. in Pfl. reich IV,
p. 365.

Liane or shrub. Branchlets compressed, rufous-sub-sericeous;
branches cylindrical, glabrous, dark-grey, at last suberous, up
to 5 mm in diam., beset with tuberculate lenticels; internodes
%—10 cm long. Leaves entire, chartaceous or coriaceous,
elliptical, obovate, oblong or lanceolate, up to 2 5 cm long,

9nbsp;cm wide; base obtuse or rounded, rarely acute; margin hardly
recurved; top oblique-acuminate. Very young leaves slightly
rufous-sericeous; adult ones soon glabrous on the shining,
brown or grey upper surface, with slightly prominent nerves;
beneath dull or shining, glabrous or with scattered hairs
(denser along the midrib), often with a row of small glands
along the margin, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves
prominent, curved, not attaining the margin, the secondary
ones more or less parallel, veins densely reticulate. Petioles
thick, glabrous, canaliculate above, 2 ■—6 mm long. Leaves
of the inflorescences Y,-—5 cm long, or reduced to 3—^6 mm
long bracts. Racemes rufous-sericeous, i5—^20-flowered, up to

10nbsp;cm long, forming axillary or terminal ample panicles.
Pedicels straight, mostly thickish, 2—6 mm long, bibracteolate
at or slightly below the middle, bracteate at the base. Bracts
and bracteoles ovate, or nearly lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
more or less concave, —5, resp. —3 mm long. Flowers
1cm in diam. Sepals outside rufous-sericeous, ovate or nearly

lanceolate, 3—5 mm long, top revolute, glands 8, ellipsoid or
oblong, 1—3 mm long, or glandless. Petals yellow, membranous,
glabrous, obovate, elliptical or ovate, toothed, 5—9 mm long,
the 5th one with hastate base, 4—6 mm long. Claws straight,
2—31/2 mm long, the 5th one thicker and slightly longer.
Stamens 4-adelphous, glabrous, the 3 opposite the styles longer
and thicker than the others (3 mm), the stamen opposite the
5th petal separated from the others, curved between the
posterior styles. Filaments slender, slightly connate at the
base. Anthers orbicular, 1/2 mm long, cells curved, slightly
protruding beyond the base of the ovoid, glanduliform, dark-red
connectives. Ovary globose-ovoid, sericeous, 1/2 mm high. Styles
glabrous, the anterior nearly straight, slightly shorter than
the recurved posterior ones (3 mm); tops more or less foot-
shaped, with a long claw (up to 1/2 mm), claw of the anterior
one longer. Samaras ascendant, rufous-sub-sericeous, nut
horizontal, compressed, nearly glabrous, 7 mm long, 4 mm high,
2 mm thick. Dorsal wing nearly semi-obovate, up to 4y2 cm
long, 1I4 cm wide. Outer margin slightly curved, thick; inner
(ventral) margin thin, sigmoid, with an obtuse 6 mm long,
2 mm high, appendage at the base. Endocarp not protruding
into the cell.

Lawa R. (Kappler, ed. Hohenack. n. 1710, fl. Nov.;
n. 2122 [D.]); Sara-creek, near Abontjoeman (Coll. indig.
n. 239, fl. May); Suriname R. near Waira waira (Tresllng
n. i36, fl. July), near Joden-savannah (Kegel n. 1184 [G.]);
Paramaribo (Wullschlägel n. 56 [B.] p. p.); upper Suriname R.
(Wullschlägel n. 858 [B.]); sectie O (Pulle n. 201, fl. Aug.);
Para district (Wullschlägel n. iSsS [B.]); lower Saramacca R.
(Kappler n. 65); upper Saramacca R. (Pulle n. 453, fl. Febr.;
n. 494, fl. March); without locality: Wullschlägel n. 56 [B.]
p.p.; Hostmann n. 1107 p.p., n. 224, n. iiSg.

(Focke n. 378, fr. Sept.); sectie O (B.W. n. 5372, fl. Aug.);
Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6335, fr. June); Suriname R. near
Kabelstation (Lanjouw n. 1229, fl. Nov.); upper Saramacca R.
(Pulle n. 431, fl. Jan.); Coppename R. near Kaaimanstone
(Lanjouw n. 7i5, fl. Sept.), near Raleigh falls (Lanjouw
n. 976, fl. Sept.); upper Nickerie R. (B.W. n. 1009, fl. Febr.);
without locality: Hostmann n. 1107 p.p.; Kappler n. 1107a
[D.]; Wullschlagel n. 56 [G.].
Vernacular names: Moelei (Car.); Hoeliaballi (Arow.).

3. Heteropteris multiflora (D.C.) Hochreutiner in Bull.
N.-York Bot. Gard. VI (1910), p. 277; — ByrMnima
multiflora D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 689; — Heteropteris
reticulata (Poir.) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. II (1903),
p. 54; id. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 374; Pulle,
Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 469; Fawcett and Rendle,
Fl. Jam. IV (1920), p. 233; — Malpiyhia reticulata Poir.,
Enc. Bot. Suppl. IV (1816), p. 8; — Byrdonima reticulata
D.C. 1. c., p. 58i; ■— Banidteria reticulata Robinson ex
Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 637; —
Heteropteris platyptera Juss. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843),
p. 445, t. 14.

Tree, shrub or liane. Young parts rusty-sericeous. Branchlets
compressed, rusty and slightly sericeous; branches cylindrical,
glabrous, up to 7 mm in diam., with tuberculate lenticels;
internodes up to i3 cm long. Leaves entire, coriaceous, elliptical,
ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, up to 40 cm long, i5 cm
wdde; base obtuse or rounded; margin nearly flat; top acute
often rather long-acuminate. Young leaves rufous-sericeous;
adult ones above glabrous, shining, nerves slightly prominent,
veins densely reticulate, beneath dull, with few, small, sericeous
hairs, midrib and the curved primary nerves (6—^9 on each
side) strongly prominent, veins slightly prominent; often a row
of few^ small glands along the margin. Petioles thick, glabrous,
up tonbsp;cm long. Leaves of the inflorescence suddenly

diminishing to small bracts. Racemes 20—^40-flowered, with
compressed peduncles, forming axillary and terminal, up to
3o cm long, pyramidal, rusty-sericeous, peduncled, ample

panicles. Pedicels thickish. S-—^10 mm long, bibracteolate at or
below the middle, bracteate at the base ; the upper joint often
deciduous, the lower part with the bracteoles at its top
persistent, giving a characteristic appearance to the panicle.
Bracts and bracteoles large, slightly concave, ovate, acute,
sericeous, —6 mm long, persistent. Flowers 1 %—1% cm in
diam. Sepals lanceolate or oblong, 3—6 mm long, outside
sericeous, top strongly recurved, with 8 thick, oblong, 1 %—5 mm
long glands. Petals unequal, yellow, broadly elliptical, mem-
branous, glabrous, 5—6 mm long, margin toothed or crenulate;
the 5th one smaller with hastate base, often glandular-fimbriate
at the base. Claws recurved, 2 mm long; 5th one thick,
straight, 3 mm long. Stamens exserted, 4-adelphous, sigmoid.
The 3 stamens opposite the styles longer than the others
(3 mm); the stamen opposite the 5th petal separated from the
others, curved between the posterior styles. Filaments filiform,
slightly connate at the base; anthers glabrous, curved; cells
protruding beyond the base of the thick, glanduliform connectives.
Ovary globose, hirsute, 2 mm high. Styles exserted, nearlv
equal, 4 mm long, glabrous, the posterior ones sigmoid, the
anterior one nearly straight; tops uncinate; claw of the
anterior style up to % mm long. Samaras rufous-sub-sericeous,
glabrescent, horizontal. Nut large, up to 2 cm long, 1^4 cm
high, 6 mm thick. Endocarp not protruding into the cell.
Ventral areole ovate, acute, 3 mm high. Dorsal wing entirely
thick-coriaceous, fanlike veined, horizontal or bent downward,
semi-orbicular, up to 3^4 cm long, 2^4 cm wide. Upper margin
semi-circular, usually without appendage at the base; lower
margin thickest, straight, or bent back.

Lower Marowijne R. near Albina (Versteeg n. 556, fl.
July); Commewijne R. near PI. Waiampibo (Splitgerber
n. 5i2 [L.], fl. Jan.; s. n. [L.]); Sectie O (B.W. n. 4248,
fl. Febr.); Paramaribo (Kegel n. 704 [G.]; Saramacca R.
(B.W. n. 5590, fl. and fr. Jan.; Wullschlagel n. 916 [B.]);

upper Saramacca R., Watramiri (B.W. n. 2664, fl. Febr.);
without locality: Hostmann n. 53i ; s. n. [L.]; Focke n. 102
[L.]; Stahel s.'n.

Erect or scandent shrubs. Leaves entire, petiolate, opposite
or very rarely 3-whorled, commonly leathery, glabrous or
copiously pubescent, often glandular at the base. Stipules
interpetiolar, inconspicuous, rarely connate, deciduous. Umbels
mostly 4-flovvered, usually in leafy or bracteate panicles, rarely
in corymbs; very rarely racemes. Pedicels bibracteolate at or
rarely slightly above the base. Sepals 5, usually with 8 — 10
glands. Petals 5, unequal, long-unguiculate, mostly pink, rarely
yellow or white; limb very often fringed, seldom merely
toothed. Stamens 10, all fertile, rarely actinomorphous, and
then the episepalous stamens larger; usually zygomorphous,
and then the stamens opposite the 3 anterior sepals and the
2 posterior-lateral petals enlarged; the 3 posterior ones often
small. Filaments free or united at the base, usually glabrous.
Anthers without appendages, or the connectives enlarged;
glabrous or pilose. Ovary hirsute, 3-lobed, dorsally compressed-
gibbose; stjdes 3, free, equal, rarely the anterior one longer
than the others; tops usually truncate with mostly capitellate
stigmas. Samaras 1—3, attached to a pyramidal torus, be-
coming free, each with a large dorsal wing, upper margin
thick, lower one thin; the lateral nut smooth, verrucous, or
with 1—00 winglets. Embryo straight, curved or inflexed;

1. a. Young parts grey-pilose. Leaves with acute base,
long-acuminate top and glandless margin. Petioles
nearly glabrous, glandless. Anthers and styles pilose.
Wing of the samara with a triangular or rounded

rounded or sub-cordate base, shortly acuminate top,
and with long-stipitate glands along the margin
towards the top. Petioles rusty-subsericeous, bi-
glandular at the top. Anthers and styles glabrous.
Wing without appendage . . 2. B. leptOCarpa Benth.

1. Banisteria lucida Rich., Cat. Leblond in Act. soc.
hist. nafc. Paris I (1792), p. 109; Juss. in Arch. Mus.
Paris III (1843), p. 411; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 441, t. 5B, 34 J and K.; Miq., Stirp. Surin.
(i85o), p. 78, t. 20; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 468; — Banuteria LobuLata E. Meyer, in PI. Surin. Gdtt.
(1824), p. 813; — Banidteria appendiculata Juss. in Arch.
Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 4i3, t. i3; — Banidteria divaricata
Juss. I.e., p. 412; ■— Banidteria poLita Miq., Stirp. Surin.
(i85o), p. 80, t. 21; — Banidteria calocarpa Miq. in Linnaea
XVIII (1844), p. 53; Ndz. in Engl. I.e., p. 437.

Climbing shrub. Young parts grey-pilose. Branchlets erect
or patent, compressed, sulcate with very short, grey or dusky
hairs; branches cylindrical, smooth, glabrous, dusky or grey,
up to 5 mm in diam.; internodes 1—8 cm long. Leaves
opposite, elliptical, obovate- or lanceolate-oblong, coriaceous,

revolute; top with long (up to 2 cm), slightly obtuse acumen.
Young leaves grey-pilose; adult ones glabrous, shining, black
(when dried) above, with prominent midrib and curved, slightlj'
prominent primary nerves; beneath opaque, rusty, with few
scattered hairs, the midrib and the strongly curved, towards
the margin disappearing primary nerves, prominent, the secondary
ones reticulate. Both surfaces minutely punctulate, beneath
with few, minute glands. Petioles more or less glabrous,
4_io mm long, glandless, canaliculate above. Stipules inter-
pet iolar, triangular, connate, deciduous, leaving an annular
scar, hardly Ys mm long. Umbels 4-flowered, usually 3—5 in
axillary corymbs, many times shorter than the leaves; peduncles
of the umbels slender (sometimes wanting), rusty-sericeous, with
1—3 internodes (upper one mostly longer), 1%—'Vz cm long.

bracteate at the joints. Pedicels slender, rusty-sericeous,
1%—cm long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the base.
Bracts and the somewhat united bracteoles broadly ovate, obtuse,
outside rusty-sericeous i—i % mm long. Flowers —2 cm
in diam.; buds ovoid-globose, densely sericeous. Sepals nearly
orbicular, outside rusty-sericeous, 2-—5 mm long, with 8 ellipsoid
or rarely obovoid, thick, —2 mm long glands. Petals yellow,
outside rusty-sericeous, obovate-cochleariform, 6-—mm long;
base acute, margin fimbriate; fhe 5th one glandular-fringed,
—6 mm long; claw outside sericeous, reflexed, 2 mm long,
of the 5th petal thick, straight, narrowed at the top, —4 mm
long. Stamens exserted; the 3 opposite the styles thicker and
longer than the others (4 mm) with incurved filaments; the

3nbsp;posterior stamens shorter than the others, with slender
filaments, curved between the posterior styles, with resupinate
anthers. Filaments glabrous, united at the base; anthers
obovate-oblong, pilose, with very thick connectives. Ovary
densely hirsute; styles 3, attached to the ventral side of the
carpids, sigmoid, gibbose at base; the posterior ones only at
base, the anterior one far beyond the middle hirsute; tops
obtuse, slightly capitellate, stigmas ditto. Samaras pink, sparingly
rusty-sericeous; nut sub-globose, 8 mm in diam., with 6 — 12
veins in the lower part, and more or less imbricate, lacerate,
up to 2 mm high lobes towards the top; ventral areole oblong,
hardly 1 mm long; dorsal wing semi-obovate, 4—5 cm long,

—1% cm wide, contracted and 4—8 mm wide at base; the
thick interior margin straight, nearly at right angle curved towards
the top, with a triangular or rounded, 1—7 mm high, 2—6 mm
wide, appendage at the base; the thin ventral margin straight
or curved, wavy. Cotyledons fleshy, sub-equal, nearly straight.

Upper Marowijne R. (Kappler ed. Hohenack. n. 1900,
tvpe of B. polita Miq.; n. 61 [L.]; n. 417); Lawa R. near
(Cottica (B.W. n. 53i5, fl. June); Perica R. (Wullschlagel
n. 1387 [B.j); Paramaribo near Heremitage (W^ullschlagel

n. i388 |B.]); Paulus-creek, Albina, Marowijne, Saramacca
(Wullschlagel n. [B.]); Joden-savannah (Focke n. 329,
type of caLocarpd)-, Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6663, fl. Sept.);
upper Suriname R. (B.W. n. 6127, fr. May); Suriname R.
near Cassepoera-creek (Kegel n. 1182 [G.]); without locality:
Hostmann n. 1027 (named: J'laLpighia qLahra L. by Steudel)
and B. Lohidala Meyer by Bentham, s. n. [L.]; Meyer
n. 8i3 [G.], type of B. lohidata-, Wullschlagel s. n. [B.].

2. Banisteria Icptocarpa Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot.
VII (1848), p. i3o; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928),
p. 412; — Banisteria elegans Tr. et Planch., subspec. cordata
Ndz., var. ciliata Ndz. 1. c., p. 4i3; Kosterm. 1. c., p. 8.

Shrub, often climbing. Young parts and inflorescences wdth
dense, short, rusty, sub-sericeous hairs. Branchlets compressed,
rusty sub-sericeous; branches cylindrical, striate, fuscous, with
long-persistent, rusty hairs; internodes 2^—^10 cm long. Leaves
opposite and pseudo-alternate, coriaceous-chartaceous, ovate,
oblong-ovate or obovate, up to 10 cm long, and 6 cm wide,
with obtuse or rounded base, flat margin, with patelliform,
especially towards the abrupt and shortlj' acuminate top,
long-stipitate glands. Young leaves rusty sub-sericeous, adult
ones nearly glabrous, except the nerves, above smooth, shining,
beneath opaque, with strongly prominent midrib, the arcuate
primary nerves (4—on each side) prominent, parallel, the
secondary ones parallel, slightly prominent, veins reticulate.
Petioles thick, rusty sub-sericeous, 5—mm long, with 2
glands at the top. Stipules interpetiolar, triangular, sericeous,
hardly 1 mm long. Leaves of inflorescences abruptly diminishing
to 8 mm long bracts. Umbels mostly 4-flowered on peduncles
of 2 internodes, solitary or in axillary, up to i5 cm long
panicles, with long, naked, compressed, common peduncles.
Pedicels bibracteolate and bracteate at the base, slender,
glabrous, thickened towards the top, 8 —14 mm long. Bracts
and bracteoles broadly ovate or orbicular, outside sericeous,
1, resp. 1/3 mm long. Sepals erect, outside with few appressed
hairs, inside glabrous, orbicular-ovate, o—B mm long, with 8

globose-ellipsoid, i mm long glands, or glandless. Petals yellow,
slightly unequal, glabrous, limb sub-orbicular, (5th one obovate)
5—8 mm in diam., base cordate, margin of the ist petal
toothed, of the others long-fimbriate, of the 5th one glandular-
fimbriate at the base. Claws straight, i—3 mm long. Stamens
glabrous, long-exserted, the 3 anterior ones curved, the
7 posterior retrorsely curved; the 3 stamens opposite the
anterior sepals longer and much thicker than the others (4 mm),
with very thick, sub-globose, glandular, 1 mm long, connectives,
thickened towards the top, and exceeding the small cells for
nearly 1 mm; the other stamens with small connectives. The
3 posterior stamens small, sigmoid between the posterior styles, ,
the next ones with highly connate filaments, longer and thicker,
than the remaining ones. Anthers elliptical, cells slightly
protruding beyond the base of the connectives. Ovary long-
hirsute, 3-lobed; styles 3, glabrous, exserted, 3 mm long, the
posterior ones sigmoid, the anterior one nearly straight; stigmas
orbicular-capitellate. Samaras erect, pubescent; nut small,
smooth, attached with a slender stalk; wing yellow, nearly
glabrous, slender semi-obovate, contracted at the base, 214 cm
long, 1 cm wide. Lower margin curved at the top, the thick
upper margin at the base. Cotyledons SY, mm long, linear-
oblong, straight, flat, replicate.

Glandless form: Weyne-weg, between Albina and Moengo
tapoe, savannah-forest (Lanjouw n. 440, fl. Aug.).

Gland bearing form: Weyne-weg, between Albina and
Moengo tapoe, savannah-forest (Lanjouw n. 5o2, fl. Aug.).

8. STIGMAPHYLLON Juss. i)
Lianes. Leaves opposite or pseudo-alternate, entire or (often
on the same plant) cleft, with 2 large glands, generally
attached to the long petioles, rarely at the midrib beneath.

1) This name is differently spelled as: StigniatophyUum, Sdgmaphyllum,
Sligmatophyllon. I use the original spelling of Jussieu.

Stipules inconspicuous or wanting. Flowers in short, dense,
sessile, corymbiform racemes; racemes arranged like the flowers
of a large, long-branched, lax, compound dichasium. Pedicels
usually bibracteolate above the middle. Sepals 5, the 4 lateral
ones biglandular. Petals 5, unguiculate, glabrous, unequal,
yellow, the 4 lateral ones concave, margin toothed or fringed;
the limb in bud already more or less corrugate. Stamens 10,
the 4 opposite the lateral petals more or less sterile (according
to Haumann Merck in Rec. Inst. Bot. Bruxelles 9 (1913),
p. 21, all stamens are fertile in S. littorale; it is possible,
that, in studying living material, this is also the case with the
other Stigmaphyllons) the others fertile; the 3 stamens opposite
the styles thicker than the alternating ones; those opposite
the posterior styles longer and thicker than the 3rd one.
Anthers mostly short and thick, ovate-oblong, glabrous or more
or less villose; connectives thick, glanduliform. Filaments
glabrous, united at the base, or up to the middle. Ovary
3-lobed, 3-locular, gibbose; styles 3, short, top usually dilated
into a claw-like, foot-like, or leaf-like appendage, those of the
anterior style symmetrical, of the posterior ones asymmetrical;
stigmas at the inner angle, often protruding. Samaras 1—3,
attached to a pyramidal, trigonous receptacle, with large,
elongated dorsal wings with thick upper (ventral) and thin
lower margin. Lateral nut smooth, verrucous or with 1—00
winglets; endocarp often protruding into the cell. Cotyledons
thick, often unequal, plicate, incurved at the top.

Leaves pinnately nerved. The stamens opposite the
anterior style very thick, and longer than those
opposite the posterior styles. Wing of the samara
elongated-triangular. Cotyledons slightly unequal,
corrugate and divided. 1. S. puberum (Rich.) fuss.
b. Leaves palmatel3^ nerved. The stamens opposite

the anterior style slightly shorter and thinner than
those opposite the posterior styles. Wing ohlong-
spathulate. Cotyledons entire, not corrugate, flat. 2

/gt;. Leaves membranous-chartaceous, orbicular or more
or less ovate; base reniform; top rounded, hardly
acuminate or apiculate with silvery or bronze-
coloured sericeous or tomentose hairs beneath;

1. Stigmaphyllon pubcrum (Rich.) Juss. in Ann. sc. nat.
2e sér. Bot. Xlll (1840), p. 289; id. in Arch. Mus.
Paris III (1843), p. 3/6; Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 62;
Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 39; id. in Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 118; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich
IV (1928), p. 604, t. 36, f. K, L; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 470; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910),
p. 144; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920), p. 23/;
— Banuteria pubera Rich., Cat. Leblond in Act. soc. hist,
nat. Paris I (1792), p. 109; — Baniéteria fuLgend G. F. W.
Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. (1818), p. 181; — Hiraea spec.
Miq. in Hostmann pi. Surin. 8o3a; — Baniéteria JUeyeri
Splitg. msc. [L.].

Climbing shrub; young parts covered with golden-yellow,
sericeous hairs. Branchlets compressed, sericeous; branches
cylindrical, glabrescent, smooth, reddish-green; internodes
5—cm long, up to 3 mm in diam. Leaves opposite, entire,
membranous, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, up to 16 cm long
and 8 cm wide; base rounded or sub-cordate; margin repand;
top acuminate. Young leaves sericeous; adult ones above nearly
glabrous with hardly prominent nerves, beneath with appressed,
mostly golden-yellow sub-sericeous hairs (arms of the hairs
1 mm long); biglandular at the base, midrib strongly prominent,
primary nerves prominent, the few secondary ones hardly
visible under the hairs. Petioles sericeous, thin, 1—4 cm long.

Stipules intrapetiolar, broad, sericeous, hardly % mni long.
Peduncle axillary, compressed, sericeous, 7—^20 cm long, at
the top with 2 lanceolate, sericeous, 3'—^10 mm long bracts,
with 2 large circular glands at the base; inflorescence for the
rest as in the genus. Pedicels (the outer ones longest) sericeous,
3—mm long, bracteolate a little above the base, bracteate
at the base. Bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 1 mm
long, outside sericeous. Flowers i5 — 20 mm in diam.; buds
globose. Sepals ovate, 2%—3^4 mm long, outside sericeous,
with 8 ellipsoid or obovoid 1—1mm long glands. Petals
outside red, inside more yellow (Tresling), glabrous, the 4 exterior
galeate or cochleate, already corrugate in bud; base cuneate;
margin fringed, 5 —10 mm in diam.; the 5th one flattish,
orbicular, glandular-fimbriate. Claws 2—^3 mm long; the 5th
one thick, contracted at the top, 3'—4 mm long. The stamens
opposite the lateral sepals more or less sterile; the stamen
opposite the anterior style very thick, longest (5 mm), those
opposite the posterior styles longer than the others; the
3 posterior stamens short and strongly incurved between the
posterior styles. Anthers glabrous, elliptical; connectives
(especially of the sterile ones) very thick-glandular. Filaments
more or less highly united. Ovary hirsute, mm high; styles
rather straight, glabrous, the anterior one slightly longer and
thicker (4 mm), with a long-unguiculate, reniform-subcordate
leaflet with pendulous, sagittate-acute lobes at the top; the
posterior one with a falcate-acute leaflet at the top. Stigmas
long-protruding at the inner angle. Samaras sericeous, mostly 2,
the 3rd abortive. Nut globose, compressed, without crests;
ventral areole ovate, 3 mm high. Dorsal wing dark-red
(Tresling), elongated-triangular, 3 cm long, at the base 12 mm
wide, at the obtuse top —^10 mm wide; upper margin thick,
straight, with an obtuse appendage at the base, lower margin
nearly straight, wavy, arcuate at top and base. Cotyledons
fleshy, rather unequal, corrugate and divided.

Upper Cottica R. (Focke n. 716, fl. Oct.); Perica-creek
(Wullschlagel n. i386 and s. n. [B.]); Paramaribo (Wull-
schlagel s. n. [B.]; Splitgerber n. 129 [L.], type of Banisteria
Meyeri Splitg., fl. Nov.); Paulus-creek (Wullschlagel n. 02
[B.]); Contiano (Soeprata n. 20, fl. July); Slootwijk (Soeprata
n. 5H, fl. July); Susannadaal (Soeprata n. 8G, fl. July);
PI. Jordaan (Focke n. 664, fl. Oct.); PI. La Poule (Samuels
n. 176 [D.]); Suriname R. near Koemba falls (Tresling
n. 23o, fl. July); Saramacca R. (Wullschlagel n. 62 [B.]);
without locality: tfostmann n. 8o3, 8o3a [G.] 966, 191;
Focke s. n. [L.]; Wullschlagel s. n. [B.]; Meyer s. n. [G.].

2. Stigmaphyllon convolvulifolium (Cav.) Juss. in Ann
sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. XIII (1840), p. 289; id. in Arch.
Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 374; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 38; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 118;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 489, t. 36, f. F;
Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 469; Small in N.-Amer.
Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 143; — Banisteria convoLvuLifoLia
Cav., Diss. IX (1790), p. 428, t. 266; — Banisteria
dichotoma G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. (1818), p. 181;
D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 588; — StigmaphyiLon LatifoLium
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII (1848), p. 128; Pulle,
Enum., p. 470.

Climbing shrub or liane. Young parts with grey-sericeous
hairs. Branchlets compressed, velutinous, soon glabrescent;
branches cylindrical, fulvous or reddish, striate, up to 4 mm in
diam.; internodes 5—20 cm long. Lêaves opposite, palmately
nerved, entire, membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to
i5 cm long and 11 cm wide; base cordate, margin slightly
repand, wdth sessile or ciliiform glands; top acuminate. Young
leaves sub-sericeous; adult ones with long-persistent hairs,
glabrescent, except along the nerves; nerves not prominent
above; beneath midrib and primary nerves prominent, the
secondary ones nearly parallel, 3—6 mm from each other,
slightly prominent; veins laxly reticulate. Petioles slender,
glabrous, 2—j cm long, with 2 large glands at the top.
Stipules very small, soon deciduous. Peduncles compressed,

puberulous, up to 10 cm long, with 2 ovate, acute, 3 mm long
bracts with large circular glands at the top; the branches
up to 7 cm long; inflorescences for the rest as in the genus.
Pedicels sericeous, becoming thicker towards the top, 3—mm
long (the outer ones longest), articulate and bracteolate at or
above the middle, bracteate at the base. Bracts ovate-lanceolate,
acute; bracteoles ovate, acute, outside sericeous, !■—'lY^ mm
long. Flowers 2—3 cm in diam.; buds globose. Sepals outside
sericeous, orbicular-ovate, 2—^3% mm long, the 4 lateral ones
with 8 ellipsoid, !■—-lYz mm long glands. Petals outside yellow,
inside more reddish (Versteeg) with irregular dots at the
margins, glabrous; limb orbicular, 8 —12 mm in diam. (5th one
5 — 7 mm) with fringed margin, the 4 lateral ones concave.
Claws recurved, 2 —3 mm long, the 5th one with contracted
top, 3'—4 mm long. The 4 stamens opposite the lateral sepals
more or less sterile; the 3 stamens opposite the styles thicker
and longer than the others (2 mm), the stamen opposite the
anterior style slightly shorter and thinner than the other 2.
Anthers glabrous, elliptical, connectives (especially of the sterile
ones) very thick, glandular, sub-globose. Filaments glabrous,
more or less highly connate. Ovary hirsute; styles 5, 2Y2 mm
long, hirsute at the base or higher up, the anterior style with
a symmetrical, horizontal, reniform, plicate, 1 mm long leaflet at
the top, the slightly curved posterior ones with an asymmetrical,
semi-reniform, 1 mm long, pendulous leaflet at the fop; stigmas
long-protruding at the inner angles. Samaras 2, 3rd one
abortive, with green, sericeous nut and red, glabrous wing.
Xut obovoid-cylindrical, 3 mm high, radially crested, the crests
enlarging to winglets at the top; ventral areole obovate,
slightly concave, 3 mm high. Dorsal wing spathulate, nearly
erect, 5-—5 cm long, up to 1Y2 cm wide; upper margin thick,
straight, rounded at the top, with an obtuse, 4 mm high
appendage at the base; lower margin thin, curved, wavy at the
top. Cotyledons oblong-ovate, flat, nearly equal, entire, replicate.

Marowijne R. near Armina falls (Lanjouw n. 628, fl. Aug.);
upper JVlarowijne R. (Kappler ed. Hohenack, n. 1899 [L.],
s. n., fl. Aug.); Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 861, fl. and fr.
Sept.); Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 47, fl. and fr. Aug.); Para-
maribo (Wullschlagel n. 914 [B.] and s. n. [B.]; coll. indig.
n. i55; Kegel n. 126 [G.], fl. July); Suriname R. near
W^aktibasoe (Tresling n. 35, fl. July), near Petodam falls
Tresling n. 364, fl. Aug.); Sara-creek, Dam (B.W. n. 3449,
fl. Dec.); Coppename R. (Boon n. 1104, fl. and fr. Sept.;
n. 1048, fl. and fr. Aug.); locality unknown: Essed n. 35a,
fl. Febr.; Hostmann n. 146, type of S. Latifoüiim Benth. n.
706 [L.], s. n. [L.]; Meyer n. 170 [G.J, type of Banióteria
dichotonia G. F. W. Meyer.
Vernacular names: Koni koni réré; koni koni cassaba rerei;
koni koni cassava; Konijnen cassave (S.D.).

5. Stigmaphyllon fulgens (Lam.) Juss. in Ann. sc. nat.
2e sér. Bot. XIII (1840), p. 289; id. in Arch. Mus.
Paris III (1843), p. 370; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 39; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. {i8£gt;g),
p. 118; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 492; Pulle,
Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 470; — Baniéteria fuLgené Lam.,
Ene. Bot. I (1783), p. 368; Cav., Diss. IX (1790), p. 426,
t. 253; — Banióteria éplendena D.C., Prodr. I (1824),
p. 588; —■ StigmaphyLlon hypoieucum Miq. in Linnaea XVIII
(1844), p. 5i.'

Climbing shrub or liane. Young parts sericeous-tomentose.
Branchlets compressed, grey-sericeous-tomentose; branches
cylindrical, with long-persistent hairs, glabrescent, fulvous,
reddish or grey, striate; internodes 5 — 20 cm long. Leaves
opposite, entire, membranous or chartaceous, orbicular or ovate,
up to 17 cm long and wide; base reniform or more or less
cordate; margin repand, coarsely crenate or sub-entire, with
sessile, obsolete glands; top rounded, shortly acuminate or
apiculate; palmate at the base, penninerved at the top. Young
leaves sericeous; adult ones rather glabrous above, with hardly
prominent nerves; beneath with silvery or bronze, short, very

dense, sericeous hairs, midrib and primary nerves prominent,
the few secondary ones 3—4 mm from each other, nearly
parallel, not prominent. Petioles thick, sericeous, up to 7 cm
long, with 2 large, patelliform, sessile glands at the top.
Stipules interpetiolar, very broad, emarginate, hardly 1 mm
long, glabrous. Peduncles puberulous, compressed, up to 18 cm
long, with 2 orbicular, acute, 11/2 mm long bracts with 2 large
globose glands at the top. Inflorescences for the rest as in
the genus. Pedicels sericeous, becoming thicker towards the
top, 7 —12 mm long, jointed, swollen and bracteolate at the
middle, bracteate at the base. Bracts and bracteoles ovate,
acute, outside sericeous, 1 mm long. Flowers i5—^17 mm in
diam.; buds globose. Sepals ovate, acutish, 2—3% mm long,
outside sericeous, the 4 lateral ones with 8 yellow, ellipsoid,
1—11/2 mm long glands. Petals terra-cotta, with yellow spot in
the middle (Lanjouw), glabrous, obovate or sub-orbicular,
already corrugate in bud, the 4 lateral ones concave, 6—7 mm
in diam. with toothed margins; claws slender, 1—2 mm long,
of the 5th one 2—3 mm long. The 4 stamens opposite the
lateral sepals sterile, the 3 stamens opposite the styles thicker
and longer than the others (3 mm), the stamen opposite the
anterior style slightly shorter and thinner than the other 2.
Filaments glabrous, more or less highly united. Anthers glabrous,
elliptical, with very thick (especially those of the sterile ones)
sub-globose, glandular connectives. Ovary sericeous, 1mm
high; styles 3, glabrous, 3 mm long with long-protruding stigmas
at the inner angles; the anterior one straight and thinner than
the others with a symmetrical, horizontal, unguiculate, obcordate,
plicate leaflet at the top; the posterior ones sigmoid with an
asymmetrical, pendulous, semi-reniform leaflet. Samaras 2, 3rd
one abortive, red, puberulous. Nut semi-globose, 4—6 mm
high with a lacerate, 1—3 mm high crest at each side,
parallel to the dorsal wing; ventral areole ovate, acute, 3 mm
high. Dorsal wing oblong-spathulate, sub-erect, up to 4% cm
iinbsp;u

base, wine-red (Lanjouw); upper margin thick, straight, with
rounded top, with an obtuse or rounded, i—mm high
appendage at the base; lower margin thin, arcuate, wavy.
Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, the small one plicate at the top,
the larger one replicate.

Upper Cottica R. (Focke n. 683, fl. Oct., type o£ S. hypo-
Leucum Miq.); Charlottenburg (Hostmann amp; Kappler n. 696
[D.]); PL Voorburg (Wullschlagel n. 53 [B.]); PL Republiek
(Gonggrijp n. 49, fl. and fr. Sept.); savannah near Republiek
(Kuyper n. 12, fl. Oct.); Sectie O (B.W. n. 586i, fl. and £r.
June); Suriname R. near Kabelstation (Lanjouw n. i325,
fl. and fr. Nov.; n. 1185, fl. Nov.); upper Suriname R.
near Goddo (Stahel n. 146, fl. Jan.); lower Saramacca R.
near Mindrinetti (Pulle n. 34, fr. Nov.); Saramacca R.
(Wullschlagel n. 53 [B.]); Donder-creek (B.W. n. 83i,
fl. Jan.); without locality: Hostmann n. 1029; coll. unknown,
comm. Miq. s. n. [G.].

Vernacular names: Akoeli kjejere (Car.); Kalia (Arow.);
Faja Djon; Konijnen-kassave (S.D.).

Litoral, erect shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, entire,
petioled, thick-membranous or chartaceous, pinnatinerved. Top
of the petiole or base of the midrib with 2 glands. Stipules
minute. Flowers solitary or in peduncled, umbel-like corymbs.
Bracts large. Flowers yellow. Sepals 5, persistent, with 8 glands.
Petals unguiculate, unequal. Stamens 10, more or less fertile.
Filaments united at the base. Anthers without appendages;
connectives large. Ovary 3-locular. Styles 3, divaricate; top
ending in a leaf-like appendage or claw. Fruit with 1—'3 cocci.
Cocci sub-globose with a small dorsal winglet or crest.
Cotyledons unequal, the large, condupHcate one embedding
the hardly conspicuous other one.

1. Brachyptcrys ovata (Cav.) Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV,
2 (1910), p. i38; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920),
p. 235; — Banidteria ovata Cav., Diss. IX (1790), p. 429,
t. 257; D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 590; — Banidteria picta
Kuntb, Nov. gen. et spec. V (1821), p. 124 (col. ed.); —
Banidteria brachyptera D.C. I.e., p. 591; — Brachypteryd
borealid Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. XIII (1840),
p. 291; id. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 356,
t. XI, f. 16; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 35;
id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1859), p. 117; Miq. in
Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 5i; — StigmatophyLium ovatum (Cav.)
Ndz. in Ind. lect. Lyc. Braunsb. (1900), p 3i; id. in
Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p 5i5, t 38, £ A—D; Pulle,
Enum. PL Surin. (1906), p. 470.

Shrub, with erect, climbing or pendulous, slender branches.
Branchlets compressed, canaliculate, as all the young parts
with grey, very short, sericeous hairs; branches nearly cylindrical,
smooth, greyish or brownish, striate, up to 5 mm in diam.;
internodes 2—6(—^i5) cm long. Leaves opposite, entire, chart-
aceous, pinnately nerved, ovate, lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate,
4 —11 cm long, 2—5 cm wide; base rounded, acute or cuneate;
margin flat; top acute or slightly obtuse. Young leaves sericeous;
adult ones glabrous, green above, the nerves not prominent;
beneath with persistent, glaucous, soft, lanuginose-sericeous
hairs, the midrib strongly prominent with 2 glands at the base;
the primary nerves hardly prominent, the few secondary ones
laxly reticulate, not prominent. Stipules interpetiolar, very
small. Petioles nearly glabrous, slender, canaliculate above,
1—1^4 cm long. Pseudo-umbels, 2—8-flowered, shortly stalked
and enveloped by 2 orbicular-ovate or orbicular leaves,
1—4 cm in diam., with 2—5 mm long pedicels, at the end of
a compressed, axillary, puberulous, up fo 7 cm long peduncle;
stalk of the umbel slender, now and then dichotomous. Pedicels
glabrous, slender, thickened towards the top, 1%—cm long,
bracteate at the base, and bibracteolate somewhat above the
base. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, acute, outside sericeous.

1 mm long. Flowers 2'—ZVz cm in diam.; buds globose. Sepals
outside glabrous, ovate, 3—4 mm long, margin ciliate, with 8
oblong, 21/2—3 mm long glands. Petals yellow, unequal, flat,
sub-orbicular, 7 —13 mm in diam., with cuneate base; claws
slender, 2—4 mm long. Stamens all fertile, 4 of them somewhat
reduced; the 3 stamens opposite the styles longer and thicker
than the others (5 mm), the stamen opposite the anterior style
slightly shorter than the other 2. Anthers glabrous, elliptical,
with thick, glanduliform connectives; filaments glabrous,broad,
rather highly united at the base. Ovary sericeous, 2 mm high,
deeply 3-sulcate; styles 3, equal, straight, glabrous, 3 mm
long, attached to the ventral side of the carpids, top with a
long, dorsal, slightly curved, compressed claw, stigmas protruding
at the inner angle. Fruit mostly dicoccous (one abortive), cocci
nutlike, puberulous, green, attached to a very high, pyramidal
torus. Nut sub-globose, 1 cm in diam., with warty ridges at the
sides; dorsal winglet acute, triangular, thick, 3—b mm high; ventral
areole circular, 6 mm in diam. One cotyledon reduced, 1%—2 mm
long, embedded in the large, fleshy, 14 mm long other one.

