CORRESP(mrgt;E]VCE.

No. 1.

Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE.

Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office,

44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 11, 1881.

I am directed by the Lords of the Council to request that you will have the goodness to move Earl Granville to give instructions that the Government of the United States of America may be informed by telegraph that the S.S. quot;Francequot; with ten Alderney cows on board left England for New York on the 7th instant; that the quot; Francequot; brought cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease a few days ago to England; and that this vessel had not been cleansed and disinfected before her return voyage.

I am, amp;c. The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) C. L. PEEL.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Foreign Office.

No. 2.

Letter from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 4. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 24, 1881.

On the receipt of your Lordship's telegram of the 12th instant, directing me to inform the United States Government of the fact that the steamer quot;France quot; which had left England with ten Alderney cows on board, was infected with foot-and-mouth disease, I addressed to Mr. Evarts a note to that effect, copy of which I have the honour to enclose.

In his answer, copy of which is also enclosed, he offers his thanks for your Lordship's courteous action in regard to this matter.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G. (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Enclosure 1 in No. 2.

Sik,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 13, 1881.

In compliance with an instruction which I have received by telegraph from Earl Granville, I have the^ honour to inform you that the S.S. quot; Francequot; left England for New York on the 7th instant with ten Alderney cows; that the foot-and-mouth disease was already on board of that vessel; and that she had not been cleansed nor disinfected.

I have, amp;c. The Hon. Wm. M. Evarts,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Edwd. Thornton.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;;c.

Enclosure 2 in No. 2.

Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Department of State, Washington, January 14, 1881.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 13th instant, advising me that on the 7th of this month the S.S. quot; France quot; left England for New York, having on board the foot-and-mouth disease, and to inform you in reply that I at once communicated the contents of your note to my colleague, the Secretary of the Treasury.

With thanks for the courteous action of Earl Granville in regard to this matter, which I beg to say is fully appreciated by this Government,

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir Edwd. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) W. M. Evarts.

amp;iC.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

R67raquo;. Wt. 19206.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A 2

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CORRESPONDENCE.

No. 8. Extract from Letter from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 5. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 24, 1881.

In my Despatch, No. 30 of this series, and of the 27th ultimo, I had the honour to transmit copies of a Bill which was submitted to the Senate on the 14th of that month by Mr. Williams, a senator from Kentucky, for the suppression of contagious diseases among cattle,

On the 19th instant Mr. Williams found an opportunity of calling the serious attention ofthat body to the object of the Bill. He showed what great losses were suffered by stock owners from the ravages of cattle-plague, and how much more valuable the trade with Europe, and particularly with Great Britain would become if vigorous measures were taken to prevent the spread of the disease, and finally to exterminate it. Mr. Williams proposed that the Bill should be referred to the Select Committee on Epidemic Diseases, but Mr, Johnston, a Senator from Virginia, who is much interested in the subject, and with whom 1 have had some conversation upon it, moved that a Committee of five Senators should be appointed by the President, to which should be referred all Bills relating to pleuro-pneumonia and other infectious and contagious diseases among cattle and other domestic animals, and which should be allowed to report by Bill or otherwise.

This resolution was agreed to, and I hope that in due time a Bill may be drawn up by the Special Committee, though I fear that considering the short time which this Congress has still to sit, and the great amount of necessary business which it has to get through, there is but little chance of any Bill of the nature of that proposed by Mr. Williams being discussed and passed during the present session.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

No. 4.

1 i

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York.

Sanitary, No. 1.

British Consulate General, New York, My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 29, 1881.

I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship that since my last despatch (Sanitary, No. 18) of the 29th ultimo, pleuro-pneumonia has made its appearance on two more farms in Queen's County, Long Island, and another case of this lung disease has been also reported at Yonkers, a town about 17 miles from this city. Both localities have been officially inspected and the usual precautions taken to prevent the spread of the disease.

I have the honour also to report that some cattle, comprising four bulls and eight heifers, consigned to this country from London for breeding purposes, by the S.S. quot; France,quot; of the National Line, which arrived here on the 20th instant, were, some days after they had been landed, found to be affected with the foot-and-mouth disease. The animals were at once quarantined and will be kept so until all danger of infection shall be over.

I transmit, herewith enclosed, an extract from the quot; New York Heraldquot; of the 25th instant in reference to this matter, from which it would seem that there is a suspicion that the disease may have been contracted on board the steamer, some .of the cattle which she had carried on her last voyage from this port having died on the passage.

The steamer will be thoroughly fumigated before she again leaves New York.

The Governor of this State has sent in the following message to the Assembly, urging suitable provision for arresting the progress of pleuro-pneumonia in the State :�

'* To the Legislature.

quot;At the annual meeting of the State Agricultural Society, resolutions relating to the disease of cattle, known as pleuro-pneumonia, were adopted, a copy of which, togethe with a letter from the Secretary of the Society, is herewith transmitted.

CORRESPONDENCE.

quot; The prevalence of this contagious and fatal disorder seriously menaces agricultural and dependent interests in this State, and in the country at large, and disastrous consequences may be expected unless timely and vigorous steps be taken to prevent its spread into the grazing districts.

quot; A subject of such great importance demands, and will no doubt receive your prompt attention and co-operation, 'ihe hope is expressed that Congress will ultimately establish appropriate measures for the suppression of this disease among animals, but meanwhile suitable provisions should be made by the State to arrest its progress.

quot; Alonzo B. Counell.quot;

The message has been referred to the Committee of Ways and Means to report.

The Assembly subsequently passed a resolution which had been introduced by Mr. Skinner, one of its members, calling upon Congress to take some steps in the direction of staying contagious cattle diseases.

Mr. Skinner, in support of his resolution, remarked quot;that the State of New York had quot; done all in its power to stamp out pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, but that the State quot; acting alone in this matter is not sufficient. Cattle from neighbouring States had quot; access to the herds within the borders of the State of New York,quot; and that it was consequently necessary that some federal action should be taken in the premises.

The whole subject is now under the consideration of Congress.

I have amp;c. (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD.

Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London.

;#9632;�

Enclosure in No. 4.

Extract from the quot; New York Herald,quot; January 25, 1881.

EPIZOOTIC-APHTHA.

Appearance of the English Cattle Plague among Mr. Easton's Jersey Stock on the

Steamship quot;France.quot;

Since the introduction of pleuro-pneumonia among the cattle of the United States by the importation to Brooklyn in 1843 of a single diseased cow from England no discovery more startling to cattle owners has been made than that of the existence of epizootic-aphtha on hoard the steamer ** France.quot; This discovery has been made within two days past by Veterinary Surgeon Hopkins, who was called on to inspect the Jersey cattle brought over last week on that steamer. It will be remernbered that the cattle are a part oquot;f a valuable consignment of blooded stock to Mr. W. Easton, a full description of which was published in the quot; Herald quot; last week. The entire consignment, with the exception of three horses which died on the voyage of non-infectious diseases, arrived in port, it was supposed, in good condition. It was only after some days had elapsed that the disease named was detected in the cattle, but after it had been once discovered other veterinaries confirmed tho diagnosis, and it is no longer doubted that one of the great English cattle plagues is present on these shores.

The Disease uescribed.

The cattle, comprising four bulls and eight heifers, are of the pure Jersey stock, bred by Mr. Tattersall at Old Oak Farm, Shepherd's Bush. They are beantilul specimens of the stock, and the herd is valued at about ^6,000. They were intended for breeding in this country, and Avere selected especially with reference to their fine points. A reporter visited them yesterday in company with Dr. Hopkins, and was greatly impressed with their beauty, even in their condition. They Avero still standing in the stalls in which they had made the voyago, and were carefully blanketed, but seemed alert and almost unconscious of their disease, which is still in an incipient stage.

quot; What is epizootic-aphtha ? quot; asked the reporter.

quot;It is one of the great cattle plagues of Europe,quot; replied Dr. Hopkins, quot;of which there have quot; hitherto been no cases in this country. It is commonly called the foot-and-mouth disease, affecting, quot; as it does, the hoof as well as the mouth. It is a blood disease, but what tho specific poison is that quot; affects the blood no man has yet been able to tell, any more than the specific poisons in various quot; human diseases are known. It is contagious, never arising spontaneously, so far as is known, but quot; being acquired by mediate or immediate contagion. If you put other cattle with these they would quot; all bo affected, or if you removed these and placed others in the same quarters without a thorough quot; disinfection, the new comers might, and probably would, catch the infection.quot;

quot;How were these cattle infected?quot;

quot; 1 do not know. The shippers declare that they were in first-rate condition when they were put on quot; board, and the people connected with tho ship say they have never had trie disease aboard. They quot; do not make any very strenuous declarations, though,quot; he added with a half smile, quot;for they lost quot; 15 head of cattle on this same ship on her last voyage.quot;

quot; How did they lose them ? quot;

A 3

CORRESPONDENCE.

quot; They doji't know, for there was no veterinary surgeon on -board. All they know is that the cattle died. I should think that the value of 15 head of cattle would pay the expense of a veterinary. But we do not know where these cattle caught their disease; all we know is that they have it and that these quarters are now infected. It is a very fortuiiate thing that the disease was discovered before the cattle got out among others in this country, for the spread would probably have been as great as that of pleuro-pneumonia has been, and that has spread so in less that 40 years that it will cost the Government ^50,000,000 to stamp out the diseases if they try it as is now proposed.quot;

quot; Is this disease as dangerous as pleuro-pneumonia?quot;

quot; In one sense it is not. The danger of infection is not as great, because the disease breaks out sooner after infection. The period in pleuro-pneumonia is sometimes as long as 90 days, which is long enough for a beast to travel to San Francisco and back twice over. In epizootic-aphtha it is from two to six days usually, although it has been known to bo as long as throe weeks. Of course, during the period of incubation the disease cannot be detected. It is, however, a dangerous disease when developed.quot;

Precautions against the Contagion.

quot;Will these cattle die?quot;_gt;

quot; I cannot tell yet. It will depend perhaps on whether the disease assumes a benign or a malignant type. I shall remove them at once to a horse stable in New York, where they will be under medical treatment at any rate until the danger of infection is thoroughly done away. Tho ship also is to bo thoroughly fumigated and will take no cattle on board till I sign, as General Patrick's assistant, a certificate that she is entirely free from danger.quot;

When the reporter left the floors of the stalls and all the slighter woodwork of the cattle deck wore being torn away, preparatory to washing, fumigating, and whitewashing the entire deck.

No. 5.

Extract from Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No I.

British Consulate, Philadelphia, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; February 4, 1881.

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that there have been no fresh cases of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the State of Pennsylvania, and the farms where there were a few cases, according to Mr. Crump's last report, have been relieved of a strict quarantine.

The quarantine under the laws of the State is enforced for three months, the Govern�ment inspector visiting the infected district about once a fortnight, keeping a strict record of the number and description of the cattle. Should any be found missing since the last visit, the proprietor is subjected to a rigid examination, and if he should be found guilty of violating the rules of the quarantine he is subject to a penalty. In executing the laws regulating the quarantine, the inspector must necessarily depend largely on the integrity of the farmer or cattle raiser in his reports of the condition of his stock and the disposition of any number found missing.

I have not been able to definitely settle the question of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in the Western States of this Consular district. Inasmuch, however, as large numbers of young cattle are sent West from the Eastern States for breeding purposes to fill up the gap made by the exportation to England, it is but a question of time, perhaps, for the disease to reach the vast cattle-raising districts west of the Allegheny mountains.

Mr. Vice-Consul Warrack has forwarded to me a copy special despatch from Bedford, State of Iowa, addressed to the quot; Chicago Tribune,quot; and published in that journal on the 30th ultimo, copy of which I herewith enclose, wherein it is stated that several cases of pleuro-pneumonia have recently occurred in Taylor County.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Enclosure in No. 6,

Copy Special Despatch to quot; Chicago Tuihunk,quot; dated Bedford, Iowa, 29th January, and publiuhed

on 30th January 1881.

Plkuuo-Pneumonia.

There are sovoral cases of contagious plouro-pneumonia in this (Taylor) county. As yet the fact is known only to a few, but notwithstanding over 60 deaths have occurred. It was introduced by Eastern calves; 20,000 of the latter are scattered through the State of Iowa. In Taylor County five car loads of these Eastern calves were brought in on 4th September by Edward Moss, of Bir�mingham, Iowa, and taken to Bedford, where all were sold to one man, Mr. S., who lives 10 miles east of this place. Mr, S. so far has lost 65 head; and not only most of the rest, but also a groat many of his other native cattle are coughing and show symptoms more or less plain. On September 27th Mr. Moss brought in some more Eastern calves, and sold them to other parties. lie represented those calves to bo from Michigan, but this is doubted. Thoy very likely aio from New York or other parts in the East. The existence of contagious plouro-pneumonia in this part of Iowa is established beyond a doubt, and it probably has spread much further than yet known, because, as said before, 20,000 Eastern calves have been distributed all over the State. A great many have also gone to Illinois, and no doubt exists that the disease has invaded that State. A true copy.

(Signed) James Warrack,

British Vice-Consul, Chicago.

No. 6.

Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE.

Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office,

44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W.,

Sir,

February 9, 1881.

I am directed by the Lords of the Council to request that you will have the good�ness to move Earl Granville to give instructions that the attention of the Governments of Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United States of America may be drawn to the great injury which English stockowners have recently sustained from the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease into this country through the agency of diseased animals which have been imported from the countries above named.

I am to append a list showing the number of vessels (and the ports of the respective countries from whence they have come between the 20th September last and the 6th instant) which have brought disease to this country. It will be seen that two infected cargoes have arrived from Germany, five from France, three from the Netherlands, and five from the United States of America within the periods above mentioned.

I am to add that until very shortly after the 20th September last the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had been for some time, so far as the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council were able to ascertain, free from foot-and-mouth disease; that Ireland and Scotland are still unaffected, and that the strongest evidence exists that this disease was introduced from Deptford and abroad.

The Lords of the Council are of opinion that the adoption of strict measures of sanitary police, and a more effective system of inspection at the ports of embarkation, would have the effect of preventing the exportation of diseased animals, and of those which had been herded with them.

Their Lordships are aware that a mere cursory inspection which results only in the withdrawal of the actually diseased animals from a cargo is no protection; but they are satisfied that if it were clearly understood that no cargo would be allowed to leave the foreign port if any disease were found amongst it, the effect would be to induce greater care on the part of shippers, and to deter owners from sending for exportation any animals that had been exposed to contagion.

I am directed also to request that reference may be made to the pressure which is now being brought to bear on the Privy Council to act under the powers conferred on them by The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878, for the purpose of prohibiting the impor�tation of animals from countries where foot-and-mouth disease exists, and to the difficulty which the Privy Council will have in resisting such pressure, unless foreign Governments will take effectual measures to exterminate the disease within their countries, and, as far as possible, to check the exportation of either diseased animals, or of those which have been in contact with them.

f IlRVO SzC

The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) 'c. L. PEEL.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Foreign Office.

A 4

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CORRESlgt;ONDENCE.

Encloeuro in No. 6. Cases of Foot-and-Mouth Diseask detected in Fokeign Animals landed in �reat Britain from September 20, 1880, to February 6, 1881.


�quot;'	Name of VcsseU.	Brought from	Landed at	Number Diseased.
Date when landed.	Name of VcsseU.	Brought from	Landed at	Cattle.	Sheep.	Swine.
1880. September 20 November 8 December 17 30 1881. January 1 6 18 28 28 29 30 February 2 6 6 6	Swallow -Hamburg Osprcy Bohemian France -City of Liverpool City of London -Concordia Rochester Cologne Rhine Fyenoord Tiger -Alford -Wansbeck Moselle -	Havre Hamburg -Boston New York raquo; Boulogne -Boston Boulogne - raquo; Rotterdam Hamburg -Rotterdam Amsterdam Boulogne -	London Liverpool - London ?gt; raquo;raquo; � gt;raquo; #9632; raquo; � raquo;i -Hull London - gt;gt; quot; Total -	30 2 18 59 267 12 21 42 7 16 7 5 3 71	__ 10	15
'				560	10	15

No. 7. Letter from Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN to Professor BROWN.

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; February 9, 1881.

I am happy to be able to inform you that the outbreak amongst cattle at Bedford, Iowa, recently reported through the newspaper to have been one of contagious pleuro-pneumonia is not that disease.

This I have from the report hy telegraph of Drs. McLean, of Brooklyn, and Detmers, of Chicago, who were recently sent to the localities for the purpose of examining the herd in question.

The detailed report of this examination has not yet reached me.

Yours, amp;c. Professor G. T. Brown,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) CHARLES P. LYMAN,

Veterinary, Privy Council,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;V.S. to U.S. Department of Agriculture.

London, England.

No. 8.

Extract from Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Philadelphia,

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; February 10, 1881.

Dr. Gadsden, who has been of great service in furnishing information to this Consulate as well as to the Agricultural Department of the United States upon this subject, has instituted a series of questions addressed to the principal veterinary surgeons in the State of Iowa, requesting replies as to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in the Western States. Two answers were received this morning, copies of which I herewith enclose your Lordship. They both state that the disease does not exist in their respective localities. On receipt of further letters upon this subject from the West, Dr. Gadsden will place them at my disposal.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;c,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

C�RRESPONDENC�.

Enclosure 1 in No. 8.

DbAraquo; Sih,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tipton, Iowa.

Youus of the 26th to hand. In reply I bog to state that the community hero is entirely free from that contagious disease. It has been reported several times that there arc casos, but a careful examination nroved the contrary, or at least I have not met with any. Some pooplo imagine when one or two animals in a herd become ill that it is pleuro-pneumonia contagion. My opinion is, that when it does break out it will create considerable havoc, but this Western country is entirely too healthy for such diseases. It requires cities, whore stables are crowded, to have it originate spontanoously.

Yours, amp;c. To Dr. Gadsden, Philadelphia.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) U. S. S. Spbingbraquo;, V.S.

Enclosure 2 in No. 8.

(Extract)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Detroit, January 22, 1881.

I have heard nothing of pleuro-pneumonia in the West, but considering your statement that several thousand store calves and yearlings were sent from New York and New Jersey, it sconis very probable that plouro-pneumoma would be carried wherever those cattle were taken. I have heard nothing of it in this State, nor have I seen any reference to any unusual disease among cattle of the other Western States. Having no positive evidence of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in the Western States, I incline to regard its existence as at least doubtful.

I will make all the inquiry that I can as to the prevalence or non-prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia in the West, and if I ascertain anything confirmatory of its existence I will at once lot you know, as I am very much interested in the matter.

No. 9. Extract from Letter from Sir E. THOENTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 7. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, February 21, 1881.

I enclose copies of a Bill [S. 2097] which was submitted to the Senate on the 25tli ultimo, by _ Mr. Johnston, a Senator from Virginia, as Chairman of the Select Committee on Diseases of Animals, for the suppression and prevention of such diseases.

The first section proposes the establishment of a quot;Bureau of Animal Industry,quot; which, with the assistance of a veterinary surgeon, shall report upon the causes of contagious diseases among cattle, and the means for their prevention and cure.

Section 2 provides that special investigation shall be made as to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia or other contagious cattle disease along the usual lines of transportation of live stock for export.

Section 3 directs that the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Commissioners pro�vided for by this Act shall co-operate with the State and municipal authorities and corporations engaged in the transportation of live stock, for their safe transportation to the sea board, and in the suppression of disease amongst them.

Section 4 proposes the establishment of quarantine stations for cattle on being imported.

Section 5 makes it illegal to import into the United States or any State thereof any animal affected with contagious disease, or which quot; has been exposed presumably thereto,quot; except in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

Section 6 instructs the Commissioner of Agriculture, with the Chief of the Bureau and the National Board of Health, to prepare the necessary rules and regulations for the suppression and extirpation of the diseases in question.

Section 7 provides for the purchase and slaughter of infected or suspected animals.

Section 8 directs the Commissioner of Agriculture to report to the President whenever he finds any place dangerously infected, and chat upon the publication of such report the removal of animals susceptible of said diseases from that place into another State shall be illegal, except in accordance with the regulations.

Section 9 assigns ^200,000 for carrying out the Act.

Sections 10 and 11 impose penalties for violations of the Act, and instructs the United States district attorneys to prosecute them.

A somewhat similar Bill was submitted to the House of Representatives on the 14th instant; but it has less detail, is less complete, and would, in my opinion, be less effective than the Bill now before the Senate.

The latter Bill has been discussed in the Senate on three or four different occasions, but although several amendments have been proposed and adopted, it does not seem in

B 670.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; B

CORRESPONDENCE.

general to have found favour in the minds of Senators, and I understand that the Select Committee has consequently determined to withdraw it, and to recommend as a sub�stitute for it a Bill, of which copies are enclosed [S. 1893], and which was submitted to the Senate on the 13th of December last by Mr. Rollins, a Senator from New Hampshire. This provides for the appointment of a Commission of three to be appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They are to have power to investigate all cases of disease among cattle, and to prescribe rules and regulations to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. The State authorities are to co-operate with the (commission, and power is given to establish quarantine and to slaughter diseased cattle. The Commission is also to inspect the lines of transportation between this country and Canada with reference to the export of diseased cattle.

I much doubt, however, whether there will now be time to pass any Bill upon the subject through both Houses during the short remainder of the session.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Enclosure 1 in No. 9.

46th Congress, 3rd Session. S. 2097.

In the Senate of the United States, January 25, 1881, Mr. Johnston, from the Select Committee on the subject of pleuro-pnouinonia and other contagious and infectious diseases of cattle and other domestic animals, reported the following Bill₃ which was read the first and second times by unanimous consont and re-committed.

January 28, 1881, reported by Mr. Johnston with amendments, viz.: omit the parts struck through

and insert the parts printed in italics.

A lull for the establishment of a Bureau of Animal Industry, and for the suppression and prevention

of contagious diseases among domestic animals.

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the Commissioner of Agriculture shall organize in his department a Bureau of Animal Industry, and shall appoint, a chief who shall be a competent veterinary surgeon approved by the National Board of Health, and whose duty it shall be to investigate and report upon the number, value, and condition of the domestic animals of the United States, their protection and use, and also inquire into and report the causes of contagious and communicable diseases among them, and piwide the means for the prevention and cure of the same, and to collect such information on these subjects as shall be valuable to the agricultural and commercial interests of the country. The Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorised to call to his aid in investigating ~~contagiou~~s said diseases in animals, and in providing means for the prevention and cure ef-said-diseases thereof, the National Board of Health, whose duty it shall be to render such aid and to employ such means as they deem necessary to obtain all information in regard to said diseases, their prevention and control; he is also authorised to employ two commissioners, one of whom shall be a practical stock-raiser, and one an experienced business man, familiar with questions pertaining to commercial transactions in live stock, whose duty it shall be to advise with regard to the best methods of treating, transporting, and caring for animals, and of providing against the spread of ee~~ntagiou~~o said diseases; he is also authorised to employ an agent in each State and Territory, whose duty it shall be to collect all facts and statistics belonging to the animal industry, and to the diseases of animals in such State or Territory, and report to the Commissioner of Agriculture. The compensation of said commis�sioners, agents, and of the members of the National Board of Health while employed in this service shall be at the rate of not more than ten dollars per diem, with all necessary travelling expenses while engaged in the performance of their duty under this Act. The salary of the chief of bureau shall be three thousand dollars per annum ; and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint a clerk for said bureau with a salary of two thousand dollars per annum.

Sec. 2. That in order to promote the exportation of eattle live stock from the United States the Commissioner of Agriculture, through said chief of bureau, shall make special investigation as to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia, or any contagious or communicable disease, along the dividing line between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, and along the lines of transportation from all parts of the United States to ports from which eattle live stock are exported, and make report of the results of such investigation to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall establish such regulations concerning the exportation and transportation, of ~~outtlo~~ live stock as the results of said investigation may require.

Sec. 3. That the Commissioner of Agriculture, through said chief of bureau, ~~acting witb~~-4be .IS}._a4.tlt;^_wd-44etw4-laquo;f--l4*aW* and the commissioners provided for in section one of this Act, when deemed necessary, shall co-operate with and aid State and municipal authorities, and corporations and persons engaged in the transportation of laquo;eat-~~onttlo~~ live stock, by land or water, in establishing regulations for the safe e~~oHveyuHco~~ transportation of such ~~cattle~~ stock from the interior to the

CORRESPONDENCE.

seaboard, and the shipment thereof, so that such ~~oattl~~e stock may not be exposed to ami dlsOOSOj and shall also co-operate with State and municipal authorities in the suppression of laquo;4 laquo;-tl4serttTe .said diseases by aiding in carrying into effect their laws and regulations, by advising or assisting them in establishing regulations for the isolation of any cattle suspected of having t^-diseHKe said diseases and the slftughtor of those ascertained to be so diseased, and shall provide, hi/the appointment of inspectors, tobe approved by the National Board of Health, for the inspection of all cattle passing from the United States or shipped for exportation to a foreign country, and for giving proper certificates of health. But the provisions of this Act shall not apply to cattle shipped from the Gulf States, or any of them, to the West India Islands.

Seo. 4. That ~~whono~~vop-~~tho Commisuionor~~-of ~~AgrioulturO) uoting in tho mmmor proooribc~~'~~d in~~

rlaquo;.wraquo;^wYraquo;raquo; *-l^Mf-wv j-^4- lt;-l^in A .rraquo;raquo; nKlaquo;^ll *^nA t-\r\f%l- 111 i-\im s-l in rt vw t j WAff | fraquo; r V,^%* lt;quot; 1 II M I'f 1 111quot;1 II lt;quot;^v 'l tquot;') t I lt; ^ I 1 fnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;\\ i^ UllJtM #9632;#9632;'Hwvn*

tbe-fttets-te the Secretary of the Treasury, ~~whouo duty~~ *fe shall be-te establish quarantine stations at such ports or other points as may be necessary for any eattle live stock, that may be imported from foreign countries, and may establish and carry into effect such regulations, consistent with State laws, as may be necessary to prevent the spread of the-~~diBonse~~ said diseases by importations from abroad ; and he is authorised to employ officers of tho Customs and vessels of the Revenue Marine Service in carrying out and enforcing such regulations.

Sec. 5. That it shall be unlawful to import or introduce into the United States from foreign countries, or into one State, Territory, or District from another State, Territory, or District, or to sell or offer for sale any domestic animal affected Avith fta-~~infootiou~~s-ef-eert-ttgk^Hs-disenso such diseases, or has been exposed presumably thereto, except in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations adopted in pursuance thereof.

.laquo;T-afl-t *-|-raquo;^-v lV' i\raquo;raquo; j-\raquo;An I P^�mfl ^-v4- l-lj-ml*-!* fgt;raquo;-gt;y-| raquo;l-w^ j-wx^yy raquo;v^ii-..-. 1/vi wn'L' '^ quot;^J^ raquo; ^r ' ^ I f * M tV 11* 111 fill'quot;? Af'fufO L'I #9632; 1 \j i #9632;� I n 4 j . gt; w I t\l I raquo;-v-fc J^^I^HfOP raquo;-J-fM 4-lraquo;y-^ !-#9632;#9632;#9632;-raquo; raquo;-\raquo;-vMfvrraquo;iTi^-*�^ j-v-t- -t-n #9830;Ot j-gt;*-i j vraquo; #9632; f. Q n f\ t tj \ raquo;-iflaquo;y ivi * ii II'__fl I fc* Jt'l t^M i~\\nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;flf^lllOrtquot;lft'lff'fl ftlllUl'lK'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'lltl^-!

tilt inT?Ftl3Lllcwnjr tuu uuLiiJruyLj'HJW^ji riinjTJi:X\./iiij^�itiiu~iJiJritiiti!iWLi.j irraTrrtcr^cr \.fi ccvrxrwiwrocvwd iTrtrirrrrinj�ni'Hi.

to-~~druught auoh ruloo and regulations ao they deem aeeesswy fb~~f-~~u !i))OGdy~~-s~~u[gt;prL~~'!J!j~~i()ii e^-s~~aid

XJftOvVfWO � HIlvC 15111U.niH^U UllU. r^KTlTOCHJlIL) Ollltll TTv?^-IJquot;1 lJHi�H Ulr^lll^ t,L I i III IIV. k,- Dw RXv ^7TTT7C^CTTrTX. KTl I rilv/rTrTr

ef-the-~~Stato~~-ef-~~Torritory~~-~~whoroin~~-satd-~~disoaooo~~-~~prGvail~~. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Ayriculture, throuyh said chief of bureau, in connection with the National Board of Health, to prepare such rules and regulations as they may deem necessary for the speedy and effectual suppressum and extirpation of said diseases, and to certify such rules and regulations to the executive authority of eaeh\State and Territory ; and whenever any State or Territory shall accept the same, then it shall be the further duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture, through the said chief of bureau, and the commissioners and. agents authorised by this Act, in connection with the National Board of Health, to assist in such State or Territory in the execution of such rules and regulatmis.

Seo. 7. That when the Commissioner of Agriculture is notified by the executive ^rof the any State or Territory of the acceptance of said rules and regulations, such sum. as may be deemed necessary for the purchase and slaughter of all diseased or infected animals, or animals suspected of disease, in the State or Territory in which the outbreak has occurred shall be awarded from the fund herein-after appropriated for this purpose : Provided, however. That a sum not exceeding two-thirds the market value of a healthy animal shall be allowed for an infected or diseased one, and a sum not exceeding one hundred-dollars may be paid in special cases, but no animal shall be considered of special value unless he be purely bred, and the pedigree found duly recorded in a well-established herd-book: Provided further. That should the first award not be sufficient for the complete eradication of the disease in said State, an additional sum may be allowed ; and should tho first award prove larger than necessary, the unexpended balance shall be covered into the general fund.

Sec. 8. That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall report to the President of the United States whenever he finds any place therein is dangerously infected with a-ee~~ntagi~~elaquo;raquo; any such disease among domestic animals; and that upon the official publication by the President of such report the removal or transportation of animals susceptible to said diseases from said place into another State, Territory, or District shall be unlawful, except in so far as such removals shall be made in accordance with the rules and regulations for which provision is made in section six of this Act.

Sec. 9. That to meet the expenses that may be incurred in carrying out the provisions of this Act the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, to be immediately available, is hereby appropriated, out of any money remaining in the Treasury and not otherwise appropriated, to be disbursed under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, mj�o s�a?/ annually report to Congress his proceedings under this Act, with an itemised account of expenditures.

Sao. 10. That any person, company, or corporation ba~~ving~~-ee~~ntrol~~-6�ef-ti^e-a~~iiimn~~lH-~~afl'oc'tod~~-w44-b eraquo;y-B~~ontngiouH~~-ef-~~infootiouQ~~-~~disoaQO~~ who shall knowingly violate the provisions of this Actj-ttwd-tl e f~~ulc�~~-and-fe~~gulations~~-~~madc~~ ia-~~pursunnoo~~-~~thoroof)~~ shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and upon convic�tion, shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred nor more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both fine and imprisonment.

Sec. 11. That it shall be the duty of the several United States district attorneys to prosecute all violations of this Act which shall be brought to their notice or knowledge by any person making tho complaint; and the same shall be heard before any district or circuit court of the United Statelaquo; holden within the district in which tho violation of this Act has been committed, or the person or corporation resides, or carries on or has his or ifa place of business.

B 2

COllRKSPONDENCE.

I. *

Enclosure 2 in No. 9.

4Gth Congress, 3rd Session. S. 1893.

Ju the Skn^ rjo of the United States, December 13, 1880. consent, obtained leave to bring in the following Bill,

Mr. Rollins asked, and, by unauimous which was road twice and referred to the

| 11

Coinmittee on Agriculture.

A Hill for the suppression and prevention of the Pleuro-pneuiuonia in neat Cattle.

lie it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States at America in Congress assembled, that there shall bo established a national commission for the suppression and prevention of pleuru-pueumonia in neat cattle, which shall be known as the National Cattle Commis�sion, to consist of live members, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and whose compensation during the time when actually engaged in their duties under this Act shall be ten dollars each per diem and actual necessary expenses. Such commission shall meet in Washington within thirty days after the passage of this Act,*and in Washington or elsewhere from time to time, upon notice of the president of the commission, who shall be chosen by the members thereof, or upon its own adjournments, and shall form all rules and regulations authorised or required by this Act, and shall make or cause to bo made such special examinations and investigations at any place or places within the United States as they may deem best to aid in the execution of this Act and the promotion of its objects. The duties of the commission shall be to obtain information upon all matters relating to the disease in question ; to investigate all cases of the disease the existence of which shall bo reported to them ; to advise the several Departments of the Government, the executives of the several States, and the Commissioners of the District of Columbia on all questions relating to said disease submitted by them, or whenever, in tho opinion of the commission, such advice may tend to the prevention and suppression of said disease.

Sec. 2. That in order to promote the exportation of cattle from the United States to foreign countries, said commission shall make special investigation as to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia along tho dividing line between tho United States and the Dominion of Canada, and along the lines of transportation from all parts of the United States to ports from which cattle are exported, and make report of tho results of such investigation to the Secretary of the Treasury, under such regulations as he may prescribe.

Sec. 3. That said commission shall co-operate with and aid State and municipal authorities and cor�porations and persons engaged in the transportation of neat cattle, by land or water, in establishing regulations for the safe conveyance of such cattle from the interior to the seaboard, and the shipment thereof, so that such cattle may not be exposed to said disease. Said commission shall also co-operate with State and municipal authorities in the suppression of the disease by aiding in carrying into effect their laws and regulations, by advising or assisting them in establishing regulations for the isolation of any cattle suspected of having the disease, and the slaughter of those ascertained to be so diseased, and shall provide for the inspection of all cattle passing from the United States or shipped for expor�tation to a foreign country, and for giving proper certilicates of health.

Skc. 4. That said commission may establish quarantine stations at such ports or other points as may be necessary for any cattle that may be imported from foreign countries, and may establish and carry into effect such regulations consistent with State laws as may be necessary to prevent the spread of the disease by importation from abroad.

Sec. 5. That all regulations adopted by said commission shall be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, who is authorised to employ officers of Customs and vessels of the Revenue Marine Service to aid in carrying out such regulations.

Sec. C. That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorised, upon the nomination of said commission, to appoint a secretary of said commission, who shall act as disbursing agent thereof, and shall give bond, conformably to section one hundred and seventy-six of the Revised Statutes, for the faithful performance of his duties, and Avhose compensation shall benbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; dollars per annum and necessary

travelling expenses, which shall be in full for his services as secretary and disbursing officer ; and said commission is authorised, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to procure suitable offices in the city of Washington for the transaction of its business, and the necessary office furniture, stationery, and postage, payable out of such appropriation.

Sec. 8. That said commission may temporarily employ veterinary surgeons and such other assistants as the exigencies of each case may require, who shall be paid such compensation as shall be fixed by said commission, with their necessary travelling expenses from such appropriation.

Sec. 7. That to meet the expenses to be incurred in carrying into effect the provisions of this Act the sum ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Hollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any

money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be disbursed under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury on estimates to be made by said commission and to be approved by him. Said commission shall as often as quarterly make a full statement of its operations and expenditures under this Act to the Secretary of the Treasury, and shall make to the Secretary of the Treasury an annual report of its operations for transmission to Congress, with such recommendation as it may cleem of public interest.

raquo;

I-

COIUIESP�NDENCE.

No. 10. Lbtteh IVom the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL.

Foreign Office, March 7, 1881.

Enclosure in No. 10. (Tclogram.)

March 0, 1S31. CiNoiNNATr Chamber of Commerco denies Crump's report of Docomber last on hog cholera,* ami declares that the hogs of the whole West have been during last year singularly free from disease of all kinds.

No. 11.

Letteu from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 8. My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, March 7, 1881.

I received on the 4tli instant from Her Majesty's Consul General at New York a telegram, copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 1], to the effect that Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia had telegraphed to England that seven hundred thousand Ohio hogs had died of cholera, the consequence of which was a stagnation in the trade. I at once telegraphed to Captain Clipperton, asking whether there was any truth in the report. But at the same time it occurred to me that the rumour must refer to Mr. Acting Consul Crump's Sanitary Report to your Lordship, of December 21, 1880, an extract from which was published in quot; The Times quot; of the IQth ultimo. I therefore sent to Mr. Archibald the telegram of which a copy is enclosed [Enclosure 2], informing him that the statement with regard to the mortality in hogs was made in Mr. Crump's report, for which 1 presumed he had good grounds.

On the same day I received from Mr. Archibald the despatch, of which a copy is enclosed, and a telegram from Captain Clipperton, a copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosures 3 and 4], in which he states that the information was received from Chicago, and was based upon what was believed to be authority.

In the evening of the same day I received from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, the telegram, of which I enclose a copy [Enclosure 5], transmitting a resolution adopted by that Chamber, which refers to the report as to the mortality among Ohio hogs, and declares that it was unfounded, and that the hogs of the State of Ohio and of the whole of the West have for the past year been singularly free from disease of all kinds, and that the reports must have had their sole origin in mercenary motives.

I also enclose copy [Enclosure 6] of a letter from Messrs. Fowler amp; Co., of New York, upon the same subject.

To the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce I replied that the report of the Consul at Philadelphia, referred to hog cholera in Illinois, not in Ohio.

But, as their resolution declared that the whole of the West had been singularly free from disease of ail kinds, I thought it right to telegraph to your Lordship that statement.

At the same time I thought it right to address to Captain Clipperton the despatch, copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 7], in which I have stated that I think it desirable that the authority upon which Mr. Crump had made his report should be known, and requested him to inquire upon what data it was founded. This morning I received, from Mr. Evarts, the note, a copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 8], in which he states that the concurrent testimony of the authorities, both federal and State, of the Western States, leads his department to regard the rumour quot; as not only without good basis, but as absolutely false.quot;

In my'answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 9], I have stated that Mr. Crump's report referred to Illinois and not to Ohio, and that Her Majesty's Consul at

.41

* Sec Parliamentiiry Pftpel [C__^87] of 1881.

#9632;

CORRESPONDENCE.

Philadelphia had stated, in reply to a telegram from me, that there was good authority for the contents of that report.

March 8. I have this moment received from Captain Clipperton the despatch, of which and its enclosure I transmit a copy [Enclosures 10 and 11], in which he states that the information given by Mr. Crump was obtained direct from Illinois. In view of the charges made with regard to the incorrectness of the report, I think that Mr. Crump should furnish further details, and I shall request Captain Clipperton to direct him to

do so.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c. � Sec.

}

Enclosure 1 in No. 11. TELEGRAM to Sm Edward Thounton from Mr. Archibald, March 4, 1881. quot; Consul Clipperton is stated to cabled to England that seven hundred thousand Ohio hogs havo died of cholera. Trade consequently in stagnation. I am assured by members of Produce Exchange that reported cholera is unfounded.quot; quot; British merchants hero and at home demand immediate denial by cable.*'

Enclosure 2 in No. 11.

Telogram en clair.

Washington, March 5, 1881.

To E. M. Auchibald, Esq., C.B., Now York. Statement respecting seven hundred thousand Illinois hogs having died of hog cholera, was made in Mr. Crump's report of 21st December last, for which I presume he had good grounds.

(Signed) Edwd. Thornton.

Enclosure 3 in No. 11.

i #9632;

S_IRnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York, March 4, 1881.

I have the honour to report to you, that I was called upon by Messrs. Fowler Brothers, British merchants, here very largely engaged in the provision trade with the United Kingdom, who showed me a cablegram from their correspondents, Fowler Brothers, of Liverpool, as follows :�British Consul, Philadelphia, cabled 700,000 Ohio hogs died cholera.quot;

quot; Business since complete stagnation. Make thorough inquiry, enlist trade influence to get quot; Government to contradict officially, cabling promptly.quot;

On receipt of this information, Consul Edwards went with Mr. Fowler to the Produce Exchange, where he was introduced to several of the leading shippers of pork and other provisions, who assured him that there was no foundation for the cablegram attributed to the Consul at Philadelphia, and they could not believe any British Consul had sent such a telegram.

The merchants interested have been urgent with me to telegraph these circumstances to you, and to request that a denial of the statement said to have been cabled by the Consul at Philadelphia may be promptly telegraphed to England. I have accordingly just transmitted to you the following

message. (See Enclosure.)

I have, amp;c.

The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

(Signed) E. M. Archibald.

Enclosure 4 in No. 11. Telegram en clair.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Philadelphia, March 5, 1881.

To Sir Edwd. Thornton, British Legation, Washington. Crumi- reported in his Sanitary for December, that seven hundred thousand hogs died of cholera in Illinois in 1880, information from Chicago. The Trichina Spiralis was also in same report, and based on what is believed authority.�Clipperton.

Enclosure 5 in No. 11.

Telegram from tho Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce to Sir Edward Thornton, dated

March 5, 1881.

We have the honour to transmit the following resolution, unanimously adopted by tho Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce to-day:

Whereas it is currently reported that tho British Consul at Philadelphia has sent a despatch to England completely false in character, to the effect that 700,000 Ohio hogs have died from cholera:

CORRESPONDENCE.

Therefore resolved ; that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce hereby gives to the. ol�cial representa�tives of Great Britain in this country the most positive assurances that the hogs of the State of Ohio and of the whole West have been during the past year singularly free from disease of all kinds, and respectfully asks that the members of the Legation do take such action as will immediately correct the ett'oct of the reports which are calculated to inflict great damage on the provision trade of both United States and Great Britain, and which doubtless have had their sole origin in mercenary motives.

(Signed) Hkniiy C Urner, President.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J. H. Foote_; Secretary.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Sidney Maxwell, Superintendent.

Enclosure 6 in No. 11.

Dear Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17, Broadway, New York, March 4, 1881.

There has been a panic in England, and stagnation in the provision trade on accounts of reports emanating from France, and also from the United States, that on account of disease in the hogs In America the product was injurious to health.

The provision trade in England appointed Messrs. Fowler Bros., John Sinclair and Co., and John Hargraves, of Liverpool, a committee to investigate these reports, and after a careful inquiry, this committee was fully satisfied that there were no grounds for such reports, but the panic still continues among the British public on account of a despatch from the British Consul at Philadelphia saying that 700,000 hogs had died of Cholera in Illinois. We enclose copy of telegrams passed between us and your consul at Philadelphia on the subject.

It is of the utmost importance to the trade on both sides of the Atlantic that these reports should be officially contradicted immediately.

It is well known to all the trade that disease has been less prevalent among hogs this season than during any former year.

We shall be glad to give you any information you may require on this subject, as we represent tha largest interests in the American and English provision trades.

Yours, fee. To Sir Edwd. Thornton,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Fowler Brolaquo;.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Enclosure 7 in No. 11.

Sir,

Washington, March G, 1881.

I enclose copy of a telegram and a despatch I have received from Her Majesty's Consul General at New York [Enclosures 1 and 3], of a letter from Messrs. Fowler Brothers, of New York [Enclosure 6], and of a telegram from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce [Enclosure 6], all of which, though they speak of a telegram sent by you to England on the subject of hog cholera, evidently refer to the report made by Mr. Acting Consul Crump, on the 21st of December last. I cannot doubt that Mr. Crump's statements were made on good authority, and that he believed them to be true ; but under the circumstances of their being now contradicted, it is advisible that they should be known, and I have therefore to request you to inquire of him what data he had for making the report in question.

I am, amp;c. Captain Clipperton,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) E. Thornton.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Enclosure 8 in No, 11.

I have the honour to call your attention to the report which reaches this department that the Consul of Her Majesty at Philadelphia has recently cabled to his Grovornment that excessive mortality has prevailed among western swine during the past season, and that over 700,000 had died of hog-cholera in Ohio alone.

The injurious effects which such a statement could not fail to cause to a large and profitable branch of American industry, if substantiated, has led this Government to take the most active measures to investigate the truth of the rumour. The concurrent testimony of the authorities, both federal and state, of the Western States, covering all the districts where swine are raised for a market, leads this department to regard the rumour as not only without good basis, but as absolutely false. Neither infectious disease nor unusual mortality from epidemic causes are known to have prevailed during the past two years. On the contrary, I receive the most positive assurances from all sources that the condition of the hogs in the West was never healthier than during that period.

In view of the natural alarm caused by the unverified statements of the Consul at Philadelphia, and of the irreparable damage which may ensue to wide-spread interests without its immediate and positive contradiction, I hasten to bring the matter urgently to your attention, to the end that the denial of this hasty assertion may be so prompt and authoritative as to undo the harm already done.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir E. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Wm. M, Evarts.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

B 4

COl�iESP�N�ENCE.

Enclosure 9 in No. 11. Sui,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Washington, March 7, 1881.

With reference to your note of to-day's dato, I have tae honour to inform you that the state�ment to which you refer concerning the mortality among swine, must have arisen from a report which was made on the 21st December last by Mr. Crump, then Acting Consul at Philadelphia, and which was published at London in quot;The Timesquot; of the 19th ultimo. You will perceive that it refers to Illinois and not to Ohio. I have already made inquiry upon the subject by telegraph of Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia, who has informed me by the* same means that the statement was made upon good authority; but I expect to receive a further report from him to-morrow.

I have, amp;c. The Hon. William M. Evarts,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. Thornton.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

�

Enclosure 10 in No. 11.

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch No. 6 dated yesterday, with its enclosures, relative to the emotion created in Now York and Cincinnati by Mr. Acting Consul Crump's despatch of the 21st December last, on the subject of hog cholera.

I now beg to enclose a copy of a memorandum which I gave to a committee from the New York Produce Exchange, who attended at this Consulate to-day on the same matter.

I have amp;c. (Signed) Rout. Chas. Cuppehton, The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

iik¹

Enclosure 11 in No. 11. Memorandum Fuumished to Committee of the New York Exchange, March 7, 1881.

The reports of the mortality among swine in the State of Illinois in the year 1880, as furnished the British Government by the Acting Consul at Philadelphia in his Sanitary Despatch of December last, and said to amount to 700,000 head, was obtained by tho Acting Consul direct from Illinois. Should the figures quoted prove to be an error, Captain Clipperton, Her Majesty's Consul, will at once make the necessary correction.

It is believed that the mortality in 1880 was no greater than it was in 1879 in the State of Illinois.

: '

No. 12.

Letter from the CLERK OP THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE.

Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office,

44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W.,

Sir,

March 10, 1881.

Referring to Mr. Crump's despatch (with enclosure) of the 21st December last, and to Sir Edward Thornton's telegram of the 6th instant, relating to hog cholera in Illinois, I am directed by the Lords of the Council to request that you will have the goodness to move Earl Granville to cause inquiry to be made of Mr. Crump as to the grounds for his statement that during the past year 700,000 head of swine died in Illinois of hog cholera.

I beg to return Mr. Crump's despatch.

I am, amp;c. The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) C. L. PEEL.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c. amp;c.

Foreign Office.

No. 13. LETTER from Sir E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 9. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Washington, March 11, 1881.

With reference to my despatch No. 8 of this series, and of the 7th instant, in which I transmitted copy of a despatch which I had received from Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia relative to hog cholera in Illinois, and stated that I intended to

I ,i

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17

request him to furnish further details, I have the honour to enclose copy of the

Despatch [Enclosure 1] which I addressed to him in that sense, and of his answer

i i

i r

[Enclosure 2]. In the latter Captain Clipperton states plainly that the report of 700,000 hogs having died of cholera in Illinois in 18H0, was sent by the British Vice-Consul at Chicago.

Mr. Crump does not himself appear to have had access to any statistics from Illinois, but to have relied on the information given him by Mr. Warrack. I therefore thought it right to address a further despatch to Captain Clipperton, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 3] instructing him to call upen Mr. Warrack to give the basis of of calculation, and the authorities upon which he relied.

This morning I received a further communication from Captain Clipperton, copy of which is also enclosed, transmitting newspaper articles [Enclosures 4, 5, and 6], and stating that persons interested in the hog trade desire to let the matter rest, lest it should appear that the mortality was really greater than they supposed. But in my answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 7] I have pointed out that, as doubt has been , raised as to the correctness of Mr. Crump's report, it is desirable that Mr. Warrack should state upon what he founded the information given by him.

On the evening of the 9th instant I received from Mr. Blaine the note of which I have the honour to enclose a copy [Enclosures 8, 9raquo; and 10] in which he expresses regret that that I should not yet have communicated a further report upon the subject from Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia. He again denies the truth of Mr. Crump's report, and expresses the opinion that he must have been imposed upon.

In mj answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 11] I have forwarded a copy of Captain Clipperton's despatch of the 9th instant, and have shown hitn that, although Mr. Crump's report may have been exaggerated, it was not wholly unfounded; for in the report of the Agricultural Department of Illinois, it is stated that the loss by disease among hogs during the year 1880, was 227,259 head.

Although there is no doubt that in some recent years, the loss among swine of the United States has been very great, I am inclined to think from what 1 hear, that, though still considerable, it has not been so great, taking the whole of the United States, during the year 1880, as in some previous years.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Enclosure 1 in No. 13.

I havk received your despatch No. 14, of yesterday's date, which is satisfactory as far as it goes ; but I bep; to state that, considering the charges which have been made by the United States Government, the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, and certain merchants, I think that Mr. Crump should furnish further details, and lot mo at least have the data upon which he founded his report, and the authority which supported them.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Enclosure 2 in No. Id.

Sie,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Philadelphia, March 9, 1881.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch No. 7, of the 8th instant, and with reference to your despatch No. 6, of the 6th instant, relating to Mr. Crump's Sanitary Report to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, for the month of December last, and in reply, to inform you that the report of about 700,000 hogs having died in the State of Illinois in the year 1880 was sent to him by the Vice-Consul stationed at Chicago.

Upon further inquiry upon this subject, I learn that the reports furnished the public are more or less of an estimated character, and should he accepted in that light. In the Report of the Agricultural Department of the State of Illinois for 1878, vol. 10, pp. .'577 and 8, under the head ofquot; HogCholera,quot; the number of hogs in the State is assessed at 3,334,920, and the losses by disease at 474,758 head or 14 per cent, of the whole stock, and the pecuniary loss laid down at #1,438,589. Volume 17, p. 383, of the same publication, quotes the number of hogs and pigs which died of cholera from May 1st 1878 to May 1st 1879 to have amounted to the ouormous figure of 1,391,422. In one county alone (Warren) 59,544 head died. At pages 544 and � the mortality to the 1st May 1880 is placed at 182,577. There appear to be no later published reports, at least, I have not been able to procure any.

When it is taken into consideration that hundreds of thousands of young pigs arc littered after the taking of the census (in April) amongst which there must be more or less mortality from swine disease,

U 67raquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Q

CORRESPONDENCE.

gt;#9632;

and that the figures are so very large, 1,391,422, for the previous year, it is not improbable that the numbor quoted for 1880, viz., 700,000, is very little, if any, in excess of the actual mortality.

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' .....' ............' '

1878, quot; annual

quot; animals throughout the United States annually aggregate the sum of ,$30,000,000 or more. As at quot; least two-thirds of this amount seem to be sustained in the loss of swine from affections which quot; appeared to be but little understood by the farmer and stock raiser, I regarded the subject of quot; sutlicient importance to call for an appropriation, fee. In addition to the saving of so vast an amount quot; of property, the health of our people demands the completion of this work, as it is a noteworthy but quot; lamentable fact, that many herds of hogs are shipped to the nearest markets, or slaughtered by the quot; owner for marketable purposes as soon as the disease makes its appearance among them.quot;

I have, amp;c.. The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Rout. Ciias. Cluterton,

fee.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul.

Iraquo;

#9632; �

Enclosure 3 of No. 13.

S_IRjnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, March 10, 1881.

I have received your despatch No. 15, of yesterday's date, and as it appears that the Vice-Consul at Chicago was the author of the statement that 700,000 head of swine had died of hog cholera durinquot;^- the vcar 1880, and as this has been so positively defied by the United States authorities, 1 think that you should at once call upon Mr. Warrack to give you the basis of his calculation and the authorities on which he has relied.

In the quot;Illinois Crops for 1880,quot; issued by the Illinois Department of Agriculture, it is stated at p. 35 that the loss of hogs by disease during that year was 227,259. It is very possible that the number was understated, because from various motives farmers frequently endeavour to conceal the numbers of their losses ; but, no one supposes that the loss can have exceeded 300,000, which is very different from the numbor given by Mr. Warrack.

It is stated in the document above-mentioned, at page 79, that the number 227,259, is an increase of 44,682 head over the loss in 1879.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Enclosure 4 of No. 13.

til

i '#9632; #9632;#9632;

gutnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Philadelphia, March 10, 1881.

With reference to my despatch No. 15, of yesterday, I beg again to refer to the matter of

quot; hog cholera.quot;

The quot; Times quot; of this city published yesterday a leading article with reference to the issue of a document to Foreign Grovernments by the State Department at Washington, a copy of which I herewith enclose. I also enclose a statement published in the quot; Public Record,quot; telegraphed from

Washington.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

I am informed that the persons interested in the hog trade are desirous of letting the matter rest rather than ask for a thorough investigation to be made in the State of Illinois, as, if it is decided to have one, the result may prove quite different to what is _ so strongly alleged by the Produce Exchanges, i.e., the pork dealers in New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Chicago, Indianopolis, Cleveland, and other centres.

It appears that some of the Chicago Committee have been to Springfield, Illinois, and it is not unlikely that the statistics they discovered there have satisfied them that there is and has been a great mortality among hogs in the State.

I believe that so far as the reports are concerned they are bona fide statements prepared from documents and evidence, of which there can be no suspicion, and I feel sure that should an investi�gation be made, and the figures given are found to be incorrect, the fault will not be attached to this Consulate but to the statistics from which these reports have been prepared.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Rout. Ciias. Cliitkiiton.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Enclosure 5 of No. 13. Extract from the quot; Philauklphia Times,quot; of March 9, 1881. Lawveii Evauts found resolution during the last days of his tenure to send out a document to Foreign Governments that his department, having examined the hogs of the West, found them full of healthful fat and no si^ns of trichina spiralis. How rash a statement this is any fanner from Maine to Iowa could tell Lawyer Evarts. The fact is that the trichina parasite is as inseparable from pork as his bristles. Medical science does not leave a loophole for dispute on this point. The Foreign Govern�ments that have forbidden hog importation know perfectly well that lush flesh of swine cannot resist the intrusion of these hideous parasites, and the edict against pork is not probably against the trichina so much as against the fetid preparations of the flesh sent out by greedy speculators in the West, who think more of the temporary profits of the day than the permanent traflic which an honest article would build up. Hog flesh .can be made perfectly safe for those who care to eat it by thoroughly

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19

cooking it. SulHeiently boiled the most active principle of trichinoisis is destroyed and the parasite rendered as innocuous as the active principle which makes water under a glass a microcosm of in�credibly active vitalism. Prepared moats in scores of forms are exported and devoured in Europe, whore live meat is a luxury if not a rarity, save among the very rich. Therefore, the policy of tnis country should be to send abroad articles of unimpeachable purity. At best, the Continental nations import with reluctance, and the Clovernments which bold the American protociivo system in abhor�rence naturally seize every opportunity that comes to hand to discourage trade upon terms so unequal. This sentiment has found expression in France in the discussions of tho Assombly. As to the tricliina outbreak, the French Academy of Medicine has virtually sanctioned the theory of tho celebrated Dr. Declat, which assigns all disease to the presence of a parasite. This physician, after tho application of a life devoted to the study of the germ or atomic theory in disease, has given tho most startling evidences of the probability of this claim. A more fascinating or terrible chapter is not to be found in pathology than the results of Declat's experiments. Every form of organism was in turn sub�mitted to his acute analysis and every form of life presented its peculiar and ineradicable parasite. Having found Avhat he demonstrated to the Academy the germinant source of disease, the doctor set to work to discover a force which should destroy the appetant life of the animal without at the same time injuring the sane tissue. This, he claims, has been accomplished by powerful mingling of carbolic acid with some unknown active agent, which in practice appears to have satisfied the Academy. Experiments on a disease so terrible as yellow fever havo shown that the doctor is not an empyric, and tests now going on by order of the French G overnment in its African and Indian possessions are awaited by the Medical Academy to crown the doctor's life-work. If this shall prove a panacea for human parasites, and it has been used with effect on dogs, and calves, and sheep, it may be made to strip tho lushious pork of its fermentative terrors and make it a dish lit for Jews as well as Gentiles.

Enclosure 6 of No. 13.

Extract from the *'Philadelphia Public Recoud quot; of March 10, 1881.

Washington, March 9.

The Secretary of State to-day addressed a note to the British Legation in Washington on the subject of the false reports sent by the Acting British Consul at Philadelphia in regard to tho prevalence of disease among the swine of the Western States. The Secretary reiterates the statements made in Mr. Evart's note of the 7th of March, that all the means of intonnation at tho resource of the department concur in showing the late publishod report as wholly without foundation, and sends copies of the resolutions of the Merchants Exchange of St. Louis and of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati explicitly denying tho reports of disease among swine, and showing that the condition of the stock in the States of Ohio and Illinois is exceptionally healthy. The statement of Mr. Crump in regard to the prevalence of disease in Ohio is emphatically and fully denied.

The Secretary of State sent also the substance of a communication received from the Secretary of the Treasury conveying an explicit denial of the report published in England, and asking that the character and source of the information on which Mr. Crump's despatch was based be ascertained. In answer to the British Minister's statement that the Consul at Philadelphia made his report upon what appeared to be good authority, the Secretary of State says that all this Government can learn, after searching inquiry, leads irresistibly to the conclusion that the good faith of Her Majesty's representa�tive at Philadelphia has been imposed upon by designing speculators to their own selfish interests and the incalculable inj ury of legitimate commerce.

The Secretary further expresses his trust that the British Minister will concur with him in the opinion that no steps can be too urgent or too imperative to overtake and contradict this false state�ment, and that this Goverrinaent confidently looks to Hor Majesty's Legation for an authoritative denial.

New York, March 9.

A meeting of the provision trade was held this afternoon at the Produce Exchange to consider the hog cholera scare. The chair was filled by Mr. F, H. Parker, who in a speech said that the exports of hog products rank third in importance in this country, exceeding 1,300,000,000 pounds in quantity and ,$100,000,000 in value. quot;On Saturday.quot; he said, quot;we were enabled to cable to our correspon-** dents at Liverpool contradicting and disproving the alarming reports on the authority of Commis-quot; sioner of Agriculture Le Due, and to assure all interested in foreign countries that they could quot; consume the products of the hog inanufacturod in this country with impunity. I desire to add that quot; to the British Consul General Archibald and Vice-Consul Edwards, of this city, avo are under many quot; obligations for thoir hearty assistance and co-operation,quot;

During 1879 the exports of hog products to ail parts of the world from the United States aggre�gated 1,181,892,;}! 8 lbs., valued at ^77,356,947. This trade had increased to 1,326,157,330 lbs. in 1880, valued at ^100,798,914. The exports to the United Kingdom of Groat Britain alone during 1880 aggregated 670,890,839 lbs., worth on the market ^50,432,786.

The report of the committee sent to Philadelphia to confer with tho British Consul there, consisting of Messrs. Orr, Fowler, and Sinclair, was then presented and read to tho meeting.

Enclosure 7 of No. 13.

I havk received vpur Despatch No. 16 of tho 10th instant, and in reply beg to state that the question with regard to hog cholera is not as to what the persons who are interested in the trade in this country may happen to wish. The question is as to the doubt of the correctness of the reports made by Her Majesty's Consulate, for which in this instance the Vice-Consul at Chicago seems to be

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CORRESPONDENCE.

responsible, I have given you the loss, as stated in a statistical document prepared at Springfield, Illinois, of 227,259 from all diseases during 1880, -which is very different from 700,000 from hog cholera given by Mr. Warrack, and I must repeat that you should call upon Mr. Warrack to report to you for my information what wore the statistics upon which he founded his statement

Captain Clipperton, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c, amp;iC.

I am,

(Signed)

amp;c.

Thornton.

Enclosure 8 in No. 13.

Sir,

Department of State, Washington, March 9, 1881.

if^;

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 7th instant, addressed to my

f )redocossor in response to his note of the same day to you on the subject of the alleged prevalence of log cholera in the Western States. While most fully appreciating your promptness and courtesy in taking such energetic steps to investigate the authority for the strange announcement made by Mr. Crump, late Acting Consul of Her Majesty at Philadelphia. 1 regret that the further report on the subject looked for by you from the Consul at Philadelphia should not have yet been communicated to this Department, in view of the urgency of the matter.

Confirming the statement in Mr. Evart's note of the 7th, that all means of information at the resource of the Department concurred in showing the late published report as wholly without foundation, I hasten to transmit copies of resolutions of the Merchant's Exchange of St. Louis, and of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati. The latter explicit denial, as you will perceive, covers the State of Ohio to which, as you remark, Mr. Crump's statement refers, and not to the State of Illinois.

I am also, to-day, in receipt of a communication from my colleague, the Secretary of the Treasury, conveying explicit denial of the report published in the quot; Times,quot; and asking that the character and source of the information on which Mr. Crump's despatch was based be ascertained. It may be that, as stated in the telegram you have received from the Consulate at Philadelphia, credence has been given to what appeared to be quot; good authority ;quot; but all this Government can learn, after searching inquiry, leads irresistibly to the conclusion that the good faith of Her Majesty's representative at Philadelphia has been imposed upon by designing speculators, in their own selfish interests and to the incalculable injury of legitimate commerce.

Should this be so, I trust you will concur with me that no steps can be too urgent or imperative to overtake and contradict this false statement, and that this Government cannot too confidently look to Her Majesty's Legation for an authorative denial thereof.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) James G. Elaine.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;cnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Enclosures :

1.nbsp; Resolution of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange.

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;., Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce.

ii:,

Enclosure 9 of No. 13.

St. Louis, March 7, 1881. The Board of Directors of the Merchants Exchange of St Louis to-day adopted the following:� Whereas a report has been made public to the eftect that a disease of a malignant character is prevalent among the swine of this country, tending to intimidate foreign and local buyers of the product, and whereas all experience and knowledge of this year's packing warrant the opinion that never before in tho annals of the pork-packing trade was there comparatively less disease among swine, or less cause for apprehension on the part of the consumer than at present; therefore resolved that in the opinion of the Directors of the Merchants Exchange of St. Louis, the alarm caused by said reports is entirely without foundation, and the assurance is given that the hog product of this season is more free from disease, and more healthful generally than ever before.

(Signed) Michael McEnnis, President.

Enclosure 10 in No. 13.

Cincinnati, March �, 1881. The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce to-day unanimously adopted the following resolution:� Whereas it is currently reported that the British Consul at Philadelphia has sent a despatch to England completely false in character, to the effect that 700,000 hogs have died from cholera ; therefore resolved, that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce hereby gives to the official representa�tives of Groat Britain in this country, its most positive assurance that the hogs of the State of Ohio, and of the wholo West, have been during the past year singularly free from disease of all kinds, and respectfully asks the members of the Legation to take such action as would immediately correct the effect of the reports which are calculated to inflict great damage on the provision trade of both the United States and Great Britain, and which doubtless have had their sole origin in mercenary motives.

(Signed) Henry C. Uiiner, President. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; J. H. Foote, Secretary.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Sidney D. Maxwell, Superintendent.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Enclosure 11 in No. 13.

Sin,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Washington, March 10, 1881.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of yesterday's date, upon the suhject of tho report made by the Acting Consul at Philadelphia concerning hog cholera. As there still seems to be a misunderstanding, I am obliged to repeat that the report in question referred to Illinois and not to Ohio.

A soon as I heard of the alleged incorrectness of the statements made by Mr. Crump, I directed Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia to inquire into the matter, and to inform me upon what authority the assertion was made that 700,000 hogs had died in Illinois during the year 1880.

Captain Clipperton replied first by telegraph, and then by post, that the report was made on good authority from Chicago. I was not satisfied with this explanation, and called for further details. I have now the honour to enclose copy of a letter which I have just received from Captain Clipperton. [Enclosure 2 in No. 13.]

In the meantime I have had access to a pamphlet entitled quot;Illinois Crops for 1880,quot; published by the Illinois Department of Agriculture, from which it appears that the loss of hogs by disease in Illinois during 1880 was 227,259. It is evident therefore that Mr. Crump's report of the loss was greatly exaggerated, though in view of the loss above-mentioned it can hardly be said that it is wholly without foundation.

I received on Saturday night the resolution of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, of which a copy was enclosed in your note of yesterday. On Sunday morning, I despatched a telegram to Earl Granville, informing him that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce had denied Mr. Crump's report^ of December last, and declared that the hogs of the whole West have been during the last year singularly free from disease of all kinds.

I have, amp;c. The Hon. James G. Blaine,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Edward Thornton.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

I ui

No. 14.

Letter from the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL.

I have laid before Earl Granville, your letter of the 10th instant, and I am directed by his Lordship to state to you for the information of the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council that he has instructed Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia to ascertain from Mr. Crump the grounds on which the latter reported that 700,000 head of swine had died in Illinois of hog cholera.

I am, amp;c.

(Signed) JULIAN PAUNCEFOTE The Clerk of the Council, Veterinary Department.

No. 15.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at PORTLAND to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Portland, Maine,

A paragraph having to-day appeared in the newspapers of this town (of which I beg leave to enclose a copy extracted from the ^(l Portland Argus quot;) with reference to the excitement prevailing amongst British and other European importers of American meat, I have the honour to report to your Lordship that, upon my making inquiries at once into the truth of the report referred to in the enclosed newspaper extract, viz., that diseased carcases are shipped from this port, I find that there are no grounds whatever for the truth of such a statement.

The report in question may, however, perhaps have arisen from a fact lately quoted by an agricultural journal of the State of Maine (called the quot; Maine Farmer,quot;) tlie correct�ness of which has to-day been confirmed to me by a reliable authority, viz., that a short time ago a firm in the village of Castine, near Belfast, in Maine (engaged in preserving and exporting quot;cannedquot; meat and fish), exported a certain number of cases containing mutton in tins, which was found by the buyers to be of such inferior quality that the entire quantity was returned. My informant, however, states that this mutton was not sent to England, nor was it actually diseased; but it was unfit for human food, as it con�sisted merely in skin and bones.

I have, amp;c.

The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) William Ward.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

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#9632;

CORRESPONDENCE.

Enclosure in No. 15. Extuact from the quot;Portland Argusquot; Newspaper of March Uth, 1881.

New York, March 13th.

A London despatch says the statements from Chicago and New York contradicting reports of hog cholera appears in all the papers, but the mischief has been done, and it will be slow work to undo it. Several wholesale dealers in London say the scare has frightened away nearly all their custornors.

Stories are now appearing as to danger of eating American caunod meats. Tt is alleged that diseased animals are put up, and the statement is supported by quotation from a Maine farmer that diseased carcases are shipped from Portland.

it'

No. 16. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 3.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Philadelphia, March 21, 1881.

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that the sanitary condition of cattle in this Consular District is good, Avith the exception of a few cases of pleuro-pneumonia which have occurred in the small herds of dairy farmers near this city. The State Government inspector has placed the herds so afflicted in strict quarmitine, killing such as have taken the infection, burying the carcasses and re-imbursing the farmer at an average price of 6/. per head.

Pennsylvania would be entirely free from the disease were it not occasionally an infected animal is brought within its border from an adjoining State, especially Maryland, where young milch cows are sold in the open market.

Dr. Gadsden, the well-known veterinary surgeon, has recently addressed a letter to the quot; Fanners Journalquot; giving, three additional reasons why the United States Congress should enact a law for the total eradication of the disease, a copy of which I beg to enclose. Pleuro-pneumonia has not so far as investigation extends as yet reached the enormous herds of cattle in the Western States.

Alderney and other blooded stock recently imported by the Messrs. Heikness of this city to the value of 10,000?. is now undergoing the State quarantine of 90 days.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Enclosure in No. 16.

Eds. Fabmeb :�T quot;will give you at least three additional reasons why Congress should now be urged to pass a law to eradicate the disease known as quot; pleuro-pneumonia in cattle quot; from this country, where it does not belong.

1st. There has already been a loss to the sellers (breeders and dealers) in this country of over ^2,000,000, caused by the restriction placed on fat cattle by the British Government, (known as compulsory slaughter at the port of entry), which they will not remove until this Government stamps out the disease from the Atlantic or Eastern States, where it exists at the present time.

2d. There is now great danger of the spread of this contagious pleuro-pneumonia to the Western States from the infected dairy districts of New York and New Jersey, as thousands of calves were sent from New York cattle markets to the Chicago stock yards during the past five months, and there sold to the farmers for grazing purposes, as they were in poor condition.

3d. This State would now be entirely free from this disease if other States did not send us a fresh supply of diseased animals. All the late outbreaks have been traced directly to cattle that have arrived from Maryland; they have been placed in quarantine by the State authorities.

Now, sir, I must ask you to urge your readers to petition Congress to enact such laws (before it is too late) that will eradicate this disease from our land, or at least prevent its spread into the States not already infected.

Very respectfully, (Signed) John W. Gadsden, V. S.

CORRESPONDENCE,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 23

No. 17. Letter from Sm E. TIIOllNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 10. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, March 21st, 1881.

With reference to my despatch No; 9 of this series and of the 11 th instant, I have the honour to inform your Lordship that on the 19th instant, two gentlemen from Chicago, Mr. Atkinson and Mr: Fowler, called upon me for the purpose of giving me information with regard to hog cholera, which they thought might remove some of the objections which have recently been raised in England to the importation of American pork. They informed me that they were British subjects residing in Chicago, and that about half of the pork-packing trade was in their hands.

They complained of the effect which had been caused in England by Mr. Crump's Report of December 1880, stating that 700,000 head of swine had died of cholera in Illinois during the year 1880, and that trichinosis prevailed to a great extent among swine in that State. It was not so much of the incorrectness of that statement that these gentlemen complained, as that it was made to appear that there had been a sudden increase of hog cholera during the past year, whereas they claimed that throughout the United States there had been less disease than usual.

With regard to Mr. Crump's statement, they themselves showed me figures which convinced me that the Vice-Consul at Chicago, who had supplied Mr. Crump with the data upon which he founded his Report, had good grounds for those data, which he appeared to have extracted from the returns made by the Illinois Assessors. My visitors, however, asserted that these returns were incorrect. They maintained that the officials in question procured them for the purpose of deciding upon the amount of taxation; that the farmers were fully aware of their object, and always understated the number of swine they owned and overstated the number they had lost by disease and other causes. They

could not, however, but admit that Mr. Warrack was fully justified in the statements he

had derived from the returns of the Assessors, and that if they were incorrect, it was the latter who were to blame.

Messrs. Atkinson and Fowler further stated that it was impossible that hogs which had died of or were affected with cholera could be used for preserving or packing, because the flesh of such animals would immediately turn black, and they further declared that the authorities rigorously prohibited dead or diseased animals from being sent to the packing-establishments, and took care that they should be used only for being boiled down for lubricating grease and oil.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , vl

With regard to trichinosis, they said that it was a well-known fact that the trichinae were universally found when they did exist in what is here called the quot; tender loin,quot; being the under part of the ribs or fillet ; and that this part was never packed for exportation, but was always sold at home. 1 should doubt the certainty of the fact that trichina' are only found in that part of the animal; but everyone seems to admit the truth of their further statement that, when subjected to a certain amount of heat, the worm is destroyed and the meat is rendered safe as food.

�j

¹ #9632;,

Yesterday morning I received from Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia copy of a letter and its enclosure from the Vice-Consul at Chicago, giving the authority from which he had derived the data furnished to Mr. Crump, I have the honour to enclose copy of these documents [Enclosures 1, 2, and 3], which appear to me fully to justify the state�ments made by Mr. Warrack, and I have accordingly addressed to Mr. Blame a note, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 4], transmitting Mr. Warrack's explanations, and pointing out that, even if the returns of the Illinois Assessors are incorrect, no blame can attach to Mr. Warrack for appealing to and basing his calculations upon official documents such as those described above.

To show, however, how little these statistics are to be relied upon, T. enclose a statement [Enclosure 5] of the loss of swine by disease during the years 1877raquo; 1878, and 1879, as given on the one hand by the Agricultural Department of Illinois, and on the other hand as furnished to that Department by the Assessors of that State.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON.

The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

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CORRESPONDENCE.

Enclosure 1 in No 17.

I L

Extract from Sanitary, No. 4.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Philadelphia,

With reference to Mr. Crump's Sanitary Report of December Slst last, 1 beg to inform your Lordship that its publication in England occasioned severe comment in this country, and has, in some measure tended to cause a stoppage of a rise in the prices of pork, but has not, according to the best information at my command, occasioned a decline. The report was received from Mr. Vice-Consul Warrack, of Chicago. That gentleman has forwarded to this Consulate, under instructions from Sir Edward Thornton, the bases of his statement. Mr. Warrack says:�

quot; I bog to say that the statement, as forwarded by me to Philadelphia on 18th December last, quot; Avas founded on official documents in my possession, and other data as more particularly set forth quot; in the enclosed memorandum.quot;

I have deemed it my duly to continue the inquiry and lay before your Lordship the actual condition, so far as I have been able to learn it, of the diseases among swine in the State of Illinois, especially, and in the hog breeding States of the country in general. I have not confined my inquiries to the single year 1880, but have gone back for two or three previous years, and have used only the figures as published by the Illinois State Agricultural Society and the Reports of the Commission of Agriculture at Washington.

It is quite true that all statistical calculations upon the subject of diseases among animals are more or less approximate, as I am told there is no department of the Government, State, or National, devoted exclusively to this particular service. The figures are obtained by the Agricultural Depart�ment at Washington, and the agricultural societies of the respective States under much difficulty. Doubtless, selfish motives engender a tendency to withhold information that would prove very valuable to the public at large.

In volume 16 of the Transactions of the Department of Agriculture of Illinois for 1878, pages 377-8, under the head of quot; Hog cholera,quot; the number of hogs is assessed in Illinois at 3,334,920, and the loss by disease 474,758 head, or 14 per cent, of the entire stock. The pecuniary loss is laid at ,$1,438,589. In volume 17 for 1879, page 383, the number of hogs Avhich died of swine diseases is reported to have been 1,391,422, and the weight, at an average of 100 lbs. per head, 139,853,508 pounds, with a pecuniary loss of $1,438,589. In one county alone (Warren) 59,544 head perished.

�

Illinois Statk Depaktment of Agriculture.

it,.

raquo;if


		No. of Hors.	Value of Product.	Deaths by Diseases.	Pecuniary Losses.
	1877 -	2,961,366	22,738,881	1,445,268	$ 1,583,415	#9632;
	1878 -	3,334,920	16,724,384	1,391,422	1,438,589
.	1679 -	2,799,051	16,040,001	079,738	588,487
\	1880 -	3,133,557	22,137,401	raquo;227,259	raquo;937,293

Special Table of the Losses, Value, amp;c., of Deaths by quot; Hog Cholera,quot; in the State of

Illinois.

1^r'


�	No. of Hogs Assessed.	Per cent, died.	No. Died.	Average Weight.	Value.
1876nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1877nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1878nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1879nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1880nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -	2,665,935 2,961,366 8,834,920 2,799,051 3,133,557	17 12 14 6 7	452,208 358,844 474,758 182,577 t227,259	103 104 108 98 104	* 1,577,012 1,853,415 1,438,589 588,487 937,293
Average	2,978,965	12	339,129	103	1,224,759

It would appear that these figures for the year (ending May 1st) do not take into account the fact that hundreds of thousands are littered after the month of April, among which there is more or loss mortality by swine disease. In Circular No. 70, page 79, issued August 20th, 1880, the report continues :

quot; The loss to the farmers of the State resulting from so-called 'hog cholera' the last five years has quot; averaged nearly a million and a quarter of dollars (^1,224,759). The number of hogs reported quot; as having died the past season from disease is 227,259 head, an increase of 44,G82 head over 1879.

* Applies to dciiths by quot; hog cholera quot; only.

1 Fourteen couutics out of 102 did not render any returns of deaths by hog cholera. It is distustuful (o many hog breeders to 7laquo;port the number of deaths by this disease.

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;25

The value of hogs lost in 1880 is ,^937,293, or $548,806 more than last season. The amount of loss quot; the farmers have sustained during the last five years from so-called ' hog cholera ' is ,$6,123,796, a quot; sum that would pay off the mortgages on more than a thousand farms and largely add to the quot; material prosperity of the State.quot;

That quot; hog cholera quot; exists and has for some years existed in this country there would appear to bo no doubt. Mr. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture of the United States Government, refers to the matter in his Report for the year 1878, pages 24-5, in the following language :�quot; During the past 20 quot; years, or moro, the spread of infectious and contagious diseases among domesticated animals in this quot; country has been very rapid and unceasingly malignant and destructive. So widespread and fatal quot; had many of them become that I determined a year ago or more to institute a preliminary investiga-quot; tion looking to a discovery of the cause and a remedy for some of the more virulent and dftstruotive quot; of these maladies (p. 24, Agr. Rep. for 1878). For less than half the territory of the United States quot; they show annual losses amounting to ^10,091,483 in swine alone. These figures indicate that the quot; losses of farm animals throughout the United States annually amount to the sum of ^30,000,000 quot; or more. As at least two thirds of this amount (^20,000,000) seemed to be sustained in the loss of quot; swine from affections which appear to be but little understood by the farmer and stock raiser. I quot; regarded the subject of sufficient importance to call for an appropriation, etc. In addition to the quot; saving of so vast an amount of property the health of our people demands the completion of this quot; work. As it is a noteworthy but lamentable fact that many herds of hogs are shipped to the quot; nearest market, or are slaughtered by the owner for marketable purposes as soon as disease makes quot; its appearance among them (pp. 24-5 Report for 1878).quot;

A circular from the Agricultural Department of Illinois, No. 51, dated Springfield, December 3rd, says :�

quot; The so-called hog cholera involves such a large annual loss on the produce of the State as to quot; seriously cripple the efforts of the largest class of our citizens, who are not in a condition to sustain quot; such enormous drafts upon the small margin of profits received under the most favourable conditions quot; from the farm. The extent of the loss each year to the farmers of Illinois can only be estimated, as ^u the larger proportion of the losses sustained by diseases among swine is not reported. To avert tiio quot; serious loss and ruin in many instances resulting from hog cholera, many more of our farmers will be quot; compelled to abandon the breeding and feeding of swine until some remedy or preventive is discovered. quot; The disposal at a fair profit of surplus corn, heretofore fed to hogs, will then be a difficult problem to quot; solve.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A

With reference to the contagious character of the disease known as quot; hog cholera,quot; Dr. Detmers, the Veterinary Surgeon of the United States Agricultural Department, states :�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'I

quot; The contagion or the infectious principle is and has been disseminated through the whole countrj'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; t't

quot; in a wholesale manner, as I shall show immediately. Champaign, 111.: I stopped at the Doane

quot; House, a hotel belonging to the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and constituting also the railroad quot; depot. Every night car loads of diseased hogs destined for Chicago passed my window. Only a quot; very short time ago, on one of the last days of October, a farmer, J. T. M., living near Tolono, sold quot; 67 hogs (some, if not all of them, diseased, and a few of them already in a dying condition) for two

quot; cents, a pound to be shipped to Chicago. I could cite numerous instances, but I think it is not

quot; necessary, because these facts are known to everyone where swine-plague is prevailing. Besides, quot; in every little town in the neighbourhood of which cases of swine-plague are of frequent quot; occurrence, there is a rendering establishment to which dead hogs are brought. These establish-quot; ments pay one cent, a pound, and the farmers have their dead hogs sent sometimes 10 or 15 miles quot; in open wagons past farms, barns, and hog lots, and disseminate thereby the germs of the disease quot; through the whole country. The transportation of dead hogs by wagon I admit might be stopped quot; by State laws; but these prove usually to be ineffective where railroad companies (interstate and quot; international traffic) are concerned.quot;

Dr. Detmers throughout his report demonstrates the fact quot; that swine-plague or * hog cholera' is an quot; infectious and contagious malady, and that it is easily communicated from one animal to another by quot; direct inoculation, by way, or food, and drinking water, and that a fluid so innocent as milk will quot; produce the disease with just as much certainty as an inoculation with pulmonal exudation from a quot; diseased or dead hog, and that the contagion is transmitted from herd to herd, and from farm to quot; farm.quot; (Special Report of the Department of Agriculture, No. 22 of the year 1880.)

Mr. Robert Hudson, in Oquawka, has made the following statement:�quot; I have a farm on the banks quot; of Henderson River, and last year kept quite a herd of hogs ; one morning I found lodged at my quot; hog-lot which joins the river, a dead hog, which had come down stream and had probably been quot; thrown in some distance above. My hogs discovered it earlier than I, and were feeding on the quot; carcase when I came. Ten days later they commenced to die; my loss amounted to fully ^1,500.quot; (Special Report Agricultural Department No, 22 of 1880.)

quot; On Mr. Miller's farm near Prairieville, Illinois, in the year 1877, in a herd of 240, no less than quot; 237 died. The disease soon spread from this farm in all directions in 1878. Mr. Miller having three quot; hogs left bought 32. These commenced to die at the rate of one, two, and three a day. Another quot; farmer, Patrick.Murphy, near Gap Grovo, had 10 hogs. They took the disease, and rapidly died quot; off. The disease spread around his place. A neighbour named Hadeler lost 100 head, and saved quot; nine.quot; (Special Report No. 22 of 1880.)

quot; A radical extermination is the only thing that wiU be effective unless it can be proved that a quot; spontaneous development is taking place or can take place within the borders of the United States, � quot; Fortunately, the low temperature of the winters in our principal pork-producing States facilitates quot; a stamping out if undertaken at the proper time, in winter and spring, because a low temperature quot; (frost), and especially snow interrupts very essentially the diseased germs and the spreading of quot; the disease. Jiut the measures of extermination or stamping out must be thorough. Anything quot; undecided, doubting, hesitating, or wavering, and fraternizing will be of no avail, but wdl only tend to quot; prolone the existence of the plague and increase the cost. Although not called upon to propose any quot; law or legislation, I consider it my duty to lay before you a plan which, if executed, wdl lead to a

11 679.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; J)

CORRESPONDENCE.

, )#9632;#9632;

quot; prompt and ellectivo suppression, and tho iinal extinction of that terrible plague which costs the quot; country every year many millions of dollars, and undermines the prosperity not only of individual quot; farmers but of whole States.quot; (Special Report No. 22 of 1880, p. 33.)

1 have, tamp;c. (Signed) Robt. Chas. Clippkrton,

H.M. Consul.

Ilaquo;

Enclosure 2 in No. 17.

1 iu:o to opknowledge the receipt of your despatch of 12tli, enclosing copy of one from Sir Edward Tbomton to you of lOth instant, and inquiring as to the bases on which 1 formed my calculations, amp;o., when reporting to Mr. Vice-Consul Crump on the mortality among swine in the State of Illinois in the year 1880, and in reply 1 beg to say that the statement as forwarded by me to Philadelphia on 18th December last was founded on official documents in my possession and other data as more particularly sot forth in the enclosed memorandum.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) J. Waiuiack,

British Vice-Consul.

Enclosure 3 in No. 17.

Memorandum referred to in annexed Letter. Illinois Agricultural Department's Circular 70, dated 20th August 1880, and the latest available at date of my letter of 18th December 1880, states the number of hogs and pigs died of cholera as follows:�

1877.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1878.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1879.

1,445,268nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,391,422nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;676,738

These are the quot;figuresquot; returned by quot;Assessors.quot; Years 1878 and 1879 are verified by showing in detail the loss in each county, vide for 1878, page 383 of the 17th vol. Transactions of Depart�ments of Agriculture, Illinois, and for 1879, see page 107 of Circular 70. For the year 1878, 13 counties do not appear to have reported, and there are three missing in 1879. Tho numbers of hogs assessed per reports of Assessors, see page 50 of Circular 70, are in�

1879.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1880.

2,799,051nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3,133,557

At this date, 20th August 1880, the por-centage of deaths of the assessed hogs in 1880 had not been ascertained, but in Circular 72 of 31st December 1880, it is given as 6 per cent, in 1879 and 7 per cent, in 1880, and on page 80 of Circular 72, the following figures appear:�

i '#9632;#9632;

m ik

:,:


Year.	No. of IIors Assessed.	Per-Cent, Died.	No. Died.	AveraKO Weight.	Value.
1877nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1878nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 1879nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1880nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -	2,961,366 3,334,920 2,799,051 3,133,557	12 14 6 7	358,844 474,758 182,577 227,259	104 108 98 104	g 1,853,415 1,438,589 588,487 937,293

This shows an increase of 12 per cent, in the number of assessed hogs, and a further increase, viz., 1 per cent, in the rate per cent, of those which died. That there were more swine in Illinois in 1880 than in 1879 is corroborated by the following statistics taken for the regular quot;Board of Tradequot; Circular, issued daily from the best and most trustworthy sources accessible to the publishers.

�Receipts of hogs at Chicago for 10 months to 1st November Shipments, same period -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

1880.

-nbsp; nbsp; 5,222,495

-nbsp; nbsp; 1,285,993

1879.

4,888,309 1,509,840

Number packed, including city consumption, from 1st January to

Ist November 1880nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-.....3,936,502

Number packed from 1st November 1880 to 17th December 1880,

the date of my advice being 18th December .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 1,505,050

3,278,469 1,300,000

Total

5,441,502 4,578,469

Increase of hogs killed in Chicago from 1st January to 17th December 1880, 863,033 or 10 per cent.

* These arc not nil Illinois swine, but also come from adjoining states.

COURESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;27

The increase in the nuuibor assessed as reported by the State Assessors being the diileroiico between 2,799,05] for 1879 and 3,133,557 is 334,506 or 12 per cent.

It will bo observed that the figures dealt with by the parties interested in attacking the accuracy of

Mr. Crump's Report, are the deaths of the assessed hogs, and thoy do not appear in any of their

#9830;

numerous published communications to refer to the figures as given by the only authorised Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; r

Assessors of Illinois, and published in the Illinois reports of the deaths of the total so-called quot; hog crop quot; of the State.

Something has been said by the parties who ignore the total deaths, to show that the light weights of the assessed hogs, say an average of 108 lbs. in 1878, 98 lbs. in 1879, and 104 lbs. in 1880, prove those to have been among young quot; shoats quot; and pigs, but turning to the reports of the Assessors as detailed on page 81 of Circular No. 70, dated 20th August 1880, we find that the gross weights of the quot; hogs and pigs which died of cholera,quot; and the number in the following years, are as under:�

1877.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1878.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1879.

quot; Number of hogs and pigs died of cholera quot; - 1,445,268nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,891,422nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 676,738

quot; Total gross weight of swine died of cholera quot; 106,949,832 139,853,508 49,326,591

These give average weights in these years ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 74 lbs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;100 lbs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;73 lbs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;'!

as against 108 lbs. and 98 lbs. already quoted as the average weight of the swine which died in these years (1878 and 1879) out of the assessed numbers.

The figures, 700,000, given by me was purposely put low, and was based mainly on the statistics as published, and also on the general information one gathers from dealers and farmers. Had the circular of 31st December 1880 been available at the time I reported, or rather had I reported after its issue instead of before, I would have made the loss at least 750,000, perhaps 800,000. For if a loss of 182,577 accrues in 1879 from a 6 per cent, rate on 2,799,051 assessed swine, and the total loss in the same year is 676,738, then it is clear that if the death rate in 1880 is 7 per cent, and the deaths of assessed hogs 227,259 out of 3,133,557, then the total deaths for 1880 of all the swine raised in the State will be about 842,000.

(Signed) J. Wabrack, Chicago, 16th March 1881.

Enclosure 4 in No. 17.

With reference to my note of the 10th instant, relating to the Report made by the Acting British Consul at Philadelphia in December last, I have the honour to inform you that as the state�ment that 700,000 head of swine had died in Iliinois, of cholera, during the year 1880 had been trans�mitted by the British Vice-Consul at Chicago, 1 instructed Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia to request that Vice-Consul to furnish the data and authority upon which he had founded the statement in question.

I have now the honour to transmit herewith copy of a letter and an accompanying memorandum sent by Mr. Warrack to Captain Clipperton, showing upon what authority the former made the state�ment which has given rise to so much bitter and even unjust comment.

You are doubtless aware that Her Majesty's Consular officers are in possession of peremptory instructions from Her Majesty's Government to make periodical reports of the sanitary condition of the domestic animals in this country, so many of which are now contributing towards the supply of food to the inhabitants of Her Majesty's Dominions. In performing this duty they naturally endeavour to obtain the most correct data, and I know not where they are so much justified in looking for them as in the statistics collected by the authorities, whether of the individual States, or of the United States. In this instance Mr. Warrack appeals to statistics collected and furnished to the Agricultural Department of Illinois by the Assessors of that State, and he shows that the statement which has been the subject of so much complaint is homo out by the figures given by the Assessors.

It is admitted by the Agricultural Department of Illinois that the loss of hogs quot;by disease in thatnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.[

State was greater in 1880 than in 1879. The Assessors declare that the number of pigs and hogs which died of cholera in 1879 was 676,738. It is therefore probable that Mr. Warrack, in stating that 700,000 had died in 1880 was rather under than over the mark.

It may be that the returns made by the Assessors were incorrect, and they are certainly not in accord with those published by the Agricultural Department of Illinois, but no blame can certainly attach to Mr. Warrack lor giving credit to the statements of such officials as the Assessors of Illinois.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

I have at the same time the honour to invite your attention to the report of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, page 24, where, in speaking of hog cholera, it is stated that quot; careful returns from correspondents of the department show these losses to be at present from quot; ^15,000,000 to ^20,000,000 annually.quot; It is added'that it is not unusual to receive intelligence from some of the large hog growing localities in the West that the losses in single counties will reach the largo sum of from ,$50,000 to ^80,000, and in some instances as high as ,5150,000 in one season, through the devastating operations of this disease.

I have, fee.

The Hon. James G. Blaine,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Euwu. Thornton

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

D 2

CORRESPONDENCE.

Enclosure 5 in No. 17. Statemknt.

1877.

1S78.

1870.

1880.

Bo{(8 laquo;lied of cholera nccording to the Agriculturul Deptirtmeut.

Hogs died of cholorn as returned by the AsKessors.

358,844 1,445,208

474,758

182,577

997(900

No return as yet.

1,391,422

676,038

m li

No 18.

Extract from Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at NEW YORK

to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 3.

British Consulate General, New York, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; March 31, 1881.

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since the date of my last Report (Sanitary, No. 2 of the 1st instant) I have not received any information in regard to further outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this Consular District.

A report appeared in one of the local papers of yesterday that a fatal disease had attacked the pigs in Ulster County in this State, but the nature of the disease is not stated. I will make inquiry in reference to this, and report further to your Lordship.

I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed, for your Lordship's information, copies of an editorial article which appears in the quot; New York Times quot; of this date, upon the subject of trichinae in pork.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD,

for Foreign Affairs.

Enclosure in No. 18.

Extract from the quot;New York Timf.squot; of 31st March, 1881.

Facts about Trichina.

Thk report on trichina spiralis which is soon to issue from the office of the public printer at Washington will, no doubt, be a valuable and instructive work. Its author, the late Passed Assistant Surgeon Glazier, is said to have studied deeply the history and habits of this parasite, and to have availed himself of the fruits of the studies of others so far as they are accessible in the literature of the subject. The Treasury Department considers the report a highly important official publication, and is proud of it. But will the work be useful ? Will it do anything to prevent the spread of infection among swine or to check the sale of trichinosed pork? Or will ir, serve merely as a work of reference to other medical men who wish to write further books on trichina) ? This is a practical question. Everybody knows the important place which pork and hog products hold in our domestic food con�sumption and in our export trade. It is known, too, that half a dozen European countries, including France, have forbidden the importation of American pork, alleging as a reason the fear of trichinosis. One of the chief branches of our export trade�bringing in ^84,838,502 during the year ending June 30, 1880�is threatened with destruction. There is urgent need of practical measures to check or exterminate the pest where it exists, and, secondly, to determine to what extent it does exist. A firm and probably well-founded belief prevails that the French Government has been unnecessarily alarmed about American pork ; but it does no good to say that our hogs are as free from trichina; as those of any other country. The assertion must be backed up by evidence of an official character, or it will be regarded in foreign markets as nothing but trade puffing.

Dr. Glazier's report, however exhaustive, will serve neither of these purposes well. Like most Government publications, it will never be read by those who would chiefly profit by it. A clear and simple treatise of half a dozen pages, concisely stating the dangers to human life and to commerce arising from trichina; in pork, explaining the method of detecting their presence, and giving directions for preventimr the spread of the disease, would have been far more useful, because it might have been scattered by thousands in every Congressional district whore hogs are raised for the market. No doubt Dr. Glazier's report contains all this information, but there is too much else. Farmers, butchers, and pork-packers do not read big books, yet they are the classes who must be reached. Nor is the country so great as to make it impossible to reach them. A well organised agricultural bureau ought to be able to put its publications into the hands of the leading farmers of every school district in the Union. The trouble is that our Government is ponderous and ungainly in its attempts to be paternal. The Government printing-office issues every year a large amount of valuable information ; but, outside of certain classes who know how and where to find what they want, most of it is thrown away.

�

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 29

In the matter of trichinosis there is dense and wide-spread ignorance to be overcome, and the task is one of no small difficulty, for it concerns one of the common affairs of life, in respect to which the mass of people are tenacious of habit and hard to teach. There is hardly a newspaper in this country or in Germany which has not at some time, or a dozen times, published the fact that trichina) are killed by cooking, and that pork which lias been fried, boiled, broiled, or in any Avay subjected to boat above 17(3deg; is perfectly harmless ; yet the Germans of the Fatherland and those who have come over here

[ jersist in eating raw ham, and their folly and ignorance have occasionally fatal consoqu�nces. There lave been alarming epidemics in Germany owing to this revolting habit, as, for instance, at Hedersleben, a town of 2,000 inhabitants, where there were 327 cases of trichinosis in 1866, of which 82 wore fatal. The disease is common in Sweden, too, from the same cause, in France, where, as might be supposed, the food of even the poorest classes is generally well cooked, it is said that but a single instance of trichinosis has ever been known. At Cr�py-en-Valois, in 1878, 17 persons were taken violently ill after eating of fresh pork. One, a girl, died, and an autopsy revealed the presence of innumerable encysted trichinae. It is worthy of remark that it was a French and not an American pig which caused this outbreak, the only one which has ever been reported in France.

By excluding American pork the French Government inflicts a hardship upon its people, but does not prevent trichinosis; the people themselves do that by cooking what they eat. The imperfect statistics we have, seem to show, however, that trichina! are more common in American swine than in those of any other country, except, perhaps, Sweden. Out of 1,400 animals examined at Chicago, 28�1 in 50�were found infected ; out of 210 hams sent in one cargo to Sweden, 8�1 in 26�were infected. A German professor publishes the following results of microscopic inspection in various cities: In Brunswick trichinae were found in 1 hog in 5,000; in Halle the proportion was 1 in 1,500 ; Gotha, 1 in 1,800; Schwerin, 1 in 550; Copenhagen, 1 in 465; Stockholm, 1 in 266; in Kiel, Prussia, 1 in 260, and in Lieukeping, Sweden, 1 in 63. In many German cities the microscopic examination of the flesh of every hog slaughtered is obligatory, and experts aro appointed for the purpose. In other cities the butchers and marketmen, sensibly recognising their interest in the matter, have formed societies, of which every member is provided with a good microscope, and knows how to use it. Microscopic examination, however, is a safeguard which, in order to be efficient, must be applied to every animal, either slaughtered in a country or imported into it, and it Avould be a manifest impossibility to thus inspect every carcase which goes out of the great abattoirs of Cincinnati and Chicago. Legislation ' can do very little with trichinosis, except by aiding to diffuse information. If swine-raisers can be taucht that feeding their hogs on the flesh of animals of any kind helps to spread and perpetuate trichinosis, one important step will have been taken toward the extermination of the pest. Another fact which everybody should know is that well-cooked pork never produces trichinosis in human beings.

No. 19. Extract from a Despatch from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia.

April 7, 1881. There have been no new cases of pleuro-pneumonia in this State during the month of March, and in the Western States of the Consular district the disease lias not been found. It may be mentioned, however, that Dr. Detmers, Special Agent of the Agricultural Department at Washington, has been sent to the State of Iowa to investigate disease amongst cattle.

No. 20.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 4.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

With reference to my despatch, Sanitary, No, 3, of the 31st ultimo, I have the honour to report to your Lordship that, having made inquiry in regard to the disease among pigs which was reported in the New York papers, to have broken out in Ulster County in this State, I am informed, on reliable authority, that the facts have been much exaggerated; that the disease, instead of being hog cholera, as was reported here, was merely a case or two of simple diarrhoea in the city of Rondvict, New York.

I have also made inquiry in reference to the disease among cattle since reported at Watertown, New York, and find that a small herd of well-bred cattle on a farm in the vicinity of that city has been attacked with a disease which is pronounced by the veterinary surgeon who attended the animals, and who is my informant, to be murrain: and that the disease has also manifested itself on other neighbouring farms, on one of which a large number of cows is stated to have been affected. At present, however, but two fatal cases are reported.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD.

for Foreign Affairs.

D 3

CORRESPONDENCE.

No. 21. Lettkr from Sir E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 11. My Lord, quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, April 23, 1881.

In compliance with the instruction contained in your Lordship's despatch. No. 6, Sanitary, of the 22nd of February last, relating to foot-and-mouth disease among cattle I addressed a note to the United States Secretary of State, communicating to him the substance of that despatch and of its enclosure.

I have now the honour to enclose a copy of Mr. Blaine's answer, in which he states that the subject shall receive the careful consideration of his Government.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Enclosure in No. 21.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 7th ultimo, inviting the attention of this (lovornment to the injury which it is alleged English stock owners have recently sustained from the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease through the agency of diseased animals said \ to have been imported from the United States and from certain other countries, and suggesting the adoption of strict measures of sanitary police, and a more effective system of inspection at ports of emharkation with a view of preventing the exportation of diseased animals.

I beg to inform you that the subject of your note shall receive the careful consideration of this Grovemment

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir E. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; James G. Blaine.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

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No. 22.

Extract from a Report by Mr. DRUMMOND to Sir E. THORNTON.

Washington, April 25, 1881.

Reports show a fair condition of farm animals. In the quot;West and Texas much loss was caused amongst horses owing to cold and inattention. Epizootic and distemper prevailed in all sections of the country, but the type has been of a mild form, and in most States is disappearing or has disappeared entirely. There was a large mortality in Texas and Arkansas from black leg, blind staggers, and farcy.

The condition of sheep is reported as poor. Suffering and death for want of shelter during the past severe winter occurred. There were complaints from North and South Carolina, together with the Gulf States, except Texas, that numbers of worthless days had prevented the breeding of sheep in these States. Scab has been prevalent in California. The condition of cattle is reported as good. Feeding and proper shelter have led to good results. With respect to diseases, the authorities in Pennsylvania have been successful in eradicating the disease of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. On the 14th of March last there were only three infected herds in that State ; all w^Tere quarantined ; the State is now paying full value for infected animals. There are a few cases of this disease in the States of New York and New Jersey; in Maryland cases are reported, and the veterinary surgeons report it in an acute form in a number of stables and farms, and that some dairymen in the vicinity of Ealtimore practise inoculation.

In Virginia and the Southern States there have been cases of black leg, distemper, and murrain, but there is no mention of pleuro-pneumonia or other disease of like importance, nor in any other of the States or territories.

Swine show rather a poorer condition than last year. Lack of sanitary conditions, defective and improper food, and general lack of cleanliness have caused quinsy, lung fever, and measles; but their range is narrow and loss insignificant. Swine plague is largely reported, as it was last year, but does not assume any more, if as malignant a type, or as great a ratio of loss ; this appears to be more especially the case in the South Atlantic and Gulf states ; in those States deaths also occurred from starvation, from too many acorns, and from too much cotton seed. In Illinois and Iowa, nearly one half of the reports mention cholera as present in some herds in their counties; while in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota there is hardly any.

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CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31

No. 23.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since my last despatch, in regard to the sanitary condition of cattle, amp;c. in this consular district, pleuro-pneumonia, has made its appearance among cattle on a dairy farm in Patterson, Putnam County, in this State. The disease is stated to have been communicated to the rest of the cattle on the farm by a cow and a bull which the proprietor had purchased in Maryland. Six of the animals have been slaughtered, and the farm has been quarantined to keep the disease from spreading to other herds in the locality.

A strange disease is also reported to have broken out among the cattle in Denning, Ulster County, in this State�several of the farmers in the neighbourhood having lost stock by reason of it. When first attacked the animals appear to be in much pain, and they refuse to eat. They are quot; seized with trembling and bloating,quot; and blood sometimes flows from the nostrils. Death is said to ensue in a few hours.

A statement appeared recently in one of the local newspapers that cattle disease was quot; quite prevalentquot; at Fairhaven, New Jersey. On making inquiry, I found that the report was groundless.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs.

No. 24.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that there has recently been a fresh outbreak of pleuro-pneumonia among the cattle on Staten Island, New York. A dozen cows on a farm at Northfield have died from the disease, and several others are still suffering from it,

A farm has also been quarantined at East Willeston, near Hempstead, Long Island, on which some cattle have died from pleuro-pneumonia.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs, London.

No. 25.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, New Orleans,

My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; June 27, 1881.

I have the honour to report that charbon has appeared amongst the horses, mules, and cattle on the lower coast of this State, and that precautions have been taken to prevent its introduction and spread in New Orleans. No cattle are being exported at present.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

D 4

In.

CORRESPONDENCE.

No. 26.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 8.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate General, New York,

I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship that, with the exception of a reported outbreak of disease among hogs in the town of Oyster Bay, Long Island, no reports of contagious disease among cattle or other stock, have come under my obser�vation since the date of my last despatch. Sanitary, No. 7, of the 28th ultimo.

On inquiry as to the alleged sickness among the pigs at Oyster Bay, I find that the matter has been greatly exaggerated, and that it is unnecessary for me to further' refer to it.

I have, amp;c. Her .Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs, London.

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No. 27.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. lt;)�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, New Orleans,

Referring to Mr. Lister's circular (Sanitary) of June 18th, I have the honour to state that no report has reached me respecting the existence of disease amongst animals within this consular district, of the classes enumerated in the enclosure, and which arc the subject of legislation in Great Britain.

At the same time I beg to add that the disease called charbon, reported by me on the 27th June 1881, to be affecting animals on the lower coast, has spread, or appeared in other parts of this State and of Mississippi.

If information be required respecting this disease�which is highly contagious and fatal�it can be obtained from the writings of M. Pasteur, of Paris, who has made it a

special study.

f n 1VP tv! p

(Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE.

Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

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No. 28. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Charleston to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 9.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Charleston, South Carolina,

I HAVE the honour to report that no complaints, other than the newspaper para�graph herewith inclosed, of the existence of any cattle plague within the limits of my Consular District, have reached me since the date of my last return.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretarynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) W. PINCKNEY WALKER

of State for Foreign Affairs. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c. amp;c.

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Enclosure in No. 28.

Extract from the quot; Chaiu-kston, South Cauouna, News anraquo; Courikr quot; of July 19, 1881.

There is a disease among the calves in some places in Colleton County, of which four out of five attacked die. The symptoms are swelling under tho throat and weakness. The disease runs its course in a week or ten days, when it either culminates in the death of the animal or its rapid recovery.

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 33

No. 29. LETTER from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANV1LLE.

Sanitary, No. 10.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, New Orleans,

My Loud, quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;August 3, 1881.

Rkfeuuing to my despatch No. 7, Sanitary, of June 27, 1881, I have the honour to report that charbon still prevails on the lower coast and in some portions of North Louisiana, and also in Yazoo County, State of Mississippi.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretaiy (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. of State for Foreign Affairs. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

No. 30.

Letter from Professor JAMES LAW to Professor BROWN.

Dear Sm,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., August 13, 1881.

quot; The Treasury Cattle Commissionquot; have decided to mark with eartag and number all cattle bought at the Great Western marts for the export trade, provided you will instruct your inspectors to apprize me at once by cable if any of our cattle so marked are condemned on arrival as affected with pleuro-pneumonia. Many will still be shipped without marks, as it would be useless to go to this trouble with stock selected at the port which it would be impossible to trace to their former home. Our eartags will bear a letter and number, both of which must be sent as being essential to identifi�cation, together with the vessel's name and the date of her arrival. It may be addressed Professor Law, Ithaca, N.Y. As a commission we shall do all we can to discover any possible centre of contagion in the West, and this is one important means of inquiry.

I have already taken steps to secure the transmission of cable messages to be paid on arrival. The Commission meets again on August 31st, too soon for a letter, therefore please cable me quot; yes quot; or quot; no quot; as soon as you may have reached a decision. Your first message will require prepayment, which I shall remit when I hear from you by mail.

I have, amp;c.

Professor George Brown.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) JAMES LAW.

No. 31.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 11.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since Mr. Acting Consul-General Edwards' despatch (Sanitary No. 10) of the 1st ultimo, the sanitary condition of cattle and other live stock in this consular district has been, and is now, generally satisfactory.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD.

State for Foreign Affairs, London.

No. 32.

Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE.

Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office,

I am directed by the Lords of the Council to transmit copy of a letter, dated the 13th ultimo, received by this department from Professor James Law, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America, and to request that you will have the goodness to move Earl Granville to communicate to the American Minister at this Court, that their

R C7raquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Jj)

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CORRESPONDENCE.

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Lordships have given the necessary instructions to the Inspectors at the ports where animals from the United States are landed to secure, as far as practicable, the carrying into effect of Professor Law's request.

I am to add that a reply (yes) has been sent by cable to Professor Law as he desired.

I am, amp;c. The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) C. L. PEEL.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c. Foreign Office.

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No. 33.

Letter from the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL.

Sm,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Foreign Office, September 23, 1881.

I have laid before Earl Granville your letter of the 19th instant, with its enclosure, from Professor James Law, of Cornell University, United States of America, relative to the marking of cattle intended for exportation to this country ; and I am now directed by his Lordship to state to you for the information of the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council that he has addressed a communication in the sense of your letter to the United States Minister at this Court.

I am, amp;c. The Clerk of the Council,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) J. PAUNCEEOTE.

Veterinary Department, Council Office.

No. 34.

Letter from Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN to PROFESSOR BROWN.

Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C., Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; September 30, 1881.

I have to inform you that contagious pleuro-pneumouia has recently invaded again the district of Columbia, and that therefore this place must now be added to our quot; infected district,quot; no other change in the general condition ofthat district has come to the knowledge of this department.

I have, amp;c. Prof. G. T. Brown, Veterinary Department,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) CHARLES P. LYMAN,

Privy Council, London, England.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;V. S. to Department of Agriculture.

h #9632;

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No. 35.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philaddpliia to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 9.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Philadelphia,

I HAve the honour to report to your Lordship that pleuro-pneumonia has again been discovered in three diilercnt herds of cattle in Delaware County, State of Pennsylvania.

The herds have been placed in strict quarantine, and every step taken by the State authorities to prevent any spreading of the disease.

It is not believed that the disease will extend to other herds, as the three afflicted are in near proximity to each other, not being one mile apart, and distant from all railway communication with the Western States.

The Government of Pennsylvania is now paying but half of the assessed value of the cattle afflicted with pleuro-pneumonia, and slaughtered by the order of the State Commissioner.

1 beg also to inform your Lordship that veterinary surgeon, Mr. Gadsden, who is cornmirsioned by the United States Government to investigate all matters connected with pleuro-pneumonia in this district, reports to me that he examines, from time to time, hundreds of the lungs of Western cattle slaughtered in this city, for consumption in

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;j5

Philadelphia markets, and that he has failed, up to the present time, to find any tiuee whatever of eontagious pleuro-pneumonia amongst them.

No reports of contagious diseases among cattle in the Western States of this consular district have been made to me by the persons with whom I am in correspondence.

1 huve, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

No. 36. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GKANVILLR

Sanitary, No. 14.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Noav Orleans

My Loud, 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; October 10, 1881.

I have the honour to report that a disease popularly known as quot; pink eye quot; us appeared amongst the horses and mules in this city, and is said to be spreadina rapidly.

Mr. Emmett, a veterinary surgeon of repute, describes it as follows i�

quot; The primary symptoms are those of fever, rigors, and dulness, succeeded by sweUing of the eye-lids, discharge of tears from the eyes, pain in the limbs, and tumefactions more particularly around the articulations. The pain in the limbs is manifested by rest�lessness, shifting of the feet, and irritability ; the succeeding swellings are superficial, involving the subcutaneous areola tissue, and their occurrence gives relief to the pain. At first they are limited, hut soon extend upwards and downwards, embracing the o-reater extent of the limb or limbs affected. The pulse is hard in this disease, and the impulse strong, the temperature of the body elevated to 103 degrees or 104 degrees, and when blood is withdrawn, it coagulates firmly and manifests the presence of an increased quantity of fibrine. The condition of the intestinal canal is disordered. There is a constipation, the faeces generally covered with much mucus, and their colour frequently indicates the absence of billiary secretion, or the presence of altered bile being tinned or stained with coffee-coloured streaks, the rectum is irritable and the passage of faeces causes some degree of pain, hence the term muco-enteritis.

quot;The colour of the conjunctive is altered to a pink, hence the term 'pinkeye.' There is often a loud cough, at first dry, but often becoming moist without any signs of serious pulmonary complications. The disease runs its course and terminates favourably in from four to six days, leaving the animal but little altered.

*laquo; There is not the debility as in influenza, nor is the recovery so prolonged a*s when an animal has suffered from inflammation of an important organ. In some instances the pulse, at first strong, becomes gradually feeble, the horse at the time presenting no other bad symptoms; the pain having left the limbs, the appetite returning, the swellings having diminished, and the secretions having gained their normal conditions.

quot; Several instances of this kind have come under my observation, and all but a careful veterinarian have been confident of the animal's recovery. The horse has suddenly died and the post-mortem has revealed the presence of thrombi in the cavities of the heart while the heart and its members show no trace of the disease. In other instances the' animal has recovered and resumed work, continuing well for weeks when death has occurred from rupture and degeneration of the liver. In some horses signs of cerebral disturbances have become evident, the patients dying from coma and o-eneral paralysis.

quot; The post mortem examination of all these instances has brought to light that there has been pligging of the blood-vessels of supply�the hepatic and cerebral arteries.

quot; Now, if we inquire how this has been brought about, we shall find that in the first place the disease is one attacking the areolar tissue; and the inflammation of connective tissues, like of the more truly fibrous, causes the development of the fibrinous erasis � the coagulating properties of the blood are thus increased, and owing, perhaps, to some local but undemonstrated fault in the blood-vessel or heart, coagulation has taken place in the living body, ultimately leading to a fatal termination.

*' It is necessary to bear in mind, in order to overcome this tendency to death, and such medicaments as have the property of preventing this liability to coagulation arc to be administered.

E 2

CORRESPONDENCE.

quot; By carefully watching this disease it will be observed that spontaneous diarrhoea sometimes occurs, which immediately relieves the symptoms. In some cases looseness of the bowels occurs on the second day, to the manifest relief of the animal. But all cases do not thus terminate.quot;

I have, amp;c. (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

#9632;

I I¹

No. 37.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 13.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate General, New York,

Mv Lord, 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; October 17, .1881.

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that the disease known as quot; [jink-eye quot; has, during the past few days, broken out among horses, principally those in car stables, in this city and vicinity, and it is stated that between five and six hundred animals are affected by it, but as yet there have been no fatal cases. The disease is also reported to be prevalent in some of the Western cities, especially Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado.

The outbreak of this disease is no doubt attributable, primarily, to sudden changes in the temperature. In this section of the country a fall of nearly forty degrees recently occurred in a single day.

I beg leave to enclose an extract from a local newspaper in regard to the symptoms and treatment of this disease.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

m if

Enclosure in No. 37.

The Statement of a Veterinary Surgeon :�Symptoms oe the Disease and how it should

be treated.

An impression exists that the horse disease known as quot; pink-eye quot; is epidemic, but such is not the case, said veterinary surgeon Samuel S. Field to a telegram reporter this afternoon. On the contrary, he continued, it is endemic. It originates in certain stables, and its causes and effects are confined to the stables where it appears. The disease became known as quot;pink-eye quot; about ten years ago. In 1871 it was very prevalent, and has not raged here since until it broke out two weeks ago. There are now between 500 and 600 cases in this city. I have had 70 patients, and there are nearly 50 now on my list. When it strikes a stable it affects on the average seven-tenths of the horses in it. The disease is a catarrhal fever. Its primary cause is a sudden atmospheric change from heat to cold, and it is most apt to develope in crowded stables, where a large number of animals breathe ana rebreathe the same air.

Symptoms of the Disease.

The symptoms are:�Loss of appetite; pulse almost imperceptible; temperature elevated from 98, which is normal, to 106 or 107. All the mucous membranes are affected and there is great muscular debility. A horse may be working to-day and to-morrow morning both of his eyes will be tightly closed ; the membrane under the eyelids will be inflamed and discharge profusely, sometimes more freely than the nostrils do. In 12 hours the legs become stiff and swollen and very sore to the touch. The fever reaches its height in three or four days, and convalescence begins on the tonth or twelfth day. Ten days thereafter the horse is as well as ever he was. If proper treatment is applied in time, not more than one case in a dozen proves fatal. It may be likened to the hay fever in man, or a mild form of the epizootic, but the latter is epidemic and dangerous. quot; Pink-eye quot; only becomes serious when it breaks out in a stable where there are several hundred green horses. Having been weakened by railroad travel, subjected to a change of diet and water, and not being acclimated, they are predisposed to develop the disease.

The Treatment.

Veterinary surgeons expect equine sickness from this cause every spring and fall, and are prepared to meet it. I have not lost a patient so far and none of my colleagues has so far as 1 know, but 1 have heard of fatal cases where proper treatment was not resorted to in the first stages. The first essential thing to be done is to reduce the temperature : the next thing is to increase the strength. I do not propose to make my recipes public through the telegram, but will say this much�1 use no

ttmm

#9632;

CORRESPONDENCE.

quinine unless the tomporature goes abovo 102 or 103, for the drug is too expensivo, but use other medicines to allay the fever and bring down the temperature. When a horse loses his appetite his vitality gradually fcinks and stimulants are necessary to keep up the strength, but great care must be taken not to give them in quantities that have intoxicating effects. Prevent the vital powers from sinking and reduce the fever and the disease is under control.

No. 38.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 14.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

My Lord.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; November 1, 1881.

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since the date of my last sanitary despatch, no cases of contagious disease among cattle or other live stock have, so far as I can ascertain, been reported in this consular district.

The disease known as quot; pink-eye,quot; with which, as I informed your Lordship in my despatch of the 17th ultimo, a number of horses in this city and neighbourhood were affected, has now considerably abated, and will probably soon disappear altogether.

1 have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD,

for Foreign Affairs, London.

No. 39.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Savannah to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 11.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Savannah,

quot; i have the honour to report to your Lordship that a disease called quot; pink-eye,quot; has appeared amongst horses in this State, and has spread rapidly. So far as I can ascertain it has proved fatal in two cases only.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) LEWIS JOEL,

for Foreign Affairs.

I 1

No. 40.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 16.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, New Orleans,

1 have the honour to state that no other cases of cattle plague than that of quot;pink-eyequot; reported in my Number 14, of October 10, 1881, have been heard of in this consular district during the past month.

quot; Pink-eye quot; is dying out here, but I understand it is making its appearance further north.

1 have, amp;c. (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Office, London.

No. 41. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Baltimore to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 12. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Baltimore, November 8, J.881.

A disease has broken out here amongst horses, which appears to have made its first appearance in the Western States some three months ago.

H 3

CORRESPONDENCE.

The name it goes under is quot; pink-eye,quot; and at present there is a large number of horses suH'ering from it. Upon most of the tram-car lines only half the usual number of cars are running.

The disease is described in the newspaper clipping which I have the honour to enclose.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) DENIS DONOHOE. The Right Hon. the Karl Granville, K.G., amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Enclosure in No. 41. Extract from The quot;Bai.timokf, Amkuican,

November 7, 18.31.

The Pink-eye 1'kst. Two Hundred Horses Killed by the Disease in this Crrr.

Something about the Origin and Characteristics of the Malady. The Three Stages of Development. Talks with Veterinary Surgeons. An Interesting Review.

The disease known as pink-eye, now prevailing among horses all over the country, threatens to prove as epidemic in character as the epizootic of nine years ago, and equally as disastrous in its consequences. It iirst made its appearance in the Western cities, and was not long in spreading, until now horses in almost every village and hamlet in the country are more or less affected by the disease. Since it first appeared in this city, some six weeks ago, it has steadily increased, and although many horses have by skilful and humane treatment recovered, no less than 200 have died. The

{ )assonger railway companies and livery stables are the greatest sufferers. Of the former the Citizens ine Avas the first to feel its eftects, and at one time this company had 100 of its horses affected with the disease. Forty of these are said to have died. The remainder have recovered, and are again in harness. During the past week the Blue line of the City Passenger Company was compelled to take off ci^ht cars, the Green line three, and the other lines found it necessary to reduce the working time of many horses to one trip a day. Almost every third car has a sick horse coupled with one that is free of the disease. There is hardly a sales, livery, or private stable in the city entirely free from the disease, and dealers in horses find their business anything but remunerative. At the present time there are between GOO and 700 horses under treatment by the veterinary surgeons. The surgeons are having a busy time of it. During the past three days their services have been constantly in demand, causing one prominent surgeon to remark, Saturday, that he was completely broken down from over�work. A number of stable keepers have adopted the excellent plan of turning over their entire stock to the care of a doctor, and acting under his instructions no horse is allowed to do any work.

The Origin and CAirsi'¹, ov the Disease.

Surgeons differ somewhat as to the origin and cause of pink-eye, but are generally unanimous as to the effect and necessary cure. Dr. Thomas Barron, who was called on in reference to the matter, said with 'that proper treatment a horse could bo easily cured. He had already had a number of cases, and of those brought to him in time not a single animal had died. Ho thought that pink-eye was due to the inhaling of an atmospheric germ, which enters the system and poisons the blood. There are four stages. At first, the horse experiences a heavy, languid feeling, and is noticeably weak. In the second stage, the eyes become inflamed and discharge a watery substance. During the third stage the animal loses its appetite, and in the advanced stage his limbs and body begin to swell, until death relievos his suffering. A horse should not bo put to any work while sick, but should be kept in a clean and well-ventilated stable. The medicine which is given is intended to work on the liver and kidneys, it being the object of the surgeon to carry off the surcharged watery matter, which would otherwise undoubtedly end in a dropsical affection. If care is, therefore, taken, both as far as sanitary and physical measures are concerned, the horse will recover in almost every instance. Dr. Barron showed the reporter a stable where, on the floor, lay a large white horse, Avhich had been brought to him after it hau reached an advanced stage. The animal's limbs and body were greatly swollen, while his groans testified to his suffering. Opposite to him stood a largo bay horse, who was also in an advanced stage, but more likely to recover than his neighbour. The reporter also visited the stables of Dr. R. P. Lord, on Pennsylvania avenue, who was also at work on his horses. In reply to the question as to the origin of pink-eye, he said, he attributed it to an excess of bile on the liver. superinduced by feeding the animals on too much, rich food, combined with the excessive heat during the past season. Unless this bile was carried off the system, and the horse given tonics the blood would eventually be poisoned. The pinkish colour of the eyes, he thought, was^ duo to the effusion of the red particles of the blood under the mucous membrane. The disintegration of the blood is tho cause of the dropsical swelling all over the body. Dr. Lord also expressed himself strongly against the practice of allowing horses to work while affected with the disease. They were not tit to be in harness and would undoubtedly recover if placed in comfortable quarters. The disease might bo contagious, nevertheless he kept his own stock in the same stable with the diseased horses. Ho mentioned a number of stables of which he had charge, and in which hardly a horse escaped tho attack.

DlEFEBENCE BETWEEN PlNK-KYE AND El'IZOOTIO.

quot; The disease quot; said he quot;seems to be misunderstood in Ncav York, whore they compare it with tho quot; epizootic. The latter is altogether different, it being a catarrhal disease, and affects the lungs, while 'laquo; pink-eye affects the liver and kidneys.quot; lie called attention to a young colt in the stall, which Avas just recovering. It Avas Sadio Bell, by Basha, and well known in sporting circles.

raquo;

it.'

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 39

No. 42.

#9632;1

Letter from the CONSUL-GENERAL at NEW YORK to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 15.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

#9632;li

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that a fresh distemper among horses has lately made its appearance, and within the past week has been widely

rfc

prevalent in this city and elsewhere in this consular district.

In some respects it resembles the disease called quot; pink-eye,quot; heretofore reported bynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;*

-i

me, and under timely treatment is not fatal.

I enclose copies of a report of the disease published in a morning newspaper of this day furnishing a description of the distemper, and a statement of the extent to which it prevails; but private inquiries lead me to believe that this statement is somewhat exaggerated.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD.

for Foreign Affairs, London.

Enclosure in No. 42. Extract from the quot;New York Times.quot;�November 15, 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^'Jl

Anotheu House Distemper. Oxe Eighth of the Horses in the City prostrated. A distemper is prevailing among the horses in New York which the veterinary surgeons are unable to find in books treating of diseases peculiar to these animals. It made its appearance about three weeks ago) and spread so rapidly that scarcely a horse has escaped. Working- horses more frequently than carriage horses seem to have been affected. The hospitals of nearly all the street car companies are filled with sick animals and many have died. The disease is not necessarily fatal, and prompt and

careful treatment generally effects a cure. The horses of the Fourth Avenue line are suft'ering quite

,.''

severely from the affection. At present, 160 of the 762 owned by the company are in the hospital. Dr. Samuel Whelpley, the surgeon in charge, detailed the symptoms of the distemper to a reporter o quot; The Times quot; yesterday afternoon. The eyes matterate, the nose discharges profusely, the legs swell to abnormal proportions, and every organ appears to be affected, unless treated in time it will develop into pneumonia. It is very debilitating, and renders the animal attacked so weak that it can hardly stand. Dr. Whelpley said that he had heard no name applied to it, but he regarded it as a form of typhoid-pneumonia. Horses have died within 16 hours after exhibiting the first symptoms. Some, animals recover in a few days and others not In weeks. In their stalls the horses stand in a position to favour their weakening condition and keep their heads down. They eat very little and apparently have no appetite. Frequently cases are attended with coughing and strangling. The only remedy tor the disease appears to be relief from work, good care, and the free use of stimulants and tonics. If taken in time, veterinary surgeons say, no case need prove fatal, but owners and drivers do not generally know the serious consequences, and so neglect the animals too long. The mortality among horses since the distemper appeared has been very large. A horse owner said yesterday that in going from Fourteenth Street to Central Park, a day or two ago, he saw five horses that had died in the⁰street from the disease. There is this peculiarity about the disease, that when a horse is seemingly almost recovered it may suddenly fall down dead. The surgeons all agree that the distemper is due to atmos�pheric conditions, and think that it will prevail only in the damp seasons�the Spring and Fall. It is not contagious, and it is expected that it will disappear when the cold weather and frosts set in. If a horse in perfect health were isolated it would be just as likely tobe attacked, the surgeons state, as if it were among animals sick with the disease. The distemper seems to have taken the place of epizooty, though *' pink-eye,quot; or scarlatina, still prevails to a great ex tent. Horses once prostrated with the affection, as far as can be learned, do not suffer a second attack. Very few of the labouring horses have escaped, and since the distemper made its appearance the street car, omnibus, express, and truck companies have been greatly crippled. The Fourth Avenue Street Car Company have bought a great many horses in the country and brought them to the citv to make up the loss sustained by tho fire at its stables. These were the first to be prostrated with the disease, and the symptons were more severe than in horses accustomed to tho work and climate. The Third Avenue line has 1,850 horses, the Sixth Avenue, 1,200, the Seventh Avenue and Broadway 700, and the Eighth Avenue 800. In the stables of these companies the disease has raged with more or-less severity. The loss to each company has ranged from G to 25 horses, A surgeon on the West Side with whom the reporter talked said that he considered the distemper a catarrhal influenza, and he bolieved that it required hygienic care rather than anything else. He had administered a mild form of quinine with excellent results. At the sale and boarding stables on East Twenty-fourth Street, between Lexington and Second Avenues, nearly every horse has been sick, and several valuable animals have died from the disease. Mr. .1. 11. Dahlman, whose stables contain 350 fine horses, thought the disease was virulent sore throat, accom�panied by blood poisoning. The inflammation, he said, settled in the legs very often, hut he did not regard the disease as so serious as epizooty. The treatment in the Twenty-fourth Street stables differed from that in the car stables. Ale and milk punches were used, and in many instances nitre was mixed with the feed. C. H. Hayward, Oakley and Smith, Fiss and Doorr, and Isaac Mchrbncli, who keep from 100 to 150 horses, had tried these remedies with success. Mr. Dahlman said lie first heard

E 4

CORRESPONDENCE.

of the distemper in the West. It travelled from Missouri to Illinois, Indiana, and thence to Now York. Ho had been informed hy u horseman in Uoston that it had reached that city. At present it is

ragingone-efrom

er part of New York to a greater extent than elsewhere. It in the horses in the City are suffering from the disease. The sy which the City is by no means exempt, are sore oyos and throat, swollen legs, nose, lips, and le. Often the hind legs crack open. Sometimes quot; pink-eye quot; terminates in homorrhoida.

tongu

M-

No. 43.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Savannah to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 12.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Savannah,

I have the honovtr to report to your Lordship that the epidemic amongst horses in this State called quot; pink-eyequot; still continues, though in a mitigated form.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) LEWIS JOEL.

for Foreign Affairs.

No. 44.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL

GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 16.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York,

Referring lo my despatch (Sanitary, No. 15) of the 15th ultimo, I have the honour to report to your Lordship that the horse distemper which was tlien prevalent in this city to a considerable extent, has greatly abated, and but a comparatively small numbei- of animals in this city and in Brooklyn arc now affected.

No reports of contagious disease among cattle in this consular district have come under my notice of late. A report was recently published in one of the New York newspapers of a disease among pigs having broken out in certain localities in Queen's County, Long Island, but I have not succeeded in obtaining any reliable confirmation of it, and it has not been further alluded to in the press.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD.

for Foreign Affairs, London.

I: '

w-y

'#9632;

No. 45.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Galveston to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 13.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Galveston,

My Lordnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;December 1, 1881.

I havk the honour to report that a disease confined to horses and prevalent in this country commonly termed *' pink-eye quot; has lately appeared in this State.