Cottica R., Matappica-creek (Focke n. 276, fl. Dec.);
lower Commewijne R., Nijd en Spijt (Tulleken n. i36 [L.],
fl. Sept.); Paramaribo (Wullschlagel n. 5i [B.]; Tulleken
n. 19 [L.], fl. and fr. July, n. i36 [L.]); Wolfenbuttel
(Went n. 5, fl. July); Slootwijk (Soeprata n. SH, fl. July;
n. 21J, fl. July); Tourtonne straat (Soeprata n. 6B, fl. June);
Tourtonne-land-creek (Soeprata n. 2B, fr. June); Combe
(Went n. 337, fr- and fl. Oct.); Combéweg (Went n. 669,
fl. Jan.); Zanderij 1 (Samuels n. S20 [D.]); Suriname R.
(Sphtgerber n. 12 [L.], type of Banuteria riparia Splitg. msc.);
Para district (Kuyper n. 24, fl. Dec.; Versteeg n. 466,
fl. June); W-Coronie, swamp (Lanjouw n. 1071, fl. Oct.);
Side-creek of Corantijne R. near Nw-Nickerie on salty
clay (Lanjouw n. 644, fl. Aug.); locality unknown: Menge
n. 5i, ex. reliq. Wullschlagel [B.]; Hostmann ed. Kappl.
n. 278 D.]; Hostmann n. 278 [L.], s. n. [L., U.]; Stahel
s. n.; Obermiiller s. n. [L.]; Eyken-Sluiters n. loD [L.].

Trees or scandent shrubs. Young parts rufous-, or rusty-
hirsute, rather soon glabrescent. Leaves opposite, entire, petioled,
thin, soon glabrous, usually white-punctulate or glandular
beneath. Stipules united, intrapetiolar. Short, terminal, rusty-
pilose, many-flowered pseudo-racemes, with pendulous flowers;
often 1—3 flowers on minute bracteate peduncles. Pedicels
bibracteolate at the base, one of the bracteoles dorsally with
a terminal, oblique gland. Sepals 5, broad, persistent, not
accrescent, 4 of them, rarely all, biglandular. Petals 5, longer
than the sepals, unguiculate, broad, glabrous, entire or toothed,
red or pink. Stamens 10, sometimes 1—4 of them abortive.
Filaments glabrous, united at the base into a hirsute ring;
anthers glabrous, without appendages. Ovary 2—3-lobed,
2—3-locular, glabrous. Styles 2 or 3, short, truncate, stigma
truncate or bilobed. Fruit attached to a flat or concave torus,
consisting of 2 or 3 smooth, bony, not dehiscent cocci. Seeds
sub-globose; testa membranous.

1. Spachea elegans (G. F. W. Meyer) Juss. in Deless.,
Icon. Ill (1837), p. 19, t. 3i; id. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 326; id. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill
(1843), p. 326, t. VIII, f. 9; Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.
Isl. (1859), p. 116; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 470;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 586, t. 42, f. K;
— Spachea elegané (G. F. W. Meyer) Juss., var. oblonga
Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Braunsb. V (1914), p. 18;
id. in Engl., Pfl. reich 1. c., p. 687; — Alalpighia elegans
G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. (1818), p. 178; —
Byréonima elegané D.O., Prodr. I (1824), p. 58o; —
Spachea oééana Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. XIII
(1840), p. 326; id. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843), p. 327,
t. VIII, f- 9; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910),
p. i5o; —■ Byréonima Herbert-Smithii Rusby, Descr. of
Amer. PI. (1920), p.

Tree or shrub, 3 —13 m high. Young parts and inflorescences
rufous-hirsute. Branchlets glabrescent, rufous, i—2 mm in
diam.; branches grey, canaliculate, with few, tuberculate
lenticels, 3% mm in diam.; internodes Yz—4 cm long. Leaves
membranous-chartaceous, oblong or elliptical-oblong, up to
20 cm long, 3'—7% cm wide; base acute; top acuminate or
mucronate. Young leaves rusty-sericeous, soon glabrous, except
midrib beneath; adult ones rather smooth with prominent
midrib beneath, primary (7—10 on each side) and secondary
nerves slightly prominent and densely reticulate on both surfaces;
lower surface punctulate, with 2 large, orbicular glands at the
base. Petioles puberulous, up to 1 cm long. Stipules sericeous,
3—4 mm long, leaving an annular scar. Terminal, rusty-hirsute,
up to 5o-flowered, up to i5 cm long pseudo-racemes; flower-
bearing peduncles patent, 1 mm long. Pedicels reflexed when
flowering, when fruiting erect, sericeous, 5—8 mm long,
bibracteolate at the base. Bracts triangular-acute or subulate,
persistent, sericeous, 2 —10 mm long; the glandless bracteoles
subulate with ovate base, 2—4 mm long, the others partly
transformed into a large gland. Flowers 1—1 % cm in diam.
Sepals elliptical or orbicular, 3—S^/g mm long, outside glabrous,
except at the base; margin ciliate with 8 —10, often 1 or
2 pairs united, thick, ellipsoid or oblong, 2—4 mm long glands
with free and often recurved tops. Petals pink, fleshy, usually
reflexed; limb orbicular, or ovate-or obovate-orbicular, 3—4 mm
long, glabrous, with firinged margin; claws 2—3% mm long.
Stamens nearly equal, filaments thick, glabrous, the bases
united into a hirsute ring; anthers elliptical, glabrous, —1Y2 mm
long. Carpids 2, slightly united, i^/^ mm high, ellipsoid-ovoid,
glabrous; styles 2, sigmoid-patent, thick, glabrous, 134 mm long.
Fruit dehiscent into 2 glabrous, whitish-green, areolate, semi-
ovoid nuts. Embryo incurved; cotiledons plicate.

[L.], fl. Jan.); upper Saramacca R. near Janbasigado (Pulle
n. a60, fl. Jan.); Coppename R., Raleigh falls (Lanjouw
n. 966, fr. Sept.); Kabalebo R., Kaboeri, tree 690 (B.W.
n. 6948, fl. July; n. 4935, star. Dec.); without locality:
Kegel n. 264 [D.].

var. obovata Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Braunsb. V (1914),
p. 18; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 58/.

Leaves oblanceolafe, obovate; base acute; with mostly
short obtuse acumen; up to 14 cm long, and 7 cm wide. Gland
not larger than the bracteole.

Locality unknown: Leschenault (ex Niedenzu); Hostmann
n. 67 [D.], n. 1043 (named Byrdonima denda by Steudel)
and s. n.

Low trees, shrubs or shrublets. Leaves opposite, entire or
spiny-toothed, usually petiolate, coriaceous, chartaceous or
membranous, glandless, glabrous, softly or coarsely pubescent
(with sometimes stinging hairs). Stipules slender, inconspicuous,
deciduous. Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered
corymbs or umbels, rarely solitary. Pedicels bibracteolate in
the middle or at 34 from the base. Bracteoles small, glandless.
Flowers zygomorphous. Sepals 5, persistent, not accrescent,
with 6'—10 large, sessile glands; the 6 posterior glands equal,
more or less longer than the o—4 anterior ones. Petals 5,
orbicular, concave, unguiculate, glabrous, red, pink or white;
the 2 anterior ones (exterior in bud) at the base only, the
intermediate ones up to the middle or higher, the fifth, posterior
one, along the whole margin toothed or ciliate, or sometimes
with very long fringes; the anterior and intermediate ones
oblique, with broad, toothed, cilliate or fringed anterior part,
posterior part small, with entire margin. Stamens 10, all fertile,
glabrous, slightly incurved or recurved, the epipetalous shorter
than the alternating ones, but those opposite the 2 intermediate

petals always thicker; filaments rather long, united as far as
the middle, or at the base only; anthers ovate, sub-cordate;
connectives usually inconspicuous. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-locular,
glabrous; styles 3 (or less), always free, with oblique, obtuse or
dilated top with stigmas at the inner angle; the posterior styles
equal, the anterior one shorter. Drupes globose, thick-fleshy,
attached to a flat or concave torus, with 3 pyrenes; pyrenes
3—5-crested, often transversally ribbed. Endocarp bony, seeds
ovoid, cotyledons nearly straight or shortly uncinate, radicle
short.

1. a. Leaves membranous or chartaceous, elliptical-, linear-,
or obovate-oblong; margin entire. The 2 stamens
opposite the intermediate petals not longer than the
next ones. Tops of the styles obtuse or swollen or

h. Leaves rigid-coriaceous, orbicular or elliptical; margin
with large teeth, ending in coarse spines. Anthers of
the 2 stamens opposite the intermediate petals thicker,
and with more curved filaments than the next ones.

1. Malpighia punicifolia L., Spec. PI. ed. II, i (1762),
p. 609; D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 678; Juss. in Arch. Mus.
Par. Ill (1843), p. 264, t. 4; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,

1nbsp;(i858), p. 3i; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869). p. 116;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 622; Pulle, Enum.
PI. Surin. (1906), p. 471; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV,

2nbsp;(1910), p. i56; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920),
p. 226; — yM. punicifolia L., var. mlgari/) Ndz. in Ind.
lect. Lyc. Braunsb. (1899), p. 8; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 623.

Shrub or tree, 2—m high. Branches becoming spiniform,
dark-grey, striate, with few, orbicular, tuberculate lenticels;
internodes —3 cm long. Leaves entire, crowded, membranous
or chartaceous, elliptical- or obovate-oblong or lanceolate-

oblong, with obtuse top; up to 7 cm long, 2—3 cm wide;
base acute or obtuse. Young leaves sericeous with thin or
pungent hairs (arms of the hairs 1—21/2 mm long), very soon
glabrescent. Adult leaves with prominent midrib, hardly
prominent primary nerves above, inconspicuous beneath, veins
indistinct. Petioles glabrous, 2—4 mm long. Corymbs or umbels

1nbsp;_6-flowered, with short, 1—10 mm long peduncle, or sessile.
Pedicels sericeous, 6—15 mm long, bibracteolate below the
middle. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, sericeous, 1—11/2,
resp. 14—mm long. Flowers 11/2 cm in diam.; buds sub-
globose, 4 mm high. Sepals ovate, 21/2—3 mm long, outside
sericeous, 2 sepals with 2, the next ones with 1 ellipsoid,

2nbsp;mm long gland, the 5th sepal glandless. Petals pink or violet,
sub-orbicular, the 4 anterior broadly elliptical with hastate
base, the 5th one fan-shaped, with cuneate base, already
corrugate when flowering and hence looking smaller. The
5th petal fringed along the whole margin, the others at the
base only. The 2 posterior epipetalous stamens much larger
than the others and somewhat larger than the episepalous ones.
Filaments (2 excepted) filiform, united at base; anthers elliptical.
Ovary ovoid, glabrous; styles 3, the posterior ones longer and
thicker than the anterior one, tops obtuse or swollen (in var.
obovata more or less uncinate); stigmas at the inner angle.
Drupe red, broadly ovoid or sub-globose, slightly sulcate,
10 — 16 mm high, with obtuse base. Pyrenes 3-crested; crests
thin, 1I/2—3 mm high, the interspaces with transverse, muricate
ridges.

var. obovata Ndz. in Ind. lect. Lyc. Braunsb. (1899),
p. 8; id. in Engl 1. c., p. 623.

Leaves obovate or ovate. Umbels 1—4-flowered. Top of the
styles uncinate, compressed.

Paramaribo near Tourtonne straat (Soeprata n. 3B, fl.
June; Wullschlagel s. n. [B.]); locality unknown: Splitgerber
quot; X.]; Pulle n. H. 5g; Wullschlagel n. 76 p.p. [B.],

, 2. Malpighia coccigera Linn. Spec. PI. I (1763), p. 426,
n. 6; Jacq., Ic. (1776 —1783) t. 470; Bot. Reg. VII (1821),
t. 568; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843), p. 336;
Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1859), p. 117; Duss,
Fl. Antill. (1897), p. 114; Small in N.-Americ. Fl. XXV,
2 (1910), p. 160; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920),
p. 229; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 636, t. 44,
f. K, L; — Malpighia coccifera Cav., Diss. VIII (1789),
p. 408, t. 235, f. 2; — JL heteranthera R. Wight, 111. Ind.
Bot. I (i83i),.t. 49.

2—3nbsp;mm in diam., glabrous, grey with verrucous lenticels;
internodes —^ cm long. Leaves rigid-coriaceous, orbicular,
elliptical, varying to ovate or obovate; base rounded or sub-
cordate; top rounded or emarginafe-fricuspidate; 1—5 cm long,
34—2 cm wide; margin recurved, quite entire in the younger
leaflets, in the older ones with large, distant teeth, ending in
coarse, 1 —2 mm long spines. Young leaves very soon glabrescent;
adult ones glabrous, deepgreen, shining above, with slightly
prominent midrib, primary nerves (3—8 on each side) and
laxly reticulate secondary ones; beneath less shining, with
less prominent nerves. Petioles very short, thick or wanting.
Stipules lanceolate, 1—2 mm long. Flowers in axillary, 2-flowered
umbels, or mostly solitary. Pedicels slender, glabrous, reddish-
green, 1—2 cm long, bracteate at the base, jointed 34—^34 from
the base, somewhat below the joint bibracteolate. Bracts and
bracteoles ovate, obtuse, 34 — 1 mm long, outside and mem-
branous margin hirsute. Flowers 1—^2 34 cm in diam.; buds
sub-globose, 3 mm in diam. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect,
glabrous (except below the glands), greenish; margin whitish;

n. 482

913 [B.
Vernacu

2—4 mm long, —nmi wide, one glandless, the 2 next ones
each with 1 gland, the remaining ones with 2 glands; glands
oblong, erect, green, shining, 2—^21/2 mm long, with free tops.
Petals pink or whitish, scentless, membranous, glabrous, unequal;
limb of the largest petal orbicular, 6—^10 mm long with cuneate
base; margin fringed; the smallest petal with cordate base,
4—4% mm long, the next ones oblique, fimbriate at one side;
the 2 petals opposite the glandless sepal approximate. Claws
long, narrow, —5 mm long. Stamens glabrous, the 2 opposite
the larger styles extrorsely convex, larger than the others
(3—5 mm); the 3 stamens opposite the glandless sepal smallest
(1—.ly^ mm); of the larger 3 opposite them the middle one
straight, the outer ones recurved. Anthers oblong, %—mm
long. Ovary 3-sulcate, green, shining, 1 mm long; styles 3,
the larger ones incurved, 3%—4l^ mm long, the 3rd one thinner,
slightly curved, 1—^ mm long; tops oblique, pediform, uncinate;
stigmas at the inner angle. Drupe sub-globose, red, 1 cm in
diam., 3-, or by abortion 2-furrowed. Exocarp thin, endocarp
membranous, dorsally ribbed.

var. microphylla Ndz. in Ind. lect. Lyc. Braunsb. (1899),
p. 19; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 636.

Leaves generally % cm long, % cm wide, the larger one
orbicular, 1 cm in diam. Flowers 12—mm in diam.

Low trees or shrubs. Young parts either sericeous (feet of
the hairs short and slender) or more or less hispid, or tomentose
(feet of the hairs rather long and thick). Leaves opposite, entire,
petioled, usually thickish, glabrous or scarcely or densely
pubescent, often with glands. Stipules interpetiolar, distinct or
united, acute, more or less linear-lanceolate, hardly 1—2 mm

long. Racemes axillary, elongated, usually many-flowered.
Pedicels bibracteolate at or above the base, one of them
usually with a large, dorsal or slightly lateral, orbicular,
decurrent gland. Sepals 5, persistent, bigandular, often 2 or
4 pairwise united, hardly accrescent. Petals 5, unguiculate,
orbicular-reniform, limb reflexed, glabrous, toothed or undulate.
Stamens 10, all fertile; filaments united at the base,
glabrous, anthers glabrous; connectives usually inconspicuous.
Ovary 2—3-locular, glabrous or sericeous. Styles 2—3, free
or more or less united; stigmas oblique-capitellate. Drupe
attached to a flat or slightly concave torus, ovoid, globose or
reniform, yellow, red or brown, with 2—3 pyrenes, without
crests. Cotyledons straight or slightly uncinate, flat-convex.

Distribution: Species about 5o, in tropical continental
America and the West Indies.

1. a. Leaves membranous, above more puberulous than
beneath; top acuminate; 6—14 very small glands
along the basal margin. The 5th petal (and often
one of the others) somewhat glandular at the base;

b. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, glabrous; top with
acute or blunt, rather long acumen; 2 glandular dots
beneath at the base, or glands wanting. All petals
with glands along the whole margin. Ovary glabrous.
................. 2. B. nitida (Jacq.) L. C. Rich.

1. Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth, Nov. gen. V
(1821), p. 119 (coll. ed.); D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 58i;
Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. (1840), p. 324; id. in
Arch. Mus. Ill (1843), p. 338; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 652, t. 45, f. A, K; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 471; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910),
p. 162; — Malpighia glandulifera Jacq., Collect. IV (1790),
p. 207, V, p. 5, f. 3; .— Malpighia glandulosa Jacq. Icon,
rar. Ill (1786), p. 469; — Bunchosia hypoleuca Miq., Stirp.
Surin. (i85o), p. 77.

Shrub or tree. Young parts more or less sericeous (arms of
the hairs 5oo [x long, 40 [A thick; wall 1 (Ji thick; straight; feet
nearly wanting). Branchlets glaucescent, compressed, slightly
sericeous; branches glabrous, grey, cylindrical, with many
prominent, orbicular or elliptical, white lenticels; internodes
1 —S cm long, up to % cm in diam. Leaves membranous,
broadly ovate or obovate or elliptical, 4—^19 cm long, 3—^11 cm
wide, base obtuse or rounded; margin revolute; top acuminate.
Young leaves sericeous; adult ones glaucescent, above with
few hairs, nerves impressed, beneath sparingly grey-sericeous,
midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves slightly prominent,
the few secondary ones lax-reticulate; —^14 glandular dots in
a row, 1 cm from the margin. Petioles thin, slightly sericeous,
broadly canaliculate above, 4—^10 mm long. Stipules acute,
sericeous, 1—2 mm long. Racemes axillary, erect, 4—^11 cm
long, with thick (1—^3 mm in diam.) slightly sericeous rachis,
thickening towards the insertion of each pedicel. Peduncle
3—434 cm long, naked or with reduced leaves. Pedicels
5 —13 mm long, sericeous, bibracteolate at or slightly below
the middle, bracteate at the base, thickening towards the top.
Bracts lanceolate, acute (upper ones ovate, acute), outside
sericeous, 2—6 mm long. Bracteoles ovate, sericeous, 1—mm
long, both, or one of them with a large gland. Flowers i5—^18 mm
in diam. Sepals ovate, 31/2—5 mm long, outside nearly glabrous,
margin ciliate; with 8—9 obovate or oblong, 2—4 mm long
glands (the united ones often longer). Petals yellow, glabrous,
nearly equal, concave, ovate, obovate or sub-orbicular, 4—8 mm
long, base decurrent, margin lacerate; claws recurved, 3.—4 mm
long. The 5th petal glandular at the base (often also one of
the others). Stamens exserted, the episepalous ones slightly
longer, (3y2 mm). Filaments broad, glabrous, up to V^ united.
Anthers elliptical, glabrous, conspicuously protruding beyond
the base of the yellow, semi-globose connectives. Ovary sericeous,
ovoid-oblong, slightly compressed, 2 mm high, 2-celled. Style 1,

exserted, sericeous, thick, cylindrical, 3 mm long, with 2 poly-
gonous, peltate stigmas. Drupe ovate, glabrous, fleshy, outside
3'ellowish, inside scarlet, up to 2 cm in diam.

Paramaribo (Splitgerber n. 998 [L.], fl. May, named
Bunchosia glauca Splitg.); W^ilhelmina mountains (B.W'. n. 7145,
fl. June); without locality: Focke n. 1258, type of B. hypoleiica
Miq.; Wullschlagel n. 1901 [D.]; Blochmann [D.].

2. Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L. C. Rich, ex A. L. de
Juss. in Ann. Mus. XVIII (1811), p. 481; D.C., Prodr. I
(1824), p. 329; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843),
p. 336; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 667, t. 3,
£ P; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 471; Small in
N.-Americ. Fl. XV, 2 (1910), p. i63; — Malpighia nitida
Jacq., Enum. PI. Carib. (1760), p. 21; Cav., Diss. VIII
(1789), p. 411, t. 239, f. 1.

Shrub. Very young parts with few, appressed, sericeous
hairs. Hairs compass-needle-shaped, 3oo [x long, 3o—^46 y. in
diam., wall ifx thick, feet nearly wanting. Branchlets slender,
nearly cylindrical, glabrous, greyish or brownish; branches grey
or dark-brown, 3—5 mm in diam. with many orbicular or at
last transverse, linear, small lenticels; internodes 1—7 cm long
Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, elliptical or oblong, to ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolafe, up to 17 cm long, 7 cm wide;
base acute or narrowed; margin recurved; top with rather long
acute or blunt acumen, or obtuse. Young leaves very soon
glabrescent; adult ones glabrous, green and shining on both
surfaces, above smooth, beneath midrib prominent, primary
nerves (4—9 on each side) slightly prominent, veins densely
reticulate; on each side of the midrib at the base a glandular
dot or glands wanting. Petioles slender, glabrous, 4—^14 mm
long. Stipules distinct, small, glabrous, triangular. Racemes
axillary, simple (or more or less paniculate), many-flowered,
oblique-erect, up to 10 cm long. Rachis thickish, compressed.

pubescent; peduncle i—3 cm long. Pedicels thickisK, pubescent,
4—mm long, bibracteolate at %—'¥2 of the length, bracteate
at the base. Lower bracts lanceolate, sparingly haired, 1—mm
long, upper ones ovate-lanceolate or ovate, smaller. Bracteoles
broadly ovate, acute, 1 mm long, generally one of them with
a very large gland at the base, the other with a small gland,
or glandless. Flowers 12 — ij mm in diam.; buds ovoid,
4—5 mm long. Sepals not accrescent, glabrous, ovate to oblong,
4—S mm long, margin ciliate, with 8 or 7, obovate, obovate-
oblong or oblong glands, the united ones trapezoid or obcordate,
1V2—5 mm long. Petals white, glabrous, membranous, orbicular,
ovate or obovate, 4—mm long, the whole margin usually
glandular-toothed; claws rather straight, 3—4 mm long, the
5th one thicker. Stamens glabrous, exserted, nearly equal.
Filaments thin, up to 34 united, 2—3 mm long. Anthers
sub-globose, 3^ mm long, cells long-protruding beyond the base
of the semi-globose, yellow connectives. Ovary glabrous, ovoid,
2-lobed, 2-celled. Styles 2, glabrous, partly or entirely con-
glutinate, 2 mm long. Stigmas distinct, capitellate or disc-
shaped. Drupe globose, 2-lobed, yellow or reddish, i3—^16 mm
in diam.

Shrubs, shrublets, often scandenfc, or low trees, rarely
(B. coriacea and B. Aerugo) high frees. Young parts sericeous
or tomentose, with forked, antler-shaped or compass-needle-
shaped hairs. Leaves opposite, entire, varying in size, sessile
or petioled, usually thick, glandless, reticulate. Petioles often
short and thick. Stipules intrapetiolar, usually flat, connate,
persistent, or rarely deciduous, small, rarely very large. Usually
many-flowered terminal racemes, sometimes compound at the

base. Pedicels generally bibracteolate at the base. Bracts and
bracteoles small or moderate. Sepals 5, persistent, sometimes
markedly accrescent, broad, biglandular or (often in the same
species) glandless; glands contiguous. Petals 5, long-unguiculate;
limbs orbicular or cochleariform with cordate or reniform base,
glabrous, yellow, red or white; margin nearly entire, toothed
or incised; claws semi-circular recurved. 5th Petal flattish,
corrugate, with thick, straight claw. Stamens lo, all fertile;
filaments nearly equal, hardly united at the base; the united
part, like the receptacle densely hirsute (hairs forked with
sub-parallel arms). Anthers long, linear, oblong, ovoid, or
obovoid, glabrous or pilose, often with large connectives.
Pollen up to i5 [JL in diam. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-locular, ovoid or
globose, rarely conoid, glabrous or (often in the same species)
sericeous. Styles 3, subulate, straight, or curved only at the
top; stigma subulate. Drupe attached to a flat or slightly concave
torus, ovoid or globose, yellow, orange or red, with one
3-locular pyrene, with 3, or by abortion less, seeds. Exocarp
thin, fleshy; endocarp bony or woody, with sharp ridges.
Cotyledons sub-equal, circinnate.

Distribution: Species about loo, in tropical America,
including the West Indies.

tertiary nerves parallel, forming nearly rectangular
areoleL Stipules very large, more than 2 cm long,
membranous, deciduous. Hairs antler-shaped or

b. Leaves reticulate, secondary and tertiary nerves
not parallel. Stipules small, up to 1 cm long,
coriaceous, persistent. Hairs compass-needle-shaped
or bifurcate (except: B. verbascifolia)............ 2

the connective ending in a thick, conoid or
obtuse, nearly straight or recurved appendage (see
also B. Aerugo).............................. 7

very densely sub-velutinous, velutinous, or lanugi-
nose beneath. Arms of the hairs up to 2 mm long,

b. Leaves petioled. Beneath with long-persistent sub-
sericeous or sub-velutinous hairs, generally gla-
brescent (exc. B. Aerugo). Arms of the hairs
Yg—mm long, with short (5o—^100 [x) feet . . .

up to 14 cm long and 8 cm wide; base decurrent
into the petiole. Leaves grey- or slightly rufous-
sub-velutinous or sericeous-tomentose beneath; feet
and arms of the hairs slender. Stipules 3 — b mm

b. Leaves spathulate, sessile, up to 35 cm long and
20 cm wide. Leaves very densely velutinous or
tomentose beneath; feet and arms of the hairs
long and thick. Stipules 5—^12 mm long. Racemes

both sides sericeous. Bracts small (1—^5 mm),
bracteoles equal in length or smaller. Feet of
hairs short (up to 60 [x), slender, arms straight. .
b. Bracts and bracteoles thin, deciduous, outside
velutinous, inside nearly glabrous, linear-lanceolate,
large (2—6, resp. 1—5 mm long). Feet of the
hairs rather long (up to 110 [x), arms nearly

lanceolate, up to 18 cm long and 5% cm wide,
shining above, with long-persistent hairs beneath,
glabrescent. Bracts and bracteoles straight, ovate,
acute, 2 resp. 1/2—1 mm long. Anthers linear-
oblong, glabrous or sericeous between the parallel
cells; cells not longer than the connective. Ovary

elliptical-oblong or obovate-oblong, up to 26 cm
long and 1 o cm wide, shining, mostly pruinose
above; densely rusty-farinose-sericeous beneath.
Bracts lanceolate or linear, obtuse, uncinate or
circinnate, 4'—5 mm long; bracteoles ovate, 1 mm
long. Anther cells diverging, with hornlets at the
top, as long as or slightly longer than the sericeous
thick, clavate, red connectives. Ovary sericeous.
......................... 3. B. Aerugo Sagot.

and bracteoles 1—^3% mm long. Ovary glabrous. . 8
b. Bracts and bracteoles short, hardly 1 mm long.
Top of the anther cells mucronulate, wdth
%—mm long hornlets. Ovary densely sericeous,
except at the base........ 8. B. obversa Miq.

with cuneate base. Petioles 2—^10 mm long. Sepals
outside sericeous, inside glabrous. Anthers glabrous;
appendage of the connective very large (12 mm).

b. Leaves elliptical, ovate, obovate or sub-orbicular,
with cordate and often narrowed base. Petioles
short (1% — Yi mm). Sepals outside glabrous, inside
sericeous. Anthers densely strigose at the top;
appendage of the connective —'Vz of the length
of the cells....... 7. B. coccolobifolia Kunth.

1. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich, ex A. L. de Juss.
in Ann. Mus. Par. XVIII (1811), p. 481, emend. gt;fdz.;
Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen. V (1821), p. ii5 (coll ed.);
D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 679; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill
(1843), p. 291; Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 86; id. in
Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 5o; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII,
1 (i858), p. 18; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1869), p. 114;
Triana and Planch, in Ann. sc. nat. 4e sér. Bot. XVIII
(1862), p. 3i2; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 471;
Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 168, p.p.;
Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 718; — Malpighia
crassifolia L., Spec. PI. I (1763), p. 426, n. 3; Aubl., PL
Guia. I (1776), p. 467, III t. 182; — Malpighia Moureila
Aubl. 1. c., p. 469, t. 241; Cav., Diss. VIII (1789), p. 412,

t. 241; — ByrMnima rhopalaefoUa Kunth 1. c., p. 114; D.C.
1. c., p. 58o; — ByrMnima monlana Kunth 1. c., p. ii5; —
B. ferruginea Kunth 1. c., p. 116, t. 446; D.C. 1. c., p. 679;
Juss. I.e., p. 291; — B. cuben/u Juss. I.e., p. 292; —•
B. cradiifolia (L.) Kunth, var. typica Ndz. in Arb. Bot.
Inst. Lyc. I (1901), p. 16; id., in Engl. 1. c., p. 720.

Small shrub, or low, stunted tree, up to 10 m high. Wood
rather heavy, strong (Pfeiffer). Young parts with short, rusty
or rufous-velutinous hairs, ffairs compass-needle-shaped, with
nearly straight or slightly flexuous, 400—^600 \i long arms,
26—^5o [J. in diam.; feet thin, 5o —110 [j, long. Branchlets
cylindrical, sulcate, rusty-sub-velutinous, up to 3 mm in diam.;
branches cylindrical, glabrous, grey, up to 5 mm in diam.;
internodes —6 cm long, those at the end of the branches often
reduced. Leaves coriaceous, varying in size and shape, oblong
or elliptical to ovate or obovate, 3—20 cm long, 2 — 15 cm
wide; base obtuse or slightly acute, slightly decurrent into the
petiole; margin revolute; top acute, ± short-acuminate or
slightly obtuse. Young leaves rusty-velutinous; adult ones
glabrescent, shining above, with long-persistent hairs along the
slightly prominent midrib, beneath dull, sub-velutinous, at last
glabrescent, except along the strongly prominent midrib, primary
nerves (7 —10 on each side) prominent, arcuate at the margin,
veins densely reticulate. Petioles slightly velutinous or glabrous,
1/2—2% cm long. Stipules persistent, thick, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, velutinous, 3—5 mm long. Racemes or pseudo-
racemes, peduncled, terminal, elongate, many-flowered, rufous-
velutinous, 4—^1234 cm long. Pedicels velutinous, 7 —12 mm
long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the base, —^3 on o^—4 mm
long peduncles. Bracts and bracteoles triangular or ovate, acute,
deciduous, crisp, outside velutinous, inside nearly glabrous,
2—3, resp. 1—3 mm long. Flowers 1—2 cm in diam.; buds
ovoid, 5 mm long. Sepals erect, or slightly recurved at the
top, ovate, outside sericeous, 3 — 5 mm long, with oblong,
2—3 mm long, glabrous glands. Petals patent, yellow, turning

reddish when fading, glabrous, concave, orbicular-reniform,
with nearly entire margin, 6—9 mm in diam., with 3—5 mm
long claws; 5th petal flattish, irregular-slashed, 3—4 mm long,
with thick claw. Stamens nearly equal, exserted. Filaments
glabrous, except base, 2—3 mm long, hardly connate at the
base. Anthers linear or oblong, usually pilose; cells as long
as or slightly longer than the 2—^3% nini long, inside pilose,
connectives. Ovary sub-globose, glabrous or slightly sericeous.
Styles in youth curved at the top, glabrous, as long as the
stamens. Torus-hairs rusty, % — Va of the length of the filaments.
Drupe globose, green, at last yellowish, with a sour flavour,
5—8 mm in diam., 3- (or by abortion 1- or 2-)celled. Exocarp
thin-fleshy, endocarp woody, minutely verrucous or ribbed.

Patrick savannah (Boldingh n. 3904a, fl. Oct.; CoU. indig.
n. 178, fl. May); Joden savannah (Pocke n. 3^8, fl. Oct.;
Wuflschlägel n. 47 p.p. [B.]); Zanderij I (Samuels n. 3o2
[L.], fl. May; Kuyper n. 71, fl. July; B.W. n. 6491, fl. Dec.);
Sectie O (Lanjouw n. i53, fl. July; Pulle n. 146, fr. Aug.;
B.W. n. 471, fl. and fr. Oct.; B.W. n. 2820, fl. Apr.);
Sectie O, tree n. 628 (B.W. n. 2055, fl. Dec.; n. 1206,
fl. and fr. Oct.; n. i8o5, fl. June; n. 2608, fl. and fr. Jan.;
n. 4681, fl. May; n. 4762, fl. Oct.; n. 6072, fl. Febr.);
savannah near Berlijn (Essed n. 34 b-d, fl. Jan.); savannah
near Brownsberg (Lanjouw n. 1264, fl. Nov.); Para district
near savannah Kompas (Went n. 366, fl. Sept.); Donder-
creek (B.W. n. 828, fl. Jan.; Pulle s. n.); without locality:
Hostmann et Kappler 1009a; Splitgerber s. n., mis. de
Vriese [L.].

var. cinerea (Poir.) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb.
(1901), p. 17; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 722; — Malpighia
cinerea Poir., Suppl. IV (i8i3), p. 7; — Byrsonima
cinerea D.C. 1. c., p. 58o; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Par. 1. c.,
p. 281; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. I.e., p. 12; id. in Fl. Brit.
W.-Ind. Isl. 1. c., p. 114.

Zanderij I (B.W. n. 563); Para district, PI. Onoribo
(Wullscklagel n. 46 [B.]); near Joden savannah, pi. Berlijn
(Kegel 1146 [G.] and s. n. [ex hb. Garcke; D.]); PI. Berlijn
(W^ullschlagel n. 49 named B. apicata by Pulle [B.]); upper
Suriname R. (Focke n. 233, 11. Nov.); without locality:
Hostmann n. 126; n. 146a [G.j; n. 810 p. p. [U, D.]:
Wullschlagel 47 p. p. [G.].

var. Spruccana Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. 1. c., p. 18; id.
in Engl. 1. c., p. 722; —■ B. Spruceana Ndz. in Engl.- Prantl
Nat. Pflz.fam. Nachtr. zu III, 4 (1897), p. 207.
Leaves lanceolate, 7-—^12 cm long, 1—3 cm wide; densely
prominulous reticulate; shining above, below dull, glabrescent.
Petioles nearly 1 cm long. Anthers pilose. Ovary puberulous.
Distribution: Para, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia.

Without locality: Splitgerber a. 1837 (ex Ndz.).
Vernacular names: Moeleidan, Moereiran, Moelei, Moerei,
JVloelehi (Car.); Hori, Hoelia, Horia (Arow.); Sabana kwarie,
Moeli, Moelei (N.E.); Savanna kwarie (S.D.); Sabana
mango (Sar.).

2. Byrsonima coriacea (Swartz) Kunth in H.B.K., Nov.
gen. V (1821), p. ii3 (coll. ed.), emend. Ndz.; D.C.,
Prodr. I (1824), p. 58o; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV,
2 (1910), p. 167; Fawcett and Rendle, Fl. Jam. IV (1920),
p. 221, p. p., f. 74; —■ MaLpighia coriacea Swartz, Prodr.
(1788), p. 74; .—■ Byrdonima coriacea (Swartz) Kunth, var.
Swartziana Ndz. in Engl. 1. c., p. 699.
Shrub or tree, up to 40 m high. Bark dark-brown with white
spots. Young parts densely rusty- or rufous-sericeous. Hairs
compass-needle-shaped, with straight, 3oo—^5oo(—^1000) [J. long,
thick hairs, with short, 10—^5o(—^70) (x long, thin feet.
Branchlets cylindrical, striate, sericeous; branches glabrous,
grey, striate, up to 4 mm in diam.; internodes 34—'4(—cm
long, often reduced at the top of the branch. Leaves coriaceous,
lanceolate, up to 18 cm long, and 534 cm wide; base narrowed
or cuneate, tapering into the petiole; margin slightly revolute;
top acute or acuminate, acumen generally blunt. Young leaves

densely sericeous, adult ones above light-green, glabrous (along
midrib long-persistent hairs), shining, nerves slightly prominent,
beneath light-brown, with long-persistent hairs, glabrescent,
with slightly prominent nerves. Petioles sericeous, 4—mm
long. Stipules broadly ovate, thick, persistent, 1 %—4 mm long,
outside sericeous. Racemes or rarely pseudo-racemes, terminal,
peduncled, i5'—^40-flowered, up to i5 cm long, rusty-sericeous.
Pedicels slender, sericeous, 6—mm long, bracteate and
bibracteolate at the base, on o—mm long peduncles. Bracts
and bracteoles thick, straight, persistent, ovate, acute, outside
sericeous, inside slightly pilose, 2, resp. —mm long. Flowers
1% cm in diam.; buds globose-ovoid, 5—6 mm long. Sepals
ovate, top recurved, sericeous, 3—334 mm long, with ellipsoid,
glabrous, 2 mm long glands, or glandless. Petals glabrous,
yellowy concave, reniform, 5-—6 mm long, /•—mm wide,
with reflexed 3—4 mm long claws; 5th petal flattish, corrugate,
with hastate base, 5x3 mm, with thick, straight, 2% mm long
claw. Stamens nearly equal, exserted. Filaments glabrous,
1—2 mm long, hardly connate at the base. Anthers linear-
oblong, 3 mm long, glabrous or sericeous between the parallel
cells, nearly as long as the connectives. Torus-hairs 1—2 mm
long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous or at first sericeous; styles glabrous,
5 mm long. Drupe yellow, globose, up to 14 mm in diam.;
exocarp thin-fleshy, endocarp bony, verrucous,
Distribution: -Jamaica.

var. spicata (Cav.) Ndz. in Engl. 1. c., p. 700; —
Malpighia spicata Cav., Diss. VIII (1789), p. 409, t. 237;
— Byrsonima spicata Rich, ex A. L. de Juss. in Ann. Mus.
Paris XVIII (1811), p. 481; Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen.
I.e., p. ii3; D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 58o; Griseb. in
Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 12; id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.
Isl. (1869), p. ii5; Juss. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843),
p. 294; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 471; Small in
N.-Amer. Fl. XXV, 2 (1910), p. 168; — Byrsonima
lanceolata Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 602; — Byrsonima

cradöifolia, forma anguötifoLia Miq. 1. c., p. 736; — Byrdonima
Hodtmanni Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII (1848), p. 120.