The characteristics of this disease are a slight fever, great depression of nerve power, particularly in the lumbar regions, swelling of the pasterns, mucous discharges from the nostrils and eyes, the latter being invariably suffused with blood and from which symptom the disease has derived its name.

By some it has been designated as a typhoid fever, by others, spinal-meningitis. The attack yields readily to careful treatment such as rest and a change of food from hay and corn to grass and mashes of bran, but if neglected, the animal suffers from super-purgation and dies.

The disease has been confined chiefly to working, stall-fed horses, those that are pastured in the open prairie are reported to have been free from the malady.

With the above exception tlie animals throughout the State continue free from the diseases which are legislated for under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act of 1878.

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) ARTHUR T. LYNN.

for Foreign Affairs.

ImI

*MH

mmrr.

CORllESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41

No. 46.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Boston to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 12. My Loud, *nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Boston, December 12, 1881.

I have the honour to report that, us Ihr us information has been received here, this consular district has continued free from cattle plague during- the past month, and no contagious or infectious disease exists among animals in this district, an epidemic having, however, spread during the month amongst horses, which, though fatal in some cases, has generally ceded to proper care and treatment.

This epidemic is described as a catarrhal atfection, accompanied with fever, redness about the eyes, and great debility, and is known here by the name of quot; piiik-e.ye.quot;

I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) 0, A. HENDERSON.

for Foreign Affairs.

No. 47.

Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL, at Portland, Maine, to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. 1.5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Portland (Maine),

I have the honour to report to your Lordship that, according to information furnished to me by the Maine Agricultural Society, there has been no case of infectious or contagious disease amongst cattle, sheep, or pigs, throughout this State during the month of December ended this day.

I am, however, further informed that a disease known hero under the name of quot; pink-eye quot; lias been prevalent of late, and continues to prevail amongst horses in some parts of Maine ; but that hitherto only a few cases of this disease have ended fatal!y.

I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) WILLIAM WARD.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

No. 48.

Letter from the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL.

With reference to your letter of the 19th September, I am directed by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to transmit, to you to he laid before the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council a copy of a note from the United States Minister in this country stating that no action has yet been taken as to the marking ol cattle destined for exportation from the United States.

I am, amp;c. The Clerk of the Council, Veterinary Department.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) T. V. LISTER.

Enclosure in No. 48.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Legation of tho United States, London, January 10,1882.

Referuing to your Lordship's letter of the 23r(l September last, in relation to the marking and numbering of cattle intended for the export trade from the United States, 1 have the honour to acquaint you that having sent a copy of that letter to the Department of State, and a copy of Professor Law's letter having heen afterwards forwarded to that Department, at the request of Mr. 131aiiie, I have now received a despatch from Mr. Davis, the Assistant Secretary of State, in which he desires me to observe that the Government of tho United States has as yot taken no action with reference to the matter. It appears by a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to Mr. IMaine, dated on tho 15th December last, a copy of which was inclosed in Mr. Davis' despatch that Professor Law states that no circulars have been issued by the American Cattlo Commission upon the the subject of marking cattle, and none have been issued by the Department of the Treasury.

1 have, amp;C. Tho Right Hon. tho Earl Q-ranville,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) J, R. Lowell.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;e.

l{67y.

CORRESPONDENCE.

No. 49.

Lutteu from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL GRANVILLE.

Sanitary, No. i.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Philadelphia,

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 17, 1882.

In this series I beg to report to your Lordship that the disease, pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the State of Pennsylvania, up to the present time has not been entirely eradicated, there being eight herds now in quarantine, under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, namely, three herds in Delaware County, numbering about 35 head; one herd in Montgomery County, numbering about 16 head ; one herd in Philadelphia, num�bering about 40 head; and three herds in York County, numbering in all about 20 head.

These herds were placed in quarantine last week, four or five head having been previously lost among these herds by this disease, and two head were killed, and their carcases burned to avoid contagion.

The quarantine will last during three months from the date of the last case. The laws, however, do not prevent farmers from buying cattle, and placing them among the herd in quarantine.

The disease was brought from the adjoining State of Maryland, a cow having been purchased in the city of Baltimore, and taken to the herdman's farm in York County. From this cow and another purchased in Maryland the disease spread to the before-mentioned districts.

A disease of a mysterious nature broke out in November last in the State of Iowa, which has proved very fatal. The animal when attacked extends the neck full length, and is seized with paroxisms which speedily end in death.

The carcase of a dead animal left nnburied breeds contagion, although in the strict meaning it is not a contagious disease.

This disease has been found to be the well-known quot; black leg,quot; or malignant anthrax. In the State of Iowa it is more frequent among young and rapidly-thriving cattle. Recoveries arc very rare, and it is no doubt brought on by the cattle eating large quantities of corn which they obtain from the stalks when turned into the corn fields after harvest time. The disease has of late subsided in consequence of removing the cattle from these fields.

In the month of November the Government of the State of Illinois issued a proclamation, copies of which are herewith enclosed, prohibiting the importation into the state of cattle from any of the counties of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, where pleuro-pneumonia had existed. A violation of this order is declared to be a misdemeanour, and the offender is liable to a fine of not less than ^1,000 nor more than ^10,000 for each offence.

In Pennsylvania the State authorities have renewed the payment of indemnity for animals killed by order of the inspector, the valuation of the animal being fixed by the inspector, and in the event of discontent on the part of the owner, two neighbouring farmers are called in to decide the price.

In this State the animals arc now burned upon piles of wood. The plan is considered to be a great improvement upon the old system of burial.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Grauvilie, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;e.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

l^�'¹ .

II #9632;

#9632;

Enclosure in No. 49.

State of Iij.inois:�PROCLAMATION by the (jtOvernoii.

Executive Department, Springfield, November 1, 1881. In pursuance of the Act of the General Assembly of Illinois, entitled quot;An Act to suppress and quot; previsnt the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle,quot; approved May 31, 1881, I, Shelby M.-Cidlom, Oovernor of the State of Illinois, do hereby proclaim that I have good reason to believe that pleuro-pneumonia among cattle has become epidemic in certain localities in the States of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, viz. : In the county of Fairfield, in the State of Connecticut ; in the counties or Putnam, Westcliester, New York, Kings and Queens, in the State of New York ; in the counties of Lchigb, JJucks, Berks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, Lancaster, York, Adams, and Cumberland, in the State of Pennsylvania; in the counties of Hergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Union, Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden, (illoustcr, and Atlantic, in tho State of New Jersey ; in the county of Newcastle, in the State of Delaware, and in the counties of Cecil, Hardford, Baltimore, Howard, and Carroll, in

'#9632; #9632;i'--'*laquo;

CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;48

tho State of Maryland; and I do horeby, as requirod by said Act, prohibit the importation of any domestic animals of the bovine species into this State from the aforesaid counties in tho States of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Now Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, after tho loth day of November inst., unless accompanied by a certificate of health, properly signed by a duly authorised veterinary inspector.

quot;Any corporation or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such prohibited stock, shall be quot; deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and upon conviction thereof, shall bo fined not less than one quot; thousand dollars (^1,000), nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), for each and every ottenco, quot; and shall be liable for any and all damage or loss that may be sustained by any party or parties by quot; reason of the importation or transportation of such prohibited stock.quot; (Section i of Act approved May 31, 1881.)

In testimony whereof 1 hereto set my hand and cause tho great seal of State to be aHixed. Done at the city of Springfield, the day and year above written.

S. M. CULLOM.

By the Governor : Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State.

An Act to Supi'rkss and Pukvent the SprBAD of Plkuiio-Pneumonia among Cattle,

Section 1. He it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, that the Governor of this State is hereby authorised and instructed to appoint a competent veterinary surgeon, who shall bo known as State veterinarian or inspector, and whose duty it shall be to invostigato any and all cases of contagious or infectious disease among domestic animals of the bovine species in this State, which may be brought to his notice by a competent veterinary surgeon or practising physician in the locality where such infectious or contagious disease may exist, and it shall be his duty to make visits of inspection to any locality where he may have reason to suspect that contagious or infectious disease may exist.

Section 2. In all cases of pleuro-pncumonia among cattle in this State, the State veterinarian shall have authority to order the quarantine of infected premises, and in case such disease shall become epidemic in any locality in this State, the State veterinarian shall immediately notify the Governor of the State, who shall thereupon issue bis proclamation forbidding any animals of the kind among which said epidemic exists from being transported from said locality, without a certificate from the State veterinarian, showing such animals to be healthy. In case of epidemic, as aforesaid, the State veteri�narian shall order the quarantine of infected premises, and shall order the slaughter of diseased animals thereon, and in cases of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, he shall, as herein-after provided, order the slaughter of all cattle upon the premises which have been exposed to contagion; but before doing so he shall call in consultation with two (2) reputable veterinarians or practicing physicians residing within ten (10) miles of the infected premises, and shall not order the slaughter of any animals not actually diseased without a written order signed by one (1) or both of the said veterinarians or practicing physicians.

Section 3. Whenever it becomes necessary, as herein provided, to order the slaughter of animals, the State veterinarian shall notify the nearest justice of the peace, who shall thoreuoon summons three (3) disinterested freeholders of the neighbourhood as appraisers of the value of such animals. Said appraisers, before entering upon tho discharge of their duty, shall be sworn to make a true and faithful appraisement, without prejudice or favour. They shall, after making their appraisement, return a certified copy of their valuation to the justice of the peace by whom they were summoned, who shall, after entering the same upon his record, and making an endorsement thereon, showing the same to have been properly recorded, return it, together with tho order of the State veterinarian, to the person or persons owning live stock ordered slaughtered.

Section 4. Whenever the Covernor of the State shall have good reason to believe that such disease has become epidemic in certain localities in other States, or that there are conditions which render such domestic animals liable to convey disease, ho shall thereupon, by proclamation, schedule such localities and prohibit tho importation of any live stock of the kind diseased into this State, unless accompanied by a certificate of health, properly signed by a duly authorised veterinary inspector. Any corporation or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such prohibited stock, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars (^1,000), nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), for each and every offence, and shall become liublc for any and all damage or loss that may be sustained by any party or parties by reason of the importation or transportation of such prohibited stock.

Section 5. If any person or persons shall have upon his premises any case of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, and shall fail to immediately report the same to the State veterinarian, or if any person or persons shall wilfully and maliciously obstruct or resist the State veterinarian in the discharge of his duty, as herein-beforo set forth, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and, upon convictionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;| lt;

of either charge, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars ($50) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500) for each and every such offence, and upon conviction a second time shall, in addition to the above-named fine, be liable to not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six (G) months imprisonment.

Section 6. The State veterinarian shall annually make a report to the Governor of all matters connected with his work, and the Governor shall transmit to the Department of Agriculture such parts of said report as may be of general interest to breeders of live stock, to be published with the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture.

Section 7. All claims against the State arising from the slaughter of animals, as herein provided for, shall, together with the order of the State veterinarian, and the award of the appraisers in each case;, bb submitted to the Oovernor, and he shall, after having examined each case, if satisfied of the justice of the same, endorse thereon his order to the State auditor, who shall thereupon issue his warrant on the State treasurer for tho same so ordered paid by the (lovernor.

I 2

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CORRESPONDENCE.

Section 8. The state veterinarian shall he entitled to receive for his services the sum of eight dollars (#8) per day for overy day actually employed under the provisions of this Act, together with his neces�sary travelling expenses, lie shall make an itemised account to the Governor, properly signed and sworn to, of the number of days he has served, and of the expenses which he has paid, and the Governor shall, if satisliod that the same is right and proper, endorse thoroon his order on the State auditor for tlio amount. The appraisers, heretofore provided for, shall be entitled to receive the sum of one dollar {$ 1) each for their services, to bo paid out of the treasury of their respective counties, upon certificate of the justice of the peace summoning them. The justice of the peaco shall be entitled to receive the ordinary fee for issuing summons, to be paid out of the town fund in counties under township organi�sation, and out of the county fund in counties not under township organisation. The physicians called in consultation shall be entitled to receive for their services the sum of two dollars ($2) per day, and mileage at the rate of ten cents (10 cents) per mile one way; such compensation and mileage to bo paid out of the veterinarian contingent fund. The State veterinarian shall have at his disposition the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to be expended in disinfecting infected premises and other incidental expenses connected with his work, for which he shall, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, give bond with good and sulficient security, in the sum of five thousand dollars (,$5,000), and shall make a sworn statement to the Governor of the amounts he disburses. Any part of said two thousand dollars (^2,000) not used shall lapse into the State treasury.

Section 9. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act, the sum of eight thousand dollars (^{8,000), or so much thereof as is necessary, is hereby appropriated out of the State treasury, to be paid as hereby provided out of any funds not otherwise appropriated.

(Approved May 31, 1881.)

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R E P O 11 T S.

LIST OF REPORTS.

Page

Second Report by Dr. C. P. Lymnn, F.R.C.V.S,nbsp; nbsp;45

Third Keport ,. � �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;54 Extract from Annual Report of the Department

of Aericnlture, Washington - - -nbsp; nbsp;65

Fourth Report by Dr. C. P. Lyman, F.R.C.V.S.nbsp; nbsp;67

Report by Dr. J. D. Hopkins, D.V.S. - -nbsp; nbsp;81

PllgO

Reports by Drs. W. B. E. Miller, D.V.S., and

J. C. Corlies, D.V.S. . -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 82

Reportby Dr. J. W. Gadsden, M.R.C.V.S. - 85 Report by Dr. W. H. Rose, D.V.S.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 87

Keport on American Pork: Result of an Investiga�tion mmle under Authority of the Department of State of the United States -.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 96

No. 50.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

Second Report by Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S., to the COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington. Sir,

In my last report to you upon contagious pleuro-pneumonia, I pointed out, as thoroughly as any means for investigation which I then had would enable me to do, the States and counties wherein animals affected with this disease could be found. It was thought at that time, and no investigation since then has been able to show differently, that these counties, or those lying very close to them, contained all tiie cases that could be found in the United States. Supposing I had succeeded in thus mapping out the whole of our infected district, I began pushing inquiries in a new direction, and for this purpose the following letter was written to one of the most prominent Veterin�r}⁷ surgeons and authors in England-:

Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Springfield, Mass., May 10, 1880.

I mail you herewith a copy of my report to the Commissioner of Agriculture on pleuro pneumonia contagiosa. From it you will be able to see exactly to what extent we are infected. The facts to which 1 especially call your attention are these:

1st. That our ports of Portland, in the State of Maine, and Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, are not in or anywhere near the infected districts; no nearer in fact, 1 believe, than are some of the free continental ports or provinces to some of the infected ones.

2d. That the cattle coming to those ports for shipment, and indeed for all uses, come entirely from the West�one, two, and even more thousands of miles away from our infected districts.

3d. That the lines of rail over which these cattle are carried going to these ports do not pass through or go anywhere near the infected districts.

4th. That our Western States are free, luckily for us, and always have been, of this scourge.

Now, under these circumstances, is there any method which suggests itself to you by which the Government of Great Britain can be induced to raise the embargo against our cattle comilUf to her

from these free districts, and through these free ports? matter being arranged the Commissioner of Agriculture

If you think there is any chance, for the will, I think, be very glad to enter into

negotiations upon the subject.

George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S.,

Veterinary Surgeonj Second Life Guards, London, England.

To which, in due time, the following answer was received:

Very truly,

C. P. LYMAN.

Du. Charxks P. Lyman,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;London, June 24, 1880.

PlEASE excuse my delay in replying to your two letters. I have been away on a tour of army inspection, and only returned yesterday. Very many thanks for yourreport on contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I very much fear there is not the slightest chance of the embargo on American cattle being raised in this country until the States are entirely free from the malady, notwithstanding the fact you point out that there is an immense extent of country uninfected. So long as only one State, or one portion of a State, is contaminated, so long, depend upon it, will the present law continue. Even the present goverment, which when not in office strenuously opposed the law brought into ollice with regard to United States cattle, is now most determined to carry it out. If it were relaxed in the case of the United States it would have to be so also in the case of Russia and Germany, with respect to cattle plague, and then this country would certainly not be safe. Commerce spreads these diseases. The feeling here is to keep this country free from infectious animal diseases, after we have stamped them out at an awful cost and trouble; and to allow live stock to enter from anywhere where those diseases exist would not be heard of. Whenever the United States is certified to be a clean country, the embargo will be raised. Your government is not taking active steps to free tho States from pleuro-pneumonia, and there is no knowing how far it may spread. So long as the government is indifferent to this matter, so long will your people suffer from the embargo. The losses from contagions diseases hero have boon so terrible, through a similar apathy, that the authoritios are now fully aroused.

F 3

ifquot;

SECOND REPORT BY Du. C. P. LYMAN.

With rogard to the transit of American cattle, I cannot say anything which would be of much value to you ; but I would v�cominend you to write to Professor Brown, Veterinary Department, Privy Council Oftico, London, lie knows everything pertaining to the shipment and carriage of cattle, and will, I have no doubt, afford you every information.

As for myself, I shall only be too glad to assist you all I can, and in offering to do so I take once more the opportunity of renewing a paper friendship, which I trust will be converted into something more substantial should you visit England.

Believe mo to be, yours, very truly,

GEORGE FLEMING.

Before this answer was received, however, the department was in receipt of the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council of Great Britain for I879gt; when, as you will remember, I addressed to you the following communication :

In the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council of Great Britain for the year 1879, which report has just been received, on page 7 appears the following :�quot;The most notable quot; event of the past year in connexion with the trade in foreign animals was the removal of the United quot; States of America from the list of countries from which cattle could be imported as healthy, owing quot; to the landing at different times during the year of animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia.quot; The first known such importation is said to have been made from the steamship quot;Dominionquot; from Portland, Me., about January 14. Next, the detection of the same disease in the cargo of the quot;Ontarioquot; afforded further evidence of its existence among cattle in the United States. quot; Cargoes of cattle, ⁽ⁱ among which pleuro-pneumonia was detected, continued to arrive,quot; until finally an order was passed (February 10) the effect of which was to cause the slaughter of all cattle from the States at the place of landing in Groat Britain. It is perhaps worth noticing in passing that Professor W. Williams, of Edinburgh, one of those called upon by the authorities to examine the quot; Ontarioquot; lungs, says:�quot; Since quot; first arrival of ' Ontario' with cattle others have arrived at Liverpool, and I have examined the lungs ** said by Privy Council Inspectors to have pleuro-pneumonia, and satisfied all who have seen them quot; that no pleuro-pneumonia has arrived here from America; indeed, every one is surprised that such a quot; gross mistake should have been made.quot; (Same report, p. 9.)

As you will remember, my recent investigation into this matter shows that our ports of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City, and New York are the only ones that are in our infected districts. In this report of the Privy Council the only ports referred to by name as having sent diseased cattle are Portland and Boston. This is most strange, and if true means that we have pleuro-pneumonia among our western herds, as the animals shipped from the two ports come in every case from the West, not passing through or anywhere near the district which we know is infected.

During my recent investigation every means at command was used to ascertain if this disease had an existence among our western herds. Every inquiry possible was made, and hundreds of lungs from slaughtered animals coming from all parts of the West were examined, and the result seemed to show that there was not, nor never had been, any pleuro-pneumonia in that part of our country.

Here, then, are two seeming facts which are in direct antagonism. The English examinations show, beyond doubt, that our western cattle upon being landed there exhibit unmistakable signs that pleuro-pneumonia exists among them. My own investigation, on the other hand, conducted with the greatest thoroughness, shows that pleuro-pneumonia does not exist West.

And now, as the determination of this question, one way or the other, is a matter of great importance to the immense cattle interests of our country, it would seem to be right that the investigation already commenced should be carried to the other side, and an American inspection be made of the cattle coming into Liverpool ; then, having found there a few of these numerously reported cases, to trace them back by means of the way-bills, fcc, over their course of travel to their original starting point in the West, or as near to it as possible.

Very respectfully,

Hon. William G. Le Due,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CHARLES P. LYMAN.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

The result of this communication was that, at your direction, on the 23rd of June last, I left New York for Liverpool, and arrived there on the 4th day of July ; proceeded at once to Edinburgh, Scotland, and called upon Professor W. Williams, F.R.S.E., and principal of the new veterinary college, who, you will remember, was one of the three experts originally selected to examine the diseased lungs taken from the American cattle which had been landed from the quot; Ontarioquot; on January 26, 1879, and the only one of them Avho positively declared in public that the affection was not contagious plcuro-pneumonia. Professor Williams stated, that during the six months succeeding the arrival of the quot; Ontarioquot; he had examined portions of the lungs of fully three-fourths of all the animals that had been found diseased, and that he has still not the slightest hesitation in saying that in no case has he found them to exhibit the characteristic lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. He said that Mr. Welsby, a veterinary surgeon living in Derby, near Liverpool, was employed by the steamer people, Messrs. Warren amp; Co., to examine these animals, in company with Mr. Moore, veterinary surgeon to the Privy Council and inspector of the port of Liverpool, whose procedure was, as soon as an affected lung was found, to make a section of the most diseased portion, which was sent up to London for the inspection of the chief of his department. Mr. Welsby would at the same time secure a similar piece and send to Professor Williams; therefore

1:1

H,lt;

[I ' '

SECOND REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;47

he believed that he had an equal chance with the London authorities for a good examination. He also made several trips to Liverpool and examined the beasts and their lungs while they were being slaughtered. The correspondence with Mr. Welsby was then shown me. A letter of March 16, 1879, accompanied portions of lungs from three different animals, which were condemned by the port inspector as showing the lesions of pleuro-pneurnonia contagiosa. These pieces were shown to me, and presented simply the lesions of bronchitis with collapse. In a letter of March 17, he writes :

Dear Mr. Wiluams,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; West Dorby, Liverpool, England.

By the time you receive this, the portions of lung I am Ibrwavding will havo come to your hand, and which I fear you will declare true cases. Each piece is from a separate animal, and those have arrived per the quot; Ontario,quot; the vessel that brought the cattle you were in Liverpool about a short time since. Tn examining fifty-fivo lungs to-day twelve were found similaily affected (some a littlo more) to the specimens sent you. I should be glad if you will wire mo by 10.30 a.m. to-morrow * * what your opinion is * * *

In haste, yours faithfully,

J. WELSBY.

These portions of lungs were shown me, and exhibited, as did the others, simply the lesions of bronchitis with collapse. On March 18, he writes : quot;I have not agreed with quot; the opinion expressed here about any of them, but am doubtful about a piece of the quot; last lot sent you. In London, they have no doubt.quot; On March 24 : quot; With regard quot; to the animals when living, I had opportunities of seeing them daily; they appeared well; no cough ; breathing and temperature normal, and eating well.quot; On April 21 : quot; No more specimens are wanted in Londonquot; On May 19 : quot; Have sent to Professor quot; Walley also specimens from cattle received by steamship ' Minnesota'; he agrees quot; with us in this, but says that it was zymotic pleuro-pneumonia on ' Ontario.' quot; On June 7 he writes : *' I am commencing to direct attention to the Canadian cattle instead quot; of Western States. Mr. Moore sent a piece of lung from a Canadian ox to London on quot; Thursday and informed me it was typical of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and quot; expected Professor Duguid down, but instead, a telegram came, ordering their release if no further disease was found; two others were then slaughtered, and I was requested quot; to be present; they were perfectly healthy. I was sorry that I could not send 3^011 quot; a piece of the lung that went to London, but no doubt shall have an opportunity of quot; doing so before long.quot; Here I was given a piece of lung which certainly showed lesions resembling those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia more than did any other specimen that I saw in the Professor's possession ; it was said to be from the Canadian case above referred to, but had been in spirits so long that a satisfactory examination could not be made. Professor Williams, however, declared that in his opinoin even it was not the'disease, but that it looked more like it than did anything else he had seen from our side of the water.

In the new edition of his book on Veterinary Medicine Professor Williams has gone into the matter thoroughly, not only in the text, but by coloured lithographic plates which are said by all who saw the pieces of lung which were sent to Edinburgh to be remarkably like them. In the appendix the whole of this matter will be found reproduced.

I next saw Professor Walley, principal of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, who holds an appointment in Edinburgh under the Veterinary Privy Council, and was one of those who went to Liverpool and examined as an expert the lungs from some of the quot; Ontario quot; cattle. He said : quot;I was called to Liverpool, and there shown animals together quot; in a building which I was told came per steamship ^� Ontario^! from America; a few quot; of them were coughing, I should judge giving the palhognomonic cough of contagious quot; pleuro-pneumonia. _ I examined them; they gave no elevation of temperature that quot; amounted to anything as a sign, they varied a little ; some would be a degree higher quot; than others, but nothing remarkable in any. While this examination was going on, quot; and before we had finished to my entire satisfaction, a man came to say that we were quot; wanted in the slaughter-house, where we went at once, and found two animals, that #9830;' we were told had been taken hap-hazard from this cargo of the ' Ontario,' hanging laquo;� partially dressed, and from these I saw lungs taken that exhibited to me, without laquo;lt; any doubt, the well-known lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I was not at quot; the place for more than an hour, and Professor McCall, principal of the Glasgow quot; Veterinary College, was the only veterinarian with mc. Mr. Hall, the consignee^ or quot; his agent was there, and said there was no doubt about this: ' that it really was pleuro.' quot; In answer to questions the Professor said the animals were in as good a condition as any of the others�i.e., about hnlf fat; that there were several diseased spots in their lungs, and that the largest was about the size of the crown of a Derby hat; that the diseased portions were quot; marbled,quot; and the parenohyma varied in colour

P 4

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SECOND REPORT BY Du. C. P. LYMAN.

from deep rcrl co pink, but it was mostly of a pinkish shade; that there was no attempt towards the formation of u cyst-wall around any of the diseased portions, because the disease had not been of sutiicient standing.

Being asked if be did not think it strange that contagious pleuro-pneumonia should

exist to so great an extent and the animal be as fat as any of the rest, and still have no

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;elevation of temperature, and no encysted portion of lungs, he answered that he had had

|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; no opportunity of examining these animals before death as to temperature or anything

^!!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; else, ami could give no idea as to how they looked when alive. He regretted that no

one had saved a piece of these lungs�it ought to have been done. Since that, which

|inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; was the only time he had been in Liverpool on this business, he had examined several

pieces of lungs said to be from American cattle, and they had not exhibited to him

lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but of broncho-pneumonia, and the coloured

.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;plate in Professor Williams's book was a fairly good representation of their appearance,

but it did not represent at all the appearance of the lungs that he had examined in

Liverpool said to be from the quot; Ontario cargo. He was told that these two cattle that he

saw in the Liverpool slaughter-house had been drafted at random from the cargo of the

quot;Ontarioquot; by Mr. Hall.

From Edinburgh I proceeded to London and the office of the Veterinary Department

| 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; of the Privy Council. In the absence of Professor Brown, the chief of the department, I

saw Mr. Cope, the chief inspector, who kindly showed me what specimens they had of

tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; American pleuro.quot; They were few in number, and very small in size, and had been

in preservative fluid so long that they were very much altered. They were very

.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;different from those I had been shown in Edinburgh�said to be the same�(see p. 5,

tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Mr. Wellsby's proceedings) having very much more the appearance of the contagious

pleuro-pneumonia, of which the former showed nothing. quot; Animals affected with

quot; pleuro-pneumonia,quot; said Mr. Cope, quot; come to us from the ports of Baltimoreraquo;

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Portland, and we are now (July 12) receiving :^:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; more than ever of it. You can see it for yourself by going either to Deptford or {[' quot; Liverpool, but Liverpool would be the best place.quot; I was informed by this gentleman

^IInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; that formerly the Privy Council had power to release from the restriction a part of any a^l j country that they saw fit; but now it must be a whole country, if any, and that quot;could

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; not be until the whole of that country was absolutely free from disease. Anything else

would need the action of Parliament. There is absolutely no option in the matter�the

jk|_;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; rule or law must govern. In answer to a question Mr. Cope said that they had

never had a suspicion of Canadian cattle. Subsequently I was fortunate enough to see Professor Brown, veterinarian-in-cliief to the department.

I asked him, supposing drafts of cattle were made from our healthy western districts, transported over lines of rail which were entirely away from our infected districts, in cars used for these and no other cattle, if inspectors could guarantee that they had not

mnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;been in the same yard, or mixed with any other cattle on the route, or at the port of

embarkation, and were healthy at time of shipment, and inspection at the port of debarkation should show that cargo after cargo coming under these regulations could be landed free from pleuro-pneumonia, would the embargo be raised in favour of cattle so inspected from such a port ? To this Professor Brown answered that even if England were disposed to remove the restriction from any one port under certain methods of inspection, as he understood it, the United States were not, as matters now stood, able to prevt.iC cattle coming to said port from any point that people chose to send them. I told him that I thought the matter could undoubtedly be arranged with the State authorities and railroad companies so as to be perfectly safe. He intimated that this would be too loose an arrangement to give England much confidence, and further said that he did not know what there was to prevent a diseased or infected animal from being sent at any time from the infected eastern district directly to the parts in the West from which these drafts were being made. The Government of the United raquo;States, as a government, had not as yet shown the slightest interest in the matter, and that, in the absence of any national laws relating to the movements of animal exposed to or infected with contagious diseases, he should not advise any change from their present methods. Here a repre�sentation was made setting forth the sovereignty of States and their powers�that a State nilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; could make any laws upon the subject that she thought proper, providing it did not

conflict with the Constitution of the United States. In answer to this the opinion given ,''nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; was that decidedly, in this matter, these could not take the place of national laws; that

it would be highly impracticable for Great Britain to recognise independent State governments while dealing with the United States.

Following is a list, which was kindly furnished me by the Veterinary Department, giving the cargoes of cattle among which pleuro-pneumonia had been detected, and which had

~~#9632;-laquo;#9632;*'#9632;quot;#9632;'~~

SECOND REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

arrived from our ports of Boston and Portland (thought to be free from disease) since January 1, 1880:


				Number of
Dato.	Stoamer.	From	To	Cases of I'leuro pneuraouia.
Jnnimry 11	Milmiesian	Boston	London	12*
� 1laquo; -	Massachusetts	raquo;	Liverpool -	9
Fcbrusiry 4	Palestine	raquo; quot; quot;	?gt;	2
� 7 -	Bavarian	?raquo;	)j	:i
� 10 -	Lake Nepigon	Portland �	gt;)	2
� 12 -	Brazilian	Boston	raquo;I	10
� 12 -	Iowa - - - -	gt;gt;	raquo;	IG
� 17 -	Canopus . . -	gt;gt;	raquo;	1
� 20 -	Salerno ...	gt;?	Hull	2
� 21	llulgarian	gt;raquo;	Liverpool -	8
� 26 -	Lake Winnipeg	Portland -	)gt;	1
� 27 -	Bohemian	Boston	?raquo;	y
March 4	Massachusetts	j?	?gt; , #9632;	7
4 -	Illyrian	gt;gt;	5raquo;	7
� 20 -	Balestine	9gt;	)gt;	3
� 24 -	Iowa - - - -	gt;raquo;	Jraquo;	4
� 27 -	Egypt	raquo; (?) quot;	gt;raquo;	1
� 30 -	Glamorgan	raquo;	gt;gt;	3
April 18 -	Massachusetts -	Jgt;	Jgt;	5
30 -	Iberian	gt;raquo;	!?	1
May 5 -	Lake Nepigon	Portland -	London	1
19 -	Bohemian . . -	Boston	Liverpool -	4
20 -	Illyrian	gt;gt;	?gt;	13
June 2	Victoria	gt; gt;	raquo;	'1

* Two died.

At Deptford, which is the foreign animals' wharf for London, I at this time saw some twenty-seven hundred head of American hulloclcs tied up waiting slaughter; tlicy had been received mostly from New York, a few from Baltimore. From the ocean steamers these beasts are landed some distance down the river, and from there reohipped in a transport, which brings them directly to the landing-stages for this wharf. This transport boat is thoroughly disinfected after each cargo.

From London I proceeded to Liverpool, arriving there on the 13th of July. Cattle from the United States arriving in this port are allowed to land at three different places, namely, the^- Huskisson Branch Docks, No. 2, on the Liverpool side of the river, at Woodside and Waliasey landing-stages on the Birkenhead side, and at these places only. For their reception, and the accommodation of the trade, under the present restrictions, the dock company have fitted up on the wharves fine buildings to serve as stables for the cattle while alive, also slaughter-houses and cooling rooms.

The law allows the animal to remain alive not longer than 14 days after debarkation, during which time he must remain in this building, subject to a certain daily charge, payable to the dock company. After each cargo has been disposed of, the whole of the premises are most thoroughly cleaned before being again filled, and if any such con�tagious malady as foot-and-mouth disease has been found they are thoroughly disin�fected, and if thought necessary all tbe manure and other litter with which they may have been in contact is destroyed, under the direction of the Veterinary Department, but at the expense of the dock company.

With the credentials furnished me from the Privy Council Office I called upon the Veterinary Inspector of the port, Mr. J. W. T. Moore, F.K.C.V.S., and requested to be allowed to accompany him for a time in his daily inspections. To this be kindly assented, and during the whole of my stay showed me every attention and rendered me every assistance within his power. His method of inspection is to make an examination of the live animals within as nearly as possible 12 hours after the landing of a cargo. For this purpose the beasts are driven into the stables and tied up facing a passage way. Down this the inspector passes^ noticing carefully each beast. If anything unusual is observed in an}' one case, the animal is made the subject of a minute examination, when, if found particularly diseased, he is either put by himself or slaughtered at once. This examination being completed and the cargo quot; passed,quot; the owners arc at liberty to com�mence slaughtering as soon as they wish. In the slaughter-house the men have orders not to allow any lung or portion of it to be taken way until it has been inspected by Mr. Moore. For the purposes of this lung inspection this product of the whole day's killing is hung up, and once each day every slaughter-house where killing is going on is

11679.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; G

8ECOND REPORT BY Du. C. P. LYMAN.

*'quot;

#9632;.

visited by the inspector, and every lung carefully examined by him. If any one is found which he considers exhibits the lesions of pleiiro-pneumonia it is destroyed, and nn inquiry made which soon shows beyond a doubt exactly to what cargo the affected animal belonged.

On July 14, 210 bullocks, the cargo of the steamship quot; Carolina,quot; from Baltimore, were examined, and (bur of these were condemned by the inspector as being quot; suspicious quot; of pleuro-pncumonia. However, upon post-mortem examination, nothing of the sort was found.

On July 15, the steamship quot;Federico,quot; from Norfolk, Virginia, landed 128 bullocks and a carcass. A punt-mortim examination of this carcase showed that the animal had been trampled to death ; seven of the ribs were broken. During the lung examination to-day two pairs were found that were condemned as showing the lesions of pleuro-pneumonia. One pair showed plainly and plentifully the peculiar lesions of tuberculosis, and in addition contained several small spots in which the changes supposed to be peculiar to pleuro-pneumonia could be plainly seem, and upon which they were condemned. The history of these animals, so far as it could be procured in Liverpool, was that Mr. Smith bought Mr. Roddick 194 bullocks, e.v steamship quot;Brazilian,quot; from Boston, July 7- These were consigned to the seller by J. and C. Coughlin, of London, Canada, but were from the United States; there were 200 of them; five died on the passage. The.inspector here saw the lungs of some of these that were landed dead, and found death to have occurred from causes other than pleuro-pneumonia.

July 16.�A case of pleuro-pneumonia was reported by Mr. Moore as coming on. the quot; Iberianquot; from Boston, but the lung lesion was so very small (scarcely as large as a filbert), and its appearance was such that it seemed to me very doubtful if even the semblance of the disease Avas present.

July IT,�Examined/;.r steamship quot;Malta,quot; from Boston, 397 bullocks. Five were landed dead, and one was killed on landing. One of the five landed dead was so much decomposed as to prevent a satisfactory examination. The lungs of the other four were emphysematous only.

July 19.�Two lungs from beasts which came on the steamship quot;Victoria,quot; from Boston, were reported as showing pleuro-pneumonia, the largest quot; spot quot; being about 1^ inches in its largest diameter, and situated exactly at the root of the lung, indurated to the touch, and upon being cut into exhibited the usual quot; marbledquot; appearance of pleuro-pneumonia, but in the centre of the quot; spotquot; appeared a small, rounded body not larger than ^ inch in diameter, the exact nature of which future microscopic examination will probably determine. This was surrounded by a layer scarcely a line wide of what seemed to the naked eye to be a thin pus of a grayish colour; this, in its turn, by a thin membranous wall; this, again, by the quot; marbled quot; appearance already referred to, the interlobular effusion and thickening being well marked. The lungs of one of these beasts had one, the other three, of these quot; spots.quot; These animals were sent by Timothy Coughlin, London, Canada, but were animals from the United States.

July 20.�At Canada Docks were examined 222 cattle, ex steamship quot; Texas,quot; from Montreal. One of these animals, a fat cow, was breathing rapidly and had a tempera�ture of 104deg; Fahr. She was killed and the lungs examined, but no indication of pleuro-pneumonia was found. Inspector Moore assured me that he had repeatedly had this done, always with the same result.

July 23.�To-day was found a good specimen of what the port inspector regards as showing the lesions of pleuro-pneumonia in the lung of a beast from the cargo of the quot; Aleppo,quot; from New York. These animals were shipped by Charles Kahn, of New York, and by their look did not seem to be quot; westerners.quot;

I have thought best to make these few extracts from my diary, as they refer to all the cases that were condemned during my stay, and also as they help to show the manner in which the work is done. I have also prepared a table which will show the number of animals landed in Liverpool from the United States from the 2nd of July to the 13th of August, most of which I had the privilege of examining alive and dead during my stay. You will observe that the percentage reported by Mr. Moore as affected with pleuro-pneumonia is very small indeed, there being only six such out of 10,670 animals examined.

The animals coming from Canada are landed at wharves entirely separate from those used for the trade with the United States. The animals coming off shipboard are tied up in houses furnished for the purpose, and after a 12 hours' rest and quarantine are subjected to a not very close inspection by the veterinary officer of the port, when, if no con�tagious disease is found�and there never has been as yet�they are allowed to go inland on the hoof without any further restriction. In this way they become scattered to such an extent before being slaughtered that it was impossible for me to sec the lungs as I

riraquo;

1^: 1'

SECOND REPORT BY Du. C. V. LYMAN.

did those of our own cattle ; and, indeed, no officer gives fhen any exfirnination except in so fur as has already been stated.

TABLE showing Nuubbh of Animals LANDED in Livkui'Ool from tlio UNITBD Status, from

#9632; June 2iul to AudusT 13th.


Stonmship,	From Port of	Dnte lundod.	Cnttlo.	Sheep.	Hogs.	Bemarks.
Olymims -	Boston -	July 2	301
Saint Albans	Now York	� 9	302	239	�i	�
Palmyra -	raquo;	� 13	296	288	�	�
Bulgarian	Boston -	raquo; ^	434	�	522	�
Carolina -	Baltimore	� 13	210	�	�	�
Iberian -	Boston -	� 14	434			1 cas-e OOQdenmed as plouro-pneu-monia; 6 very small cuntre.s of disease.
Brazilian	raquo;gt;	� 7	569	1,314	�	2 cases condonmed as plenro-pneu-monia ; centres very small.
Federico -	Norfolk	� H	129	,�,	�	�
Victoria -	Boston -	� 15	507	�	�	2 cases condemned as pleuro-pneu�monia; very small centres.
Cella 1	New York	� 16	98	306	375	�
Malta	Boston -	� K5	398	�	�	.�
Aleppo -	New York	� 18	282	719		1 case condonmed as pleuro-pnou-monia, and by far the best lesion found.
Massachusetts	Boston -	� 10	519	230	483	11 cases swiue fever.
Minnesota	?,	� 21	416	860	�	__
Palestine	raquo; #9632;	� 26	366	815	�	__
Bavarian	5gt;	� 25	441	__	__	_
Pembroke	))	� 28	294	561	287	7 cases swino fever.
Bohemian	raquo;	� 30	435	�	�	3 cases foot-aiul-mouth disease in cattle.
Tuscany -	Philadelphia	� 30	224	�	�	�
Illyrian -	Boston -	Aug. 1	437	�	�	�
Istrian -	gt;raquo; *	� 5	438	�	�	�.
Iowa	raquo; -	,, 5	805	�	207	13 cases resembling splenic apoplexy; 5 cases swine fever.
Enrique -	Norfolk	� 6	122	�	�	__
Gracia ' -	Baltimore	� laquo;	130	�	�	�
Canopus-	Boston -	� 9	444	�	�	�
Bulgarian	gt;,	� 10	427	�	�	�
Brazilian	gt;gt;	� 13	660	618	363	10 cases shocp-scab.
Sicily	Philadelphia	� 13	282	�	�	�

Total number of animals landed Cattle -Sheep -


-	-	10,670
-	-	5,960
-	-	2,237
cattle	-	6
?gt;	-	3
sheep	-	10
llOquot;:S	-	23

Hogs

Number condemned as having pleuro-pneumonia Number condemned as having foot-and-mouth disease Number condemned as having scab Number condemned as having swino fever

RlOSUME.

About February 1, 1880, the Department of Agriculture, under the Act providing for an inquiry into the contagious diseases of domesticated animals, commenced an investiga�tion, the result of which should declare, if possible, the exact extent of territory in which there existed any cattle affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, on account of which the Government of Great Britain has placed a restriction upon all cattle coming from the United States.

After due time and a thoroughly conducted investigation, this territory was defined to be one extending (at that time) from Fairfield County, in Connecticut, over New York City and portions of the State of New York lying just north of it; Brooklyn, Long Island, and parts of the island lying just east of it; Jersey City, and over a considerable portion of the State of New Jersey ; Philadelphia, and some of the more south-easterly counties of Pennsylvania to Baltimore, and over portions of the more north-easterly counties of Maryland. Further than this, in any locality it was impossible to find a case of the disease, although efforts were made in all directions, and especially among the cattle coming from the same parts of the West as did most of the cattle going to Europe.

Reports were constantly being received, however, from England that cattle affected with pleuro-pneumonia were being frequently landed there. A very short investigation

G 2

SECOND REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

on this side demonstrated clearly that these animals came directly, in nearly all cases, from the West, and oftentimes over lines of rail that were entirely away from any point at which the disease could he located. The next step, therefore, seemed to be to carry the investigation to the other side, to see the diseased cattle as landed there, and by means of manifests, way-bills, amp;c., to trace them back to their original starting points in the West, and thus establish the object of the investigation, namely, to find all the infected territory.

This was done, and out of nearly 11,000 beasts landed and examined in Liverpool during parts of July and August, in no one of which could pleuro-pneumonia be detected in the living animal, the inspector of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council condemned, after post-mortem examination of the lungs, six cases. These six cases have been traced back, and in all except, one it has been found that the animals undoubtedly came from the West, and over lines of rail which are entirely north of any localities that are known to be contaminated, the fact being that a part of their journey eastward was generally made through portions of Canada. This of course means that we have this dreaded cattle scourge established among our western herds; that Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, Boston, or Portland are diseased centres, or else the disease is not pleuro-pneumonia at all.

If pleuio-pneumonia exists in the West, or there are diseased centres in or about the points named through which the cattle pass on their journey eastward, the information now in possession of this department will insure its exact location after a little further time for examination.

In relation to the last phase of the matter, all that can at present be said is, that the particular lungs exhibited present in their fresh state and to the naked eye, all the lesions of the contagious disease, hut on a very small scale, and in addition there is another lesion that is constantly present in these condemned lungs which has never been described by any authority or noticed by any of our veterinarians to be a constant or even a known accompaniment of the disease in question. What bearing this fact may have upon this part of the question a further and more minute investigation of the subject alone can decide. Professor William Williams, of Edinburgh, a comparative pathologist of world�wide celebrity, asserts that the lungs examined by him previous to my visit did not show the lesions of the disease, but that the changes noticed were caused by bronchitis.

Whether these cases are or are not due to true contagious pleuro-pneumonia is a matter which does not in the mean time have much bearing upon the question of the removal of the English embargo upon our cattle. While we have pleurc-pneumonia in any part of our country, and certainly while we have no national legislation looking in any way towards restricting its spread, and its eventual total suppression, just so long the embargo must and will continue to operate against one of our hest commercial interests, and to lay that portion of our agriculturists in the West who are engaged in the raising and feeding of fine beef bullocks under a very severe and unmerited tax, one which, in the estimation of a very good judge of the matter, has reached, during the present year, a, sum rising ^2,250,000. What are the actual losses sustained from the presence of the disease, by the farmers and dairymen of the East who are unfortunate enough to be located in the midst of a contaminated centre, it is very hard to say; but that the annual losses by death alone can be no very light tax to them is a safe conclusion.

Then, again, while it is still possible to exterminate this ruinous foreign plague, because it is, we most certainly believe, confined to animals that are kept upon fenced farms, should it once, by any misfortune, be carried among the great herds that breed, grow, and feed upon the unfenced ranges of the West, its extirpation would become impossible. The whole Western country, from Texas northward, would become infected; notwithstanding all efforts that then might be made to remedy the evil, this great and growing national interest would be perpetually mortgaged, and there would bean almost incalculable annual loss from deaths alone.

The one remedy wgt;m; for all of this is plain, and of comparatively easy accomplish incut, viz. : Let Congress enact such measures, ami authorise such an execution of them, as shall immediately restrict the movements of cattle out from and within infected districts, and in time eradicate every case of lung plague.

#9632;

Southeun Cattle Fever.

This disease, widely known as quot; the Texas cattle fever,quot; although it has never as yet reached Great Britain, and, therefore, has never been put upon the schedule; as one of the contagions diseases coming from the United States, and requiring restriction, is one that, for a short time in each year, causes such inunense losses among the animals

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belonging to Western, Northern, and Eastern cattle-growers, dealers, and shippers, that its mention in connexion with this report seems to be quite in place. ^ Beginning, generally, towards the last of July, and extending with Increasing destruc-tiveness, until the time of irost, Western and Northern cattle that have been in contact, in certain ways with some of the cattle coming from several of the more southerly por�tions of the country (these seeming perhaps to be in perfect health), contract this fever, which to them is much more fatal than it seems to be among the Southern animals, often killing a proportion as high as 90 per cent, of those affected.

A very curious, but still undoubtedly true, feature of the malady is, that these sick Northern animals are not able in any way to communicate the disease to other animals. Its incubation may be from 15 to 40 days. During this period the beast maybe shipped from the West, and slaughtered in the East for human food; or it may be placed on board ship and started tor the English market, where it is destined seldom, if ever, to arrive, for dying in mid-ocean its carcass is thrown overboard and becomes a total loss to the owner or those insuring its safe arrival.

Heavy losses from this cause are also sustained each season by the farmers and dealers in all parts of the North, West, and East; but, perhaps, the greatest sufferers of all are the breeders and growers of cattle who are so unfortunate as to be located in the States through which the Texans pass on their journey to market, and the States suffering more particularly in this way this past season have undoubtedly been Missouri and Illinois, although nearly every other State into which the Texans were shipped, from Kansas to Massachusetts, have suffered to a greater or less extent.

How these losses in connexion with the foreign trade occur and how they are divided up can readily be seen from the following;�

In June 10,642 animals were shipped to Liverpool; 114 died�loss about 1 per cent.

In July 12,13/ animals were shipped to Liverpool; 110 died�loss less than 1 per cent.

In August 9,'J6-1 animals Avere shipped to Liverpool; 272 died�loss over 2 pe cent.

In September 10,826 animals were shipped to Liverpool; 619 died�loss over 5 per cent.

This shows a loss in September over June of, say, ,#67,662.50, which excess of loss is considered by the insurance people to be due entirely to Texas fever, and to verify this we have the following quotations of the rates of Insurance:�

In August, 1880, the Canadian and English companies charged 2^ to 2-J per cent from Montreal. At the same time the rates on American cattle from Boston were from 3 to 6.per cent., the highest rates obtaining against Missouri and Illinois beasts.

During September the Canadian and English rates were 2^ to 3 per cent, from Montreal. The rates on American cattle during the first half of this same month were 5 to 7 per cent.; during the second half, from 5^ to 10 per cent.; that is Ohio cattle could be insured at from 5 to 64 per cent., Missouri from 6.gt; to 10 per cent. These differences in insurance make a total on a cargo of, say, 300 bensts, of ^2,035 against Missouri, $1,312 against Ohio, as the extreme Canadian cost of such insurance is but $1,125. This, on the September shipment to Liverpool alone, gives a loss of from $45,000 to $85,000, which loss, in the end, comes probably out of the agricul�turists.

Of course these quot;ratesquot; are based, upon the actual results of experience. This being so, the question at once suggests itself, what is the cause for this great difference of experience between Boston and Montreal? To this the unqualified answer is that it is due to a properly maintained veterinary inspection carried on systematically under proper laws and upheld by the Canadian Government while we have nothing of the sort. To substantiate this it will perhaps be well to quote here from a letter recently received from Messrs. Endicott and Macomber, insurance agents, of Boston, Massachusetts, who have this year employed an inspector, and who would accept no quot; risks quot; on cattle unless they'had been quot;passedquot; by this examiner. On October 27, 1880, they write quot; We have made this list of ours to include the whole sickly season. It shows a loss of 1^ per cent., and would show much less had we not taken a small line on Brazilian, whiqh ran into a gale on first day out. The loss on uninspected cattle during the same time has been upward of 6 per cent.quot; When it is remembered that this inspection is only undertaken during the quot; sickly season,quot; and to prevent the ill results arising from Texas fever alone the facts are full of significance.

As affecting the breeders of Missouri and Illinois, it may be said that in Boston, October 5, 1880, cattle for shipment were selling at the following prices: Ohio cattle, among which there is considered to be no risk of Texan contamination, 6 cents to

Q 3

#9632; .

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. 0. P. LYMAN.

Vlaquo;.

G| cents ; Illinois steers, �;,⁵ cents; Missouri steers, 5^ cents. That is, the Missouri lanner, besides having to pay more freight, loses about .#15 per head on bis steers, and be lias to stand not only this severe loss, but in addition, during these months, the constant risk of having his herd contaminated, which invariably results in a heavy death loss.

The absolute remedy for this is plain, and in view of the facts as related, suggests itself, viz.: let there be enacted proper laws, with a provision for their proper execution by properly qiialifled persons, which can be done without injustice to the Southern breeders, and the Western, Northern, and the Eastern breeders, traders, and shippers will be protected from this source of danger to the very large commercial interests which tiiey together represent.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Has been landed in Great Britain in several instances among cargoes of sheep, and once in a cargo of bullocks from the United States. This is a scheduled contagious disease, and our animals are now under restrictions because of it, which, of course, as long as the contagious pleuro-pneumonia restriction remains, does not really make any difference, and probably any measure that will provide for a properly conducted inspection of our cattle previous to shipment will prevent further trouble from this cause.

Sheep Scab

Has also been landed from the United States. A proper inspection before shipment will stop this, and thus prevent future trouble.

Swine Fever.

Hogs arriving from the United States are restricted on account of this disease. To devise a perfect method for preventing this needs further time and consideration.

Very respectfully, Hon. Wm. G. Lc Due,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

I i'

No. 51.

Third Report by Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S., to the COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington.

Sir,

Although my recent examination of American cattle, as landed and slaughtered in England, had for its chief object the detection of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia so frequently reported by the English governmental authorities as existing among them, and the subsequent location, as nearly as possible, in the United States of the herds from which these animals had been taken, I made my last report to you upon this subject before having had sufficient opportunity to examine as thoroughly as seemed to me desirable, the details connected with this direct investigation, because I considered that, incidentally, matters of the greatest importance connected with our cattle export trade had come to my knowledge, and that under the circumstances it was very important that these facts should come to the knoAvlcdge of Congress early in the session, so that, if they deemed them of as much importance as they seemed to me, they might have time to take such action as they deemed necessary.

Therefore the second report was made, and 1 was obliged to content myself, at that time, with the statement that if pleuro-pneumonia existed in the West, or if there were diseased cattle in or about the points through which the animals passed on their journey eastward, the information already possessed would, after a little further time, insure its location. That time I have now had, and in this report I intend to discuss simply the facts bearing upon these two points of the inquiry. First, by tracing back the con�demned animals, so far as I have been able, from England to the States wherein they were raised, and to show what likelihood there is that contagious pleuro-pneumonia exists in any of these States. Second, hy submitting to you the report of Dr. W. F. Whitney, the microscopist, whose services were engaged for the special purpose of examining the diseased portions of lung brought home by me from Liverpool; and, third, by discussing, in addition to this, which may be called the direct testimony in the

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case, the circumstances connected with the marketing, transporting hy rail, and shipping of cattle through our uninfected districts and ports to England, i.e., that part of the matter which may be called the indirect testimony, or in reality a putting together of faois connected with this shipping business, and drawing from them what seems to me to be reasonable deductions.

The lungs condemned in my presence were six in number, and were from animals coming from Boston to Liverpool in the following named steamers, and in the numbers given: quot;Iberian,quot; one; quot;Victoria,quot; two; quot;Brazilian,quot; two; and from New York to Liverpool in the steamer quot; Aleppo,quot; one.

The history of these animals, as I have been able to learn, is as follows : Mr. Smith, butcher, bought of Mr. George Roddick, cattle salesman, at Liverpool, 194 bullocks from the cargo of the steamer quot; Brazilian,quot; landed at Birkenhead, July 7, 1880. These animals were consigned to the salesman by Messrs. J. and C. Coughlin, of London, Ontario, Canada, who bought them in Boston, to which place they had been shipped direct from the Chicago market via the Grand Trunk Railway oi' Canada to Buffalo, thence via the New York Central to Albany, thence via the Boston and Albany to Boston. The lot consisted of steers from the'States of Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois.

Mr. Alfred Dawson, butcher, bought of Mr. George Roddick, cattle salesman, at Liverpool, several bullocks from the cargo of the steamer quot; Victoria,quot; landed at Birken�head, July 15. These animals were consigned to the salesman by Mr. Timothy Coughlin, London, Canada, who bought them in Boston, to which place they had been shipped direct from the Chicago market via the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada to Buffalo, thence via the New York Central to Albany, thence via the Boston and Albany to Boston. This lot, as in the last case, consisted of steers from Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois.

Since leaving Liverpool, I am advised that up to the 21st of November, seven more animals were condemned, as follows: On September 5, from the cargo of the steamer quot; Palestine,quot; three animals. These were from a lot consigned to Messrs. Utley and Sons, of Liverpool, by Messrs. T. and F. Utley, of Boston; 44 of them were Missouri, and 100 Iowa animals. They were bought in the Chicago market and came to Boston via Buffalo and Albany over the Grand Trunk, New York Central, and Fitchburg railroads.

On November 9, from the cargo of the steamer quot; Victoria,quot; one animal. This was from a lot consigned to Mr. Ramsden, cattle salesman, Liverpool, by Messrs. Wales and McLeavitt, of Boston, all of them being Illinois steers, bought in Chicago market and shipped to Boston over the Michigan Central, Grand Trunk, Vermont Central, and Fitchburg railroads.

On November 18, from the cargo of the steamer quot; Bohemian,quot; one animal. This was from a lot consigned to Mr. Hewlett, cattle salesman, Liverpool, by Mr. William Hawksworth, Brighton, Mass. They were Illinois steers, one half purchased in Albany, coming to Boston via Boston and Albany railroad. They had been brought to Albany from Chicago over the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern route. The other half were bought in Brighton market, Boston, and had been brought from Chicago via Grand Trunk, New York Central, and Fitchburg railroads.

On November 18, from the cargo of the steamer quot; Brazilian,quot; one animal. This was from a lot consigned to Mr. William Carroll, Liverpool, by Messrs. Hathaway and Jackson, of Boston, and were all Ohio cattle, bought especially for this shipment in that State, and were shipped via Buffalo, and from there over the New York Central to Albany, thence over the Fitchburg railroad to Boston.

On November 21, from the cargo of the steamer quot; Iowa,quot; one animal. This was from a lot consigned to Messrs. Utley and Sons, Liverpool, by Messrs. T. and F. Utley, of Boston. Fifteen or twenty of them were Ohio cattle, and came direct from London, Ohio, by way of Buffalo, Albany, and Fitchburg, to Boston. The remainder were Missouri and Illinois steers, and came from Chicago by Grand Trunk road.

With one exception this traces, I believe, all the condemned animals that have arrived at Liverpool from Boston from July 7 to November 21, 1880. (The one not traced was from the cargo of the steamer quot; Iberian,quot; landed July 14; the reason for this will be des-cribed further on in this report.) From it will be seen that the native States of the condemned animals are Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio ; that the only markets through

wtGa

vmen tney nave passeu are unicaffo, BUtraiO, Albany, and Boston; that the lines of rail ;hat have been used are the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Errand Trunk line of Canada, New York Central, Vermont Central, Boston and Albany' md the Fitchburg, or, as it is sometimes called, the Hoosac Tunnel route.

G 4

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

Cattle from the United States, upon being landed in Liverpool or at Birkenhead, are driven into stables erected for the purpose upon the wharves upon which they are landed, and are tied up in rows facing each other between which there is a passage way. After they have remained here, resting and feeding for at least 12 hours, they are examined by the veterinary inspector of the port, and after they have passed this examination, the salesman to whom they are consigned is at liberty to sell them, and the butcher who buys them to drive them into the shambles, also situated upon the same wharf, where they are killed under the restriction that all lungs must be laid aside until they have been examined by the inspector, when those not condemned may be disposed of in any way that the owner sees fit. This examination is made by clasping, one at a lime, the lungs between both hands, and in this position passing them over their entire surface, when, if anything peculiar is felt, it is cut down upon and examined. In this way the slightest variation from the normal becomes at once apparent; in fact, it is surprising how quickly the smallest change in them may be located. In this connexion I also wish to have the fact borne in mind that in no one of these cases condemned in my presence did the inspector discover the disease before the animal was killed, although every animal was closely inspected in the way described, and in no one case was there any appearance about any one of these condemned animals that caused the slightest question to be raised as to his'healthfulness, notwithstanding he had but very recently passed the scrutiny both of the port inspector and the butcher who had bought him ; nor was there one of them that was not fully up to the average of his fellows in flesh.

The misroscopic appearances of these six lungs in their fresh state were as follows :�

quot;Brazilianquot; No. 1.�This lung contained, in about its centre, a large hardened object that could be both seen and felt, and would measure, perhaps, about 6 inches through its largest diameter. This, upon being cut into, appeared to be an abscess containing nothing but a pure, rather thick, creamy pus, and, although any portion of dead tissue that might be contained within this cavity was thoroughly searched for, nothing of the sort could be found. The cavity was surrounded by what seemed to be a ratherquot; thick cartilaginous wall, this again by � considerable amount of quot; marbledquot; tissue in which the parenchyma; was of an even pinkish colour, with the intcriobular thickening well marked, white, hard, and firm. This, in its turn, passed almost imperceptibly, the parenchyma becoming gradually more and more areable, and the intcriobular thickening growing narrower and narrower into the healthy lung tissue surrounding the whole.

quot; Brazilian quot; No. 2.�This lung, with its fellow, upon its surface presented to the eye no indication of disease, but upon being handled in the way described above, several small nodules within its substance at once became apparent; these, upon being cut down upon, in the one lung disclosed the unmistakable lesions of tuberculosis, and in the other, where these indurations felt were much fewer and smaller, the nodules showed the peculiar lesions upon which it was condemned. There were several small nodules situated in the periphery of the extreme posterior portion of the large lobe of the right lung, the larger of which was about ^ inch in diameter ; in its centre there appeared to be a cheesy deposit; this was surrounded by a very thin layer of a thin greyish coloured pus ; outside this a very thin membrane; outside this again, a very limited amount of marbled tissue which, near the centre, was well marked, but more indistinct toward its outer margin. Of these nodules there were some four or five perfectly isolated from one another, but all being, to the unaided eye, of the same description.

quot;Victoriaquot; lungs.�There were two pairs of these, condemned from the same lot at the same examination. One lung showed one and the other three indurated spots upon which the lungs were condemned. The largest of these quot;spotsquot; was about the size of an English walnut, and was situated exactly at the root of the lung ; the remaining three were situated in various isolated positions in the substance of the lung. Upon being cut down upon they all exhibited the same general appearance as those of the Brazilian No. 2 lung already described, except that in the case of the largest specimen there was a fair amount of sub-plural thickening, although there had been no adhesion between these surfaces. Of this portion of lung Dr. Whitney says : quot; The size and appearance of the quot; diseased portion after a clean cut had been made through it is represented on Plate IV.* quot; The disease involves about one-half dozen lobules, representing about 50 to 75 cubic quot; centimeters in bulk (Plate IV, n). These are quite homogeneous in appearance, and quot; within them are seen one are two small irregularly rounded cavities containing a cheesy quot; material. The intcriobular tissue between them and the more healthy portion of the quot; lung (Plate IV. int. tis.) is very thick and dense.quot; In its fresh state this cheesy

The plates referred to in the llcoort are not printed in this Return.

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deposit was surrounded by a thin layer of what, appeared to be a thin greyish pus ; this again by a thin membraneous wall, this by the quot; marbled quot; tissue, limited in extent, and surrounded on three sides by healthy tissue.

quot;Aleppo quot; lung.�The lung from wliieh this specimen was taken was from u bullock, killed in Liverpool, July 23, and which the inspector said ho considered a fine specimen of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and, as will be seen by reference to Plate VIL, which is copied from a painting made by a leading firm of photographers in Liverpool, from the lung itself, on the same day upon which it was taken from the animal, and is a most perfect representation of its appearance, has very much the look of that disease ; indeed so close is its resemblance that no one would be warranted in saying that it was not it until a most thorough examination had been made of the specimen.

Plate Vila, represents the point at which adhesion had taken place between the two pleural surfaces, and at which, upon being broken down by the fingers, there was left a small rounded eminence of loosely formed connective tissue b, the diseased nodule showing the discoloured lobules and the greatly thickened interlobular tissue; c, o, healthy lung tissue!

After getting this portion of lung to Boston, another cut was made into the nodule parallel to the first, and at a point directly through the centre at a. The surface thus exposed had a very different appearance. At about the centre of the nodule was a small irregularly shaped cavity surrounded by a mass of material having a greyish cheesy look ; in fact giving precisely the appearance noticed in all of the specimens except the Brazilian No. 1.

Iberian.�This specimen was not retained by me, nor were any inquiries made about it that would enable me afterwards to trace the animal in the United States, because at the time it was discovered by Mr. Moore, the inspector, and shown to me, I did not think that there was the slightest indication of pleuro-pneumonia about it, and so told Mr. Moore, who, I thought, agreed with me at the time, and so the lung was not retained. Two days afterwards, however, I found, much to my surprise, that it had been con�demned and reported to the London authorities as having been a case of pleuro-pneumonia. My recollection of its appearance is that it contained seven or eight nodules isolated from one another, consisting of a small cheesy deposit no larger than a pea, surrounded by a thin membrane, and showed no marbled tissue whatever.

In addition to this description I may say that every specimen described in this report was seen and examined by Inspector Professor Duguid, of the London office, and pro�nounced by him to be undoubtedly pleuro-pneumonia. Also that each and every one of them were shown in August last to Professor Williams, who declared that, in his opinion, none of them were pleuro-pneumonia unless it was the quot;Aleppoquot; specimen, upon which he would give no opinion without a chance for a more minute examination of it.

Microscopic Examination.

All of the specimens of lungs which 1 have endeavoured to describe were given by me to Dr. W. F. Whitney, of Boston, Mass., curator of the Warren Anatomical Museum, and assistant in Pathological Anatomy in the Medical Department of Harvard University, who made a most thorough microscopical examination of them, and whose report uponnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '-..

the subject I have the honour to herewith submit:

At your request I have examined the portions of lungs coming from American cattle killed in Liverpool, said to be affected with contagions pleuro-pneumonia.

From a careful study of those specimens in comparison with others obtained from an unquestionable case of tbat disease;, and from tbe description of its characteristics as given by William?, Yeo, Roy, and others, it appears that the changes seen in thoso specimens are caused by chronic inHammatorif processes, especially/of fhe interstitial tisstte, in some cases combined xoith miliary tuberculosis xokich, reasoning fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;', gt;

analogous processes found in the human lung, are not contagious.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;

In proof of the above statement I send your herewith the preparations upon which it is based, with drawings, and in explanation of them will call your attention, tirst, to the relations of the healthy lung, then to tho changes seen in a lung affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and, finally, to the manner in which the changes seen in the specimens sent for examination differ from those of that disease.

Tho lungs of cattle differ from thoso of man, in that each lobe is distinctly sub-divided into numerous lobules (each occupying the space of from 10 to 30 cubic centimeters) joined to each other by fine bands of connective tissue, which also forms the walls of extensive lymph spaces, connecting on the one hand with those lying in the pleura, and on the other with the lymph canals, which nearly surround the blood-vessels accompanying the bronchus into the lung tissue. 'I hose relations are shown in tho preparation marked '^k normal lung of bullock, lymph spaces injected with blue,quot; and from which Plate I, has been drawn. Fig. 1 represents a section through the whole of one and part of an adjoining lobule with the uniting bands of connective tissue inclosing lymph spaces. The extreme B laquo;70.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;H

THIRD REPORT BY Dr, C. P. LYMAN.

tliiimoss of this band is especially to be noticed. The walls of the alveoli, which form the lung tissue proper (Fig. 1, lung tis.), are fine, and have a slightly wavy crinkled outline, and in them are a foAV scattered lymph and epitheUold cells. One or more small bronchi are usually to he found in each lobule. A more highly inagnilled view of one of these is represented in Fig, 2. In this can be dis�tinguished three coats, a mucous or inner coat, a muscular or middle coat, and an external coat. The mucous coat (Fig. 2, nmc. ct.) i.s formed by a layer of columnar epithelium, its inner surface resting upon a narrow /one of comuH'tive tissue (sub-mucous coat) which is thrown into folds when the bronchus is coutraet�d. The musoular coat (Filaquo;j. ^c2, mus. ct.) is composed of unstripped fibres arranged concentrically. Outside of this is the external coat, composed, for the greater part, of a collection of round cells, probably of a lympboid character, separating it from the accompanying artery and vein (Fig. 2, art. Jind v.), which are almost surrounded (in some places entirely so) by the lymph canals (Fig. ^l2, lym. sp. c).

In the diseased lungs the changes occuring in the connective tissue, including the lymph spaces in the alveoli with their walls, and in the bronchi Avill bo considered and compared with each other.

Contagious Pi.kuro-I'nkumonia.

Contagious pleuro-pneumonia presents throe stages (designated as A, IJ, and C), dependent upon the degree to which these tissues arc affected.

In the earliest or stage A (see preparation marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage A, from which Plate II. has been drawn) the most marked changes are in the lymph spaces. Those in the pleura are in a great measure obliterated by the growing together of its two layers, and such as remain (Plate II. lym. sp. A) are tilled with young round cells, leaving only a narrow passage close to the wall. The interlobular spaces (Plate II. lym. sp. U), are filled with a semi-gelatinous fluid, which in hardened specimens becomes coarsely fibrilatod and in which are a few scattered round (lymphoid) cells. The bands of connective tissue forming the walls of the lymph spaces are but slightly thickened. In the lymph canals about the versels are a few clumps of lymph cells. The opening of the canal is in general free (Plate II., Figs. 1 and 2 lym. sp. c.)

The walls of the alveoli have no longer a crinkly outline, but a slightly stiff appearance, giving the alveoli a much rounder look. This is partly due to an engorgement of the vessels and partly to an increase of lymph and epitbelioid colls in and upon the walls (Plate II., Fig. 1, lung. tis.).

In the small bronchi the changes are confined to the mucous coat (Plate II., muc. ct.), which is thickened from a proliferation of the epithelium, the cells next the free surface having a tendency to degeneration as shown by a slight detritus.

In the second stage (see preparation contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage B) the exudation in the interlobular lymph spaces is firmer and there are a greater number of cells. The walls of the spaces are but little changed from the preceding stage. The canals about the vessels are more extensively filled with cells, and here and there a vessel is plugged.

Most of the alveoli are filled with an exudation, in places resembling that in the interlobular lymph spaces in stanje A, and similar to that found in cropus pneumonia of the human lung, in places consisting entirely of lymph and epitbelioid cells. The contents ofquot; certain of the alveoli take colouring matter badly, showing that a degeneration has taken place in the cells.

The mucous membrane of the bronchus is much thickened, and in the opening of the tube is to be seen detritus of exfoliated and degenerated epithelium.

In the third stage (see preparation [marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage C, and from which Plate II. has been drawn) the interlobular exudation is a little firmer and more fibrillated, the original walls of the lymph spaces are still to be distinguished as moderately thickened bands (see Plate III., Fig. 1, lym. sp, JJ). The canals about the vessels (Fig. 1, lym. sp. C) are completely tilled with lym�phoid cell, the vessels are usually plugged, and a moro or less extensive hemorrhage may take place into the surrounding tissue (see Fig. 1, art).

The alveoli are filled with lymph and epitbelioid cells, in many cases degenerated and retracted from the walls into little granular clumps. The walls themselves are much thickened in some places from an hypertrophy of the fibres of unstripped muscular tissue, which is normally present in small amount, especially at the place where the bronchus passes into the alveoli (see Fig. 2, mus. hyp.)

The bronchi in this stage aro only distinguished with difficulty, and the explanation lies in the fact that the mucous membrane has become entirely degenerated and cast off from the walls (see Fig. 1, br. mur;. ct.), the cells reduced to a detritus which, together with lymph and blood cells, completely occlude the opening, leaving no characteristics by which to distinguish it from any other plugged vessel.

Upon grouping together the appearances as presented in the different stages, it is manifest that the l5'mph spaces are at first tilled with a coagulable material, and the increased density of this in the later stages of the disease are clue to an increase in the number of cell elements and not to a material increase in the thickness of the walls of the spaces. With the increasing firmness of this exudation the alveoli are filled Avith cells and exuded material, as arc also the lymph canals about the vessels; and when this has reached a marked degree, the mucous coat of the bronchus, which in the earlier stages of the disease has taken part by a proliferation of its epithelium, is cast off and the tubo is filled with its detritus and an exudation similar to that in the neighbouring lymph canals. The mus�cular coat of the bronchus resists longer and can be clearly distinguished after the mucous coat is destroyed. With this lilling of the lymph canals the vessels are occluded and hemorrhage may take place into the surrounding tissue.

DrsKASKn Lungs fuom Livkuvooi,.

The one first examined was marked quot; Steamer'Victoria,quot; from Boston, July 19, 1880, Liverpool,quot; and will be referred to as the quot; Victoria quot; lung.

The size and appearance of the diseased portion after a clean cut had been made through it, is represented in Plate IV. The disease involves about one-half a dozen lobules, representing about

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59

50-75 C. C. in bulk (Plate IV. A). Those nvo quite homogeneous in appearance, and within thorn are seen one or two small, irregularly rounded cavities, containing' a cheesy inatorial. The interlolmlar tissue between them and the more healthy portion of tho lung (Plate IV., B.) is very thick and dense (Plate IV., int. tis.)

The wholo has a resemblance to contagious pleuro-pneumonia in that the lobules and intevlobuiar tissue are involved, but differs in the small amount of tissue implicated when considered in relation to the degree to which the intcrlobular tissue is affoctod. What the cause of these changes is, will be understood from the preparation marked S.S. quot;Victoria,quot; amp;c., and from which Plate V. has been made.

Looking first at the interlobular spaces it will be seen that there is no longer any trace of tho lymph

/pa.

es, but that the lobes are joined by a firm band of connective tissue, rich in young colls.

late V., int. tis.) The earlier stages of this are seen in that part of the preparation which shows no changes to tho unaided eye (this is not shown in the drawing), and there it appears that this tissue results from a thickening of the walls of tho lymph spaces. Later, when this has become dense, an accumulation of cells takes place in the contracted spaces and the whole becomes fused into the firm mass shown in the drawing.

From tho action of this connective tissue the alveoli are compressed, and the walls are slightly thickened from tho presence in them of large numbers of young cells. Thore is but little tendency, however, to exudation or accumulation of colls within tho alveoli.

The greatest changes within tho lobules arc seen about the bronchi and their accompanying vessels. It will be remembered that there is normally a narrow zone of connective tissue, rich in colls surrounding the bronchus and separating it from tho adjacent vessels. Thoso cells have proliferated to such an extent as to form a wide band about the bronchus, involving tho blood-vossels, which are, however, still pervious, but compressing the lymph canals to such an extent that their presence is with dilliculty made out. The coats of tho bronchi are also affected, but in the reverse order from what they are in contagious pleuro-pneumonia, viz., the muscular coat has almost disappeared (see Plate V., mus. ct.), while the mucous coat (see Plate V., muc. ct.) remains quite distinct, and the opening of the bronchus (contrary to the case in pleuro-pneumonia, when tho cellular exudation is as extensive as here) is patent and even slightly dilated (condition known as bronchiectasis). This proliferation about tho bronchi (known under the name of peribronchitis) may become degenerated finally, and thus give rise to the small cavities filled with cheesy detritus noted in the description of the specimen (Plate IV., A.).

The commencement of such a degeneration may account for the appearance seen in the middle lobule of the preparation (see also Plate V., tbl.), or it may be due to a secondary tuberculosis.

The whole process can be classified as one of chronic interstitial pneumonia, with peribronchitis and bronchiectasis with the formation of cavities.

Steamship quot; I3iiazilian,quot; from Boston.

Tho next, two specimens examined were both marked S.S. quot;Uraziliam,quot; from Uoston, and will bo described as quot; Brazilian quot; lung No. 1 and No. 2.

quot;Brazilianquot; Lime; No. 1 consisted of several pieces forming part of tho wall of a large abscess. The side of the specimen which lay next to the cavity of the abscess was quite smooth, and the tissue immediately adjoining was firm, douse, and quite homogeneous, so that the outline of the lobules could only be made out with difficulty. This very dense portion extended for about l-2^cni, when the tissue began to assume more tho appearance of normal lung ; only that between the lobules were firm bands connecting directly with tho dense tissue near the edge.

Two preparations were made from this, one from the dense portion and the other from the more healthy looking part.

Upon examining the former (see preparation marked S.S. quot;Brazilianquot; No. 1, near abscess Avail, and from which Plate VI. has been drawn) it will be seen that the great increase in density is principally due to an increased thickening of the interlobular tissue (see Plato VI., int. tis.), and upon comparing

lymph spaces.

In the thick bauds of connective tissue traces of small vessels are seen, showing that the process has been of long duration. Tho bronchi lying in their midst are still open and to be distinguished by their epithelial lining, but their muscular coat has almost disappeared.

In the recent preparation tho alveoli show simply the results of compression, with an increase of round cellsin their walls. Near the abscess wall the lobule is quite solidified, but this is due not to an exudation into the alveoli, but to tho effects of tho compression of the connective tissue and to a thickening of the walls by a round cell infiltration. Scattered throughout the alveoli lobules, replacing one or two alveoli, in the walls of tho smaller bronchi and in the bands of new formed connective tissue are small circular collections of round colls, having a tendency to degeneration with a sharp line between them and the surrounding tissue (see Plate VI., tbl.) ; these are probably minute points of chronic purulent inflammation, but may belong to the class of tubercles, although only about half the size of those bodies and lacking in giant cells and stroma.

The changes found in this lung are those of chronic induration, which are entirely explained by the proximity to tho large suppurating cavity, and have nothing in them indicative of what may have been the cause of it.

quot;Brazilianquot; Lung No. 2.�In the second specimen from the quot;Brazilianquot; there wore two nodules from different parts of the lung, showing different stages of disease, the one more advanced than the other.

In both of those nodules there were only a few lobules which presented any changes from tho normal, and in the more recent specimen it was only in a single lobulo that these changes reached a marked, degree.

H 2

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

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In this tho lobule, which was the centre of the disease, was quite homogeneous, except in the middle, where a portion of the tissue was separated from the rest by a distinct line of irregularly indented outline. In this portion were numerous small losses of substance, giving to the whole a slightly necrosed look. This central lobulo was separated from the adjoining ones by a firm, broad band of tissue, while in the more remote intcrlnbukr spaces the walls of tho lymph spaces were seen to bo thickened and lying in tho spaces thus reduced m diameter by this thickening of tho walls, were firm, fibrous-looking masses, which wcro only slightly adherent to the walls, and could in consequence be withdrawn intact. In contagious pleuro-pneumonia, it will be remembered, tho substance filling the interlobular spaces is perfectly continuous from side to side, and cannot thus be withdrawn.

From this specimen three preparations were made, two from the recent nodule, and one from the more advanced.

Tho first of these (see preparation marked S.S. quot;Brazilianquot; No. 2 (A.) Recent disease) was taken from the recent nodule in the tissue from the neighbourhood of the central diseased lobule, and presented to the eye only a thickening of the interlobular tissue with masses in the lymph spaces. Under tho microscope it was found that the walls of tho lymph spaces were thickened in the same way as in the prt-vious cases, and that the masses lying in the spaces were composed entirely of cells, having none of that peculiar loose, meshod, fibrillated network characteristic of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. About the small bronchus, with its accompanying vessels, a dense cellular infiltration is seen. The muscular coat is quite degenerated, while in one portion of the wall of the bronchus the cells have assumed an indistinctly circular outline about a centrally degenerated point (tubercle?). The changes in the alveoli with their walls are very slight, consisting only in an increase of cells.

The second preparation was made through the central lobule, in which, as described above, was a circumscribed necrosis.

The thickening between the lobules (see preparation marked S.S. quot; Brazilian,quot; No. 2 (B), recent disease) is due, as in the previous cases, to a thickening of the Avails of the lymph spaces, with here and there narrowed lymph spaces filled with cells more or less adherent to the walls. In the preparation coloured by luumatoxylon the necrosed portion is brought sharply out by a deep blue line, lying just within its border, and due to the presence of a large number of cells and nuclei. Within this line the alveoli are filled with yellow, finely granular detritus, in which lie scattered nuclei and cells in the process of degeneration. Very few nuclei or cells aro seen in the alveolar walls, and the whole looks dead. Within tho centre of this necrosed portion are seen the blood vessels still pervious, surrounding which is a zone of cell infiltration as shown by the deep colour. The bronchus lies between the vessels, but can only be distinguished with difficulty, since the external and middle coats are almost obliterated, the mucous coat destroyed, only one or two projections of tho submucous coat remaining to mark its character, and the opening of the tube filled with round cells and nuclei,

The walls of the alveoli of the tissue bordering this necrosed portion are very much compressed, and, together with the new cells, which have been inflated, form a sort of wall. The remaining alveoli are comparatively free, although a few are filled with the same yellow, finely granular detritus, as are those within the necrosed portion.

Within the nodule or mol-o advanced decease was a cavity ^ to 1 centimeter in diameter, surrounded by a thick Svali, and the lobule containing it was separated from its neighbours by thick bands of tissue, which could be followed for some distance among the more healthy lobules.

Under the microscope (see preparation marked S.S. quot; Brazilian,quot; No. 2, Advanced disease) it appears that the interlobular tissue is composed of the same connective tissue, only rather firmer than marks the preparations already examined, and has apparently been formed in the same way. The wall about the cavity is also composed of a similar fibrous tissue rich in cells, and passes insensibly into the walls of the alveoli which are compressed and slightly thickened, but otherwise comparatively open. Surrounding tho bronchi and vessels are an accumulation of cells which have infiltrated the bronchus from without inwards, leaving still a remnant of the epitheleal lining.

The general outline of the cavity is such as to indicate that it had been formed by a necrosis of a circumscribed portion of the lung, as in the more recent specimen. This necrosed portion has been gotten rid of, and the slight wall of separation seen in the recent specimen has been thickened and condensed.

The whole process is one of chronic interstitial pneumonia with peribronchitis and necrosis of the lung tissue.


	!#9632;#9632;
	1

ist li

1 ^r

Steamship quot; Aleppo,quot; from New York.

The specimen was a portion of lung about half the size of the palm of the hand, in which was a firm wedge-shaped nodule, the base of which measured 22.5deg;�, and was at right angles to the pleural surface, which was slightly thickened all over the portion of lung. The nodule was quite homogeneous in appearance, with broad bands of tissue separating the lobules. In one of the lobules there were small losses of substance, giving to that part a honeycombed look, and in another lobule there was a small cavity.

The bands of interlobular tissue (see preparations marked S.S. quot;Aleppoquot; from New York, From diseased nodule, andS. S. quot; Aleppo/' amp;c., Section of entire nodule) are composed, as in the previous cases, of firm connective tissue quite well vascularized, showing bore and there the presence of masses of cells in the narrowed lymph spaces.

Tho lung tissue is compressed and the alveolar walls are thickly studded with round cells and nuclei. In the honeycombed tissue mentioned above (see preparation marked From diseased nodule) these cells are collected together in little round groups, which were often degenerated in the centres, causing tho little losses of substance referred to. The alveoli themselves were filled with exuded masses, detritus, and cells.

The section through tho lobule containing tho cavity (see preparation marked Section of entire nodule) shows that tho cavity is surrounded by a thick wall having a slightly reticulated appearance, and here and there giving the outline of a circular body. In the remaining parenchyma of the lung

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THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 61

are two or three round bodies of a similar size with a rather broad meshed stroma, in which lie round cells (miliary tubercles).

The bronchi and vessels are surrounded by accumulated cells.

Many of the alveoli of the lobules bordering upon the diseased nodulo are lliled with blood corpuscles, which, however, lie freely within thorn, and have not unifonnly infiltrated all tho tissue as is the case in the hemorrhagic infarction of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

The whole process can be classifiold as one of chronic interstitial pneumonia, combined with tuber�culosis and the formation of cavities.

Conclusion.

Looking at the cases as a whole, it will be seen that they are the results of inflammations of different parts of the constituents of the lungs, there also being indications in all the specimens that tuberculosis may take part in producing some of the changes.

The antecedence of one process over the other cannot be exactly determined, but judging from tho thickness of the interlobular connective tissue, and the fact that it can be distinctly traced among the apparently unaffected lobules, it is probably implicated among the first, and from the fact of the thick�ness of this tissue as compared with the small amount of lung involved, Iho processes must be placed among the chronic ones, which require weeks or months rather than days for their accomplishment, and as such are probably not contagious.

Yours truly,

Chas. P. Lyman, F.R.C.V.S.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;W. T. Whitney.

Veterinary Surgeon, Department of Agriculture.

Therefore, if we may place any value upon facts as evidenced by the microscope �and who will say that we cannot ?�the absolute fact is well shown that not only were the lungs condemned in my presence as being affected with pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa not affected with that disease, but that the changes noticed in them, in all but one case, were due to a chronic interstitial pneumonia with peribronchitis, with necrosis and the formation of small cavities at and within the lung tissue proper ; and further, there are evidences amounting to a certainty, in one case at least, that the disease known as tuber�culosis, probably plays a more or less prominent part in the etiology of these changes. The other lung (Brazilian No. 1) that cannot be included in this class of cases, was, however, very distinctive, in that the lung contained the large abscess, already described, and the microscope shows the changes in the lung tissues upon which the condem�nation was made to have been chronic induration of these tissues, caused by the pressure upon them of the large abscess found to exist in their immediate neighbourhood; in fact just the condition that under the circumstances we would expect to find. I think that, without pursuing the history of the beasts from which these lungs came, it may be safely stated that they were not affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia. The next thing, therefore, will be to consider these cases that have been reported as beinf diseased with contagious pleuro-pneumonia since the time I left Liverpool, and up to the 21st of November last, of which there were seven, as has been already stated. As the lungs or diseased portions of them, were not obtainable for examination, it will be possible only to show by negative evidence what the probabilities are respecting them. As you will remember they came to Liverpool by various steamships from Boston ; to Boston they came from Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio, and none of them were at at any time in any of the cattle markets except those of Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, and Boston, and the only lines of rail over which any of these passed were the Grand Trunk of Canada, New York Central, Fitchbnrg, Michigan Central, Vermont Central, Boston and Albany, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern.

It will be shown further on that there cannot be any disease in Chicago or Buffalo, and the same argument will be as true regarding Albany as Buffalo. In the case of Boston I may say that ever since the quot; stamping outquot; of pleuro-pneumonia from Massachusetts in 1867 there has always existed, and does to-day, in this State a most efficient board of State Cattle Commissioners, composed, amongst others, of the same veterinarian (Dr. E. F. Thayer) under whose administration the disease was �' stamped out,quot; and that although this board has, during all these years, kept a most lively look-out for any cases of the disease within their State, and although thousands of animals have been examined in Brighton Market, alive and dead, by Dr. Thayer, not one single case of pleuro-pneumonia has been discovered within that State within the last 14 years.

Regarding the native States of these cattle, it may be said that in Missouri this department has 104, in Iowa 84, in Illinois 8�, in Ohio 83 correspondents, whose particular duty it is to inform themselves as to tho nature of any disease that may at any time show itself among the animals within their district, and that these correspondents have not at any time reported the existence of any disease the symptoms of which at all similated those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, although every special effort possible has been made to discover it should it exist there. So far as is known, and equally

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If'' #9632; Ml'

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

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strenuous efforts have been made to discover the facts, pleuro-pneumonia does not exist iu any region of country through which the lines of rail over which these animals have been carried passes. This, then, leaves as the only possible source of contamination the cars in which the animals have been conveyed. That the disease may have been contracted in this way is possible, but not at all probable, and as bearing upon this point it may be said that cattle going to Boston for local uses are conveyed in exactly the same way, and oftentimes in the same cars as the animals going from thence to Great Britain; and that, although I myself have examined many hundreds of tiiese, alive ami dead, I have never yet found a single case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia; and this is the fact, as I have before stated, regarding the very extensive examinations made of these same animals by the Massachusetts State Board of Cattle Commsisioners, In considering this question in all its phases I am naturally led to a review of the circumstances attending the landing and examination of the cargo of animals e.v steam* ship quot; Ontario,quot; which arrived at the port of Liverpool on the 26th of January 1879j consisting of 195 cattle and two carcases; 87 head of cattle had been thrown overboard on the voyage, thus making the original shipment 284. These animals were shipped from Portland, Me., but of their origin Mr. Welsh, Minister of the United States at London, says;�quot; From reliable parties in Liverpool I learn that while a part of the quot; cattle by the quot; Ontarioquot; came from Chicago, and a part from Buffalo, at least 45 head quot; of them came from Toronto, and were so mixed with the others that the Canadian quot; and United States cattle could not be distinguished. It is also beyond dispute that quot; those which came from the United States passed for several hundred miles over the quot; Grand Trunk Road through the Dominion of Canada; that all the cattle were quot; exposed to weather of unusual severity; that they remained for a considerable time in quot; Portland without food or water, and they had undergone an exceptional amount of quot; hardship and bad usage before entering upon a voyage which was made at an inclement quot; season and during excessively rough weather.quot; In a memorandum on the subject, Professor Brown of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, says :�quot; On quot; examining one of the carcases the inspector at Liverpool found evidence of pleuro-quot; pneumonia, and forwarded portions of the king to the Veterinary Department. This quot; specimen was found to represent the characteristic indications of the contagious pleuro-quot; pneumonia of cattle so well known in this country. By direction of the Lord President quot; I immediately instructed Mr. Duguid, one of the inspectors of this Department, to quot; proceed to Liverpool and report as to the condition of the animals which had been quot; detained there. Mr. Duguid remained at Liverpool and superintended the slaughter quot; of the cattle and in the course of the post-mortem examination he detected 13 cases of quot; pleuro-pneumonia in various stages.quot; Now take the statement of Professor AValley made to me in Edinburgh in July 1880, in regard to this matter. He says :�

quot; I was called to Liverpool and there shown animals together in a building which, I was told, came per steamship ' Ontario' from America ; a few of them were coughing, 1 should judge giving the pathog-nomonic cough of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I examined them ; they yave no elevation of temperature that amounted to anything as a sk/n; they varied a little ; somo would be a degree higher than others, but nothing remarkable in any. While this examination was going on, and before we had �nished to my entire satisfaction, a man came to say that we were wanted in the slaughter-house, where we wen at once, and found two animals that we were told had been taken haphazard from this cargo of the ' Ontario' hanging partially dressed, and from these 1 saw lungs taken that exhibited to me, without any doubt, the well-known lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 1 was not at the place for more than an hour.quot;

In answer to questions, he further said:

quot;The animals were in as good condition as any of the others ; that there were several diseased spots in their lungs ; that the deceased portions were ' marbled,' and the parenchyma varied in colour from deep red to pink, but it was mostly of a pinkish shade ; that there was no attempt towards the formation of a cyst-wall around any of the diseased portions, because the disease had not been of sufficient standing.quot;

I have made these extracts because they seem to me to embrace the entire evidence tending to show that the disease on the quot; Ontario quot; was contagious pleuro-pneumonia; and I think it worth while to put in contrast with them here what may be called the circum�stantial evidence tending to show that there may have been some mistake.

The fact seems to be beyond dispute that so far as the animals came from the United States they came from Chicago and Buffalo vid Canadian Grand Trunk Road to Port�land. Since 1877 the Department of Agriculture has had, all through the West, regular correspondents, whose duty it is to collect and forward evidence relating to any disease, contagious or otherwise, that may prevail to any extent in the different localities in which they are located. In this way nearly every disease that animal flesh is heir to has


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received some sort of mention, but in no case has any description been received that could in any way be construed into a description of contagious pleuro-pncumonia of cattle. Besides tbis, the Department kept Veterinary Surgeon H. J. Detmers at the Chicago live-stock yards, examining cattle with the single view of ascertaining whether any^ trace of this disease could be discovered in that great depot for western cattle. This examination, which was made in 1879 and continued for some time, showed that itnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

was unknown there. The market of Buffalo is in the State of New York, and therefore came directly under the examination of Prof. James Law, Veterinarian-in-Chicf to thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �Vj

State of New York, whose particular business, under a special law, was to find and getnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j

rid of, so far as any means at his command would allow of its being done, this very disease�pleuro-pneumonia of cattle�and with the splendid system of detecting its existence in any cattle within the State, and with the great facility which he had fornbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *

tracing any diseased animals that were found to their starting point, he was never able, in any way, to locate the disease in Buffalo or at any point in the State within 400 miles, or thereabout, of that market, Neither has this Department, although every means atnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'I

its command has been tried, ever been able to find that it had any existence at any time nearer to Buffalo than the points indicated by Professor Law. Now we have in evidence that these animals passed for several hundred miles over the Grand Trunk Road. To do this and get to Portland after leaving Buffalo, they would not again enter the Statesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;j

until they had reached Vermont, where they cross a small portion of the extreme north-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; * �'

easterly corner of the State; thence across the extreme northerly portion of New Hamp�shire ; thence for a short distance across the southerly portion of Maine to Portland ; and at no time would they be nearer than Portland to the infected district, the nearest point of which is something over 300 miles away. It may be stated to a certainty that contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle does not exist in either Vermont, New Hampshire, or Maine. How then could these animals have become infected ? So far as the territory through which they travelled on their way to the seaport lies within the United States, it can safely be said that no pleuro-pneumonia exists along, or anywhere near, their line of route. The cars in which they travelled could scarcely have been previously con�taminated, far presumably they were those of this Great Northern Trunk line, and would never be sent down into the neighbourhood of New York, Philadelphia, or Balti�more for the conveyance of local cattle freight. The only way, then, would seem to be that the disease was contracted on board ship during the voyage. But ships that have carried cattle are, on their return to Liverpool, required by law to be tJiorovghh/ disin�fected, so that unless the quot; Ontario,quot; on her out voyage, brought to this country from England cattle affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, she could scarcely convey itnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f*

to other and hearty beasts on the return trip.

That pleuro-pneumonia did exist among these cattle we have the evidence of, first, Mr. Moore, the inspector, who discovered it; second, that of Professor Daguid, who was sent down from London for the express purpose of inspecting this cargo; third, that of Professor Walley, who came from Edinburgh for the same purpose, all of them gentlemen who are particularly well qualified to judge of the matter, and give a valuable opinion regarding it. But it certainly does seem that Professor Duguid and Mr. Moore were undoubtedly mistaken as to the lungs condemned by them in my presence last July and August. May it not be that pleuro-pneumonia eontagiosn is, after all, not so distinctive in its appearance as has always been supposed, or rather that changes are produced by certain other diseases, the lesions of which resemble so closely those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia that in the absence of any history of the animal would require a much more careful examination to detect its difference than veterinarians have heretofore supposed to be necessary ?

The other gentleman, Professor Walley, says that he should judge that these animals were giving the palhognomonic cough of pleuro-pneumonia, but that he examined them, and even with the thermometer (a most delicate aid in these cases) he could get no indication that amounted to a sign that they were diseased ; but still, before he had finished his examination to his entire satisfaction, he was called away to the slaughter-house, where he saw lungs removed from two beasts that to him presented quot; without any doubt quot; the well-known lesions of pleuro-pneumonia.quot; These lungs were marbled and the parenchyma varied in colour from deep red to pink, but it was mostly of a pinkish shade ; that the largest diseased spot was as large as the crown of a Derby hat; that there was no attempt at the formation of a cyst wall, because the disease had not been of sufficient standing; that the animals were in as good condition as any of the others, and that they had been selected haphazard from among the cargo in question. Is it not remarkable that although so large a portion of lung was affected there was no sign or symptom by which the animal could be selected out from among the others, vvliich on the testimony

H 4

THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

of this gentleman showed no sign that quot;amounted to anythingquot; of their being diseased and that the only way of finding its presence was by a critical examination of the lung itself after the animal had been killed? Was ever such a case of acute contagious pleuro-pneumonia with this amount of lung implicated heard of before ? I think not; and still this gentleman, who has had great experience with this disease, who knows that in Edinburgh the existence of quot; plcuroquot; is generally discovered by an examination made of the live animals in the byre, and not of the dead ones made in the abattoirs, and before he has had sufficient time to finish his examination to his own entire satis�faction, says that without a doubt these animals were affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia ! Now, I submit, are there not in this evidences of a hurried examination ? � Has it not obviously been taken for granted that the detection of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, po.^ morfcw, was a thing requiring a knowledge only of a most superficial sort ? And I ask the authorities in this case if, in view of all the facts, it is not possible, nay, even probable, that a disease of not a sufficiently pronounced character to interfere with the well-doing of these animals may exist that shall give to the naked eye, upon examination of the lung post mortem^ the exact appearances of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but which is not that disease, but the result of some chronic process, the nature of which, in the absence of all history of the animal, may require a most careful and minute examination to detect its real differences ?

The only gentleman engaged in the affair who seems at that time to have been of my present opinion and to have realised its importance is Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, who was called to Liverpool in precisely the same manner as was Professor Walley. This gentleman, who spent more time in the examination, who has had at least as large an experience as have any of the others, said, when he had finished the examination in Liverpool and was asked for his opinion, quot; I have as yet no opinion to give, and shall quot; have none until I have been able to make a more thorough examination of the lung.quot; For this purpose he took with him to Edinburgh portions of the lung, and he received from Mr. Wellsby, a veterinary surgeon in the employ of Messrs. Warren amp; Co., the steamship owners, for the next six months, portions of the diseased lungs which were condemned by the inspector at Liverpool, all of which received a most careful exami�nation by himself and Dr. Hamilton, pathologist to the Royal Infirmary, and demon�strator of morbid anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, and after all this he declares that he has quot; not the slightest hesitation in saying that in no case has he found them to quot; exhibit the characteristic lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia.quot; Therefore it seems to me that there is, at least, fair reason to doubt whether the disease noticed among this cargo of the quot; Ontario quot; was really contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I have not gone into the discussion of this question in any captious spirit of criticism, neither do I mean for a moment to call into question the professional ability of any of those gentlemen, which I believe to be of the highest quality, and I most thoroughly believe that their decisions were given in accordance with their honest convictions ; but if these convictions were arrived at too hastily, and before proper, and, in view of the gravity of the question, sufficiently exhaustive examinations of the facts were made, it is certainly my privilege to comment upon them, and show, if possible, that it was so. And if any statement or argument that I have advanced seems to be of sufficient consequence to really tbrow a doubt upon the decision of the authorities of Great Britain in this matter, I would most respectfully suggest that in fairness to the great interests of the United States, which are by this decision very severely prejudiced, that the judgment should at least be reconsidered.

My own opinion, arrived at after a most thorough and careful investigation and con�sideration of the facts, is that the lungs which were condemned by the Inspector of the Privy Council at Liverpool during my stay there in parts of July and August last, as being affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, were in reality not affected with that disease. And further, I do not believe that a single case of contagious pleuro-pneu�monia has ever existed in the West or has been landed in England from our ports of Boston or Portland, unless, indeed, it may have been communicated to the animals after they were placed on board the ocean steamer, from various contamination of the vessel, by transportation in it of diseased animals from Great Britain to America, an event which 1 must say that in the case of pleuro-pneumonia I think to he very unlikely.

Respectfully submitted,

Hon. Win. G. Le Due,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S.

Commissioner of Agriculture,

11quot;

�n^!:

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65

No. 52.

Extract from the ANNUAL REPORT of the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, for the Year 1881.

Contagious Diskases of Domesticated Animals.

On assuming control of the Department of Agriculture I found that my predecessor had provided for a continuation of the investigation of contagious diseases of domesti�cated animals by assigning to duty those previously employed and the appointment of an additional number of veterinary surgeons. This additional force seems to have been made necessary by the increased duties imposed by Congress in making an appropriation for the purpose of determining the extent to which the disease known as contagious pleuro-pneumonia exists in the States heretofore reported as infected with the maladylaquo; Agents for this purpose had been appointed in the following named States : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Two surgeons had been appointed in New Jersey, one of whom had been directed to make examinations also in Delaware.

The agent in Maryland had been directed to extend his investigations into the district of Columbia, and such counties on the eastern border of Virginia as he might be able to visit. As these agents were engaged in an active prosecution of the investi�gation, it was thought best to continue them until the work was completed, or at least until satisfactory evidence was obtained as to the prevalence or non-existence of this destructive disease in the territory above named.

Notwithstanding the many disadvantages under which these agents have laboured, being without either State or governmental authority for making inspections, their reports indicate the existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the above-named States and in the district of Columbia. While but comparatively few acute cases of the disease were discovered, many chronic cases and numbers of infected stables, premises, amp;c., were found in a majority of the localities visited.

The reports of these veterinary surgeons will be submitted in detail hereafter.

In addition to further experiments for the purpose of more accurately determining the nature of the diseases known as swine plague and fowl cholera, Dr. D. E. Salmon had been instructed to institute and carry out as thorough an inquiry as possible into the nature and peculiar characteristics of the fatal disease among cattle known as Spanish fever. This inquiry was regarded as necessary for the purpose of more definitely determining the nature of the virus or infecting principle of the disease, the part of the body in which this virus multiplies, and the manner in which it is excreted and conveyed to healthy animals.

To properly understand this disease it would seem necessary to know how an animal, apparently healthy, can be the means of so widely disseminating so fatal a malady, and why those actually affected with it in its most destructive type are unable to transmit it to other animals.

Another equally important point to be determined is, as to how the virus of this disease can become acclimated and resist a temperature much lower than was formerly possible, and to what extent this accumulation may continue, and consequently what danger there may be of the Northern States becoming permanently infected in the future. These points once clearly and definitely established, much more effective measures for the prevention of the disease may be devised than are now possible.

The past season has been rather an unfavourable one for the successful prosecution of this investigation, owing to the fact that the disease has prevailed to a much less extent than in former years. Dr. Salmon has, however, made some important discoverie� in regard to the transmission of the malady, having already successfully inoculated several. He is still engaged on this branch of his work, and as soon as the result of his experiments are more definitely determined, a detailed report of his investigation will be transmitted for the consideration of Congress.

Dr.. A. J. Detmers was instructed to continue his experiments with the disease known as swine plague, with special reference to ascertaining what agents seem to offer the best results when used as prophylactics. He was advised to put to a practical test, on a large scale, the subjects selected for experiment. By studying the disease in large herds, and watching closely the effects of the agents used, it was thought that a cheap, simple, and efficient preventive of this destructive disease might be discovered and a lasting benefit thus conferred on the farming community and the nation generally. A full report of the results of his experiments will be submitted hereafter.

In addition to the above-named diseases, which requires still furtner experiments to definitely determine all their peculiar characteristics, there arc many other destructive

B 679.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

contagious maladies which, as yet, have received no consideration at the hands of this department.

The most important, because the most fatal and destructive of these diseases, is that of anthrax or charbon. Man}'classes of our domesticated animals are subject to this disease, and perhaps the annual losses from this malady are heavier than from any other single disease now prevalent among our farm animals. While the investigations referred to were going on m this country, Dr. Lyman, a veterinary surgeon, who had been employed for that purpose, was pursuing his investigations in England with regard to the alleged existence of pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease among cattle landed in that country from the United States. He was accompanied by Professor Whitney, the accomplished microscopist, and the results of his scientific inquiry and of his conferences with the privy council are interesting and valuable. He was instructed by my predecessor to continue the investigations undertaken by the Department in England the previous year. In an interview with the Privy Council, Dr. Lyman requested that an examination of portions of diseased lungs taken from the cattle con�demned last year might be made by the veterinary surgeon of the council and himself unitedly, at the same time assuring them that no pleuro-pneumonia had been found West, and that this Department had employed competent officers to inspect all suspected districts along the Atlantic coast. As the result of the examination, the British veterinary surgeon. Dr. Brown, expressed the opinion that there need be no occasion for alarm in the future with regard to condemning cattle, and that quot; if the United States quot; was entirely free from pleuro-pneumonia no condemnations would be made upon lungs quot; presenting the appearances only of those that were condemned last year.quot; ft appears that out of 32,000 animals imported into English ports, outside of Liverpool, in six months ending June 25, 1881, only 35 have been condemned even under the suspicion of having contagious pleuro-pneumonia. And Dr. Lyman remarks that�

As a result of my conference with the authorities of Great Britain upon this subject, I think it may safely be stated that the impressions Avhich they held regarding the health, in this respect, of our western herds, have been materially changed, and that lungs, having a certain appearance, heretofore condemned as being of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, will not be so considered in the future.

Between January 1 and May 31, 1881, large numbers of American cattle landing at London, Liverpool, and Glasgow were considered as having foot-and-mouth disease.. Careful investigation shows that the disease, if it existed, was caused by infection com�municated to the cattle after they were shipped from American ports, and is to be attri�buted to exposure to the virus imported into England from France, and spread abroad from Deptford market, where it was first discovered. It is considered possible that the disease may be imparted to American cattle by the use of the head-ropes, which are often taken from diseased European animils and used on board American vessels employed in ihe cattle trade, and also by taking on board these vessels articles for shipment from wharves where diseased cattle have been landed. If this theory is true, legislation will be required to remedy the evil. Dr. Lyman reports that during his stay in Great Britain no diseased hogs were landed from the United States. He quotes from the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council for the year 1879 a statement showing that out of 279 portions of swine flesh taken from American hogs that had been condemned and slaughtered on account of swine fever, only three were found to contain living trichinae. The British report, after giving as a reason why the direct importation of American pork was not prohibited, that quot; such a measure would quot; have damaged the trade Avithout producing any satisfactory results,quot; continues : quot; Besides, trichinosis among swine is known to exist in Germany, and it probably exists quot; in other exporting countries, so that nothing short of prohibition of swine flesh in all quot; forms from all foreign sources would have been effectual.quot; quot;In view of the recent quot; total embargo placed by some of the foreign governments upon the imports of our hog quot; products on account of the alleged existence in them of trichina),quot; it is recommended that measures be taken to ascertain more definitely what percentage of American hogs are thus diseased, the geographical distribution of the disease in this country, and all other information which may aid in devising such means as shall decrease to a minimum their existence in American pork products.

With regard to the transportation of cattle to the European markets, I am happy to say that American cattle, shipped from American ports, quot; arrive at their destination quot; with fewer bruises and in better condition generally than do those from some of the quot; neighbouring European ports.quot;

The losses of cattle on ship-board from January 1 to September 30, 1880, exceeded 5 per cent. In the corresponding months of 1881 the losses were about 2-jjf per cent.


	*'#9632;#9632;?'*

�

III..

FOURTH REPORT BY Da. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;67

No. 53.

Fourth Report by Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN, P.R.O.V.S., to the COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington.

Congress, at its last session, appropriated the sum of $15,000 for the purpose of enabling the Department of Agriculture to ascertain, as accurately as possible, all facts in relation to the existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the United States. For this purpose there were appointed in March last, several veterinarians of experience with this disease, who were located at various points throughout the entire infected region, and directed to collect all information which should enable them to point out the exact location of all herds of cattle within a certain prescribed district, for each one, that might be affected with the disease. They were also ordered to report the general drift of the movement of cattle within such district, so that, in case evidence might be found that such animals were being collected for shipment, or were being shipped out from the district, early knowledge of the fact, together with information relating to their probable destination, might at once be communicated to this department. Much of this work has been accomplished, and the result of their investigations will be found detailed in the accompanying reports which I have the honour of presenting to you herewith.

While in this way it was thought that statistics of value as to the number of diseased animals and the distribution of the malady over the infected area might be gained, it was well understood that the reports would not, in the nature of the circumstances under which the data must necessarily be collected, be anything more than approximations of the truth, and as such, simply, they are offered, with the hope and in the conviction that they will prove to be of service to any who may desire to make computations which shall show the probable number of cattle that would have to be paid for in case quot; stamping out'' with remuneration was decided upon as a means of ridding our country of this foreign disease. And, further, it was thought that it would show what became of dangerous cattle, more especially of the calves from such districts, for, within the past year, much has been very properly said and written as to the danger of transplanting this disease into the great herds of the West by means of a trade to them of Eastern-bred calves, a danger which it seemed to be of great importance to have accurate knowledge concerning, that restrictive measures, were they found to be necessary, might at once be undertaken. While the examinations by these inspectors are more thorough than any heretofore made by the Government, still I must confess to a disappointment; for when it is borne in-mind that whatever inspections are made, whatever advice concerning the disposition of diseased and infected animals is followed, that, in fact, whatever knowledge of any kind regarding the absolute condition of these herds was to be had only by and through the courtesy of the cattle owners themselves, many of whom, I am sorry to say, have thrown unexpected obstacles in the way, it will be seen that the reports cannot be as full and complete as the necessity demands. These remarks do not apply, however, to the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, where the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, Hon. Thos. J. Edge, in the former, and the secretary of the State Board of Health, E. M. Hunt, M.D., in the latter, have rendered such cheerful and powerful assistance that the reports from these two States should be looked upon as being more than approximately correct.

From the Honourable the Commissioner of Agriculture I received in May last the following instructions: �

quot; You will, on or about the 10th day of June, proximo, take passage for Great Britain, and having arrived there you will continue your investigations undertaken for the Depart�ment of Agriculture, in England, last season. These examinations may be pursued by you during the summer months or such a part thereof as may be found necessary, at such port or ports of Great Britain as the circumstances existing from time to time may seem to demand.

quot; It will be well if you can persuade the veterinarians employed by the Government of Great Britain to join you in making a thorough examination of any animals, or lungs thereof, arriving from the United States, that may appear to them to show symptoms or lesions of contagious pleura-pneumonia, with a view to the settlement, if possible, of the present contested question us to whether the animals now so freely condemned by them as showing the presence of this disease really do have it, or if the lesions of some other disease have been mistaken for it, as is shown by the result of your own examination of the lungs of animals that were pronounced by the British authorities to be unmistakably affected by pleuro-pneumonia cotUagma.

I 2

IK I If

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

quot; As a part also of your duties you will, so far as possible, examine in a proper manner the liogs arriving in Great Britain from the United States during your stay there, with a view of ascertaining to how great an extent they arc diseased or are infected with trichina;.

quot; You will also investigate, so far as possible and as circumstances may seem to demand, the question of the existence of any other contagious diseases that may he present or alleged to he present among any animals arriving in Great Britain from this country.quot;

In accordance with these instructions, I have the honour to report that upon June 24 I arrived in London, and the next day called upon the Right Hon. Mr. Mundella, Vice-President of the Privy Council, to whom I presented my credentials and stated the objects of my mission. He said that the matter seemed to him to he of great importance, and that it had best he laid at once before the Lord President of the Council, and for this purpose he appointed so early a time as 1 o'clock the following Monday, June 27.

At the hour designated, in company with his Excellency Minister Lowell and Dr. Whitney, pathologist, I proceeded to the Privy Council Office, where we were received by the Lord President, Earl Spencer, the Vice-President, the Right Hon. Mr. Mundella, the secretary, Mr. Peel, and the Veterinary-in-Chief, Professor Brown. Mr. Lowell introduced us and briefly stated the object of our visit, saying that, as the particular request we had to make to the Council had been reduced to writing, with his Lord�ship's permission he would proceed to read it. Dr. Whitney then read the following paper:�

quot; My Lord Spencer and Gentlemen : quot;We have ventured to ask this conference of you to-day in order to call your special attention to this, the third report upon contagious pleura-pneumonia, recently issued by the Department of Agriculture of the United States, and to the fact that the conclusions arrived at therein are at variance with those of your inspectors.

quot; In order that a more thorough understanding of this difference of opinion may be reached, we respectfully ask that the question may be reconsidered.

quot; For this purpose specimens of condemned lungs, upon which this report is based, have been brought to London, and we respectfully ask leave to submit them to you, or to experts selected by you, at any time and place that may he most convenient. And we further hope that you will allow us, together with these same gentlemen, to examine the lungs of any Western cattle now coming to Great Britain from the ports of Boston or Portland, wliich may be condemned by your inspectors as affected with contagious pleuro-pneurnonia. As the Government of the United States have undertaken to carry out measures which must eventually result in the extermination of the disease, and hope before long to be able to show a country entirely free from this scourge, it is of the utmost importance that the finer appearances of the disease should be clearly recognised ; for even after the country is entirely free it is very possible that lungs may be found from time to time, similar to those condemned last summer, that present grossly the appearance hitherto ascribed to contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but which, in reality, result from chronic inflammatory processes entirely unconnected with contagion. And these appearances, unless the authority of precedent is corrected, might cause insurmountable restrictions to be imposed.quot;*

* Minute by Professor Brown.�This paper was presented by Dr. Whitney and Dr. Lyman, who were received by the Lord President on June 27th. The American minister was also present. In accordance with the Lord President's instructions the specimens referred to, which are sections of lungs mounted and stained for observation under the microscope, have been examined by Dr. Yoo, of King's College, and also by the Chief and Assistant Inspectors in this department. (See the Chief Inspector's Keport below.) There is no probability that, if the United States are ever entirely free from pleuro-pneumonia, restrictions will be imposed on the cattle trade on any but the clearest evidence of disease in the animals lauded at our ports.�G. T, B. 12.7.81.

Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Jquot;ly 7,1881.

I have to report that a meeting wliich took place thisdnyat King's College^ between Dr. Whitney, Dr. Lyman, and myself, the specimens which were brought from America by the former gentleman, were submitted to the observation of Dr. Gerald Yco, professor of physiology at King's College, who expressed it as his opinion that they presented microscopical appearances identical with those which ho has frequently observed in pleuro-pneumonia, and that they did not show changes characteristic of any other disease; and further that in some of the specimens the peculiar characteristics of pleuro-pneumonia were so well marked, that they could bo easily recognised by the unaided eye.

Should any cases of pleuro-pneumonia bo landed in this country from the ports of Boston or Portland, I have arranged to have the lungs of the animals sent up to London for examination.

I have, amp;c Professor Brown,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Alexander C. Cope.

amp;o. amp;c. amp;c.

FOURTH REPORT BY Du. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;69

Followino- the reading of this paper, questions were asked by his Lordship and other members of the Council present, which developed the fact that the Department of Agri�culture had already established throughout the infected districts a corps of inspectors, all of them veterinarians of experience with pleuro-pneumonia, whose duty it was to know and report to their department the location and numbers of diseased herds, their move�ments, and the movement of all calves from among them; that Mr. L. McLean, M.R.C.V.S., had, in its interest, travelled extensively through the West, visiting all of the Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois herds, among which it was at one time reported, by irresponsible persons, that the disease had been introduced by eastern calves ; that he had visited all of the large stock yards from Kansas City to Chicago, many of the large feeding stables in and about the larger cities of the West, and certain other isolated herds; in fact, that all intimations coming to the knowledge of the department which seemed to indicate in any way that pleuro-pneumonia might have an existence in the West or any�where outside of the known infected district, had been and would continue to be thoroughly investigated. As yet no such disease had been found; in the event of its making its appearance in any new locality, most certainly the department would have and make public early and positive information concerning it. That I could, as a result of these examinations, together with much reliable information gleaned from other sources, most emphatically state that pleuro-pneumonia had no existence in the West, or along certain lines of rail leading to Boston and Portland, or in or about these ports, nor did I think it possible that calves from diseased herds could go West without the fact being known to inspectors of the department.

As a result, both our requests were very cordially granted; the question was ordered reopened and the Veterinarian-in-Chief was directed to examine, witii us, both the specimens of last summer's condemnation that we had brought with us, and the lungs of any of the designated animals that might be condemned during our stay in that country.

On June 28 we called by appointment upon Professor Brown with specimens from all of the lungs that were condemned for pleuro-pneumonia at Liverpool, during my stay there last summer.* These were carefully examined by Professor Brown, who said that before giving an opinion he should very much prefer that the whole pathological part of the question should be gone into by Professor Yeo, pathologist at King's College, and that he would arrange that we meet the professor for this purpose as soon as possible.

As a result of this desire, on July 7 we visited King's College, where we met Pro�fessor Yeo, who, after a rather hurried examination of the specimens, said he would not absolutely say that these changes were due to contagious pleuro-pneumonia; he could only do so in any case after seeing the fresh specimen, as he considered it impossible to make an absolute diagnosis without noting carefully the entire relation of the diseased portions of lung to the healthy tissues of the same organ. He was rather inclined to the belief that there is no change resulting in the lungs of cattle, from either an acute or chronic inflammation, which may not be, so far as its appearances under the microscope are concerned, duplicated by the action of the disease known as contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

The only positive thing that he did state in relation to the specimens was that he considered the changes shown in them to be the result of a disease of at least two to three months' standing. Unfortunately for us during the whole of our stay, which was until the 16th of August, no condemnations for pleuro-pneumonia were made, therefore we could not furnish to Professor Yeo the fresh specimens demanded, and the matter, so far as he was concerned, ended here.

Before we left, Professor Brown assured me that he did not think there need be any occasion for alarm in the future ; that if our country was entirely free from pleuro-pneumonia, no condemnations would be made upon lungs presenting the appearances only of those that were condemned in my presence last year.

The following tabulated statement contains the particulars of all of the condemna�tions of American animals for pleuro-pneumonia that have been made in Great Britain this year, so far as I am informed. If others are to be added they have arrived there since August 16 :�

� Sec Senate Ex. Doc. No. 5, 46th Congress, 3rd eessiou, p. 9.

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FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

Name of Stcmusliip,

Erom port of�

To port of�


	Date landed.
	1881	�
	Jan.	4
	Jan.	12
	Jan.	13
	Jan.	16
	Jan.	19
	Jan.	28
	Jan.	29
	Fob.	1
	Feb.	4
	Feb.	9
	Feb.	27
	April	15
	June	16

Number oondenmed.

Milanese

Greece

Utopian

Schleswig

Assyrian Monarch

Eochoster

Australia

City of Bristol

Minnesota

France

Sumatra

Edinburgh -

Devon

Boston Now York Now York New York New York Boston |-New York New York Boston New York Boston Boston New York

London

Liverpool

London

Bristol

4 5 2 2 12 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1

Making a total of 37 animals from January 1, 1881.

Of these there were condemned in London from New York, 23; London from Boston, 11 ; Liverpool from New York, 1; Liverpool from Boston, I ; Bristol from New York, 1.

There were landed in Liverpool, from January 1 to August 12, 30,310 cattle, from which two only were condemned. Exactly what numher were landed in London and at other British ports during this time, I have as yet been unable to ascertain; but during the six months ending June 25, 1881, there were landed in Great Britain from the United States, 56,721 head. This would make at all the other ports except Liver�pool, during the six months, about 32,000 animals, of which one was condemned in Bristol, and 34 in London, as suffering from contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

In this connexion I feel it my duty to report to you as a result of my two seasons' inspections in England, that while the Governmental examinations at Liverpool are conducted so carefully and methodically that there is no danger of a wrong credit being giving for a case of disease found, there is, in my opinion, every chance that in London a diseased lung found in the slaughter-houses at Deptford foreign animals market, may be returned as coming from a port in the United States through which the animal never passed ; or even that an animal landed there from France or other European country, the lung of which is condemned as showing lesions of pleuro-pneumonia may be returned to the Privy Council Office as coming from the United States, or vice versa.

On the 20th of July last, in the course of a conversation on this point, the inspector at Deptford stated to me that this method of detecting pleuro-pneumonia was when he did not diagnose it in the living animal (and he acknowledged that his accommo�dations for such examinations were inadequate) to have all the lungs reserved and after�wards examine them carefully, and when a nodule of any kind was discovered to cut down and examine it critically. He further remarked that when he found a diseased lung and had not previously condemned the animal, there was scarcely any mark upon the carcase by which diseased animal could be identified. When asked how he reported such a case to the Privy Council, he said he simply reported it as one case of pleuro-pneumonia. To the further question as to what country, or what cargo the diseased animal was credited, whenever animals from two or three different countries or ports were being slaughtered by the same person at the same time, as was very often the case, he answered that he never had any difficulty in identifying the animal.

As a result of my conference with the authorities of Great Britain upon this subject, I think it may safely be stated that the impressions which they held regarding the health, in this respect, of our Western herds have been materially changed, and that lungs having a certain appearance, heretofore condemned as being that of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, will not be so considered in the future.

Still the fact remains that we, as a country, are not free from this disease, that it continues its ravages to some extent among the herds in a narrow strip of country extending from about New York City to and including the District of Columbia, and the district about Alexandria in Virginia, and that so long as this state of affairs is allowed to exist it will be impossible to obtain any relief whatever from the present burdensome restrictions placed upon all our cattle going to Great Britain. Nor shall we in any way be able to prevent the ultimate spread of the disease to our Western herds, and their consequent destruction, unless restrictive measures are at once adopted.

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As a remedy against present loss and future danger from this source, I cannot do better than to ask your consideration of my recommendation of last year, viz: Let Congress enact such measures, and authorize such an execution of them, as shall imme�diately restrict the movement of cattle out from and within infected districts, and in time eradicate every case of lung plague.

Inasmuch as there are at present two very important questions, both of them having a very material bearing upon the methods to be adopted for ridding a country of pleuro-pneumonia, I would suggest the propriety of undertaking, in addition to the present work of the Division, a plan of experimental study with a view of ascertaining:

Ist. quot;Whether pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa can be communicated in any way except by actual contact of the healthy with the diseased living animal; and

2nd. Whether or not unprotected animals can safely be introduced into a stable in which the disease has formerly existed, but into which no animal but those that have been properly inoculated and have recovered have been allowed to enter for some time, and in which it is known that the disease in its pure form has not existed for at least six months.

There is very much that might be said upon these two questions, but probably the statement will be sufficient here that high English authority, including; that, of the Privy Council, assert an unbelief in the mediate contagion theory of spread, while other and perhaps as good authority both in England and in the United States say that their own actual experience causes them to hold opinions exactly the reverse.

In regard to the second proposition, while the practice of preventive inoculation is by no means new, it is a fact that recently its management has seemed to be better under�stood in some ways, and the results of its systematic practice in the Netherlands and in certain parts of Great Britain, as well as upon isolated diseased premises within our own districts, seem to show a rather easy way of possibly ridding ourselves of the scourge especially in our larger infected city dairies. While such eminent authority as Fleming asserts that it can be done, the fact still remains that no country has as yet in this way rid itself of the plague.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DlSEASE.

In January of this year the Veterinary Division of the Department of Agriculture was notified by the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council that 59 cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease had been landed at Deptford (London) from New York by the steamship quot; France.quot; This warning was followed in a few days by a notification that at the .same place 267 cattle from the steamer quot; City of Liverpool,quot; from New York, had been similarly condemned. These notifications continued to arrive at frequent intervals, all of them relating to condemnations made at London, until on March 23, with the condemnation of 371 cattle from the steamship quot; City of Liverpool,quot; the manifestations of the disease among our animals at this port stopped as suddenly as it had begun.

In the meantime, however, notice had been received that on the 17th of March the disease has been found at Liverpool, when on that day, 208 animals from Portland, by the steamship quot;Lake Manitoba,quot; were condemned as suffering from it. From this time, notably on May 11, when 694 such condemnations were made from the cargo of the quot; Iowa quot; from Boston, until June 9, notices of its arrival at this port continued to be received, when it subsided as suddenly as it had done at London, with the condemnation of 137 animals by the steamship quot; Istrian,quot; from Boston. Before this desired end was reached, however, notice had been received that a cargo had been landed at Glasgow from the steamship quot; Phoenician,quot; from Boston, among which 235 bullocks suffering from foot-and-mouth disease had been condemned. Here its appearance began and ended with the landing of this cargo.

Immediately upon the receipt of this information, means were undertaken which it was hoped and supposed would lead to the source of this new and threatening danger. Careful inspections of animals going abroad were made at the ports of debarkation ; certain cattle that had been condemned upon reaching England were traced to the Eastern yards and from thence to Chicago, to which place Mr. McLean, M.R.C.V.S., was sent. From there he successfully traced them on to other stock yards, and in a number of instances even into the stables where they had been feeding for weeks; notwithstanding all of which, no indications of the presence of the disease could be discovered. This being the unsatisfactory state of the affair at the time it was deter�mined to send a representative to England in connection with the pleuro-pneumonia

I 4

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

inquiry, the added instruction was given me as already detailed, in .the hope that some solution of the problem might be reached.

Therefore, upon landing in Liverpool, and before proceeding to London, I at once visited the wharves upon the Birkenhead side of the river, upon which animals from the United States are landed. Here I found but few cattle, and they appeared to be in a perfectly healthy condition. Great precautions had been taken to render the buildings and premises free from the contagion of foot-and-mouth disease ; small brick furnaces, in which sulphur had been burned, were placed within short distances of one another in the buildings ; a very large quantity of strong lime-wash, in which, I was told, had been dissolved 20 per cent, of crude carbolic acid, had been used upon all the walls of the buildings, both inside and out; also upon all runs, fences, out-buildings, amp;c., about the place, small boxes had been arranged into which, before being allowed to leave the inclosed premises, all men that had been in contact in any way with the condemned animals were obliged to go and receive a thorough fumigation. These sanitary and preventive measures were established by the inspector, Mr. Moore, F.R.C.V.S., and were carried out in a most thorough and praiseworthy manner.

As no disease offering opportunity for examinations existed here at this time, I decided to go immediately to London and there ask permission of the proper authorities to prosecute my investigations upon premises under their control. During the meeting with the council on June 27, to which I have referred in the report upon pleuro-pneumonia, some conversation regarding the landing of foot-and-mouth disease took place, and in answer to questions put to me by Lord Spencer I stated that so far as I knew and believed, and that much time and effort had been used to demonstrate the truth, the disease had no existence among the animals in the United States. This, of course surprised them, and they were at as great a loss as myself to account for its appearance, and immediately offered to do all in their power to help ascertain the facts. Afterwards I told Professor Brown that if he would send an inspector with us, that we might together investigate the matter, I should be glad to have him do so. This proposition, however, he failed to accept.

At the Veterinary Department J was furnished a list of the names and dates of landing of all the steamers from which American animals had been condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease upon arrival, as follows :

amp; n

^: I


Name of SteamBhip.	From port of�	To port of�	Dato of landing.	Number condemned.
Frnnce . . - City of Liverpool City of London Rochester France ... Faraday ... Greece . . . Lake Manitoba City of Liverpool Palestine ... Lake Ncpigon Iowa ... Phoenician Istrian	New York New York New York Boston ... New York New York New York Portland New York Boston ... Portland - Boston Boston Boston	London London London London London London London Liverpool London Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Glasgow Liverpool Total	1881. Jan. 1 Jan. 6 Jan. 18 Jan. 28 Feb. 9 Feb. 13 Feb. 23 March 17 March 23 March 27 April 7 May 11 May 31 raquo;Tune 9	59 267 12 42 56 339 23 208 371 186 113 694 23,5 137
				2,742

f-^!_f

I concluded to begin this investigation by calling upon the owners, or those repre�senting the various steamers from which condemned animals had been landed. At the office of the National Line, represented in the above list by the quot; France quot; and quot; Greece,quot; the statement was made that all of the vessels of this company upon arriving at the port of London with cattle tranship them some distance down the river on to a tender, which takes them from there to Deptford. Sometimes this change is made in the stream, at others the transport boat goes with the vessel into the dock, in which case there must be a detention of at least one tide. These transport boats are provided by the London General Steam Navigation Company under contract to the Veterinary Department, of the Privy Council; they are of good size, and there is never more than one provided at a time, although at various times there have been a number of different ones used. It is understood that this tender is thoroughly disinfected between each

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Steamship *' France.quot;�First Diseased Cargo.

The vessel on her outward trip sailed from London on November 27, 1880 having among her cargo mnnufactured goods only. On the homeward voyage she arrived in London January 1st 1881. The animals were transhipped without delay, and although no one on board had any knowledge of the existence of disease among them, there were condemned, four hours after landing at Deptford, 59 head as affected with foot-and-

mouth disease.

Steamship quot; France quot; Second Diseased Cargo.

This ship sailed again from London, January 7. having among her cargo 21 bales Marseilles wool, two bales goat skins, 11 bags English wool 32 bales of skins from Bombay, 15 casks of salted skins from England 50 bales unwashed Australian and 200 bales Russian wool. This wool was stored in No. 1 orlop and No. 5 steerage deck (she also carried two bulls and eight heifers, consigned to the quot; American Horse Exchange, Limited,quot; in New York, when upon arrival, January 21, 1881 they were found to be affected with foot-and-mouth disease and quarantined for 90 days). On her return trip all cattle were carried on the main deck. She arrived in London again on February 9, when the following telegram was received from the captain: quot; � France' quot; arrived at 12 o'clock; lost 18 cattle on the voyage.quot; She was not docked until 10 o'clock next morning. Upon the examination of the cattle at Deptford, 56 head were

condemned for foot-and-mouth disease.