Leaves oblong-Ianceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, chartaceous,
with many (15—40 on each side) parallel, distinct primary
nerves.

Glandbearing form: Zanderij I, tree n. 146 (B.W. n. 3376,
fr. Oct.); Para (Splitgerber n. 991 [L.], fl. March); Onoribo
(Focke n. 876, type quot;of B. lanceoLata Miq., fl. March); PI.
Berlijn, Onoribo, Para (Wullschlägel n. 48 [B.]); without
locality: Hostmann n. 1009, type of B. Hodtmanni Benth.,
and of B. craddLfolla, forma LanceoLata Miq.); Focke n. 373;
Hohenacker, Arzn. n. 438 [D.]; Nolte [G.]; Wullschlägel
n. 46, 48, 49 [G.].

Glandless form: Osembo (Essed n. 33a, fl. Jan.); Zanderij I,
tree n. 146 (B.W. n. 439, fl. Nov.; n. 1207, fl. Oct.; n. 2286,
fl. Aug.; n. 25i5, fl. Dec.; n. 3902, fl. July; n. 4786,
fl. Sept.).

f. propinqua (Benth.) Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. I (1901),
p. 5; id. Engl. 1. c., p. 701; — Byrdonima propinqua Benth.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII (1848), p. 120; — B. coriacea X
B. craddifoLia Ndz. I. c.
Anther cells on both sides pilose. Adult leaves golden-yellow-
sericeous beneath.

Patrick savannah (Boldingh n. 3889, fl. Oct.); Joden
savannah (Tulleken n. 166 [L.], fl. Aug.; Kegel n. 1147 [G.]);
Berlijn, Para (Wullschlägel n. 5o [B.]; RepubHek (Kuyper
n. 8, fl. Oct.).

V ernacu lar names: Holia, Hoelia (Arow.); Moeleri, Moelei,
Moeroei (Car.); Savanna or sabana kwarie (N.E.).

3. Byrsonima Aerugo Sagot in Ann. sc. nat. 6e sér. XII
(1881), p. 178; Sandwith in Kew Bull. 5 (1935), p. 3ii;
— Byrdonima aLtiddima auctt., non Aublet, Ndz. in Engl.
Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 716, f. 46?!.

Stout trees, up to 35 m high, stem up to 1 m in diam., bark
thick, reddish, wood hard, reddish. Young parts densely reddish

or rusty-farinose or -sericeous. Hairs compass-needle-shaped,
with straight, 200—^3oo [j, long, thick (i5—3o fi.) arms, and
slender, short, 10—40 [i. long feet. Branchlets sericeous, sulcate,
cylindrical, up to 3 mm in diam.; branches cylindrical, glabrous,
greyish, striate, up to 4 mm in diam. Leaves thick-coriaceous,
elliptical, ovate- or obovate-oblong, 8-—cm long, 3^4—'jVi cm
wide; base acuminate, decurrent; margin revolute; top acuminate
or acute. Young leaves densely rusty-sericeous, adult ones
above glabrous, often pruinose, nerves slightly prominent,
beneath densely rusty farinose-sericeous, primary nerves (8 —10
on each side) strongly prominent, arcuate, not attaining the
margin, secondary ones slightly prominent, reticulate. Petioles
canaliculate, nearly glabrous, flattish above, 1 —4 cm long.
Stipules persistent, connate, ovate-acute, outside sericeous,
2—4 mm long. Racemes rufous-sericeous, 6-—'8 cm long,
peduncles 1—2 cm long. Pedicels sericeous, slender, 4 —15
(when fruiting) mm long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the
base. Bracts coriaceous, persistent, circinnate, linear, outside
sericeous, inside nearly glabrous, greenish, 4—5 mm long.
Bracteoles coriaceous, persistent, straight, slightly concave,
orbicular, outside sericeous, inside nearly glabrous, 1 mm long.
Flowers up to 1 % cm diam.; buds ovoid, 4 mm long. Sepals
triangular-obtuse, recurved at the top, sericeous (outside more
densely), 2—3 mm long, with large, yellow, oblong, lY,—2 mm
long glands. Petals yellow or white (Benoist), patent, glabrous,
orbicular, cochleate, 5 — g mm in diam., base hastate or cordate,
claws semi-circular recurved, 4 mm long, 5th petal flat, ovate,
corrugate, with sagittate base, 3 mm long, claw thick, straight,
434 mm long. Stamens nearly equal, only anthers exserted.
Filaments broad, glabrous, 2 mm long, hardly connate at the
base. Anthers 2%^—^ nun long, cells extrorsely curved at the
top, with lyre-haped hornlets, as long as, or slightly longer
than the sericeous, thick, clavate, red connectives; cells long-
protruding beyond the base of the connectives. Receptacle

with 1—1mm long hairs. Ovary sericeous, ovoid; styles as
long as the stamens. Drupe semi-globose, reddish, 9 mm in
diam., hollow below. Exocarp thin-fleshy, endocarp bony,
thick, verrucous.

var. occidentalis Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb. I
(1901), p. i5; id. in Engl. 1. c.

This variety differs from the typical form (var. orientaLis Ndz.
1. c.) in the size of all its parts, and the less pruinose leaves.
Leaves up to 22 cm long, 9 cm wide. Primary nerves 10—
Stipules 3 mm long. Racemes up to 8 cm long; peduncles
1—2 cm long; bracts 4 mm long.

Brownsberg, tree n. 1134 (B.W. n. 1707, ster. JMarch;
n. 2072, fr. July; n. 2877, fl. May; n. 2930, fr. and fl. June);
tree n. 83 (B.W. n. 3272, fr. Sept.); tree n. ii56 (B.W.
n. 1769, ster. Apr.; n. 2073, fr. July).

4. Byrsonima cydoniifolia Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras,
mer. Ill (i832), p. 58; id. in Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843),
p. 281; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 6; Pulle,
Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 472; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 731.

Shrub or treelet, up to 6 m high. Young parts grey- or
reddish-velutinous. Hairs compass-needle-shaped, arms flexuous,
mm long, feet 260—^400 [i. long; both i5—^3o ji, in diam.
Branchlets cylindrical, thickish, up to 4 mm in diam., grey-
velutinous; branches cylindrical, glabrous, suberous, grey, striate,
4 mm in diam., ringed at the nodes; internodes 0,1—3 cm long.
Leaves chartaceous, obovate, oblanceolate or elliptical, 5—^14 cm
long, 2—^8 cm wide; base cuneate, long-decurrent into the
petiole; margin flat; top rounded, obtuse or acute, often
slightly emarginate. Young leaves grey- or reddish-velutinous
or subsericeous; adult ones smooth, puberulous above, with
partly (except midrib) disappearing hairs; beneath grey-

velutinous, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves (7—^10
on each side) prominent, arcuate ascendent, not attaining the
margin, veins nearly invisible under the hairs, reticulate.
Petioles short (in consequence of the long-decurrent leaf-blades)
O'—5, rarely up to i5 mm long, reddish-velutinous, thickish.
Stipules broadly ovate-triangular, obtuse, thick, outside hirsute,
inside glabrous, 3—5 mm long. Pseudo-racemes closely packed,
many-flowered, terminal, velutinous, up to 18 cm long; peduncles
1—4 cm long. Pedicels generally 2'—4 on a very short peduncle,
thickish, erect or patent, velutinous, 8 —17 mm long, bracteate
and bibracteolate at the base. Bracts and bracteoles subulate,
deciduous, thin, outside velutinous, inside glabrous, 5—7, resp.
1—2% mm long. Flowers cm in diam., buds sub-globose,
up to 6 mm long. Sepals ovate, with recurved top, outside
sericeous-tomentose, inside glabrous, 4 mm long, with cuneate-
obovate 2—3 mm long glands. Petals yellow, glabrous, thickish,
orbicular, cochleate, 6 mm in diam.; base cordate; margin
entire; claws strongly recurved, 4 mm long; 5th petal flat,
reniform, 3x5 mm, wrinkled, with erose-toothed margin;
claw thick, 4 mm long. Stamens exserted, the epipetalous ones
slightly shorter. Filaments flat, glabrous, united and densely
haired at the base; torus densely haired, hairs 2'—^2% mm long.
Anthers elliptical, oblong or linear-oblong, 2 — 5 mm long;
cells hirsute, parallel, at the top as long as, at the base
slightly longer than the thick, oblong, red connectives. Ovary
conoid, 3-sulcate, glabrous or pilose, 2 mm high. Styles
glabrous, 3 mm long. Drupe globose, 8 mm in diam., endocarp
woody, slightly verrucous.

Upper Suriname R. (Hostmann and Kappler, ed Hohenack.
n. 1296 [ly.], p. p.) named by Steud.: B. verbasclfoLla D.C.).

5. Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich, ex A. L. de Juss.
in Ann. Mus. Paris XVIII (1811), p. 481; Kunth in
H.B.K., Nov. gen. V (1821), p. Ii3 (coll. ed.); D.C.,

Prodr. I (1824), p. 579; Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. mer. HI
(i852), p. 57; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XH, i (i858), p. 5;
id. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (1859), p. 114; Pulle, Enum.
PI. Surin. (1906), p. 472; Small in N.-Amer. Fl. XXV,
2 (1910), p. 170; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 735;
— Alalpighia verbadcifolia L., Spec. PI. I (i755), p. 426,
n. 4; Aubl. PI. Guia. I (1775), P- 460, III t. 184; Cav.,
Diss. VIII (1789), p. 411, t. 240; — JIaLpighia crad/ifoLia
Vellozo, Fl. Bum. IV (1827), t. 170, (1825), p. 195.

Tortuous, small trees, up to 5 m high, with knotted,
dwarfish trunk. Bark dark-red; wood reddish. Young parts
with very dense, hispid-velufinous, partly rigid, tomenfum.
Hairs varying in shape and length, arms mostly serpentine,
up to 2 mm long, feet up to 5oo [i long. Branchlets cylindrical,
thick, velutinous, up to 1 cm in diam.; branches glabrous, very
thick, suberous, epidermis coming off in rings; internodes
— 2 cm long. Leaves sessile, but not amplexicaul, tufted on
spurlike branchlets, coriaceous, oblong-oblanceolate, obovate or
spathulate, up to 55 cm long, and 20 cm wide; base gradually
narrowed or cuneate, long-decurrent into the petiole; margin
flat; top rounded or notched. Young leaves densely velutinous-
tomentose; adult ones above smooth, hispid, or sometimes
glabrescent, beneath velutinous-tomentose, nerves hardly pro-
minent, hidden by the sometimes rufous hairs. Petioles very
short or wanting. Stipules broadly ovate or triangular, united,
outside reddish-velutinous, inside glabrous, 5 —12 mm long.
Racemes or pseudo-racemes, terminal, long-hispid or velutinous,
8—25 cm long. Peduncle o^—cm long, with stipules or bracts
at the base. Pedicels tomentose, mostly thick, 5—^16 mm long,
bracteate and bibracteolate at the base; on o—^2 mm long,
peduncles. Bracts and bracteoles thin, lanceolate, linear, or
filiform, often with 2-—51/2, resp. 1—11/2 mm broad base;
outside tomentose, inside glabrous, 5 — 2 5, resp. 5—9 mm long.
Flowers iVz-2 cm m diam.; buds ovoid, up to 5 mm long.
Sepals ovate, obtuse, outside tomentose, inside glabrous, nearly

straight, 3—6 mm long, when fruiting slightly accrescent, with
obovate 2—^3 mm long glands. Petals yellow, sub-orbicular, con-
cave, up to lo mm in diam., with cordate base, toothed margin,
and reflexed, 4 mm long claws; 5th petal flat, orbicular-reniform,
corrugate, 4—^5 mm long, with thick, straight, 4—^5 mm long
claw. The epipetalous stamens slightly shorter; only anthers
exserted. Anthers glabrous or pilose, 2 mm long, cells parallel,
at the top nearly as long as, at the base longer than the red,
thick connectives. Filaments glabrous, 2%—3 mm long, hardly
connate at the base. Receptacle with 2—^3 mm long hairs.
Ovary hirsute or glabrous (not in Surinam specimens); styles
glabrous, 3 mm long. Drupe globose, 1 cm in diam.; exocarp
thin, fleshy, endocarp woody.

Subspec. villosa Griseb. in Linnaea XIII (1839), p. 260;
id. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 5; Pulle, Enum. (1906),
p. 472; Ndz. 1. c., p. 736.

Leaves up to 35 cm long, reticulate; above densely hispid,
glabrescent, beneath densely velutinous-tomentose. Hairs of
the upper surface often sessile, with one reduced arm, seeming
simple, beneath with nearly equal, flexuous arms. Bracts and
bracteoles filiform, up to 2%. resp. 1 mm long. Sepals accrescent,
up to i5 mm long. Ovary generally hirsute. Drupe up to 1 34 cm
in diam.

f. spathulata Ndz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb.
(1901), p. 29; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 737.

Leaves spathulate, up to 35 cm long, 17% cm wide, base
gradually narrowed, wing-like decui'rent into the petioles.

6. Byrsonima densa (Poir.) D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 58o;
Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. XIII (1840), p. 334;

id. in Arch. Mus. Paris III (1843), p. 3o3; Ndz. in EngL,
Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 744; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V
(1931), p. 162; ■—■ Maipighia denm Poir., Enc. méth. Suppl.
IV (1797), p. 7; — Byrdonima amazonien Griseb. in Fl.
Bras. XII, i (i858), p. 14; Ndz. in Engl. 1. c., p. 744; —
? Byrsonima panctuLata Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér. Bot. XIII
(1840), p. 335; id. in Arch. Alus. 1. c., p. 309; Griseb. in
Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. i5; Ndz. in Engl. 1. c., p. 744.

Shrub or tree, up to 20 m high, trunk up to 60 cm in diam.,
wood soft, bark rather thin (v. Emden). Young parts rusty-
pilose, soon glabrous. Branches cylindrical, glabrous, or with
few, straight hairs, grey, 3 mm diam., striate, with lenticels;
branches cylindrical, glabrous, 4 mm diam., with many lenticels;
internodes %——8) cm long, nodes annular. Leaves chart-
aceous-coriaceous, oblanceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
3——^i5) cm long, 1%—Ai—6) cm wide; base cuneate,
decurrent into the petiole; margin revolute; top obtuse or
rounded, often oblique, or shortly acuminate. Young leaves
glabrous ; adult ones above smooth, shining, nerves slightly
prominent, beneath mostly dull, with strongly prominent midrib,
primary nerves (8.—^10 on each side) straight, ascendent, arcuate
at the margin and there united with the next ones, veins densely
reticulate. Petioles thickish, marginate, glabrous, 2^—^10 mm
long. Stipules united, free above the middle, divided into 2,
triangular, acute, 1 34 long segments, thick, outside glabrous,
with thick, long-persistent hairs at the base of the inside,
conspicuous after the falling off of the leaves. Terminal, densely-
packed, 5.—^10 cm long racemes, with lax, rufous hairs on the
rachis; peduncle 134—3 cm long. Pedicels slender, rufous-
puberulous, at first reflexed, at last erect-patent, 7—^12 mm
long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the base. Bracts and
bracteoles persistent, thickish, broadly ovate or sub-orbicular,
outside glabrous, inside and margin puberulous, 1—resp.
1 mm long. Flowers fragrant, 7^—^10 mm in diam.; buds sub-
globose, 3 mm in diam. Sepals ovate, concave, top curved,

outside slightly sericeous, 2—^2% mm long, with ovoid-cuneate
glabrous, 1—mm long glands. Petals reddish or white,
glabrous, thickish, sub-orbicular, cochleate; margin nearly entire
or erose; 3—3% mm in diam., with reflexed, 2 mm long claw;
5th petal flattish, sub-orbicular, erose, 3 mm long, with straight
and thicker, 3 mm long claw. Stamens exserted, the epipetalous
ones slightly longer. Filaments fleshy, glabrous, except at the
inside of the base (hairs 1 mm long), 21/2 mm long, hardly
united. Anthers transversally attached with parallel, glabrous,
distinct, elliptical, 7 mm long cells, pendulous from the cordate,
red, small connectives, with a very large, obtuse-conoid, straight,
ii/4 mm long appendage. Ovary conoid, glabrous; styles glabrous,
3 mm long. Drupe globose, 4 mm in diam., shining; exocarp
thin-fleshy; endocarp thick, woody, with high radial and
transverse ridges, 3 (or by abortion 2- or 1-) seeded.

Cottica (B.W. n. 5335, fl. June); Patrick savannah (Cofl.
indig. n. 2o3, fl. May); Brownsberg (B.W. n. 3858, fl. May;
n. 6452, fl. Apr.; n. 6829, fl. Apr.; v. Emden s. n., fr. Sept.);
Brownsberg, tree n. I23i (B.W. n. 6661, fr. Oct.; n. 6740,
fl. June).

Leaves oblanceolate, with emarginate top, clustered at the
end of very short branches; internodes 1—£gt; mm long.

7. Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen.
V (1821), p. 114 (coll. ed.); D.C., Prodr. I (1824), p. 58o;
Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. mer. Ill (i832), p. 85; id. in
Arch. Mus. Par. Ill (1843), p. 3o2; Griseb. in Fl. Bras.
XII, 1 (i858), p. 17; Small in N^.-Amer. Fl. XXV,
2 (1910), p. 170; Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 749,
t. 47, f. C, D; — ByrMnima dedMiifoila Benth. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. VII (1848), p. 124; Sandwith in Kew Bull. 5
(1935), p. 3ii.

Low trees or shrubs, with the leaves clustered at the end
of the branches. Only very young parts and pedicels rusty-
sericeous. Hairs compass-needle-shaped, with straight, i5o—5oo [x
long arms, 20—^3o [i. in diam.; feet i5 [J. long. Branchlets
glabrous, cylindrical, angular or striate, grey, fulvous, up to

3nbsp;mm in diam.; branches cylindrical, very suberous, greyish, up
to 6 mm in diam.; internodes 1/2—6 cm long. Leaves sessile or
sub-sessile, coriaceous, elliptical, ovate, obovate, ovate-lan-
ceolate or sub-orbicular, up to i5 cm long and 10 cm wide;
base sub-cordate or often narrowed; margin flat; top obtuse
or rounded, often emarginate. Young leaves glabrous; adult
ones minutely punctulate; midrib and primary nerves (8 —12 on
each side) prominent, veins densely reticulate. Petioles thick,
glabrous, —mm long. Stipules deciduous, broadly ovate
or sub-orbicular, outside sericeous, inside glabrous, 2—3 mm
long. Usually simple, peduncled, terminal, straight, glabrous
(except pedicels), up to i5 cm long racemes; rachis angular
with long-persistent hairs. Pedicels rufous-sericeous, thickish,
S—g mm long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the base. Bracts
and bracteoles lanceolate-ovate or ovate, acute, persistent,
sericeous at margin and base, 2—3%, resp. 1—lY, mm long.
Flowers up to 14 mm in diam.; buds ovoid, 5 mm long. Sepals
ovate, top recurved, outside glabrous, inside sericeous, 3—'^Yz mm
long, with oblanceolate, white or reddish, glabrous, 2 mm long
glands. Petals glabrous, pink, reddish or lilac, concave, sub-
orbicular, with cordate base, entire margin, 4—6 mm long,
and strongly reflexed 2—3 mm long claws; 5th petal flat,
reniform, corrugate, 5 mm long, with thick, straight, canaliculate,

4nbsp;mm long claw. Stamens nearly equal, exserted. Filaments
glabrous, except at base, fleshy, flat, 2 mm long, hardly connate
at the base. Anthers linear, 2—33/2 mm long, cells densely
strigose at the obtuse and usually free top; connective glabrous,
with a conical, straight, or recurved appendage, 34—quot;Ys of the
length of the cells. Torus-hairs slightly longer than the filaments.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous, sulcate; styles glabrous, 4—5 mm
long. Drupe globose, top acute, up to 8 mm in diam. Exocarp
thin-fleshy, endocarp bony, verrucous.

Saramacca R., Poika savannah (B.W. n. 3o5, fl. May);
Coesewiine savannah (B.W. n. 5i3i, fl. May); Corantijne R.,
Oreala savannah (Pulle n. 535, fl. Sept.).
Vernacular names: Alatakoea, Moelei (Car.).

8. Byrsonima obversa Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 76;
Pulle, Enum. PL Surin. (1906), p. 472; Ndz. in Engl.,
Pfl. reich IV (1928), p. 757.

Trees. Young parts rusty-sericeous. Branchlets angular or
sulcate, sericeous, up to 3 mm in diam.; branches glabrous,
grey, up to 4 mm in diam.; internodesnbsp;5(—^10) cm long.

Hairs compass-needle-shaped, arms nearly straight, 2 5o—35o (x
long, i5—20 [A in diam., the wall partly verrucous, feet funnel-
shaped, up to 12 [L long. Leaves thin-coriaceous, obovate or
oblanceolafe, 4—^12 cm long, 2—6 cm wide; base cuneate or
acute, decurrent into the petioles; margin flat; top broadly
rounded or rarely obtuse, subapiculate. Young leaves very
soon glabrous; adult ones rusty-red, glabrous, shining above,
with hardly prominent nerves; beneath pallid, very densely,
minutely punctulate, midrib and the parallel, erect-patent primary
nerves (8—11 on each side) slightly prominent, veins reticulate.
Petioles sub-sericeous, glabrescent, canaliculate above, 4—^8 mm
long. Stipules connate, ovate-orbicular, outside sericeous, inside
glabrous, 1—mm long. Racemes rufous-subsericeous, terminal,
peduncled, up to 12 cm long. Pedicels slender, sericeous, often
circinnafe, 1/2—1 cm long, bracteate and bibracteolate at the
base. Bracts and bracteoles thickish, persistent, slightly concave,
ovate or orbicular, outside sericeous, hardly 1 mm long.
Flowers up to 1% cm in diam. Sepals erect, ovate or obtuse-
triangular, sub-sericeous, 2—^3 mm long, with ellipsoid or
oblanceolafe, pink (Lanjouw), 2—^3 mm long glands. Petals

glabrous, pink, concave, sub-orbicular, 4—6 mm long, base
cordate, margin nearly entire or toothed, with reflexed 2 mm
long claws; 5th petal flat, ovate, corrugate, 2 mm long, base
hastate, claw thick, straight ,2^4 mm long. Stamens exserted,
nearly equal. Filaments glabrous, 1—2 mm long, hardly connate
at the base. Anthers linear, cells appressed-hirtellous, tops
ending in setaceous, %—mm long hornlets, longer than or
nearly equal to the thick, clavate, glabrous, often slightly
recurved, appendage of the sericeous, 4 mm long, connectives.
Torus-hairs one half the length of the filaments. Ovary ovoid,
densely sericeous, except at base; styles glabrous, 4 mm long.
Drupe globose, apiculate, 1 cm in diam., with persistent
accrescent calyx. Exocarp thin-fleshy, endocarp bony, verrucous.

Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg n. 682, fl. July); Cottica R.
near JVioengo (Lanjouw n. 468, fl. Aug.); Brownsberg (B.W.
n. 6681, fr. Nov.); upper Suriname R. near Dottera Soela
(Tresling n. 294, fl. Aug.); lower Coppename R. (W^ent
n. 143, fl. Aug.); Kabalebo R., W^atramiri-creek, tree n. 1620
(B.W. n. 1890, ster. June; n. 3885, fl. July; n. 4040, fr. Oct.;
n. 4426, fr. Oct.; n. 6004, fr. Dec.); without locality:
Hostmann n. 665 (type specimen); Hostmann ed. Hohenacker
n. 665a [D.j.

9. Byrsonima stipulacea Juss. in Ann. sc. nat. 2e sér.
Bot. XIII (1840), p. 332; id. in Arch. JVlus. Paris III
(1843), p. 287; Griseb. in Fl. Bras. XII, 1 (i858), p. 18; —
Byrdonima Longibracteata Mart, in Regensb. Fl. 24- Beibltt.
(1841), p. 61; — Aicoceratothrix Longibracteata (Mart.) Ndz.
in Arb. Bot. Inst. Lyc. Braunsb. I (1901), p. 45; —
ALcoceralotLirlx dtipuLacea (Juss.) Ndz. in Engl., Pfl. reich IV
(1928), p. 762.

Tree, up to 3o m high, wood medium hard and heavy, light
to dark reddish brown. Young parts reddish-velutinous. Branch-
lets cylindrical, velutinous, glabrescent, brown or greyish, up
to 5 mm in diam.; branches cylindrical, twisted, glabrous,

grey-suberous, up to 7 mm in diam.; internodes 34—^ cm long.
Leaves entire, bullate, coriaceous, ovate, obovate or oblong,
up to i8(-25) cm long, Si/z—SC—10) cm wide; base acute or
cuneate, long-decurrent into the petiole; margin revolute; top
acute or shortly acuminate, rarely obtuse. Young leaves rufous-
velutinous; adult ones above smooth, glabrous (except at the
base), dark (when dried), with impressed nerves, beneath rufous-
velutionus, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves parallel,
curved at the margin, and there anastomosing, strongly prominent,
secondary and tertiary nerves prominent, parallel, forming
nearly rectangular areoles. Hairs antler-shaped or stellate,
with 100 — 180 [X long feet, 26 [x in diam., the arms 3o—60 (x
long. Petioles thick, densely hispid-velutinous, 6 — 20 mm long.
Stipules intrapetiolar, membranous, outside velutinous, inside
glabrous, deciduous, very large, ovate-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, 6—22 mm long, up to 8 mm wide, closing round the
branches or racemes. Racemes straight, terminal, velutinous,
up to 20 cm long, base enclosed by 2 stipuliform bracts;
peduncle 1/2—4 cm long. Pedicels rufous-velutinous, becoming
thicker towards the top, up to i3 mm long, bracteate and
bibracteolate at the base. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute,
outside velutinous, 6—12 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, deciduous;
bracteoles ovate, acute, 3—6 mm long, 1—3 mm wide, outside
velutinous, deciduous. Flowers up to 2 cm in diam.; buds
globose, 4 mm high. Sepals thick, ovate, strongly recurved at
the fop, velutinous on both sides, 5 mm long, with oblong,
2—3 mm long, glands or glandless. Petals yellow, reflexed,
glabrous, concave, sub-orbicular, 6—8 mm long, with cordate
base and nearly entire margin, with 3 mm long claws; 5th
petal flat, ovate or reniform 3 mm long, corrugate, base hastate,
margin sub-glandular fringed, with thick, straight, 334 mm long
claw. Stamens nearly equal, exserted. Filaments glabrous,
halfway connate, flat, the episepalous ones broader, 2 mm long.
Anther-cells linear, 2 mm long, densely hirsute, with long hairs

at the top, at the base auricled; connective dark, glabrous,
oblong, with often recurved, cylindrical appendage, i mm
longer than the cells. Torus hairs half the length of filaments.
Ovary ovoid-pyramidal, sericeous; styles glabrous, thicker in
the middle. Drupe globose, yellow, top apiculate, up to 1cm
in diam. Calyx enlarged in fruit, woody. Exocarp fleshy,
5 mm thick, endocarp woody, slightly ribbed.
Distribution: Bahia, Guiana.

gland-bearing form: (^ALcoceratothrix rugoaa (Benth.) Ndz. in
Arb. Bot. Inst. 1. c., p. 48; id. in Engl. 1. c., p. 703; —
B. rugosa Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII (1848), p. 118;
Griseb. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 18).

Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6903, fl. Aug.; n. 6585, fr. June);
along railway, km i5,5 (B.W. n. 636i, fl. Jan.).

Trees or shrubs, usually aromatic, sometimes parasitic, twining,
leafless herbs. Leaves simple, rarely lobed, usually alternate,
penninerved or plinerved. Stipules wanting. Inflorescences
usually axillary panicles, spikes, racemes or umbels. Bracts
deciduous or forming an involucre. Flowers generally small,
regular, hermaphrodite or dioecious, sometimes polygamous-
dioecious, generally fragrant; tube small or conspicuous, conical,
infundibuliform or urceolate, generally increasing to a cupule
at the base of the fruit, rarely deciduous, sometimes enveloping
the whole fruit; perianth segments 4 or 6 in a double row,
the outer ones often smaller than the alternate inner ones,
deciduous or persistent. Stamens generally in 3 or 4 rows of
3, alternate, attached to the tube; the outer 2 rows fertile,
usually glandless, introrse or rarely extrorse, or staminodial,
sometimes wanting; stamens of the 3rd row usually fertile
with introrse, extrorse, lateral or apical cells, base of the
filaments with 2 glands at the outside; 4th row usually sterile,
staminodial. Anthers ovate, oblong, rectangular or triangular,
usually 2- or 4-celled, cells in 2 vertical rows or in one arcuate
row, opening by valves, generally from base to top, the valves
often persistent, patent. Pollen simple, globose. Filaments usually
free, rarely those of the 3rd row united; basal glands generally
sessile and free, sometimes higher up at the filament. Ovary
free, as a rule epigynous, 1-celled with a solitary, anatropous,
pendulous ovule, attached near the top of the cell. Style usually

conspicuous, stigma obtuse or rarely capitulate. Fruit a one-
seeded berry or drupe, with an enlarged and persistent flower
tube, surrounding the base of the fruit, rarely enveloping it;
sometimes the whole perianth persistent, rarely deciduous.
Seed without albumen, testa usually membranous. Cotyledons
flat-convex, including the radicle and the usually well-developed
plumule.

Distribution: 40 genera with about 1000 species, widely
distributed in tropical regions, a few beyond the tropics in the
temperate zones.
Principal literature:

C. G. Nees ab Esenbeck, Systema Laurinarum (i836).
C. F. Meissner in De Candolle, Prodromus XV, 1 (1864),
p. 1; id. in Martius, Flora Brasiliensis V, 2 (1868), p. i38.
C. Mez in Verh. Botan. Ver. Brandenburg 3o (1889), p. 1;
id. in Jahrb. Botan. Garten Berlin V (1889); id. in Arb.
Botan. Garten Breslau I (1892), p. 71.
A. J. G. H. Kostermans, Studies in South American
Malpighiaceae, Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae, especially
of Surinam, also in Med. Bot. Mus. en Herb. Utrecht
n. 20 (1936).

stlpitate. Filaments of the outer rows of stamens
long, fdiform. Perianth not or hardly enlarged

wanting. Filaments of the outer rows of stamens
usually small. Perianth tube persistent, enlarged,
forming a cupule at or around the base of[the berry. 6

6.nbsp;a. Anther cells in 2 vertical rows ... 4. Ocotea.
b. Anther cells in one, slightly arcuate or horizontal

b. Stamens of the 3rd row fertile, outer 6 stamens
abortive................... 10. Mezilaurus.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous,
penninerved. Flowers dioecious or hermaphrodite in axillary,
peduncled, involucrate umbels; involucre deciduous. Perianth
4-fid; segments equal. Male flowers with 8 —12 fertile filaments
in 2 or 3 rows; filaments with 2 subsessile glands in the middle;
anthers introrse, oblong, 2-celled. Ovary rudimentary or wanting.
Female flowers vvith 4 staminodes. Style short. Stigma obtuse-
trigonous. Berry ellipsoid, often surrounded by the truncate or
lacerate perianth base. Cotyledons large, oily; radicle at the
top, included.

Distribution: Two species in Asia Minor, Mediterranean
region, Canary isl.; cultivated.

Shrub or tree, up to 10 m high, densely leaved and branched.
Bark glabrous, greenish; v^^ood smooth; buds ovate, covered
ty 4—ovate, acute, sub-sericeous, deciduous scales. Leaves
alternate, aromatic, coriaceous, lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate
or oblong, 7 — 10 cm long, 21/2—3 cm wide, top acute or
acuminate, rarely acutish or obtuse, margin sub-undulate, base
acute, above dark-green, glabrous, midrib and primary nerves
hardly prominent, beneath paler, midrib reddish, strongly
prominent, primary nerves patent, disappearing towards the
margin, veins densely reticulate. Petioles 1 cm long, reddish-
green, canaliculate above. Panicles or 4—6-flowered pseudo-
umbels short, axillary, 1—3 together, surrounded by brown
deciduous, ovate or orbicular, concave, glabrous bracts. Peduncle
3—8 mm long, nearly cylindrical, glabrous, rather thick. Pedicels
short, puberulous, 2% mm long. Flowers dioecious, whitish-
green or yellowish; the 4 perianth segments obovate or elliptical,
obtuse, longitudinally 5-nerved. Male flowers with 10 — 12,
rarely less, stamens, filaments with 2 large, subsessile glands
about the middle, rarely outer rows of stamens glandless.
Filaments long, glabrous, fdiform. Anthers introrse, elliptical,
sub-rectangular, obtuse, glabrous, with oblong, large cells.
Female flower with 2 —4 hastate staminodes with subulate or
obtuse tops. Ovary shortly stipitate, oblong, glabrous; style
glabrous, thick, short with depressed-capitate, sub-trigonous
stigma. Berry at last black, ovoid, up to 21/2 cm long; pedicel
not thickened.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, chartaceous or coriaceous,
usually pilose. Panicles axillary or sub-terminal. Flowers large.

in cymes or pseudo-umbels, without involucre, hermaphrodite;
tube very short or wanting; perianth segments 6, equal or the
outer ones smaller, usually persistent. Stamens 9, generally
fertile; 4th row of stamens staminodial; filaments filiform,
as a rule longer than the anthers, hirsute or glabrous; 3rd row
with distinctly stipitate, usually large glands, the stalks of the
glands united with the filaments, the glands therefore apparently
attached at V?—% of the filament; anthers generally 4-celled,
ovate, cells large, the lower ones touching the lateral side of
the upper ones; exterior anthers introrse, interior 6 anthers
extrorse or extrorse-lateral. Staminodes large, distinctly stipitate,
cordate or sagittate, top often hirsute. Ovary sub-globose,
glabrous or pilose; style usually longer, glabrous or pilose;
stigma dilated, large. Berry globose or ellipsoid. Fruiting pedicel
not or slightly thickened; perianth not enlarged or dediduous.

b. Lower surface of the leaves sparingly puberulous
or glabrous, not pruinose..................... 2

Perianth segments 5—y mm long, oblong-lanceolate.
Glands large, stipitate; ovary pubescent. Berry

b. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, up to i3 cm long.
Perianth segments 1% mm long, ovate-orbicular.
Glands small, sessile. Ovary glabrous. Berry
globose, 1 cm diam. . . 3. P. coriacea Kosterm.

1. Persea Benthamiana Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. 44; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 164; Mez
in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 149; — Persea
nivea Mez in Jahrb. I. c., p. 148; ■— Persea venosa Benth.
(nec Nees) in pi. Sprue, n. 2766.

Tree. Branchlets densely rusty- or yellow-sericeous, glabres-
cent, angular; branches cylindrical, sulcate, dark-grey or brown.

glabrous; buds densely sericeous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous,
at last rigid, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (7—)i2 —1'/( — 21)
cm long, (2—■) 3%—634) cm wide; base shortly cuneate,
margin slightly recurved, top acute with obtuse point; above
glabrous, shining, punctulate-areolate or smooth, midrib im-
pressed, nerves flat; beneath densely sericeous when young,
glabrescent, but with long-persistent, appressed hairs; at last
distinctly white-pruinose, midrib strongly prominent, primary
nerves (5—y on each side) arcuately ascendent, prominent,
disappearing towards margin, bases somewhat decurrent along
midrib; secondary nerves parallel, prominulous; veins punctulate-
areolate. Petioles slender, tomentellous, hardly canaliculate,
i5—55 mm long. Panicles axillary, congested at the top of the
branchlets, narrow-pyramidal, lax, elongated, grey-sericeous,
up to 18 cm long; peduncles slender, up to 8 cm long, lower
branchlets 3 cm long, flowers in contracted, umbel-like dichasia.
Pedicels grey-sericeous, 2—3 mm long. Bracteoles minute,
deciduous. Flowers yellow, sericeous-tomentose; outer perianth
segments broadly ovate, acutish, fleshy, concave, inside glabrous,
wdth 5 parallel nerves, 2 mm long; inner ones lanceolate-ovate,
acutish, sericeous, 5 mm long, with 9 parallel nerves; outer
6 stamens with 2% mm long, tomentose, slender filaments, the
outer ones united at the base with the petals; anthers ovate,
obtuse or emarginate, margin slightly constricted, glabrous at the
top, 1 mm long, cells large, introrse; 3rd row of stamens
somewhat longer, erect; glands reniform, at % from the base;
anthers oblong-rectangular, glabrous at the top, cells lateral;
staminodes 2 mm long, tomentose, top covered with a triangular,
thickened, red, glandular margin, the hairs protruding distinctly
beyond this margin. Ovary tomentose, globose, 1 % mm high,
style rather thick, tomentose, 2 mm long, stigma infundibuliform,
mm long. Berry globose, slightly compressed, mucronulate,
smooth, 6 mm in diam.; pedicel thick, cylindrical, 5 mm long,
with persistent, not enlarged perianth.

Zanderij I, tree n. 80 (B.W. n. 1238, ster. Nov.; n. 2687,
fl. Febr.; n. 2767, fl. Apr.; n. 2904, fr. May; n. 3o28,
fr. July; n. 4380, fr. Aug.).
Vernacular names: Bastard Pisie (S.D.); Basra Pisie (N.E.);
Apisie-ie, Kiesie-ma (Sar.); Boeradie, Boeradie-è (Arow.);
Koesapoi, W^onojen-panda (Car.).

2. Persea americana Mill., Gard. Diet., ed. 8 (1768);
Urb., Symb. IV (1906), p. 244; Fawcett and Rendle,
Fl. Jam. Ill, 1 (1914), p. 207; — Persea gratiósima Gaertn.,
Fruct. Ill (1807), p. 222, t. 221; H.B.K., Nov. gen. II
(1817), p. 125 (col. ed.); Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 128; id.
in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 268, 489; Miq. in Linnaea 18
(1844), p. 245, Bot. Mag. 46 (i85i), t. 4680; Wight Ic.
(i852), t. 1823; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 52; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. i58; Mez in Jahrb.
Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 146; Pax in Engl.-Prantl III,
2 (1889), p. ii5, f. 74; Mez in Arb. Bot. Gart. Bresl. I
(1892), p. ii3; Duss in Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille III
(1897), p. 298; Ducke in Bol. Mus. Goeldi IV (1904),
p. 38i; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. i83; Standley
in U. S. A. Nat. Herb. 23, 2 (1922), p. 290; Brooks in
Kew Bull. 1933, p. 224; — Laurus Persea L., Sp.
pi. I (1753), p. 370; Aubl., PI. Guia. I (1775), p. 364; —
Persea persea (L.) Cockered in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 19
(1892), p. 95.