Steamship quot; Greece.quot;

This vessel sailed from London on her outward trip January 20, 1881, having among her cargo one bale rabbit skins_r 30 bales raw skins, 23 bales dry English skins, and 50 bales Russian wool. This wool was stored in the steerage where the cattle were carried on the return voyage. She arrived back on the 23rd of February, and the captain telegraphed : quot; Arrived at 2.45 p.m., and cattle now going out.quot; Upon being examined at Deptford 23 head were condemned for foot-and-mouth disease.

Because these vessels dock some distance down the river, it is believed that no head-ropes, grain bags, pails, or other articles used about the cattle during' the voyage, and which are all landed with them at Deptford, under the law, are re-shipped, as the expense of transportation and dockage rates would be very high. The cattle fittings are all retained,.but are thoroughly disinfected after each voyage. No live cattle have ever been carried as stores. The presence of the disease had never been quot; logged.quot; Mr. Brook's visiting agent for the company, was very sure that none of the disease in question had been noticed on any of their boats. At the time the *� France quot; had landed her second quot; diseasedquot; cargo, he had gone to Deptford to see the cattle, and found them sick, as he was told, with foot-and-mouth disease; that they were sick he was satisfied. Just afterward (February 23), on the arrival of the quot; Greece,quot; he went on board and made a careful examination of the animals in Company with the first officer and Mr. Pilling, representing the consignee, Mr. Bell (who had come to the steamer especially for this purpose) and the head cattleman. As a result, they all agreed in declaring that there was no sickness whatever among them.

Captain Pierce, of the '* Greece,quot; said that he did not notice any disease among the cattle on this voyage; it is his habit during a voyage to go below and among the animals. Whenever cattle die on board he logs the fact; he has never logged an outbreak of sickness because he has never yet had one.

We next called upon Messrs. William Ross amp; Co., agents of the City Line, repre�sented in the list by the City of Liverpool and City of London. These steamers never go to Deptford, but tranship their cattle in precisely the same manner as ao those just described.

Steamship quot; City op Liverpool quot;�First Diseased Cargo.

This vessel sailed from London on the outward voyage November 28, 1880, having among her cargo five bales wool, 18 tons salted hides, and 19 bales dry skins. On the homeward voyage she arrived in London, January 6, 1881. The cattle were trans-shijjped at once ; of these, after being landed at Deptford, 267 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

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Steamship quot;City of Liverpool.quot;�Second Diseased Cargo.

On this voyage the ship sailed from London, February 11, 1881, having among the cargo 22 tons salted hides and skins, 5 bales wool, 214 bales quot;greasyquot; wool (probably Australian), and 12 bales skins.

On the homeward voyage she arrived in London on March 20, when, because the steamer had not been telegraphed from Gravesend, there was no transport ready to receive the cattle, she therefore docked with them still on board, and it was not until the second day after that they were transhipped, and on the 23rd, 371 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

Steamship quot; City of London.quot;

This vessel, on her outward trip, sailed from London, December 11, 1880, having among her cargo 35 tons salted hides, 4 tons salted skins, and 2 tons dry skins. On the homeward voyage she arrived in London, January 17j 1881, where, on account of the state of the tide, and to save time, the transport accompanied her into the dock, as is very often done under such circumstances. This caused so much of a delay that the animals were not examined until the next day, at which time 12 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

These vessels have never carried any live stores, nor have they, so far as known, ever carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, pails, amp;c. that had been in the Deptford lairages. The cattle fittings are permanent, thoroughly disinfected after each voyage, and whenever repairs upon them are needed it is done in America, and with lumber procured there.

quot;We next saw Messrs. Adamson and Ronaldson, who made the following statements regarding steamers under their control:

Steamship quot; Rochester.quot;

This vessel, on her outward voyage, sailed from London on December 8, 1880, having among her cargo 131 bales of wool (probably Australian unwashed). On her homeward trip, after a long and stormy passage, she reached London, January 28, when, at a con�siderable distance down the river, the cattle were put on board the transport boat. This was not the common practice, but was in fact the only time she had not gone alongside at Deptford to discharge. Upon being examined, all that were left of the original shipment, viz., 42 head, were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. Concerning this shipment I was told that the animals, before going on board, were detained on the railroad four days over time by snow storms, during which they were probably neither fed nor watered. Upon reaching Boston they went immediately on board ship; seemed very tired and laid down at once; shortly after, two died; soon they commenced dying in large numbers, and the carcasses were thrown overboard. Owing to the unprecedented roughness of the passage, the cattle arrived very much bruised and exhausted, and, in the opinion of the owners of the vessel, this was the only cause for their condemnation. The practice of the steamers of this line is to go alongside the landing stages at Deptford and discharge the cattle direct, simply because it is con�venient for them to do so, as they berth at the Millwood docks, which are just across the river. They never carry any live stores, and the cattle fittings are put up at Boston, and when repairs are necessary they are made there. When asked if they ever carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, amp;c. from the premises at Deptford, they at first said quot; No,quot; but, upon looking into the matter, found that the steamer quot; Milanese,quot; sailing from London, October 2, 1880, the steamer quot; Sumatra,quot; sailing from London, June 16, 1881, the steamer quot;Housa,quot; sailing from London, June 27, 1881, had done so, and they now thought it more than possible that upon other occasions other steamers had carried to Boston bundles of such ropes, which had been brought to the ships by watermen's boats directly from the Deptford lairages.

Steamship quot; Faraday.quot;

This vessel is owned by the Messrs. Siemen Brothers, but at the time of the voyage in question was chartered to Messrs. Adamson and Ronaldson. In 1878 she was employed in carrying cattle; later she was engaged in laying telegraphic cable, and, towards the close of the year 1879, she was laid up in Millwood dock, where she remained empty for more than a year. She had carried live stores while laying cable, but not when engaged on these other voyages.

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The cattlo fittings were put up partly while she was in Millwood docks, and partly during the outward voyage, of lumber obtained in England; she has never carried any provender, head-ropes, pails, or grain-bags. This vessel, on her outward trip, sailed from London in November 1880, with a cargo among which were 2,848 bales of Russian wool loaded into the tanks, at the bottom of the vessel, generally used for storing the cable. The combings of the hatches are raised about 4 feet above the level of the docks, so that it was thought if a bale had been broken while being hoisted out the wool would have fallen back into the tank, and not have been scattered over any of the decks upon which cattle were afterwards carried. Going into New York, when off Sandy Hook, she broke her propeller, and was obliged to lay up in Brooklyn for several weeks before taking on board her live cargo, which she did at the Henderson docks in New York. The passage home was a very long one, some 21 or 22 days, and it was not until the consignee of the cattle, Mr. Bell, or his agent, went on board the ship upon her arrival home that there was thought to be any disease among the cattle; he, however, discovered it then. She went alongside the landing stage at Deptford on February 13th, and discharged her cattle, from which were condemned 339 head as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

Steamship quot;Lake Manitobaquot; and Steamship quot;Lake Nepigon.quot;*

Although the representatives of the Beaver Line, to which both these steamers belong, were personally seen, they, for their own reasons, preferred to answer my questions regarding them by letter, as follows: quot; In reply to your inquiries as to cattle by the quot; above steamers from Portland, Me., arriving here on the 16th March and 7th April quot; 1881, I have to inform you that 208 head were landed affected with foot-and-mouth quot; disease from the *Lake Manitoba,' and 113 head from the ' Lake Nepigon.' Thr quot; outward cargoes by each steamer were the usual general cargoes, and contained no quot; hides, skins, head-ropes, pails, amp;c. The disease did not develop during the voyage quot; sufficiently to come under the notice of the captain and officers of the steamers, and quot; no entries were made in the log-book respecting it. On the voyage in question the quot; * Lake Manitoba' left Portland the 5th of March, and the * Lake Nepigon' the 22d quot; of the same month, but had no live stock on ship's account on board. The shippers quot; of the cattle were Messrs. R. Craig amp; Co. and D. H. Craig, ex. ' Lake Manitoba'; quot; Messrs. R. Craig amp; Co. and D. H. Craig, ex. * Lake Nepigon.'quot;

Calling upon Messrs. George Warren amp; Co., representatives of the steamers quot; Palestine quot; and ^c* Iowa,quot; I received the following information:

Steamship quot; Palestine.quot;

The steamer left Liverpool on her outward voyage February 24th, having among her cargo four casks skins. Although there was no mention of there being any head-ropes, amp;c. on board, I was assured that possibly there might have been some, as they often take them. On the homeward voyage she left Boston, March 12th, and arrived in Liverpool and discharged her animals by going alongside the landing stage (as all vessels do at this port) on the 27th of March, when 186 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.

Steamship quot;Iowa.quot;

This vessel, on her outward voyage, left Liverpool, April 12th, having among her cargo four casks wet skins, 328 bags hide cuttings,/ow bundles corn-hags and four bundles head-ropes from the lairages to R. Craig fy Co., 83 coils old rope, 500 salted hides, 21 bales dry hides, and 125 bags Yorkshire wool. She left Boston on the home�ward trip April 30th, at noon, with about 849 cattle shipped by Thomas Crawford amp; Co., S. W. Clark, C. M. Acer amp; Co. (which, the gentlemen remarked, is the same as Craig), R. Craig amp; Co., John S. Fr�ser, D. Coughlin, F. R. Lingham, and T. and F. Uttey, The first disease, said by one of the cattlemen to be foot-and-mouth, was, says the ship's log, noticed at 8 a.m. on the 6th of May, among animals belonging to C. M. Acer amp; Co., on the port side of the after steerage; on the 7th of May, at 8 a.m., the same trouble was showing among cattle by the forward hatch, belonging to R. Craig amp; Co.; on the

* Mr. J. W. T. Moore, Inspector of the Privy Council at Liverpool, states with reference to the quot; Lake Nepigon,quot; which brought animals affected with foot-and-mouth disease, that the master of the vessel informed him that every head-rope carried on this voyage was brand new, and that the vessel had never hnd foot-and-mouth disease on board previously.

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FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

9th, at 4 a.m., it was discovered among other cattle occupying space in the after steerage, forward steerage, main deck, and starboard alley-way; on the 10th, at 4 a.m., it is recorded that foot-and-mouth disease is still spreading among the cattle all over the main deck, and on the 11th of May, at 6 a.m., at which time they were landed in Liverpool, the disease had spread throughout the ship, and 694 head were condemned as heing affected with the disease.

The quot; Iowa quot; has never carried to America from England any cattle, calves, sheep, or pigs ; neither do any vessels of this line carry live stores. The cattle fittings are put in and repaired at Boston.

Steamship quot;Phoinician.quot;

This vessel is of the Allan Line, and of that division of it having its headquarters at Glasgow. From the firm there I have the following information concerning her: On the two previous voyages, that is, since the 20th of September, 1880, she was employed in the River Plate trade, where she carried no cattle. Upon the outward trip, of the voyage in question, she had simply the ordinary general cargo, not having among it any articles that could with reason be supposed to have been in any way in contact with diseased animals of any kind. On the return voyage she left Boston at 1.45 p.m., on the 17tii of May. The cattle, 239 head in all, were shipped by J. McShane, jun., of Montreal. The first symptons of sickness among them were noticed three days after the vessel had left port, quot;on an old bull;quot; from him the infection speedily spread through the rest of the cattle, until, upon the 31st of May, when she landed them at G lasgow, 235 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. Her cattle fittings were put in and all repaired in Boston. She did not carry any live stores, nor was there anything about her which could have given rise to the disease. In a letter on the subject the Messrs. Allan say, *' We are satisfied that the aliment originated with quot; the old bull, and was brought from America ; he however, had recovered before the quot; end of the voyage.quot;

Concerning this shipment, I had learned early in June, from the Messrs. Allan, at Boston, that of the 239 animals shipped on this vessel by Mr. McShane, six car-loads, consisting of 103 head, were Canadian cattle, and 137 head were Western States steers. These steers were bought of Munroe, of Brighton (Boston), and the lot was made up as

follows:�

Thirty-head lot, averaging 1,331 pounds, bought of R. Strahom amp; Co., Chicago,

May 7-Thirty-seven head, of a lot of 127 head, averaging 1,302 pounds, bought ot

R. Strahom amp; Co., Chicago, May 7. Sixteen-head lot, averaging 1,400 pounds, bought of R. Strahom amp; Co., Chicago,

May 7. Pive head, of a lot of 30 head averaging 1,224 pounds, bought of Reynolds, Enoch

amp; Co., Chicago, May 7. Four head, of a lot averaging 1,685 pounds, bought of Robinson, Chicago, May 7. Forty-five head, of a lot of 82 head, averaging 1,329 pounds, bought of Daly, Miller

amp; Co , Saint Louis, May 6. Giving the total of 137 animals, making, Mr. Munroe assured me, a nice straight lot

of steers. 1 afterwards learned that Mr. McShane had frequently shipped cattle to Liverpool during the existence in the lairages there of foot-and-mouth disease, and 1 was told by another shipper, who has haVl more or less to do with him, that it was McShane's practice, as well as that of nearly all exporters, to bring back and use their old head-ropes.*

Steamship quot; Istrian.quot;

I am indebted to Messrs. Frederick Leyland amp; Co., the owners of this steamer, for the following particulars : She left Liverpool on the outward voyage May 12, having among her cargo 9 bales wool waste, 2 bales hair, 3 casks salted skins, 350 hundlcs salted calf skins, 272 coils old rope, 31 bales wool, 11 casks salted skins, 868 wet salted hides, 3 bundles calf skins, and 259 bales wool. On the homeward voyage

it I

�

;#9632; !

H #1

lii

#9632;;#9632;


		#9632;'#9632;#9632;

* James McShane, junr., shipped cnttlo from Boston to Liverpool ns follows; January 27, 177 head, on the ''Pembrokequot;; Fchruary J8, 100 head, on the quot; Glamorgan quot; ; Fchruary 23,80 head, on the quot; Tcmbroko''} Anvil 6; 130 head, on the quot; Fcmhroke quot; ; April 13, 175 head, on the quot; Glamorgan.quot;

Ugt;aMi

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 77

she left Boston on the 29th May. Although the log makes no mention of any disease among the cattle, it does mention in several instances sickness and death among the sheep on board, which fact carries the inference that had anything wronlaquo; been noticed with the cattle, it, too, would have been quot;logged.quot; She discharged the cattle in Liverpool at 4.40 p.m., June 9, when 137 head were condemned as having foot-and-mouth disease. The sheep were not mentioned as being affected.

This vessel, as well as others of this line, have frequently carried back head-ropes; they are brought from the lairages and taken charge of during the voyage by the servants of the owners of the cattle who return upon the steamers.

The shippers of the cattle were Messrs, Swift Bros. amp; Co., and Messrs. J. and C. Coughlin, who are regularly engaged in the trade between Boston and Liverpool. Afterwards, in an interview with one of the Messrs. Coughlin, I learned that their practice was to collect their head-ropes in the lairages and re-ship them for use in America, and that he would rather use a new rope with every animal than have this disease appear among them, and he thought other shippers entertained the same views. The investigations so far seemed to point to the fact that from whatever source the infection had reached the American animals, the vessels themselves in their general cargoes and management, should be held blameless, and that notwithstanding a few instances in which its appearance might reasonably be due to other causes, notably in the second cargoes of the steamers quot; France quot; and quot; City of Liverpool,quot; the out�breaks were directly chargeable to the self-same infection that had already caused so much trouble in Great Britain, conveyed by the indiscriminate use of the head-ropes, amp;c., coining from the foreign animals* wharves at Deptford and Liverpool, which were, at that time, hotbeds of the disease. It remained, then, to ascertain how these premises became infected; how this infection could have been conveyed to these articles; how they, having become impregnated with the virus, could have come in contact with the cattle m such a way as to cause the outbreaks which undoubtedly had taken place in mid-ocean, and not at the same time have been introduced to our various

seaboard markets.

Introduction and Spread of the Disease in the Deptford Market.

In the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council office for 1880, Professor Brown writes :

*' In the middle of September last, the inspector of the Prirv Council at Deptford had his attention called to the existence of the signs of foot-and-mouth disease in the tongues of some French cattle which had been slaughtered in the market; no symptoms of the disease had been seen in the animals during life, but the morbid appearances were characteristic, and left no room for doubt as to the nature of the infection. Soon afterwards, on September 20, a cargo of cattle from Havre were landed at Deptford from the ship * Swallow,' and on inspection the second day after landing some of them were found to be affected with foot-and-mouth disease.

quot;The disease thus introduced into Deptford foreign-cattle market continued to spread among the animals which were landed there, and as the lairs at that time were over-crowded with animals from America as well as from Europe, no opportunity was afforded for the effectual disinfection of the

E laces where disease had existed, and consequently animals which were perfectly healthy on landing ecame infected soon after entering the lairs.'

From the assistant inspector, in relation to the same matter, I have it that ** foot-and-quot; mouth disease was brought to Deptford by the steamship * Swallow' from Havre, quot; September 20, 1880; she had on board 57 cattle, 30 of which were aftected with quot; the disease; other cargoes with foot-and-mouth disease were landed at Deptford from *' France, November 8 and December 17, 1880.quot;

In a conversation upon the subject, the inspector of the Privy Council at Deptford said to me that if he remembered rightly their first real trouble was during the latter part of September;, 1880, and was caused by some animals coining from France; from these, foot-and-mouth disease spread over the entire premises. From that time onward it had caused them much trouble, and they have taken a number of extra precautions as to disinfecting, and so on. He further said that upon going into the lairages animals are necessarily greatly mixed, and in a number of instances he remembered that there had been cattle landed from the United States in a healthy condition which had after�wards contracted foot-and-mouth disease on these premises through coming in contact, either directly or indirectly, with those from other countries already diseased. Alteration.laquo; were then under consideration, which, when carried out, it was hoped would overcome this evil. The lairages were not then (July 20) nearly as badly infected as they htid been, but still it was not improbable that even then some of the jiifcction might remain about

K 3

�

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

the premises; in fact, quite recently he had discovered its existence in animals that had been landed healthy, and that could have contracted it only from their contaminated surroundings.

Introduction and Spread of the Disease in the Liverpool Markets.

The history of the introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease into and through the Liverpool lairages is in some respects remarkable, and inasmuch as it has never yet, to my knowledge, been given publicly, it will, perhaps, be worth while to give it here at length. For my ability to do so I am greatly indebted to Mr. Moore, the local inspector of the Privy Council, whose exact methods of pre�serving the various data in connexion with his inspections were invaluable to me in this case.

Very early in January, 1881, the steamship quot;Brazilian,quot; bringing cattle from Boston to Liverpool, upon entering the River Mersey, grounded, and in trying to get off* became disabled to such an extent that it was found to be necessary to take the cattle from her where she lay. Engaged in this work were several small boats as follows:�

January 4� The tug quot; Cruiser quot; brought up The tug quot; Wrestler quot; brought up -The tug quot; Rover quot; brought up -The tug quot; Knight Templar quot; brought up -The tug quot; Knight of Malta quot; brought up -The tug quot; Fury quot; brought up The tug quot; Republic quot; brought up -Ferry-boat quot; Sunflowerquot; brought up Flat-boat quot; Mersey quot; brought up -The tug quot; Lord Lyons quot; brought up The tug quot; Ajax quot; brought upnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Flat-boat quot; Mersey quot; (two cargoes) brought up quot; Mudhopper B quot; brought up Crane barge quot; Ironsides quot; brought up

Head.

224

Iti 'i

In all, 665 animals were thus landed at the Woodside lairage. There were 10 others landed, part at Wallasey and part at Huskisson No. 2 lairages, and one swam ashore and was killed on the beach. Of the health of these animals, Mr. Moore says : quot; I quot; examined them all on the 5th and found them free from disease. On the 9th a bullock, quot; one of those landed at Woodside, was found sick. He was slaughtered, and the post-quot; mortem examination revealed recent foot-and-mouth disease. There were vesicles in quot; the mouth and on the tongue, but none on the feet. On the 10th three cases more quot; were discovered in the same lot, and on the 11th two more were found.quot; It seems that these animals, as soon as the disease was discovered, were killed very quickly, for, while at midnight of the 8th 452 of them were still alive, there were on the 11th but nine head remaining. This probably accounts for the fact that no more cases were discovered among them. On the morning of the 11th the premises with the remaining nine animals were locked up, and no one but the attendants allowed to enter. The animals were quickly killed, and disinfection of the place they had occupied commenced.

There were on the other half of the wharf eight bulls remaining from a cargo of 32 animals landed healthy on the 7th of January, from the steamship quot; England,quot; from New York. On the 10th, or eight days after the Brazilian outbreak was first noticed, four of these were found diseased. They were killed, the premises disinfected, and the wharf was not again used until after January 29- It could not be ascertained to be a fact that any of the boats engaged in this transhipment, except the quot; Mersey,quot; were in the habit of carrying home-cattle about the river. She undoubtedly was, and there was also some little indication that the ferry-boat quot; Sunflowerquot; had done the same thing. To one of these two boats then conveying infection contracted from English animals, previously carried to those brought by it from the disabled steamer, must be ascribed the honour of introducing foot-and-mouth disease into this lairage, for when the history as related is considered, and when it is remembered what a short time is necessary for its incubation, any other explanation of the occurrence seems impossible.

Iti

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

Nothing more was seen of foot-and-mouth disease here until on the l/th of March, more than two months afterwards, the steamship quot; Lake Manitoba,quot; from Portland, landed a cargo of 259 head, among which were found 208 cases. They were landed at Woodside, and were all slaughtered by the 19th. The portion of the wharf occupied by them was disinfected and closed up, remaining so until the 29th.

On the 27th of March the steamship quot; Palestine quot; landed at Wallasey 240 oxen, among which were 186 cases of foot-and-mouth disease. They were all slaughtered by the 29th, and the wharf was closed for 11 days.

On the 7th of April the steamship quot; Lake Nepigon,quot; from Portland, landed at Woodside 141 oxen, among them 113 cases of the disease. All of these were soon slaughtered, and the wharf closed for a time. On May 11 the steamship quot; Iowa,quot; from Boston, landed at Wallasey 859 oxen, among them 694 cases of the disease. All of these were slaughtered by the 16th, and the wharf was closed from then until the 31st. On the 9th of June the steamship quot; Istrian,quot; from Boston, landed at Woodside 371 oxen, among which were found 137 cases of foot-and-mouth disease. These were slaughtered by the 19th, and the wharf was closed until the 3rd of July.

Regarding the spread to healthy animals in the buildings, Mr. Moore made to me the following statement: quot; On January 4, oxen ex steamship * England,' from New York, quot; were infected in the Woodside lairages by the ' Brazilian' lot. Oxen which were quot; landed healthy from the steamship � Canopus ' on the 23rd, from the steamship �^c � Pembroke' on the 20th, and from the steamship * Bavarian' on the 22nd, were , �* found on the 27th of April to have contracted the disease. The steamship ' Illyrian,' ^u from Boston, landed her cargo of 346 oxen on the 26th of April, all healthy. These quot; animals were examined carefully every day, and on the 30th foot-and-mouth disease quot; was found among them.

quot; The steamship ' Lake Manitoba,' on the 27th of April, landed 338 oxen, all healthy. quot; They were carefully watched, and the disease made its appearance among them on the quot; 1st of May.

quot; On the 28th of April the steamship ' Minnesota' landed a cargo of 406 oxen, all

#9632;ⁱ:^:

quot; healthy. On the 1st of May foot-and-mouth disease appeared among them.

quot; On the 4th of May the steamship ' Massachusetts ' landed 565 bullocks, all healthy. quot; They were examined every day, and on the 7th one case only had been discovered. quot; They were not' mouthed,' and the butchers may have removed and killed cases that '* were not seen, but, so far as is known, only 16 of this whole lot became diseased.

quot; On the 8th of May four cases were found among previously healthy cattle that had quot; been landed from the steamship * Ontario,' May 4.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^raquo;

quot; On the 9th of May foot-and-mouth disease was found among previously healthy ** animals that were landed on the 4th from the steamships * Bulgarian' and ' Palestine.'

quot; On the 11th of May, at 7.50 a.m., the steamship * Iberian ' landed a cargo of 352 quot; oxen. They remained healthy up to the 16th, when the disease was found to be '* among them.

quot; On the 18th of May the steamship * Toronto' landed 251 cattle. The first evidence quot; of the disease among these animals was observed on the 24th.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; |

quot; On the 26th of June six cases of foot-and-mouth disease were found among oxen that quot; had been landed healthy from the steamship * Palestine ' on the 17th. This infection ** was supposed to have been from the cargo of the * Istrian,' which landed the disease quot; on the 9th of June.quot;

Glasgow.

From any information that is at present in possession of this Department, I think that it can scarcely be said that the premises at Glasgow have ever become infected, for, although it is true a cargo of condemned animals from the steamship quot;Phoenicianquot; were landed there, they were so quickly killed, and the premises so thoroughly dis�infected, that it seems not to have gained any foothold. The appearance of the diseased cargo there seems to be entirely explained by the evidence already given.

Mr. McShane, the shipper, had 130 cattle on the steamship quot;Pembroke,quot; which left Boston for Liverpool on the 6th of April. The quot; Pembroke quot; landed all her cattle in a perfectly healthy condition in Liverpool on the 20th of April; on the 27th, how�ever, they were unfortunate enough to contract the disease in the Woodside lairages. Twenty days afterward, or on the 17th of May, we find Mr. McShane making a ship�ment of 239 cattle on the steamship quot; Phoenician,quot; from Boston to Glasgow, from among which, upon her arrival at that port, 235 head were condemned as suffering from foot'

K 4

FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. P. C. LYMAN.

� '.

and-inouth disease. It is also in the evidence that Mr. McShane was in the habit, as were others, of bringing back and using again head-ropes that had done previous service upon animals in the contaminated Liverpool lairages.

It would seem, therefore, that the quot; Phoenician quot; outbreak is chargeable to infection brought direct from Liverpool. All cattle shipped from America to Great Britain are, after going on board the steamer, tied to stanchions by ropes which have been placed #9632; around the base of the horns, technically known as �' head-ropes.quot; Upon their arrival at the port of destination, the end that was made fast to the fixture on the vessel is untied, and the animals, with the ropes still hanging, are driven into the lairs, where they are to remain until taken out for slaughter. At Deptford these ropes are some�times removed from the heads in the lairages when they are sold; at others they accompany them to the shambles. In Liverpool, so far as I have observed, the^ always remain on' the animals until they are slaughtered. In this way every chance is given for their thorough impregnation with the virus of any contagious disease that may be present in either the lairs or the slaughter-houses. To show how thorough this chance is, I may say that in London I saw a lot of Dutch bulls tied quot; head on quot; to the same rail with a lot of American bullocks; also a lot of Spanish head-ropes hanging over a rail to which American animals were tied at the time; and in the shamble pens were some cattle with the original head-ropes on, some with ropes supplied by the butchers, and others without either, mixed indiscriminately with Spanish and Dutch cattle, all awaiting slaughter. In several instances the animals in one pen were tied facing those in the next, all to the same rail.

It was told by the inspector at Deptford that no head-ropes had been returned to America for two years, but I think he must have been mistaken in this, for not only were dates given me by the steamship owners, upon which they had received and shipped them, but on several occasions while at Deptford I saw large bunches of them hanging over the cross-rails, which, upon inquiry from the workmen collecting them, I was told were being got ready for re-shipment to the United States.

At Liverpool, Mr. Moore assured rae that old ropes were constantly returned, and that he, realising the danger from such a practice, had done what little he could to prevent it. From inquiry and personal observation I find that, as a rule, cattle going abroad are quot; roped quot; either after the car load arrives at the dock, when a man goes into the car for the purpose, or else not until the animal has been driven from the car on to the steamer. To this fortunate circumstance, and for no other reason probably, is it that tlie animals in our home markets have so far escaped foot-and-mouth disease.

Although following the movements of contagion is, as a rule, not the most certain of all pursuits, it does seem as if this investigation into the causes of the appearance of this disease among some of our cattle landed in Great Britain during the past year had been attended with success, and that while certain dangerous practices are allowed in the matter of unsafe articles of import, such as unwashed wools, green hides, skins, amp;c., there is no one cause among them all sufficiently constant to be regarded with anything more than suspicion. On the other hand, the evidence plainly shows that to an article not looked upon or imported as cargo, but simply sent back to accommodate the cattle shippers, and used by them without a thought of danger, must be ascribed the cause of the outbreaks, and when the evidence is read the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease b}' the head-ropes seems so simple and easy of accomplishment that the wonder is that any one conversant with the practice of the trade need for a moment have had any doubt as to the true source of the infection.

To prevent future outbreaks of the kind I shall recommend for your consideration that Congress be asked to pass a law prohibiting, under certain penalties, the introduction of all articles from the foreign animals' wharves of Great Britain, and that Custom officers be directed to enforce such law.

Trichina in Swine.

In relation to that part of my instructions directing me to examine the hogs arriving in Great Britain from the United States, with a view of ascertaining to how great an extent they are diseased, or are infected with trichinae, I have to report that during my stay no such animals were landed. But as tending to give some idea of the percentage of animals thus affected (and it will not probably be found to be in excess of these figures), I will call your attention to the following extracts from the report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council Office for the vear 1879:

quot; The slaughter of large numbers of American swine at tne port of landing, on account of swine fever, afforded an opportunity of obtaining specimens of flesh for examination,

li:gt; 'lt;

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i V

REPORT BY Du. J. D. HOPKINS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;si

with a view to ascertain what proportion of the animals were infecLcd with tnchina;. The inspectors of the Veterinary Department examined 279 separate portions of swine's flesh which were sent from Liverpool, and detected living trichina) in three specimens ;

* * * but it was not deemed expedient to prohibit the introduction of American pork into this country, for the reason that such a measure would have damaged the trade without producing any satisfactory results. A large proportion of the objectionable meat would have been sent to this country by a circuitous route, and thus the object of the restriction would have been defeated, besides which, trichinosis among swine is known to exist in Germany, and it probably exists in other exporting countries, so that nothing short of total prohibition of swine flesh in all forms (rom all foreign sources would have been effectual.quot;

In view of the recent total embargo placed by some of the foreign Governments upon the imports of our hog products into their countries, on account of the alleged existence iu them of trichinco, I would suggest that an inquiry be established which shall point out, first, the actual percentage of American hogs that are infected by this parasite; second, the portion of the country in which the largest percentage of animals so affected are found to exist: third, the nature of the food, if there is any difference, that these pigs receive ; fourth, whether animals that are kept around the home buildings arc more subject than are those kept in the field to the invasion of this entozoon, and all other matters relating to the question which may aid in devising such means as shall decrease to a minimum their existence in American pork products.

Condition of Animals arriving in Great Britain.

The losses occasioned by death and injury to cattle while being shipped abroad have been greatly reduced, and they are now landed at the various ports of Great Britain in a much better condition than formerly. Indeed, notwithstanding the much greater distance they are necessarily carried, they arrive with fewer bruises and in better condition generally than do those from some of the neighbouring European ports. This gratifying condition of affairs is due to the good care and improved methods of ventilation, amp;c., adopted by the owners of steamships. Experience in the trade, and the requirements of the insurance companies, have compelled many improvements for the comfort and safe transport of these animals. More light and space are given them, and by means of various ventilating devices an abundance of fresh air is furnished throughout the entire voyage. In most of the vessels a method of drainage into the bilge has been arranged, which may be pumped out as often as desirable. While much has been done in this direction by the steamship owners alone the managers of the insurance companies interested have not been idle, but so great has been the care exercised by them in the selection of animals for transportation and the provident provisions made for them during the voyage that the losses which amounted to more than 5 per cent, from January 1 to September 30, 1880, have been reduced to about 2| per cent, during the same months of this year. Notwithstanding this great improve�ment, the weather during some parts of the past season has been the most severe ever known to the trade.

Very respectfully,

Hon. George B. Loring,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

No. 54.

Report by Dr. JAMES D. HOPKINS, D.V.S., to the COMMISSIONER OF

AGRICULTURE, Washington.

Contagious Plkuro-Pnkumonia in New York.

Owing to circumstances over which the department had no control, the investigation in the State of New York was brought to a close on or about the 20th May last. The examinations made in that State by James D. Hopkins, D.V.S., from April 8 to May 17, will be found recorded below. From intbrmation received from the highest authority in such matters in this State, it would seem that contagious pleuro-pneumonia prevails to about the same extent that it did prior to the recent efforts of the State authorities to stamp it out. Dr. James Law, in writing to the Commissioner of Agriculture, under date of October 10 last, says :�

B 670.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;L

REPORTS BY Du. MILLER AND Dr. CORLIES.

#9632;

⁽ⁱ Putnam County, wliich was purged from the plague in the early part of last yearraquo; has been infected (one herd at least) for the whole past summer; Westchester County contains at least two centres of infection, and Richmond (Staten Island) two, though both these counties had been purged of the infection ; New York City, which was all but rid of the plague, harbouring it only in places known and circumscribed, is again suffering; and finally, the east end of Queen's County, which had been long clear, has been extensively infected.quot;

i^f.

laquo;11

Numbeb and Location of DISEASED Herds examined by Du. Jas. D. Hopkins.


Nome of		Name of	Statu.	County	Day	Nnmbw in	Nmnhor	Number	Name of
Bu	#9632;goon.	Owner.	Statu.	County	Examinod.	Herd.	Sick.	Died.	Bisoaso.
					18S1.
Jiw. B.	Hopkins,	Miclmcl Tiorney -	New York City,	Now York	Ai)ril 8	17 head (a)	Not given	0	ContaKions plouro
B.V.S.			2Srd Ward.						pneumonia.
Do.	.	.	New 5fork (Jity -	Do. -	Do.	2liCOW3 (�)	Bo.	(Killed)	Bo.
Do.	.	Dnvid Tilus	Do.	Qiu'ons -	April 22	ISOOWB ((')	Bo.	5 -	Bo.
Do.	,	Ann N. Titus	Do.	Do. .	Bo.	21 head ((/)	Bo.	7	Bo.
Do.	.	Valentine Wlllota	Do.	Do. -	Do.	14 eows (e)	Bo.	5	Do.
Uo.	,	0. C. Willots	Do.	Do. -	Do.	18 cows (/)	1	1	Do.
Do.	-	Fred, Willots -	Bo.	Do. -	Do.	8 eows and (! calves (/raquo;),	Not given	1	Do.
Draquo;.	_	Jus. A. Hayt	Do.	Putiiam -	April 27	Notgivenj[A)	7 head -	n	Do.
Du.	.	1). P. Titos	Do.	Queens #9632;	,. 28	7 head (j)	3 head -	8	Do.
Do.	_	Riclianl 0. Hublis	Do.	Do. -	Do.	12 head {j)	Not given	11	Do.
no.	-	M.ll. llinos	Do.	Bo. -	Do.	10 head (Ic)	1 oouto and (i chronic cases.	2	Do.
Do.	-	FblUp Soibort -	New York City, Jilissvillo.	Bo. -	May 12	22 head (0	2 acute cases �	#9632;	Do.
Do.	.	J. R. ])aiigliort.v -	Do.	Bo. -	Do.	10 head (m)	1 chronic caso -	�	Do.
1)0.	.	.loscjili Bteveiison	Do.	Do.	De.	80 head (raquo;) 21 head (o)	3 chronic cases-	#9632;	Do.
Do.	,	W, 11. Cutter -	New York City,	Rielmioml	May 17	80 head (raquo;) 21 head (o)	1 chronic caso -	10	Do.
			Port lliehmond.

[| r

i,!

(laquo;)

6 o

(.0

M (./I (.'/) lt;M (i) U) (raquo;) (/) im in) o

Those animals dielt;l between October, 1880, and March 1,1881.

These eows were bought at the Central Stock Yards, and eonvoycd by regular cattlo boat to Eisncss' slaiiKhter-houso, Forty-fourth Street.

Those eows died since January 2, ISS!; the last one died February 24.

There are seven chronic cases. This herd was inoculated by cattlo on adjoining farm of R. 11. Bobbins, who had lost seven or eight cows

out of a herd of 20. Inoculated by cow bought from dealer in Oetoher last.

Killed diseased cow and inoculated remainder in October, and has had no disease since.

I le scut three eows to the butcher and inoeulatcd the remainder. Inoculation seems to give satisfaction to tho people in this locality.

lias lost six valuable animals up to date, and has seven still suffering with tho disease. His place has been quarantined.. These auimols died last winter, and he now has three chronic cases. These animals died last rail. No sick animals at present.

These two cows were lost about a month ago; thinks his animals wore infected by Hubbs' cattle. His place has boon quarantined. Swill stables.

Swill stables.

Tho disease appeared hero about the Ist of March last, since which time 10 animals have died.

No. 55.

Reports by Dr. W. B. E. MILLER, D.V.S., and Dr. J. C. CORLIES, D.V.S., to the COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington.

Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia in New Jersey.

In accordance with your request I have the honour herewith to forward you a brief summary report of the work done upon the veterinary staff of the Department of Agriculture since the date of my appointment, May 12th last, until the present time.

My first official act, after receipt of proper authority, was to establish a border quarantine between Philadelphia and Camden, and other points on this side of the river, in order that cattle passing over the ferries should be detained for the purpose of inspection.

To facilitate the transportation and examination of the same, cattle pounds were erected at each ferry yard into which all stock were ordered to be driven and detained until such time as they could be seen and inspected.

Owing to the distance of some of the ferries from a central locality, much delay must sometimes be necessarily imposed, and I very soon found it absolutely impera�tive to employ a proper person to watch and assist at the yards in order to prevent some of the drivers from removing their stock prior to examination. The person so employed was invested with authority to arrest any person or persons unwilling to comply with the order of quarantine and inspection. I am happy to state that no arrests have thus far been required, as I have endeavoured to accommodate all parties as far as was in my power as rapidly as possible, and in order to do so have very frequently had to employ the assistance of Dr. Zuill, D.V.8., of Philadelphia, to visit a number of the ferry yards while I was engaged at others.

Since the establishment of the quarantine order, 7,164 cattle have been examined. Many of them have been sick with the ordinary diseases of cattle, and quite a number have been found to be infected with diseases of an infectious or contagious character. But I am glad to inform you that but very few cases of contagious pleuro-pneumonia (the disease for which 1 was instructed to examine) have been found in comparison to

#9632; I

i it-

i*iam

REPORTS BY Du. MILLER AND Du. CORLIES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;83

the number of cattle examined. All of thom, however, have been caretully reported to the department, and the source of the disease traced whenever it was possible to do so.

The first caso was discovered Juno 29, 1881, and tho animal traced back to Wilming�ton, Del., where she was reported as one of a lot that came from Baltimore, Md. Another ease, on July 6, in a lot of four calves from Marple, Delaware County, Penn�sylvania, all of which were slaughtered at tho abattoir, and two of which showed lung lesions. The next case, on July 12, that of a cow and calf in a lot of eighteen from West Philadelphia stock yards. The cow was ordered to be killed by the State Board of Health, and a post mortem examination revealed the disease well marked in both lungs; lesions were also plainly seen in the lungs of tho calf. On July 22 a calf brought from Guineatown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, was detected by Dr. Zuill, and the case referred to me, which I immediately condemned to be slaughtered, when a post mortem examination fully confirmed our diagnosis.

On the 14th of September two cases were ordered into close quarantine as very sus�picious. A proper history was afterwards obtained, stating that they originally came from West Virginia to Baltimore, where they were resold and shipped from Baltimore stock yards to West Philadelphia. Being fat, they were ordered to the abattoir for slaughter, and a. post mortem examination showed the suspicions to be well founded.

On the 22nd of September two cows were discovered in a herd that came from Glen-dale, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. On the 29th two others, in a lot that came from Bethlehem, Pa., all of which had been herded together at the New Jersey Stute Fair, in charge of A. S. Shinier, and which were affected with lung trouble. A sub�sequent investigation made by Dr. Gadsden, of Philadelphia, would seem to indicate that the animals had no contagious disease. He did not, however, see the cattle at the time of his visitation, but did see others of the same herd. Almost daily cattle affected with Phthisis Pulmonalis Verminalis (hoose or husk) are seen at the ferry yards, and in view of the fact that this affection has been alarmingly fatal in young animals in this State during the last two or three years, it would seem as if some learal measures should be adopted to prevent its spread. Other diseases of animals, such as swine plague, glanders in horses, chicken cholera, foot-rot in sheep, amp;c., are existing throughout the whole State, and call for some action on the part of government.

During the time that has elapsed since the date of my appointment, especially during the latter part of July and the month of August, I made weekly visits to the State of Delaware as instructed, and found many cases of infected farms and several acute and chronic cases of pleuro-pneumonia. That part of the State immediately bordering upon Pennsylvania and the eastern shore of Maryland is certainly an infected locality, and the section surrounding Wilmington had suffered from the ravages of the disease. The law in that State is inoperative, and no measures are taken to prevent the spread of disease.

From my investigations thus far, I must conclude that contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle exists in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland; that other diseases of animals, especially swine plague, glanders, and chicken cholera, are to be found in every section of the country. From my personal experience, of the last two years particularly, I believe that the only way to exterminate these diseases is to stop the interstate traffic in animals from infected States, to thoroughly examine all cattle crossing from one State to another, whether from infected States or not, and to destroy all diseased and exposed animals at sight.

Since the system of inspection was adopted at this point a very decided change has taken place in the general appearance of the animals, crossing these ferries. Instead of poor, delicate looking half-starved animals, or sick or almost disabled, as was formerly the case, none now appear for inspection but the very best, and it certainly has proven a source of great benefit to this section particularly. No suspicious or unhealthy cattle are allowed to pass when they do appear. As a result, dealers and drovers do not attempt to pass inferior animals over if they can possibly avoid it. Occasionally, however, a stranger will come with a lot driven directly from the country, or some parties will go to the stock yards, and purchase a poor class of animals simply because they can buy them cheap, and I invariably subject them to a thorough examination and inspection.

The work has been vigorously and thoroughly accomplished, and great good has been derived therefrom.

Respectfully submitted, Honorable George B. Loring,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; WM. B. E. MILLER, D.V.S.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

quot;lTquot;

REPORTS BY Dlaquo;. MILLER AND Dr. CORLIES.

Snt,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Newark, N. J., October 11, 1881.

I iiAVK the honour to submit the following report of the Avork done by me since acting as agent for the Department of Agriculture in investigating, inspecting, locating, and reporting the existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this State. On March 21, 1881, I received my appointment and letter of instructions, and immediately proceeded to visit localities that were known to have been infected by the malady in the past. My previous connection with an organisation that existed in this State a year prior to this time, made me somewhat familiar with such places. I also prepared, and had printed two thousand circulars, which 1 caused to be circulated among stock raisers in different parts of the State, requesting those having the malady, or reasons to believe they had it in their herds, to report the same to me at my office without unnecessary delay, and I am happy to state a number responded to it. Upon investigation, however, a majority of cases proved to be some other form of disease resembling contagions pleuro-pneumonia in its symptoms. I however found, as a rule, the farmers were difficult to approach, and in a number of cases tried to cover up the existence of the disease as much as possible. This difficulty may be overcome b}' arming those whose duty it is to make inspections, with authority to enter any premises where they suspect the malady to exist. Being at liberty to exercise my own judgment in adopting the best means to find where the disease existed, I consulted the State board of health through its secretary, and made a proposition to go personally to all reported infected places, make the necessary inspections, and furnish a duplicate report to them free of expense, if they would acquaint me with cases reported to tliem.

The movement of cattle out of the State is limited to high-bred stock, and from farms that are so well managed that contagious diseases cannot get a foothold. There are, however, a large number of young calves moved from New York for slaughter, through the abattoir building at Jersey City, to various parts of the State, and as there are-no restrictions imposed they may be a means of conveying pleuro-pneumonia to other localities. The most of the calves raised in the State are fattened and disposed of to the butchers.

The annexed tabulated report cannot be relied upon as showing the actual extent of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in the State at the present time. Enough, however, has been gained to show that it has an actual existence, but not to the same extent as it did at the time of the going into effect of the first act approved March 13, 1879-

Number and Condition of Herds examined.


Counties.	Herds.	Number.	Sick.
Atlantic ....	2	40
Burlington ....	5	76	�
Camden ....	�	�	_
Cumberland - . - -	�	�	�
Bergen - - - - -	3	29	5
Essex - - - - .	10	139	15
Gloucester - . . .	3	54	�
Hudson . - . .	10	120	12
Hunterdon - - -	2	76	�
Middlesex ....	16	132	8
Mercer - - - - -	5	73	5
Monmoutb . . . -	9	131	_
Morris - - � - -	6	85	2
Passaic - - - - -	3	33	2
Sussex - - - - -	2	92	�
Somerset ....	3	3G	1
Ocean - - . . -	9	141	�
Union - - - - -	6	132	2
Warren ....	4	60	�
Cape May .... Total	�	�	�
Cape May .... Total	97	1,449	52

f; 'i.

#9632;''#9632;'.�

#9632; i

Honorable George B. Loring,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

Respectfully submitted,

JAMES C. CORLIES, D.V.S.

#9632;#9632;

REPORT BY Dr. J. W. GADSDEN.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 85

No. 56.

EEPORTby Dk. JOHN W. GADSDEN, M.R.C.V.S., to the COMMISSIONER

OF AGRICULTURE, Washington. Contagious Pleuuo-Pnkumonia in Pennsylvania.

Siu,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Philadelphia, October 81, 1881.

In accordance with instructions from your department, 11 herewith submit a statement of the extent to which quot; contagious pleuro-pneumoniaquot; has prevailed recently in this State, and the efforts made by the State authorities for its extirpation.

The disease has existed in the State of Pennsylvania to a greater or less extent for a number of years ; and although the legislature, by Act of April 12, 1866, endeavoured to prevent its extension and prescribed penalties for those disposing of or removing infected animals, no systematic attempt seems to have been made looking to the eradication of the disease by the destruction of affected animals, until the spring of 1879, when, alarmed by the fact that the ports of Great Britain had been closed to cattle shipped from the United States, and it being learned that in several counties of the^ State the disease at that time existed, a bill was introduced in the legislature pro�viding for the stamping out of the contagion. This measure met with most vigorous opposition, caused mainly by the declaration of certain veterinary surgeons, that the disease was not contagious. By the earnest efforts, however, of Mr. Thomas J. Edge, secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who was in possession of the testimony of dairymen and farmers who had suffered from the ravages of the disease, and of veterinary surgeons who had had actual experience with it both in this country and in England, and consequently were well aware of its contagious character, the Act of May 1,1879, passed both branches of the legislature, and was approved by the Governor.

Immediately after its approval the Governor appointed a commission to quot; examine quot; and determine whether infectious or contagious pleuro-pneumonia existed among cattle quot; in any county or counties of this commonwealth, and report the same without un-quot; necessary delay.quot; After hearing the testimony of a number of practical dairymen and veterinary surgeons, the commission decided unanimously and reported to the Governor that the disease did exist in at least two counties in the State.

Upon the receipt of this report, the Governor appointed Mr. Thomas J. Edge his special agent and assistant, to carry out the provisions of the Acts of 1866 and 1879, for the prevention of the spread of this disease, and issued to him a commission and instructions for his government.

Too much praise cannot be given to this gentleman for the energetic manner in which he has fulfilled the duties of his appointment, and the great results he has accom�plished at a comparatively trifling expense. He immediately appointed, in the several counties of the State, 450 persons as official reporters, with instructions to communicate to him at once the existence of any infected animals, or those supposed to be infected ; and upon receipt of such information a veterinary surgeon was at once sent to examine the animals, and if the disease was found to be that of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, the entire farm was placed in quarantine, the animals appraised, those diseased killed and paid for by the State, and the others kept under surveillance until three months after the last trace of disease was discovered,when the quarantine was removed.

From May 1, 1879, to the present time, 64 herds, numbering 1,252 animals, have been placed in quarantine, 324 animals have been killed, of which 257 were paid for by the State, the entire cost to the State being only ,#10,750, of which ,$4,325 was paid for animals destroyed.

The disease has been confined to nine counties in the eastern and southern sections of the State, the herds quarantined being distributed among the counties as follows :�

Adamsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

York -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Lancasternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Chester

Delaware

Philadelphianbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-


	1	Montgomery
	2	Bucks
	2	Lehigh
	15
	17
	6

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Montgomery -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 17

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Bucksnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 3

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Lehighnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1

Total -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 64

In many of these herds the cause of infection has been traced directly to diseased animals brought from Maryland and placed among healthy cattle, niunbers of which were infected by them. In other instances the disease was communicated from chronic cases that had apparently recovered; in others, by the contact of persons who had been attending diseased animals, and afterwards went among healthy ones without first disinfecting their clothing. In still other instances it was communicated from one iarm to another by means of streams of running water, or by healthy animals being allowed to graze in fields adjoining those in which diseased ones were pastured,

l a

REPORT BY Dr. J. W. GADSDEN.

Iv'

At the present time the disease is confined to the counties of Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia; in the former of Avhich three herds numbering 36 animals, in Mont�gomery one nerd numbering 19 animals, and in the latter one herd numbering 41 animals, are now in quarantine.

The disease at present in Delaware County was introduced to one herd by cattle from Baltimore, Md., and communicated from this herd to two adjoining farms. The existence of the disease was discovered by Dr. Bridge, the State inspector, by the meat of diseased animals being exposed for sale m the Philadelphia markets.

There is no question that the State of Pennsylvania would be entirely free from infection to-day were it not for the fact that no precautions are taken by the Maryland authorities to prevent the spread of the contagion; diseased animals from that State are constantly brought into this and thus infect healthy herds.

Since my appointment by the Department of Agriculture, I have been in constant communication with the State authorities, and they have always co-operated with me in all measures for the discovery of the disease, and have laboured faithfully to prevent its spread.

The calves in all infected districts are slaughtered by direction of the State inspector, and are not allowed to be removed into other portions, or out of the State, for fear of spreading the infection.

By official statistics the number and value of cattle in Pennsylvania, last year, was :� Cows .... 851,790 ^18,625,000 Oxen and other cattle -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 674,000nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;14,962,000

1,525,790 ^33,587,000

When the amount of money invested in cattle is considered, the sum expended by the State fbr stamping out the disease seems very insignificant; yet the State officers were very much crippled in their operations by a decision of the auditor-general, made in June 1881, that the payment for cattle destroyed was not a necessary expense within the meaning of the Act, and refusing to allow any claims for such payment; and it was not until October 15, 1881, that he was induced to reconsider his decision and allow such claims, and only then provided the total amount expended for the year should not exceed $5,000.

In the meantime some diseased animals had been introduced from Baltimore, and we have learned of instances where the owners of them concealed the fact, knowing that the State had ceased payment.

In conclusion, from personal observation and the reports received from those actively engaged in its suppression, I am convinced that the disease can never be effectually eradicated without�

First. A more efficient quarantine ;

Secondly. The killing of all chronic cases, no matter how apparently healthy the animals may be; and

Thirdly. The adoption of stringent regulations for the proper inspection of all animals removed from one State to another, the inspector to have full power to cause the instant destruction of all diseased animals.

The present system of quarantine seems to be almost a farce. The animals are allowed to roam at will over a whole farm, and are placed in fields bordering on public roads, and divided from neighbouring farms only by an open fence. In this way the disease has been communicated in a number of instances. The only effective way would be to confine all animals that have been subjected to infection in an inclosure remote from other cattle, separating the sick animals from the healthy ones, and allowing no one who has had access to the diseased animals to approach the healthy without first thoroughly disinfecting their clothing.

Chronic cases, although the animals may be apparently healthy, are but moving centres of contagion, for from the nature of the disease the lungs once affected never resume their normal state, and we have several instances where these chronic cases have affected herds, and the animal communicating the disease has outlived those infected by it.

From the experience of this State, the necessity of preventing the transmission of the disease from one State to another cannot be overestimated, and until a law looking to this end is enacted, it will be impossible to rid the country of the disease, for, one State refusing action, may endanger all those lying contiguous to it, even though they may be using every endeavour to rid themselves of the plague.

Respectfully submitted,

The Hon. George B. Loring,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; JOHN W. GADSDEN, M.R.C.V.S.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M-

tit'quot;'

#9632;

m #9632;

I I

V: ''.

REPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.

Number and Location of Diseaskd Herds examined by Dr. J. W. Gadsden.


Namo of	Niuuo o(	Stute.	County.	Day	Nuinhcr	Numbor	Nmnbor
SurKUon.	Ownor.	Stute.	County.	Examined.	In Herd.	Sick.	Died.	Disease.
1. W. fiailsilon, M.HX!.V,S. Do.	Jiicub K. Ulrloh -na. Krlder	Pennsylvania Do.	Delaware Philadelphia-	1S81. March 31 Do.	(a) 21 (A) 31	Not givon Do. -	3 killed -15 killed -	Oontagioua pleuro- lineumouia. Do.
Do. #9632;	Jiuii�s Milnor	Do.	Hacks	Do.	(c) 8	Do. #9632;	4 killed #9632;	Do.
1)0. .	Jiicob K. UMoh -	Do.	Delaware	April 7	((/) 21	Do. -		Do.
Uo. -	Bd. Kridor	Do.	Philadelphia-		(fl) 1laquo;	Do. -	.	Do.
Do. -	Jimios Milnor	Do.	Buoks	Do.	07)11	Do. -	...	Do.
Do. -	])iivi(l P. i'oi'ncy -	Do.	York -	June 3	07)11	1-	- - -	Do.
Wo. -	Do.	Do,	Do. -	23	ill) u	3-	.	Do.
Do. -	M. Worml	Do.	Delaware	Do.	(i) 31	#9632;1-	...	Do.
Do. -	Do.	Do.	Do.	Jimo 30	(it) 2!)	12-	1 -	Do.
Do. -	Do.	Do.	Do.	July 14	(it) 2!)	11-	1 -	Do.
Do. -	Alonzo Parkor -	Do. � .	Do.	Aiitf. 25	In i2	2-	2 cows killed	Do.
Do. -	])0.	Do.	Do.	Sept. 8	(w) 11	1-	1 killed -	Do-
Do. -	Do.	Do.	Do.	Smt. #9632; 16	raquo;)in	4-	1 killed -	Do.
Do. -	M. Wom�	Do.	Do.	Do.	(quot;) 21 (p)15	Not given		Do.
Do. -	Tficliolns Bowdcn	Do.	Do.	Do.	(quot;) 21 (p)15	2- -	laquo;	Do.
Do. -	Alonzo Parker -	Do.	Do.	Sept. 22	(l) i)	3 -	1 killed -	Do.
Do. -	M. Wonul	Do.	Do.	Do.	r) 21	Several -	...	Do.
Do. -	Nloholas Bowden	Do.	Do.	Do.	i raquo;) 15	1-	...	Do.
Do. -	John H. Webstor	Dhiladolphia, Pn -	Philadelphia	Oct. 20	t) 43	5-	2 -	Do.
Do. -	John S. Androws	r�imsylvanin,	Montgomery-	.. '#9632;gt;	laquo;) 19	2-	2 killed -	Do.

(a) Twonty-ono animals have been quarantined by order of State authorities. (6) Sixteen animals in qnarantine bv order ot State nnthoril ies. (n) Remaining annuals In quarantine. Ul, o,f) Pour animals beloiining to Mr. Ulrich's herd were, a few days after this report wus made, slaugh. torcd for beef and showed no evidences of lt;Iisoaso. During tlio uiontli Mr. Milner's herd, having developed no symptoms of disease, were ordered

Irom quarantine. No evidenoes of disease having appeared In the nerds ol Messrs. Ulrich ami Krlder, they were also released from quarantine

early m Juno, (a) This animal was infected by a cow purchased in Daltiinoro, whieh was suffering with chronic contagious pienro-pnciniiouia; quarantined, {h) Herd still in quarantine, (raquo;) Infeeted by stock from Boltunore. Quarantined by order of Slate authorities. (j,k) At the foregoing date this herd is represented as being in a sad plight; one animal died July 12, another August 4, and still another August 17. The herd was properly quarantined. U) The two cows killed on August 2raquo; were in the last stages of the disease j animals were Infected by Wornils herd on nqlolumg farm; quarantined, (m) This animal was killed by order of State authorities. (raquo;,) A second animal was killed by order of State autbonties on September 14. (o) The State inspector regards 15 of those animals as chronic cases, (j?) Infected by adjoining herd bolonging to Mr. Worralj quarantined. (7) This animal was killed by State inspector, (r) Tbo animals sick are chronic enses, ami arc doing well. (s)'No clumges siueo last roport. (t) These animals died but recently. The owner was of the opinion that the State had ceased to pnv for condemned cattle, and hencu uiado uo report. (laquo;) On Novomber 8, whoa again examined, two more animals in this herd were found sick. 'The herd is still quarantined.

No. 57.

Report by Dr. W. H. ROSE, D.V.S., to the COMMISSIONER OF AGRI-

CULTURE, Washington. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia in Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia.

By request I forward you a report of rny investigations throughout the State of Maryland and the District of Columbia, as inspector of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle. It will be necessary to subdivide my report, in order to impress upon the minds of those who may read it the fact of the existence of such a terrible malady; also to what extent it has been transmitted, and the amount of virulence contained in each infected stable and district. It is my intention to give you a report of the past as well as of the present, and for this purpose I have kept a complete record of those who have lost stock during the existence of this disease. I am satisfied, however, that I have missed many stables where the disease previousty- existed, which fact I attribute to the fear of owners of neat cattle who have experienced the ill effects of the disease among their stock. One point to be remembered is the non-existence of this disease on some farms where it was reported by the owners to have previously prevailed. It is true that some people have confounded this disease with the southern cattle fever, which may be very readily distinguished by the general observer during the existence of either of these diseases ; but in making a diagnosis of a certain disease of the past, with an imperfect history to guide us, we are compelled to reserve our decision. This I found to be the case about Alexandria, Va., and in some parts of Maryland. The majority of intelligent people who read the symptoms, course, and termination of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, generally quote the remarks given by our standard authors of the very malignant form of the disease. It appears deeply impressed upon their minds that all cases must show these severe symptoms. It would be well if such was the case ; more of them would die. This would lessen the spread of so contagious and infectious a malady. But all cases do not die (unfortunately); convalescents transmit the disease to other animals, especially if removed from the infected stable to a healthy herd of cattle in some other locality. Again, some animals do not show any symptoms of the disease, although others about them may die. I wish to impress upon the minds of cattle owners the necessity of watching these cases with care; oftentimes they are the means of transmitting the very worse form of the disease to other animals. They are often affected but slightly, resolution having taken place before any external symptoms are observable. Although these remarks are well understood by yourself, still I think them very necessary for the benefit of cattle owners, especially in Maryland.

Infkcted Localities in Baltimore City and County.

I commenced my investigations as Inspector of Cattle in the State of Maryland for the Department of Agriculture, March 28, 1881. In beginning my report of this city

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RliPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.

and county, and before alluding to the ravages of the malady in the past, it will be necessary to mention the stables in which the disease existed at the time of my inves�tigations. April 7, 1881, I found an infected stable 4 miles north of Baltimore city, belonging to Judge D. M. Ferine. He owned at this time some valuable stock. I found several of them sick with contagious plcuro-pneumonia. No history relating to its origin among his cattle could be obtained until tlic hired man spoke of a bull which belonged to a neighbour named J. 13. Manning. This bull was allowed to enter the barnyard of Judge Ferine at all times. Being suspicious of this animal, I made inquiry regarding his whereabouts during the past six months. I found, by further inquiry and careful examination of other herds in this locality, that he had infected animals belonging to Mr. Thos. R. Jenkins and Mr. J. W. Ward. The former had six cows, one of which I examined and found the left lung consolidated in its middle and upper portions; hydro-thorax was present; temperature 104|^o F.; died April 10. Precautions were taken to prevent its spread if possible. Mr. Ward, who owned four cows, was less fortunate. He wintered the animals belonging to Manning. I found one of this herd sick with the disease. Temperature 104deg; F.; slight dullness on percussion over the right lung, with the characteristic cough. This cow died one month later, but previous to her death another one of the four was attacked. Owing to the lack of power to destroy these infected animals, I was compelled to allow them to roam about the farms, to further disseminate the disease. Manning's place has been infected for the last 10 years. He has lost cows at different periods, sometimes one, at other times two or three animals, and has thus kept up a constant supply of virus sufficient to infect animals entering his stables at any season of the year, or that might, come in contact with his recovered cases.

About the middle of April last 1 visited a section of Baltimore county called Long Green and Delaney Valley, distant 17 miles north-east of Baltimore city. Most of these farmers have valuable stock in the line of milch-cows. Thos. Pierce claims to have had the first outbreak of the disease in his section of Baltimore county this spring. His farm consists of 1,000 acres of land, most of which has been used of late as a pasture field. Cattle come here from all parts of this county to graze. He could not tell me how his cattle contracted the disease. I found a herd consisting of 30 cows and two bulls. Four of the cows were sick with the disease, and five others had died previous to my visit. His neighbour, who owns the adjoining farm, lost nine cows with the same malady, while others were suffering with it during my visit. I was not satisfied with the history given me by the hired man on the latter place, which is owned by General Trimble, but the General admitted that one of his animals jumped the fence into the pasture field belonging to Mr. Pierce. Three weeks after he noticed this outbreak among his cows. I went from this place to Long Green, which is two miles east of Delaney Valley, to examine a herd of cattle consisting of 10 cows and one bull, belonging to John A. Conklin. Mr. Conklin allowed two of his cows to winter on the Pierce farm. Hearing of this outbreak, he had his cows returned to his own farm, but shortly after the disease appeared in his herd. Five animals were attacked at different periods, and during the months of March and April two died. No disinfectants were used, and great negligence was manifested, and I was not surprised to find on a second visit towards the close of April that other animals were affected. In the barn one case was found. Calling again about the same time at Mr. Conklin's place 1 found no change in his animals, except that, in the interim, he seems to have used disinfectants freely. Two sick animals were allowed to roam at will over his entire farm.

On May 4th and 5th I visited a place called Glencoe (Northern Central Railroad), situated on the Baltimore and Yorktown turnpike. Here I found four gentlemen, owning adjoining farms, who had experienced heavy losses in cattle. Dickinson Gorsuch, who lives 1 mile west of Glencoe, had the first outbreak of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this neighbourhood. Many head of cattle have died with the disease on his place since 1876. It was transmitted from this farm to that of T. T. Gorsuch, a relative, who lives one-half mile east. On the same turnpike, opposite the former place, lives another relative, Joshua Gorsuch, whose cattle also contracted the contagion. The latter sold a cow affected with the disease to a man named Jessup who lives in this locality, which soon infected his stock, ultimately causing a heavy loss. I recite this history simply in order to explain the transmission of the disease from one place to another. 1 found two chronic cases on the farmofT. T. Gorsuch. Adjoining lives another relative named Alfred Mays, on whose place 1 found three cows out of five sick with the disease. A cow had died previous to my visit. I advised the owner not to permit his cows to go to other pastures. He paid no atterdion to my advice, but allowed the sick animals to leave his place to graze on his father's Imoi distant 1^ miles north. I followed the animals to his father's (Jno. P. Mays), where I found the disease

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prevailing among his cattle. He has lost 12 head of fine Ayrshires and Alderney cows during the past six weeks. I saw four others suffering with the disease. The first animal to infect this locality was brought from Baltimore City.

On March 30.1 visited a dairy stable near Cathedral Street, Baltimore, belonging to Jno. McCormack. I found a case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among this herd of seven cows ; recovered, but right lung affected. On May 16, another cow in this stable showed symptoms of the disease.

On April 1, the stable of Herman Breakman, Highlandtown, contained five cows, one of which was suffering with the disease.