Tree, i5—45 m high. Bark greyish, wood soft, reddish-
brown; branchlets angular, grey-tomentose or nearly glabrous.
Leaves alternate and sub-opposite, chartaceous-coriaceous,
varying in shape and size, i) elliptical, ovate, ovate-oblong or
obovate, 7■—3o cm long, 4^—22 cm wide, base acute or more
or less rounded, often unequal, margin slightly recurved, top
acuminate or acutish, sometimes rounded; young leaves pubescent,
adult ones glabrous above, with flat or impressed midrib and
primary nerves, veins prominulous, beneath somewhat glaucous,
sparingly puberulous or glabrous, midrib prominent, primary

nerves patent, arcuate at the margin, veins prominulous, densely
reticulate. Petioles glabrescent, canaliculate above, —cm
long. Panicles clustered in the axils of the upper leaves,
7 — 1 o cm long, grey-tomentellous, pyramidal, shortly peduncled,
flowers congested. Flowers greenish, with yellow centre,
734—^lo mm long. Pedicels 2 — lo mm long, velutinous; bracteoles
small, subulate, deciduous or sub-persistent; perianth campanulate-
rotate, velutinous or tomentellous, segments nearly equal (outer
ones slightly shorter), oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acutish, 5'—7 mm long; fertile stamens 9, with slender, densely
pilose, 2-—^334 mm long filaments; the 3rd row with short-
stipitate, semi-globose large glands at the base; anthers oblong,
i34 mm long, top obtuse or slightly emarginate, base truncate,
upper cells smaller than the lower ones; staminodes of the
4th row large, glanduliform, sometimes fertile, stipitate, pilose,
sagittate, 2 mm long, top apiculate. Ovary globose, ovoid,
densely pilose, tapering into the slender, nearly conical, 3 mm
long style with slightly dilated stigma. Berry very large, pear-
shaped, greenish or purplish (2 varieties), base at last naked,
up to 20 cm long, 10 —15 cm in diam., with thick, edible
mesocarp. Cotyledons large, with acute top, white (according
to Standley they are pink in P. Schiedeana Nees).

Tree, i5 m high. Branchlets sulcate, sparingly haired, glabres-
cent; branches cylindrical, smooth, glabrous. Leaves alternate,
coriaceous, elliptical or lanceolate, (5'—-)io.—^12(—^i3) cm long,
(114—)33/^—434(—5) cm wide, base shortly acute, margin
recurved, top shortly acuminate or acute, in older leaves
rounded or emarginate; above glabrous, shining, densely and

finely punctiform-areolate, midrib impressed, primary nerves
hardly prominulous; beneath glabrescent, yellowish-brown,
microscopically granulate, midrib prominent, primary nerves
(7—^10 on each side) patent, curved, slightly prominent, veins
prominulous, densely areolate. Petioles thin, glabrous, distinctly
canaliculate above, up to 2 cm long.

Panicles rather few-flowered in the axils of the upper leaves,
broadly pyramidal, up to 10 cm long; peduncle up to 6 cm
long, rather slender, glabrous, sulcate; branchlets alternate,
up to 1% cm long. Flowers grey-puberulous; tube very short,
merging into the pedicel, sulcate, inside glabrous; perianth
segments nearly equal, ovate-orbicular, 1% mm long, outer
ones puberulous inside, inner ones sericeous; outer stamens
2 mm long, filaments densely sericeous outside, nearly as long
as anthers, rather slender, flattened; anthers elliptical, top
rounded, margin usually constricted, cells introrse; 3rd row
of stamens 1%—2 mm long, filaments 1—mm long, tomentose
outside, glabrous inside, with small, sessile, ellipsoid, flattish
glands at 1/3 from the base; anthers elliptical, glabrous, cells
extrorse. Staminodes 1 mm long, outside, nearly up to the
top, densely sericeous-tomentose, inside glabrous; top sagittate,
thickened, dark. Often 1 staminode of the 5th row present.
Ovary glabrous, cylindrical, 1^4 mm long; style thick, % mm
long. Berry globose, smooth, 1 cm in diam. Cupule flattish,
small, 4 mm in diam., 2 mm high, margin entire; fruiting pedicel
thick, obconical, 1 cm long, 3 mm wide at the top.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, usually with aromatic bark and
leaves. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, sometimes alternate, usually

friplinerved, rarely penninerved; buds naked or sometimes with
scales. Panicles axillary or terminal, often congested. Bracts
wanting or very small. Flowers rather small, hermaphrodite or
polygamous by abortion and then the female ones larger; tube
infundibuliform; perianth segments 6, deciduous at or somewhat
above the base, rarely persistent. Fertile stamens 9 or less;
filaments of the 2 outer rows glandless with introrse, 4-celled
anthers; 3rd row with stipitate or nearly sessile glands and
extrorse, 4-, rarely 2-celled, anthers; anther cells in 2 vertical
rows, the upper ones smaller; filaments thin, usually as long
as the ovate or oblong anthers. Staminodes of the 4th row
ovate or oblong, cordate or sagittate, stipitate, glandless. Ovary
sessile, merging into a slender, long style; stigma obtuse or
depressed, sometimes somewhat 3-lobed. Berry generally ellipsoid;
cupule usually with entire margin.

Distribution: Species about i3o in tropical and sub-
tropical Eastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific.

1. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. in Eph. Nat. Cur. dec.
ann. 4 (1789), p. 139; Blume, Bydr. (1825), p. 5yo; Nees,
Syst. (i836), p. 45; Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 246;
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. i3; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 147; Pulle, Enum. PL Surin. (1906),
p. i83; Brooks in Kew Bull. 1933, p. 2i5; — Lauras
Cinnamomum L., Spec. pi. I (i753), p. 369; Aubl., PL guia.
I (1775), p. 362.

Tree, up to 20 m high. Bark rather thick, inside reddish,
outside paler. Branches glabrous, cylindrical or sub-tetragonous.
Leaves opposite or sub-opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous
or chartaceous, ovate, broadly elliptical or lanceolate-oblong,
6—— 25) cm long, 4—6 cm wide, base abruptly attenuate,
acute or rounded, margin flattish, top slightly acute or acuminate,
blunt or rounded, above glabrous, shining, smooth, three- or
triplinerved, rarely 5-nerved, but then the 2 lateral nerves
rather inconspicuous, primary nerves impressed, disappearing

towards margin, veins hardly prominent; beneath glabrous,
slightly paler, bright pink, when young, the 3 middle nerves
strongly prominent, decurrent; secondary nerves prominent,
parallel, the others densely reticulate. Buds finely silky, naked
or obsoletely squamate. Petioles glabrous, canaliculate, slender
or thickish, —cm long. Panicles terminal or sub-terminal,
pubescent or glabrous, lax, often congested; peduncles long,
slender, with 3—5(—7), sometimes sub-umbellate, flowers.
Pedicels slightly pubescent, 5—'4 mm long, minutely bracteate
at base. Flowers hermaphrodite, tube shortly campanulate;
perianth segments equal, 4—7 mm long, outside grey-tomentose-
sericeous, inside sericeous, oblong or slightly obovate, usually
obtuse, reticulately veined, usually with a transverse, prominent
line above the base, deciduous along this line. Fertile stamens 9;
filaments flat, velutinous at base, the 3 inner ones with large,
stipitate glands. Staminodes with cordate top and hirsute
filaments. Ovary ovoid; style slender, 3 mm long, stigma obtuse.
Berry 8-—^12 mm long, dry or slightly fleshy, dark-purple,
apiculate, ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid; cupule enlarged, 8 mm
in diam.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes congested,
membranous to rigid, glabrous or pilose. Panicles axillary or
pseudo-terminal, few- to co-flowered; berries usually rather
few; branchlets dichotomous. Flowers hermaphrodite or
dioecious; tube wanting or conspicuous; perianth segments
equal, usually deciduous; stamens of the 3 outer rows fertile,
4th row staminodial or wanting; 3rd row with usually sessile,
basal glands; anthers 4-celled, cells in 2 vertical rows; cells
of the 6 outer anthers introrse, of the 3rd row extrorse or

lateral; in female flowers stamens minute, sterile. Ovary ovoid
or ellipsoid, glabrous or pilose, style usually long; in male
flowers ovary rudimentary, stipitiform. Berry globose or ellipsoid.
Cupule simple- or double-margined, flat or hemispheric.

Distribution: Species about 200 in tropical America, a
few in Southern and Eastern Africa and the Mascarenes.

b. Leaves alternate. Perianth segments inside
glabrous or nearly so; ovary glabrous. Cupule
with double margin. Berry with thin exocarp.
...........3. O. barcellensis (Meissn.) Mez.

pedicels, agglomerate. Leaves usually densely
areolate above (see also 0. Wachenheimii R. Ben.). 5
b. Flowers on distinct pedicels, not agglomerate.

b. Leaves broadly elliptical or oblong, smooth
above................ 8. O. globifera Mez.

b. Leaves lo—^16 cm long, 4—6 cm wide, glabrous
above, except the nerves; densely rusty-tomentose,
glabrescent beneath; midrib and primary nerves

acuminate; lower surface ochraceous, densely,
minutely reticulate; upper surface shining with

b. Leaves lanceolate to elliptical; top broadly,
shortly acuminate; lower surface dull-green,
veins hardly conspicuous; upper surface rather

b. Leaves broadly lanceolate or elliptical, 12—^18 cm
long, 5 — 6 cm wide, laxly reticulate above.
Flowers 6 mm in diam.; glands % mm in diam.
..................... 12. O. puberula Nees.

6—8 cm long, veins not parallel, very laxly
reticulate. Flowers hardly pilose; basal glands
in male flower very large, surrounding the base

i3. O. Schomburgkiana (Nees) Benth. et Hook.f.
b. Leaves chartaceous or chartaceous-coriaceous,
oblong or elliptical, 10 —14 cm long; veins
parallel, densely reticulate. Flowers tomen-

1. Ocotea rubra Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889),
p. 258; Pfeifl'er, Houts. v. Surin. I (1926), p. 178;
R. Benoist in Arch. Bot. V, 1 (i93i), p. 72; Sandwith in
Kew Bull. 1932, p. 223.

Large tree, up to 3o m high, 1 m in diam. Branchlets thick,
internodes very short, slightly yellow-tomentellous at the top,
glabrescent, dark; branches thick, suberous, the grey, thin bark
scaling off, inner bark red; leaf-scars very large, orbicular or
elliptical; buds yellow-sericeous, surrounded by lanceolate-
linear, acute, concave, sericeous, 1—cm long bracts. Leaves
alternate, congested at the top of the branchlets, coriaceous
or rigid-coriaceous, glabrous, oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate
or obovate, base long-cuneate, decurrent, margin hardly recurved,
top rounded or somehat emarginate, (4—)g—^i5(—^2 3) cm long,
(2—)3-—B{—-8) cm wide; above green, rather dull, smooth,
midrib slightly impressed or flat, nerves and laxly reticulate
veins usually nearly invisible; beneath red-brown, midrib
strongly prominent, nerves (10—on each side) patent,
parallel, slightly curved, disappearing at margin, nearly invisible.
Petioles slender, glabrous, 1—5 cm long, flat above, base
cushionlike thickened, black when dried. Panicles axillary,
clustered at the top of the branchlets, narrow, few-branched,
rather few-flowered, slightly grey-puberulous, up to 8 cm long;
peduncles thickish, shining, compressed, up to 4^4 cm long;
branchlets opposite, with sericeous, lanceolate, acute, up to
5 mm long bracts. Flowers fragrant, nearly glabrous, in clusters.
Pedicels thickish, 5—^8 mm long, glabrous with minute bracts
at the base; tube 1 mm long, conical, inside glabrous; outer
perianth segments glabrous, depressed-ovate, acutish, % mm
long, margin inconspicuously ciliate; inner ones ovate, acutish,
inside tomentellous, 1% nim long, margin ciliate; outer 6 stamens

sessile, pilose, ovate-liguliform, 2 mm long, cells large, introrse,
top acutish or obtuse; 3rd row densely tomentose inside,
outside pilose, iVz mm long, filaments short, anthers oblong,
obtuse, inside canaliculate, cells laterally dehiscent; basal
glands small, flattish, sessile. Staminodes stipitiform, densely
hirsute, 1 mm long. Ovary globose, glabrous, 1 mm in diam.,
style slender, glabrous, i^A mm long; stigma small. Berry
(1—2 on each panicle) depressed-globose, 17 mm high, 21 mm
in diam., mucronulate, smooth, mature ones entirely free from
the cupule. Cupule large, fleshy, rather flat, 1 cm high, 11/2 cm
in diam. with entire margin, gradually merging into the thick,
conical, up to 2^4 cm long pedicel, 6 mm in diam. at the top.
Cotyledons semi-globose, 12 mm high.

Sectie O, tree n. 539 (B.W. n. i35i, ster. Oct.; n. 3823,
£r. Apr.; n. 3946, in bud Aug.), tree n. 37 (B.W. n. 4143,
ster. Dec.); Forestry Bureau n. 37, ster. Sept.; sectie O
(B.W. n. 5835, ster. May; Gonggrijp n. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
fr. Oct.; B.W. n. 4327, ster. June); Sectie O, tree n. 12
(B.W. n. 3982, fl. Sept.; n. 4207, fr. Dec.; n. 4412, fl. Sept.;
n. 5377, fr. Aug.); Zanderij I, tree n. 33 (B.W. n. 1598,
fr. Jan.); Paramaribo (B.W. n. 404, cultivated seedling);
lower Suriname R. (Forestry Bureau n. 3/, fr. Febr.);
Suriname R., Patrick savannah (Gonggrijp s. n., fr. Sept.,
Apr., July); Blakka watra near Berlijn (B.W. n. 5025 p. p.,
ster. Nov.); Brownsberg, tree n. ii55 (B.W. n. 1735, ster.
Apr.; n. 2485, £r. Nov.; n. 6685, fl. Oct.; n. 68i5, fr. March);
Watramiri, tree n. i55o (B.W. n. 1843, ster. May), tree
n. i638 (B.W. n. 2010, ster. May).
Vernacular names: Determa (Brit. Guia.); Grignon (French
Guia.); Wane, Wana (N.E.; S.D.); Wonoe, Tapirin,
Topoeroe (Car.); Tétéroma, Tetroema, Teleloema, Tètèroema,
Demma maata indold (Arow.); Wane isie amain, Wana
iesie-amain-domaala-andola, Baaka wana, Béwana (Saram.).

2. Ocotea Rodiaei (Rob. Schomb.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 236; non Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. i83; — Nectandra Rodiaei Rob. Schomb. in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. Ill (1844), p. 626; id. in Reis.
in Brit. Guia. II (1848), p. 343, III, p. 935; non Miq.,

Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 197; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. i55; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 264,
excl. fig. et descr. Miq.; Bâillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 466
et 466; Bentley and Trimen, Med. Pl. III (1880), p. 219,
cum fig.; — Nectandra Leucantha, var., Nees in Linnaea 21
(1848), p. 5o8, quod cit. spec. Schomb. n. i7o3; Miq.,
Stirp. Surin, p. 196, p. p.

Large tree, up to 40 m high, branched only at the summit;
bark smooth, grey; wood very hard and heavy. Youngest
branchlets thick, angular, covered with dense, rusty, very thin
tomentum, soon glabrescent, dark; branches cylindrical, grey;
bark very bitter. Leaves generally sub-opposite, rigid-coriaceous,
oblong, elliptical or ovate-oblong, (7———^20) cm long,
(4.—■)5—^734 cm wide, base somewhat rounded or shortly acute,
margin recurved and often slightly undulate, top shortly
acuminate; young leaves very thinly grey- or rusty-tomentellous ;
adult ones above glabrous, smooth, very shining, nerves obsolete,
beneath dull, with long-persistent, thin hairs, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves rather patent (10 and more on each
side) arcuately ascendent, hardly prominent, united at some
distance from the margin, veins obsolete, laxly reticulate (the
leaves of root-suckers are chartaceous or even membranous;
beneath very densely, prominently reticulate, with very long,
caudate-acuminate top). Petioles generally thickish, densely
tomentellous, canaliculate above, 8(—mm long. Panicles
axillary, few-flowered, up to 5 cm long, densely, very thinly
rusty-tomentellous, few-branched; peduncle very short, com-
pressed; basal branchlets up to 1% cm long. Pedicels rather
thick, 6(—^10 )mm long; bracts wanting. Flowers yellowish-
white, fragrant like jasmine (Schomb.), 5—^10 mm in diam.;
tube conspicuous, infundibuliform, 2 mm long, slightly con-
stricted at the top, outside densely tomentellous ; perianth
segments patent, thick, with dense, very thin rusty or grey
tomentum outside, inside densely papillose, ovate-elliptical or
nearly triangular, obtuse, 4 mm long. Stamens normally 9,

nearly equal, sub-triangular-liguliform or oblong, not constricted
at the base, erect, densely papillose, the outer ones 2 mm long,
the inner row shorter; outer row extrorse, or introrse, second
row introrse, inner row extrorse; 3rd row normally with small
glands; connectives distinctly protruding beyond the basal
cells. Staminodes wanting. Ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, 1 mm long,
tapering into the thick, 2 mm long style, both densely sericeous;
stigma rounded, distinct. Berry very large, globose or ovoid-
globose, somewhat compressed laterally, up to 7 cm long;
exocarp !■—•1 mm thick, woody, brittle, grey-brown, speckled
with small, whitish dots, testa thin, membranous. Cotyledons
very large, flat-convex. Cupule short, shallow, thick, woody,
margin entire, 2 cm in diam.

The flowers are generally abnormal, with diffquot;erent number
of perianth-segments, up to 24 stamens, with more or less
laterally dehiscent cells; glands none; stigma often obsolete.

Upper Maratakka R. (Gonggr. and Stahel n. 907, fl.,
fr. Febr.; n. 142, fr. Sept.); Maratakka R., Martin-creek
(B.W. n. 2649, ster. Oct.); Paramaribo (B.W. n. 622,
cultivated seedling from spec. B.Wquot;. n. 2649).
Vernacular names: Demarara Groenhart, Geelhart (S.D.);
Biberoo, Beeberoe, Sipiroe (Car.).

3. Ocotea barcellensis (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 237; — Nectandra Barcetiendis Meissn.
in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. i55; id. in FI. Bras. V,
2 (1866), p. 264; — Nectandra etaiopbora Barb. Rodrigues
in Vellosia I, 2nd ed. (1891), p. 64, f. 18; Ducke in Arch.
Jard. Rio de Janeiro V (1930), p. 113, t. VI; —
AcrodicLidium eLaiophorum Barb. Rodr. ex Lecointe, Notes
graines oleagin. etc. Amaz., 7th Expos. Int. Caoutch. Paris,
Brosch. 8 (1927), p. 29.

Tree, up fo 3o m high; wood whitish, bark aromatic.
Branchlets slightly grey-pilose, glabrescent, dark; branches
grey, striate; buds large, nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate,
glabrous, coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong or oblong, 10——20)

cm long, 2—'4y2(—554) cm wide, base acute or shortly acute,
often more or less obtuse, margin hardly recurved, top acute
or long-acuminate; above shining, with hardly prominent midrib
and primary nerves, veins inconspicuous, beneath midrib and
ascendent primary nerves (7 —10 on each side) slightly prominent,
veins hardly conspicuous, densely areolate. Petioles glabrous,
canaliculate, up to 2 cm long. Panicles axillary, slightly grey-
tomentellous, few-flowered, up to 6 cm long; peduncles com-
pressed, few-branched, up to 3 cm long, usually very short.
Bracteoles ovate, small, deciduous. Pedicels thickish, grey-
pilose, up to 4 mm long. Flowers white, slightly pilose, 5 mm
long; tube conical, minute, top not constricted; perianth segments
equal, ovate-orbicular, obtuse, outside thinly grey-pilose,
inside glabrous, except base, 4 mm long; stamens of the 2 outer
rows large, foliaceous, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, papillose,
1% — 3 mm long, connectives distinctly protruding beyond the
basal, introrse, small cells; stamens of the 3rd row glabrous,
elongate-triangular, obtuse, lY,—^3 mm long, cells laterally
dehiscent, basal glands large, ellipsoid, sessile, anthers canali-
culate outside. Staminodes small, % mm long, pilose, or wanting.
Ovary glabrous, ovoid, 1% mm long, merging into a rather
thick, glabrous, % —1 mm long style with small lateral stigma.
Berry large, ellipsoid, shining, 4—cm long, 2—2% cm in
diam. Cupule large, woody, conical, 2 cm long, 3 cm in diam.,
with double margin, covering 1 cm of the base of the berry;
outer margin patent or reflexed, irregular, up to 9 mm wide.
Exocarp thin, endocarp thick, fleshy, with strong terpentine
smell. Cotyledons large, 3 cm long.

p. 219; Sandwith in Kew Bull. 7 (igSS), p. 338; — Laurus
canaLicuLatud Rich, in Act. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris (1792),
p. 108; —Lauras CaroLinianaxax. b. Poir., Enc., Suppl. Ill
(i8i3), p. 324; — Oreodaphne Cayennensis Meissn. in D.C.,
Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. i33; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2, (1866),
p. 232, — Ocotea Gruebachiana Mez in Verh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb. 3o (1888), p. 6; — Ocotea scrobiculata R. Benoist
(nomen nudum) in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 76 (1928), p. 979.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets grey- or rusty-tomentose at the
top, glabrescent, dark, cylindrical; buds densely sericeous.
Leaves alternate, dark, when dried, coriaceous, oblong- or
elliptic-lanceolate, (5—)9 —11(—14) cm long, (2—)3—4y2(—5)
cm wide; base cuneate, margin hardly recurved, top acute or
shortly acuminate; young leaves densely sericeous beneath;
adult ones glabrous, shining above, with impressed midrib and
densely areolate, slightly prominent veins; beneath slightly
puberulous, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, primary
nerves (7—^10 on each side) rather patent, prominent, basal
ones in the margin, upper ones arcuately united, veins densely
reticulate. Petioles glabrous, canaliculate, up to i5 mm long.
Panicles narrow, axillary near the top of the branches, grey- or
rusty-tomentellous, up to 9 cm long; peduncles thick, com-
pressed, 3 cm long; branchlets up to cm long; flowers nearly
sessile, agglomerate. Pedicels %—1 mm long. Bracteoles
deciduous. Flowers yellow, dioecious (hermaphrodite according
to Brooks), yellow-tomentose; tube very small, not constricted
at the top, inside slightly sericeous; perianth segments patent,
equal, 2 mm long, the outer ones broader, ovate, obtuse or
rounded, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Male flower:
2 outer rows of stamens glabrous, 1 mm long; anthers
rectangular-ovate, with truncate or obtuse top, cells introrse,
filaments very short; 3rd row somewhat larger, glabrous,
anthers oblong-rectangular with truncate tops, cells extrorse-
lateral, filaments with 2 rather large, globose, sessile, basal
glands. Staminodes wanting. Gynaecium stipitiform, glabrous.

mm long. Female flower: Anthers minute, sterile. Ovary
glabrous, globose, i mm in diam.; style thick, i mm long,
glabrous; stigma small. quot;Berry ellipsoid, i cm long, 8 mm in
diam.; cupule about i cm diam., cup-shaped, covering about
half the berry; fruiting pedicel enlarged and hardenedquot; (Brooks).

Brownsberg, tree n. 1226 (B.W. n. 6808, fl. Apr.; n. 6416,
fl. March; n. 6291, fr. Sept.).

5. Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Benth. et Hook.f., Gen. Ill
(1880), p. i58; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889),
p. 294; Brooks in Kew Bull. 1933, p. 219; — Oreodaphne
glomerata Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 5i5; Walp.,
Ann. Ill (i852—53), p. 312; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. ii3; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 206; —
Oreodaphne Moritziana Nees in Linnaea 21, 1. c.; Meissn.
in D.C., 1. c.; id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c.; — Ocotea Caracassana
Kl. p. p. ex Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 5i6; — Ocotea
nigra R. Benoist in Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 3o (1924),
p. 5ii.

Large tree or shrub. Branchlets thick, angular, rusty-
tomentellous, glabrescent, dark; buds rusty-tomentose. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous or rigid-coriaceous, oblong, elliptical or
elliptical-lanceolate, (5—)io—-i6(—22) cm long, (3—)4—'6(—8)
cm wide; base more or less acute, margin slightly recurved,
top acute or somewhat obtuse; above shining, glabrous, except
nerves, midrib and primary nerves impressed, veins densely
punctulate-reticulate, beneath with dense brown or rusty
tomentum, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, primary
nerves (6—10 on each side) prominent, slightly curved, ascendent,
disappearing towards margin, veins slightly prominent, very
densely areolate. Petioles broad, above flat with decurrent
leaf-margins, rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent, up to i5 mm long.
Panicles pyramidal, axillary near the top of the branches,
rusty-tomentellous, up to 20 cm long; peduncles long, thick,
sulcate, up to 6 cm long, branchlets patent, flowers agglomerate.

each branchlet in the axil of a deciduous bract. Pedicels
o—mm long, thick, densely rusty-tomentose. Flowers yellow,
dioecious, 2 — 5 mm long, densely tomentellous; tube small,
inside pilose, up to i mm long; perianth segments broadly ovate,
slightly acute, thickish, tomentellous, 2 — 3 mm long. Male
flower: outer stamens 1 mm long, filaments 2—3 X shorter,
hardly pilose at the base, anthers ovate or ovate-oblong, with
obtuse top, base obtuse or slightly cordate, cells large, introrse;
stamens of the 3rd row erect, pressed against each other,
1 mm long, filaments rather broad, very short, anthers oblong-
sub-rectangular, canaliculate at top and inside, basal glands
globose, sessile, rather small; cells extrorse. Gynaecium stipiti-
form, glabrous, mm long, stigma small, but distinct. Female
flower: smaller than the male ones; stamens sterile, 1 mm long,
outer ones with % mm long filaments, inner ones nearly sessile,
anthers ovate-truncate or emarginate, glands depressed-globose.
Ovary globose, glabrous, 1 mm long, style very thick, 1 mm
long, stigma rather small, flat. Berry ovoid-ellipsoid, acutish,
8 mm long, 6 mm in diam., base covered for Ys by the thickish,
hemispheric, simple- and entire-margined cupule. Cupule 6 mm
high, 8 mm in diam., smooth.

Female specimens: Zanderij I, tree n. 61 (B.W. n. 1491,
ster. Dec.; n. 2666, fl. Dec.; n. 2689, fl. Febr.; n. 3586,
fl. Jan.); upper Maratakka R. (Stahel and Gonggr. n. 919,
fl. Febr.).

Vernacular names: Pisie, Krassi-pisie (N.E.); quot;Warilipipio,
W^ajaaka, Siroeaballi, W^ane (Car.); Siroeaballi (Arow.);
Apisie-a-blaak-man (Saram.).

6. Ocotea guianensis Aubl., PI. Guia. II (1776), p. 781,
IV t. 3io, excl. fruct.; Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 3i5, 467;
Miq. in Linnaea 19 (1847), p. 126; Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 296; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. i83; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 71,
76; — Oreodaphne guianensu Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848),
p. 268, 5i6; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, i (1864),

p. 112; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 204; — Ocotea
dericea H.B.K., Nov. gen. II (1817), p. 129 (col. ed.);
Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 478; — Oreodaphne sericea Nees, Syst.
1. c., p. 3i5; id. in Linnaea 1. c., p. 5i6; Meissn. in D.C.
1. c., p. 258; — Laurus Ocotea Rich, in Act. Soc. hist. nat.
Paris I (1792), p. 108; — Nectandra abortiens Rol. ex Rottb.
in Act. Lit. Univ. Haffn. I (1778), p. 281; id. in Descr.
PI. Surin. (1798), p. 10; — Nectandra hijuga Rol. ex
Rottb. 1. c.; — Laurus surinamensis Swartz, Fl. Ind. occ.
(1800), p. 708; Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 3i5, in adn.; Meissn.
in D.C. I.e., p. 258; Willd., Spec. II, 1 (1799), p. 482;
— Laurus surinamensis G. F. W. Meyer, Fl. Esseq. (1818),
p. 160; — Laurus Aubtetii Swartz 1. c.; — Laurus Surca
Willd. mscr., Herb. n. 7797.

Tree, up to 24 m high; bark greyish, wood white, soft.
Branchlets thick, straight, up to 5 mm in diam., densely
silvery-sericeous, angular, ribs connecting the leaf-bases; leaf-
scars very large; buds long, acicular, silvery-sericeous; branches
cylindrical, grey-sericeous. Leaves alternate, thick-coriaceous,
usually lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate or oblong, (6——^16
(—20) cm long, 2'——5) cm wide; base acute or cuneate,
decurrent along the petiole, margin nearly flat, top gradually
and very acute, sometimes blunt-pointed; young leaves above
sericeous near the base, black when dried, beneath densely
silvery-sericeous; adult ones above glabrous, except at base
and along the basal part of the midrib, shining, densely
scrobiculate or reticulate, midrib impressed, other veins slightly
prominent; beneath densely silvery -or golden-sericeous, midrib
prominent, primary nerves rather patent, covered by the
tomentum, veins reticulate; lower leaf surface with 2, or
sometimes 3 impressions, made by the vernation: one short,
from midrib with a sharp angle to the leaf base, the other
long, beginning somewhat higher at the opposite side of the
base, ending at the top of the leaf, 2—3 mm from the midrib;
the 3rd one usually connecting the long impression with the
midrib. Petioles short, sericeous, 2—4 mm long, flat above.

Panicles densely silvery-sericeous in the axils of the upper
leaves, pyramidal, 5 —17 cm long, 00-flowered; peduncles thick,
distinctly angular, up to 8 cm long; branchlets of 3rd or 4th
order bearing 3—6 agglomerate, very short-pedicelled flowers;
each branchlet enveloped by deciduous, concave bracts, those
of first order large, leaf-like, 1 cm long, % cm wide, gradually
diminishing to ovate-acute, 2 mm long bracts. Pedicels very
short, thick, sericeous, 1—2% mni long. Flowers dioecious,
yellow, up to 3% mm long, fragrant; tube conspicuous, broadly
conical, not constricted at the fop, 1—mm long, outside
densely sericeous, inside glabrous; perianth segments densely
sericeous, especially outside, outer row broadly ovate, obtuse,
2 mm long, inner row narrower, 1 % mm long. Stamens included.
Male flower: 6 outer stamens 1 mm long, with very short,
pilose filaments; anthers broadly ovate or square, glabrous,
base truncate or sub-cordate, fop obtuse or slightly emarginate,
cells introrse, the upper ones somewhat smaller; the 3 inner
stamens broader, filaments very broad; basal glands large,
sessile, touching each other; upper cells lateral, lower ones
extrorse. Staminodes inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary rudi-
mentary, subulate, often pilose at the base, style long, slender,
stigma discoid. Female flower: stamens smaller than in the
male flowers, sterile. Ovary glabrous, globose; style slightly
longer, cylindrical, glabrous, 1 mm long; stigma large, discoid,
somewhat truncate at one side. Berries (a few on each panicle)
ovoid, acutish, 1—cm long, 5—8 mm in diam., Vz — Vs
covered by the cupule. Cupule hemispheric, entire, simple-
margined, thickish, 5 mm high, 6—-lo mm in diam.; pedicel
short, hardly thickened.

Male specimens: Suriname R., Berg en Dal (B.W. n. 5533,
ster. Dec.); near PI. Berlijn, Para district, forest (Splitgerber
n. 745, fl. March [L.]); Zanderij I, forest (Lanj. n. 3i6,
fl. July); locality unknown: Dumortier s. n.

fl. Febr.; n. 2733, fl. March); Sectie O, tree n. 622 (B.W.
n. 790, fr. (Dct.; n. i63o, fl. Febr.; n. 2341, fr. Aug.;
n. 2606, fl. Jan.; n. 4181, fl. Dec.; n. 4661, fl. March;
n. 6o55, fl. Febr.); Forest of Zanderij (Samuels n. 246,
fr. July [U., L., D.]); Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6573, fl. Aug.);
locality unknown: Hostm. et Kappl. n. 1111, fl. [U., D.]).
Vernacular names: Pisie, Joro joro pisie (N.E.); Tokkewe,
Tetero sierwaballi, Tokene mania potano wewe (Car.);
Beradie, hohoradikoro (Arow.).

Female specimen: Upper Suriname R. near Goddo (W^ilhel-
mina exped. n. io5, fl. Jan.).

7. Ocotea Wachenheimii R. Benoist in Bull. Mus. Hist,
nat. Paris 3o (1924), p. 510; — Ocotea floribunda Mez in
Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 327, p. p., quoad cit.
spec. Wullschlagel, Patris et Poiteau; — Ocotea arenaensid
Brooks in Kew Bull. ig53, p. 217.

Tree. Branchlets rather thick, angular, puberulous, glabrescent;
branches cylindrical, smooth, glabrous, dark. Leaves alternate,
chartaceous, narrow-elliptical or oblong, (6—^)i3——^17) cm
long, (2%—')4——734) cm wide; base cuneate, margin hardly
recurved, top acuminate, acumen short, broad, obtuse; adult
leaves above glabrous, rather dull, midrib and primary nerves
hardly prominulous, veins densely areolate, hardly conspicuous,
beneath sparingly puberulous, glabrescent, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves (5 — g on each side) slightly prominent,
rather straight, rather patent, disappearing towards margin,
veins densely areolate, slightly prominulous. Petioles rather
slender, puberulous, canaliculate above, y-—mm long. Panicles
axillary, congested near the top of the branches, grey-tomen-
tellous, pyramidal, male ones up to i3 cm long, female ones up
to 6 cm long; peduncles compressed, usually short, up to 3 cm
long, branchlets patent, lower ones up to 4 cm long. Male

flower: pedicels up to 3 mm long. Flowers grey-tomentose,
tube short, i mm high, flattish, inside puberulous; perianth
segments equal, ovate, obtuse or slightly acute, up to 2 34 mm
long, with 3 parallel nerves, slightly concave, puberulous.
Stamens glabrous, outer ones 2 mm long, with slender, often
slightly puberulous filaments, i mm and more long; anthers
ovate, truncate with introrse, large cells; 3rd row same length,
anthers narrow-oblong, canaliculate, filaments slender, basal
glands sub-sessile, very large, i mm in diam. Staminodes
wanting. Gynaecium small, stipitiform, puberulous, 134 mm,
or distinct; stigma either distinct or inconspicuous. Female
flower unknown. Berry globose, smooth, up to 14 mm in diam.
Cupule shallow, usually flattened, discoid with double margin,
up to 7 mm diam. Pedicel enlarged, conical, woody, 6 mm
long, 3 mm in diam. at the top.

Sectie O, tree n. 682 (B.W. n. i366, ster. Nov.; n. 382 1,
fl. May; n. 4667, fl. May; n. 6129, fl. March); Para district
near Berlijn (B.W. n. 6408, star.; Wullschlägel n. 317 [B.]);
Brownsberg (B.W. n. 638i, fr. Jan.); locality unknown:
Wullschlägel n. 1649, fr. [B.].
Vernacular names: Pisie, Bastard pisie, Salia, Koerataria
(N.E.); Keretie (Arow.); Wae, Ingi siri (Car.).

8. Ocotea globifcra Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 328; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 72.

Tree or shrub with buttresses; barkdark-brown. Branch lets
angular, sulcate, rusty-tomentellous; branches cylindrical, grey
or dark-brown, glabrous, smooth, with many small lenticels;
buds densely tomentellous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, usually
broadly elliptical, elliptical or obovate, (10—^)i2——^20) cm
long, (434—)7—^8(—11 3^) cm wide; base shortly acute, margin
flat, top shortly acuminate, acumen broad, obtuse, up to 1 cm
long; adult leaves above glabrous, shining, smooth, midrib and
primary nerves slightly prominulous in a groove, veins laxly
reticulate, inconspicuous; beneath microscopically puberulous.

rather dull, midrib prominent, primary nerves (5 — 7 on each
side) ascendent, disappearing at margin, somewhat prominent,
veins laxly reticulate, hardly prominulous. Petioles short,
thick, glabrous, distinctly canaliculate above, 8—^10 mm long.
Panicles narrow, axillary at the branchlets, up to 11 cm long,
rusty-tomentellous; peduncles compressed, rather slender, 2—4 cm
long; branchlets alternate, distant, patent, compressed, short,
lower ones 1 cm long, flowers agglomerate. Flowers dioecious
(hermaphrodite?), female ones unknown. Pedicels very short or
nearly wanting. Male flower: yellow up to 2^4 mm long;
slightly tomentellous; tube conical, short, mm long, merging
into the pedicel, inside glabrous; perianth segments nearly
equal, fleshy, densely, thinly puberulous, ovate-orbicular or
ovate, acute, 2 mm long. Stamens glabrous, included, iVz mm
long, outer ones with ovate or elliptical, obtuse anthers with
large, introrse cells, fdaments distinct, nearly glabrous, % mm
long; inner 3 stamens with broad filaments, hardly distinct
from the oblong, obtuse anthers, basal glands sessile, globose,
rather small. Ovary globose, puberulous, % mm in diam., style
trigonous, subconical, 1% mm long, pilose at the ribs; stigma
distinct, peltate-discoid. quot;Berry globose, varnished, 11 mm in
diam.; cupule pateriform, with simple margin, covering i/4 of
the berryquot; (Mez).

Sectie O, tree n. 20, on rocky hill (B.W. n. 472, fl. Oct.);
Brownsbera;, tree n. 1004 (B.W. n. 1741, ster. Apr.; n. 3225,
fl. Sept.; n. 6639, fl. Sept.); tree n. 1184 (B.W. n. 3261,
fl. Sept.).

Vernacular names: Wane pisie (N.E.); Koeroekai (Car.);
Sirowaballi, Koeroekai (Arow.).

9. Ocotea splendens (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 282; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931),
p. 71; — Oreodaphne splendend Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. 129; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 227.

glabrescent; branches cylindrical, rather slender, smooth, dark.
Leaves alternate, glabrous, but the axils of the primary nerves
beneath barbellate, rigid-coriaceous, broadly elliptical or oblong,
(7—17(—22) cm long, (31/2—)5—8(—9) cm wide; base
abruptly cuneate, margin slightly recurved, undulate, top
acuminate, acumen long and narrow, up to 2 cm long, 2—4 mm
wide at base; above very shining, nerves more or less
impressed, veins inconspicuous; beneath dull, yellowish, midrib
strongly prominent, primary nerves (3—4 on each side) prominent,
gradually, arcuately ascendent, disappearing at margin, bases
decurrent along midrib, secondary nerves very laxly reticulate,
prominulous, veins densely areolate. Petioles thick, above flat
or slightly canaliculate, dark, glabrous, up to 12 mm long.
Panicles axillary, near the top of the branchlets, narrowly
pyramidal, slightly grey- or yellow-puberulous, 2^4—11 cm
long; peduncles slender, up to 5 cm long, basal branchlets up
to cm long, dichotomous; flowers in pseudo-umbels, dioecious.
Male flower: Pedicels thickish, grey-tomentellous, % —11/2 mm
long; tube infundibuliform, 1 mm long, outside slightly puberulous,
inside sericeous; perianth segments nearly equal, rather thick,
broadly ovate, acute, tomentellous, 2 mm long, with 3 parallel
nerves inside. Stamens glabrous, outer onesnbsp;mm long;

filaments 34—% mm long, anthers ovate, nearly square, with
truncate tops; cells large, introrse; stamens of the 3rd row
hardly longer, anthers oblong-rectangular, with emarginate top,
lower cells extrorse, upper ones more or less lateral; basal
glands rather small, sessile. Staminodes wanting. Gynaecium
sterile, stipitiform, slightly pilose, 2 mm long; stigma large.
Female flower and fruit unknown.

Pulle m Rec. Tr. Bot. Neerl. IV (1907), p. 127; —
Oreodaphne caudata Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 619;
Walp., Ann. Ill (1852—53), p. 3i3, excl. cit. spec. Schomb.
n. 1087; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. i38;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 240; — Ocotea marowynendu
Mez in Jahrb. 1. c., p. 38o; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. 184; — Oreodaphne niarowynendid Miq., Stirp. Surin.
(i85o), p. 201; Walp., Ann., p. 3i3; — Nectandra revoluta
Miq., PI. Hostmann. ed. Hohenack. n. 629 bb;
Camphoromoea Surinamen/u Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 145;
id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 249.

Shrub or tree. Branchlets slightly puberulous at the top
only, nearly cylindrical, dark; bark rather smooth, grey; buds
densely tomentellous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, at last
coriaceous, glabrous, or lower surface with few hairs, lanceolate,
elliptical to obovate, (8—^)io —13(—^16) cm long, (3—)4—534
(—6) cm wide; base acute, usually narrowly cuneate, margin
slightly recurved, usually undulate, top distinctly caudate-
acuminate, acumen up to 3 cm long; above somewhat shining,
midrib and primary nerves slightly prominent, often in a groove,
veins reticulate, prominulous, at last obliterate; beneath midrib
prominent, primary nerves (3—^5 on each side) arcuate, prominent,
the lower ones long-ascendent, leaves therefore somewhat
sub-triplinerved, the upper ones more or less arcuately united
at some distance from the margin, veins prominulous, laxly
reticulate. Petioles 1—cm long, slender, glabrous, canali-
culate. Panicles axillary, pyramidal, lax, glabrous, up to 8 cm
long; peduncles slender, up to 3 cm long; branchlets patent or
reflexed, few, up to 3 cm long, bearing 3—^5 flowers. Pedicels
1—4 mm long, slender, glabrous. Bracteoles minute, lanceolate,
deciduous. Flowers dioecious, glabrous, white, fragrant. Male
flower: tube small, 1 mm long, infundibuliform, hardly con-
stricted at the top, glabrous outside, pilose inside; perianth
segments lanceolate or ovate, 1% mm long, fleshy, top acutish
or obtuse; outer 6 stamens sessile or with very short, pilose
fdaments, i mm long; anthers rectangular, glabrous, top obtuse

or slightly emarginate, cells equal, large; inner 3 stamens
1—'iVé mm long, filaments usually conspicuous, up to Yi mm
long, inside densely pilose, anthers narrow, elliptical, top
obtuse, glabrous, cells extrorse, large; basal glands rather
small, nearly sessile, more or less reniform. Ovary wanting or
stipitiform, up to % mm long. Female flower: tube slightly
longer; segments i—'lYi mm long, acutish. Stamens minute,
Yz mm long, sterile; basal glands small. Ovary ovoid, glabrous,
up to 1 mm long; style thick, Yt mm long, stigma large, reniform.
Fruit unknown.

Male specimens: Marowijne R. (Kappl. ed. Hohenack.
n. 629 bb [L., G., U.]); upper Marowijne R. (Versteee
n. 585, fl. July); Watramiri, tree n. i63i (B.W. n. 1925quot;
fl. June; n. 3876, fl. July).

Female specimens: Corantijne R., Kauri creek (B.W^.
n. 1973, fl. June); locality unknown: Hostmann n. 964,
Kappler n. 128 [L., U.].

Vernacular names: Pisie (N.E.); Apiesie-ie (Sar.); Kere-
tiballi (Arow.);Wawè eran (Car.).

Nectandra Neesiana Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 746;
Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 5o6; — Ocotea faLLax (Miq.)
Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 3io; Pulle,
Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. i83; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V
(1931), p. 71, 72; — Oreodaphne fatiax Miq., Stirp. Surin.
(i85o), p. 202; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 126; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 221; — GymnobaLanas
Sprucei Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 140; id. in Fl. Bras 1. c.,
p. 247; — Ocotea floruLenta (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. 1. c.,
p. 309, excl. syn. Oreodaphne dispersa Nees, et Oreodaphne
confusa Meissn.; — Oreodaphne japurensis Meissn. in D.C.
1. c., p. 124; id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 219.

Tree. Branchlets cylindrical, smooth, dark-brown, towards
the top minutely pilose, soon glabrescent; buds sericeous. Young
leaves pilose on the basal part of the lower surface, mem-
branous; adult ones alternate, thin-chartaceous or chartaceous-

coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (5——ii
( — 14) cm long, (1—)2—3(—^y,) cm wide; base acute, slightly
decurrent, margin nearly flat, top acuminate or cuspidate-
acuminate, acumen obtuse, up to 2 cm long; above olive-green
when dried, shining, midrib and primary nerves slightly prominent,
veins densely reticulate, prominulous, beneath pale, dull, midrib
prominent, reddish, primary nerves (6 and more on each side)
rather patent, prominulous, veins densely reticulate, prominulous;
veins ending blind. Petioles flattish above, pilose, glabrescent,
y, — 1% cm long. Panicles axillary, slender, sericeous-puberulous,
short, 3'—6 cm long, pyramidal, sometimes with leaves;
peduncles nearly wanting; branchlets slightly compressed, up
to 1 cm long, branched once or twice; usually 3 flowers
together. Bracts lanceolate, acute, 2V2 — Yz mm long, densely
sericeous outside, inside less sericeous or glabrous, soon
deciduous. Pedicels up to 2% mm long, slender. Male flower:
tube up to y, mm high, slightly puberulous outside at the base,
densely pilose inside; perianth segments ovate or lanceolate-
oblong, slightly obtuse, glabrous outside, slightly puberulous
inside, up to 1% mm long, % mm wide; the 6 outer stamens
1 mm long, anthers ovate-subrectangular, glabrous, cells introrse,
top obtuse, connective not exceeding the cells; filaments flat,
glabrous, % mm long; stamens of the 3rd row 1 mm long,
filaments very short, hirsute at the base, basal glands rather
small, sub-globose, sub-sessile, anthers ovate, obtuse, lower
cells large, extrorse, upper ones smaller, lateral or nearK^
introrse; staminodes wanting. Ovary subulate, sterile, up to
1% mm long, hirsute at the base. Female flower: Stamens
minute, % mm long, same shape as in male flower; cells distinct,
sterile. Ovary sub-globose, mm long, glabrous; style shorter,
% mm long; stigma discoid-subtrigonous. Berries (only few on
each panicle) black, shining, sub-globose, up to 8 mm long,
7 mm in diam., top slightly acute, mucronulate; exocarp thin,
fleshy. Cupule flat, small, 4 mm in diam., entire- and simple-

margined, not surrounding the berry. Cotyledons semi-globose,
thick, 7 34 mm in diam.

Male specimen: Para district (Kappl. ed. Hohenack. n. 1433,
fl. Febr., type of Nectandra Neesiana Miq. [U., D.]).

Female specimens: Upper Marowijne R., in marshes (Kappl.
ed Hohenack. n. 2028 [L., D., G.]); Voltzberg (Lanjouw
n. 889, fr. Sept.); Gonini R. (B.W. n. 3755, fr. Febr.);
Coppename R., forest near Raleigh-falls (Lanjouw n. 855,
fr. Sept.).
Vernacular name: Pisie (N.E.).

12. Ocotea puberula Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 472; id. in
Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 624; Miq. in Linnaea 18 (1844),
p. 246; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 343;
Pulle, Enum. PL Surin. (1906), p. 184; — Strychnodapbne
puberula Nees et Mart, in Linnaea 8 (i833), p. 39, p.p.;
Meissn. in D. C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 142; id. in FL Bras.
V, 2 (1866), p. 244; — Laurus puberula Willd. msc. in herb.
Willd. n. 7792; — Oreodaphne acutifolia, var. latifolia Nees,
Syst., p. 419, quoad cit. spec. Sello n. i382; — Oreodaphne
Martiana, var. latifolia Nees, Syst., p. 402; Meissn. in
D.C. I.e., p. i35; id. in FL Bras. I.e., p. 235; —
Gymnobalanus perseoides Meissn. in D.C. I.e., p. 141; id.
in FL Bras 1. c., p. 243, t. i85; — Ocotea Martiniana
(Nees) Mez in Jahrb. 1. c., p. 344; Pulle 1. c., p. 184; Pilger
in Engl. Jahrb. 3o (1902), p. i53; — Oreodaphne Martiniana
Nees, Syst., p. 4i5; Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 129; id. in
FL Bras. 1. c., p. 228; — Oreodaphne Hostmanniana Miq.,
Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 202; — Ocotea pyramidata Blake
ex F. S. Brandegee in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. VII (1920),
p. 326; — Ocotea prunifolia Rusby in Bull. N. York Bot.
Gard. VI (1910), p. 439.
Shrub or tree. Branchlets cylindrical or slightly angular
at the top, glabrescent, dark; top in youth tomentellous or
tomentose; buds tomentose. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, or
at last somewhat coriaceous, elliptical or broadly lanceolate,
(8—)i2 —18(—24) cm long, (3—)5—6(—9) cm wide; base
shortly acute, margin hardly recurved, top distinctly, broadly
acuminate, acumen usually obtuse; above shining, glabrous.

except the long-persistent hairs on the principal nerves; midrib
hardly prominent or impressed, primary nerves slightly prominent,
veins laxly reticulate, slightly prominent; beneath puberulous,
glabrescent, dull, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves
(5_8 on each side) prominent, rather patent, arcuate, only the
upper ones united at the margin, veins slightly prominent, laxly
reticulate. Petioles slender, tomentellous, canaliculate, 8—^28 mm
long. Panicles axillary, narrow, few-branched, few-flowered,
male ones up to 8 cm long, tomentellous; peduncles slender,
short, branchlets patent, lower ones up to 4 cm long, flowers
usually in pseudo-racemes. Pedicels 1—4 mm long, tomentellous.
Bracteoles small, ovate-lanceolate or subulate, tomentellous,
deciduous. Flowers dioecious, white, slightly puberulous,
glabrescent. Male flower: tube nearly wanting, outside puberulous,
inside pilose; perianth segments equal, ovate, acute, up to
3 mm long, inside slightly pilose at the base; outer stamens
glabrous or nearly so, reflexed, not united with perianth, up
to 2 mm long, fdaments slightly pilose or glabrous, slender,
up to 1 mm long, anthers ovate, obtuse with very large, introrse
cells (as in Persea) margin more or less constricted; 3rd row
erect, 2 mm long, filaments puberulous, 1 mm long, anthers
narrow, cells extrorse-lateral, basal glands mm in diam.,
globose, subsessile. Staminodes wanting. Ovary stipitiform,
glabrous, usually somewhat shorter than the stamens; stigma
sub-globose, dark, small. Female flower: Panicles 2^4^—'4 cm
long, contracted, few-flowered. Perianth segments oblong-ovate,
acute, 2 mm long, base pilose inside. Stamens sterile, % mm
long, basal glands minute. Ovary globose-ovoid, glabrous,
1 mm long; style 1 mm long, or shorter, stigma very large,
dark, obtuse, curved towards flower axis. Berry sub-globose,
mucronulate, 7 mm in diam., free from the cupule. Cupule
flat, thin, 6 mm in diam., margin undulate, perianth segments
often more or less persistent; pedicel obconical, slightly
thickened, 6—8 mm long.

Male specimens: Paramaribo, PI. la Rencontre (Focke
n. 783, fl. Apr.); Onoribo (Focke n. 882, fl. March); locality
unknown: Hostmann n. 1286 (type of Oreodaphne HoMmanniana
Miq.); Hostmann n. 817 [D.]; coll. unknown [G.]; Split-
gerber n. 8i3 [P.].
Vernacular names: Pisie (N.E.); Wajaaka, Spiroerian,
Sipoeroelan (Car.); Siroeaballi kheretie diamaro (Arow.).

The specimens from Sectie O, tree n. 670 (B.W. n. 1172,
ster. Oct.; n. 2624, fl. Jan.; n. 6075, fl. Febr.) may belong to
this species; leaves and general appearence are the same, the
flowers however are minute, with undeveloped anthers, this
may be due to the fact, that the flowers are xery young.

i3. Ocotea Schomburgkiana (Nees) Benth. et Hook.f.,
Gen. HI (1880), p. i58; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 337; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. 184,
excl. spec. Focke n. 882; — Oreodaphne Schomburgkiana
Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 269, 619; Walp., Ann. HI
(i852—53), p. 3i3; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 128; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 225; — Ocotea
Schomburgkii Mez mscr. in herb. div.; — Nectandra nitiduLa
Miq., non Nees in Linnaea 18 (1844), p. 246.

Shrub or tree, up to 8 m high. Branchlets slightly tomen-
tellous at the top, soon glabrous, brown or dark-grey, cylindrical.
Leaves alternate, coriaceous or rigid-coriaceous, glabrous,
ovate-oblong or sometimes elliptical, (3——^8(—^11) cm long,
(2.—^)3——5%) cm wide; base shortly acute, or somewhat
cuneate, margin recurved, top acuminate, blunt; above very
shining, with slightly prominulous or obsolete nerves, veins
laxly reticulate, obsolete; beneath midrib slightly prominent,
primary nerves (3^—5 on each side) rather patent, straight or
arcuately united towards margin, veins slightly prominent,
laxly reticulate. Petioles up to 1 cm long, above flat with
decurrent leaf-margins, glabrous, usually black when dried.
Panicles axillary and sub-terminal, pyramidal, densely 00-flowered,
grey-tomentellous, up to 10 cm long; peduncles short; female

—11/2 mm long. Bracteoles deciduous. Flowers dioecious,
hardly pilose, white, strongly fragrant. Male flower: tube very
short, conical, outside slightly puberulous, inside more or less
sericeous; perianth segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly
glabrous, patent, margin minutely ciliate, 2 mm long; the outer
stamens glabrous, 1 mm long, fdaments distinct, as long as the
depressed-ovate, truncate anthers with introrse cells; stamens
of the 3rd row glabrous, same length, anthers nearly rectangular,
canaliculate at the truncate top, glands sessile, large, globose,
partly surrounding the fdaments. Ovary stipitate, glabrous,
2 mm long, stigma small, triangular-discoid. Female flower:
tube lYz mm long, urceolate; perianth segments 1 mm long;
stamens minute, sterile. Ovary globose, glabrous, 1 mm long,
style thick, % mm long, stigma small. Berry ovoid, acute,
smooth, 10 mm long, 6 mm in diam., % covered by the cupule.
Cupule hemispheric, simple- and entire-margined, rather thin,
7 mm in diam., smooth; pedicel thickened.

Male specimens: Saramacca R. near Mariepaston (Kegel
n. i3o2 [G.]; Zanderij I, tree n. 35 (B.W. n. 1462, ster.
Nov.; n. 1599, in bud Jan.; n. 2261, fl. Aug.; n. 2690,
fl. Febr.; n. 3784, fl. Apr.; n. 5o34, in bud Jan.; Forestry
Bureau n. 6, ster. Jan.); Sectie O (B.W. n. i8i5, fl. May;
n. 5836, ster. May); Sectie O, tree n. 6 (B.W. n. i3ii, ster.
Oct.; n. 2917, fl. June; n. 4499, fl. Dec.; n. 6249, fl. Aug.;
n. 5587, fl. Jan.); lower Suriname R. (B.W. n. 6, fl. Jan.);
locality unknown: Forestry Bureau n. 6, fl. March.

Female specimens: Saramacca R. near Mariepaston (Kegel
n. i3i2 [G.]); Sectie O (B.W. n. 3400, fr. Nov.; Later
n. 6; Forestry Bureau n. 9, fl. Apr.); Suriname R., Buffel
creak (Gonggrijp n. 174, fr. Jan.); locality unknown: Hostmann
n. 240, fr. Nov.

Vernacular names: Pisie, Harda pisie, Sabana pisie (N.E.);
Lolie hoadoe, Joakoejapoi, Joekoejapi (Car.); Jekoeroe (Arow.);
Apisie-ia, Baaka apiesie-ia (Sar.).

The specimens from Sectie O, tree n. 6 are merging into
0. Pelaianthera-, the leaves are elliptical, however smaller as

in O. Petalanthera-, the panicles are tomentose. The glands are
of the same size as in 0. Schomburgkiana; the flowers are larger
as in 0. Petalanthera and more pilose.

14. Ocotea Petalanthera (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 358; — Oreodaphne Petalanthera
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 126; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 220; — Petalanthera bracteolata Nees,
Syst. (i836), p. 347, p. p.; id. in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 5ii,
p. p.

Tree. Branchlets densely rusty-tomentose; branches cylindrical,
smooth, dark-grey. Buds small, densely tomentose. Leaves
alternate, chartaceous-coriaceous or coriaceous, elliptical or
oblong, (6——14(—^18) cm long, (3——5(--8) cm wide;
base acute or shortly acute, margin hardly recurved, top
distinctly acuminate, acumen obtuse up to 2 cm long; above
glabrous, more or less shining, midrib and primary nerves
impressed or hardly prominulous, veins reticulate, slightly
prominent or obliterate; beneath dull, reddish or brown when
dried, slightly puberulous, glabrescent, with long-persistent
hairs on the nerves; young leaves often barbellate in the axils,
midrib and the few (3—4 on each side), arcuately ascending
primary nerves strongly prominent, secondary nerves usually
parallel and horizontal, slightly prominent, veins laxly reticulate.
Petioles thick, rusty-tomentose, flat above, leaf-margins decurrent,
up to 1 cm long. Panicles short, up to 8 cm long, axillary, near
the top of the branchlets, pyramidal, few-branched, 00-flowered,
rusty-tomentose; peduncles short. Pedicels up to 2 mm long,
grey-tomentellous. Flowers dioecious, grey-tomentellous, yellow,
fragrant. Male flower: 5 mm in diam.; tube small, urceolate,
angular, top not constricted, base merging into the pedicel;
perianth segments equal, patent, ovate-oblong, acutish, outside
tomentellous, inside glabrous, 2 mm long; the outer rows of
stamens glabrous, 1mm long, fdaments glabrous, 1/2 mm long,
anthers ovate, top obtuse, introrse; 3rd row glabrous, erect,
pressed against style, 1mm long, fdaments broad, 34 mm

long, anthers ovate-rectangular, upper cells lateral, lower ones
extrorse, basal glands rather large, sessile, globose. Staminodes
wanting. Gynaecium stipitate, nearly glabrous, 2 mm long,
stigma large, discoid. Female flower:nbsp;mm in diam.; tube

cup-shaped, 1 mm long; pedicel short. Stamens minute, sterile.
Ovary glabrous, globose-ellipsoid, 1 mm long; style thick,
glabrous, 1 mm long, stigma large. Berry ellipsoid, mucronulate,
10 mm long, 6 mm in diam., smooth, 1/3 covered by the cupule.
Cupule hemispheric, 6 mm high, 8 mm in diam., rather thin;
pedicel rather thick.

Male specimens: Sectie O, tree n. 10 (B.W. n. 3986, ster.
Sept.; n. 4607, fl. Dec.; n. 5586, fl. Febr.); sectie O (B.W.
n. 4337, ster. June); sectie O, tree n. y5g (B.W. n. 1468,
ster. Nov.; n. 1646, ster. Febr.; n. 2594, fl. Jan.; n. 2628,
fl. Jan.); Brownsberg (B.W. n. 18, ster. Sept.); Brownsberg,
tree n. 1284 (B.W. n. 6766, fl. Jan.).

Female specimens: Sectie O, tree n. 574 (B.W. n. 1175,
ster. Oct.; n. 2356, fl. Oct.; n. 2589, fl. Jan.; n. 2905; fr.
June; n. 3io2, fr. Aug.; n. 2697, fr. March), tree n. 653
(B.W. n. 794, ster. Oct.).
Vernacular names: Pisie, Zachte pisie (N.E.); Wawerjan,
Topoporin wewe, Ajoeroe, Tamoene wajaka (Car.); Siroea-
balli ojokto, Siroeaballi kheretie wadilidiamaro (Arow.).

Ocotca ? vcrnicosa Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 33i; Kosterm. I.e., p. 17.

Small tree. Branchlets glabrous, dark, slender; branches
cylindrical, smooth, dark; buds nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate,
coriaceous, glabrous, shining, obovate or elliptical, 10 — 14 cm
long, 4—'5y2 cm wide; base cuneate, margin flat, top abruptly
acuminate, acumen broad, obtuse, up to 2 cm long, and 8 mm
wide at the base; above midrib and primary nerves prominulous
or slightly impressed, veins laxly reticulate, prominulous or
obliterate; beneath midrib prominulous or flattish, primary
nerves (6-7 on each side) prominent, patent, arcuately united
at some distance from the margin, veins prominulous, laxly

reticulate or more or less obliterate. Flower unknown. Cupule
red, hemispheric, thick, smooth, i cm high, 18 mm in diam.,
margin entire, slightly double, inner margin erect, thin, hardly
1 mm high, outer one indistinct.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, sub-opposite or opposite,
rigid or chartaceous. Panicles pyramidal or sub-corymbose,
rarely racemose (not in Surinam species), usually axillary
Flowers without involucre, generally rather large, hermaphrodite
or dioecious; tube conspicuous or nearly wanting; perianth
segments 6, usually patent, nearly equal, deciduous. Fertile
stamens 9; 4th row or stamens staminodial, small or wanting;
anthers 4-celled, usually papillose, cells in a horizontal, straight
or slightly arcuate row, those of the outer 6 stamens as a rule
introrse, those of the 3rd row extrorse, the outer cells often
lateral. Filaments of the 2 outer rows of stamens usually short
or wanting, those of the 3rd row with 2 sessile glands. Stamens
in the dioecious species minute, sterile. Ovary globose or
ellipsoid, usually glabrous; style as a rule short, rarely longer
than the ovary. Gynaecium in the dioecious species stipitiform,
rudimentary. Berry globose or ellipsoid. Cupule with simple,
entire margin, flattish or hemispheric.

b. Leaves chartaceous, tomentellous beneath; base
rounded, top caudate-acuminate. Outer 6 anthers

J.—^14 primary nerves on each side; densely rusty-
tomentose beneath . . 3. N. Laurel Kl. et Karst.
b. Leaves usually opposite, ovate-lanceolate or ovate;
6—8 primary nerves on each side of the midrib;
in youth densely sericeous beneath, adult ones
glabrescent ........... 5. N, ambigua Meissn.

h. Panicles i5 — cm long, densely sericeous or
puberulous. Perianth segments densely lanuginose-
papillose inside.............................. 8

b. Leaves broadly elliptical, rigid-coriaceous. Petioles
thick, broad. Panicles 00-flowered with thick
peduncles..........9. N. kaburiensis Kosterm.

1. Nectandra grandis (Mez) Kosterm. 1. c., p. 17, non
Nees mscr. ex Klotzsch et Karst. in syn. in Linnaea 21
(1848), p. 5o5; — EndLicheria grandis Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 124; — Nectandra praecLara Sandwith
in Kew Bull. 1932, p. 224; — ? Nectandra dioica Mez in
Fedde, Repert. 16 (1920), p. 3o8.

Large tree, up to 3o m high (Sandwith). Branchlets thick
angular, sulcate, densely yellow-sericeous. Branches cvlindrical'
striate, glabrescent, dark-brown; buds densely velutinous-
sericeous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous or rigid-coriaceous,
elliptical or oblong-elliptical, (io-)i8-24(-32) cm long,
lt;4-)7-io(-i3) cm wide; base abruptly acute or cuneate,'
often oblique, margin slightly recurved, top acuminate, acumen
1/2-1 cm long, acute, 1/2 cm wide at the base, top sometimes
rounded or emarginate; above glabrous, shining, midrib and
primary nerves flattish or slightly prominulous, sometimes
slightly impressed; young leaves beneath densely silvery-sericeous,
adult ones less sericeous, midrib very thick, strongly prominent'
primary nerves (5-io on each side) prominent, arcuatelv
ascendent, bases decurrent along the midrib, tops gradually
disappearing towards the margin, lower ones often marginal;
secondary nerves prominulous, nearly parallel; veins prominulous'
densely reticulate. Petioles thick, sulcate, densely yellow-
sericeous, flat above, up to 4 cm long, with slightly decurrent
Jeaf-margms. Panicles pyramidal, axillary, densely yellow- or
grey-sericeous, peach-bloom colour (Sandwith), oo-flowered, up
to 2 5 cm long; peduncles (up to 10 cm long) and ahernate,
patent branchlets (up to 5 cm long) thick, compressed; branches
dichotomous, flowers in cymes. Pedicels thick, striate, densely
sericeous-tomentellous, orange-red (Sandwith), 2-6 mm long
Bracts deciduous. Flowers fragrant, brown-yellow, dioecious,
4—5 mm in diam. Female flower unknown. Male flower with
sub-globose or broadly conical 11/2-2 mm long tube, densely
sericeous-tomentellous outside, sericeous inside, not constricted
at the top, 21/2 mm in diam.; perianth segments fleshy, patent
ovate-triangular, obtuse, densely sericeous-tomentellous, up to
2 mm long, inner ones slightly smaller. Outer 6 anthers sessile,
flat, orbicular, nearly square, top truncate, incurved, glabrous,
except base; stamens of the 3rd row thickish, nearly 1 mm
long, inside glabrous, outside pilose at the base, top truncate

or emarginate; anthers not distinct from the broader filaments,
cells extrorse, upper ones minute; basal glands sessile, small,
flat, orbicular-triangular. Ovary sterile, glabrous, stipitiform,
1/2—3/4 mm long. Berry ellipsoid, smooth, 4 cm long, 11/2 cm in
diam. Cupule very thick, rather smooth, hemispheric, 27 mm
in diam., 17 mm high; margin entire; fruiting pedicel very
thick, obconical, 1 cm long, nearly 1 cm in diam. at the top.

Brownsberg, tree n. 99 (B.W. n. 3204, fl. Sept.); tree
n. ii83 (B.W. n. 5546, fl. Oct.; n. 6908, fl. July); Brownsberg
(B.W. n. 629, fl. Sept.; n. 670, in bud Sept.).

— Acrodiciidium Kunthianum Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 269; —
Aydendron aciphyllum Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 496;
Walp., Ann. Ill (i852—53), p. 3o8; Meissn. in D.C.,
Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 92; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866),
p. 181; — Ocotea Kunthiana Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 291; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (i93i),
p. 71.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets thick, angular, densely rusty-
tomentellous; branches cylindrical, dark-grey; buds densely
tomentose. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, at last rigid-
chartaceous, elliptical or oblong, i5 —25(—35) cm long,

recurved, top distinctly caudate-acuminate, acumen up to
31/2 cm long, 3—5 mm wide at the base; above glabrous, except
the base of the impressed midrib, shining, primary nerves
slightly prominulous or somewhat impressed, veins distinct,
prominulous, laxly reticulate; beneath glaucescent, laxly tomen-
tellous, nerves densely rusty-tomentellous, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves (10 —15 on each side) patent,
prominent, parallel, nearly straight, arcuately united at some
distance of the margin; secondary nerves slightly prominent,
more or less parallel, 3—6 mm from each other; veins

prominulous, laxly reticulate. Female panicles few-flowered,
axillary, densely rusty-tomentellous, narrowly pyramidal, up
to 12 cm long; peduncles rather thick, compressed, angular,
3—4 cm long, branchlets erect-patent; flowers yellow in
shortened dichasia; male panicles many-flowered, up to jY, cm
long; bracts deciduous. Male flower: Pedicels 11/2—3 mm long.
Flowers 3—4 mm in diam., densely tomentellous outside; tube
urceolate, constricted at the top, 1% mm long, inside densely
sericeous; perianth segments ovate-lanceolate, slightly obtuse,
equal, patent or reflexed, inside densely tomentellous, 11/2 mm
long; 6 outer stamens 1 mm long, flat, anthers glabrous, more
or less rectangular, top truncate ore emarginate; filaments
distinct, shorter than anthers, densely pilose; stamens of the
3rd row 1 mm long, thick, erect, pyramidal, anthers not distinct
from the broad filaments, top emarginate, glabrous, upper cells
lateral, lower ones extrorse; basal glands large, pyramidal.
Staminodes wanting. Ovary glabrous, stipitiform, 1 mm long;
style and stigma inconspicuous. Female flower: Pedicel 2—2^4 mm
long, thick, rusty-tomentellous; tube urceolate, 1 mm long,
merging into the pedicel, top constricted, inside sericeous;
perianth segments ovate, slightly acute, tomentellous, 11/2 mm
long. Outer stamens sessile, rectangular, densely hirsute, 1/2 mm
long; 3rd row 54 mm long, canaliculate inside, glands small,
oblong, sessile. Ovary glabrous, ellipsoid, 11/2 mm long; style
cylindrical, % mm long, stigma minute. Berry ellipsoid, smooth,
up to 2% cm long, i3 mm in diam. Cupule red, hemispheric,
rather thin, 5 mm high, i5 mm in diam., margin entire; pedicel
very thick, 6 mm long.

Emma Range (Gonggrijp and Stahel n. 188, fr. March).
Vernacular name: Pisie oema.

3. Nectandra Laurel Kl. et Karst. ex Nees in Linnaea 21
(1848), p. 5o5; Walp., Ann. Ill (1862—53), p. 3io;

Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, i (1864), p. 146; id. in
FI. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 261; Kosterm. I. c., p. 18; —
Nectandra Tovaren/u Kl. et Karst. ex Nees in Linnaea
I. c.; — Nectandra vULosa, var. venoda Nees in Linnaea
1. c., p. p.; — Laurud venom Dombey ex Nees, Syst. (i836),
p. 291, in syn.

Tree. Branchlets thick, angular, sulcate, densely rusty-
tomentose or villose; branches cylindrical, smooth, dark,
glabrescent; buds densely rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate,
the upper ones rarely sub-opposite, chartaceous, at last rigid-
coriaceous, broadly elliptical or ovate (6^—)g — 2S( — 35) cm
long, (3———15) cm wide; base slightly or distinctly
obtuse, with usually strongly inflexed margins, margin slightty
recurved, top obscurely or distinctly acuminate; young leaves
densely rusty-villose, adult ones above at last glabrous (except
on principal nerves) verj^ shining, midrib, primary nerves and
secondary nerves impressed; beneath rusty-tomentose, tomentum
denser on the nerves, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves
(7^—14 on each side) prominent, arcuately ascendent, not united
at the margin, secondary nerves parallel, prominent, veins
prominulous, laxly reticulate. Petioles rather slender, sulcate,
hardly canaliculate, tomentose, glabrescent, —^2% cm long.
Panicles axillary, lax, co-flowered, broadly pyramidal, sub-
corymbose, densely rusty-tomentose, up to 20 cm long; peduncles
thick, slightly compressed, up to 7 cm long, lower branchlets
patent, up to 5 cm long. Flowers white, 10—mm in diam.,
rotate, hermaphrodite, fragrant, densely rusty-tomentose; tube
small, broadly conical, j mm high, rusty-tomentose outside,
glabrous inside, top not constricted, when deflorate globose
with constricted top; perianth segments nearly equal, patent,
oblong, elliptical, ovate or sub-orbicular, obtuse or slightly
acutish, 5 mm long, 3—-3% mm in diam., outer ones tomentose
outside, densely papillose inside, inner ones outside with a
tomentose triangle at the base, inside papillose. Outer anthers
nearly sessile, foliaceous-dilated, elongated triangular or ovate.

papillose, slightly incurved or erect, i % nim long, i mm wide
at the base, top obtuse or acutish, cells introrse in a slightly
arcuate row at the base of the anthers; stamens of the 3rd row
papillose,nbsp;mm long, anthers triangular, obtuse, filaments

slightly narrower, short, lower cells sub-extrorse, upper ones
lateral, basal glands large, globose-polygonous, depressed,
touching each other. Staminodes small, conical, acute, pilose,
often with rudimentary cells inside, sometimes wanting. Ovary
obovoid, 1—2 mm long, glabrous or nearly so; style nearly
as long, cylindrical, thick, glabrous; stigma large, dark, discoid.

4. Nectandra Pisi Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o), p. 199,
t. 60; Walp., Ann. Ill (1862-53), p. 3io; Kosterm. 1. c.,
p. 19; .—• Nectandra leucantha Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 3io
p. p.; id. in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 268, 5o8, p. p. quoad
var. c; — Nectandra leucantha Benth. (non Nees) mscr. ex
Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 4i5; —
Nectandra leucantha Miq. (non Nees), Stirp. 1. c., p. 196,
p. p., cum. t. 58; — Nectandra pallida Miq. (non Nees),
Stirp, 1. c., p. 196, t. 59A; —■ Nectandra Rodiaei Miq.
(non Schomb.), Stirp. 1. c., p. 197, p. p., quoad cit. spec.
Hostmann n. 235 et A, Kegel n. 193; — Nectandra vaga
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. i53; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 261, cum var.; — Nectandra globoda
Mez (non Aubl.) in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889),
p. 4i5, p.p.

Tree, 10 — 20 m high. Branchlets yellow- or rusty-tomentellous
or puberulous, slightly angular, sulcate, rather thick; branches
cylindrical, smooth, dark-brown or grey; buds densely yellow-
tomentellous. Leaves alternate, rarely the upper ones sub-
opposite, chartaceous or rigid-chartaceous, usually ovate, some-
times lanceolate, (10—)i4 —18(.— cm long, (4—)5.—^6(—^8^4)
cm wide; base abruptly acute or slightly obtuse, top acute or

gradually acuminate, acumen blunt, margin distinctly incurved
at the base; above glabrous, slightly shining, midrib and primary
nerves impressed, veins usually inconspicuous; beneath thinly
puberulous, axils often barbellate, at last glabrescent, midrib
strongly prominent, primary nerves (5 — j on each side) ascendent,
prominent, not united at the margin, secondary nerves parallel,
nearly horizontal, 2—5 mm from each other, veins densely
reticulate, slightly prominulous. Petioles rather slender, glabres-
cent, up to i5 mm long. Panicles co-flowered, axillary, near
the top of the branchlets, rusty- or grey-puberulous, broadly
pyramidal, sub-corymbiform, 6—10 cm long; peduncles thick,
compressed, up to 4 cm long, branchlets rather few, up to
2 cm long, dichotomous; usually congested near the top of the
peduncle. Pedicels slender, puberulous, —^2% mm long, rapidly
increasing in length after the flowering period. Bracteoles
deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite, rotate, 6—10 mm in diam.;
tube short, broadly conical, outside yellow-sericeous, not con-
stricted at the top till after the flowering period, inside glabrous,
1 mm long; perianth segments obovate-oblong, fleshy, obtuse
or acutish, up to 4 mm long, inner ones oblong, slightly smaller,
outside sericeous-tomentellous, inside densely papillose. Stamens
densely papillose, thick, pressed against each other, cells over-
lapped by the thick connectives. Outer 6 anthers transversally
elliptic, top truncate or mucronulate, %—mm long, second
row slightly broader; fdaments minute, cells large, introrse, in
a nearly straight row at the basal side of the anthers. Stamens
of the 3rd row slightly longer, transverse-oblong, truncate,
inside slightly canaliculate, cells extrorse; basal glands large,
depressed, globose-polygonous, touching each other. Staminodes
of the 4th row stipitiform, club-shaped, acutish. Ovary globose-
ellipsoid, 1 mm long, glabrous; style nearly as long, thick,
cylindrical; stigma conspicuous, discoid-reniform. Berry ellipsoid-
ovoid, smooth, i3'—-16 mm long, 8—12 mm in diam., 5 mm
covered by the cupule. Cupule rather thin, hemispheric, rugulose.

8 —12 mm in diam., 8 mm iiigli; pedicel 5 mm long, cylindrical,
1—iy2 mm in diam.

Marowijne R. (Kappl. ed. Hohenack. n. 1827 [G., L.],
fl. Aug., type of N. pallida Miq.); Tapanahoni R. (Versteeg
n. 679, fl. Julv); Berg en Daal (Focke n. i3o5, fl. May, type);
Poelebantje (Kegel n. 193 [G.], fl. Aug.); PL Berlijn
(Wullschlagel n. 15^8 and s. n. [B.]); upper Suriname R.
(Wullschlagel n. 405 [B.]); Suriname R., Kominekoe-creek
(Tresling n. 261, in bud July); Brownsberg, tree n. 1062
(B.W. n. 1777, ster. Apr.; n. 3209, fl. Sept.; n. 5gg2, fr.
Sept.; n. 4460, fl. Sept.; n. 5546, fl. Oct.); Watramiri, tree
n. 1643 (fi.W^. n. 1917, ster. May); Toekoemoetoe (B.W^.
n. 5687, fr. March); locality unknown: W^ullschlagel cum.
n. div. [G.]; Voltz s. n.; Focke n. 294 [L. ]; Hostmann
n. 235; Wullschlagel s. n. [B.].
Vernacular name: Pisie.

5. Nectandra ambigua Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1
(1864), p. i58; id. in FL Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 267; Mez
in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 416; Kosterm.
1. c., p. 21; .— Nectandra leucantha Nees in Linnaea 21
(1848), p. 5o8, p. p., quoad cit. spec. Schomb. n. 29.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets densely yellow-tomentellous, slighth'
angular, sulcate, glabrescent; branches cylindrical, smooth,
dark-brown; buds densely yellow-tomentose. Leaves usualK'
sub-opposite or opposite, sometimes alternate, ovate-lanceolate
or ovate, sometimes lanceolate (9^—^)i2'—^i8( — 20) cm long,
(3—^)4—5( — j) cm wide, base shortly acute, sometimes obtuse,
margin hardly recurved, top gradually acuminate or acute;
young leaves above densely yellowish-tomentellous, beneath
densely sericeous; adult ones above glabrous, rather dull, midrib
and primary nerves impressed, veins inconspicuous, beneath
slightly sericeous, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, primary
nerves (6—^8 on each side) ascendent, prominent, not united
at the margin, secondary nerves rather few, parallel, 4^—b mm
from each other, slightly prominulous, veins usually incon-
spicuous. Petioles slender, tomentellous, slightly canaliculate

above, 10^—^18 mm long. Panicles corymbiform, opposite,
axillary, near the top of the branchlets, few- or rather many-
flowered, densely yellowish-tomentellous, up to 10 cm long;
peduncles slender, compressed, up to 5 cm long, branchlets
rather few, usually congested near the top of the peduncles,
up to 3 cm long, dichotomous. Bracts deciduous. Pedicels
slender, densely tomentellous, 3—mm long. Flowers white
(Schomb.), rusty-tomentellous, 10^—mm in diam.; tube
broadly conical, 1—1 % mm high, densely sericeous, top slightly
constricted; perianth segments broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse,
4—41/2 mm long, inside densely papillose, outside densely
tomentellous; inner ones slightly narrower, densely tomentellous
outside, especially a triangle at the base. Outer 6 anthers
nearly sessile, papillose, elongated triangular or triangular-
ovate, up to 1% mm long, top often acuminate with blunt point,
cells introrse, basal, filaments minute, glabrous or nearly so;
stamens of the 3rd row same length, filaments broad, short,
puberulous, anthers broadly ovate-triangular, top obtuse, incurved,
cells extrorse, the upper ones somewhat lateral, slightly over-
lapped by the connective; basal glands large, sessile, depressed,
globose-polygonous. Staminodes of the 4th row thick, stipitiform,
short. Ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, %—mm long, glabrous; style
thick, cylindrical, 1 — iVi mm long; stigma rather small, discoid-
reniform. Berry ellipsoid-ovoid, smooth, mucronulate, 12^—^14 mm
long, 7—8 mm in diam.; 4 mm covered by the cupule. Cupule
thin, hemispheric, smooth or ribbed, 8 — 10 mm in diam., 7 mm
high, margin entire; pedicel 4—mm long, nearly' cylindrical,
1mm in diam.