About the same time I visited the stables of Mr. Douglas, Upper Canton, li miles cast of Baltimore. This stable contained 52 cows, all of which had been inoculated with the virus of contagious pleuro pneumonia. I have made repeated visits to this place for the purpose of studying the effects of inoculation. But owing to the continual exchange of cattle, I have gained but little information. I could detect no cases although the disease existed here last summer..

On April 12, I visited the dairy farm belonging to Chas. P. Harrison, of Pikesville. This and the Douglas farm are the only farms on which inoculation has been practised in the State to my knowledge. Mr. Harrison says he has been exempt from the disease since 1873, and claims inoculation as a great preventive measure.

On April 2, I visited the dairy of Mr. Jeokel, 1 mile east of Baltimore. This herd consisted of 50 cows. In his stable I found five recovered cases. This gentleman lost a great many cattle last summer by the disease; but could not, or would not, tell how many.

On April 5, I visited South Baltimore. I found this section of the city also infected. Wm. Hamburger (dairyman), Hanover Street, had 18 cows, among which was one chronic case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. This place has been infected for at least 6 years. There are other dairies in close proximity to this one. If one of them remains free of the disease for a short period the others will have one or more cases to contend with. I have made many visits in this section of the city, and I have invariably detected at least one case of the acute type of the disease. Recently I explained to Dr. Lyman the condition of this locality, and on visiting it pointed out to him two acute and one chronic case of the disease. I found also one dead animal on the commons near these stables. We had the dead cow removed to the bone yard, and the post-mortem exami�nation revealed all the characteristic lesions of the disease. I may safely say that the diseased lung weighed at least 35 pounds. The diseased animals on the commons were allowed to commingle with the healthy ones. This man has lost by contagious pleuro-pneumonia at least 35 head of cows within the past 6 years. In all such infected localities I find the people attribute all this trouble to dealers in cattle. A majority of fresh cows purchased of these dealers are healthy at the time they enter these infected stables, and they develop the disease sooner or later afterwards. Edward Saches and brothers keep separate dairies, but occupy the same stable, which is separated only by a partition wall in its centre. They usually have 30 or more head of cows, among which I have occasionally found a diseased one.

Cornelius Frostier (dairyman, same locality), owns 13 cows, and tries to keep that number on hand. I found three chronic cases of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this stable on April 5. I have made several visits here each month, but have failed to detect an acute case. Animals are not often exchanged in this stable, which has a tendency to lessen the number of acute cases. On June 10 one of his cows died with the malady.

John Plillar (dairyman, same locality). This stable contains 13 cows and has been jnfected for a long time. On June 8, after lingering some time with the disease, one cow died. On June 10 I found two others suffering with the disease. On June 23 one of the sick animals, which I found on the 10th instant, was missing. The other one was still lingering. On July 27 I found two more of these cows sick with contagious pleuro-pneumonia j four others had been removed from the stable and new cows placed m their stalls.

On April 7 I visited a dairy belonging to David Stevens, at Woodbury. Here I found seven recovered cases from the outbreak which he experienced last year. He lost at least 20 head of cows at that time from the effects of the disease. One cow died the day previous to this visit. The lungs were shown to me. The right lung was com�pletely consolidated throughout its anterior lobe. Since then I have been unable to detect any more affected animals in this stable. Mr. Stevens has decided to part with every cow which shows the slightest symptoms of the disease.

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Infectkd Localities in Baltimore City and County prior to 1881.


Name of Owner.	Localities of infected Stables and rremisos.	No. died.	Year.
Laurence Wcimbock -	Highlamltown, one-half mile east of Baltimore, Baltimore County.	6	1880.
Mr. Michaolman	Ditto - -	4	1880.
Mr. Kiefer -	Ditto . . . . .	3	1880.
Mr. Doran . - -	Ditto . . . . .	Unknown -	1880.
Mr. Douglas -	1^ miles east of Baltimore, Baltimore County �	raquo;raquo;	1880.
li, 15 rooks ��	Cunton, east of Baltimore, Baltimore County -	20	1880.
John Sweeny	East of Baltimore, Baltimore County -	3	1880.
John Uauingurtncr �	Northeast of Baltimore, Baltimore County	Unknown -	Unknown.
Patrick Ilollaml	Philadelphia Road, cast of Baltimoic, Baltimore County.	35	1871.
Mrs. Hartman	Ditto ......	Unknown -	Unknown.
George Furley	Canton, east of Baltimore, Baltimore County �	,raquo;	raquo;gt;
Mr. Zorn - . -	Ditto . . . . .	raquo;	yt
Mrs. Clay -	Ditto . . - - .	8	1880.
13. Miller	Patapseo Neck, 2^ miles east of llaltimoro Baltimore Countyquot;.	Heavily	1880.
Henry Hughs	North end of Bnltiinoro, Baltimore County	3	1879.
Mr. Lenne - - .	Ditto . . . . .	5	1879.
James M. Davis	Huntington Avenue, north end of Baltimore Baltimore County.	Unknown -	1871.
A. S.Abell -	4 miles north of Baltimore, Baltimore County �	1	1880.
J. R. Manning	3\| miles north of Baltimore, Ualtimoro County	22	Since 1HG1.
William Hamburger -	South of Baltimore, Baltimore County -	35	Since 1875.
George and Edward Sachs �	Ditto . . . . .	(*)	�
Mrs. Sweigert	Ditto - . . . .	2	1880.
Cornelius Frostier -	� Ditto . . . - .	4	Since 1878.
John Hillar - - -	Ditto . . . . .	Unknown -	�
George Klein	Ditto . . . . .	raquo;	�
John Uugall -	Washington Road, near Baltimore, Baltimore County.	17	Since 1871.
John Bair	Ditto ......	Unknown -	�
Mr. Kogan . - -	Washington Road, near Baltimore, Baltimore County.	Unknown -	�
Mr. Fogal	Ditto . . . - .	60	Since 1870.
Mrs. Kinny - - -	Ditto - * -	4	1880.
Thos. Langhor	Frederick Road, west of Baltimore, Baltimore County.	37	1872.
John Glenn - - -	Catonsville, 6 miles west of Baltimore, Baltimore County.	4	1873.
Aug. Lurman	Ditto . . . . .	6	1874.
Nicholas Boary	Sterrctt Street, Baltimore, Baltimore County -	15	1880.
Ross Winans	Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Baltimore County	Unknown -	1864.
Hayiield Merryman -	Ditto . . . . .	raquo;	1864.
Mr. Shipley -	Ditto . . . . .	35	1866.
Mr. Ridgely - - -	Towsontown, 7 miles north of Baltimore, Baltimore County.	1	1880.
Dr. Piper -	Ditto � quot; -	1	1880.
John Smith -	2 miles north-east of Towsontown, Baltimore County. 1 mile east of Towsontown, Baltimore County -	20	1880.
Jacob Wisnor		8	1880.
Samuel E. Parks	Ditto . . . - .	10	1879.
William Williams	Govanstown, 4 miles north of Baltimore, Balti�more County.	5	1876.
P. McGreever	Ditto . . . . .	5	1879.
William Anderson -	Hillen Road, near Govanstown, Baltimore County.	l 20	1880.
Charles P. Harrison -	Pikesville, 6 miles north-west of Baltimore Baltimore County.	, Heavily -	1873.
Dr. B. E. Wood	Hillen Road, near Govanston, Baltimore Countj	G	1880.
John W. Wagner	Pikesville, 6 miles north-west of Baltimore Baltimore County,	1	1880.
Slade amp; Scribner	1^ miles from Pikesville depot, Baltimon County.	1 10	1879.
C. L. Rogers	1 mile from Pikesville depot, Baltimore Countj	12	1876
James Lyon -	Ditto . - . . .	Unknown -	�
McDonough Institute	Near Pikesville depot, Baltimore County	6	1880.
� McCauley	Ditto ....	� Unknown -	�
James quot;Vaughan	Mount Washington, Baltimore County	(t)	�
Charles Baker	Ditto ....	� Unknown -	�
David Stevens	Woodberry, Baltimore County	20	1880.
Dennis Mathews	Dulaney's Valley, Baltimore County -	3	1880.

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* Not willing to toll their loss, f Impossible to toll, constantly ehftnging.

REPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.


Name of Owner.	Localties of infected Stublcs and Premises.	No. died.	Year.
William P. Ilagnn -1). Gorsnch -T. T. Gorsuch Eli Mathows Mr. Russell -	2 miles east of Long Green, Baltimoro County 1 milo west of Glencoc, Baltimoro County Ditto ..... 1 milo west of Monkton, Northern Central Kailroml, Baltimore County. Mount Winans, Baltimoro County	5 8 3 1	1879. 1870.* 1879. 1879. 1880.

* Infected since 1876.

Remarks.

I cannot give you accurately the aggregate loss sustained by the owners of dairy cows in this city and its suburbs on account of so many having retired from the business. Many cases jf contagious pleuro-pneumonia are hidden from me, not only by the owners of such animals, but many dealers about here make a practice of exchanging such animals. I have repeatedly visited stables in the eastern and southern part of Baltimore, fully expectirg to find some acute cases. Occasionally I have-succeeded, but not to that extent which I should have done. Some cases which are mild in character are allowed to remain in these stables, providing they assume convalescence. I must confess that these people are very shrewd in their prognosis of such cases. All those that assume the colliquative type of the disease are disposed of prior to death. No later than last year the malady existed in the eastern part of the city to an alarming extent. Very few of the dairy stables escaped its ravages. I have found it a universal fact, not only in this but in other States, that periodical outbreaks of the disease are to be looked for wherever its destructive elements have become imprisoned. In South Baltimore I have noticed isolated cases among the different dairy stables ever since March last. Too much buying and selling is done in both of these sections to ever rid the stables of the disease. They allow a cow to remain in them long enough to develop the malady and then she is hurried off by the dealers to other quarters. This practice is the cause of the transmission of the disease into the outlying counties of Maryland as well as into the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. I am con�vinced that many people have experienced serious losses among their stock from such sources of infection, and yet they seem indisposed to acknowledge the fact. This accounts in a great measure for the many infected farms throughout the interior of Maryland. We have still another source of transmission, that is from those animals called recovered cases. Their tissues are stamped with the virus for an indefinite period of time after convalescence, and where such animals are allowed to exist the virulency of the disease is only reserved for the infection of healthy animals. Many stock-owners in this State have confirmed opinions as to the poor quality of food given and regard this as the cause of disease. This is an absurdity. No matter how an animal may be fed, it must come in contact with a diseased one or enter some infected stable before the contagion can generate in its system. To illustrate this fact we can have no better example than the history of this disease as shown throughout this county.

During my investigations I. have been very careful, in trying to trace the malady to its origin, but as yet I am unable to find any stable where it existed prior to 1864. At that time most of the cows were sent from the Middle States into Baltimore and Wash�ington, the war having stopped the supply. At this time the disease was known to but few people. Ross Winans, of Baltimore, who was among the first to experience the disease, tried his utmost to prevent the public from knowing of its existence among his cows. A few persons fix the date of its appearance in his stable as early as the year 1863. However, other dairy stables in the vicinity commenced to lose cows with the disease, when it was traced to Washington (sec report of Washington). In 1866 Mr. Shipley succeeded Ross Winans in the dairy business. He used the same stable, having been told by Winans that no disease of any kind had ever existed on his premises.. Shortly after taking possession Mr. Shipley noticed a few of his cows coughing, while others became short of milk and lost appetite. Eventually, 35 head of cows died. Mr. H. Merryman sustained a loss in this stable about the same time. Other dairymen commenced to suffer from its ravages. Outside of this city, all along the line of the Western Maryland Railroad, in Baltimore county, can be found stables where the disease has existed, and since the above time it has been transmitted from one section of the county to another. This was caused, generally, by buying infected animals at the Baltimore stock-yard, and by allowing unimals from infected stables

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REPORT BY Dr. W. H. ROSE.

to pasture with healthy ones. We are now able to point out sections in different parts of not only this but other counties of Maryland where periodical outbreaks of the disease occur annually. Sometimes these outbreaks are of a mild and at other times of a most malignant form. Baltimore city and its surroundings furnish infecting material for a wide extent of country.

Cecil County.

On May 9 I commenced my investigations of this county. Elkton is its county seat. The following day the members of the Cecil County Agricultural Society held a special meeting, which gave me an opportunity to converse with men who are anxious to aid the officers of your department in checking the spread of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. From Mr. A. R. Magraw, president of the society, I gained considerable information regarding the hygienic condition of cattle throughout the county. Elkton I consider free from the disease at present, although many cattle are brought here in the early fall from Baltimore to be wintered by farmers, and after being fattened are sent to Philadelphia and elsewhere for human consumption. A great many milch-cows are also sent here from the eastern counties of Maryland and from Virginia, thus avoiding to a great extent the infection which prevails about Baltimore. When we remember to what extent this city and vicinity is infected it seems miraculous that any locality in the State should be so exempt as this. Mr. James Yates, three miles north-east of Elkton, informed me that, in 1879, he lost three cows with the disease, and from the history he gave me I concluded that such was the case.

On May 11 I visited a place called Brick Meeting House, where I found a recovered case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, belonging to Levi Mearns, who bought some cattle at the Baltimore stock-yard, in company with a neighbour, Mr. Thomas Stevens, in 1879. Shortly after the arrival of these animals the disease developed itself among them, four head dying on Stevens', and three on Mearns' farm. A few recovered on each place, which were afterwards sold to a butcher, who took them to Philadelphia. This small village is situated but a short distance from the State line between Penn�sylvania and Maryland. From here I went to Rising Sun, which is still nearer the line, but could find no sign of the disease, although it had recently existed near this place in Pennsylvania, where it had been stamped out by the authorities of that State.

On May 12 and 13 I visited all the principal towns along the county line from Rising Sun to Perryville. During this investigation I visited many fine dairy farms and inspected a number of valuable herds, each herd consisting of from 20 to 30 head of milch-cows, but could detect no signs of disease among any of them. At Perryville I found a gentleman named John Stump, who, in 1879, lost 11 head of cattle by the disease. The disease was brought to his place by cattle purchased at Baltimore.

May 25, 26, and 27 I concluded the investigation of this county by visiting all ofthat portion lying south of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railway, commencing at Fredericktown and working north to Chesapeake. I failed, however, to detect a single case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this section of the county. ^ At Chesapeake I found a few gentlemen who deserve great credit for the energy which they display in trying to exclude from this place all cattle from infected districts. Mr. John A. Harriot, member of the Cecil County Agricultural Society, seems to be the most active in this good work.

I will mention here that I visited a portion of Kent County called Galena. 1 made this visit because steamboats ran daily between Baltimore and Fredericktown. The two counties are separated by the Sassafras river. Thinking that an occasional infected animal might enter the county by these boats, I made a close observation of the cattle in this place, but I failed to detect the existence of any disease.

Haufokd County.

During the early part of June I visited this county, of which Bel Air is the county seat. I met prominent citizens who informed me of the existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia among their cattle in former years. I visited all the towns and many farms, but failed to find a single case of the disease in the entire county. I was well pleased with the preventive means adopted by Colonel Stump and Dr. Magraw. In 1880 they received authority from the Governor to appraise all animals infected with the disease, with authority to destroy them. Early last year Eldridge Gallop, who occupies the large farm belonging to the Citizens' Banking Association of Baltimore, brought a large herd of cattle to his place from the Baltimore stock-yard. Shortly after their arrival disease appeared among them, and four died in a few weeks. Not knowing the nature of the disease at that time, he commenced to treat the sick cows. Those which showed no

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symptoms of ailment were sold. Four such were sent into Pennsylvania, where they soon infected cows belonging-to Mr. Pyle. This fact becoming known to the Pennsylvania authorities, they destroyed every sick cow and quarantined the stable. Mr. Gallop sold others singly to different parties in Abingdon, in this county. As soon as Colonel Stump and Dr. Magraw learned of the condition of these animals, they proceeded to kill every one of the cows that came from Gallop's infected herd. They then visited the infected stables and killed 22 head. Some animals had been sent to Baltimore previous to this slaughter, a fact unknown to these gentlemen at the time. In this herd 17 animals in all died from the effects of the disease. Since this transaction no further trouble has been experienced in this locality. I visited other sections of the county, where many herds of cattle are raised, and where large tracts of land are used for pasturing and wintering fat cattle. I think this latter pursuit is carried on to a greater extent in this county than in any other county in the State. The most of this grazing county lies along Deer Creek. Farmers in this locality frequently winter from 75 to 100 head each. The cattle pass through the Baltimore stock-yard previous to their arrival here. In the early spring they are sent to the Philadelphia markets. I was told that a Mr. Amos and Son, who lived in the northern part of this county, had lost cattle from contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I visited their farm on the 7th of June, but from the history of the disease given me by the owner, I am satisfied it was southern cattle fever, a disease which prevails here occasionally, and generally causes heavy losses.

Carroll County.

During the latter part of June I visited the different towns in this county, but I failed to find any case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, cither acute or chronic, until I reached a place called Manchester. After travelling a few miles north of this place I found a farm belonging to Barney Zepp, where the disease has existed since April 30. A short time previous to this he bought three cows from a dealer in this place, who buys cattle in all the different counties of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and sells them in most instances at the Baltimore stock-yaJrd. At the time mentioned contagious pleuro-pneumonia broke out among them. Two showed the severe symptoms of the disease and soon died. The remaining cows were taken sick at different periods, and two died. I think the last two cases will recover. In 1875 they had an outbreak of the disease a few miles west of this place, in Bachraan's Valley; cows from Baltimore stock-yard caused this infection. The movement of cattle in the fall of each year from Baltimore here is similar to the movement of cattle into Harford County, only to a less extent. In the spring and summer months dealers drive most of the cattle to the Baltimore stock-yard, from which very few of them return during the latter period.

Frederick County.

On July 14 I visited Frederick City (county seat). The disease docs not exist in this county at present. The most of the cattle brought here come from Virginia. The only place where the disease ever existed in this county is Woodboro', 12 miles north of this city. George Smith lost 11 head from its effects last year- None of those affected recovered. I am satisfied that Frederick County will remain free from the extreme ravages of the disease so long as such men as Dr. Fairfax Schley is at the head of the Agricultural Society. He is well versed in the nature of the disease, and is therefore enabled to explain to the members of his society the precautions necessary to prevent its spread.

Anne Arundel County.

I visited the principal city (Annapolis) and most of the small places in this county. No disease has existed in any of these places during the last three years. On the dairy farm of Mrs, Berry, 1| miles north-west of Annapolis, a few animals died previous to the death of her husband, which occurred three years ago. Very few dairy stables that contain over five or ten cows are to be found in this city. On its outskirts are a few farms stocked with valuable cattle. I was surprised not to find more of the disease here, because boats make daily trips to and from Baltimore, and often bring cows from the stock-yard in that city. Since the outbreak of the disease in Baltimore last year, however, most of the people in this county are very careful where they purchase their stock.

Prince Geokgk's County,

During the early part of August and the latter part of September I made investiga�tions in this county. Near the line of the district of Columbia, I found the disease had existed in previous years. I could detect no cases at present. In the year 1879, David

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REPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.

I': V

Campbell, dairyman, 3^ miles south-east of Washington, in this county, contracted the disease among his cows by purchasing an animal affected with it from Mr. McDowell, of Washington. A veterinarian was sent from the latter place, who advised Mr. Campbell to destroy his coavs. Two of them were killed, two others died, and the remainder were sold. A man named Brooks, who lives one mile south of this infected stable, lost two cows by the disease. They were infected by Mr. Campbell's cattle. I found other farms where the disease had existed in the district of Columbia, near the county line, which I shall mention in my report of the district. All of that section of this county bordering on the eastern line of the district of Columbia has been liable to more or less of the disease among the dairy cows since its appearance within the district. This is especially so as regards the dairy cows along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. A few miles from Washington, near Benning's Bridge, I found a farm where the disease existed in 1878. The place belongs to W. B. Laccy, who lost 13 head of cows at that time. Those that recovered were sold. There is no disease on his place at present.

Montgomery Coukty.

On August 10 I visited Rockville, the county seat. I could find no one here who overheard of the existence of the disease, except near Sandy Springs, which is situated near the border line between this and Howard County. I have been in most of the towns of the county, but I have failed to detect a single case. At Sandy Springs, in the year 187(i, Dr. Thomas and his brother Edward, who have adjoining farms, experienced a mild form of the malady among their cattle. The disease was communicated by a cow pur�chased in Washington. Other owners of cattle in this locality also suffered losses among their stock, among them Philip Stabler and Wm. Moore. The latter's farm is located 2 miles west of Sandy Springs. All of that portion of land lying west of the Metropolitan Railroad, and bordering on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is used as pasture for fattening cattle. Since the termination of the war a great many cattle have been bought from men in south-west Virginia and afterward pastured in this locality until they were fit to send into the market. Very few come from either Washington or Baltimore, and the danger of infection is therefore greatly lessened.

District of Columbia.

1 consider the district of Columbia and a portion of Virginia as liable to periodical outbreaks of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. It has existed in tins locality since 186-4, and is in about the same condition as Baltimore city and county. I made repeated visits to this section in the months of August and September, and found one or more cases during each visit. On August 11th I visited the north end of Washington, a locality commonly called quot; Cowtown,quot; where I found a small portion of inhabitants owning a greater or less number of dairy cows. Near by is a large common where most of these animals are pastured. During one of my visits in this locality I detected a cow with all the symptoms of an acute form of the disease. It was owned by Mr. Hollidge, who lives on Sherman Avenue. In the same stable I found a chronic case. This animal formerly belonged to his brother, who kept a dairy stable, two months previous to this time, on Spring Road, about 1-^ miles north of the boundary line of the city. This gentleman became disheartened by the loss of cows affected with the disease, and sold out. Those bought by his brother showed no symptoms of the disease at the time of purchase, but it developed itself in this cow after her arrival. This man lost heavily in cows in the year 1871.

Mr. McKay, who keeps a dairy stable on Ninth Street, one half mile north of Boundary Street, bought seven cows from Mrs. Seidenberger, who was anxious to sell as she lost four cows by the disease last February. Her stable is located near the infected stable on Spring Road, which was used by Mr. Hollidge. McKay denied the existence of the disease among his cows, but three of them have disappeared in some way unknown to me. I wish to mention here that it is useless for me to watch any of the stables where I find the disease so long as we have no power to destroy the affected animals.

Mr. Harrnan lives at Mount Pleasant, about one mile north of Washington. On the 30th of September I found a cow in his stable suffering with the disease. Previous to my visit Dr. C. P. Lyman had visited this stable and found a heifer calf suffering with the disease in an acute form. It died the same day. An autopsy was made and a portion of the right lung preserved. On the same day I visited a stable owned by Robert Brown (coloured) who lives a short distance south of Mr. Harman's. I found one of his cows sick with the disease. This man says that the disease has been on his place since 1875, and that he has lost several cows by it.

On October 1, T was refused admittance to the stable of Mr. Shugrew, which is located a few hundred feet south of Mr. Hollidge's. One of his animals was undoubtedly

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REPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.

sick. The rest of them, 14 in number, were running at large. As I was unable to see the sick animal I could not decide as to the nature of the disease. Since 1871 this man has lost 30 cows by the malady.

On October 3, I visited the commons about Mount Pleasant. Among a large herd of cows which belonged to different owners, 1 found several recovered cases. I also discovered a very acute case in a field adjoining these commons, which I learned belonged to Robert Hays. Six other cows were with her. I thought it important to make this case known at once to the department, in order that some one else would go and examine it. From the time of the discovery of this animal until my return in company with a representative of the department, which was but two or three hours, the cows had been removed to their stables in quot;Cowtown,quot; near Seventh Street and Boundary, and the sick animal exchanged for a health}' one. When questioned the owner could not give the residence of the dealer with whom he had exchanged the cow. He acknowledged that he had lost 30 cows by the disease since 1871.

On the same day 1 visited the stable of Captain Viall, Meridian Hill, north-western boundary of Washington. This place has been infected since 1876. During this period he has lost 28 cows. Two have died since last June. One animal is still living, and has been running at large for the last two months. She is liable to spread the disease among other animals.

October 7, I walked over the commons on the eastern part of the district of Columbia where most of the cows in this section graze. I detected one cow among them sick with the disease, and concluded to follow her to the stable situated on D Street between Eighth and Ninth, north-east. Mr. Callahugh, the owner, acknowledged having had four cows affected with the disease. Whenever they commenced to grunt or showed severe symptoms he disposed of them to the butchers. He said he intended to dispose of this cow in the same way if her appetite did not soon return. I found her temperature to be 103^deg; F. He noticed his first sick cow in the month of June, and has been troubled with the contagion among his cows up to this date. At the beginning of this outbreak he owned seven cows, five of them have been affected. Other people in this locality have lost a few cows lately. L. Obenstein, who lives one square east of Callahugh's stable, lost one affected with the disease last week. Mr. Bresnaham, C Street, between Eighth and Ninth, north-east, lost one cow affected with the disease during the month of September; also Mrs. Clancey on Fifth Street, between North A and East Capitol Street, lost an animal in the month of August. Since 1870 this lady has lost 60 cows by the disease.

� The Disease in the District of Columijia prior to 1881.


Name of Owucr.	Locality of infected Stables.	Number of Deaths.	Year.
Mrs. Keefe -	910, Twentieth Street, near K Street, quot;Washing�ton, Seventh Street, near Boundary	4 COWS	I8G4
Michael White		20 �	1869
Mr. Hollidgo	Sherman Avenue, Boundary, Washington	Unknown -	1871
Owen Shugrew	Ditto - - ' -	30 cows	1871
Mrs. Morrisy	Seventh Street, near Boundary, Washington -	14 � .	1871
Eobert Hays	Boundary Street, near Seventh, Washington -	30 � .	1871
Mrs. Clancey	Fifth Street, between North A and East Capitol Streets, Washington.	GO � -	1871
#9632;William Davis	Corner of T and Twenty-seventh Streets, Washington,	23 � -	1873
Mr. Harrington	3418, First North Street, Georgetown -	20 � -	1875
Mr. Eay	2 miles south-east of Washington, Marlborough Road. 2 miles south-east of Washington, Marlborough	28 � -	1875
Mr. Holden -		Unknown .	1875
	Road,
Mrs. Scbench	Corner of Seventh Street and Rock Creek Road, Washington,	40 cows	1875
Mr. Anclries	Tenallytovvn, near Washington	12 � .	1870
Mr. liangorter	Ditto .....	Unknown -	187laquo;
Captain Viall	Meridian Hill, north-west of Boundary Street, Washington,	28 cows	187�
Mrs. Elngdcn	Fourteenth Street, 2 miles north of Washington	-^r' raquo; �	1877
Ecnjnmin Green	Ditto - . . . .	2 raquo;	1877
Mrs. R. Hamilton -	Fourteenth Srteet, I mile north of Washington	-^r) H	1877
Mr. Nehman	Tcimllytown, D.C, ....	M � -	1877
Mrs. Kelly -	Corner of G and Twcnty.fifth Streets, Washing-	16 � -	1879
	ton.

M 4

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

[laquo;,;:

Summary. The result of my investigations enables mc to give the following summary :

Number of cattle examined since March 1881 Number of acute cases of disease found since March 1881 Number of chronic cases of disease found since March 1881 Total number of diseased animals found since March 1881 Number of deaths that have occurred since March 1881 Number of deaths reported as having occurred since 1864

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11,270 110 41 151 67 1,029

fcfe^

Respectfully submitted,

W. H. ROSE, D.V.S.

Hon. George B. Loring,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

No. 58. REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK.�Result of an Investigation made under Authority of the Department of State of the United States. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Department of State, Washington, April 26, 1881.

In compliance with your instructions that I should visit the cities of Chicago and Cincinnati andreport on the pork industries of those great centres of the trade, I left Washington on the 23rd ultimo, and arrived in Chicago on the 25th.

Eollowing your directions that I should spare no pains to render my investigations of the various phases of the pork industry, from the raising of the hogs until the product is ready for consumption as complete as possible, I have the honour to state that I have visited (generally accompanied by stenographers and experts) representative hog-raisers, buyers, shippers, packing-houses, stock-yards, rendering establishments, forwarding agencies, and all others nearly or remotely connected with the pork trade, as well as health offices, and to submit quot;the following report, with accompanying papers, as the result of my investigations.

The statistics and testimony herewith presented were obtained from various sources, and are of such a nature as should for ever set at rest all fears or suspicions respecting the sanitary condition of American hogs and the quality of the American, pork-product, and at the same time entitle the trade to immunity from the attacks of those whose interests might be subserved by injuring the reputation of American pork and lard.

The Hog and Hog-Products of Illinois. Hog Cholera.

The recent alarm in England consequent upon published reports concerning the prevalence of quot; hog-cholera quot; in Illinois, reports said to be based upon published returns of the Department of Agriculture of that State, made it my first duty to visit Springfield, the capital, to seek an explanation thereof.

Having waited upon Governor Cullom and explained my mission, his Excellency gave me a letter to Mr. Fisher, Secretary of the Agricultural Department of the State, who has the supervision of the publication of all agricultural reports.

The Agricultural Department, it would seem, published two sets of returns, one set supplied by the State assessors and the other by co-respondents of the department.

The discrepancy between these returns is very marked, and their publication, without an accompanying explanation, has afforded a seeming official foundation for reports of a very misleading character. For example, in the returns of the quot; farmer correspondents quot; the number of hogs which died of hog cholera in the State of Illinois during the year 1879 is given by the Department of Agriculture as 182,577, while the number of deaths for the same year, as reported by the assessors, is given by the department as 676,738. It was the publication of these last figures which caused so much needless alarm in England.

1 submit herewith an official report from the secretary of the department of Agriculture concerning the losses in the State of Illinois from quot; hog cholera,quot; and his explanation of the apparent discrepancy in the returns above noted.

Statb oi'' Illinois.

Department of Agriculture, Secretary's Office, Sin,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Springfield, March 28, 1881.

I iiavk the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 26th instant asking for information concerning the extent of loss of hogs in this State from quot;hog cholera.quot;

The following table gives the pcr-centage of loss of hogs from so-called quot;hog cholera quot; during the past live years, as well as the average weights of the diseased hogs, and tho figures aro taken from the

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

official reports received by this department. Said reports wore made by farmers of exporience, selected by this department by reason of their high standing and thorough knowledge of the actual state of affairs in their several localities :�


	1'or-ceutujje	Average
Year.	of hogs died . fVom hog cholera.	weight of hogs died of the choleru.
		Pounds.
1876	17	103
1877	12	104
1878	14	108
1879	6	98
1880	7	104

The foregoing figures conclusively prove that there is no foundation for tho exaggerated statements in circulation concerning the increase in numbers of hogs dying in this State from so-called hog cholera.

There has been a large and steady decrease in the loss of hogs in the State from so-called hog cholera, from 17 per cent, of the entire number of hogs assessed in 1876 to 7 per cent, of the number assessed in 1880.

The number of deaths from so-called hog cholera, as roturned by assessors, is given below for the years 1877, 1878, and 1879, which also shows that there is a decrease of over 50 per cent, in the numbers of hogs dying of this disease in 1879 when compared with the previous year. The apparent discrepancy in the return of assessors in the following table is partially accounted for by the fact that spring pigs are not as a rule included in the returns of assessors for taxation, and the principal loss by disease is among young pigs.

The table gives the number of hogs assessed for taxation, number marketed, and the number died of cholera for the years 1877, 1878, and 1879, and conclusively proves that the great majority of hogs reported as haying died from so-called cholera were pigs not considered of sufficient age and value to bo listed for taxation.


Year.	Number of hogs assessed.	Number of hogs marketed.	Number of hogs died of cholera.	Number marketed and died of cholera.	Number marketed and died exceeds assessment.
1877nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .... 1878nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .... � 1879nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....	2,961,366 3,335,550 2,799,051	2,455,573 2,273,493 2,543,278	1,445,268 1,391,422 676,738	3,900,840 3,062,915 3,220,016	939,475 327,365 421,065

During the years named above there wore not less on an average than 600,000 brood sows in the State, which number added to the figures in the last column will approximate the total number of hogs and pigs in the State in 1877, 1878, and 1879.

The decrease in numbers of hogs dying from so-called hog cholera from 1,391,422 in 1878 to 676,738 in 1879 is about 50 per cent., and the percentage of loss by disease tho past year (1880) is about the same as in 1879.

All diseases of hogs are included under the caption of hog cholera so called.

Your attention is invited to the difference between the average live weight of hogs marketed, 262 pounds, and the average weight, during the past five years, of hogs dying from so-called hog cholera, of 103 pounds, and this difference shows that the deaths occur chiefly among young hogs and pigs.

In view of the above fact there seems to be very little occasion to question the healthy condition of mature hogs when ready for market.

The production of pork has been one of the loading industries of this State for many years, and the various conditions affecting this interest have been thoroughly investigated by intelligent men of extensive practical experience for years, with a view of obtaining tho best results as to economy of production and quality of product.

The improvement in the quality of swine in Illinois has probably received as much if not more attention than in any of the States, and it is a well established fact, confirmed by packers of many years' experience, that for superiority of quality tha hog products of Illinois are not surpassed.

The increased attention given to the sanitary management of swine has doubtless had much to do with the decrease of mortality.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) S. D. FISHER, Secretary.

Michael Scanlan, Esq.,

Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Departmont of State, Washington, D. C.

It will be observed by Secretary Fisher's report that the lesser figures arc from quot;farmer correspondents selected by the department by reason of their high standing and quot; thorough knowledge of the actual state of affairs in their several localities.quot; It would

U 679.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;N

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

it-

appear that these farmer correspondents did not include in their returns �f the deaths of pigs among which the principal losses by disease occur, as being of no present marketable value, while the assessors included all.

Taking either statement into consideration, it is apparent that the loss of hogs by cholera in the State of Illinois has decreased from 17 per cent, in 1876, to 7 per cent, in 1880. It should be borne in mind that all deaths of hogs, whether from disease or accident, are quot; placed under the caption of hog ' cholera.'quot; It appears from the official returns that the number of hogs assessed in the State of Illinois, during the year 1880, was 3,133,557, while the number of deaths from hog cholera and all other diseases as well as accidents was 227,259.

It should be borne in mind that no attempt whatever is made, either in Illinois or Ohio, to deny the existence of the disease known as quot; hog cholera.quot; Hog cholera, or disease similar thereto, and equally fatal, prevails in all hog-raising countries as is fully verified by various statements hereto attached. But the prevalence or absence of quot;hog cholera quot; may be shown to have no bearing on the quality of the hogs which enter into the market nor on the quality of the meats produced therefrom, it being naturally impossible for hogs which have died from disease or any cause whatever to enter into consumption.

Having visited and conversed with some of the principal hog raisers and well known experts, in Illinois and Ohio, I submit the following statement, fully substantiated by the annexed papers, to show the manner in which the American hog is raised for the market.

Hog Raising in Illinois and Ohio.

The hogs of Illinois and Ohio (and doubtless the same statement would be true in respect of the bogs of the other Western States) are of various improved breeds, mainly high-grade Berkshire and Poland-Chinas and, as fully attested by Mr. Foster, a well known British expert, in his letter herewith J are unsurpassed for purity by the hogs of the best British fancy breeders.

The pigs are generally farrowed in April and May, and as soon as they are able to do so, are allowed to follow corn-fed cattle, with the range of grass pasture and pure running water during the summer and fall. When not following corn-fed cattle, the pigs are fed with corn until the spring grass and their age makes it possible for the animals to subsist and thrive on grass alone.

Formerly hog-killing was all done during the winter, and the farmers consequently had a special season for preparing their hogs for market; but now that summer killing, especially in Chicago, has attained proportions nearly as large as the winter killing, the farmer can find a market for his hogs at any time during the year, and has only to con�sult his own convenience as to the time for fattening, being sure of finding a market whenever he has a car load ready for transportation.

When the hog reaches the age of six mouths or more�and it is previous to this age and while he has no present quot;marketable value to the farmer that the principal deaths from quot; hog choleraquot;�he is put into pens and well fed upon corn and is also given access to pure spring water. Should the hog be attacked with cholera during this period, he is immediately separated from his fellows, and the disease being fatal, the dead animal must be disposed of by burial or utilised as a fertiliser. The suddenness with which this disease affects the hog is shown in the accompanying statement of Dr. Stetson,sect; who observes that quot; it destroys life almost at once,quot; and adds that quot; it is^ impossible to quot; make good meat of such a hog by any process whatever, decomposition setting in quot; before the death of the animal in most cases.quot;

It may, in fact, be stated as beyond a doubt, that all rumours or reports that American hogs dying of disease, or even byaccident ever enter upon any market in the shape of meat or lard,|| are founded wholly upon malice and ignorance, for it is not in the power of the hog meat eurer or lard refiner, whatever his inclination, to utilise the meat of hogs which have died of cholera, in any edible form that could pass the most superficial inspection.

Mr. Morrison, one of the leading packers of Cincinnati, of thirty years experience in the business says:

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* It is more than probable lliat much confusion luis been caused in Europe by the term quot; pig quot; us applied in the United States. Here the animal is cnlicd a quot; pig quot; until it arrives at the age of about six montlis; and it is not called a liog until it has reached maturity. In Europe the word quot; pig quot; is applied in the name sense as the word quot; hog quot; is applied in the United States. Hence, -when the Europeans read of so many ^u pigs quot; dying of cholera in the United States, they give the word its European application.

f See in c�unoe�on, statement idquot; Morrison amp; Co., page 117.

\ Tagt; lOG,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;sect; I'agc 109.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; || See statement of J. C. Black, Esq., page 11G.

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK :ii 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 99

I was brought up as a tanner in Europe, and know that the chances of getting diseased iiogs into the American market arc as one to a thousand in getting the old world hogs into the old world markets, for the simple reason that in Europe the hogs are generally killed by the farniors, who, when they find a hog getting sick, send for the butcher at once, while in America all the killing, for foreign marked especially, is done in certain central localities�three or four days'journey from the feeding ground� rendering it impossible for hogs attacked by disease to be disposed of as in Europe.

_ A hog that dies from disease or accident cannot be cured ; he will betray himself immediately. The discoloration of the llesh and skin is such that no art of the curor can remove. Such a hog could be detocted at sight in a thousand boxes of meat.

Dr. Ezra Stetson of Neponset, Illinois, a well-known stock-raiser and scientist, remarks as follows:

It makes no practical difference whether Mr. Crump's (the .British vico-consul at Philadelphias estimates are too high or too low. That quite a large percentage of young pigs and a few old hog dio of a diseaso known as hog-cholera all are willing to admit. The loss falls on the producer and not on the consumer, except in the enhanced price paid for the product. It is simply a loss of numbers. It has no effect whatever upon those that survive. The ranks of the human family are being constantly depleted by contagious diseases, but those that escape or survive are in no way injured in their bodily health. Hogs that die of this or any other disease do not find their way to market; those only that are healthy are used in commerce. Since the diseaso has been known and recognised, no case has ever been reported, or, for that matter, ever can be reported, whore swine's flesh has been the cause of human disease.

There is no pork made anywhere in the world that can compare in cleanliness, healthfulness, and all that goes to make a delicious article of swine's flesh with our American corn-fed pork.

The farmer having a drove of hogs ready for the market sells them to the buyers, who are continually going through the country for this purpose, or he ships them direct to the stock-yards at Chicago or Cincinnati.

Whatever the mode of shipment may be, the shipper knows that it would be useless to forward anything but the very soundest and best animals, for none else could possibly pass the inspection to which they are sure to be subjected, as will be seen further on. As the hogs are from two to five days in railroad transit, and as this transit could not be made by unsound animals, it would prove unprofitable to ship any but the best.

One good effect of the scrutiny which the animals now undergo before being accepted by the packer or exporter, has been to completely check the careless handling of hogs which prevailed some years ago.

Instead of driving the hogs to the railroad, as in former times, the farmer, to insure their good condition, now generally hauls them in sleighs or wagons�the mark of a whip-lash, prodding, amp;c., being sufficient cause for the rejection of a hog by the packers.

They are shipped in well-ventilated cars, fed and watered at regular intervals, and handled with all possible care en route. All that arrive dead or maimed at the stock�yards are almost a complete loss to the shipper.

Upon arrival at the stock-yards* the commission salesman sees to the feeding and watering, of the hogs, in order to preserve them in the best possible condition for market.

The dead hogs (for, notwithstanding all precautions, deaths occur in the cars from suffocation, fatigue, omission to water, amp;c.), are taken possession of by the employes of a company empowered by charter with the exclusive right to seize ail dead animals found within the yards. This company fixes an arbitrary price to he paid to the owners of such dead hogs�a price so profitable to the company as to insure the watchfulness of its employes.

That a dead hog could escape the vigilance of these interested parties is, at least, not probable. The disposition made of these dead hogs will be shown further on.

Pukchasing, Killing, and Curing.

One of the most experienced buyers at the Union Stock-yards at Chicago, whose statement is annexed hereto,! says:

I have seen hogs arrive at Birmingham and Wolvorliampton, from Liverpool, after being eight or ten hours in transit, and the average of dead hogs to the car Avas many per cent, more than tho average

* PflTtlcular reference is here bad to the Union Stock-yards at Chicago. Tho nubsoqucnt description of the

purohtwing, killing und curing 1ms reference to Qhioago puckers, it may be said, however, that In nil ossentinls,

surveillance, inspection, curing, amp;c., what applied to Chicago is ocpmlly applicable to t'inciiinati. f Sec statement of Mr. Foster, page 106.

N 2

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m k

100

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

UL\

on hogs that I have soon arriving at the Union Stock-yards from the Missouri River, after a three or four days' run.

Mr. Williams, secretary of the Union Stock-yards at Chicago, in his commuoication annexed hereto,* remarks as follows:

Tho great hulk of hogs arriving at this market are raised in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Indiana.

They are generally well fatted, weighing from 150 to 450 pounds per head. Upon arriving at these yards they are placed in covered pens, fed with the best of corn, and good pure water given them. If any are crippled in transit they are sold to the cheap markets in the city. Dead hogs are taken posses�sion of by tho Rendering Company and made into grease and fertilizer. As to the health of the hogs arriving here, 1 will say that I have been familiar with this market and have been located in the yards for about twenty-six years, and during all those years I have never known the hogs to be in such excellent condition, so healthy, as they have been during the past year.

It is proper to observe here that this report gives full details, from the farrowing of the pig until the meat product is placed upon the local and foreign markets, and that the various details which follow of purchase, inspection, weighing, driving to the slaughter-house, and the process of manufacture for export are the result of a personal examination made by me, accompanied by a stenographer and experts.

The house at which the examinations were made is one of the largest in the world, and kills and cures both for the English and the home markets, As^ my visit was unexpected, there was no opportunity for any special display on the occasion, even were it possible or necessary to vary the regular courseof business of such a vast establishment, where more than a million of hogs are annually slaughtered. Indeed the packers and hog dealers of Chicago and Cincinnati were only too anxious for the fullest and severest investigation, feeling confident that through such investigation they could refute calumny and correct erroneous opinions in regard to their trade in the most direct and positive manner.

Upon the arrival of the hogs at the Union Stock-yardst at Chicago, the trains are run alongside a platform and unloaded, the animals passing down an inclined plane into pens. The hogs belonging to each owner being collected into large separate pens, the buyers of the different packers examine each lot with a view to purchase. All purchases are made with the understanding that the purchaser has the right of selection and rejection.

After the lot has been purchased and a selection made out of the general drove, the selected animals are removed to what is known as a sorting-pen, where each hog is inspected by the packer's expert, called a sorter. The severity of this quot; sorting quot; is such that no animal can pass unless in the best condition.

As no diseased or crippled animal can reach this stage, all those rejected are rejected for reasons not connected with disease or injuiy.

The. rejected consist of sows, stags, rough hogs, hogs having any marks from whips or sticks, amp;c.

After this careful examination, the selected hogs are driven to the scales of the Union Stockyard Company and weighed, and an official certificate issued.

The price originally agreed upon is paid by the purchaser on the basis of this official weight.

Up to this point the hogs are subject to the rules and regulations of the Stockyard Company, and the owners and purchasers must conform to said rules.

Considering the transportation of the hogs by rail from the farm to the yards, and the handling, selecting, and driving to which they are subject from their unloading until they are weighed in the company's scales, it is apparent that neither diseased nor inferior animals can possibly pass the ordeal.

From the company's scales the hogs may be said to come fully into the possession of the purchaser.

The hogs are then driven up an inclined plane, carefully prepared, into the chute which leads to the packing-house. These chutes are elevated covered-ways, connecting the scales and packing-houses, and running over sheds, pens, and roads, thus facilitating the passage of the hogs to their destination. These chutes are from a quarter to half a mile in length, according to the position of the packing-houses. In winter they protect the animals from storms, and in summer (while they get plenty of air, and fresh water being sprinkled from time to time as they slowly move forward), from the heat of the sun. Should any of the hogs become tired they are lifted into vehicles contrived for the purpose, and hauled along after the drove to the resting pen.

* Pago 111.

t See In this connection, page 114, statement of John II. Porter, Esq., of Cincinnati.

\f'.$

;#9632;, laquo;

lt;gt;

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 101

Arrived at tlie packing-house the drove is allowed to rest, in quot;well-constructed builings, from 24 to 48 hours, according to the season, so that the hogs may be thoroughly cooled and in suitable condition for killing.

At the slaughtering place is a pen which is generally supplied with about a dozen hogs at a time.

A chain is fastened around one of the hind legs of the hog, and the animal is hoisted head downwards, and passed on by machinery to the sticker. It is asserted by experts, that this is the speediest and best method of killing the hog, preparing him for quick and complete bleeding when stuck. The noise and struggles of the animal when hoisted have almost entirely ceased by the time the sticker is reached, and when it is considered that as many as eight or ten hogs are killed in the short space of a minute, in the large houses, during their busy seasons, it is evident that the time for struggling must be verv short.

After being stuck, the hog is passed along by the same machinery which hoisted him. and is allowed to hang until he is thoroughly bled and life is extinct.

With the perfection of their machinery and the expertness and number of their employes, the large houses of Chicago can kill and handle 4,000 hogs in a day, with perfect ease and precision.

All the hogs killed are fully and thoroughly bled, and life is extinct before they have passed from the hanging position into the tank of boiling water, preparatory to their being scraped and relieved of hair and bristles, which latter operation is generally done by an ingenious machine through which each hog is drawn.

After passing through this machine the work of scraping is completed by hand.

The hog is next suspended by the hind legs from a rail, opened, the intestines taken out, the head severed from the body and the inside thoroughly washed with cold water.

The hog is then split down the back, the spine removed, and the two sides moved along into a room, where the temperature is always maintained at 32deg; (Fahrenheit). Here it is allowed to hang between 48 and 72 hours for the purpose of removing all animal heat and to prepare it for cutting up.

From this preparatory room the hogs are taken to the cutting-room, where each is examined to ascertain what his weight and quality fit him for. The lightest and choicest-are set aside and carefully cut into sides and hams to suit the English market; the sides and hams being most carefully and scientifically trimmed by expert knivesmen into cuts suitable for the different English districts, viz., Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Wiltshire, amp;c.

The hams, and sides are then conveyed to the cellar and assorted into different piles, according to weight. They are here carefully powdered with English refined saltpetre which gives them the fine colour so much admired by the English buyer; the fleshy parts are sprinkled with a mixture of Liverpool salt and the best granulated sugar. They are then carefully laid one upon another, to a height of about four feet, in which position they are kept for 10 days. They are then changed, sprinkled with the same preparation, salt and sugar, and the sides which were at the bottom placed on top, and vice versa. The cellars where these operations take place are flagged and are kept scrupulously clean, all light being excluded. Here, at a temperature of 40deg; (Fahrenheit), the meats are kept undergoing the process of curing for 16 to 30 days, according to the weight of the pieces, and are then removed to the packing rooms. Here they are thoroughly scraped, cleaned, and retrimrned, and the meat minutely inspected for imper�fections, such as bruises, taint, amp;c. The perfect pieces are carefully sorted into uniform sizes, and according to thickness and weight; and are then weighed and packed in boxes containing about 500 lbs. each. Each piece before being placed in the box is rolled in fine Liverpool salt, and salt is also sprinkled between the layers.

The boxes are made of the best quality of lumber, grooved and tongued, the aim being to have them as air-tight as possible. The boxes are made of various sizes to suit the different cuts of meat. Each box is branded with particulars of contents and the packer's and company's names.

The meats are now ready for shipment to Europe. They are shipped in special refrigerator cars, built for the purpose, which in summer are kept at a temperature of 45deg; (Fahrenheit).

The houses which kill and cure for the English market ship their goods in special trains to the port of shipment, where the meats are immediately transferred to the steamer.

They have special agents at the port of shipment, to insure prompt transfer from the cars to the steamer, and branch houses on the other side to take charge of the meats upon arrival, and give them the careful handling which is so necessary, and for lack

102

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

of which, as will be told further on, meats, originally good and pure, may become unsaleable.

The foregoing process of curing, it will be remarked, is the special process of curing lor the European markets, both for the Continent and the British Isles.

The same care is taken in the inspection and killing of the hogs for home consumption, but the sides and hams are cut into shapes to suit the American market, and are cured in American salt, without any addition of saltpetre or sugar. The pieces are handled with as much nicety and precision as for the English market, fresh salt being added at intervals of ten to fifteen days.

Although not cured, sized, and cut in the same style, the home meats are in general fully equal to those cured for the English market; and the entire process of buying, inspecting, killing, curing, and packing home meats is the same, except in some details, as that which characterizes the handling of meats for the English markets, so similar indeed that a description of the process of killing and curing for the American market would he almost a repetition of the foregoing remarks.

The preparation of quot; mess pork quot; for the home market is as follows : the sides of the hog, exclusive of the hams and shoulders, are cut into strips of from six to eight inches in width, and packed fresh into barrels, with Turk's Island salt. The barrels are then filled with pickle.

Domestic hams are cured in sweet pickle, composed of salt, saltpetre, molasses, and water, in which they are allowed to remain for sixty days, when they are taken out, dried, smoked, and canvassed ready for the market.

In this connexion I can do no better than refer you to a communication, hereto annexed, from one of the largest and most experienced curers and dealers in the West (see statement* by William Henry Davis, Esq., of Cincinnati, entitled quot;American quot; ham-curing for the home and foreign markets,quot; which gives a clear and succinct account of the curing of American hams, both for home and foreign consumption). I had the pleasure of going through the establishment, and of seeing the care and expertness with which the hams were handled until they were packed ready for export, and as this house may be said to represent ham curing in the united States it appears to me that no hams in the world can surpass the American for purity, cleanliness, and flavour.

In continuation of the disposition of the hogs by the packers, for everything is utilized and nothing allowed to go to waste, it seems necessary to make some statement respecting the lard product.

Leaf-lard and the fat trimmings from the sides and hams are rendered in iron tanks with steam, at a pressure of from 35 to 40 pounds, and cooked continuously from twelve to sixteen hours, after which the tanks are allowed to settle, when the lard is drawn off into tierces containing about 350 pounds each.

In this condition the lard is an article of commerce, but before reaching the consumer it generally passes through the hands of the refiner. The settlings of the tanks are valued as a fertilizer.

The lean meat trimmings from the hams and sides are made into sausage; the feet are sold to the glue manufacturers; the tenderloins and spare-ribs are sold fresh to local consumers; the blood, when dried, is used as a fertilizer; the intestines and salt trimmings collected at the time of preparation for packing are rendered in specially prepared tanks, and made into soap-grease; the refuse of these tanks is also used as a fertilizer.

How Hogs dying op Disease or Accident are disposed of.

In view of the reports of our consuls during the last few years of the recklessness with which statements tending to injure the reputation of American lard have been dis�seminated through Europe, and the skilful manner in which interested parties have played upon the fears of the consumers as to the probability of quot; lard quot; manufactured from hogs dying of cholera or other disease, or even dying from accidental causes, being shipped from the United States and sold to Europeans as a good article, special pains Avere taken to investigate this part of the hog-product question.

Consul Potter, of Stuttgart, Germany, transmitted to this Department, in the latter part of 1880, a translation, from a leading German journal, of a communication from a correspondent, in Chicago, of which the following is a paragraph :

You arc perhaps not aware that in the stink factories at Globe Station, near Chicago, large quan�tities of lard are produced from animals which have died from disease, and that much of this lard is exported to England and Germany. It, is suid that it is only used for lubricating purposes, but who can tell what, disposition is made of it by the dealers ? This lard is as white as snow and is odourless ;

* Page 112.

-i �#9632;,

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 103

and it is possible that many poor persons employ it for culinary purposes who have not the remotest idea of how it is manufactured.

The manner in which this paragraph, hy its extravagance, overleaps all probability would render it unworthy of serious consideration or refutation were it not for the fact that the fears of the masses in Europe are excited by all such published statements in regard to American lard. No matter how absurd they may seem to us they gain a certain amount of credence in Europe, and their refutation consequently becomes a duty.

All hogs found dead in the cars upon arrival at the Union Stock Yards at Chicago, or dying therein, are taken possession of by the union Rendering Company,* a Company chartered by the legislature of Illinois for this purpose, and shipped to their rendering works at Globe Station, on the Indiana State line.

The company pays the owners of dead hogs an absolute price fixed by itself, which, as was the intention of the legislature when granting the charter, makes the business so profitable as to excite the watchfulness of the employes of the company to such a degree that no dead or diseased animal can escape detection.

Accompanied by a stenographer I visited the rendering works at Globe Station, and was shown through the establishment by its very intelligent foreman, a German, who has had twenty-five years' experience in the business. In passing through, this foreman described, in detail, the process of extracting the grease from the dead animals and converting the residue into a fertilizer.

Upon receipt of the dead hogs from the Union Stock Yards they are run up an inclined plane, by steam power, to the top of the building, and then put into the cooking tanks. After the animals are thoroughly cooked the grease is drawn off and the residue is treated as a fertilizer.

The grease is then barrelled and branded according to quality, quot; White grease quot; and quot; Brown grease.quot;

The time occupied in converting the dead animals into these products is but twenty-four hours.

The grease, both white and brown, is principally sold to soap manufacturers.

Upon being interrogated as to the possibility of any of this grease being sold in Europe as lard,f the foreman of the establishment said :

There is a smell from this grease, after our severest refining, which renders it impossible to be palmed off as lard. The hogs dying a natural death decompose so rapidly that it is impossible to convert them into meat or lard.

In Cincinnati the same care is taken to seize and send to the rendering houses all dead and diseased hogs. Mr. Thompson,! ^ ^verJ efficient city contractor for the removal of dead animals, says :

It would seem to be impossible that diseased hogs could be converted into human food in Cincinnati. Our very efficient board of health would render the opportunity to do so almost impossible, even wore there persons bad enough to attempt it. The hogs are inspected as they are unloaded from the cars, and if there is anything wrong with them they are immediately taken possession of by the employes of the city contractor, who renders them down for the grease, which is marked quot; Dead hog grease,quot; ^.nd which is wholly used for soap and other manufacturing purposes, and nothing else. No person could possibly mistake this grease, in any form, for lard.

Trichina;.

In addition to the testimony which is presented herewith, from gentlemen whose professional duties brought this subject within the line of their special supervision and investigation, the general testimony of all intelligent and practical men with whom I conversed concerning trichinae in pork, is, that in all the West not the slightest fears are entertained in this regard.

Of course this general testimony assumes that pork shall not be eaten without being well cooked. All persons, scientists, farmers, packers, consumers, amp;c., were unanimous in the assertion that all cases of trichinosis, or suspected trichinosis, coming within the range of their observations, were caused by eating pork in a raw state, generally in the form of sausage, and the very inferior scraps which were rejected as unfit for human food.

The people of the United States may be said to be the greatest pork eaters in the world, the agricultural classes eating thereof two or three times a day during the greater portion of each year, and the subject of trichna; never troubles them.

� Se(! statement of the foreman of this company, page 115. Also statement of Dr. Dewoll', Commissioner of Health of the city of Chicago, page 118.

�#9632; See paper headed quot;Ohio Hogs and Hog I'roducfcs,quot; page 119. J Sue Mi¹. Thompaou'a further statement, page 115.

N 4

V^:J-

lt;rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;104nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

In the cities pork also constitutes the meat food of* the working classes almost altogether; and when it is taken into consideration that those portions of the hog not

i^: #9632;#9632;'

cured by the packers, (and so never entering at all into the export trade), such as the

tenderloin and spare-rib, arc considered by scientists as the portions most likely to be infested with tricluna3, and that such portions are sold to the local dealers for local

k^ ..

consumption, the few cases of deaths from trichinosis in Chicago, and these the result of eating the raw and inferior scraps, afford conclusive evidence of the purity and whole-someness of American pork. It may be doubted whether any other animal food, if subjected to so much suspicion and inspection, would show so clean a health record.

In regard to the great pork-eating city of Cincinnati, Dr. A. J. Mills, health officer, says:

In reply to your inquiry in regard to the prevalence of trkhinw spiralis in this city, I beg to state that there has not been a single case of this disease during my term of office; and the records do not show a single case occurring in this city at any time previous to that time.

Tims it would appear that no case of trichinosis has ever been reported as having occurred in Cincinnati. All outside testimony, so far as the investigations went, fully corroborated the statement of Dr. Mills.

Dr. John H. Rauch, secretary to the Illinois State Board of Health, prepared at my request, the following ofticial statement:

Since 186G 11 deaths have occurred in the State of Illinois of trichinosis, and those deaths, in every instance, resulted from eating raw ham or sausage.*

As a sanitarian, I regard the danger of life from this source as practically amounting to nothing, it being so easily prevented by thorough cooking. No doubt more deaths occur from many other articles of diet that are regarded as harmless, no record of the same being made.

Dr. Oscar C. De Wolf, commissioner of health for the city of Chicago, says :

Our mortality in this city for the last four years ranged from 8,000 in 1877 to 10,000 in 1880, and only two cases of trichina} have been reported during that period; f and the fact that the meat rejected by the packers is consumed locally, and is more likely to be infected than that exported, adds materially to the importance of this statement.

Dr. Ezra Stetson, of Neponset, Illinois, a scientist and practical stock-breeder and farmer, upon being questioned concerning trichinae, considered the subject as scarcely worthy of consideration, remarking as follows :

I suppose you will eat pork with us at dinner to-day. Wo eat it ourselves continually. We have neither fears nor scruples in this regard so long as it has been well cooked. Trichinae is not confined to the hog alone; horses, cows, and rabbits are subject thereto; that is the true parasite. This parasite is effectually destroyed and rendered innocuous by thorough cooking. Just as soon, and no sooner, as all flesh, and oven fish, is cooked before eating, trichlnoe will cease to be a bugbear.

Conclusions akiuvkd at.

The conclusions arrived at in this report are as follows :

1.nbsp; That the swine of America are of the best and purest breeds, t and are fed and fattened for market on corn. It is not believed that swine are thus fed in any other

country.

2.nbsp; That the reports published in Europe concerning the deaths of American hogs from hog cholera are gross exaggerations.

3.nbsp; That the percentage of deaths among American swine from disease is no greater than the percentage of deaths among European swine from similar diseases.

4.nbsp; That American hogs which have died or may die of cholera, or from any cause whatever, can have no relation to the meat product (except to decrease it), as such animals cannot by any possibility pass the severe scrutiny and inspection to which hogs destined for killing and curing are subject; that, even if it were possible to pass such inspection, no art of the eurer could convert such animals into meat which could pass the inspection, in the words of a leading eurer, quot;even of a blind man.quot;

5.nbsp; That the fears excited and fostered in parts of Europe by interested persons, that any portion of hogs, which have died or may die of cholera, or from any other cause, is or can be converted into merchantable lard, are founded on the grossest ignorance, for merchantable lard cannot be produced from such dead animals.

6.nbsp; That every pound of the product rendered from diseased hogs, except that part used as a fertilizer, is plainly marked quot; brown grease,quot; quot; white grease quot; or quot; dead hog's

* During this period the average population of Illinois was over two and u luvlf inillionH.

f This hIiowh only two eawes of trichinosis in nearly 40,000 deiitliw, whose caiiHOH are hero reported.

| See atutement of Charles F. Mills, page 116; also statement of J. 11. Cunningham, page 122.

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;105

grease,quot; and sold as such largely to soap manufacturers and that its colour and odour preclude it from being mistaken for lard.

7.nbsp; That the same care is taken in the handling and manufacture of American lard which is taken in the handling and curing of American meats ; and that, as the corn-fed American hog* is the cleanest of its species anywhere, it is undeniable that American lard is the purest lard in any market.

8.nbsp; That the percentage of American hogs infected with trichinaa (though this question is thus far largely one of supposition) is in all probability, by reason of the superiority of the breed and feed, much less than that among the hogs in any other country.

9.nbsp; That the freedom from trichinosis of the two great pork-consuming centres of the West, Chicago and Cincinnati, furnishes the strongest possible evidence of the purity of American pork. In Chicago, for a series of years in which 40,000 deaths were reported with their causes, only two cases of trichinosis were reported. In Cincinnati during the same period not one case was reported.

10.nbsp; nbsp;That the reported cases of trichinosis have resulted from eating uncooked meat,t shown to be inferior or rejected, and that thorough cooking entirely destroys this parasite and removes all danger, in this regard, from eating pork.

11.nbsp; nbsp;That the selection, inspection, and killing of American hogs, and the subsequent handling and curing of the meat, are not surpassed, if at all equalled, for care, precision, and understanding, by the packers or meat-curers of any other country.

12.nbsp; That, as a rule, the hogs selected for foreign trade are in all respects equal to the very best disposed of in our home market.

13.nbsp; nbsp;That the great exaggerations so industriously spread in regard to diseased pork have been aided by the different significations attached to the word quot; pig.quot; In Europe

. it is used as the synonym of hog, whereas in America it means the young swine under six months, and generally refers to those only a few weeks old, The number of *' pigs quot; that die from various causes compared with the numbers of quot; hogs quot; that die is very large, and grossly erroneous conclusions are formed by confounding the two words.

As an earnest of the conclusions to which it is hoped and believed the governments of Europe which have excluded American pork, as well as Other governments, may arrive ; and in view of your suggestion, Mr. Secretary, that its publication is due to the candid spirit in which the Government of His Majesty the King of the Belgians has met the charges made against the pork product of the United States, I have the honour to add that, as appears by a circular addressed on the 28th April last by the Belgian Minister of the Interior to the governors of His Majesty's provinces, the question of excluding-American pork from that country has been decided in favour of the United States. -

The charge against our product, under which it had been excluded from France, is disposed of in this circular by conclusions, the substance of which is�

That diueaso generated by trichimB is unknown in countries where, as in JJelgium, pork is sufficiently cooked ; and that it has heen demonstrated by many experiments that the trichinse cannot resist a temperature of 56deg; Centigrade, and that they are invariably killed at a temperature of 70deg; to 100 C.

This report also says :

It is important to make known the fact that pork well cooked, whatever trichinte it may contain, is entirely inoffensive, and consequently no one need suffer from this cause, unless he wishes to, and nothing is necessary except scrupulous persistence in the use of needful precautions of the kitchen.

Remarking that these conclusions of the Belgian Minister of the Interior arc based on a careful report of the Belgian Official Council of Public Health,

I have, amp;c. (Signed) MICHAEL SCANLAN, Hon. James G. Blaine,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Chief of the Bureau of Statistics,

Secretary of State.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Department of State.