Upper Nickerie R., Crombok falls (Tulleken n. 492 [L.],
fl. Sept.; n. 433 [L.], fl. Sept.; Gonggrijp and Stahel n. io65,
fr. Febr.); Arawarwa R. (Nickerie R.) (B.W. n. 3648,
fl. Sept.); Corantijne R. near Wonotobo (B.W. n. 3093,
fl. June).

6. Nectandra cuspidata Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 33o; id.
in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 510; Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85o),
p. 200, t. 59B; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864),
p. 169, p.p.; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (i866), p. 268, t. 97,
cum var. macrocarpa et dubia, excl. var. strumosa; Kosterm.
1. c., p. 21; — Ocotea cuspidata Mart, et riparia Mart, in
herb. Monac. ex Nees in Syst. 1. c.; — Oreodaphne codtuLata
Nees in Linnaea 21 1. c., p 620, p. p., quoad cit. spec.
Schomb. n. 929; Walp., Ann. Ill (i852—53), p. 3i3,
p.p.; — Nectandra Picburim Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 449, excl. type; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. i85; Hassl. in Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Genève
(1916—19), p. 96; Standley in U. S. A. Nat. Herb. 23,
2 (1922), p. 298.

Tree, up to 20 m high; wood hard, red or yellow. Branchlets
slender, rusty-tomentellous or finely greyish puberulous, rarely
sub-glabrous, angular at the top, cylindrical, striate towards
the base; buds rusty-tomentellous, subulate. Leaves alternate,
chartaceous or chartaceous-coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate-lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (5—)io—^i6(—^20) cm long,
(2——434(^6) cm wide; base acute, margin slightly recurved,
abruptly inflexed at the base, top gradually acuminate, acumen
long, narrow, usually acute; adult leaves above glabrous or
nearly so, smooth, shining, midrib and primary nerves slightly
impressed, veins reticulate, usually inconspicuous, beneath sub-
sericeous or tomentellous, glabrescent, dull, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves (3—6 on each side) ascendent,
strongly curved, prominent, puberulous, not united at the
margin, secondary nerves parallel, horizontal, 2—3 mm from
each other, prominulous. Petioles slender, tomentellous, glabres-
cent, slightly canaliculate above, 7 —ii( — 20) mm long. Panicles
axillary and pseudo-terminal, pyramidal, 00-flowered, rusty- or
greyish-tomentellous, the axillary ones 3 —10 cm long, the
terminal ones up to 20 cm long, often with leaves; peduncles
slender, compressed, branchlets alternate, patent, short, dicho-
tomous. Bracts deciduous. Pedicels tomentellous, 1 —4 mm long.

Flowers hermaphrodite, white, fragrant, tomentellous or sub-
glahrous, rotate, 3—5 mm in diam.; tube 1 mm long, slightly
constricted at the top, sub-sericeous outside, glabrous inside;
perianth segments nearly equal or the inner ones larger; outer
ones oblong, puberulous outside, slightly papillose inside,
glabrescent, up to 1mm long, inner ones broadly ovate or
oblong up to 2 mm long, outside glabrous, except at the base,
inside densely papillose. Outer 6 stamens glabrous, 1 mm long,
fdaments short, anthers transverse-elliptic, punctulate, cells
in a slightly curved row, connectives not exceeding the cells;
stamens of the 3rd row cuneate-truncate, pressed against the
style, up to % mm long, canaliculate at the top and inside,
lower (middle) cells extrorse, upper ones sub-lateral; basal
glands rather large, sessile, globose, not forming a continuous
ring. Staminodes small, subulate or sub-capitellate, glabrous or
puberulous. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous, 1 mm long, gradually
merging into a thick, glabrous, short style, stigma small,
discoid, sub-triangular. Berry ellipsoid, 1 cm long, 7 mm in
diam., nearly free from the thin, shallow, entire and simple-
margined cupule. Cupule 5—6 mm in diam., 1—2 mm high;
pedicel 6—8 mm long, conical, thick.

Berg en Daal (Focke n. i3o6, fl. May); Paramaribo (Voltz
s. n.); locality unknown: Hostmann n. 790.
Vernacular name: Pisie (N.E.).

7. Nectandra guianensis Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, i
(1864), p. 160; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 270; Mez
in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 433, excl. syn.
N. Neediana Miq.; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. i85;
— Nectandra dalicifoLia Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 5o6,
p. p. quoad cit. spec. Schomb. 858, Kegel n. 286, 631,
Hostmann n. 973 (non Nees, Syst., p. 2o3).

glabrous, dark, nearly cylindrical, shining, angular at the top;
buds yellow-tomentellous. Leaves alternate, glabrous, chart-
aceous, lanceolate or oblong, (5'—)i2—^20 cm long, (2——
(—6) cm wide; base acute, margin nearly flat, top acuminate
with somewhat obtuse point; above shining, midrib slightly
impressed, primary nerves prominulous or flat, veins hardly
visible; beneath dull, midrib prominent, primary nerves (8-—14
on each side) slightly prominent, nearly straight, rather patent,
curved and disappearing at the margin, veins densely reticulate,
prominulous. Petioles slender, canaliculate above, rusty-tomen-
tellous, soon glabrous, 10—mm long. Panicles pyramidal,
rather few-flowered in the axils of the upper leaves, nearly
glabrous or slightly puberulous, 5 —10 cm long, often with
few leaves; peduncles slender, compressed, 2—7 cm long,
branchlets few, sub-opposite or alternate, congested near the
top of the peduncles, 1 cm long, once or twice dichotomous,
with 2—5 flowers at the end of the branchlets. Bracts deciduous.
Pedicels slightly pilose, 2 — 5 mm long. Flowers hermaphrodite,
sub-glabrous or slightly pilose, rotate, 5—6 mm in diam.; tube
1 mm high, top slightly constricted; perianth segments nearly
equal, suborbicular, up to 2 mm long, outside sub-glabrous,
inside shortly, densely papillose. Outer 6 anthers flattish,
papillose, sessile, transverse-elliptic, slightly incurved, % nim
long, those opposite the larger petals somewhat broader; cells
large, introrse. Stamens of the 3rd row^ sub-sessile, top truncate
or emarginate, papillose inside, mm long, cells sub-extrorse
or lateral. Staminodes of the 4th row small, papillose, slightly
capitulate. Ovary glabrous, sub-globose, 1 mm long. Style
thick, glabrous, very short (1/3 mm) with small, dark, obtuse
stigma. Berry (only a few on each panicle) ellipsoid, smooth,
17—22 mm long, up to 11 mm in diam., nearly free from the
rather flat, thin, simple- and entire-margined cupule. Cupule
7—^12 mm in diam.; pedicel conical, —mm long.

Paramaribo, Kwatta weg (Focke n. 835, fl., fr. Oct.);
PI. Kwatta (Kegel n. 285 and 63i [G.], fl. Aug.); locality
unknown: Hostmann n. 973, s. n. [L.], Splitgerber s. n. [L.],
Focke n. 323 [L.]; Wullschlägel n. 453 [B., G.].

8. Nectandra surinamensis Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 454 (not in Urb., Symb. II (1900),
p. 262).

Tree. Branchlets thick, angular, densely yellow-tomentellous
or sericeous; branches cylindrical, grey, glabrous; buds densely
sericeous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous-coriaceous or coriaceous,
oblanceolafe or oblong-oblanceolate, (9^——18(^—^20) cm long,
(3———5%) cm wide; base gradually acute, margin hardly
recurved, top acuminate, acumen up to 2 cm long, acute; young
leaves membranous, sparingly puberulous, usually densely
reticulate; adult ones above glabrous, smooth, shining, midrib
and primary nerves impressed, veins inconspicuous; beneath
sparingly puberulous, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent,
primary nerves (9—on each side) ascendent, arcuately united
at some distance from the margin (except the lower ones),
secondarj^ nerves slightly prominulous, parallel, 4nbsp;from

each other, usually obliterate. Petioles slender, densely sericeous,
glabrescent, above usually flat, up to 17 mm long. Panicles
axillary, pyramidal, rather few-flowered, lax, up to i5 cm
long, puberulous, peduncles slender, compressed, up to 8 cm
long, branchlets fevv, distant, patent, slender, up to 2 cm long,
secondary branchlets dichotomous, usually in pseudo-umbels.
Pedicels slender, hardly puberulous, 3—4 mm long. Flowers
rotate, fragrant, white, 6-—mm in diam.; tube inconspicuous,
hardly % mm long, slightly constricted at the top, slightly
puberulous outside, glabrous inside; perianth segments nearly
equal, ovate or ovate-subrectangular, obtuse, 1 % mm long,
1 mm wide at the base, outside slightly puberulous, inside
densely lanuginose-papillose. Outer 6 stamens transversally
elliptical, truncate, nearly sessile, outside densely lanuginose-

papillose, hardly mm long; stamens of the 3rd row slightly
longer, anthers cuneate, truncate or emarginate, inside canali-
culate, lower cells extrorse, upper ones lateral, fdaments short,
broad, but distinct; basal glands very large, depressed, globose-
polygonous, protruding beyond the outer row of stamens.
Staminodes hardly % mm long, papillose, hastate-stipitiform.
Ovary globose, glabrous, hardly i mm long; style minute,
thick; stigma dark, small, discoid. Berry unknown.

Marowijne R., Siparawini-creek (Kappler ed. Hohenack.
n. 2076 [G., L., U.j, fl. Sept., type); Brownsberg, tree
n. 1275 (B.W. n. 6676, fl. Oct.; v. Emden s. n., fl. Sept.).

Nectandra Mrinamendid Mez in Urb., Sy^mb. H (1900), p. 262,
nec alibi; — Aniba dulcata R. Benoist, nomen, in Bull. Soc.
Bot. France 76 (1928), p. 976.

Tree, up to 3o m high. Branchlets very thick, angular,
sulcate, densely yellow-tomentose or sericeous; branches cylin-
drical, smooth, grey; buds densely sericeous. Leaves alternate,
rigid-coriaceous, broadly elliptical or oblong, rarely oblong-
lanceolate, (9——19(—21) cm long, (4——6(—^8) cm wide;
base acute or cuneate, margin hardly recurved, top acuminate,
acumen up to i cm long, acute; young leaves sometimes
lanceolate, puberulous, adult ones above glabrous, shining,
midrib, primary nerves and secondary nerves impressed, beneath
sparingly hirsute or puberulous, midrib strongly prominent,
primary nerves (10 — on each side) prominent, straight,
ascendent, arcuately united at the margin (except the lower
ones), secondary nerves parallel, nearly horizontal, 4—^ mm
from each other, slightly prominent, veins nearly invisible.
Petioles thick, broad, glabrescent, above flat, 10 — mm long.
Panicles co-flowered, axillary on the branchlets, pyramidal,
densely yellow-tomentellous, up to 18 cm long; peduncles thick,
compressed, up to 7 cm long; branchlets ascendent, thick.

compressed, up to 71/2 cm long, bearing pedunculate pseudo-
umbels. Bracts lanceolate-acute, 1—mm long, outside
tomentellous, inside glabrous; deciduous. Pedicels slender,
tomentellous, 2V2 mm long. Flowers fragrant, white or yellowish,
rotate, 5—6 mm in diam.; tube % mm long, slightly constricted
at the top, outside tomentellous or nearly glabrous, inside
glabrous; perianth segments ovate or oblong, 1 34—^2^4 mm long,
outside glabrescent, inside densely lanuginose-papillose. Stamens
of the outer rows 1 mm long, fdaments short, broad, tomentellous,
anthers transversally elliptic or sub-orbicular, truncate, incurved,
sometimes slightly emarginate, % mm long, outside densely
papillose, cells in a slightly curved row, large, introrse, the
outer ones often somewhat lateral; stamens of the 3rd row-
slightly longer, anthers cuneate, top truncate, gradually merging
into the broad, short filaments, inside canaliculate, lower cells
extrorse, upper ones lateral; basal glands very large, depressed,
globose-polygonous, more or less surrounding the filaments.
Staminodes of the 4th row 34 mm long, slightly clavate, pilose
or glabrous. Ovary glabrous, globose, 1 mm in diam.; style
short, or hardly 34 mm long; stigma discoid, small. Berry
globose, 12 mm in diam., nearly free from the cupule. Cupule
flat, small, 6 mm in diam.; pedicel thick, obconical, 12 mm
long, 5 mm in diam. at the top.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or pseudo-verticillate,
chartaceous or coriaceous, glabrous, papillose or pilose. Panicles
axillarj^ usually clustered at the top of the branchlets, tomen-
tellous or glabrous. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, usually
tomentellous; tube distinct, conical or urceolate, generally
longer than the perianth; perianth segments 6, equal or the

outer ones smaller. Stamens 9, included, free, all fertile (except:
A. Kappleri Mez); 4th row staminodial, usually wanting;
fdaments narrower or broader, as a rule longer than the
anthers, mostly pilose; 3rd row of filaments with usually sessile
glands; anthers 2-celled; cells of the outer 6 anthers introrse
or lateral-introrse, of the 3 inner ones extrorse. Ovary glabrous
or pilose, usually ellipsoid, merging into a conical, generally
longer style with minute stigma. Berry ellipsoid or sub-globose,
smooth, in youth entirely, in maturity partly covered by the
usually hemispheric, mostly simple-margined, often verrucous
cupule.

Distribution: About 40 species in tropical South America,
one in the West Indies.

b. Lower leaf surface not papillate, green, reddish-
brown or yellowish-green..................... 4

b.nbsp;Leaves chartaceous-coriaceous, obovate-lanceolate,
with cuneate, tapering base. Flowers 2—^3 mm long.

c.nbsp;Leaves coriaceous, elliptical with shortly acute
base. Flowers unknown. Cupule and pedicel rather
thick............ 10. A. Gonggrijpii Kosterm.

with strongl^^ prominent midrib and primary nerves,
the latter arcuatety united at the margin, veins
prominulous, reticulate. 5. A. Taubertiana Mez.
b. Leaves elliptical, not clustered; midrib and primary
nerves slightly prominent, not or only partly united
at the margin............................... 7

b. Leaves reddish-brown beneath, veins reticulate,
prominulous. Outer 6 stamens with elliptical

distinctly reticulate on both sides. Connectives of
the 6 outer anthers slightly protruding beyond the

b. Leaves dull, densely rusty-tomentellous beneath,
veins usually obliterate. Connectives of the 6 outer
anthers distinctly protruding beyond the cells.

1. Aniba Kappleri Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 52; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906), p. i85; ■—•
Ajouea GiiyaneriMtS Gris. (nec Aubl.) in Kappl., PI. Surin.
n. 1981; — Aydendron riparium Meissn. (nec Nees) p.p.
in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 89, quoad spec. Kappler
n. 1981.

Tree. Branchlets slender, rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent,
sulcate; branches slender, cylindrical, grey; buds densely
tomentellous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, glabrous, rather
dull, when dried greenish above, brownish beneath, obovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate, (6—— —16) cm long, (2——4
(—534) cm wide, base cuneate, somewhat tapering into the
pedicel, top acuminate, acumen up to 1I/2 cm long, 6 mm wide
at the base, top obtuse; above midrib prominulous or flat,
nerves hardly conspicuous, beneath midrib prominent, primary
nerves (7—9 on each side) prominulous, slightly ascendent.

only the upper ones united at the margin, veins obliterate.
Petioles slender, glabrescent, slightly canaliculate above, 1 cm
long. Panicles pyramidal, co-flowered, clustered at the top of
the branchlets, patent, rusty-tomentellous, up to 8 cm long.
Peduncles slender, usually short, up to 21/2 cm long, branches
patent, alternate, somewhat compressed, up to 3cm long.
Pedicels thick, sulcate, tomentellous, 1—2 mm long. Bracteoles
deciduous. Flowers white (Kappler), rusty-tomentellous, 2 mm
long; tube conical, not distinct from the pedicel, 6-ribbed,
slightly constricted at the top, nearly as long as the perianth;
perianth segments lY^ mm long, ovate, acutish, concave,
tomentellous on both sides, exterior row broader wdth fringed
margins; stamens included, the 6 exterior 1 mm long, with
triangular, introrse-lateral anthers with slightly acute top;
connectives minutely protruding beyond the cells; filaments
2 X longer than the anthers, dilated, elliptical, broader than
the anthers, densely rusty-lanuginose; stamens of the 3rd row
sterile, liguliform-stipitiform, nearly 1 mm long, base lanuginose,
for the rest glabrous, top truncate-obtuse; basal glands large,
pilose, subglobose, sessile, touching each other; ovary included,
slender, ellipsoid, % mm long, tomentellous, except base,
merging into a slender, conical, glabrescent, % nun longer style
with curved top and minute stigma. Unmature fruit included
in the hemispheric, rusty-verrucous cupule.

Marowijne R. (Kappler n. 1981, fl. Aug. [U., D.]);
Brownsberg, tree n. 1253 (B.W. n. 6618, fl. Aug.; n. 6/65,
fr. Jan.), tree n. 1263 s. n., fr. Oct.

2. Aniba rosaeodora Ducke in Revue de Bot. Appliq.
VIII (1928), p. 846; id. in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro V
(1930), p. 109, t. IV, f. 5; „Bois de rosequot;: See Gonggrijp
in: De Indische Mercuur, Apr. 23 and 3o, 1920.

Large tree, up to 3o m high (Gonggrijp). Bark rufous, wood
yellowdsh-grey, aromatic (Ducke). Branchlets thick, angular.

sulcate, rufous-tomentellous, with white lenticels; branches
cylindrical, glabrous, rufous-brown or grey. Leaves alternate,
rigid-coriaceous, broadly elliptical, ovate- or obovate-oblong,
14——24) cm long, 4—6(—91/2) cm wide, base rounded,
margin strongly recurved, top shortly acuminate: acumen broad,
obtuse, 1 cm long; upper leaves smaller, 6—-9 cm long, 3—4 cm
wide. Upper surface glabrous, green, shining, midrib flat or
slightly impressed, primary nerves flat, inconspicuous, veins
densely reticulate or obliterate; lower surface ochraceous-
yellow, due to microscopical papillae, densely and very shortly
tomentellous, glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, primary
nerves (9.—12 on each side) prominent, patent, slightly curved,
hardly united at the margin, veins prominulous, densely reticulate.
Petioles thick, glabrescent, canaliculate above, up to 1^4 cm
long. Panicles narrowly pyramidal, clustered at the young
branchlets, densely rusty-tomentellous, up to 10 cm long;
peduncles thick, compressed, usually short, up to 4 cm long,
branches few, thick, .compressed, patent, up to 21/2 cm long;
pedicels thick, conical, sulcate, very short, merging into the
flower tube; bracts deciduous. Flowers rusty-tomentellous,
1 mm long; tube conical, slightly longer than the perianth,
sulcate, constricted at the top; perianth segments erect, equal,
concave, fleshy, ovate-orbicular, inner ones with fringed margins.
Stamens included, the 6 outer ones with elliptical, densely
villose fdaments, anthers nearly as long, depressed-ovate,
broader than long; cells minute; connectives not protruding
beyond the cells; 3rd row of stamens with narrower fdaments,
glabrous at the top; ovary ellipsoid, tomentellous (except at
base), shorter than the conical style, with minute stigma. Berry'
ellipsoid, glabrous, up to 4 cm long, 2 cm in diam., top slightly
depressed, mucronulate; cupule hemispheric, thick, slightly
rusty-verrucous, 2 cm in diam., 12 mm high; pedicel conical,
very thick, 1% cm long, 1 cm in diam. at the top.

Tapanahoni R., Doemansingi rapids (B.W. n. 4141, ster.
Nov.); near Drie Tabbetje (B.W. n. 5o85, fr. Aug.); Gonini
R., Langa foetoe falls (B.W. n. 3/11, ster. Febr.); Para-
maribo, PI. Onverwacht (Stahel s. n., fl. March); Hendrik
top, Emma Range (B.W. n. 6729, fr. March); Wilhelmina
Range (B.W. n. 7169, fl. June).

3. Aniba firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 58 i); — Aydendron firmulum Nees
et Mart. in Linnaea VHI (i833), p. 36; id., Syst. (i836),
p. 260 and in Linnaea XXI (1848), p. 496, p. p. quoad
cit. spec. Sellow n. 369 2); — Aydendron SeUowii Meissn.
in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 88; id. in Fl. Bras. XV,
2 (1866), p. 177; — Aniba Panurendid (Meissn.) Mez in
Jahrb. 1. c., p. 58; Brooks in Kew Buil. 1933, p. 214;
— Aydendron Panurenée Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 89; id. in
Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 178; — Aniba Laevigata (Meissn.) Mez in
Jahrb. 1. c., p. 69; id. in Arb. Bot. Gart. Breslau I (1892),
p. 109; — Aydendron Laevigatum Meissn. in D.C., Prodr.
I.e., p. 88; id. in Fl. Bras. I.e., p. 178, t. 63. 3)

Tree. Branchlets slightly angular, rather slender, densely
rusty-tomentellous; branches cylindrical, glabrescent, grey; bark
smelling of roses. Leaves alternate, chartaceous-coriaceous,
obovate-lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes elliptical,
(7_)i2 —14(—18) cm long, (1 i/2—)3i/2—4(—51/2) cm wide;
base cuneate or acute, top acuminate, margin slightly recurved;
above glabrous, somewhat shining, midrib slightly impressed
or flat, primary nerves hardly prominulous, veins obliterate;

1) Nees published this species as Aydendron firmuLum Nees et Mart, in
Linnaea 8 (i833), p. 36, citing only Sello n. 369. In the next publication,
Syst., p. 25o he cites also a specimen from the Munich herb., named in
manuscript by Martius: Ocotea firmula (= Ocotea faéclculata Mez.). Most
probably he derived the epithet from Martius' specimen, but because he
neither cited this specimen, nor the name of Martius in his first publication,
Sello n. 369 must be considered as the type specimen of Aniba firmula (Nees
et Mart.) Mez.

when young slightly tomentellous beneath; adult leaves glabrous,
ochraceous-yellow, midrib prominent, primary nerves (7 — g on
each side) prominulous, patent, arcuate at the margin, hardly
united, veins densely areolate or obliterate. Petioles densely
yellowish-rusty tomentellous, sulcate, distinctly canaliculate,
glabrescent, 8 —15 mm long. Panicles broadly pyramidal, patent,
densely rusty-tomentellous, clustered near the top of the
branchlets, up to 9 cm long, many-flowered; peduncles flattened,
rather slender, up to 3 cm long; branchlets rather few, patent,
alternate, up to 3 cm long; pedicels thickish, 1—7 mm long;
bracts linear, densely tomentellous, carinate, up to 1mm
long, deciduous. Flowers tomentellous, 2-—5 mm long; tube
obconical, merging into the pedicel, 1 mm long, top constricted,
inside lanuginose; perianth segments fleshy, carinate-concave,
equal, 1 mm long, outer ones ovate, obtuse, inner ones
orbicular-ovate, with fringed margins. Stamens included, the
6 outer ones 1 mm long, with depressed-ovate, glabrous anthers
(broader than high); fdaments elliptical, broader than anthers,
densely lanuginose; connective not or hardly protruding beyond
the introrse cells; 3rd row of stamens slightly shorter, anthers
depressed-ovate, smaller than those of the outer rows, glabrous,
fdaments broad, but narrower than the anthers, lanuginose,
except top; basal glands rather large, globose, sessile; ovary
ellipsoid, tomentellous, nearly 1 mm long, merging into the
conical, pilose, slightly longer style, with minute stigma; berry
ellipsoid, 2% cm long,nbsp;cm wide, mucronulate, one half

covered by the rather thick, hemispheric, slightly rusty-verrucous
cupule with entire margin; pedicel thickened.

4. Aniba Canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 53; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. a85; Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro IV (1925),

p. 187; Kosterm. I. c., p. 3o; — Cryptocarya Caneidla
H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Vn (1826), p. 148 (col. ed.), t. 646;
■— Lauruà CaneliUa Willd. Herb. n. 7784 (BeroL); ■—
Cryptocarya pretioda Mart, ex Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 237;
—■ Mespilodaphne pretiosa, var. angustifolia Nees in Linnaea 8
(i833), p. 46; id., Syst., p. 237; id. in Linnaea 21 (1848),
p. 496; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. io3;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 198 et 317; Bâillon, Hist. II
(1870), p. 462; ■— Lauras Qaixos Lam. Diet. Ill (1789),
p. 455; — Aydendron verrucosum. var. eiongatum Meissn. in
D.C. I.e., p. 91; id. in Fl. Bras. I.e., p. 181; — Aniba
elliptica A. C. Smith in Phytologia I, 3 (1935), p. 115.

Tree, 5-—^25 m high (Ducke); wood heavy, dark-brown
(Ducke). Branchlets yellowish-tomentellous at the top, sub-
angular, slender; branches glabrous, cylindrical, grey, rugose;
bark with taste and smell of cinnamon; buds densely yellowish-
tomentellous. Leaves alternate, sometimes more or less clustered,
thinly chartaceous, glabrous, shining, elliptical-lanceolate, lan-
ceolate or subobovate-lanceolate, (9—^)i3 —16(—20) cm long,
(2——5(^—j) cm wide, base acute, more or less tapering
into the petiole, top acute or obscurely acuminate, margin
slightly recurved ; above midrib impressed or filiform-prominulous
in a groove, primary nerves prominulous, veins densely areolate,
hardly prominulous; beneath midrib prominent, primary nerves
(8-—on each side) patent, slightly prominent, curved at some
distance of the margin and more or less united, veins
prominulous, densely areolate. Petioles slender, glabrescent,
distinctly canaliculate above, 8—^16 mm long. Panicles few-
flowered, axillary, yellowish- or grey-tomentellous, up to 6 cm
long; peduncles rather thick, sulcate, up to 3 cm long; branchlets
few, patent, up to 1 cm long, dichotomous ; flow^ers usually
solitary at the top of secondary branches, divaricate; pedicels
thick, tomentellous, 2—^3 mm long. Flowers yellowish-tomen-
tellous, 2 34—3 mm long; tube sub-globose, not constricted at
the top, merging into the pedicel, when deflorate: urceolate,
constricted at the top; perianth segments fleshy, scale-shaped.

concave, tomentellous, outer ones triangular-ovate, i mm long,
inner ones i mm long; 6 outer stamens incurved, tomentellous,
outer ones longer, 134 mm long; anthers ovate-oblong, top
obtuse, not protruding beyond the introrse cells; filaments
broad, thick, longer, but not broader than the anthers; 3rd row
of stamens 134 m™ long, tomentellous, anthers depressed-ovate,
top curved over the extrorse, narrov\', fertile cells; basal
glands sessile, globose, large, touching each other; filaments
nearly as broad as the anthers, 3 x as long; staminodes o.
Ovary ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, pilose, glabrescent, i mm
high, merging into the conical, thick, glabrescent, i mm long
style; stigma minute. Berry (unmature) included in the globose
cupule.

Tree. Branchlets densely rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent,
cylindrical; branches smooth, white-grey; buds tomentose.
Leaves alternate, clustered at the top of the branches, chartaceous
or coriaceous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, (10—^)i5—^2o(—26) cm
long, (5'———634) cm wide, base gradually cuneate, margin
nearly flat, top distinctly acuminate; above glabrous, dull,
midrib and primary nerves impressed, veins obliterate, beneath
slightly tomentellous, glabrescent, brown-rusty, midrib strongly
prominent, primary nerves (12—^18 on each side) rather patent,
prominent, distinctly arcuately united at some distance from
the margin, veins prominulous, laxly reticulate. Petioles thick,
densely' rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent, above flat, 1 —^ 134 cm
long. Fruiting panicles patent, axillary, densely rusty-tomentellous
up to 10 cm long; branches patent. Pedicels 1—^3 mm long;
bracteoles deciduous. Flowers i) . . . . ; tube . . . . ; perianth

segments ovate, top acutish or obtuse, i mm long, fleshy,
outside tomentellous, inside glabrous, except at the base;

6nbsp;outer stamens % mm long, filaments broad, gradually merging
into the anthers, slightly longer than the anthers, rusty-pilose;
anthers depressed-ovate, glabrescent towards top, connectives
distinctly protruding beyond the small cells; 3rd row of stamens
as long as the others, filaments not distinct from the truncate
anthers, densely pilose, except top; basal glands minute,
sessile, globose; staminodes o. Berry sub-globose, smooth,
mucronulate, 8 mm long, 6 mm in diam.; cupule hemispheric,
minutely ochraceous-verrucous, margin entire, i cm in diam.,

Sectie O, tree n. 762 (B.W. n. 58, ster. Jan.; n. 1^36,
fr. Nov.; n. 1643, fr. Febr.; n. 4809, fr. Nov.).
Vernacular names: Pisie (N-E); Witte apiesie-ie (Sar.);
Siroeaballi hehoro, Siroeaballi tetero, Koerallaballi (Ar.);
Waikarra Pisie, Topoporen-wewe, Tamoene-wawe (Car.).

6. Aniba Hostmanniana (Nees) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 67; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin. (1906),
p. i85; — Aydendron Hodlmannianum Nees in Linnaea XXI
(1848), p. 499; Walp., Ann. Ill (i852—53), p. 309;
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 93; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. i83.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets thick, sulcate, densely rusty-
tomentellous, glabrescent; branches very thick, grey, suberous;
buds densely tomentellous. Leaves alternate, more or less
clustered at the top of the branchlets, coriaceous or rigid-
coriaceous, lanceolate to elliptical, or oblong-oblanceolate,
(5—)i5-—25(-—^5o) cm long, (3——^io(—^i5) cm wide; base
abruptly obtuse or rounded, margin slightly recurved, top
acuminate or obtuse; young leaves grey-sericeous-tomentellous
beneath, glabrous above; adult ones above glabrous, rather
dull, midrib flat, impressed, primary nerves impressed, veins
obliterate; beneath densely rusty-tomentellous, sometimes

glabrescent, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves (12—22
on each side) prominent, rather patent, slightly arcuate, only
the upper ones united at some distance of the margin, secondary
nerves prominulous, more or less parallel, usually obliterate.
Petioles thick, tomentellous, glabrescent, canaliculate, up to
3 cm long. Panicles axillary, clustered at the top of the
branchlets, pyramidal, densely rusty-tomentellous, many-flowered,
10 — 2b cm long; peduncles and patent branches compressed,
rather thick, striate; bracts ovate, acute, outside tomentellous,
inside glabrous, concave, 1 —5 mm long, deciduous. Pedicels
densely tomentellous, 1 —3 mm long. Flowers rusty-tomentellous,
vellow, up to 21/2 mm long; tube at first infundibuliform,
striate, % mm long, when deflorate urceolate, constricted at
the top. Perianth segments ovate, sub-orbicular, acutish, fleshy,
concave, nearly equal, 11/2 mm long, especially outside tomen-
tellous, with 3, more or less distinct parallel nerves; outer
6 stamens 1 mm long, filaments narrowed at the base, densely
hirsute, with a ridge inside, gradually merging into the ovate,
towards top glabrous anthers with small cells, top obtuse,
connectives distinctly protruding beyond the cells; 3rd row
of stamens 1 mm long, pressed against the style, densely
hirsute, fdaments hardly distinct from the anthers; anthers
glabrous, top truncate, triangular; basal glands small, globose,
sub-stipitate, patent at 1/3 from the base of the fdaments;
staminodes o; gynaecium 2 mm long, ovary narrowly ellipsoid,
glabrous, graduallj^ merging into the thick, cylindrical style,
stigma obtuse, indistinct. Berry (sub-mature) ovoid, smooth,
mucronulate; cupule hemispheric, ochraceous-verrucous, margin
entire, 7 mm in diam., 8 mm high; pedicel obconical.

Upper Gonini R. (Versteeg n. 246, fl. Sept.); Sectie O,
tree n. 829 (B.W. n. 2446, ster. Sept.; n. 6862, fl. June),
tree n. 694 (B.W. n. 1697, fr. Febr.; n. 1891, fr. June;
n. 2609, fr. Jan.; n. 3963, fl. Aug.; n. 6841, fl. June);
Zanderij I, tree n. 143 (B.W. n. 1495, ster. Dec.; n. 4369,

fr. July; n. 4462, fr. Dec.; n. B078, fr. Jan.), tree n. ,32
(B.W. n. 1258, ster. Nov.; n. 4353, fr. July; n. 4476,
fr. Dec.; n. 4738, fl. July; n. 485, fr. Sept.); Forest of
Zanderij (Samuels n. 526, ster. Ju y [L.]); Patrick savannah
(Gonggrijp s. n., fr. Sept.); upper Suriname R. (W^estphal
ex herb, van Hall [L.]); W^atramiri, tree n. i6jS (B.W.
n. 1834, ster. June; n. 4/19' June); locality unknown:
Hostmann et Kappler n. i55, io3, 1117 [D.j, Mulder s. n.

Vernacular names: Waikarra Pisie (N.E.); W^aikiarra,
Sipiropipo (Car.); Kanoaballi (Arow.); Apisie-ie, Banba
apisie-ie (Saram.).

Tree. Branchlets slightly angular, rusty-tomentellous; branches
cylindrical, glabrous, brown; buds rusty-tomentose. Leaves
alternate, thin-chartaceous, obovate-elliptical or elliptical,
(11.——18(—^22) cm long, (4—— 6{—8%) cm wide; base
cuneate or acute, top acuminate, acumen broad, obtuse, up
to 1% cm long; above glabrous, somewhat shining, midrib
slightly prominulous or flat, primary nerves hardly prominulous,
veins obliterate; beneath green-yellow, glabrescent, midrib
strongly prominent, thinly tomentellous, primary nerves (10 —13
on each side) prominent, patent, arcuately united at some
distance of the margin, veins reticulate, prominulous or obliterate.
Petioles densely rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent, distinctly
canaliculate above, 1—cm long. Panicles oo-flowered,
rusty- or greyish-tomentellous, clustered at the top of the
branchlets, pyramidal, up to 9 cm long; peduncles somewhat
compressed, furrowed, slender, up to 3 cm long; branchlets
rather patent, compressed, up to 2 cm long. Pedicels 1.— 3 mm
long, furrowed, densely grey-tomentellous; bracts ovate, carinate,
up to 3 mm long, deciduous. Flowers grey- or rusty-tomentellous,
1%—^ nun long; tube merging into the pedicel; perianth
segments ovate or ovate-orbicular, 1 mm long, margins slightly
fringed, tops obtuse; stamens included; the 6 outer ones with
glabrous, ovate or depressed-ovate anthers, filaments villose,
the outer ones dilated, the 3 inner ones as broad as the

anthers; 3rd row of stamens with ovate, glabrous anthers,
filaments as broad as the anthers, hirsute only at base; ovary
ellipsoid, tomentellous, except at base, merging into the conical,
tomentellous style with glabrous top and minute stigma. Fruit
unknown.

Brownsberg, tree n. 1024 (B.W. n. 633j, fl. Nov.; type);
Gonini R. (B.W^. n. 3278, ster. July); Tapanahoni R.
(B.W. n. 4124, ster. Nov.); Drie Tabbetje (B.W. n. 5388,
ster. July); Patrick savannah (B.W^. n. i65, ster. Nov.);
upper Suriname R. (B.W^. n. 369; n. 246a, fr. Oct.).
Vernacular name: Mannetjes Rozenhout (S.D.).

8. Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 62, p. p.; — Aydendron riparium Nees in Linnaea
21 (1848), p. 497; Walp., Ann. Ill (1862—53), p. 3o8;
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 89; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 178 (excl. spec. Funck et Schlimm
n. i58, Kappler n. 1981, Leprieur n. 224).

Tree. Branchlets slender, somewhat angular, rusty-tomen-
tellous; branches slender, cylindrical, glabrous, brown or grey;
buds tomentose. Leaves alternate, glabrous, chartaceous, elliptical
or elliptical-lanceolate, (7.—^)i2—^i5(—^18) cm long, (3.—— ^
(—^634) cm wide; base shortly acute, margin nearly flat, top
shortly acuminate, acumen broad, obtuse; above somewhat
shining, midrib and primary nerves slightly prominulous or
flat, veins obliterate, beneath rufous-brown, midrib slightly
prominent, primary nerves (5—6 on each side) prominulous,
patent, more or less arcuately united, veins reticulate, promi-
nulous. Petioles slender, glabrous, slightly canaliculate or flat
above, 1—cm long. Panicles axillary, pyramidal, rusty- or
greyish-tomentellous, up to 7 cm long; peduncles slender,
sulcate, up to 2 cm long, branches patent, few, up to 1 cm

1) Leprieur n. 224 ^ A. JIullenana Mez; there is a specimen: Melinon
n. 624, determined: A. riparia by Mez, but not mentioned in his monograph;
its identity however remains doubtfull, as the flowers are to young.

long; pedicels thick, sulcate, i—mm long. Flowers rusty-
tomentellous, 2 mm long; tube slightly shorter than the
perianth, conical, top constricted, merging into the pedicel;
perianth segments equal, ovate-elliptical, concave, margin fringed;
stamens included, i mm long; outer ones with depressed-ovate,
glabrous anthers, connectives hardly protruding beyond the
introrse cells, filaments broad, elliptical, % mm long, densely
lanuginose, especially at the margin; 3rd row of stamens with
smaller glabrous anthers; filaments thick, broad, lanuginose,
except at the top, basal glands sessile, large. Ovary ovoid or
ellipsoid, % mm long, tomentellous, style slender, tomentellous,
conical, 1% mm long, stigma minute. Berry ellipsoid, smooth,
yellow, 2'—^2% cm long, i5 —17 mm in diam., top flattened,
mucronulate; cupule hemispheric, thick, 2 cm in diam., verrucous,
warts small, margin entire, perianth segments persistent for
a long time.

Tree. Branchlets nearly cylindrical, slender, yellowish-tomen-
tellous; branches cylindrical, rather slender, glabrous, smooth;
buds densely yellow-sericeous. Leaves alternate, glabrous,
shining, chartaceous-coriaceous, elliptical, (11—)i6—^i8(—21)
cm long, (5—8(—9) cm wide, base shortly acute, top
shortly acuminate, acumen blunt, margin flat; above midrib
flat or slightly impressed, veins densely areolate, slightly
prominulous; beneath brown-red, midrib prominent, primary
nerves (5—7 on each side) slightly prominent, rather patent,
not united at the margin, veins prominulous, densely areolate.
Petioles rather slender, 1 cm long, black when dried, glabrous,
canaliculate above. Panicles few-flowered, axillary, tomen-
tellous, up to 3 cm long, peduncles rather slender, 1 cm long,
branchlets 2 or 3; pedicels thick, hardly tomentellous, 1% mm

long. Flowers hardly tomentellous, 2% mm long; tube cylindrical-
urceolate, hardly distinct from the pedicel, slightly constricted
at the top, 1—mm long; perianth segments triangular-ovate,
Yi—Vi mm long, obtuse, inside sericeous, outer ones broader;
stamens slightly exserted, outer ones % mm long, obtuse,
hirsute, anthers small, triangular, acute, cells introrse-lateral,
connectives slightly protruding beyond the cells, fdaments
distinct, narrower than the anthers, 3 X as long; stamens of
the 3rd row same length, hirsute, filaments canaliculate inside,
nearly as broad as the small, obtuse, depressed anthers with
extrorse cells; basal glands large, globose-ellipsoid, sub-stipitate.
Ovary glabrous, ellipsoid, 1 mm long, merging into the conical,
glabrous, 1 mm long style with minute stigma. Berry (unmature)
included in a glabrous, shining, smooth, globose cupule with
entire margin; fruiting pedicel obconical, up to 4 mm long.

Tree. Branchlets angular, thick, densely rusty-tomentose;
branches cylindrical, smooth, grey. Leaves alternate, chartaceous-
coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate-elliptical, 7 —12( —15)
cm long, 3—5(—7) cm wide, base shortly acute, margin slightly
recurved, top shortly acuminate; above glabrous, smooth,
veins hardlj^ visible, beneath yellowish, microscopically papillose,
glabrous, except the prominent midrib, primaryne rves (6—^10
on each side) prominent, rather patent, the upper ones arcuately
united at some distance from the margin, veins hardly
prominulous, densely reticulate. Petioles densely rusty-puberulous,
distinctly canaliculate above, !•—lY, cm long. Flowers unknown.
Fruiting panicles axillary, up to 10 cm long. Berry ellipsoid-
ovoid, yellow, smooth, mucronulate, up to 2 cm long, 1 Yz cm
in diam. Cupule thick, rusty-verrucous with whitish, irregular
warts, hemispherical, i5 mm high, 17 mm in diam., margin

entire, rather thin; pedicel very thick, obconical, verrucous,
merging into the cupule.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, glabrous. Inflorescences
few-flowered, axillary. Flowers hermaphrodite, without in-
volucre; tube shorter than the perianth; perianth segments 6,
equal. The 3 outer rows of stamens fertile, the 4th one
abortive; the 6 outer stamens free, glandless; the stamens of
the 3rd row biglandular, united into a tube. Anthers 2-celled,
outer ones introrse, those of the 3rd row extrorse. Ovary
ovoid or obovoid; style nearly as long as the ovary, with
distinct stigma. Berry ellipsoid. Cupule sub-pateriform, double-
margined, outer margin with persistent perianth segments.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets slender, yellowish-tomentellous,
glabrescent; branches cylindrical, striate, slender, glabrous,
grey or brown;' buds densely tomentose. Leaves chartaceous
or thinly chartaceous, glabrous, ovate or elliptical, (7——12
(—15) cm long, (2—)3——^4lt;8) cm wide; base shortly acute
or rounded, margin flat, undulate, top acuminate, acumen broad,
obtuse, —cm long; above smooth, midrib fdiform promi-
nulous, veins inconspicuous; beneath midrib prominent, primary
nerves (6—^10 on each side) prominulous, rather patent, arcuate,
not united at the margin, veins prominulous, densely areolate.
Inflorescences axillary, 2—4quot;flowered, pilose, hardly 1 cm long.
Pedicels puberulous, up to 8 mm long. Bracts deciduous. Flowers

slightly puberulous, 3 mm long; tube hardly i mm long, broadly
conical, top minutely constricted, base merging into the pedicel,
outside slightly puberulous, inside densely sericeous; perianth
segments equal, sub-orbicular or broadly ovate, more or less
obtuse, fleshy, concave, 2—^2% mm long, inside slightly puberulous.
Stamens included, mm long; anthers of the 2 outer rows
elliptical, obtuse, merging into the dilated, densely pilose
filaments, top of the anthers glabrous, yellow-punctulate, filaments
nearly as long as the anthers ; stamens of the 3rd row pyramidal,
obtuse, anthers not distinct from the broad, thick, united
filaments, with very large, sub-globose, sessile glands at one
half up the filaments ; cells large. Ovary obovoid or ellipsoid-
ovoid, 2 mm long, densely sericeous, except base, merging
into a nearly as long, glabrous style with obtuse stigma.
,,Berry ovoid, smooth, i3 mm long, 10 mm in diam., 3 mm
covered by the sub-pateriform cupule with persistent perianthquot;.
(Mez).

Tree, shrubs or climbers. Leaves alternate or sub-opposite,
penninerved, usually glabrous. Panicles axillary or pseudo-
terminal, usually lax, branchlets dichotomous. Flowers herma-
phrodite ; tube conspicuous, conical or urceolate, longer than
the perianth segments, very rarely shorter or wanting (not
in Surinam species); segments 6, nearly equal, deciduous;
stamens included; outer 6 fertile, inner 6 sterile, or only the
first row fertile, or the 3 exterior rows fertile (not in Surinam
species); filaments of the fertile stamens conspicuous, pilose
or glabrous; 3rd row with sessile or subsessile glands; others
glandless; anthers 2-celled, those of the 6 outer stamens extrorse
or introrse. Staminodes of the 4th row^ conspicuous, foliaceous.

sessile or stipitate. Ovary globose or ellipsoid, glabrous; style
rather thick, cylindrical. Cupule flat, margin simple; pedicel
thickened, obconical. Berry globose or ellipsoid, nearly free
from the cupule.

Distribution: Species about 26 in Venezuela, Guiana,
Colombia, Northern Peru, Brazil and Trinidad.

1. a. Filaments of the 6 outer stamens as long as the
anthers; 3rd row of staminodes nearly as long as
the glands, much shorter than the style; 4th row
of staminodes sessile, triangular-ovate. Cells introrse.

h. Filaments of the 6 outer stamens very short; 3rd
row of staminodes nearly as long as the style, many
times longer than the glands; 4th row of staminodes

1. Aiouea densiflora Nees in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. 268,
5i3; Walp., Ann. Ill (1862—53), p. 3ii; Meissn. in D.C.,
Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 83; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866),
p. 170, t. 58, cum. var. vlvipara Nees; Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 36; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. i85; Correa, Dicc. pi. util. Braz. (1926), p. 129,
cum tab.; Brooks in Kew Bull. 1933, p. 211.

Tree or shrub. Branchlets thick, glabrous, cylindrical, brown-
red; buds pilose, soon glabrous. Leaves alternate, usually
congested at the top of the branchlets, coriaceous or rigid-
coriaceous, glabrous, oblong or elliptical or elliptical-ovate,
(8—)i2 —16(20) cm long, (3—)4—6(—8) cm wide, above
shining, midrib flattish, somewhat prominent, primary nerves
prominulous, veins reticulate, rather inconspicuous, beneath
midrib prominent, primary nerves (5 —10 on each side) patent,
straight, more or less arcuately united at the margin, veins
reticulate, hardly prominent; base acute or cuneate, margin
crisp, slightly recurved, rather pale, top inconspicuously^ obtusely
acuminate or rarely obtuse. Petioles rather thick, glabrous.

canaliculate, 1^4—3 cm long. Panicles axillary or pseudo-
terminal, pyramidal, many-flowered, usually clustered at the
top of the branchlets, up to 18 cm long; peduncles rather thick,
glabrous, compressed, up to 9 cm long; lower branchlets more
or less puberulous, glabrescent, patent, up to 3 cm long,
dichotomous. Pedicels sparingly puberulous, slender, 1—5 mm
long. Bracteoles puberulous, ovate-oblong, up to 1 mm long,
persistent. Flowers sparingly puberulous, 2—5 mm long; tube
urceolate, up to 2 mm long, inside puberulous or glabrous, top
slightly constricted; perianth segments up to 3 X shorter than
the tube, outer row broadly ovate, acutish, puberulous, inner
row somewhat longer, ovate-oblong, top depressed-triangular,
base somewhat constricted; outer 6 stamens fertile, nearly
sessile or with short, broad, pilose fdaments, Yz mm long;
anthers ovate-triangular, top truncate or emarginate, cells
introrse, glabrous; staminodes of the 3rd row stipitiform, pilose,
nearly as long as the style, top clavate, basal glands ellipsoid-
oblong, conspicuous, sub-sessile; staminodes of the 4th row
ovate, Yz mm long, constricted at the base, pilose, top distinctly
incised, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, globose, 1 mm in diam.;
style thick, cylindrical, 1 mm long; stigma discoid-obconical,
distinct. Berry sub-globose, up to 8 mm long, 9 mm in diam.
(14 X i3 mm ex Brooks); cupule nearly flat, thick, hemispheric,
smooth, 1 cm in diam., 5 mm high, margin slightly undulate,
base merging into the obconical, thick, at the top 4 mm wide,
5 mm long pedicel.

Suriname R., Joden savannah (Kegel n. 1/85, type [G.]);
lower Suriname R. near PI. Voorburg (Wullschlagel n. 810
[B.); locality unknown: Hostmann n. 1042.

2. Aiouca guianensis Aubl., PI. Guia. I (1775), p. 3ii,
ni, t. 120; Lam., Enc. I (1783), p. 72; Meissn. in D.C.,
Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866),
p. 169, non Nees; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V

(1800),nbsp;p. 708; — Aiouea rubra A. C. Smith in Phytologia
I, 3 (1935), p. ii5.

Tree, 5-—8 m high. Branchlets nearly cylindrical, glabrous,
dark-brown or reddish; buds yellow-tomentose, glabrescent.
Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, chartaceous, at last coriaceous,
glabrous, oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 8^—^2o( — 26) cm
long, 234——^8) cm wide; base acute or cuneate, margin
flattish, top acuminate or acute, acumen often narrow and
long; above shining, midrib prominulous or impressed, primary
nerves thin, immersed or hardly prominulous, veins laxly
reticulate, hardly conspicuous or obliterate; beneath rather
dull, midrib prominent, primary nerves (5 —10 on each side)
patent, arcuate, more or less united at the margin, slightly
prominent, veins reticulate, prominulous or obliterate. Petioles
rather thick, glabrous, canaliculate, up to i5 mm long. Panicles
axillary or pseudo-terminal, congested at the top of the
branchlets, pyramidal, glabrous, reddish, up to 16 cm long;
peduncles slender, compressed, up to 9 cm long, branchlets
patent, filiform, lower ones up to 10 cm long, dichotomous.
Pedicels filiform, glabrous, 6-—^8 mm long. Bracteoles minute,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, persistent. Flowers yellowish,
glabrous, 2—^3 mm long; tube urceolate, somewhat longer than
the perianth segments, base gradually merging into the pedicel;
segments glabrous, outer ones ovate, acute, inner ones ovate-
triangular, constricted at the base, membranous, up to 1 mm
long; outer 6 stamens included, filaments as long as the anthers,
slightly' pilose or glabrous; anthers ovate-oblong, top truncate

or somewhat emarginate, cells extrorse, glabrous; staminodes
of the 3rd row stipitiform, pilose, hardly enlarged at the top,
slightly longer than the large, globose, sub-sessile glands, up
to 1/2 mm long; staminodes of the 4th row ovate-triangular
or sub-cordate, slightly pilose, sessile, mm long. Ovary
ellipsoid, glabrous, about 1 mm long; style slightly longer,
cylindrical, rather slender; stigma discoid, rather small. Berry
ellipsoid, smooth, 1% cm long, 7 mm in diam. Cupule flat,
margin undulate, giving the impression of persistent perianth
segments, 8 mm in diam., hardly distinct from the obconical,
1 cm long pedicel, 6 mm in diam. at the top.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves chartaceous, coriaceous or rigid,
alternate or opposite. Panicles axillary or pseudo-terminal,
few- to 00-flowered. Flowers small, hermaphrodite; tube con-
spicuous, urceolate, top often constricted, rarely tube very
small (not in Surinam species); perianth segments 6, equal or
nearly so, erect or incurved, deciduous or persistent and
thickened; the 6 outer stamens, rarely only the 3 outer ones
(not in Surinam species) changed to foliaceous, scale-shaped
staminodes; 3rd row^ of stamens fertile, filaments as long as
or longer than the anthers, usually nearly as broad, generally
with basal glands; anthers 2-celled, cells extrorse-apical or
introrse; 4th row- of stamens wanting. Ovary included in the
tube, glabrous or pilose, merging into the style, stigma as a
rule minute. Berry usually ellipsoid; cupule with 1, 2 or 3 mar-
gins; cotyledons flat-convex.

Distribution: Species about 3o in tropical America from
Mexico to Southern Brazil.

Leaves rigid-coriaceous, elliptical, lo —14 cm long,
usually alternate, smooth beneath. Panicles up to
3 cm long. Flowers 2% mm long. Filaments glandless.
Cupule smooth. 1. A. caycnnense (Meissn.) Mez.
h. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 8 —12 cm long, usually
alternate, reticulate beneath. Panicles up to 12 cm
long. Flowers 1'/a mm long. Filaments with basal

c. Leaves rigid-coriaceous, lanceolate, 6—8 cm long,
opposite, midrib and primary nerves prominulous
beneath, veins indistinct. Flowers unknown. Cupule

b. Leaves caudate-acuminate. Flowers 2 mm long.
Ovary pilose ........ 6. A. Aubletii Kosterm.

1. Acrodiclidium cayennense (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb.
Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 91; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V,
1 (1931), p. 66; — Aydendron cayennense Meissn. in D.C.,
Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 96; id. 'in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866),
p. 18b; — AcrodicLidium coppenamense Pulle in Rec. Trav.
Bot. Néerl. VI (1909), p. 263.

Tree. Branchlets glabrous, shining, sub-angular, grey or
fuscous; buds glabrous. Leaves alternate or often sub-opposite
or verticillate, rigid-coriaceous, glabrous, elliptical, oblong, sub-
obovate or oblong-lanceolate, (41/2—)io —14(—21) cm long,
(2%—)5—6(—7) cm wide, base shortly acute or cuneate,
margin slightly recurved, top shortly, obtusely acuminate;

above varnished, midrib flat or somewhat impressed, nerves
impressed or inconspicuous; beneath dull, midrib prominulous,
nerves (8^—^lo on each side) rather patent, straight, arcuately
united at the margin, veins laxly reticulate, usually inconspicuous.
Petioles rather thick, glabrous, above flat with inconspicuous
decurrent leaf-margins, 12—22 mm long. Panicles axillary,
clustered at the top of the branchlets, short, up to 3 cm long,
densely rusty- or grey-tomentellous; peduncles thick, nearly
wanting, branchlets dichotomous, thick, very short. Bracts
ovate-acute, tomentellous, 1 mm long, deciduous. Flowers
greenish, sticky, globose, 2—2% mm long, densely tomentellous;
tube large, 2 mm long; constricted at the top. Pedicels thick,
1'—'lYz mm long, densely tomentellous. Perianth segments scale-
shaped, ovate, obtuse, % mm long, inside glabrous, inner ones
slightly shorter; the 6 exterior stamens sterile, nearly as long
as the perianth, foliaceous, membranous, ovate-oblong, obtuse
or mucronulate, not contracted at the base; stamens of the
3rd row large, compressed against each other, club-shaped,
truncate, % mm long, glabrous, glandless; anthers not distinct
from the filaments, cells introrse, very small. Staminodes
wanting. Ovary globose, glabrous, % mm in diam., as long
as the slender conical style; stigma inconspicuous. quot;Berry
ellipsoid, exsertedquot;. Cupule very thick, hemispheric, rugulose,
i5 mm high, 18 mm in diam., margin double, outer one shortly
toothed.

Sectie O, tree n. yo3 (B.W. n. iSSs, star. Nov.); Zanderij I,
tree n. 76 (B.W. n. 146, ster. Oct.; n. 2264, fl. Aug.):
Zanderij I (B.W. n. 58oi, ster. Apr.; n. 4317, ster. May;
Lanjouw n. 32o, fl. July); Brownsberg, tree n. 1007 (B.^^'^.
n. 2443, ster. Sept.); upper Coppename R. (Boon n. 1201,
fl. Oct., t^'pe of A. coppcnamcnsc Pufle).

Vernacular names: Kaneelhart (S.D.); Kaneriehoedoe (N.E.);
Atjarie tjanarie, Wajaaka, Ajoewi (Car.); Siroeaballi, Siroe-
aballi tataroe, Koeralaballi (Arow.); Apisie-ie, Badagos
(Bois de rose), Banda apisie-ie (Saram.).

2. Acrodiclidium Canella (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 90; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V,
1 (1931), p. 66; Pfeiamp;r, Houts. v. Surin. II (1926), p. 176;
Pulle in Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. VI (1909), p. 264; Correa,
Dicc. de pi. util. Brazil (1926), p. 438; .— Aydendron
Canella Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 90;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 180; — Aniba megacarpa
Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. VIII (1903), f. 2761—2; Mez in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1906), p. 234; Brooks in Kew
Bull. 1933, p. 2i3.

Tree, up to 26 m high; trunk 20 cm in diam. with buttresses;
bark light-brown. Branchlets thick, cylindrical, glabrous, grey
or fuscous; wood fragrant, very hard; buds glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves alternate or often sub-opposite or verticillate, glabrous,
coriaceous, oblong, elliptical or narrow-oblong, often sub-
obovate, (5^———^20) cm long, (2.———8) cm wide,
base acute or somewhat cuneate, margin slightly- recurved, top
shortly, obtusely acuminate; above somewhat shining, dark-
green, midrib slightly prominent, primary nerves prominulous,
veins laxly reticulate, prominulous or more or less obliterate,
beneath dull, midrib prominent, primary nerves (7—^10 on each
side) patent, rather straight, arcuately united at the margin,
slightly prominent; veins prominulous, reticulate. Petioles thick,
glabrous, flat above, with inconspicuous decurrent leaf-margins,
1—cm long, usually black, when dried. Panicles many-
flowered, axillary, clustered at the top of the branchlets, densely
rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent, up to 11 cm long; peduncles
rather slender, short, slightly tomentellous, compressed, lower
branchlets up to 5 cm long. Flowers usually 3 together at the
top of the 34 cm long secondary branchlets. Bracteoles lanceolate,
acute, densely tomentellous, 1 mm long, deciduous. Pedicels
slender, densely grey- or rusty-tomentellous, up to 3 mm long.
Flowers yellow-white, sub-globose, up to 2 mm long; tube
large, subglobose, 1 % nirn long, tomentellous outside, sericeous
inside, top constricted; outer perianth segments ovate-triangular.

obtuse, up to % mm long, tomentellous outside, glabrous inside,
pellucid-punctulate; inner row half as long, scale-shaped; outer
stamens sterile, foliaceous, membranous, glabrous, ovate-obtuse,
% mm long, usually somewhat contracted at the base; inner
row^ ovate; stamens of the 3rd row fertile, pressed against
each other, glabrous, rather thick, % mm long, top truncate,
filaments not distinct, cells introrse, basal glands small, triangular,
membranous. Staminodes wanting. Ovary depressed-globose,
glabrous, % mm high; style slender, conical, % mm long; stigma
small. Berry (i —5 on each panicle) slightly exserted, smooth,
depressed-globose, mucronulate, up to 7 cm long; cupule very
thick, cylindrical, subglobose, 5 cm in diam., densely rusty-
verrucous; margin double, outer one of 5 thick, up to 5 mm
long, usually incurved perianth lobes.

Zanderij I (Lanjouw n. 319, fl. July); Sectie O, savannah
forest (Forestrj' Bureau n. 42, 42a, fl. July); Kaboeri, tree
n. 600 (B.W. n. 4961, fr. Oct.).
Vernacular names: Kaneelhart (S.D.); Kanerie hoedoe,
Nagre hoedoe (N.E.); Sieroeaballi kjanarie, Kaneerjoe,
Ajoewi (Kar.); Apisie-ie, Banba apisie-ie (Saram.).

3. Acrodiciidium debilc Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 99; Sandwith in Kew Bull 1933, p. 55y.

Small tree, up to 8 m high, 5 cm in diam. (Stahel). Branchlets
very slender, somewhat compressed, rusty-tomentellous; branches
glabrous, brown or dark-grey, cylindrical; buds densely rusty-
tomentose. Leaves opposite, membranous or chartaceous, ellip-
tical, (6———^16) cm long, (2—)3——^Vi) cm wide,
base acute or shortly acute, margin flat, top distinctly caudate-
acuminate; glabrescent on both sides, with long-persistent hairs
on midrib; reticulation dense, prominent, especially beneath;
primary nerves (5—8 on each side) rather patent, arcuately
united at 14—i-Vz cm from the margin. Petioles slender, dark,
glabrescent, canaliculate, up to 7 mm long. Panicles very slender,
axillary, usually opposite, rusty-pilose, glabrescent, few-flowered.

with few branchlets, up to 8 cm long; peduncles up to 5 cm
long, with 2 lanceolate-linear, rusty-tomentose, up to 4
long, deciduous bracts at the base. Flowers nearly glabrous,
white, 2 mm long, in pseudo-umbels. Pedicels slightly' pilose,
up to 4 mm long; tube obconical, not constricted at the top,
gradually merging into the pedicel, densely sericeous-tomentose
inside; perianth segments 1 mm long, the inner ones slightly
longer, orbicular or depressed-orbicular, scale-shaped, slightly
acutish or obtuse; stamens included, the outer ones staminodial,
membranous, foliaceous, ovate and obovate-spathulate, acutish
or rounded, % mm long; 3rd row of stamens large, fertile, 1 mm
long, fdaments as broad as the anthers, outside pilose at the
base, with 2 very small, membranous, leaf-like glands, inside
densely pilose, except at top; cells extrorse-apical, connective
not protruding beyond the cells. Ovary ellipsoid 1 mm long,
glabrous, gradually merging into the 1 mm long, glabrous,
cylindrical, very slender style, with hardly conspicuous stigma.
Fruit unknown.

Tree. Branchlets densely rusty^- or yellow-tomentellous or
sub-sericeous, cylindrical, rather slender; buds densely rusty- or
yellow-sericeous; branches grey. Leaves alternate, coriaceous,
at last rigid-coriaceous, elliptical or oblong, now and then
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (8—^)i2 —15( —19) cm long,
(2—)4—6(—9) cm wide; base acute, usually gradually decurrent
into the petiole, margin flat, top shortly acuminate; young
leaves densely sericeous beneath, above slightly sericeous;
adult ones above light-green, very shining, glabrescent, except
the base of the midrib; midrib and primary nerves prominulous,
veins laxly' reticulate, obliterate; beneath dark-green, densely
sub-sericeous, midrib prominent, primary nerves (5—7 on each

side) prominulous, lower ones ascendent, upper ones rather
patent, more or less united at the margin, veins laxly reticulate,
hardly prominulous. Petioles densely tomentellous, glabrescent,
flat or inconspicuously canaliculate above, up to 12 mm long.
Panicles axillary, pyramidal, densely sericeous, with very short
hairs, up to 7 cm long; peduncles compressed, up to 2 cm long;
branchlets few, rather patent, alternate, lower ones up to 3 cm
long, flowers generally 3 together. Bracts sericeous, ovate-
acute, up to 1 mm long. Pedicels tomentellous, 1 ■—5 mm long.
Flowers globose, up to 2 mm long; tube hemispheric, outside
tomentellous, sericeous inside, not constricted at the top, 1mm
long; perianth segments nearly equal, scale-shaped, membranous,
broadljr depressed-ovate, acutish, glabrous inside, 1/2 mm long;
outer 6 staminodes foliaceous, membranous, nearly glabrous,
often somewhat constricted at the base, somewhat shorter than
the perianth; stamens of the 3rd row rather thick, united, out-
side slightly pilose, as long as the perianth, cells apical; basal
glands large, pairwise united. Ovary slightly pilose, glabrescent,
ellipsoid, —1% mm long, style thick, conical, papillose, 34 mm
long; stigma large, conical. Berry (1—3 on each panicle) ellipsoid,
light-green, smooth, 18 mm long, 11 mm in diam., top slightly
sunken, mucronulate; 34 covered by the cupule. Cupule rather
thick, hemispheric, obscurely verrucous, 12-—15 mm high,
17 mm in diam., margin entire, more or less double; pedicel
3 mm long, 4 mm in diam.

Sectie O, tree n. 768 (B.W. n. 1432, ster. Nov.; n. 1646,
fr. Febr.; n. SoSg, in bud July; n. 3964, fl. Aug.; n. 4199,
fr. Dec.; n. 4407, fl. Sept.; n. 4486, fr. Dec.); Brow^nsberg,
tree n. ii3o (B.W. n. 1691, ster. March; n. 4008, fl. Sept.;
n. 6291, fl, Oct.; n. 6126, fr. Apr.; n. 6442, fr. March;
n. 6794, fr. Febr.; v. Emden s. n., fl. Sept.).

Vernacular names: Pisie (S.D.); Pisie, Magre pisie (N.E.);
Apiesie-ie (Sar.); SiroeabaUi karowatsiamaro, Siroeaballi
ojotak (Arow.); Topoprin wewe, Tataro sierwaballi, Jorokan
pomoire (Car.).

B. Acrodiciidium guianense Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 268;
id. in Linnaea 21 (1848), p. Soo; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr.
XV, 1 (1864), p. 85; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. i/S
(exl. fig. 1) et var. y); Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 97, excl. spec. Melinon n. 601; — Nectandra
poiypbylla Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 332; Meissn. in D.C.,
1. c., p. 160; id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 270; — Nectandra
caudata Nees et Mart, in Hb. Monac. ex Meissn. 1. c.; ■—■
Acrodiciidium graciie Huber in Bol. Mus. Para VI (1909),
p. 70; Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro V (1930),
p. 112.

Tree, up to 3o m high. Branchlets slender, cylindrical, densely
rusty-tomentellous or tomentose, glabrescent; branches glabrous,
dark-brown or grey; buds rusty-lanuginose or sericeous. Leaves
alternate or sub-opposite, membranous, at last chartaceous,
lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, (6-——io( —13) cm
long, (1%—)2—3(—4%) cm wide; base usually shortly acute,
top acuminate or cuspidate, acumen up to 2 5 mm long, 5 mm
wide at the base; above glabrous, somewhat shining, the very
thin midrib and primary nerves prominulous, veins inconspicuous;
beneath slightly pilose, glabrescent, dull, midrib prominent,
primary nerves (5^—^7 on each side) arcuately united, prominulous,
veins denselj- reticulate, hardly prominulous. Petioles very
slender, canaliculate, tomentellous, glabrescent, up to 8 mm
long. Panicles axillary, pyramidal, many-flowered, with few
branchlets, rusty-tomentose, up to 7 cm long; peduncles slender,
compressed, 2 cm long, lower branchlets up to 1 cm long, patent;
flowers 3—9 together. Pedicels slender, tomentellous, 2—4 mm
long. Bracteoles lanceolate, outside tomentose, up to 2 cm
long, deciduous. Flowers yellowish-w^hite (Went), rusty-tomentel-
lous, up to 314 mm long; tube sub-cylindrical, up to 2^4 mm
long, densely sericeous or hirsute inside, constricted at the top;
perianth segments nearly equal, fleshy, broadly ovate, acute,
glabrous inside, up to % mm long; outer 6 staminodes liguliform-

foliaceous or spathulate, membranous or somewhat fleshy, up
to 1 mm long, shorter than the segments, pilose at the base;
3rd row of stamens erect, generally slightly exserted, pressed
against each other, i mm long, narrowly oblong-rectangular,
anthers not distinct from the filaments, glabrous inside, hirsute
outside, cells small, apical, basal glands rather large, sub-
stipitate, base hirsute, flattish; 4th row wanting. Ovary glabrous,
ellipsoid, 1 mm long, style very slender,nbsp;mm long, stigma

Lower Coppename R. (Went n. J28, fl. Aug.); Kaboeri,
tree n. 65o (B.W. n. 4862, ster. Oct.; n. 6904, in bud July).

The specimen Tokomoetoe (B.W. n. 6743, fr. Febr.) may
belong to this species, but the fruit does not differ from that
of A. AuhLelii Kosterm.
Vernacular name: Pisie (N.E.).

Licaria guianendid Aubl., Guia. I (1776), p. 3i3, III, t. 121;
Lamarck, Enc. 3 (1789), p. 470; Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 344
et 658; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 269;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281 in adn.; Bâillon,
Hist. II (1870), p. 466; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 220 et 378; Hallier in Meded. Herb. Leiden 35
(1918), p. 20; Gonggrijp in: De Ind. Mercuur, 23 Apr.
1920; Benoist in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 76 (1928), p. 979;
Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro V (1930), p. 108.

Tree. Branchlets slender, nearly cylindrical, densely rusty-
tomentellous; branches glabrous, grey. Leaves alternate, char-
taceous, elliptical or lanceolate, (5—)7—9(—^i3) cm long,
(2———4) cm wide; base shortly acute, top caudate-
acuminate, acumen up to 1cm long, 5 mm wide at the base;
young leaves densely areolate above, sericeous beneath; adult
ones above glabrous, shining, midrib prominulous in a groove,
primary nerves impressed, secondary ones slightly impressed;
lower surface brownish, sericeous-tomentellous, glabrescent;
midrib prominent, primary nerves (3—4 on each side) prominent.

arcuately ascendent, distinctly united at some distance from
the margin, secondary ones prominulous, laxly reticulate, veins
inconspicuous. Petioles slender, rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent,
canaliculate above, i cm long. Panicles pyramidal, axillary, up
to 8 cm long, densely rusty- or reddish-tomentellous. Peduncles
slender, cylindrical, up to 3 cm long, branches alternate, patent,
up to 1% cm long. Pedicels slender, tomentellous, 3 mm long.
Flowers 2 mm long; tube conical, constricted at the top, tomen-
tellous, 1—lYz mm long; perianth segments tomentellous outside,
glabrous inside, thick, concave, depressed-obovate, top acute;
the 6 outer staminodes glabrous, leaf-like, shorter than the
perianth, ovate, acute, inner row somewhat narrowed at the
base, 3rd row of stamens hardly % mm long, anthers obtuse,
cells apical, fdaments pilose, nearly as broad and long as the
anthers; basal glands distinct, small, foliaceous. Ovary pilose,
ellipsoid, hardly % mm long, gradually merging into a narrow,
34 X shorter style; stigma inconspicuous. Berry ellipsoid, smooth,
i5 mm long, 9 mm in diam., top more or less flattened, % covered
by the hemispheric, sub-cylindrical, thin cupule with entire
margin and few rusty spots ; fruiting pedicel obconical, 2 mm
thick at the top.

Zanderij I, tree n. i56 (B.W'^. n. 4365, 11. July, type;
n. 1624, ster. Dec.); Zanderij I (B.^V. n. 6424, fr. ; Samuels
n. 536, fl. July [L.]); Watramiri, tree n. i633 (B.W. n. 1920,
fl. June; n. 4706, fl. July).
Vernacular names: Kaneel pisie (S.D.); Nagrehoedoe (N.E.);
Apiesie-ie, Bosoho apisie-ie, Banba apiesie-ie (Sar.); Sieroe-
aballi (Arow.) ; Atjiarie kanarie, Joroha pomooire (Car.).

Acrodiclidium guianense auct., non Nees, Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 98, p. p., quoad cit. spec. Mélinon
n. 601 in hb. Paris.

Tree; 60 cm in diam. (Gonggrijp). Branchlets slender, some-
what angular, densely grey- or rusty-tomentellous; branches

cylindrical, glabrous, grey; buds densely grey-sericeous. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous, lanceolate, (5-——8( — ii) cm long,
1/4'——^2%) cm wide, base shortly acute, margin slightly
recurved, top acuminate or acute; above glabrous, shining,
midrib filiform, slightly prominulous in a groove, primary nerves
hardly distinct or impressed; lower surface brownish, thinly
pubescent, denser on midrib; midrib prominent, primary nerves
(5 —10 on each side) rather patent, arcuately united at some
distance from the margin, prominulous, veins hardly distinct.
Flowers unknown. Panicles axillary, opposite. Berry unknown.
Cupule very large and thick, up to 28 mm high, 35 mm in diam.,
hemispheric, with large rusty warts, margin triple, inner one
thin, 1—2 mm high, erect, outer ones 8 mm thick, more or less
patent, with large, irregular lobes in a double row, corresponding
probably with the strongly enlarged perianth segments.

Sectie O, tree n. 852 (B.W. n. 4249, ster. Febr.; n. 4269,
ster. Febr.; n. 4682, fr. May).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, alternate
or opposite. Panicles axillary. Flowers hermaphrodite, in 3—^18-
flowered pseudo-umbels, without involucre; tube infundibuliform,
longer than the perianth; perianth segments 6, nearly equal,
or the exterior somewhat smaller. Stamens included, often
exserted. The 2 outer rows of stamens and the 4th row abortive;
3rd row fertile, glandless; filaments thick, fleshy, conglutinate,
forming a staminal tube, including the ovary. Anthers not distinct
from filaments, 2-celled, usually small; cells generally minute,
extrorse and apical. Staminodes wanting. Ovary glabrous or
nearly so, ellipsoid or ovoid, merging into a sub-conical or sub-
cylindrical style; stigma capitate or somewhat discoid. Berry
ellipsoid, with persistent, not enlarged perianth at the base.
Cotyledons flat-convex, nearly equal.

1. Mezilaurus Itauba (Meissn.) Taubert ex Mez in Arb.
Bot. Gart. Breslau I (1892), p. 112; Kosterm. 1. c., p. 40;
•— Silvia Ita-uba (Meissn.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V
(1889), p. 107; Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro IV
(1926), p. 190; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V, 1 (1931), p. 65;
Ducke in Trop. Woods 42 {ig55), p. 18; ■— Acrodiciidium
Ita-uba Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 86; id.
in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 174, t. 60 (excl. flower); •—
Oreodaphne Hooiceriana Meissn. in D.C. I.e., p. i3i; id.
in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 23o; — Endiandra Ita-uba Benth. in
Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. i54; — quot;Ita-ubaquot;
Spruce in Hook. Journ. Bot. III (i85i), p. 146; — Silvia
polyantha Mez in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1906), p. 233.

Large tree, up to 40 m high. W^ood hard. Branchlets rusty-
tomentose at the top, branches glabrous, except in the bark-
fissures, greyish; buds rusty-yellowish-sericeous. Leaves alternate-
congested at the top of the branches, coriaceous or rigid-
coriaceous, elliptical, oblong or obovate, (4-—^)8'—15 cm long,
(2%'—')5y2-—6 cm wide, base acute or cuneate, margin nearly
flat, top obtuse or slightly emarginate; young leaves sparingly
puberulous; adult ones glabrous, shining, especially above;
midrib and primary nerves (9^—12 on each side) prominent on
both sides; primary nerves rather patent, arcuate, disappearing
at the margin, veins laxly reticulate, prominulous, especially
above. Petioles slender, glabrous, up to 2% cm long, leaf margins
decurrent as far as the base; base cushion-like thickened. Panicles
lax, in the axils of the upper leaves, hardlj^ puberulous, up to
12 cm long; peduncles glabrous, slender, compressed, up to
4 cm long; branchlets patent, short, up to 1 cm long, bearing
5-—^12-flowered pseudo-umbels. Pedicels slightly tomentellous,
2 mm long. Bracts acute, hardly uim long, deciduous. Flowers
yellowish-green, tomentellous or nearly glabrous, 1 34—234nimlong;
tube broadly conical, not constricted at the top, up to 1% mm
long; perianth segments minute, broad, the outer ones narrower.

obtuse, outside tomentellous. Stamens exserted; the 2 outer rows
wanting or rarely staminodial; 3rd row fertile, glandless, cells
extrorse; fdaments free, 1—^11/2 mm long, rusty-hirsute, dilated,
top glabrous; connectives as broad as the filaments. Ovary
glabrescent, broadly ovoid, 1 mm high, merging into a cylindrical,
glabrous, hardly Yz mm long style with discoid-obtuse stigma.
Berry black (Spruce), ellipsoid, up to 21/2 cm long, i3 mm in
diam., having a slight bloom; perianth persistent, hardly enlarged,
3—mm in diam.; pedicel studded with pallid, glandular
dots (Spruce), 3—5 mm long, rather thick. Berry sometimes
mucronulate; exocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp thin; cotyledons
thick, flat-convex.

Sectie O, tree n. 760 (B.W. n. sSgS, fr. June; n. 3o88,
fl. Nov.; n. 4790, fr. Nov.).

Vernacular names: Kaneelhout (S.D.); Kaneeri-pisie (N.E.);
Apiesie-ie (Sar.); Siroeaballi tataro, Ajomontho hororadihoro,
Ajomonto diamaro, Sierwaballi tataro (Ar.); Kjarie kjanarie,
Kaneerjoe (Car.).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, coriaceous or
rigid, pilose or glabrous. Panicles axillary, often clustered at
the top of the branchlets; branchlets dichotomous. Flowers
without involucre, dioecious; tube usually very short; perianth
segments 6, equal or rarely the 3 outer ones longer (not in Surinam
species); fertile stamens 9, rarely only 6 (not in Surinam species);
anthers 2-celled; fdaments generally shorter than the anthers,
those of the 3rd row with basal glands, the others nearly always
glandless; anthers of the 6 outer stamens introrse; those of
the inner ones extrorse or nearly so; ovary glabrous, usually
rudimentary in male flowers, style rather thick, generally shorter
than the ovary; stigma discoid or obtuse, often triangular.
Berry ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth; cupule hemispheric or pateri-
form; perianth segments persistent or deciduous.

Distribution: Species about 3o in tropical America from
Panama to Southern Brazil.

filaments glabrous. 3. E. multiflora (Miq.) Mez.
h. Flowers fleshy, male ones 5 mm in diam.; tube

1. Endlicheria pyriformis (Nees) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 116, excl. spec. Triana n. 1069; —
Cryptocarya pyriformis Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 220; ■—
/Hespilodaphne pyrformis Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. 108; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 201; —
Aleópilodaphne pyriformis Nees msc. in herb. Kunth, Berol.;
— Nectandra sanguinea Nees (nec Rottb.) p. p. ex Meissn.
in Fl. Bras 1. c., p. 201.