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

* Hec report headed quot; Pork-packing in Cincinnati,quot; page 121. f See statement of Morrison amp; Co., page 117.

R 679.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;O

106nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; HEPOBT ON AMERICAN POR^: 188,\.

� ' #9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;

Appendix to Report on American Pork.

[In addition to the gentlemen who prepared the following statements, special thanks are due for valuable services rendered in the investigations necessary to the preparation of this report, to Charles Randolph, Esq., Secretary of the Board of Trade of Chicago ; John A. Atkinson, Esq., and Mortimer Scaidan, Chicago; Col. Sidney D. Maxwoll, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, and Hon. J. W. Fitzgerald, of the same city.]

American and British Hogs and Hog Puoducts Comvaued.�Statement by Michael

Fostek, Esq., of Chicago.

Sir,

Having heard that you are out here collecting information and figures relating to ho^j raising

and pork packing in the West, I take the liberty of addressing you on the subject, and stating some

[ .5,kjnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; facts in this connexion that may possibly throw some light on this very much misrepresented though

all-important question. I om aware that the agitation of the public mind on this subject at present, in

both the Old and New World, renders it absolutely necessary that a matter of such international

importance should be approached with caution, and touched only by those whose experience and

Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;observation have gained them a knowledge on the subject of such an extent and character as may be

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; deemed reliable. With this view I therefore wish to say that whatever I here state are facts, and not

i 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; mere assertions ; and when I state that my experience with hogs and hog product runs back over a

, .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quarter of a century in the leading marts of the world for these two articles of merchandise, I may be

allowed the privilege of claiming a certain reliability if not authority for what I state.

I have before me a letter lately received from a friend in Ireland. It is dated quot; Limerick, Alaquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(f February 1C, 1881,quot; and contains the following passage :

quot; The pig trade is very bad at present, in consequence of a scarcity, and the price of pigs here just now is G5s. per hundredweight.quot; fnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; To explain this more fully, I will say that the price for the dressed might for the hog in Limerick is

equal to about #16 per quot;longquot; hundred, or 112 pounds of dressed pork, making it necessary to obtain

#9632;

on the London Market no less than 805., or say #20 per 112 pounds for the manufactured article put of the Limerick hog, in order to remunerate the packer or quot; bacon eurer quot; for his investment.

Taking this fact alone simply proves the market price of Irish bacon in London ; but when I tell

:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; you that at about the same time 80s. to 83s., or say #20 to #21 per hundredweight was being paid for

this Limerick cured bacon you could select the finest brands of Chicago bacon in Liverpool at

from 4�s. to 52s., or #11 to #13 per hundredweight. You will naturally ask quot;What is the cause of

quot; this great dift'erence in price ? Is the American hog so far inferior to the Irish or English hog ? quot; In

'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; answer to this last query 1 say emphatically quot;Noquot; ; and I will undertake to prove not only that such

is not the case, but that the reverse condition to that implied by this question is the actual position of

'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the hogs of the two countries in any comparison as to quality that may be instituted between them. I

oinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;have handled in large numbers hogs raised and fed in every county in Ireland from 1857 to 1871 ; as a

member of the live stock firm of Thomas Foster and Sons, Smithfield, Birmingham, I handled 50 percent.

of the imported hog supply for the great manufacturing midland counties of England; I have bought

nogs out of the crack pedigree droves of England, including that of William Looker, Esq., Clenchwarton

Hail, King's Lynn, Norfolk, one of the most celebrated breeders of pedigree hogs in England ; I have

handled hogs from the royal farms and from tho Smithfield Club Show, London, and the Bingley Hall

I-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Show at Birmingham ; and in all my Irish and English experience I never saw finer or purer-bred hogs

than I have seen and handled at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago.

I make these statements, knowing well that the quot;hog questionquot; is at present receiving keen attention from numerous interested parties on both sides of the Atlantic, and therefore to take up any position from which one may have to back down is not alone impolitic but unwise.

In Ireland, generally speaking, the hogs are bred promiscuously, unless in exceptional cases where the landlord or large bacon eurer introduces fine-bred stock for the free use of the peasantry, which is notably the case in tho counties of Waterford and Tipperary, and parts of the counties of Kilkenny, Wexford, Cork, and Limerick ; but strict adherence to the principles of pure breeding from pedigree stock is quot;honoured more in the breach than in the observance,quot; and hence the diversity of breeds to be found in the national hog of Ireland. In England, likewise, the different breeds of swine are not kept as pure as they are in a general way in America, though of course there are many quot; fancy quot; breeders in England who are as fastidious regarding the quot;pedigreequot; of their quot;prize pigquot; as if the ultimate climax of the hog's earthly career was to be the Two thousand Guineas or the Derby, instead of making

sausage and pork pies and boiling with cabbage for the sturdy Britons.

Before leaving the subject of breeding I will give some general impressions you very readily get in

moving among hogs in the three countries. In Ireland and England you have to hunt up fine-bred

hogs if you wish to see any, and even then, as I before stated you only find them in quot; spots,quot; the

principal portion of the hogs showing unmistakable evidence of the utter lack of care in breeding from

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; any one particular stock. But in Western America, as represented at the Union Stock Yards, your

attention is frequently arrested by tho singular purity of the breeding of whole car loads of hogs, and

I'' '#9632;

even passing over these cases whore exclusive breeding seems to have been rigidly observed, you cannot

help remarking how uniformly first-class pedigree shows through most of the hogs that arrive to supply

the demands of the day. It is not an unusual occurrence to see all tho hogs of one train of, say from

20 to 30 cars, exhibiting such strong signs of having sprung from the same original stock as to indicate

to the most casual observer that they had all been raised in and shipped from the same section. Now

as to the question of feoding, I will state that the American hog is the best fed, simply because he

feeds and fattens on Indian corn, tho finest grain that grows out of the earth, while quot; slop quot; butchers'

|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; garbage, brewers' grains, distillery swill, and vegetable matter of various kinds enter largely into the

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; diet of hogs in both Ireland and England, with of course a considerable portion of damaged Indian

REPORT ON AMERICAN POR^K : 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

corn, barley, meal, and poor oats. There is tins diflereuce, that as a rule food of all kinds, except oats, 18 cooked for the hogs in Ireland and England, thereby eliminating any quot; oily quot; or greasy property in the food, while in America the hog gets the corn quot; neatquot; or raw, and as there is 8 per cent, more oil in Indian corn than in any other grain, tho quot;oilyquot; or ''greasyquot; condition is present in a more or less degree in American pork and bacon, though tho same amount of care in preparation for market as is given to Irish or English bacon, and a little more age than is generally accorded to it by tho trade in this country, would certainly free it from this one detrimental though not unhealthy quality.

I will give a very pointed example here to prove that grain in a quot; rawquot; state is apt to make ^M softquot; pork if constantly fed to hogs. In parts of Connaught the hogs aro chiefly fed on black oats, and first-class bacon curers discriminate so sharply against thorn that they are unwilling to buy them even at a large reduction from what thoy pay for hogs from other parts of Ireland, simply because they are apt to be quot; softquot; in the fat. If any proof were necessary to show that Indian corn is the best food in the world for fattening I would call attention to the fact that while tho best beeves in Great Britain are quot; forced quot; and pampered with quot; oil-cakequot; and other artificial food the mammoth steer of the Western plains is brought up to tho splendid condition and huge proportions of a prize winner on the pure quot; golden grain.quot; In this connexion I will recite one more case relating to corn as an article of sound healthful food for hogs. I once bought hogs for a packing firm that was engaged in putting up fancy cuts of meat for the English market, and we were desirous of getting a test as to the relative merits of hogs from the different sections of the country tributary to Chicago. In fact, it took tho form of a test between Michigan and Missouri, because the one (Missouri) represented the quot; pure corn-fed quot; hog and the other (Michigan) the quot;mixed-fedquot; hog; for be it known that Michigan is supposed to feed in no meagre proportion such vegetables as pumpkins, melons, squashes, and other similar quot; truck,quot; with a small modicum of corn to her hogs. There were accordingly bought for this purpose two droves of hogs on two different days, but of an equal number and weight, and as even and nearly alike in every respect as it was possible to get them. Thoy wore killed, cut, and cured separately with the following results: the Missouri hogs yielded 7H per cent, product and shrank H per cent, in the curing process, while the Michigan hogs yielded 67^ per cent, product and shrank 3^ per cent, in the curing process, thereby proving most conclusively that quot; corn was king.quot; The idea suggests itself right here that corn should be cooked for hog feeding in this country, but the labour jind expense � Attending such a system precludes all probability of it ever coming into general practice in the West, where hogs are fed in such large droves.

Given that the hogs in Western America aro well bred and well fed, does it follow that they should be more subject to disease than the hogs of any other country? I think this question admits of no answer but the one suggested by reason and common sense, which clearly establishes the negative in any unprejudiced mind. You will remember one thing, that the circumstances surrounding the case admit of no comparison whatever between the relative mortality among hogs and cattle in this country, for the reason that a farmer having a cow on the eve of calving takes particular care that the welfare of the cow just then shall be assiduously looked after, as he can realize from $5 to ^10 for the calf after having fed it with the cow's milk for, say, from two to four weeks, whereas the sow under similar circumstances is allowed to take care of herself, because hor offspring are more numerous, and will, under favourable conditions, take from eight to ten months to put on the 200 pounds of solid pork required at present piice of hogs in the country to realise ,$10.

Thus it will be seen that very young pigs have no present, but a prospective value, and that only on the farm where they are raised. A sow generally will have from 7 to 12 pigs at a farrow, and tho death, through accident or otherwise, of any of the brood causes little if any notice from the farmer as there is no feeling of present loss, so that the reports of deaths among the very young swine are taken pretty much as a matter of course, especially oil farms where the fruitful and healthy sows are constantly increasing the porcine population. At the age of three or four months the pig begins to have a com�mercial value, and also begins to attract some notice from the farmer, but even then he is expected to get his own living in some shape or other around the farm, and as he instinctively understand the maxim quot; root, hog, or die,quot; he will do some quot; tall quot;rooting in pursuit of his sustenance. It is at this stage of his existence that his troubles come on him, and he may possibly be called on to help swell quot; cholera reportsquot; and quot;mortality statistics,quot; but I don't see why it should be matter of surprise if a young pig has to encounter sickness and every other trouble incidental to extreme youth when it is an established fact that all animals, both rational and irrational, undergo a continual struggle for life during the period of passing from immaturity to maturity.

Generally about the age of six months the pig is penned up in the feed lot and is fed with all the corn he can eat until he becomes ripe and fit for markat, and at this stage disease seldom claims him for a victim. Now it is monstrously unjust to try to circulate the belief that the American hog selfishly claims a monopoly of the quot;hog choleraquot; when the bogs in Ireland and England suffer to a much greater extent proportionately from the same disease, but under different names. What the scientific name of tho disease is I do not know, but it is popularly known in Ireland as the quot;sudor,quot;and in England as the quot;purples,quot; and as I have seen hogs affected with tho disease in all three countries, I unhesitatingly say that it is one and the same, both in regard to its epidemic nature, its symptoms, and its results.

But to assume that '' hog cholera quot; cuts any figure or in any way enters into the manufacture of cured meats for home or foreign consumption argues a very imperfect knowledge of the pork-packing business of the present day. Certainly quot; hog cholera quot; exists in a more or less degrco among American swine, as it also does among the porkers of Great Britain, and it will so exist as long as hogs are bred, but then in America it only represents the quot; waste quot; of the industry of hog raising, in the same manner that tho broken vases, the cracked crockery, tho faulty fire-arm, the false mirror, the tainted bacon, and the locomotive wheel with a flaw in it aro tho quot; waste quot; of tho business in which the several makers of these articles are engaged.

With the manufacturers hero alluded to, the quot; waste quot; occurs at the workshop generally during the early stage of the process of making the goods and in liko manner the quot; waste quot; occurs with the farmer at a similar stage in his production of live pork, so that quot; cholera hogsquot; rarely find their way into the

'0 2'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' ' ' '

$�

108nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

hands of a pork pucker, who, in fact, is doubly guardod, us 1 shall show, against such an umvished-for visitation. Drovers who travel through the countrv in pursuit of their calling are not easily imposed upon and are therefore not very likely to buy sick hogs from a farmer. In studying their own interests they ship their stock in good condition, and so it invariably arrives at the stock-yards unless delayed on the road by storm or some other untoward circumstance. Arrived at the stock-yard the hogs are taken in charge by a commission salesman, who is particular to have them well fed and watered before putting them on the market for sale, or at all events before they are weighed to the party who has purchased them. The dead hogs, should there be any in the car, through suffocation, the fatigue of travel, or other causes, aio taken by the agents or employes of a company having a charter from Springfield, 111., for the exclusive right to purchase all dead animals witnin the premises of the Union Stock Yard and Transit Company, so that no packer, butcher, or outside dealer can have an opportunity, if so disposed, to convert the fat or any portion of the dead hog into an article of human food.

As proof of the health and soundness of American hogs, it may be mentioned that the number of dead hogs which arrive at the stock-yards will not average one hog to each car-load, although the cars frequently contained between 90 and 100 hogs, and will average near 70 hogs to each car on the receipts the year round. It must also be borne in mind that some hogs are on the railroad for four, five, and even six days in making the journey to Chicago, from points of shipment in the far West, and even these come to hand after all in excellent condition. I have seen hogs arrive at Birmingham and Wolverhampton from Liverpool, after being about eight or ten hours in transit, and the average of dead hogs to the car was many per cent, more than the average on hogs than I have seen arrive at the Union Stock-yards from the Missouri river, after three and four days run. I have said that packers were doubly guarded against quot; sick quot; or unmerchantable hogs in their operations at the _%stock-yards, and in doing so I simply stated a fact that admits of no contradiction. Every packer doing business at this Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;point has one or more buyers as the extent of his business may require, and each buyer has an expert

assistant whose duty it is to select from a drove the grade of hogs suitable for the house for which the Unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;purchasing and assorting is done, and as the quot; sorter quot; is quite a factor in the manipulations of the hog

I..

11 quot; ,

business at the stock-yards, I will hero quote from an article on the subject I published some time ago

in a local live-stock paper :

quot; Take, for instance, the grading of hogs, or what is known to the trado as ' sorting,' which is very little understood, except by persons actually engaged in the business. The newspapers may state, as they frequently do, that, for some specified reason, the buyers of certain grades of hogs got a ' good sort' or * bad sort,' a ' close sort' or a ' liberal sort'; but, no matter what variations the * sort' may assume, the phrase is Greek, and the meaning a perfect mystery, to the untutored in the classic language of ' swinedom.' We will suppose a case where the buyer for a packing-house engaged exclu�sively in putting up English meats buys one or more car-loads of hogs from a salesman on the condition that they are to bo ' sorted ' to suit the requirements of the house for which the purchase is made. To facilitate this 'sorting' there are several 'sorting' pens, popularly called 'mills,' established in close proximity to each scale, and it is hero in these ' mills that the really important branch of the |nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;hog business is carried out, for it is certainly horo that good or bad, prime or inferior, hogs are

'-'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ground out by the man who does the 'grinding business in the 'mill' in the capacity of 'hog

sorter.' quot;

With the arrangements so elaborate and perfect for selecting j ust such hogs as the packer wants, it is difficult to see how ho can get any but the primest hogs for use in his trado, and having got them bv the systematic methods 1 have just described, it is not likely that he will relax any of his wonte� vigilance in having the hogs converted into the choicest cuts of meat, either for foreign or domestic trade. It may appear strange to that portion of the public who are not aWare that pork-packing ranks third in importance in tho industrial records of this country�I say it may appear strange that all this

fineness of detail is observeu in what is popularly supposed to be a very rough and ready, common-place business, but nevertheless such is the fact, and furthermore the principle on which several pork-packers

here at the stock-yards and throughout the West run their business is to quot; shut their eyes on expenses,quot; and endeavour by every means that the skill and ingenuity of experienced workmen can devise to get up an article that will be a credit to their houses and satisfactory to their customers. The majority of the packing-houses located here pay thoir skilled hands from ^3 to j$5 a day, and generally hire them for a season at these figures. Foremen over the different departments of the house get from ,$1,500 to ^1,800 a year, according to their knowledge of the trade, and generally superintendents are paid from ^l,80O to $2,500 a year.

The work is divided into gangs as follows: The killing gang, the cutting gang, the cellar gang, the packing gang, and the quot; roustabout quot; or *' shoo-fiy quot; gang. Each gangjis under the direction of a quot; boss,quot; who is accountable to the foreman of his department for the work perlormed by the men under him, and the foreman in his turn is held responsible for the running of the section of the house over which he is placed. This I should say is pretty good discipline for a packing-house, or indeed for any enterprise where organised labour is brought together for the prosecution of a class of work that depends mainly on skill and unremitting care for a successful result.

To describe the working of a large packing-house in detail is not necessary here; therefore I will confine myself to a brief mention of the cutting, curing, and packing. I have always found that the operations of the cutting gang have had moro interest for strangers and even old habitues of a packing�house than any other section of the work. There is something almost akin to fascination in watching how deftly a well-trained knifesman carves a picture in pale pink and white out of the rough side of fresh pork that is placed before him on the cutting bench. It looks like exaggeration to call a side of bacon a picture, but when the quot; trimmer quot; puts it out of his hands ready for the cellar his enthusiasm

may well be excused when the symmetry, squared ends, and fine lines of the work give it the appear-

ance of having been cast in a mould, and though not a picture in the artistic sense it certainly is a masterpiece from the hands of a mechanic. From the cutting room the meat is sent down through a chute into the cellar, where it is subjected to an ice-coolinlaquo;? process to drive out the last remaining particle of animal boat, after which it is very lightly sprinkled with saltpetre or some other mixed |nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; cure,quot; of which, however, this last-named article is the principal ingredient After this it is thoroughly

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 109

salted and piled one on the other with as much mathematical precision as if the work were done under the guidance of a plumb-line. After it has lain in salt for a week or so, it is again quot; overhauled,quot; though overhauling is not looked upon with favour by packers who want to get a fine quot; cherry-red quot; colour on their meat.

Packing day comes around in due time and the meat is shipped out under the inspection of an inspector belonging to the house or one who has been sent to get out some order that has been bought from the house for shipment. In either case the strictest attention is paid to the quality of the meat, its age, and condition ; and everything that does not rank first-class is ro-inspectcd and will ultimately be packed and shipped to the pineries, the mines, the plains, the fisheries, the collieries, and the South, or any other market where they wish a second-class article at hard-pan prices and whore epicurean tastes are not cultivated as they are with the over-fed Briton or the dainty Gaul.

With this showing, it is not an unreasonable assumption to contend that the American pork-packev equals the manufacturer or merchant of any country in his desire to put before the public an honest article of food ; and when it is considered that his wishes in that direction are backed by proverbial enterprise, unfaltering liberality, and unlimited means, it may safely be stated that he has achieved a genuine success which will surely overwhelm the obstacles that jealousy has ineffectually thrown in his way.

In this review of the hog trade at this point I have not as much as once mentioned irichinae, the prime cause of the present great outcry against American pork. I have omitted this purposely to avoid a purely scientific question that I am incapable of handling, but I can nevertheless give my ideas on the subject from a practical man's standpoint. I do not know whether it is known to the American public, but at all events it is well known to the people of Ireland and England, that measles exist to a very great extent among the hogs in both the countries named, and when packers or quot; baeon-curers quot; happen to get some of them in their purchases they simply quot; dock quot; the seller of such pig 4s. or $1 per nundredweight on the measled pig. In England they are more severe in their dealing with measly pigs ; they sell the fat to the tallowchandler and destroy the lean meat.

I believe the trichinae of America and the measles of Great Britain are analogous from the many similar features they present, but 1 never knew of any one being injured from eating quot; measly quot; pork in either England or Ireland, because they cook pork and all other white meat to the point where it is certainly *' overdone,quot; and if it had not been for the cannibalism of some of the people in this and some European countries, who persist in eating raw pork, we perhaps would never have beard of trichinae outside the laboratory of the chemist or the lecture room of the scientist. How can you protect a man who will go deliberately and eat raw pork, heedless of its condition and in direct opposition to every dictate of reason and every degree of civilization ? We claim a superiority over the Fiji islanders, forgetful that we have cannibals in our midst who eat raw pork of every conceivable age and quality, and then express holy horror at the Fiji man eating quot;raw missionary.quot;

American pork is sound and wholesome, and vastly superior to what it was fifty years ago, and yet the number of deaths from eating it during the past half century is not enough to be even remembered by the ordinary run of mankind, and is only made matter of record in some bureau of extraordinary causes of mortality. A mere observance of the most primitive laws of civilized life, which demand that we make a distinction in the matter and manner of taking our food between the cannibal and ourselves, would be the surest safeguard for American or European pork in the provision markets of the world.

I remain, yours, faithfully,

Michael Scanlan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Michael Fostkr.

Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

Hog Raising, Hog Cholera, and Trichinje.�Statement by Dr. Ezra Stetson, of Neponset, 111.

I was educated a physician, but for the last twenty to fifty years have been extensively engaged in farming here. The statistics of the losses among swine show that the dead hogs never found their way to Europe. They imagine in Europe that the dead animals enter into the Chicago slaughter-houses.

I contend that American corn-fed pork is the best pork that is made in the world anywhere. I have been on the other side of the quot; pond quot; and have seen their hogs; there can be no better article of pork made than is made from corn, grass, and cold water ; it is the most healthy feed in the world. We raise on our farm a great many hogs�from three to five hundred a year. . I eat our own pork, I am not afraid of trichina); only barbarians eat raw pork or raw meat of any kind. So far as hog cholera is concerned, where hogs are kept together m large numbers and get infected, it is because sanitary regulations are not complied with.

You have beard of men talking about typhus fever�for it is now almost a matter of history. Where men in great numbers have huddled together, on shipboard, in camps, where armies were gathered together, they had the fever�the plague they called it in olden times. It is simply typhus fever. It has the name of hog cholera, and it will go by that name, and all creation cannot stop it now. Atnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j

the beginning of the disease, where old and young are not separated, the weak ones are affected, and the larger the herd of swine the greater the intensity of the virus or poison. This disease gathers intensity by numbers.

Is the attack sudden ?

It becomes so potent that it almost destroys life at once.

Your experience is that the hog affected with it will not make good meat?

It is impossible to make good meat by any process; that hog is not made into meat; the decom�position sets in before the death of the hog in most all cases.

What is the process of raising hogs ; are they allowed to run loose, and how long ?

We raise our pigs, and we sell them at any age we think we can make the most money ; but our pigs that are dropped in March, April, and May, if not disposed of, are most always kept, eighteen er

0 3

n #9632;

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK : 1881.

twenty months, sometimes two years, heforo being disposed of.

The sows are fed on corn, grass, and

cold water.

Don't you think that many cases of so-called hog cholera are from exposure P

Occasionally. The loss of numbers is the best evidence in the world to show the disease; it has the name of hog cholera ; there are very few hogs that are perfect, and they are more likely to die of pneumonia than almost any other disease.

Where the deaths are very sudden the hogs die of paralysis of the heart; it arrests the circulation of the blood. There are probably a thousand hogs raised in this State where one was raised fifty years ago. We convert all our corn into pork to beat the railroads; we cannot afford to pay trans�portation; we must consume our coarse grains on our farms, and our meat is certainly better than could be made in Europe.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

The hog is the most prolific animal we have; they have from six or eight to twelve and fifteen at a litter. Of course the mortality among small pigs is large ; the young pigs do not enter into the reports, they enter into no sort of calculation whatever. We have lost from six to thirty pigs, but those are never included in the count. The loss during the cold season and inclement weather is much greater than in warm weather.

I have felt that we needed quarantine regulations between the States, as well as in the States. For instance: If I have cholera among my hogs it is against public policy for mo to remove them from my place, because I may communicate the disease to my neighbour. If they are diseased hogs I have no business to ship them. I would have local inspectors in every township, and no man should be allowed to remove his hogs from his own place unless thoy were in perfect condition. That would be public policy anyway. It would be a matter of economy to do that.

What is your opinion, as a scientist, of trichinae ?

The trichina) scare is one of the silliest things ever invented, even though there is an occasional case found. I suppose you will eat pork for dinner to-day; we eat it ourselves ; we have no scruples of conscience about eating pork when it has been well boiled. Trichime is not confined to the hog alone ;' horses, cows, and rabbits are found with trichinae; that is the true parasite.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;' ;

What have been the very worst kind of scarecrows are the scientific theorists; they have been

imagining all sorts of things to sustain their theory. Now this man---------has been exercising a

horrible influence in animal products, and he has a sort of quasi authority from our government, as having been appointed by Commissioner Le Due. I had designed to give Secretary Blaine my views to show them the pernicious effects in regard to our commerce.

1 claim, and I have so written and published for a good many years, that hog cholera is an unne�cessary disease; it is produced by bad sanitary arrangements. 1 would assist sanitary laws, as men do wader like circumstances ; I have used carbolic acid for the last fifteen years among my swine. I commenced at first by sprinkling their sides. I have also used crystallised carbolic acid and carbonates of lime ; and for the last eight or ten years I have been giving my hogs carbolic acid every time they drink, and if they had the disease it has been in so mild a form and they have been so healthy that I did not know anything about it. My attention was first called to this from a report of the Commis�sioner of Great Britain investigating pleuro-pneumonia.

Now, some assert that corn-fed hogs are fatter, but that there is less substantial meat than on pea-fed hogs; what is your opinion ?

Well, if we could raise pease I would feed them with mixed feed ; pease are nicer feed than corn is, but our climate does not raise pease. You cannot develop a hog much better on pease than on corn.

Then the corn-fed hog is a clean good hog?

He is the best hog in the world.

Do you think there is an interest among farmers to keep improving the breed of the hogs ?

Some claim that by too much breeding the hog lost vitality, that he had been improved so much that he had lost his vitality. Naturalists tell us that hogs have been derived from the wild boar of Europe and the wild boar of Asia. Now, the hog of India is one that takes on flesh remarkably fast, and these two races have been crossed together. As ihey approximate the hog of India they are all fat, and as thoy approximate the wild buar of Europe they are all bone and gristle. The happy medium is in combining the two distinct races of the hog, and that of the Poland-China hog combines more points of profit than any other breed of hogs at the present day.

How are the hogs transported from the farm to the railroad car?

No fault can be found in the way they are transported to the cars. At this day nine-tenths of the hogs are taken to the trains on wagons and sleighs ; they are not worried so much as formerly, but are carefully handled. They are carried in double-decked cars, but there is hardly surface room enough.

What do the farmers do with their dead hogs ?

The hogs, like a dead man, should be removed as a nuisance ; although it is not fashionable, yet all the dead hogs should be cremated, and no owner of the dead hogs should be allowed to sell thorn. I would prohibit it by statute law, making it a nuisance to traffic in dead or diseased hogs.

Could it not be possible for farmers to turn them into fertilizers ?

No, sir ; we are not suffering for fertilizers; we never bought any; it might be tried out into grease.

As to the necessity of this sanitary regulation, Secretary Elaine will doubtless make a recommen�dation ; * * * it should have been done, now it must be ; each State, at any rate, can make its own law. There must he uniformity in the laws; there ought to be a general sanitary law. There should be State supervision, and there should be national supervision. * * *

The water furnished to the bogs is medicated every month, or oftener if necessary, with crude carbolic acid. The object of this medication is to promote the porcine appetite and prevent disease ; and that object is achieved. By supplying his swine constantly with fresh water medicated in this manner, and by constructing their pens and lots so that they are never in want of pure air, and by other hygienic instrumentalities, Dr. Stetson effectually prevents hog cholera on his farm. He is never troubled by it, even in the seasons during which it rages most destructively around him. His methods with respect to this matter are the result of his knowledge of comparative physiology and pathology, and are weW worth the careful study of hog breeders and raisers through th country.

iV'

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; HI

Extract from an article prepm'ed for puhlication by Dr. Stetson,

Since the foregoing was written some new-fangled notions have come to the surface that demand attention. First comes France, with an edict prohibiting the importation of American pork; their savans have just discovered that there may be trichina) in American pork, which would render it unfit for human food. Since this edict has been promulgated an attack of trichinous disease has broken out in their own country, and from eating the raw flesh of French fattened swine. The truth of the matter is, that trichina) are occasionally found in swine and other animals in all parts of the globe. Now the remedy, or specific rather, is well understood by all civilised people. This parasite is effectually destroyed and rendered innocuous by submitting meat containing thera to the boiling point of water. This cooks the parasite, and no flesh of any kind is safe to be used as human food until its temperature has thus been raised. Trichina) have been found in the flesh of the ox, hare, sheep, and particularly in the rabbit, of which the French are noted consumers. Just as soon, and no sooner, as the people practice the cooking of all flesh, and even fish, trichinae will cease to be a bugbear.

There is no country in the world where government supervision of food and drinks is so strict as in France. While I do not complain of this being an evil in itself, if their supervision was extended to the manner of fattening their domestic animals for the butcher, this supervision would be much more satisfactory. With the exception of their veals all other meats are very mediocre if not execrable. Their beef is scraggy, mutton insipid, and horse-flesh blue�of their pork, bah ?

No person after seeing their swine fattened, as I have done, would ever hanker after French pork. A few miles from Havre I had occasion to pass a pit of a few acres in extent where the human excreta of this large city was daily deposited. In this pit, at the time I saw it, were somewhere from 50 to 100 hogs, rooting and smelling for their daily bread. Here were all the parasites of the human system deposited in this cesspool for the hog to eat and grow fat upon, and be eaten in their turn by the very Frenchmen who turn up their noses at American corn-fed pork.

It is a matter of natural history that the ova of the tinea (tape-worm), if oaten by swine, will in them produce a disease called measles. Now, this same measly pork contains the ova of the tapeworm, and will reproduce itself in the human family when swine's flesh not thoroughly cooked is eaten by man

Next comes Mr. Crump, the British Vice-consul at Philadelphia, with his statistics of the mortality of the hog in America. It makes no practical difference whether this man's estimates are too high or too low. The slaughter of the innocents began before St. Bartholomew's day, and will continue to the end of time. That quite a large percentage of young pigs and a few old hogs die of a disease known as hog cholera all are willing to admit. This loss falls on the producer, and not on the consumer, except in the enhanced price paid for the product. It is simply their depletion. The ranks of the human family are constantly being depleted by contagious disease, but those that escape or survive arc in no way injured in their bodily health. Hogs that die of this or any other disease do not find their way to market, and only those that are healthy are used in commerce. Since the disease has been known and recognised no case has ever been reported, or, for that matter, ever can be reported, whore swine's flesh has been the cause of human disease.

This sensational story has only been gotten up in the interest of parties who are trying to depress the price of one of the great staples of American produce, and one that the labourers of the Old World cannot and will not see destroyed. There is no pork made anywhere in this world that can compare, in cleanliness, healthfulness, and all that goes to make a delicious article of swine's flesh, with our American corn-fed pork. Corn, maize, grass, and cold water are the chief factors in making the Ame�rican hog. In contradistinction to the slop and gsrbage-fed animals of Europe, we have a decided advantage in a sanitary point of view. Having eatei pork for very nearly threescore and ten years, a large proportion of the time a practitioner of medicin?, I can affirm in all good conscience that I have never seen a case or had reason to suspect a case of tilchinous disease. Aside from a few cases reported in the quot;Journal of Medicinequot; and the secular press, cases of trichinte are more rare in America than the deaths from the bites of mad dogs. I do not believe that a single American citizen ever ate, or contracted this disease from eating raw meat. It is only barbarians that eat raw flesh of any kind.

AlUUVAL AND HaNULINO OF Ho�S IN CHICAGO.�STATEMENT by GrEO. T. WlLLIAJIS, Esq.

Union Stock Yard and Transit Company, Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Chicago, April !), 1881

Your letter of inquiry respecting the live hog business of the North-west, their conditions, manner of handling the same, amp;c., is before me. In reply will say that the principal part of the hogs raised and fatted in the North-western States come to this market, both for packing bore and ship�ment East. The receipts of hogs at this point for year 1880 were 7,000,860 ; the number of head packed here for the year was 5,664,366; the number shipped alivo to Eastern markets were 1,394,990 ; the number of head packed during the winter packing from November 1, 1880, to March 1, 1881, was 2,781,064 ; there are packed during the summer, from March 1, 1879, to November 1,1880, 2,971,127. The great bulk of hogs that arrive at this market arp raised in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Wis-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; |

consin, Ohio, and Indiana, and usually reach this market from � to 48 hours from the time they are collected in country. They are generally well fatted, weighing from 150 to 450 pounds per head. Upon arriving at these yards they are placed in covered pens, fed vrith the best of corn, and good pure water given them. If any are crippled in transit they are sold to the cheap markets iri the city Dead hogs, if there are any, from being overloaded, are sold to the rendering company, and made into what is called grease. The hogs that are in fine healthy condition laquo;re sold to the packers or eastern shippers. Those sold to packers go into mess-pork, hams, shoulders, long and short clear sides, short rib and various other cuts, and lard, all of which is nicely handled, passing into cooling rooms before placed in pickle, or dry-salt cure.

As to the health of the hogs arriving here, will .say that I have been familiar with this market, and located in the yard business for about 26 years, and in all those years I never know the hogs to be in

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

such an excellent condition, so healthy, as they have been during the past year. There never was a crop packed in Chicago more healthy, and that made so line hog product, as the past year. I have not hoard of a sin^lo case of trichinto pork or an unhealthy condition of hogs or hog meat at any packing house in the cTty during tho past year; and you will find this to bo the universal answer, inquire of whom you will, that in no year has tho hog and the quality surpassed the year of 1880 and 1881.

Respectfully yours, Michael Scanlan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;GE�. T. WILLIAMS,

Stato Department, Washington, D.Cnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Secretary.

Amkuican Ham-cuuing for the Home and Foreign Market.�Statement by William Henry

Davis, Esq., of the house of S. Davis, Jun. amp; Co.

Dkar Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Cincinnati, April 20, 1881.

The founder of the house .began business in provisions in this city in 1835. Then the packing of pork and beef was chiefly in the winter months, and the greater portion of it was for account of dealers in the Eastern cities. The transportation of the product of that section of the country was by steam and flatboats to New Orleans, thence by vessels to Eastern ports ; this required six to ten week's time on way. Later in the season bacon for Philadelphia and Baltimore was taken up the river to Pittsburgh, thence by canal and rail. Now provisions are carried from this city to New York by rail in six and eight days.

Changes as great as this is in matter of transportation can be cited in the curing of hams in the West. In early years many hams were cured in country towns with plain salt; they were long and roughly cut. While the city hams were trimmed better, most of them were cured in bulk with a slight use of saltpetre.

In 1841 the former senior of the house cured a moderate number of what were termed fine hams.^

With many people in the West there was quite a prejudice against hams cured other than in a plain way.

Until about 1845 there was but a small fraction of the hams cut from the hogs, then put up for the Western and Southern markets, that were cured in pickle.

It had been the custom with Eastern provision dealers to place their hams in pickle and forward them in tierces and hogsheads. But those hams were not equal in quality to the hams prepared to-day by the leading curers of the West, whose markets are now almost all over the world.

Instead of a small portion of the hams prepared in the West being of fine cure, as was the case 35 years ago, it can now be stated that quite a small number are plain cured. This change has greatly increased the consumption of hams, for all classes now realise the economy and advantage in many ways of a well-cured ham, which is well cured and not too salt. For the trade of our own country short-cut hams are preferred. There is an advantage in a long-cut ham if kept many months ; the butt protects and prevents a too rapid drying of the better portion of the ham.

Hams are cut from hogs well cooled, but they are usually spread upon floors or racks with a small quantity of old dry salt* for a day or two. The hams are examined before salting and before being placed in pickle, to see that there are none that show any outward signs of bruises, and very coarse hams are set aside, and often the sizes are assorted. Hams are then placed in large vats or casks and pickle added. In the use of sweets dry sugar is the best. The hams are changed over from three to four times when in pickle ; this is done to give more even cure. The number of times in changing hams varies as the desire of eurer may be for more quickly curing, and somewhat depends upon the weather. The time taken to cure rests upon the size of the hams and the weather; the curing process being quicker in mild weather than cold. It may be said that the most successful seasons for curing are when there is steady moderately cold weather. Hams are kept in pickle from six to ten weeks ; they are taken out, washed, and drained with the shanks down, then the hams are hung by the leg in smoke-houses, and sometimes left to dry before the smoke is placed upon them.

Afterwards they are taken from smoke-houses and carefully tried; even a ham that may only be considered, by an expert, prospectively bad, is set aside. The ham is then branded, papered, and placed in muslin closely sewed. For the home markets hams are dipped in a wash, labelled, and then hung up in racks in a cool, dry place, ready for packing.

For the foreign markets hams are usually of small or medium sizes. Generally they are hung to dry before canvassing. Of late, the hams after being dried are covered with very light muslin, followed by thin paper, and a heavy muslin is sewed upon them. We do not place wash upon the covers of these, unless it be late in the season, and then it is a white wash.

Winter shipments are sometimes in tierces ; as the season advances hams are placed in partially open crates. There are more labour and cost in the preparation of hams for foreign shipment than for the domestic market. The modes referred to are more applicable to shipments to France. The demand from that country the past three years has greatly increased, and dealers have reported that American hams have been steadily gaining the favour of their customers. Trade now though is seriously inter�rupted, as the inspection of meats in Franco, with its delays, confiscations, costs, and the order the hams are left in after inspection, deters further orders.

Something may be stated about hams found with bruises inside, without any surface indications or means of detection by curers, and only to be discovered when cut. It seems strange to state, but there are probably more to be found in proportion to the number of hogs packed than was the case 30 years ago. And yet hams are better for consumors now than then. Why ? The hogs are of better breeds. Feeders many years ago found market for their hogs chiefly in tne winter ; this caused hogs to be older when killed than now. With the ice-curing and increased growth of cities the demand is for every month in the year, so that hogs are fattened at an earlier ago and quicker ; their frames and

11; V

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 113

bones are not as strong as the old-time hog, anj slips and bruises in transportation are more likely to affect them in the joints.

More care in driving and transportation should bo used. The proposed improved stock-cars will greatly remedy all this. A pattern of the new cars was recently exhibited here, and you probably have drawings of same. This is mentioned to counteract the feeling with many consmnors of hams that reddish colouring, and sometimes bruises and breaks in meat at joints (which are more likely to bo found in heavy hogs), are often mistaken for bad condition of the animal.

The keeping of hams and their cooking, if well understood, would greatly increase their use. Tho chief fault is that few persons boil, bake, or roast a ham sufficiently, and, when boiled, know how essential it is to have hot coals to cook with, and serve when hot.

Perhaps these are more details than you may have desired, but we respectfully submit the above for your perusal.

Very respectfully yours

Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, Washington, D.C.

How to Keep and how to Cook Hams.�Inclosure in Mr. Davis's statement.

Selecting Hams.

There is no article of food about which so little is really known as the ham. The consumer is puzzled to pick out a good ham or piece of breakfast bacon, and even subtle judges of hams�ham experts� are unable to tell a good ham from a poor ono when they see it; therefore the only safe guide for the general consumer is to trust to some standard brand, which for years has been pronounced excellent in all climates, and at any ago�one, two, or even four years.

Hams should be taken out of casks on receipt, and hung up in a cool, dry place.

When mold appears it should be brushed off.

Hams a year old are often preferable, and the same ham can bo kept safely two, three, or four years, each year adding to its richness.

Although the trade demands a short-cut ham, the long-cut hams have their advantages. The advan�tages of this cut are that the centre of the ham is protected from the strong acid of tho smoke and does not dry as quickly as the short-cut.

To boil Hams.

If early in the season boil the ham as it is ; if later, it should be scraped and washed.

If the ham is six or eight months old it should be soaked in cold water 24 hours, and longer in pro�portion to its .age ; then boil it slowly, the water being kept at a quiet, low, scalding heat; it should not boil violently, only simmer.

A ham weighing 13 to 14 pounds should boil slowly or simmer eight or nine hours. After boiling it may be placed in ice water to prevent the escape of its natural juices, or it may cool in the same vessel.

An old ham may be boiled with a moderate amount of course fresh beef placed in the water ; this imparts a delicate freshness to the ham, though when cooked this way it should not be kept too long.

To UOAST OK BAKE HaMS.

A ham to be baked or roasted should he/rsf boiled, but not so long as directed above. After boiling, take off tho skin, baste the ham with soft powdered crackers or bread crumbs, and place it in the oven until it changes to a dark yellow colour ; or before baking it may bo dressed with flour and cloves, or with sugar.

One of tho simplest ways of cooking is to take a ham and soak it two or throe hours, even if of recent cure, much longer if an old ham, or according to age ; and place it in the improved roaster and baker�a deep pan for roasting or baking with a cover. A medium-sized bam is cooked in three or four hours, and requires very little attention. Served hot or cold it will be found richer than when boiled.

The dry part of a cooked ham may be trimmed off, chopped fine, and warmed up with butter, eggs, and flour, making a palatable dish, and thus economically consuming the whole ham. It also makes good sandwiches.

Bkoiling.

A broiling ham should be ^ood-sized. Strip canvas off and keep ham in a large thick muslin sack ; tie closely for protection and to prevent drying. Cut thin slices from tho butt end with a sharp knife and saw (there is no economy in cutting a ham in the middle, as you leave tho two cut sides to dry at once); then place the slices over bright hot coals, turning quickly two or three times until the fat is browned. Eat while hot, or, to bo brief, quot; If 'twere done when 'tis done, then, 'twere well it were done quickly.quot;

Some cooks recommend tho separation of the lean from the fat, broiling the former and fryinquot;' the latter, then serving both together.

Breakfast bacon may be broiled or boiled. If lato in tho season it should be placed in water a short time and dried before broiling.

R67raquo;.

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

Arrival and Handlino of Hogs in Cincinnati.�Statement of John H. Porter, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer of the United Railroad Stock Yards.

United Railroad Stock Yard Company, Cincinnati, Dear Sm,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;April 13, 1881. .

1 n reply to your inquiry as to the live hog business of the country supplying Cincinnati, their condition, the manner of handling, in transit and after reaching the stock yards, would say that much of the hogs raised in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Southern Illinois are brought to this market, reaching here in from five to thirty hours of transportation by the several railroads centring here. This stock yard company, acting as the live-stock agent for those railroad companies, have made all needed preparation for the receiving and shipping and all proper care of all live stock that may be brought hero, having a largo nuinbor of clean, Avoll-pavod pens, mostly roofed over, each provided with * troughs for watering, hydrant for each pen supplied with water from city waterworks, and a full and large supply of water supplied to the stock while in pen. Feed houses with stock of fresh corn and other feed on hand to answer all demands of owners of stock for feed. A sufficient force of men on hand to promptly care for all stock in receiving and delivering� of night men that are on duty all night to unload and pen all stock received at night; similar force for the same work during the day. Men and teams for prompt delivery of feed, as ordered, and carts for the daily use of the cleaning force to clean up pens as stock is taken from them.

The several divisions of the yard are supplied each with a scale house, with scales to weigh the stock in any number, from three or four head to one and two car loads at once, each scale permanently under charge of a competent and intelligent weigher, and all needed force for the prompt handling of stock. The stock trains arrive at yards at various hours of night and day, and are at once hauled to the unloading chutes, the hogs driven out of cars into the pens, and from these into the sale pens ; in these the hogs and all other stock remain under the care and control of the company until the owners, or those having them for sale, have made sale, when they are driven to the scales, weighed, and then delivered to the purchaser here; they are then driven by purchaser to the packing houses, or to the slaughter houses of the market butchers. If sold to shippers they are driven to pens in the yard adjacent to the railroad tracks, from thence loaded by the employes of the company on the cars.

From the overloading or crowding too many hogs into a car by the owners at the feeding places in the country, hogs are found dead in the car on arrival at these yards. Such dead stock is at once taken to the platform of the fertilizer company in the yard, are there weighed, receipt for weight and price given to owner of stock and paid for. Any hogs dying in the pens from effects of such overloading, or any other cause, are invariably dealt with in same way. These all are daily taken by the fertilizer company to their works and are rendered into grease, oil, or used for manufacturing purposes. By ordinance the fertilizer company are the only purchasers of such gtock. The city, by its Board of Health, keep at this yard at all times a regular inspector of live stock, whose duty is to examine daily all hogs and other stock arriving here, and if any diseased animals are found in pens or cars, to notify owners of same of their condition and to see that such stock is not disposed of here in any way by which it can be used as food. It can only be sold to the fertilizer company. The company have always given every facility for full and free exercise of such inspection, believing that it is always the wish as well as to the interest of all shippers and owners of live stock, and of packers and curers of meat, that any diseased stock brought here should be quickly removed from the vicinity of the healthy stock ; our experience is that it is seldom such is sent here. The hogs sold in this market are fed when young on corn and clover and then fattened on corn. This feeding is altogether in the fields, pasture and cornfields, where there is a plentiful supply of fresh water, and to be suitable for packers' and curers' purposes and to be considered merchantable, must so be fed ; this manner of feeding must make healthful and wholesome meat. Hogs fed on garbage or any foul feed, as may be the case in vicinity of large towns, are unmerchantable and show their condition. These may develop the disease of trichinosis, which is of rare occurrence, and such feeding is quite exceptional.

The half dozen cases of trichinosis that have occurred in the past 25 years in the country from which our hogs come have always been traced to the eating of the uncooked meat from hogs so fed. The country adjacent, which supplies the receipts of live stock here, has been very free the past year from any kind of disease among hogs. The receipts at the yards show this by the quality of hogs received. The percentage of loss in hogs in shipment from country to this place is loss than one per cent, in dead hogs.

By a law of the National Government it is unlawful to run a train of live stock more than 28 hours without unloading for rest, food, and Avater. In the shipment of hogs in summer it is the habit after loading car to have each car of hogs well drenched with water from the water-plug by hose. Of the hogs sold at these yards from March 1 to November 1, or the summer receipts, those killed here are used for the daily market supply or cured for the domestic trade; the rest sold for shipment to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Cleveland, amp;c. The larger proportion of hogs received hero between November 1 and March 1 are slaughtered and cured here, and of this product much is exported.

The receipts of hogs at this yard for the year 1880 were 823,789 head. Number slaughtered for same year, 060,410 head ; number shipped to other markets east, 257,379 head. These hogs are generally well fattened, weighing from 150 to 400 lbs. and upward.

This statement of the manner of receiving and handling hogs at this point will, I think, plainly show the improbability of diseased hogs in any amount or number getting into the cured hog products of this city.

Very respectfully, yours,

Jno. H. Porter,

Michael Scanlan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Secretary and Treasurer of United Railroad

Chief of Bureau of Statistics,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Stock Yard Company.

State Department, Washington, D. C.

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 115

How deau Animals ahk disi'oskd of in Chicago. 1.�Statement of the Foreman of the Union Bendering Company at Globe Station, near Chicago.

Wo receive the animals from the city and stock yards. We run them inside tho building under cover, and make connoxion with our steam hoisting apparatus. We run the carcasses on a small car up an inclined plane on to our floor ; we run them up by steam power. Wo skin the horses and cattle, not tho hogs; the dead animals were received last night, and are put in this morning ; wo havo 12 tanks here for receiving and cooking the animals; we chop them through once to have them put into the tank. After the carcasses are cooked in the receiver, wo draw off tho grease first, and then wo run the meat into large vats of water, straining the water 11 times before the river receives it. We keep back the animal refuse by strainers and press it by high-pressuro presses�there are five presses�taking the animal, stuff off dry. This stuff, after being pressed and half dry, is then run through drying machines. The dry fertilizer is the result of the animal meat. We have two drying machines, which we can work up every 24 hours.

We work up all the stuff from the beginning to the end within 24 hours after receiving it, if there is no accident to the machinery.

The grease is then barreled and shipped. There are two qualities of grease, and the best grease is sold and branded as white grease, and the poorer brown grease is also sold to soap makers, branded as brown grease. Much of the grease is sold to Cincinnati soap men. This grease cannot be sold as lard in, Europe; there is a smell to the grease which renders it impossible to be palmed off as lard; the blood of a dead hog that dies a natural death ferments, and it is impossible to get the blood out of the flesh.

Men at this railroad station eat raw pork, German working men; they claim it has more strength than the cooked.

The Union Rendering Company is the only establishment that gets the dead hogs in this county; we get all the dead animals from the stock yards and city.

Question: Have you more dead hogs in summer than in winter ?

Answer : In the real hot weather, or real cold weather, we have more, but at other times tho stuff comes regularly. Dead cattle and sheep are rendered together to make tallow; horses separate.

Question : Where do you generally sell this grease ?

Answer: All over; it is shipped to the South, shipped East, and some in this State ; the most of the fertilizer goes to Baltimore.

2.�Statement of the Editor of the quot; Drours' Journal? Chicago Union Stock Yard.

Dead hogs come in the cars with the live ones, sometimes one, sometimes as many as 15 in a car. They are taken from the car, put on a platform, and then taken from the platform by carts or trucks for that purpose, to an establishment at the corner of the yards for receiving such carcasses, and from there they are taken to the rendering establishment some miles out in the country, and in that they are entirely separated from the stock-yards and all the operations here. There is no reputable packer, that I have ever heard, would ever have anything to do with them, all being rendered into what is called grease. There are a very considerable number of crippled hogs coming in, that is, partially disabled, that cannot travel to the packing houses; there is a class of buyers all the time purchasing them, and they are slaughtered for the city trade and almost exclusively used up in that way. Tho dead hogs are sent to the rendering establishments. There are occasionally a small lot of crippled hogs here, but the packers won't have anything to do with them ; the packers, unless they were imposed upon, would not deal in such hogs ; on tho contrary, tho packers are cautioned about them. They are bought by these city dealers that purchase inferior or refuse hogs, and they are used in the city; they are used for the city trade. It; is a notable fact in the hog trade that hogs have never been more healthy than during the past year.

How dead Hogs are disposed of in Cincinnati.�Statement by George Thompson, Esq.

In reply to your request for information in regard to the manner in which dead and diseased hogs are disposed of in this city, I submit tho following statement. 1 beg to premise this statement by saying that I have had an experience in this connexion, of 25 years in raising and feeding hogs, and for the last 15 years have occupied my present position as contractor of tho city of Cincinnati for the seizure and removal of dead animals and animal matter unfit for human food.

In regard to what is termed quot; hog cholera,quot; my experience is that hogs attacked thereby invariably die. The class of hogs generally attacked are young�too young for marketing�weighing only from 50 to 100 pounds.

I never heard of any hogs attacked by hog cholera, or dying from any disease or accident being used, or attempted to be used, for human food. Even if there were parties mean enough to attempt such a thing, the officers and employes of our Board of Health would at once have them arrested and punished. So that such a thing as using diseased or dead hogs for human food may be set down as having not the least foundation in fact.

The hogs are all inspected as they are unloaded from the cars, and if there is anything wrong with any of them they are condemned and turned over to the city contractor and sent to the rendering works, whore they are converted into grease, which is plainly branded quot; dead hog grease,quot; tho residue being converted into fertilizer.

Yours, very respectfully,

Gt-EORGE Thompson,

City Contractor for the removal of Dead

Animals and Animal Matter, amp;c.

e a

5;quot;

3'^s

116

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

American Meats and Lakd in Euhope.�Extracts* from a Statement by J. C. Black, Esq.,

of tho House of Armour amp; Co., Chicago.

#9632;;(.'' raquo;!#9632;'#9632;'''

Shipping.

After the meat is cured, at tho proper time the buyer sends hilaquo; inspector to tho packing house to inspect, recoive, and pack the meat. The man we sell to has his own expert who tries every piece of meat and seos it weighed. The meat is perfectly sweet, but he is compelled to be there and see to it. A soft hog they throw that out; that is soft, they don't want it. He tries it with his trier and says it is a little sour, he don't want it. Ho rejects everything that is not proper, and goes off. It is plain to be seen that what is sour in the shoulder, or sour near tho shoulder, has not been salted thoroughly. It is easy to be seen, there cannot bo any deceit about it. This man does nothing but inspect moat and buy hogs ; ho is an expert in his business. Tho meats are then packed into boxes, salt being sprinkled upon it. We cure by salt altogether. The box is then put under a screw and screwed tight, nailed and strapped, made as strong as possible, put aboard the cars, and is shipped.

One groat trouble with the meats in Europe is that they do not take any care of the meats after they get there. In Havre, for instance, they lie in the rain, no care being taken of them. They are not put into the warehouse ; the rain gets in. These boxes are not watertight.

In Havre there is a proposition to build some warehouses on all the docks where they can handle these meats. They pile it up four or five boxes high. You cannot do anything with your own meats. Different cuts of meat go into the home market. I want even more careful handling than at the home market; the American never finds any fault whatever.

1:1

Lard.

It is impossible to render a dead hog into lard ; decomposition has already set in. We cannot get away with the bad smell of lard after decomposition ; it cannot be done. You cannot render it and have it sweet lard, it is an utter impossibility; it is not in tho possibilities. They do a great many of these things for spite across the water. You will see the impossibility of being cheated ; there is no possible object in trying to cheat. The manufacturers' names are on the tierces of lard. The refiner �would not receive anything but choice lard. It is called refining ; it is a hardening process, the lard being dropped until it is whitened�it is only handling it�and then they send the lard to Europe. It

stands transportation better,

You cannot sell lard in the raw state; it is first refined. They have

extensive refineries in Berlin

Trichina.

We examined 5,000 hogs and found no trichinae; then the Health Department sent a man ; he tried the eyes and sides, and he was unable to find any. We tried the hams and sides. A man came here some time ago, a German who served a long apprenticeship in Europe, and in speaking about the matter said he knew of his own knowledge that their pork was infected more than the American pork. For curiosity we allowed him to spend a week in our yard; be was an expert in his busines ; he had a microscope ; he inspected 5,000 pieces of ham, and then tried 10,000 hogs as they were killed, after they had been fully cut up, and he found nothing.

We had in Europe (at the time this edict was promulgated) 500 boxes of meat, and 200 boxes of shoulders ; they did not find a single case of trichinsfi in the whole lot.

Hog Cholera.

Regarding the hog cholera I think it is an entirely mistaken idea about the hog. If a young hog is out exposed to the cold, and has taken cold as we do, it is called hog cholera; a young pig may take cold from being exposed to the rain and storm and die ; you know, of course, the sow has nine pigs, and they smother some of them. For that reason I am under the impression myself that wo must have more intelligent reports about the disease. The trade which has grown has stumbled along; the Europeans positively wanted our meats, and wanted them to sell.

American vs. Westphalian Hams.

I went to Hamburgh at one time to get them to take hold of it; their hams were selling for 90 marks a hundred, and ours for 50 marks. I went back in less than a month after, and those Westphalian hams were 70 marks, and our haras were 60 marks per hundred.

.#9632;#9632;#9632;;.#9632; 1)1

Hog Raising in Illinois.�Statement by Charles F. Mills, Esq., Breeder and Importer of

Berkshire Pigs.

Elmwood Stock Farm, Springfield, 111., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; March 28, 1881.

In compliance with your request I have the honour to call your attention to tho general management of the swine fed in this State for market.

[* Those portions of Mr. Black's statement omitted referred wholly to tho purchosing, inspection, and killing of the hogs, and to the curing of the meat, and as those points are fully covered both in the body of my report, as well as in the report of Mr. Foster, it would be only simple repetition to insert them in tho above statement.�M. S.]

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;117

Thoro is such a very limitod number of hogs confinod in pens and fed slop or swill in this State as to bo worthy of no consideration.

The hog product of Illinois is made from hogs of the various improved breeds or swine, mainly high-grade Berkshires and Poland-Chinas.

Pure-bred boars are generally used, and the brood sows are the result of so many crosses by well-bred boars as to readily pass inspection at the hands of the majority of hog-breodors and dealers as very nearly pure-bred hogs.

The pigs are farrowed in April and May, and as soon as old enough to got ahout are allowed to follow corn-fed cattle, with the range of blue-grass pasture during the summer and early fall. When not running after cattle, pigs are fed on some corn, in addition to pasturage, until the growth of grass in spring and the age of the pig makes it possible for the animal to subsist and thrive on grass alone.

The range of pasture, pure air, and the healthful exorcise necessary for bogs to obtain subsistence develops the growth of muscle and lean meat, and the quality of this meat when finished off on corn in the fall months is not to be compared with the soft, greasy, fat meat resulting from feeding slop and swill to swine in small, ill-ventilated pens, as is the general custom abroad.

The ^u pork products quot; of Illinois are not approached in excellence by the far-famed quot; Irish bacon quot; when firm, well-marbled meat is considered, and it is a well-known fact that the highest-priced ftmcy pork products sold in Ireland by Limerick dealers are put up in Chicago, and by special instruction marked with the private brands of Limerick dealers who have for years past been selling Illinois pork products on the continent as Irish bacon-hams, amp;c.

The mortality among hogs and pigs in this State, resulting from disease, is comparatively trifling considering the vast number of hogs raised annually, and the insignificant value placed on young piquot;s.

When the neglect of young pigs and indifference manifested by the average hog-breeder as to the number of pigs that survive quot; pighood quot; is taken into account, the vitality and power of swine to resist the effects of exposure to the elements and rough treatment is the more remarkable, and is one of the strongest arguments that can be used as to the hardy and vigorous constitution of swine raised in this State.

In early times, when pork would hardly pay the expense of driving the hogs to market, and when hogs were turned out on the open range and expected to hunt their own living, the old maxim of quot; root, hog, or die,quot; was considered orthodox, and the prevailing sentiment of the present is to the effect that a hog to be worthy of any consideration must be able to quot; weather the storm,quot; and do well with sufficient corn, grass, and water.

It has been my experience that the mortality among pigs can be reduced one half by providing shelter and giving reasonable attention to the comfort of the sow and her litter the first month after farrowing.

Absolute neglect and exposure is the cause of the loss by disease of three-fourths of the hogs reported as dying each year in this State from so-called hog cholera, which name is given to all dise.ises affecting swine.

Yours, amp;c.

Chief of the Bureau of Statistics,

Department of State, Washington, D. C

Pork Packing in Cincinnati.�Statement prepared by Messrs. James Morrison amp; Co.

We have for the past 30 years been actively engaged in the packing and preparation of pork meats for European consumption. In all our experience we can safely say we have never known the hogs of the West to be freer from disease or in a more healthy condition than at present, or during the past two or three years. Cholera, or kindred diseases have always existed among hogs, not only in America, but in Europe, wherever the animal is raised and cultivated. Cholera, as is well known, attacks the young pigs, ranging from one to three months in age, the matured and fattened hogs enjoying almost complete immunity from its attacks. In America, the great distances of the feeding fields from the packing centres, and the necessary time consumed in forwarding hogs to the packer, is a thorough and complete protection against any hogs affected with the disease ever reaching tho slaughterers' pens. Hogs when attacked with the disease are so prostrated that it would be impossible to move them to market Three to seven days is invariably required to move hogs from the feeding grounds to the packers' establishments; all of which time the hogs must bo active and lively. To pass inspection at the sale pens, all hogs, to be merchantable, must be able to walk on the weighing scales. It will thus be clear to the uninitiated the possibility of hogs attacked with disease to undergo the days of exhaustion, exposure, and fatigue necessary in forwarding them to market. Again, a diseased hog is easily detected by the discolouration of the meat and skin of the carcass, which the process of curing and all the curers' arts cannot restore to the natural colour, and would instantly bo detected by the inspector or consumer. All meats prepared for foreign shipment undergo a rigid inspection before leaving tho packing houses.

Since the introduction of summer or ice curing, much moat has been spoiled while in transit. This is the result of too early exposure to the high summer temperature and before tho meat has been thoroughly cured, but this is by no means owing to the original quality of the meat. As to the general healthmlness of the products of the hog, the millions of people who are and have been consumers of the meat both in America and Europe and grow healthy and thrive upon it can testify.

As to trichina, we understand not a single case of it has ever been identified in man or woman in Great Britain, the greatest of all porllaquo;-eating nations. Isolated cases of it having boon reported in America, but we assert the cause cannot bo traced to tho consumption of fairly-cured or cooked pork.

P 3

IfHi

118

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

That the poople of Continental Europe, both at homo and in this country, are in the habit of eating uncooked food and sausages, concocted of material too vile to be mentioned, and in rare instances suffer unpleasant consequences,⁰ should not frighten or deter consumers of regularly-cured and proporly-

coolcod moat of the hog.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;!, , * .

Trusting this plain statement of facts, as they have come under our observation, will be ot service

to you in your investigations.

We remain, amp;c. Michael Scanlan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) James Moruison amp; Co.

Chief of Bureau of Statistics of the

Department of State at Washington, D. C.

Inspection of Hogs and Hog-Puoduct in Chicago.�Statement of Dr. Oscar C. Dewolf, Commis�sioner of Health of the City of Chicago.

Under the ordinance we have five meat inspectors on duty ; two of them on duty at the stock-yards, and three in the city markets.

Technically we have no right to exercise police power at the stock-yards ; nevertheless the stock�yard proprietors, and commission men dealing in animals, find it to their interest to permit our meat inspectors to exercise their functions at the yards, because, if we condemn an animal as unfit for food in the yards, they retain the carcass for fertilizing purposes, while if it is put on the markets outside the yards, we confiscate the carcass when condemned, and make no return to the owner for the material confiscated. I regard that as the sharp and sure method of punishing the dealer. There is a company at the stock-yards, chartered by legislative_gt; enactment, known aiTthe quot;Union Rendering Company.quot; One of the enactments of this charter provides that all dead animals found in the yards, and that implies coming in on the trains dead, or dying after arriving at the yards, as well as animals condemned by our inspectors as unfit for food, shall be turned over to this company for rendering purposes. These dead or deceased animals condemned by our inspectors as unfit for food are turned over to this company for rendering purposes. These dead or deceased animals are removed from the stock-yard inclosure by this Union Rendering Company on their own trains, running to the Indiana line, about 29 miles. There they have extensive facilities for the extraction of grease,^Dand conversion of the residue into commercial fertilizers. During the year 1880, 480,000 pounds of meat found in our city markets by our inspectors, and unfit for use by cause of the emaciation of the carcass, bruising of the carcass, or taint after slaughter, had been condemned and thrown into the rendering tanks as above described.

Hogs.

The supply of hogs brought to the yards for the purpose of packing is not critically inspected by our meat inspectors (for reasons above stated) outside our lines, and I am only interested in protecting the citizens of Chicago. I have, however, for scientific purposes and other reasons, kept a very sharp eye upon the condition of the hogs received at the stock-yards since February 1877. I believe, and indeed I positively know, that the stories and reports current near Chicago, and far from us, touching the disposition of packers to slaughter deceased or emaciated hogs for packing purposes, are maliciously and

wickedly false.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. .

The larger packing houses employ buyers for their pens, ot great experience, and to whom they pay large sums. Mr. Armour, for example, and the quot; Anglo-American Packing Company,quot; I have under-; stood employ three men, to each of whom they pay ,$5,000 a year. The hogs are scrutinized with the o-reatest care, amp;C. However that may be, a hog infected with trichina) cannot be detected by any general appearance of the animal.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /,.,,,,

I have seen hogs suffering from trichinosis in the most perfect condition ot physical health. 1 he only possible means of detecting this condition is by the examination of the carcass with the

microscope.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , . ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ^ ?nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; e

I have been consulted by the packers several times touching the propriety ot organizing a corps of scientists, for the purpose of inspecting the carcasses packed at the yards.