Shrub or tree, up to 3o m high. Branchlets slender, with long
internodes, smooth, glabrous, somewhat angular at the top,
pale-green; branches cylindrical, glabrous, smooth, 5 mm in
diam.; wood white (Nees); buds only pilose at the top. Leaves
alternate, thin-chartaceous, oblong or elliptical or somewhat
obovate-elliptical, (5-—^)io-—^i4(—ig) cm long, (2^—■)3—5(-—cm
wide, base acute or acute-acuminate, margin hardly recurved,
top shortly acuminate or cuspidate with obtuse point; leaves
glabrous, olive-green, shining, especially above, veins prominent,
densely reticulate especially beneath; primary nerves (5—7 on
each side) arcuate, united at the margin, the lower ones ascendent,
the upper ones patent; margin often thickened by a nerve at
the base. Petioles slender, glabrous, canaliculate above, 5 —12 mm
long, margins decurrent. Panicles axillary or nearly so, few-

flowered, glabrous, 2—y cm long, lax; peduncles thin, compressed-
angular, up to 4 cm long, branchlets alternate, short, patent,
secondary branchlets dichotomous, minute, ending in 1 ■—2 flowers;
bracts glabrous, membranous or slightly pilose, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, minute, persistent; bracteoles lanceolate, % mm long,
glabrous, acute, persistent. Pedicels glabrous, 1—4 mm long,
rather slender, merging into the tube, bracteolate at the base.
Male flower, 3—4 mm long; reddish (Pulle); tube conical-
urceolate, 2 mm long; perianth segments ovate-obtuse, 1 mm
long, fleshy, glabrous outside, densely papillose inside; 6 outer
stamens slightly exserted, hardly 1 mm long, fdaments very
short, flat, hirsute, anthers narrow, usually truncate, cells
large, introrse; 3rd row of stamens — 2 mm long, filaments
flat, broad, glands minute, globose, stipitate, stalks hirsute,
attached at Vs from the base; anthers narrow-oblong % mm
long, cells with patent, large valves. Staminodes wanting.
Ovary rudimentary or wanting, glabrous, cylindrical, up to
34 mm long. Female flower: glabrous, 3 mm long; tube urceolate-
conical, 2—3 mm long, hardly constricted, fleshy, glabrous out-
side, densely tomentellous inside towards the top; perianth
segments at first erect or slightly incurved, after the flowering
period patent, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, somewhat obtuse;
the 6 outer stamens 34 mm long, included, sterile, same shape
and tomentum as in the male flowers; 3rd row slightly longer,
sterile, sessile, base tomentose, filaments nearly as long as the
anthers, densely pilose, dilated towards the base, basal glands
rather small, sessile, sub-globose, attached at the middle of
the filament. Ovary glabrous, globose-ovoid, 1 mm high, top
merging into a rather thick, as long style, stigma small, discoid.
Berry ellipsoid, smooth, apiculate, up to 2 cm long, 12 mm in
diam., nearly free from the cupule. Cupule fleshy, hemispheric-
pateriform, 5 —10 mm high, 7—mm in diam., red; perianth
segments persistent for a long time, margin thin, entire; fruiting
pedicel thick, obconical, 7 — 1234 mm long, merging into the

Coppename R., forest at the foot of the Voltzberg (Pulle
n. 233, fl. Aug., type of the (J flower); upper Suriname R.,
Goddo (Stahel n. zj3, fr. Jan.); Emma Range (B.W. n. 6607,
fr. March).

2. Endiicheria sericea Nees in Linnaea 8 (i833), p. 38;
Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 122; Duss
in Ann. Inst. Colon. Marseille III (1896), p. 3o3; —
Goeppertia dericea Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 369; Meissn. in
D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 174; id. in Fl. Bras. V,
2 (1866), p. 284; — Laurua sericea Sieber, Fl. Trinid. n. 176,
ex Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 369; Sieber n. 176, msc., herb. Leiden;
.— Laurud sericea Forsy'th ex Meissn. in Fl. Bras. 1. c.,
p. 284; — Laurus sericea Hook, ex Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 369;
non Blume, Bydr. II (1826), p. 554; — Aydendron sericeuni
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl. (i860), p. 284; — Laurus
splendens Forsyth ex Meissn. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 284.

Shrub or tree, up to 3o m high; wood white (Nees). Branchlets
densely yellow-sericeous, more or less angular, sulcate, dorsi-
ventral; branches cylindrical, glabrous, grey; buds densely
sericeous. Leaves alternate, rigid-chartaceous, at last coriaceous,
ovate, ovate-oblong or elliptical, (6—-)io —15(—^26) cm long,
{2%—)5——^9) cm wide; base usually rounded or acute,
margin slightly recurved, top acuminate; young leaves densely
silvery- or yellow-sericeous, adult ones glabrous above, smooth,
usually rather dull, pale-green, nerves and veins prominulous,
laxly reticulate, beneath densely golden- or silvery-sericeous,
midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves (2—4 on each side)
strongly prominent, ascendent, disappearing towards the margin,
the lower ones ascendent up to the top of the leaf, bases decurrent
along the midrib, the upper ones patent, short, less prominent;
veins prominulous, laxly reticulate. Petioles densely sericeous,
thick, furrowed, tortuous, flattish above, 1—2 cm long. Panicles

axillary or nearly so, densely sericeous or tomentellous; the
male ones many-flowered, up to lo cm long, the female ones
somewhat shorter, few-flowered; peduncles slender, compressed,
striate, 5 and more cm long, branchlets alternate, patent, up
to 3 cm long, secondary branchlets dichotomous. Pedicels densely
sericeous, 3'—j mm long. Male flower yellow- or grey-sericeous,
2^4 mm long; tube very short, not constricted, sericeous outside,
inside hirsute; perianth segments nearly equal, sericeous outside,
inside with very short, sericeous hairs, ovate or elliptical, obtuse
or slightly acute, 2 mm long; outer 6 stamens %—mm long,
with rather broad, hirsute filaments, anthers same length or
smaller, ovate, glabrous, yellow-punctulate outside, cells large,
introrse, valves rufous; 3rd row of stamens thicker, i mm long,
filaments broad, ovate, not distinct from the anthers, hirsute
at the base, basal glands sub-sessile, sub-globose, small; anther
cells large, extrorse. Ovary rudiment subulate or lanceolate-
acute, glabrous, i mm long. Female flower 4 mm long; tube
and perianth as in the male flower. Stamens minute, sterile.
Ovary large, globose-ovoid, glabrous, 214 mm in diam., merging
into a very short, thick, glabrous style; stigma large, discoid,
sub-triangular. Berry ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, up to 1 % cm
long, 8 mm in diam., 3 mm covered by the cupule. Cupule sub-
hemispheric, rather flat, purple (Richard), up to 1 cm high,
14 mm in diam., margin thin, entire; pedicel thick, obconical,
up to 7 mm long, 4 mm wide at the top, merging into the cupule.

Distribution: West Indies, Trinidad, Guiana, Venezuela,
Northern Brazil, Bolivia, Northern Peru.

3. Endlicheria multiflora (Miq.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. i3o; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 186; Kribs in Trop. Woods i3 (1928), p. 22;
— Goeppertia multiflora Miq., Stirp. Surin. (i85i), p. 2o3;
^— Ampelodaphne dasyantha Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV,
1 (1864), p. 81; id.'in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 168; —
Endlicheria villoma Mez in Jahrb. I.e., p. 129.

Tree, wood yellowish-green, light and soft (Kribs). Branchlets
thick, densely rusty-tomentose, angular or cylindrical, internodes
short; buds rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate, or congested on
the branchlets, rigid-chartaceous or coriaceous, oblong, elliptical
or obovate-oblong, lo —15(—28) cm long, 4—j{-—^11) cm wide,
base shortly acute or somewhat obtuse, margin recurved, top
shortly acuminate; young leaves grey-puberulous above, grey-
tomentose beneath, adult ones at last glabrous above, except
the long-persistent rusty tomentum on the midrib, smooth,
shining, midrib and primary nerves impressed; beneath rusty-
or greyish-tomentose, midrib strongly prominent, primary nerves
(6—12 on each side) rather patent, prominent, upper ones
arcuately united, lower ones disappearing towards the margin,
secondary nerves prominent, laxly reticulate, veins densely
reticulate, slightly prominent. Petioles thick, densely rusty-
tomentose, flat above, base thickened. Panicles pyramidal,
axillary, congested on dwarf-shoots, oo-flowered, lo^—^18 cm
long; peduncles cylindrical, rusty-tomentose, up to 8 cm long,
branchlets very short, grey-tomentose, subtended by 5—7 mm
long, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate bracts; female panicles
shorter, more or less spike-shaped. Pedicels !•—2 mm long
(of the female flower nearly wanting), bracteate at the base.
Bracts linear 1—mm long, outside hirsute, inside glabrous,
persistent during a long time. Male flower white-villose,
1'—'134 mm long; tube sub-urceolate, narrow, top hardly con-
stricted; perianth segments equal, 1 mm long, villose outside,
inside glabrous, lanceolate-ovate or ovate, slightly acute, patent
or reflexed; stamens exserted, outer ones o,3^—^o,5 mm long;
filaments glabrous, nearly as long as the anthers, slender;
anthers sub-orbicular, broader than long, connectives not
protruding beyond the introrse, rather large cells; 5rd row^
of filaments slightly longer, erect, basal glands small, globose,
shortly stipitate, anther cells extrorse. Staminodes wanting.
Ovary small, rudimentary, glabrous, ellipsoid-stipitiform, 1 mm

long, included, style and stigma inconspicuous. Female flower:
tube broadly urceolate-obconical, outside hirsute, inside glabrous,
1^4 mni long; perianth segments ovate, membranous, inside
glabrous, nearly i mm long; 6 outer stamens sterile, glabrous,
nearly % nim long, anthers ovate-truncate; filaments slender,
as long as the anthers; 3rd row of stamens rectangular, anthers
not distinct from the broad filaments, basal glands small. Ovary
glabrous, globose-ovoid, % mm long, merging into a thick,
exserted, cylindrical-conical, slightly longer style; stigma distinct,
discoid, emarginate at one side. Berry ovoid-ellipsoid, smooth,
a cm long, ii mm in diam., top mucronulate; Yg covered by the
cupule. Cupule hemispheric, rather thin, smooth, 14 mm in
diam., 8 mm high, margin entire; fruiting pedicel obconical,
thick, 5 mm long, 3 mm in diam. at the top.

Male specimens: Paramaribo (Cramer n. 81, fl.); locality
unknown: Hostmann n. ii63 (type), s. n.; Kegel n. j i63
(mis. Hostmann) [G.J, fl. Aug.; Focke n. 101 [L.J; coll.
unknown ex herb.? Junghuhn [L.J.

4. Endlicheria endlicheriopsis (Mez) Kosterm. 1. c.,
p. 43; — Ocotea endlicheriopsid Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 3oo; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V, 1
(1931), p. 73.

Tree. Branchlets thick, angular, densely rusty-tomentose;
branches cylindrical, rusty-tomentellous, glabrescent, dark-brown;
buds densely rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate, chartaceous or
thick-chartaceous, oblong or elliptical, (8——18( — 2S) cm
long, (4———^9) cm wide; base shortly acute, often
oblique, margin recurved, top slightly acuminate; young leaves
rusty-tomentose, above soon glabrescent, nerves excepted; adult
ones above glabrous, slightly shining, brown-red when dried,
midrib and primary nerves impressed, secondary ones slightly
impressed, hardly conspicuous, veins nearly inconspicuous;

beneath laxly rusty-tomentose, denser on the nerves, midrib
strongly prominent, primary nerves (5—6 on each side) prominent,
ascendent, disappearing towards the margin, especially the
lower ones following the margin, base of the margin often
thickened by a nerve, secondary nerves prominent, parallel and
more or less horizontal, —mm from each other, veins slightly
prominent, reticulate. Petioles up to 2% cm long, densely rusty-
tomentose, sulcate, above flat or slightly canaliculate. Panicles
axillary, pyramidal, densely rusty-tomentose, male ones up to
i5 cm long, co-flowered, female ones shorter, with less flowers;
peduncles up to 2 34 cm long, compressed, sulcate, branchlets
alternate, more or less patent, lower ones up to 4 cm long,
dichotomous. Bracts lanceolate or linear, acute, densely tomen-
tose, deciduous, 134 mm long. Pedicels rusty-tomentose, slender,
2-—3 mm long. Male flower pateriform, 5 mm in diam.; tube
very short, not constricted at the top, infundibuliform, hardly
1 mm long; perianth segments equal, ovate, acutish, fleshy, up
to 2 mm - long, grey-puberulous inside, tomentellous outside;
the 6 outer stamens up to % mm long, anthers transversely
oblong, top slightly apiculate, connective slightly protruding
beyond the sub-orbicular cells, fdaments nearly as long as the
anthers, pilose; stamens of the 3rd row nearly 1 mm long, thick,
erect, pressed against each other, anthers rectangular, glabrous,
top truncate, filaments broad, not distinct from the anthers.
Inside pilose at the base, anther cells extrorse, basal glands
sessile, flattish, small, ovate, acuminate, touching each other.
Staminodes wanting. Ovary narrow-ellipsoid, glabrous, % mm
long, sterile; stigma inconspicuous. Female flower densely
tomentellous, 3 mm in diam.; tube very short, broadly conical,
glabrous inside; perianth segments ovate or narrowly ovate,
obtuse or acutish, 1 34 mm long; outer 6 stamens sterile, glabrous,
34 mm long, anthers oblong, filaments same length; 3rd row
34 mm long, with sterile, rectangular anthers; basal glands
globose, sessile, rather large, 34 mm in diam. Staminodes wanting.

Ovary sub-globose, glabrous, i mm long, style very thick and
short, stigma discoid. Pedicels rather thick, i Y, mm long.
Fruit unknow^n.

Brownsberg, tree n. ii53 (B.W. n. 2453, ster. Sept.;
n. 2936, fl. June; n. 3197, fl. Sept.; n. 6884, fl. June; n. 6884,
fl. lune).

Vernacular names: Pisie (N.E.); Apisie-ie (Saram.); Siroe-
aballi (Car. and Arow.).

Climbing, leafless, parasitic, perennial herbs with slender,
twining stems, attaching themselves to their hosts by means
of uniseriate suckers (haustoria). Leaves reduced to minute
scales or wanting. Flowers small, sessile or pedicelled in the
axil of a scale-like bract with 2 similar bracteoles close under
the perianth, on usually peduncled racemes, spikes or heads;
tube small, increasing in fruit and becoming constricted at the
top; perianth segments 6, the outer ones short, broad, resembling
the bracts, the 3 inner ones at least twice as long; perfect stamens
usually 9, 2-celled, the 2 outer rows with introrse anthers and
glandless filaments, the inner ones with extrorse anthers and
biglandular filaments; staminodes large, subsessile or stipitate;
ovary scarcely included in the tube, till after flowering. Fruit
globose, drupaceous, completely included in the enlarged perianth
tube, the latter usually crowned by the persistent perianth
segments. Seeds with a thin testa. Cotyledons fleshy, distinct
only when young, completely consolidated when ripe, assuming
the appearence of a fleshy albumen. Pericarp of 2 layers, the
outer thin, the inner thick and hard.

Distribution: Species about 20, one pantropic; 2 in
tropical Africa; 1 on Ce^don; the others Australian.

1. Cassytha filiformis L. (non Thunberg), Spec. pi. I
(1753), p. 35; Jacq., Stirp. Amer. (1763), p. ii5, t. 79 et
Pict., t. 166; Gaertn., Fruct. I (1788), p. i35, t. 27, f. 4;

Nees, Syst. (i836), p. 642; Wight, Ic. V (1862), t. 1874;
Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 205; Duss in
Ann. Inst. Colon. Marseille III (1896), p. 3o5; Fawcett
and Rendle, Fl. Jam. Ill, 1 (1914), p. 219, t. 80; Standley
in Field Mus. X (1931), p. 202; Kosterm. 1. c. p. 43; —
Cassytha americana Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 644; id- in Linnaea
21 (1848), p. 268, 626; Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. Isl.
(i860), p. 285; Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 256; id. in Fl.
Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 296, t. 107; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berl. V (1889), p. 490, p.p., excl. syn.: Cactus pendulus
Sw., RhipsaLis Cassytha Gaertn., Cassytha poly sperma Mill.;
Pulle in Rec. Tr. Bot. Néerl. IX (1912), p. i38; —
Cassytha brasiLiensis Mart, in Nees, Syst. 1. c., p. 648; —
Cassytha dissitiflora Meissn. in Vid. Medd. Kjöbnh. (1870),

Parasitic climber. Leaves minute, scale-shaped, suckers
distinct; stem % — iV^ mm in diam., red (Pulle), striate, glabrous,
slightly or distinctly tomentellous. Spikes lax, usually solitary
in the axil of 3 bracts, slightly or densely tomentellous, 1 %—^ cm
long; peduncles 1 mm in diam., 1—5 cm long; bracts membranous,
thicker in the middle, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, %—mm
long, the inner ones ciliate at the margin. Flowers sessile, glabrous,
hermaphrodite, 2^4 mm long, but after the flowering period
rapidly increasing, in the axil of a membranous bract, ciliate
at the margin, and 2 bracteoles; bract ovate, 1 mm long;
bracteoles smaller, ovate-orbicular; tube nearly wanting, glabrous
inside; perianth segments unequal, outer ones ovate-orbicular,
concave, membranous, margin ciliate, % mm in diam., inner
ones ovate, obtuse, thicker, margin not ciliate, 2% mm and
more long. Stamens included, patent, glabrous, —mm long,
base of filaments attached to the perianth segments; anthers
large, ovate-triangular, % mm long; connectives distinctly
protruding beyond the large cells; filaments, especially of the
3 outer stamens with appendages beneath the anthers, foliaceous-
dilated; 3rd row of stamens similar, with 2 large, globose,
sessile glands. Staminodes large, glanduliform-foliaceous, glab-

rous, shortly stipitate, 34 mm long. Ovary globose, glabrous,
% mm in diam.; style rather thick, cvHndrical-obconical, as
long as the ovary; stigma small, capitate. Fruit globose, 7 mm
in diam., included in the enlarged flower tube with persistent,
not enlarged perianth segments.

Paramaribo, Kwatta-weg (Pulle n. 10, ster. July); savannah
near Republiek (Kuyper n. 92, fl., fr. Oct.); Patrick savannah
(Gonggrijp s. n.; Boldingh n. 3836, fl., fr., Oct.); Zanderij I,
savannah (Lanjouw n. 187, fl. July); Joden savannah (Kegel
n. 1137 [G.], fr. Nov.); Coppename R., savannah near
Onobissie (Gonggr. and Stahe n. 1122a, fl., fr. March);
locality unknown: Focke s. n. [L.].

Trees, shrubs or climbers. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
simple or divided, palmately or pinnately nerved. Often oil-
cells and cystoliths in the leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite or
monosexual, small, in axillary or pseudo-terminal, long-stalked,
corymbose panicles. Perianth segments usually in 2 valvate,
3—^5-merous whorls or in one imbricate, 4 —lo-merous whorl.
Stamens 3'—b in a single row opposite the outer perianth seg-
ments; anthers 2-celled, introrse, dehiscent by valves; filaments
often with basal glands. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a solitary,
pendulous, anatropous ovule. Fruit dry, winged or included in
an inflated cupule. Seeds without albumen; embryo straight;
cotyledons large, lobed, twisted or shrivelled.

C. F. Meissner in De Candolle, Prodromus XV, 1 (1864),
p. 261; id. in Martius, Flora Brasiliensis V, 2 (1866),
p. 299.

G. Bentham et J. D. Hooker, Genera Plantarum I (i865),
p. 690; id. III (1880), p. 164.

A. J. G. H. Kostermans, Studies in South American Mal-
pighiaceae, Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae, especially of
Surinam, also in Meded. Botan. Museum en Herbarium
Utrecht n. 25 (ig36).

1. a. Climbing shrubs. Leaves trinerved or subtriplinerved
with cystoliths. Inflorescences without bracts. Flowers
potygamous-dioecious. Glands wanting. Stigma capitate,

h. Big trees. Leaves palmately nerved, usually peltate,
without cystoliths. Flowers surrounded by bracts.
Flowers monoecious. Filaments with basal glands.
Stigma large, reniform-discoid. Cotyledons flattened,
more or less shrivelled............ 2. Hernandia.

Usually climbers. Leaves alternate, tri- or subtriplinerved,
entire. Panicles axillary or sub-terminal, without bracts. Flowers
in cymes. Flowers small, polygamous-dioecious. Perianth of
4—y equal segments with sub-imbricate aestivation, deciduous.
Perianth tube in the hermaphrodite flowers united with the
ovary, in male flowers nearly wanting. Fertile stamens 4 or 5,
opposite the perianth segments; filaments filiform, glandless;
anthers oblong-linear, cells introrse; connectives hardly pro-
truding beyond the cells. Staminodes none. Style cylindrical,
straight, stigma sub-capitellate, small. Fruit dry, ovoid or ovoid-
ellipsoid, smooth, putamen coriaceous or woody. Cotyledons
contortiplicate.

Distribution: Species about 12 in Guatemala, Bolivia,
Guiana and tropical Brazil.

1. a. Leaves beneath densely white-lanuginose; distinctly
trinerved; base rounded or shortly acute. Fruiting
pedicels rather thick ... 1. S. Botocudorum Mart.

b. Leaves beneath sparingly tomentose; subtriplinerved;
base sub-cordate. Fruiting pedicels slender, long ....
................... 2. S. wonotoboensis Kosterm.

1. Sparattanthelium Botocudorum Mart. in Denkschr. Ges.
Regensb. III (1841), p. 3oi, t. X, f. 2, t. XI, f. 1; Meissn.
in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 260; id. in Fl. Bras. V,
2 (1866), p. 293; Benth. et Hook. Gen. I (i865), p. 690;
Pulle in Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerl. IX (1912), p. i38.

Climbing shrub. Branchlets rather thick, cylindrical, striate,
puberulous, glabrescent; branches cylindrical, smooth, striate.
Leaves alternate, membranous, at last chartaceous or thick-
chartaceous, obovate-oblong, ovate-oblong or elliptical, 7—g
(—^10) cm long, 3——^5) cm wide, base usually rounded,
sometimes shortly acute, margin slightly recurved, top shortly
acuminate; above smooth, glabrous, nerves excepted, principal
nerves hardly prominulous; beneath densely white-lanuginose,
the 3 principal nerves hardly prominulous, dark, connected by
few, usually parallel, horizontal secondary nerves; the 2 lateral
nerves arcuately united with 1 or 2 pairs of primary nerves at
the top of the leaves. Petioles thin, glabrescent, up to 2 cm
long. Panicles corymbiform, axillary, slender, densely, co-
flowered, up to 17 cm long, often with small leaves; peduncle
glabrous, cylindrical, smooth, up to 7 cm long, lower branchlets
up to 7 cm long, patent, sparingly tomentellous. Pedicels densely
grey-tomentellous, thin, up to 8 mm long. Flowers slender, up
to 4nim long. Flower tube sub-globose-ellipsoid, 1 mm long,
puberulous, constricted at the top; perianth segments 4, concave,
oblong-linear, top rounded, grey-puberulous outside, glabrous
inside with strong midrib, 2%—^3 mm long. Stamens 4 with
glabrous, filiform, contort filaments, hardly 34 nim long, anthers
oblong-linear, glabrous, 1 mm long, cells introrse, valves linear,
1 mm long, connectives slightly protruding beyond the cells.
Style rather thick, cylindrical, 2 mm long, puberulous; stigma
capitellate-discoid, small. Fruiting inflorescences divaricate-

dichotomous, rigid, white, branchlets thickened at the nodes.
Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, acutish, white, with 8 ribs, —'2 cm
long, 6 mm wide, dehiscent. Fruiting pedicel thick, slightly
discoid at the top.

Patrick savannah (Coll. indis. n. 164, fl. May); Brownsberg
(B.W. n. 6559, fr. June).

Liane. Branchlets thick, cylindrical, striate, sparingly puber-
ulous; branches glabrous, smooth, striate. Leaves alternate,
subtriplinerved, chartaceous, ovate, (4———^8) cm long,
(2—)2V2—3('—4) cm wide, base subcordate or rounded, margin
slightly recurved, top shortly acuminate, above glabrous,
primary and secondary nerves tomentellous, flattish, beneath
sparingly tomentose, midrib slightly prominent, the 2 lateral
large primary nerves ascendent as far as one half or of the
length of the leaf; primary nerves 3 — 4 on each side, slightly
prominent, the upper ones arcuately united, secondary nerves
prominulous, laxly reticulate. Petioles slender, glabrescent, up
to 1^4 cm long. Panicles densely, 00-flowered, corymbiform,
axillary, up to 10 cm long; peduncle cylindrical, up to 4 cm
long, branchlets up to 4 cm long, patent, grey-tomentose. Pedicels
slender, grey-tomentose, up to 1 cm long. Flowers smudgy red,
4 mm long, flower tube cylindrical-ovoid, puberulous,nbsp;mm

long; perianth segments 4, oblong-linear, obtuse, tomentellous
outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 4, fdaments mm long,
glabrous, filiform, contort, anthers oblong-linear, 1 mm long,
glabrous, connective slightly protruding beyond the large cells.
Style rather thick, puberulous; stigma capitellate, small. Fruiting
panicles divaricate-dichotomous, white, branchlets slender,
thickened at the nodes. Fruiting pedicel very long, slender (up
to 6 cm long). Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, acute, i5 mm long, 7 mm
in diam., ribbed, dehiscent.

Rocks near Wonotobo, Corantijne R. (B.W^. n. 3i20,
H., fr. Oct.).
Vernacular name: Oneka (Car.).

Trees. Leaves alternate, usually palmately nerved, cystoliths
wanting. Panicles corymbose. Flowers in usually 3-flowered
cymes, surrounded by an involucre of 4 — B bracts, the central
flower female, the 2 lateral ones male. Male Hower with 6—8
perianth segments, stamens 3, opposite the outer perianth seg-
ments. Glands either twice as many as the stamens and attached
one on each side at the base of the filaments, or as many, or
wanting (not in Surinam species). Female flower surrounded
at the base by a cupule. Perianth segments 8. Glands usually 4»
opposite the outer segments. Ovary inferior. Stigma dilated,
irregular, peltate-discoid, large. Style included. Fruit a globular,
black, stony nut, more or less distinctly 8-ribbed, included in
the much increased, inflated cupule, with an orifice at the top.
Embryo with flattened, more or less wrinkled cotyledons.

1. Hernandia sonora L., Spec. pi. II (lySS), p. 981;
lacq., Stirp. Amer. (i/óS), p. 246; Aubl., Guia. II (1776),
p. 862; Lam., Enc. 3 (1789), p. 123, excl. syn. Arbor regid
Rumph.; Descourtilz, Fl. Pitt, et Med. Antill. 2 (1822),
p. 143; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 203;
id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 3oo; Bâillon, Hist. II (1870),
p. 449. Kosterm. I.e., p. 43. —■ Hernandia ovigera L., Stickman in
Am. Acad. IV (1769), p. 126; Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 262;
id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 299; — Hernandia guianensis Aubl.,
Guia. II (1776), p. 849, III t. 329; Meissn. in D.C. I. c.,
p. 262; id. in Fl. Bras. 1. c., p. 299; Pulle, Enum. PI. Surin.
(1906), p. 187; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 76; —
Hernandia peltata Meissn. in D.C. 1. c., p. 203; — Hernandia
peltata Sessé et Moe., Fl. Mex. 2nd ed. (1894), p. 2i3;

— ? Hernandia peitata, var. cordata Hochreutiner in Can-
dollea II (1925), p. 365; — Hernandia catalpifoUa Britton
et Harris in Torreya II (1911), p. 174; Fawcett and
Rendle, Fl. Jam. Ill, 1 (1914), p. 221, f. 90.

Tree, 10—^20 m high, wood soft. Branchlets thick, smooth,
glabrous, slightly puberulous at the top. Leaves alternate,
membranous or chartaceous, glabrous or nearly so, broadly
ovate, usually peltate, (6—^)i4—^2o(—^33) cm long, (3——^12
(—23) cm wide, base rounded or cordate or more or less truncate,
margin flat, top acute or acuminate, with distinct narrow acumen;
above midrib and nerves hardly prominulous, beneath midrib
prominent, primary nerves usually 5, palmately, 2 nerves often
marginal, the upper ones (3^—^5 on each side) pinnately nerved,
prominent, secondary nerves prominulous, very laxly reticulate,
other veins hardly conspicuous. Petioles smooth, cylindrical,
thick, i5—26 cm long, glabrous. Up to 3 X compound, corymbi-
form panicles, axillary near the top of the branches, 20—3o cm
long; peduncle glabrous, smooth, thick, up to 18 cm long, lower
branchlets 5^—^10 cm long, one half naked. Flowers clustered,
usually 3 together, middle one female, the 2 lateral ones male,
sometimes a few male ones below them. Flowers surrounded
by a whorl of 4 bracts, sometimes one or two male flowers
down with a small bract under each pedicel. Bracts oblong
or spathulate, lo — 2 mm long. Male flower: Pedicel 2—3 mm
long, tomentellous; flower tube wanting; perianth segments 6,
in 2 rows, fleshy, elliptical, obtuse, up to 6% mm long, 3 mm
wide, densely tomentellous outside, densely pilose inside. Stamens
3; filaments glabrous, slender, before anthesis short, after
anthesis up to 2^4 mm long, slightly united at the base. Glands
normally 6, by unition or splitting up 3 — g, clavate, top obtuse,
substipitate, usually irregular. Anthers elliptical, mm long,
top emarginate, cells as long as the anther, valves large. Stamens
at first pilose inside, glabrescent. Female flower: Pedicel 1 mm
long; flower tube glabrous at the base, 3 mm long; perianth

segments 8, elliptical, up to 6 mm long; glands 4. subglobose,
sessile. Style glabrous at the base, villose higher up, thickened
upwards, deciduous with the perianth segments, 3% mm long.
Stigma very large, reniform-infundibuliform. Cupule in bud
small, hemispherical, in anthesis enveloping the tube, margin
entire, sometimes 2-lobed. Fruit at last completely included in
the Inflated, globose, leathery cupule, 6 cm in diam., with
an entire, circular orifice at the top. Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid,
with —^8 longitudinal ribs, sessile or shortly stipitate, 2% cm
long, with a broad, rounded, depressed umbo. Embryo divided
into 4 or 5 thick, fleshy ruminate lobes, integument thick,
spongiose.

Coppename R., Kalebas-creek (B.W. n. 802, fl. Jan.);
Wanica R. (Wuflschlagel n. i3i6 [B.], fr.); locaUty unknown:
Sphtgerber n. 85o [L.].

Ajoeroe (Car.)..............................Ocotea Petalanthera (Meissn.) Mez. . . 279

Ajoewi (Car.) ..............................Acrodiciidium Canella (Meissn.) Mez. . 319

..........................................Acrodiciidium cayennense (Meissn.) Mez. 3i7

..........................................Mezilaurus Itauba (Meissn.) Taubert. . 327

..........................................Schomburgkiana (Nees) Benth. et Hook.f. 277

Atjarie tjanarie (Car.)................Acrodiciidium cayennense (Meissn.) Mez. 317

Bamba pisie (N.E.)......................Ocotea barcellensis (Meissn.) Mez. ... 261

..........................................Acrodiciidium Canella (Meissn.) Mez. . 319

..........................................Acrodiciidium cayennense (Meissn.) Mez. 317

Mez' systeem der Lauraceae, berustend op het aantal
en den bouw der stamina, verdient de voorkeur boven dat
van Nees von Esenbeck ; het is evenwel wenschelijk een
aantal Amerikaansche geslachten te splitsen.

Het is niet raadzaam botanische geslachtsnamen uit de
lijst in Kew Bulletin igSö te conserveeren, voordat in
monografisch of daarmede gelijkstaand werk hierover een
voorstel is gedaan.

Er moet naar gestreefd worden, dat de artikelen van
de ree;els voor botanische nomenclatuur zoodanig geredi-
geerd worden, dat een subjectieve interpretatie daarvan
onmogelijk is.

Artikel 44 van de International Rules of Botanical
Nomenclature dient gelezen te worden: „(2) by the citation
of a previously and effectively published description of
the group under another name, and the new combination 10
actuaLiy pubiiéhedquot;.

De samengestelde bladeren van Dicotylen met unifa-
cialen bladsteel zijn vertakt in drie dimensies.

Het hoogere percentage Pinus-pollenkorrels in de
mariene en sub-mariene, atlantische of sub-atlantische
klei-afzettingen van N.W. Duitschland, is eerder toe te
schrijven aan een afzetting van allochthone fossiele pollen-
korrels, dan aan een toevoer van pollen over grooten
afstand of een selectieve verweering.

De stoffen, die Crocker, Hitchcock en Zimmerman
voor hun proeven gebruiken, worden ten onrechte verge-
leken met auxine.nbsp;Crocker, Hitchcock, Zimmerman in Contr.

Het is niet waarschijnlijk, dat het overbrengen van
Bacterium nectarophiLum Doidge, de oorzaak van een „pear
blossom blight diseasequot;, uitsluitend geschiedt door bijen.

De meening van RosÉn, dat het verteringssap van
Helix pomatla L. geen proteinase bevat, is op grond van zijn
proeven niet bewezen.nbsp;Binger Rosén in Zool. Bidrag, Upsala 1932

De X-organismen door Laurie gevonden in het bloed
van walvisschen geven geen verklaring voor het feit, dat
deze dieren niet onderhevig zijn aan de z.g.n. caisson-ziekte.

Region	Number	0/ /o
West Indies ...................	1	2
Central America ...............	3	6
Eastern Venezuela, Colombia, Peru	lO	21
British Guiana .................	3i	65
French Guiana.................	M	71
Hylaea........................	19	40
Trinidad.......................	8	17
Andes.........................	i(?)	2(?)
Southern amp; Eastern Brazil......	6	i3
Paraguay, Argentina............	2	4

Page		Page
i85	var. dubia Griseb. ..	i83
	subspec. emucronata	Kos-
186	term.............	..... 182
177	f. oblonga Ndz.....	i83
176	f. ovalis Ndz.......	i83
i65	f. ovata Ndz........	182
179	puberula Miq...........	i85
i6o	rhodopteron Oliv........	..... 176
174	squarrosa Griseb.......	..... 176
181	surinamensid Miq.......	i85
1	Triopteriö discolor G. F.	W.
i83	Meyer...............	184

B	Brussels	Ar.	Arowaccan (Indian)
D	Berlin-Dahlem	Car.	Caribbean, Caraibic, Galibi
			(Indian)
G	Göttingen	N.E.	Negro English
L	Leiden	Sar.	Saramaccan (Negro)
K	Kew	S.D.	Surinam Dutch
P	Paris
U	Utrecht

SPECIES. (X denotes, that the species occurs in the region).	S ■B-S si	« •g S lt; u c Ü	•SH II a g Ö.2 1;; 0 nU w	i '3 Ü ■c oa	c 01 '3 Ü ë £	s gt;• œ	TJ rt 3 quot;c 'C H	■O ö lt;	Sn Is Ui	3 B ou S 2 ^
1. Persea Benthamiana Meissn.................	—	—	—	X	X	X	—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	X	X	X	X	—	—	—
3. Ocotea Rodiaei (Rob. Schomb.) Mez.........	—	—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—	—
4. Ocotea barcellensis (Meissn.) Mez...........	—	—	—	■—	—	X	—	—	—	—
5. Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez.............	—	—	—	X	X	—	X	—	X	—
6. Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Benth. et Hook. f. . .	—	—	X	X	—	—	X	—	X	—
	—	—	X	X	X	X	—	—	—	—
8. Ocotea Wachenheimii R. Ben...............	—	—	—	—	X	—	X	—	—	—

10. Ocotea splendens (Meissn.) Mez.............
11. Ocotea caudata (Meissn.) Mez...............	—	—	X	X	—	X	—	—	—	—
12. Ocotea Neesiana (Miq.) Kosterm............	—	—	—	—	X	X	—	—	X	—
	—	X	X	X	X	X	—	—	X	X
14. Ocotea Schomburgkiana (Nees) Benth. et Hook. f.	—	—	—	X	—	—	—	—	—	—
i5. Ocotea Petalanthera (Meissn.) Mez..........
16. Ocotea oblonga (Meissn.) Mez...............	—•	—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—	—
18. Nectandra grandis (Mez.) Kosterm...........	■—	—	■—	X	X
19. Nectandra Kunthiana (Nees) Kosterm.........	■—	—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—	—
20. Nectandra Laurel Kl. et Karst...............	—	X	X	—	—	—	—	X	—	—
	—	—	—	X	X	X	—	—	—	—
22. Nectandra ambigua Meissn..................
23. Nectandra cuspidata Nees...................	—	X	X	X	—	X	—	—	X	X
24. Nectandra guianensis Meissn.................
2 5. Nectandra surinamensis Mez.................	—	—	■—	X	X
26. Nectandra kaburiensis Kosterm...............	—	—	—	—	—	—	X	—	—	—
27. Aniba rosaeodora Ducke....................	—	—	—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—
28. Aniba firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez..........	—	—	—	X	—	X	—	—	X	—
29. Aniba Canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez...............	—	—	X	X	—■	X	—	—	—	—
3o. Aniba Taubertiana Mez.....................	'—	—	■—	'—	X		—	—	—
3i. Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez...................	—	'—	—	X	X	X	—	—	—

33. Systemonodaphne geminiflora Mez............	—	—	—	—	X	'—	—	—	—	—
34. Aiouea densiflora Nees .....................	—	—	—	X	X	X	X	—	—
35. Aiouea guianensis Aubl.....................	—	■—	X	X	X	X	—	—	—	—
36. Acrodiclidium cayennense (Meissn.) Mez......	—	—	—	'	X		—	—
37. Acrodiclidium Canella (Meissn.) Mez.........	—	—	■—	X	X	X	X	—	—	—
	—	—	'—	X	X	—	—	—	—	—
39. Acrodiclidium Martinianum Mez.............	—	—	■—	—	X	X	—	—	—	—
40. Acrodiclidium guianense Nees................	—	—	■—	X	X	X	—	—	—	—
41. Acrodiclidium Aubletii Kosterm..............
42. Acrodiclidium rigidum Kosterm...............
43. Mezilaurus Itauba (Meissn.) Taubert.........	■—■	—	—	X	X	X	—	—	—
44. Endiicheria pyriformis (Nees) Mez...........	—	—	—	—	X	—	—	—	—	—
	X	—	X	X	X	—	X	—	—
46. Endiicheria multiflora (Miq.) Mez............	—	—	—	X	—	—	—	—	—
47. Endiicheria endlicheriopsis (Mez) Kosterm. . . .
48. Sparattanthelium Botocudorum Mart..........	—	—	—	X	X	X	—