The impracticability of any such move will appear to any one who recalls the fact that more than five millions of hogs per annum are slaughtered for packing here. A single individual, no matter how expert could hardly cover more than 10 or 12 carcasses a day.

In September 1878, I requested two gentlemen, recognised as authority in microscopical work in this city to undertake an examination of the pork supply which the packers were using. We have been accredited with a pork supply from 3 to 5 per cent, of which is declared to be infected with trichina}. It is true that some seasons this per cent, of infection has been discovered, and I am inclined to believe that a similar extent of disease would have been discovered in the domestic supply of France and Geiniany had the same care been taken in investigation; for example, it was necessary on some occasions to examine 50 specimens from one hog before trichinm were discovered.

Do vou not see how readily such carcasses might be regarded as sound and perfectlv free from infection, if you made an examination simply from two or three specimens from the carcass?

In the investigations made by these gentlemen, and by tho State microscopical society a few years previous (see report of Chicago health department for 1878, page 21), a number of specimens examined from each carcass showed a thoroughness of work altogether beyond that declared as necessary by

foreign examiners.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;��nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.,.,, ?nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.-ii- ,i

Our supply of pork this year is more free from trichinae! than for any year, certainly during the last

six or eight years previous.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,. l j �

This fact I assert because I have kept for the past month an accomplished microscopist at work m

the yards, and he has failed to find a single case of trichina.

Another matter of interest in this connexion, our mortality in this city for the last four years ranges

from 8 000 in 1877 to 10,000 in 1880. Only two cases of trichina) have been reported in the city of

Chicago during that period. This is an important statement in view of the fact that our markets,

\W:i

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;119'

without great watchfulness on the part of the health department, are supplied with moat rejected by the packers.

The supply of meat, therefore, distributed to the city has a much greater probability of infection than that used by the packers.

Ohio Hogs and Hog PnonucTs.

At a meeting of the pork dealers, raisers, and packers of Cincinnati and vicinity, hold at the pork room of the Cincinnati chamber of commerce on April 13, 1881, the following information was givon concerning American pork products, and the care taken to prevent deceased or unmerchantable pork from entering the trade.

The meeting was called to order by tho chairman, Mr. McKeehan, who introduced Mr. Scanlan, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of State of the United States, and the secretary of the Cincinnati chamber of commerce, Colonel Maxwell, read a letter from Secretary Elaine, which also introduced Mr. Scanlan, and stated the object of his visit to Cincinnati.

Mr. Scanlan then said:

There is scarcely any necessity for me to explain tho feeling which exists in many countries in Europe in regard to American pork. Rumours of the most derogatory character in this regard have been circulated broadcast in the Old World, as you all know. This erroneous idea about American pork first started in Germany. Some time ago a man in Chicago sent a statement to Germany that all dead hogs, horses, and other animals dying from disease or accident were rendered into lard. To you it would seem impossible that such a statement could receive any public credence, but it has mot with sufficient to injure the trade somewhat in Germany. That outrageous statement was taken up in France and then in England, together with the more recent exaggerated reports of this hog cholera. What seems preposterous here seems possible there. Only the other day I road an extract from an English scientific publication in which it was seriously stated that they were not sure what became of the hogs that died of cholera and other diseases in the United States; whether they entered into the trade or not. I, therefore, want to know from you, gentlemen, what sort of hogs you pack, where they come from, how they are received here, what is done with the dead animals, what care is taken to prevent dead animals from entering into the trade, amp;c., in order that this whole question may bo definitely settled.

I would therefore request your chairman to select some of you gentlemen, experienced in this matter, to give me the necessary information in this connexion, commencing with hog-raising and following the subject up until the product is ready for export giving me all the details. Then I want to know what is done with the dead hogs. I will then go to the rendering company's works myself and get a report therefrom.

Mr. Lippincott.�Allow me to remark that the hogs marketed here are marketed under exactly similar circumstances to that in Chicago. We are but a small affair alongside of Chicago, though packers here think, probably, they handle their stuff with more care ; but if you have all the statistics with regard to Chicago, I think it will be about the same here.

Mr. Scanlan.�While I am satisfied of that, I would like to have whatever you can give me, and I will lay the matter before Secretary Blaine, and it will form a part of my report, giving these facts from you.

Mr. Michael Ryan.�I would like to ask if you want the statement of individuals, or a state�ment made over the signatures of the officers of this association, this being the pork packer's association ?

Mr. Scanlan.�I would like to get a report from some gentleman^-to begin with upon hog-raising.

Mr. CimNiNGHAM, of Middleton, Ohio.�Mr. Maxwell has a written report from me which ho will hand you. [This report will be found annexed hereto.]

Colonel Maxwell.�Do you understand that all the hogs marketed here are corn-fed ? 1 think if Mr. .Cunningham would state how hogs are fed it would aid you very materially to understand the quality of our products here.

Mr. Cunningham, of Middleton.�I have fed hogs myself for a number of years. The custom in feeding hogs is to turn them In the field where there is plenty of running water. There is a mistaken idea with some that hogs are not taken care of. They are put where there is plenty of running water and they are fed on the best corn the farmer has. The disease known as cholera first attacks the young pig. The older hogs are not very often diseased with cholera; it is among the young and delicate pigs chiefly. After the hog inatures so that he takes on flesh he is always in a good healthy condition, and the farmer is just as particular with the hogs as he is with the horse. If a hog is diseased among them, the farmer removes him immediately from the rest, and if a hog dies he Is buried so that the other hogs won't partake of the disease at all.

Sometimes the disease will be worse in one neighbourhood than another. I have fed as high as three or four hundred in one inclosure, and never had a hog die. There are no hogs killed in this market at all to my recollection but hogs fed on corn. It is the cheapest and best article the fanner can feed.

Mr. MonmsoN.�What is your observation as to the disease the last year or two ?

Mr. Cunningham.�In our neighbourhood it has been less than usual ; a great deal less than in former years.

Mr. Morhtson�What is the action of this disease when It first attacks the hos? ?

Mr. Cunningham.�The probabilities are that the hog won't feed at all; he will move off from the rest, and the farmer, the moment he sees that bog, gets him out of the way.

Mr. Mokiuson.�Does it prostrate the hog ?

Mr. Cunningham.�Immediately.

Mr. Morrison.�What is the probability of driving the hog one or two hundred miles after he is

attacked ?

P 4

120

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

Mr. Cunningham.�It could not be done at all

I have raquo;eon them die in two hours; soraetimeB

almost instan

Mr. Moiiui every hog is t

tanoouamp;ly.

_lSo_N.�Anyone familiar with the trade, and the manner of feeding hogs, knows that almost

throe or four days' journey away from the packer's pen. First ho must he driven to the

receiving pen, and there remains a day to be loaded on the cars; it takes a day or more to bring him to town, and every hog has to walk on to the scale ; the rule is that the merchant need not receive him if he cannot walk. From the scales he is driven to another pen before being slaughtered, and he after�wards goes through tho process of killing and packing, so that it is utterly impossible that a hog attacked with cholera could bo driven from the feeding pen and find his way to the slaughtering pens. Mr. Lm'ixcoTT.�You will find that nine-tenths of the hogs dying from cholera are ^oung pigs weighing from 60 to 100 pounds. Hogs seem to go through their diseases the same as children with the measles, whooping-cough, amp;c. The average of tho hogs killed here last winter I suppose would be 270 pounds gross, and there is no question but that a fat hog is of necessity a healthy hog; it can't be otherwise. The disease of cholera don't, except on rare occasions, get among hogs ready for market Mr. Fitzgerald.�How about trichinae ?nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i � u

Mr. Lipi'incott.�That is a myth ; we don't know of such a thing. There is not a packer in tho city of Cincinnati that has had ocular demonstration of that.

Mr. Soanlan.�Have there been any deaths here from trichinosis ? Mr. LirriNcoTT.�Not to my knowledge.

Colonel Maxwell.�There is not a pound of meat packed in Cincinnati that I would be afraid to eat in my own bouse.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Mr. Lii'I'incott.�The dead hogs that our fertilising company get are brought in here during the packing season, shipped in perfect condition, understand, but from being crowded in the cars, the cars being overloaded perhaps, or from being overheated, for the animal heat of a fat pig is intense, and they overlay one another, and occasionally you will find a car with three, four, possibly five or more dead hogs that have been smothered; not dead from disease but from being actually smothered. These comprise the bulk of the receipts of dead hogs by the fertilising company, and these are rendered up, the bones used for fertilisers and the fatty substances used for grease out of which soap is manufactured, and the idea that any of them get into the trade is preposterous.

Mr. Scanlan.�Would it be possible for a packer to take a dead hog, one that died from disease or accident, and make it into good meat by any means ? Mr. Elmork Cunningham.�They dare not do it, sir.

Mr. MoiuusoN.�A hog that has died from disease or accident, if you hang him up, and attempt to cure him, will betray himself immediately. The discoloration of the flesh and skin is such that no art of the eurer can remove. You can detect it in a thousand boxes.

Mr. Ryan.�In regard to the hogs bought by the packers at the scales, every hog must be in a merchantable condition. If a man comes here, and I ask him his price, and he sells to me, it is under�stood that the hog must not be slop-fed, but corn-fed ; he must be merchantable. If any hog can't walk into the scales from any cause, he is not merchantable ; so there is no hog purchased here that is not merchantable in every shape, manner, and form. If a hog is not in perfect condition he is rejected by the buyer, and goes to the fertilising company, and is boiled up for grease.

Mr. Morrison.�It has been found by the packers often that the farmers have got out exaggerated reports about the disease to enhance the price of pork. This generally occurs in the fall of the year, just before the packing season opens.

Mr. McKkehan.�The farmers will also get out the report that they have lost a great many pigs in the spring of the year, in order to influence prices.

Mr. Mokrison.�Yes, in the agricultural columns you will find a long string of items that such and such a man's hogs have been affected by cholera, when, if the statistics were presented, they would show a very small percentage ; but they have these reports circulated all over the country to show that the crop will be small, and thus aflect the price.

Mr. Ryan.�There is another rumour gotten up by the farmers and raisers of hogs for the purpose of creating public opinion, giving an idea that the hogs are all dead through the country, thereby framing the opinion that the pork will be very high and scarce. For instance, I met one gentleman about one year ago, and he said, quot; All the hogs in my part of the country are dead ; they all died with the cholera ; these are my last lot ; I don't think you could get a car-load of hogs in four counties.' Two weeks afterwards I met him with two car-loads, and said, quot; I thought you said the hogs were all dead?quot; quot; Well,quot; said he, '('these are some I didn't think about!' and, honestly, became in with forty-seven loads of hogs during the season.

Mr. Morrison.�Just as soon as the farmers find they are injuring themselves these reports will cease. I was raised a farmer, in Europe, and know that the chances of getting diseased hogs into the American markets are as ono to a thousand in the old country, for the simple reason that the ho^s are all killed at home in Europe, and if they find a hog sick they don't allow him to walk around long, but send for the butcher and have him killed.

There is no more wholesome food in the world than our corn-fed hogs. The European hogs are fed largely on slops from the kitchen. Sen,

Mr.'Ryan.�We have some slop-fod hogs, however, but they don't enter into the export trade. Mr. Scani.an.�I suppose it is the same in Cincinnati as Chicago ; if there is an inferior hog it is kept for the local market, and the best pork is used for exporting?

Mr. McKeehan.�A rejected hog can't be cured hero at all, either for the local market or for export. Mr. Scanlan.�I do not mean rejected hogs or those that are diseased, but such as are not fit for export.

Mr. Mourtsox.�Our house has been engaged in the foreign trade for twenty years or more, and we pursue the same course as Mr. Scanlan says they do in Chicago, only not quite so much. Wo select out of the hogs we kill tho best and soundest�what wo call the smoothest�for the foreign trade. Anything that is tho least blemished, as for instance a skin bruise, or anything of that kind, is kept for the home market, and I know from my own experience that the choicest meat this country producei

i,4|

I.'ii

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 121

goes to Europe. We have an agent in Liverpool who distributes for the three kingdoins, und wo have never had a single report of bad consequences from any meat of ours.

Mr. LimNcoTT.�How about the summer packing of hogs ?

Mr. MoKiusox.�I have written a letter for Mr. Scanlan, in which I touch on that I say that a large amount of this trouble has occurred since tlio introduction of summer curing. This arises from the packers shipping before the goods are sufficiently cured, and is bound to mako troublo, and the consequence is enormous loss from meat perishing on their hands in Europe. It is not from any original defect in the quality of the meat, but from exposure in warm weather.

Mr. Michaei, Ryan.�1 want to say that I was very happy to know that Secretary Ulaine has come to our rescue. In three months last winter we packed something over half a million of hogs in this city, and the trimmings, tenderloins, sausage meat, lt;amp;c., were purchased by all classes of people � and during the whole season, I haven't heard a word of one single case of trouble from this cause. We are not afraid to eat our meat. Every packer in this city has his reputation at stake. Wo are all engaged in the business, and we are not disposed to risk our reputations for the sake of a few dollars we might make by putting bad meat into a barrel with our brand on it. Packers themselves are interested in seeing that the meat is thoroughly sound and good. We sell a good deal of meat on contracts, and have to hold it for a good while, and we are very scrupulous about seeing that the meat is from good, healthy hogs. Our people have entire confidence in the pork of this city, and there is no man in Cincinnati that is afraid to buy any packer's brand and eat it. I am very glad the Secretary of State has taken this into hand, and hope he will be able to offectually disprove these calumnies.

Mr. Scanlan.�You must make allowances for the Europeans. You have beaten them so badly that they will take advantage of everything and anything to decry American meats.

Mr. Morrison.�I think they should assume a manly manner, however, and put an import duty on our pork if necessary, and not calumniate our products.

Mr. Scanlan.�This thing will all result in raising tho value of American pork; it cannot be otherwise.

Colonel Maxwell.�You understand that much the larger part of our pork is winter packed, while in Chicago it is not so.

Mr. Morrison.�Summer cure is just as good, however, if properly cured.

Mr. Scanlan.�What are your regulations in regard to your stock-yards ; do they all come into one, or have you more ?

Mr. Morrison.�There are four in Cincinnati; one principal one, and three others.

Mr. Lippincott.�I would remind Mr. Scanlan that here the Cincinnati Fertilising Company has a contract with the city, and is the only party that can purchase dead animals where they arc found within the city limits. We have an ordinance to that effect.

Mr. Scanlan.�The yards in Chicago are outside the city limits, and therefore are covered and regulated by State law.

Mr. Fitzgerald.�Our city law is the same in effect as the State law in Chicago. The very minute a hog becomes diseased, the fertilising company takes possession of that hog.

Mr. Lippincott.�Probably the strongest argument a packer could use is the matter of the safety to his own interests, as that interest is the ruling principle of us all.

Mr. Scanlan.�A great deal of trouble arises from the fact that no care is taken of the meat after it gets to Europe. A Chicago packer had an agent at Havre, to whom he sent a very largo amount of meat, upon which he fixed a limit in price. The meat was landed on the quays, and the agent, not being able to get the limit fixed by the owner, left the meat three or four weeks uncovered on the quays, in the rain and snow.

Mr. Lippincott.�I was told of an instance in which a large Chicago packer sent one thousand boxes of short clear middlings to Havre, fixing a limit on the price, and the commission man not obtaining the price, put that meat in store and waited for the market. He never gave it any attention, and when thoy came to examine it it was actually a putrid mass, having perished for the want of being overhauled and re-salted. Of course that stuff must find a market for something or other, and people might imagine that was a sample of American hog product.

Mr. Morrison.�There is not much trouble caused by clean pork. The Germans have a method of manufacturing all sorts of garbage into sausage, and that is where the trichinae is found more than in clean cured pork. I know I have had fellows come to me to buy stuff for sausage, and I have been compelled to notify them that if thoy did not pay more attention to cleanliness I would report them to the health officer.

Mr. Scanlan. �Is your process of saving any different from that of Chicago ?

Mr. McKeehan.�No ; I think there is no particular difference.

Mr. Morrison.�The people of both Chicago mid Cincinnati in a measure sample nearly every carcass, by buying sausage, tenderloin, spare-ribs, amp;c., so that if there is anything of that kind (trichina3) they would have it in these cities.

Upon request of Mr. Scanlan, the chairman, Mr. McKeehan, then appointed a committeo of three, composed of Messrs. Morrison, Lippincott, and Ryan, to act with Colonel Maxwell, Superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce, to furnish Mr. Scanlan with some official information in addition to the matter given above by the individual members of the Pork Packers' Association ; after which the meeting adjourned.

Pork Packing in Cincinnati.�Report of a Committoe of the Pork Packers'Association. Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Cincinnati, April 15, 1881.

Your committee, to whom was referred tho preparation of a report to Michael Scanlan, Esq., Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of State, U.S.A., on the quality of the hogs packed at Cincinnati, and the liability to bad meats cured therefrom, begs to submit the following:

R 079.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Q

122

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

Ist. The hogs paokod In this market are all corn-fed hogs, raised mainly in the States of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. They are fatted on corn because it is the most abundant and the cheapest food, and they are usually fed in the fields. They ordinarily have wide range and plenty of water, and are surrounded by entirely healthful circumstances. The rules of the Cincinnati Chambor of Commerce (Rule 23) for the govennnent of the provision trade of this city provide that quot; all hog quot; product to be ' regular' must he corn-fed slaughtered hogs.quot;

and. These hogs are mostly driven to the railroads, and shipped to some one of the stock-yards of this city, where they are unloaded, placed in clean pens, supplied with water from our city waterworks, and fed Avith good corn.

3rd. When purchased by our packers they are removed to the packing-houses, which are generally-located conveniently to tho stock-yards, where, by the most approved methods, they are slaughtered, cleaned, and cut in conformity Avith the rules of the Chamber of Commerce, and the product cured in apartments constructed and appointed Avith a view to securing the best possible results.

ith. Skilled inspectors appointed by the board of officers of the Chamber of Commerce, under bonds for the faithful performance of their duties, governed by specific regulations, and accountable to the committee on provision inspection, also appointed by the board of officers of the chamber, hold them-selves in readiness to inspect all the hog product they may bo called upon to inspect, and the rules are so constructed as to off'or the largest possible inducements to buyers to have inspected tho product they

may purchase.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , i , . ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , � i

5tli. Under the rules for the regulation of the stock-yards, all animals found dead in the cars, which is not an infrequent occurrence, from suffocation by crowding, pass directly to the fertiliser company, under its contract Avith the city, and are at once removed to its Avorks to bo converted into grease, fertilisers, amp;c., but in no case into any article of food, neither the OAvners of the stock nor the managers of tho yards having any discretion in the matter. It should also be remarked that there are inspectors appointed by the municipality charged with supervising all stock, so that if there Avere any inducements to buy any other than sound hogs by the packers, the opportunity would not be afforded.

6th. The best hogs brought to this market are purchased by the packers. Those packed in the past winter averaged 268 � 37 pounds gross. It Avill thus be seen that, inasmuch as the hogs which are attacked by cholera are generally the young swine averaging less than 100 pounds per head, by tbp time the bogs attain the size required by the packers they Avill have passed tho ailments to which young animals are⁰generally liable ; and, furthermore, that as a sick hog cannot be fattened, the liability of a packer here to get a sick animal is very remote. Even if a hog of such weight as is usually bought by our packers should be afflicted Avith cholera Avhen killed, the meat would be so affected in colour as to be at once discoverable, and if put in Avith sound meat Avould be liable to impair the quality of the ^ood. Ordinary business prudence Avould thus prevent any attempt to utilise tho product of the sick animal. The hogs freest from bruises, abrasions, amp;c., are selected for the foreign markets.

7th. As to trichime, it is our firm conviction that if any at all exists in hogs packed at Cincinnati it is in such exceptional cases as to reduce the liability to accident from their presence to the infinitesimal. The circumstances under which the bogs marketed here are raised and fed are so unfavourable to the production of this enemy of the hog product under certain conditions as to render its presence the most remote possibility. Doubtless the hogs going into home consumption would, in the very nature of the case bo the most likely to be affected, and yet the existence here of a single Avell-authenticated case of sickness arising from using pork so affected is unknown.

8tli. The packers of this city are generally old, reputable houses, Avho could not afford to risk their o-ood name nor hazard the reputation of their product, by killing and curing any other than healthy

hogs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

9th. From our observation and information the hogs of this locality, and of the entire country, have been, during the past year, unusually exempt from maladies of all kinds.

James B. Lipiuncot, Michael Ryan, Thomas Mourison, Sidney D. Maxavell, Secretary, James McKeehan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ₄nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Committee.

President Pork Packers' Association of Cincinnati.

Hog-Raising in Ohio.�Statement by J. H. Cunningham, Esq.

Deaii Sik,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Middletown, Ohio, April 12, 1881.

In compliance with your polite request, I beg to' say that I reside at Middletown, Hutler County, Ohio, and for more than thirty years have been familiar Avith the business, both in hogs and the meats made therefrom. This locality raises hogs largely, and ships them to foreign countries as well as to various parts of the United States. From my observation I should say that the health of the hogs in this vicinity in the past year has been singularly good, as good as at any time in a period of 20

years.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

I might remark, as far as hog cholera is concerned, that tho disease, when it prevails, generally attacks the young swine, Avhile the matured hogs are measurably exempt. Not only so, but you cannot get a diseased hog to take on fat. Now, inasmuch as only the Avell-fatted and groAvn hogs are used by the packers at Cincinnati, it Avill be seen that, even in an epidemic, there would be com�paratively little danger from bad meat. The hogs of this locality are usually fatted in tho fields, aAvay from all unwholesome iniluences, and since corn is the cheapest article Avith Avhich to fatten the animal, there is no temptation to use anything else. These hogs generally, after leaving the fields, requite three days before reaching the slaughter pens, so that if thoy were sick before they would reach the slaughterer they Avould be almost certain to bo discovered, and, even if killed, the appearance of the meat Avould at once condemn it.

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

123

I give it as my candid opinion, based on a largo observation as a packer and otherwise, that the pork of Cincinnati was never more wholesome than now, and that the danger from disease of all kinds is no greater than from that of any other kind of food. In my judgment there never has been a time when there was less occasion for alarm.

Yours very respectfully, Michael Scanlan, Esq.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J. H. C�NNlNQHAk.

Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, Washington, D.C.

Hamilton, Uutler County, Ohio, April 13, 1881, My opportunities for observation have been similar to Mr. Cunningham's, and 1 fully concur in all that he has said on this subject,

W. SlIAl'TER.

Pork-Packinu in Cincinnati.�Statement prepared by Col. Sidney D. Maxwell, Superintendent of

the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce.

WiNTEii Season, November 1, 1880, to March 1,

Whole number of hogs packed -----

Average gross weight ------

Aggregate yield of lard ------

Average yield of lard per head -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Aggregate cost -------

Average cost per 100 pounds gross -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Total amount of barrelled pork producednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Amount of lard produced:

Tierces -.--.-_

Barrels -------

Kegsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -.--_--

Buckets --.--._

Production of cut meats (green weights) :

Clear sidesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------

Clear rib sidesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..-._.

Long clear sides ..---_ All other kinds of sides, including rough sides and bellies -Hamsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_-.--..

Shoulders -------


	1881.
	head	522,425
	pounds	208. 37
	do.	20,617,859
	do.	39. 4G
	-	,#0,400,288
	-	$4. 61. 19
	barrels	26,590
	.	61,009
	-	100
	-	1,083
	-	3,435
	pounds	3,667,127
	do.	30,379,095
	do.	2,893,957
	do.	3,700,829
	do.	15,758,450
	do.	12,980,389

Total production of cut meatsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

do. 09,379,847

summer Season, March 1 to November 1, 1880.

Whole number of hogs packed -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- . -

Average gross weight - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - -

Aggregate yield of lard .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - _

Average yield of lard per head -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - -

Aggregate cost

Average cost per 100 pounds gross

Total amount of barrelled pork produced

Total amount of lard produced -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - -


	head	110,556
	- pounds	252. 78
	- do.	0,042,121
	do.	54. 65
	-	#1,266,313
	-	$4. 53. 11
	- barrels	2,065
	- tierces	17,814

The Hogs and Hog Puoduct oe the United States.�Statement presented by the Anglo-American Packing Company, Chicago, Illinois.

It is difficult to point out many new or interesting features relative to the trade in general, simply because there are none. The magnitude of the trade, and its value to the commercial interests of the country, are facts quite well established. The Bureau of Statistics at Washington gives the

VALUE OK HOC. mODUCTS EXPORTED

from America for the year 1880, at ^100,799,414, against ^(77,356,947 in 1879. The same authority gives the gross weight of hog product exported for the year 1880 as 1,326,157,330 lbs. against 1,081,892,318 lbs. for the year 1879, an increase of 244,205,012 lbs. Add to this the amounts consumed at home and it is apparent that this is one of the leading industries of the United States. The capital omployed in the prosecution of the business, the money paid out for hogs, the immense number of men employed, and it is easily seen that, to the West especially, it is of most formidably necessity. Look beyond this and imagine, if one can, that there is not a farmer in the entire West but looks to the packers to buy his hogs, and it is seen that it is an interest which

I'KRMEATES THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS

of households, for to the packers belongs the credit of having so thoroughly introduced to the Old World the value of the meat, of the hog, and Imving developed an immense demand therefor. Of course they did this more especially for their own profit, but what would the trade have been without their assistance? The business has grown to such immense proportions that it practically controls itself now�has grown to man's estate, and therefore able to take care of itself.

Q 2

124

REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK : 1881.

^!i,

On the 18th of February 1881, tho French Government passed a law prohibiting the importation of Amorican hoe products within her borders. This action was peremptory, the law going into effect at once, no word of warning being given either buyers in France or shippers from America. As a result of this, all the product in transit for that country, as well as considerable for which inland and ocean freight-room had been engaged, was practically without a landing point. The decree was an unjust one ; tho world does not believe, nor is there any justice, in ex post facto law. So far as France is concerned, America could have gotten along witnout her aid, and found a market for whatever of hog products she had to sell; but the action of the hot-blooded French created distrust, fears being entottained that other countries might take similar action on the impulse of the moment, and this caused a bad break in values at all points. There has been some modification of the law as originally passed, and we predict that the Government of France will yet be glad to rescind her unjustiiied action. But it cost the provision dealers of America thousands upon thousands of dollars, and worked an injury to the trade which it will take time to eradicate.

In this connection, we submit to the world at large a few simple facts in regard to this matter. America produces annually from 33,000,000 to 35,000,000 head of hogs. Each one of these

HOGS UEPUESENTS A MONEY VALUE,

and every hog that dies of disease entails an actual money loss. It is not reasonable to suppose that hog producers want to lose bogs, for the hogs represent money ; and besides, for the last three years none of the farm productions have paid a greater per cent, of profit on the investment than that of hog raising. The corn crops for three years have been large ones, and prices for the same, in consequence of large crops, have ruled low. For this reason corn has been fed very freely to hogs, for it brought more in this shape than in the berry. In the light of these facts (and they are facts) is it not reasonable and common sense to suppose that hog raisers would take care of their property, and if there was any diseased stock, take it away from the herd and take care of it? There is no healthier food thannbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;gt;

AMERICAN CORN FOR HOGS,

and no better meat food than that which has for its foundation corn. It is the sheerest of nonsense, it is foolish, to claim that American bacon is not, on the whole, extremely healthy. The great trouble with France, and some other countries, lies in the fact that it sells cheaper, and is better than their own productions.

It would be idle to claim that there is never any disease among hogs. Tho law of nature teaches us better. But a little reasoning on the part of our foreign brethren must convince them of one fact, and that is, that the American people cannot aiford to allow any disease to gain any hold upon hogs. The interest is too large�there is too much money at stake. The hogs are raised as a matter of business, and strictly for pecuniary gain ; the product is made for the same purpose. We do not raise hogs or manufacture bacon for the sake of simply feeding people. Neither the producers nor the manufacturers are foolish enough to work against themselves, and this is just what it would amount to if they should allow any diseased hogs to be sent to market. If the industry was small instead of large, there would not be so great an incentive to be careful as there now is, but where

MILLIONS OF MONEY ARE AT STAKE

the future is not lost sight of. The great trouble is, America's exports exceed her imports; she is growing rich somewhat at the expense of other nations ; and, unless we are not mistaken, this disparity in the balance of trade between the Old World and the New has had more to, do with raising the cry of trichinae than the existence of the parasites themselves.

The system of direct shipments, noted for the last two or three years especially, continues an important factor in the provision trade. It is now so complete that through bills of lading are issued to every prominent point in the world, as well as to many minor points. This does away with a great deal of incidental trouble, as well as facilitating the transfer of goods, and assisting in exchanges. All the lines of ocean carriage (or nearly all) have representatives in this city, all of whom are enabled to issue through bills direct. Besides reducing the incidental expenses which would be incurred if product was shipped from here to the seaboard, and reshipped from there, it facilitates a more rapid transfer, and enables shippers to count more readily the number of days required to lay the property down at a given point.

PROSPECTS FOR THE SUMMER SEASON.

The summer season of 1881 promises to be less active than that of 1880 in a manufacturing sense, for the chances are the supply of hogs will be less than then. As there is reason in all things this is our reason for the assertion : From early in 1879 until late in 1880, a period of at least 18 months, there was scarcely a day that hogs would not gain flesh by proper feeding, the winter of 1879-80 being an extremely temperate one, and exceedingly favourable for raising stock. The result was a meagre mortality among the pigs, and a resultant large crop of hogs. High prices ruled throughout the summer and the last winter months, and no doubt hogs were marketed much closer than usual on this account. The winter just closed has been an exceedingly severe one for hog raising, and as the old stock was drawn down lower than usual, there are certainly good reasons for stating that the nucleus for a big crop is lacking, a much larger number than usual of young hogs perishing by virtue of the severe winter. There is plenty of good corn in the country, and there will be a good many hogs gotten ready for market, but not nearly so many as last year, while if the consumption increases in tho same ratio as it has in the past, we ought to have a good many more hogs than during the summer of 1880. Ice is plenty and very cheap, and the cost of cure will be reduced in this particular, but it is extremely doubtful if packers will be enabled to secure all the hogs they need, for reasons above noted.

Chicago, March 18, 1881.

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III

REPORT ON AMEUFCAN PORK: 1891.

120

Pork Packing in CHICAGO during the Year ending March 1, 1881.�Statement prepared by Messrs. Davies, Atkinson, amp; Co., Packers for the English iMarket.


	Summnr iiaoking, March 1 to November 1.			Winter packing, November 1 to March 1.
				------ --				..------	Total Hogilaquo;
Packbkb.				------ --				..------	packed for
	Hogs packed.	Average net M'eight.	Average yield of Lard.	Live Hogs packed. i	Dressed packed.	Total Hogs packed.	Average net Weight.	Average yield of Lard.	12 Months.
	Number.
Agar and Murshall -	4,000	240 00	53-00	3,000	2,000	5,000	260 00	57-00	9,000
Allerton Packing Company -	69,406	209 00	41-30	69,812	2,145	71,957	257-00	4613	141,363
Aoglo-Amoricitn Packing and	719,363	170-15	26-00	447,014	�	447,014	179-80	28-00	1,166,377
Provision Company.
Armour amp; Co.	708,855	213-50	31'50	501,537	�	501,537	242-75	43-50	1,210,092
Arnold Brothers	0,000	200-00	120-00	1,000	2,250	3,250	'260-00	120-00	9,250
Baldwin, George D., amp; Co. -	52,449	209-00	35-00	31,604	4,706	36,31.0	243-05	45 00	88,759
Botsford, H., amp; Co. -	128,894	324-68	38-93	118,158	�	118,168	260-76	50-26	247,052
Bush, W. H.	7,800	220-00	50-00	3.990	70	4,060	210-00	40-00	11,860
Carpenter, W. 0., and Son -	1,082	186-00	30 00	�	7,434	7,434	195-00	31-66	8,516
Chicago Packing and Pro-	27,336	237-00	42 00	357. m	�	357,126	24120	47-36	384,462
vision Company.
Cudahy, John	64,654	208-00	35-48	73,560	�	73,560	239-70	40-21	138,214
Dahmke and Fischer	5,724	223-00	57-00	2,784	160	2,944	257-00	48-40	8,668
Davies, Anderson, amp; Co.	198,957	164-82	27-00	146,842	�	146,842	162-36	25 00	345,799
Delaney, James J. -	800	250-00	90-00	�	3,000	3,000	250-00	90-00	3,800
Doud, L. B., amp; Co. -	111,271	164-00	29-00	117,026	�	117,026	180-40	33 00	228,297
Dupee, Cyrus, amp; Co.	�	�	�	16,162	�	16,162	238-00	45-09	16,162
Hately, John Craig -	74,585	173-00	29-35	48,969	�	48,969	168-00	29-42	123,554
Heeney and Sons	45,781	160-00	23-00	16,221	�	16,221	I30'00	16-12	62,002
Higgins, George W., amp; Co. -	60,186	212-00	40-00	149,889	433	150,322	246-00	46-25	2IO,50S
Jones and Stiles	89,509	190-00	30-39	70,875	�	70,876	160-00	2400	160,384
Latcham, Dawson, and Miller	17,000	190-00	31-00	�	�	�	�	__	17,000
Meyer, B., amp; Co. -	2,600	200-00	40-00	500	2,300	2,800	240 00	60-00	5,400
Moran and Healy	�	�	�	42,991	�	42,991	165-64	26-50	42,991
Murphey, B. F., Packing Company.	99,734	218-40	41-00	108,653	�	108,653	246-90	49-00	208,387
Palm and Sch�ler	�	�	�	9,873	�	9,873	166-00	24-00	9,873
Ricker Packing Company -	41,368	205-00	34-73	50,002	�	50,002	245-30	4711	91,370
Silberhorn, W. H. -	�	�	�	62,782	�	62,782	157-20	23-18	62,782
Small, William	45,883	156-00	25-00	60,047	�	60,047	161-00	25-00	105,930
Teufel and Seitcr	25,372	140-70	20-61	�	�	�	�	__	25,372
Teufel, Son, amp; Co. -	55,476	145-00	20-00	48,993	�	48,993	160-00	25-50	104,469
Tobey and Booth	224,048	178-00	26-00	136,245	�	136,246	182-00	25-77	360,293
Underwood amp; Co.	28,735	150-00	40-00	17,366	�	17,366	I7o-oo	43-00	46,101
Small houses	54,559	205-34	5112	9,421	34,124	43,545	233-30	60 70	98,104
Total -	2,971,127	189-54	30-83	2,722,442	58,622	2,781,064	212'55	37-94	5,752,191
Total season 1879-80	2,155,418	190-77	33-48	2,421,943	103,276	2,525,219	222-77	40-59	4,680,637
Total seaion 1878-79	2,017,841	194-26	36-72	2,823,743	119,372	2,943,115	225-15	44-44	4,960,956
Total season 1877-78	1,508,026	196-09	32-50	2,381,116	120,169	2,501,285	228-37	39-60	4,009,311
Total season 1876-77	1,315,402	189-79	29-10	1,494,512	123,672	1,618,084	215-97	35-10	2,933,486
Total season 1875-76	728,781	176-19	26-77	1,554,847	37,218	1,592,065	217-32	36-32	2,320,846
Total season 1874-75	446,368	�	�	1,659,436	30,912	1,690,348	212-42	37-30	1,781,896
Total season 1878-74	306,536	-	�	1,461,084	68,940	1,520,024	216-47	37-44	1,581,560
Total season 1872-73	31,571	�	�	1,865,364	69,715	1,425,079	236-25	44-02	1,456,650
Total season 1871-72	10,450	�	�	1,110,557	108,301	1,218,858 232-42		43-73	1,229,208
Total season 1870-71 I	48,917	��	*��	741,723	127,447	869,170 225-75		37-94	918,087

Q 3

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REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

Pork Packing in Chicago during the year ending March 1, 1881.�continued.

127


		s		I'UOBUCT MANUFACTEKEU�WlNTEU SEABOK,
		Shouldoi's made.					Sides, Pounds uiudu.
I'ACKBIW.
		Swoct pickled.	Grueu and dry salted.	Hough.	Cumber�land.	Short Vib.	Long rib.	Short C'loai'.	Long Clear.	South Stafford-shire.	Htrctford.
		Tiorces.	Pounds.
Agar and Marshall		440	�	�	�	126,000	�	�	�	�	�
Allm'ton Packing Company		�	1,830,003	�	0,621	1,875,410	1,394	1,950,759	1,800,101	�	�
Anglo-Amoricau Packing and		3,155	4,740,743	�	i�	8,606,084	�	3,530,478	8,787,198	�	�
Provision Company.
Armour amp; Co.		6,037	7,478,210	�	�	14,090,440	�	13,816,949	10,500,773	�	�
Arnold Brotliorraquo; -		100	�	�	�	�	raquo;	�	�	�	_
Italilwin, Gcorg� D., amp; Co.		184	725,544	�	�	1,831,074	�	035,311	068,027	�	�
Bolsford, H., amp; Co.		81raquo;	2,274,708	�	�	3,112,601	�	2,719,274	3,514,007	�	__
Bush.W.H.		320	~~	�	�	190,000	�	40,000	�	�	raquo;
Oarpenter, W. O., and Son		�	140,010	�	�	161,391	�	�	�	�	�
Oil Icago Packing and Provision Company. Ciulahy, John Dahmko and Fischer		2,580	7.618,000	�	�	19,089,000	�	4,228,000	8,278,000	�	�
		80!)	740,529	26,000	2,740	2,244,532	�	1,133,918	1,094,089	_	�
		_�	77,950	�	�	30,500	�	176,000	�	�	_
Davios, Atkinson, amp; Co. -Dolanoy, James J.		-- ,	laquo;38,420	�	1,708,526	115,002	100,610	359,487	�	17-4,-190	179,153
Davios, Atkinson, amp; Co. -Dolanoy, James J.		2S0	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	_
raquo;oud, L. B., amp; Go.		�	2,000,000	�	645,400	1,871,100	72,000	838,000	1,040,405	�	140,000
Dupeo, Cyrus, amp; Co. Hatoly, John Cralg		�	370,079	�	�	580,084	�	5-10,430	628,043		�
Dupeo, Cyrus, amp; Co. Hatoly, John Cralg		�	707,953	�	1,388,507	737,951	0,234	�	134,410	190,750	2s.no
Hoonoy and Sons		�	�	�	112,757	�	70,382	�i	45,100	_	5fij868
gt;liggins, Georgo W., amp; Co.		510	3,228,414	�	�	8,700,200	�	4,49i),500	3,2-10,300	�	�
Jones and Stiles -		801)	202,000	�	1,201,700	408,800	-485,000	280,800	2,701,900	227.800	�
Moyer, E., amp; Co. -		21J0	�#9632;	�	�	25,000	�	�.	�	�	�
Moran and Hoaly		�	230,270	�	1,174,053	193,734	32,557	105,842	502,922	59,827	4,623
Murphoy, B. h\. Packing Com�pany. Palm and Sch�ler		�	2.621,798	�	�	3,001,000	�	1,005,883	2,708,195	�	�
Murphoy, B. h\. Packing Com�pany. Palm and Sch�ler		_	29,479	�	142,002	0,0-49	40,432	01,908	193,242	108,645	62,082
Eicker Packing Company		33laquo;	1,015,517	�	�	1,025,120	7,212	7-w,or.o	1,853,509	�	�
Sllbcrhorn, \V. H.		446	117,047	�	085,840	284,802	468,420	4511,872	1,453,484	119,870	�
Small, WilliBm -		�	474,000	�	2,'I02,300	743,700	�	�i	�	_.	180,000
Tenfel, Son amp; Co. -		�	182,004	�	514,315	179,338	140,020	187,051	942,030	297,790	�
Tobey and Booth ...		_	188,271	�	1,312,509	242,950	_	1,728	798,477	5,047,425	_
Underwood and Co.		430	230,000	�	24,000	47,0110	7,000	�			�
Small houses ...		1,580	397,300	�	30,000	199,600	16,740	108,000	10,000	8,000	�
Total ....		17,720	38,1(10,035	26,000	11,372,895	00,042,845	1,412,127	38,109,900	52,579,1-10	0,284,008	046,836
Total season 1879-80		15,171	43,902,290	52,600	0,772,144	87,512,180	800,000	27,281,400	39,751,783	7,587,703	1,102,714
Total season 187S-7laquo;		0,638	50,430,332	294,034	0,033,091	05.356,578	938,001	50,921,850	00,574,293	9,900,843	1,898,226
Total season 1877-78		9,172	84,440,280	330,000	4,910,312	49,173,404	851,820	43,2611,893	04,169,504	8,458,727	2,-481,561
Total season 187(gt;-77		4,049	17,924,082	157,800	11,921,340	27,042,092	881.770	22,512,005	82,250,203	0,640,804	2,749,296
Total season 1875-7laquo;		2,262	25,(!37,105	539,410	9,078,047	80,749,334	2,005,722	10,089,055	83,405,804	7,488,783	3,161,328
Total season 187-4-75		3,225	31,344,345	807,457	7,784,284	82,03 4,524	1,429,872	24,288,051	23,589,740	8,689,204	8,795,988
Total season 1873-74		3,881	33,901,424	698,110	8,411,639	34,553,010	1,871,301	25,234,501	22,827,358	8,381,309	2,751,788
Total season 1872-7raquo;	-	1,045	35,318,191	731,019	4,039,512	20,251,028	310,018	62,200,5 49	27,442,320	2,042,397	2,883,039
Total season 1871-72	.	797	31,827,752	1,730,003	0,235,424	31,700,039	�	24,923,980	18,302,005	412,420	1,209,026
Total season 1870-71		�quot;	21,988,839	4,115,872	6,218,351	30,002,824	�	12.392,937	0,808,832	�	843,000


Pork pa	eking in	Chicago during the Year ending March 1, 1881.�continued.
				PllOtUCT MANUFACTUltED-			Winteb Season.
Packeks.	Sides, Pounds made.								Hocks, Barrels made.	Pig Tongues, Barrels made.	Grease,
	Irish Cut.	York�shire.	Birming�ham.	Wilt-shiro.	Other Cuts.	Singed Bacon,	Bellies.	Backs.	Hocks, Barrels made.	Pig Tongues, Barrels made.	Packages made.
Agar and Marshall Allerton Packing Company -	_	�	_		_		05,000
Agar and Marshall Allerton Packing Company -	�	�	�	�	�	�	4,082	9,C41	�	�	106
Anglo-American Packing and	�	�	�	�	22,458,637	_.	�	�	682	2,032	1,794
Provision Company.
Armour amp; Co. ...	�	�	�	�	704,400	�	1,423,943	1,123,092	139	_	2,674
Arnold Brothers	�	�	mm	mm	mm	-_	78,000			�	60
Baldwin, George D�amp; Co. -	_	�	mm	raquo;	mm	�	950	_	mm	_	26
Botsford, ft., amp; Co. -	�	_	�	�	70,541	�	404,824	770,006	�	_	112
Bush,W.n. .	�	�	�.	�	�	__	40,000		-~-	_	mm
Carpenter, W. O., amp; Son	�	�	�.	�	_	_	42,359	_	_	_	_
Chicago Packing and Pro-	�	�	�	�	--	_	80,095	_	274	_	409
vision Company.
Cudahy, John -	�	�	�	mm	109,428	_	42,084	57,035	114	_	171
Dahmko and Flsoher -	�	�	�	mm	_	_	30,260			_
Bavies, Atkinson, amp; Oo.	36,822	1,765,630	8,203,455	mm	�	2,310,267	418,201	408,927	�	784	793
Bolaney, James J. -Bond, L. B� amp; Co. -	#9632;^-	i--------	�	�	�	--,	70,000	�	60	8	10
Bolaney, James J. -Bond, L. B� amp; Co. -	�	03,200	57,000	500,000	�	640,000	330,000	416,000	100		100
Bnpce, Cyrus, amp; Co. -Hately, John Cralg .	�	--	--	--	__				70	81	16
Bnpce, Cyrus, amp; Co. -Hately, John Cralg .	�	178,327	_	--	�	_	120,727	170,082
Heeney amp; Sons . . .	20,-444	�	245,6'laquo;)	055.771	�	�			_	63	17
Higglns, George 'W., amp; Co. -	�	�	raquo;	�i	�	_	40,000	115,000	18	raquo;	105
Jones and Stiles	�	�	�	0-12,900	143,800	�	141,500		�	�	86
Meyer, B., amp; Co.	�	�	�	--	�	__	00,000 98,821	__	_	�	mm
Moran and Heal v	22,100	�	G42.�4�	1,559	20,009	�	00,000 98,821	143,130	�	�	03
Murphoy, B. P., Packing Com�pany. Palm and Schuh r	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	80	~	OS
Murphoy, B. P., Packing Com�pany. Palm and Schuh r	_	_	_	_	_		2,837	4,713	_	_	16
Rieker Pnoking Company	�	�	_	_	60,969	_	16,038	24,090	117	�	227
Sllbcrhorn, W.U.	3,002	15,603	�	002,308	430,303	_	38,500	_	--	�	33
Smnll, William -	�	90,000	605,300	�		�	81,260	119,550	--	�	�
Teufel, Son amp; Co.	8,083	40,688	--	801,844	_	1,015,337	_	_	MM	~~	30
Tobey and Booth	�	81,834	921,760	�	2,550,900		52,647	32,085	--	�	876
ITmlorwood amp; Co.	�	�	mm	_.		__	300,000	370,000	--	125	loo
Smsll houses -	7,500	�	�	�	�	�	751,325		00	�	112
Total	104,047	2,227,177	6.325,810	2,700,382	20,712,250	3,905,594	4,766,638	3,773,277	1,010	3,033	7,095
Toto! season 1879-80 -	1,015,648	1,349,771	1,078,855	2,428,451	20,078,427	2,714,807	4,373,233	1,974,0 43	1,268	2,243	9,975
Total season 1878-79	813,492	727,470	'100,000	911,092	raquo;7,503,'MH,	1,155,126	6,100,077	7,1211,508	1,915	7,091	9,083
Total season 1877-78	630,084	1,883,801	411,485	1,009,897	22,(I00,8M4	2,000,000	2,430,081	2,474,020	2,578	1,998	8,038
Sotttl season 1878-77	1,203,218	1,191,251	701,312	837,289	0,038,701	23,000	2,830,476	1,018,805	2,394	3,356	2,010
Total season 1875-70	1,420,671	2,730,240	1,700.750	1,722,890	mm	2,143,000	1,783,187	303,220	1,977	6,778	2,803
Total season 1874-75 #9632;	1,175,071	1,018,010	1,45 M00	1,300,667	�	100,000	2,160,M!B	413,106	2 204	5,838	3.410
Total season 1873-74 �	1,719,347	738,480	20(1,11)4	439,829	mm	74,000	1,082,741	423,209	531	5,080	4,791
Total BSMOtl 1872-78	--	mm	mm	225,000	�	-laquo;	1,420,000	�	--	�	5,272
Total season 1871-72	_.	mm	�		�	608,191	804,215	_	_	,�	3,918
Total season 1870-71 #9632;	�~	quot;quot;	i*	48,377	_			�	quot;'	�







	#9632;, ]

	*\ 1*

	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	3090 115 5

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	CATTLE DISEASE (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA).



	FURTHEB COlUiESPOJVDE^CE

	AND

	K E P O 11 T 8

	RELATING TO

	DISEASES OF ANIMALS

	IN THE

	UNITED STATES OF AMEMCA.



	' -

	IPre�fiitrij to tiotlj iijoii�fis of ^arluxmrnt tiy laquo;JTommano of l^er iMajr^ty.



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	PRINTED BY GEORGE MPJVARU� ^yRE ^ND WH^LIAM SPOTTISWOODH I'HINTEUS TO tift'fc QUEE^^TSTpXCEtaraNT MAJESTY. [C�3200.] Price Is. M. V Wfcj	1


II*

CONTENTS.

fr	CORRESPONDENCE REPORTS	PAGE 3 45



1 I



	CORRESP(mrgt;E]VCE.

	No. 1. Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE. Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office, 44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 11, 1881. I am directed by the Lords of the Council to request that you will have the goodness to move Earl Granville to give instructions that the Government of the United States of America may be informed by telegraph that the S.S. quot;Francequot; with ten Alderney cows on board left England for New York on the 7th instant; that the quot; Francequot; brought cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease a few days ago to England; and that this vessel had not been cleansed and disinfected before her return voyage. I am, amp;c. The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) C. L. PEEL. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c. Foreign Office.

	No. 2. Letter from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 4. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 24, 1881. On the receipt of your Lordship's telegram of the 12th instant, directing me to inform the United States Government of the fact that the steamer quot;France quot; which had left England with ten Alderney cows on board, was infected with foot-and-mouth disease, I addressed to Mr. Evarts a note to that effect, copy of which I have the honour to enclose. In his answer, copy of which is also enclosed, he offers his thanks for your Lordship's courteous action in regard to this matter. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G. (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

	Enclosure 1 in No. 2. Sik,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 13, 1881. In compliance with an instruction which I have received by telegraph from Earl Granville, I have the^ honour to inform you that the S.S. quot; Francequot; left England for New York on the 7th instant with ten Alderney cows; that the foot-and-mouth disease was already on board of that vessel; and that she had not been cleansed nor disinfected. I have, amp;c. The Hon. Wm. M. Evarts,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Edwd. Thornton. amp;c. amp;c. amp;;c.

	Enclosure 2 in No. 2.

	Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Department of State, Washington, January 14, 1881. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 13th instant, advising me that on the 7th of this month the S.S. quot; France quot; left England for New York, having on board the foot-and-mouth disease, and to inform you in reply that I at once communicated the contents of your note to my colleague, the Secretary of the Treasury. With thanks for the courteous action of Earl Granville in regard to this matter, which I beg to say is fully appreciated by this Government, I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir Edwd. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) W. M. Evarts. amp;iC.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

	R67raquo;. Wt. 19206.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A 2



	4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CORRESPONDENCE. No. 8. Extract from Letter from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 5. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, January 24, 1881. In my Despatch, No. 30 of this series, and of the 27th ultimo, I had the honour to transmit copies of a Bill which was submitted to the Senate on the 14th of that month by Mr. Williams, a senator from Kentucky, for the suppression of contagious diseases among cattle, On the 19th instant Mr. Williams found an opportunity of calling the serious attention ofthat body to the object of the Bill. He showed what great losses were suffered by stock owners from the ravages of cattle-plague, and how much more valuable the trade with Europe, and particularly with Great Britain would become if vigorous measures were taken to prevent the spread of the disease, and finally to exterminate it. Mr. Williams proposed that the Bill should be referred to the Select Committee on Epidemic Diseases, but Mr, Johnston, a Senator from Virginia, who is much interested in the subject, and with whom 1 have had some conversation upon it, moved that a Committee of five Senators should be appointed by the President, to which should be referred all Bills relating to pleuro-pneumonia and other infectious and contagious diseases among cattle and other domestic animals, and which should be allowed to report by Bill or otherwise. This resolution was agreed to, and I hope that in due time a Bill may be drawn up by the Special Committee, though I fear that considering the short time which this Congress has still to sit, and the great amount of necessary business which it has to get through, there is but little chance of any Bill of the nature of that proposed by Mr. Williams being discussed and passed during the present session. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.




			No. 4.

I 1 i		Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York. Sanitary, No. 1. British Consulate General, New York, My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 29, 1881. I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship that since my last despatch (Sanitary, No. 18) of the 29th ultimo, pleuro-pneumonia has made its appearance on two more farms in Queen's County, Long Island, and another case of this lung disease has been also reported at Yonkers, a town about 17 miles from this city. Both localities have been officially inspected and the usual precautions taken to prevent the spread of the disease. I have the honour also to report that some cattle, comprising four bulls and eight heifers, consigned to this country from London for breeding purposes, by the S.S. quot; France,quot; of the National Line, which arrived here on the 20th instant, were, some days after they had been landed, found to be affected with the foot-and-mouth disease. The animals were at once quarantined and will be kept so until all danger of infection shall be over. I transmit, herewith enclosed, an extract from the quot; New York Heraldquot; of the 25th instant in reference to this matter, from which it would seem that there is a suspicion that the disease may have been contracted on board the steamer, some .of the cattle which she had carried on her last voyage from this port having died on the passage. The steamer will be thoroughly fumigated before she again leaves New York. The Governor of this State has sent in the following message to the Assembly, urging suitable provision for arresting the progress of pleuro-pneumonia in the State :� '* To the Legislature. quot;At the annual meeting of the State Agricultural Society, resolutions relating to the disease of cattle, known as pleuro-pneumonia, were adopted, a copy of which, togethe with a letter from the Secretary of the Society, is herewith transmitted.



I	6		CORRESPONDENCE.

quot; They doji't know, for there was no veterinary surgeon on -board. All they know is that the cattle died. I should think that the value of 15 head of cattle would pay the expense of a veterinary. But we do not know where these cattle caught their disease; all we know is that they have it and that these quarters are now infected. It is a very fortuiiate thing that the disease was discovered before the cattle got out among others in this country, for the spread would probably have been as great as that of pleuro-pneumonia has been, and that has spread so in less that 40 years that it will cost the Government ^50,000,000 to stamp out the diseases if they try it as is now proposed.quot; quot; Is this disease as dangerous as pleuro-pneumonia?quot; quot; In one sense it is not. The danger of infection is not as great, because the disease breaks out sooner after infection. The period in pleuro-pneumonia is sometimes as long as 90 days, which is long enough for a beast to travel to San Francisco and back twice over. In epizootic-aphtha it is from two to six days usually, although it has been known to bo as long as throe weeks. Of course, during the period of incubation the disease cannot be detected. It is, however, a dangerous disease when developed.quot; Precautions against the Contagion. quot;Will these cattle die?quot;_gt; quot; I cannot tell yet. It will depend perhaps on whether the disease assumes a benign or a malignant type. I shall remove them at once to a horse stable in New York, where they will be under medical treatment at any rate until the danger of infection is thoroughly done away. Tho ship also is to bo thoroughly fumigated and will take no cattle on board till I sign, as General Patrick's assistant, a certificate that she is entirely free from danger.quot; When the reporter left the floors of the stalls and all the slighter woodwork of the cattle deck wore being torn away, preparatory to washing, fumigating, and whitewashing the entire deck.

		No. 5. Extract from Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No I. British Consulate, Philadelphia, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; February 4, 1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that there have been no fresh cases of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the State of Pennsylvania, and the farms where there were a few cases, according to Mr. Crump's last report, have been relieved of a strict quarantine. The quarantine under the laws of the State is enforced for three months, the Govern�ment inspector visiting the infected district about once a fortnight, keeping a strict record of the number and description of the cattle. Should any be found missing since the last visit, the proprietor is subjected to a rigid examination, and if he should be found guilty of violating the rules of the quarantine he is subject to a penalty. In executing the laws regulating the quarantine, the inspector must necessarily depend largely on the integrity of the farmer or cattle raiser in his reports of the condition of his stock and the disposition of any number found missing. I have not been able to definitely settle the question of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in the Western States of this Consular district. Inasmuch, however, as large numbers of young cattle are sent West from the Eastern States for breeding purposes to fill up the gap made by the exportation to England, it is but a question of time, perhaps, for the disease to reach the vast cattle-raising districts west of the Allegheny mountains. Mr. Vice-Consul Warrack has forwarded to me a copy special despatch from Bedford, State of Iowa, addressed to the quot; Chicago Tribune,quot; and published in that journal on the 30th ultimo, copy of which I herewith enclose, wherein it is stated that several cases of pleuro-pneumonia have recently occurred in Taylor County. I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

II



	CORRESPONDENCE.

	Enclosure in No. 6, Copy Special Despatch to quot; Chicago Tuihunk,quot; dated Bedford, Iowa, 29th January, and publiuhed on 30th January 1881. Plkuuo-Pneumonia. There are sovoral cases of contagious plouro-pneumonia in this (Taylor) county. As yet the fact is known only to a few, but notwithstanding over 60 deaths have occurred. It was introduced by Eastern calves; 20,000 of the latter are scattered through the State of Iowa. In Taylor County five car loads of these Eastern calves were brought in on 4th September by Edward Moss, of Bir�mingham, Iowa, and taken to Bedford, where all were sold to one man, Mr. S., who lives 10 miles east of this place. Mr, S. so far has lost 65 head; and not only most of the rest, but also a groat many of his other native cattle are coughing and show symptoms more or less plain. On September 27th Mr. Moss brought in some more Eastern calves, and sold them to other parties. lie represented those calves to bo from Michigan, but this is doubted. Thoy very likely aio from New York or other parts in the East. The existence of contagious plouro-pneumonia in this part of Iowa is established beyond a doubt, and it probably has spread much further than yet known, because, as said before, 20,000 Eastern calves have been distributed all over the State. A great many have also gone to Illinois, and no doubt exists that the disease has invaded that State. A true copy. (Signed) James Warrack, British Vice-Consul, Chicago.

	No. 6.

	Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE. Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office, 44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W.,

	Sir,	February 9, 1881.

	I am directed by the Lords of the Council to request that you will have the good�ness to move Earl Granville to give instructions that the attention of the Governments of Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United States of America may be drawn to the great injury which English stockowners have recently sustained from the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease into this country through the agency of diseased animals which have been imported from the countries above named. I am to append a list showing the number of vessels (and the ports of the respective countries from whence they have come between the 20th September last and the 6th instant) which have brought disease to this country. It will be seen that two infected cargoes have arrived from Germany, five from France, three from the Netherlands, and five from the United States of America within the periods above mentioned. I am to add that until very shortly after the 20th September last the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had been for some time, so far as the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council were able to ascertain, free from foot-and-mouth disease; that Ireland and Scotland are still unaffected, and that the strongest evidence exists that this disease was introduced from Deptford and abroad. The Lords of the Council are of opinion that the adoption of strict measures of sanitary police, and a more effective system of inspection at the ports of embarkation, would have the effect of preventing the exportation of diseased animals, and of those which had been herded with them. Their Lordships are aware that a mere cursory inspection which results only in the withdrawal of the actually diseased animals from a cargo is no protection; but they are satisfied that if it were clearly understood that no cargo would be allowed to leave the foreign port if any disease were found amongst it, the effect would be to induce greater care on the part of shippers, and to deter owners from sending for exportation any animals that had been exposed to contagion. I am directed also to request that reference may be made to the pressure which is now being brought to bear on the Privy Council to act under the powers conferred on them by The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878, for the purpose of prohibiting the impor�tation of animals from countries where foot-and-mouth disease exists, and to the difficulty which the Privy Council will have in resisting such pressure, unless foreign Governments will take effectual measures to exterminate the disease within their countries, and, as far as possible, to check the exportation of either diseased animals, or of those which have been in contact with them. f IlRVO SzC The Under Secretary of State,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) 'c. L. PEEL. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c. Foreign Office.

	A 4



C�RRESPONDENC�.	9

Enclosure 1 in No. 8. DbAraquo; Sih,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tipton, Iowa. Youus of the 26th to hand. In reply I bog to state that the community hero is entirely free from that contagious disease. It has been reported several times that there arc casos, but a careful examination nroved the contrary, or at least I have not met with any. Some pooplo imagine when one or two animals in a herd become ill that it is pleuro-pneumonia contagion. My opinion is, that when it does break out it will create considerable havoc, but this Western country is entirely too healthy for such diseases. It requires cities, whore stables are crowded, to have it originate spontanoously. Yours, amp;c. To Dr. Gadsden, Philadelphia.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) U. S. S. Spbingbraquo;, V.S.

Enclosure 2 in No. 8. (Extract)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Detroit, January 22, 1881. I have heard nothing of pleuro-pneumonia in the West, but considering your statement that several thousand store calves and yearlings were sent from New York and New Jersey, it sconis very probable that plouro-pneumoma would be carried wherever those cattle were taken. I have heard nothing of it in this State, nor have I seen any reference to any unusual disease among cattle of the other Western States. Having no positive evidence of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in the Western States, I incline to regard its existence as at least doubtful. I will make all the inquiry that I can as to the prevalence or non-prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia in the West, and if I ascertain anything confirmatory of its existence I will at once lot you know, as I am very much interested in the matter. Yours, amp;c. To Dr. Gadsden, Philadelphia.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) A, J. Mukray.

No. 9. Extract from Letter from Sir E. THOENTON to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 7. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, February 21, 1881. I enclose copies of a Bill [S. 2097] which was submitted to the Senate on the 25tli ultimo, by _ Mr. Johnston, a Senator from Virginia, as Chairman of the Select Committee on Diseases of Animals, for the suppression and prevention of such diseases. The first section proposes the establishment of a quot;Bureau of Animal Industry,quot; which, with the assistance of a veterinary surgeon, shall report upon the causes of contagious diseases among cattle, and the means for their prevention and cure. Section 2 provides that special investigation shall be made as to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia or other contagious cattle disease along the usual lines of transportation of live stock for export. Section 3 directs that the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Commissioners pro�vided for by this Act shall co-operate with the State and municipal authorities and corporations engaged in the transportation of live stock, for their safe transportation to the sea board, and in the suppression of disease amongst them. Section 4 proposes the establishment of quarantine stations for cattle on being imported. Section 5 makes it illegal to import into the United States or any State thereof any animal affected with contagious disease, or which quot; has been exposed presumably thereto,quot; except in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Section 6 instructs the Commissioner of Agriculture, with the Chief of the Bureau and the National Board of Health, to prepare the necessary rules and regulations for the suppression and extirpation of the diseases in question. Section 7 provides for the purchase and slaughter of infected or suspected animals. Section 8 directs the Commissioner of Agriculture to report to the President whenever he finds any place dangerously infected, and chat upon the publication of such report the removal of animals susceptible of said diseases from that place into another State shall be illegal, except in accordance with the regulations. Section 9 assigns ^200,000 for carrying out the Act. Sections 10 and 11 impose penalties for violations of the Act, and instructs the United States district attorneys to prosecute them. A somewhat similar Bill was submitted to the House of Representatives on the 14th instant; but it has less detail, is less complete, and would, in my opinion, be less effective than the Bill now before the Senate. The latter Bill has been discussed in the Senate on three or four different occasions, but although several amendments have been proposed and adopted, it does not seem in B 670.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; B
		'



COIUIESP�NDENCE.	13

No. 10. Lbtteh IVom the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL. Foreign Office, March 7, 1881.


Enclosure in No. 10. (Tclogram.) March 0, 1S31. CiNoiNNATr Chamber of Commerco denies Crump's report of Docomber last on hog cholera,* ami declares that the hogs of the whole West have been during last year singularly free from disease of all kinds.		^

No. 11. Letteu from SIR E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 8. My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, March 7, 1881. I received on the 4tli instant from Her Majesty's Consul General at New York a telegram, copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 1], to the effect that Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia had telegraphed to England that seven hundred thousand Ohio hogs had died of cholera, the consequence of which was a stagnation in the trade. I at once telegraphed to Captain Clipperton, asking whether there was any truth in the report. But at the same time it occurred to me that the rumour must refer to Mr. Acting Consul Crump's Sanitary Report to your Lordship, of December 21, 1880, an extract from which was published in quot; The Times quot; of the IQth ultimo. I therefore sent to Mr. Archibald the telegram of which a copy is enclosed [Enclosure 2], informing him that the statement with regard to the mortality in hogs was made in Mr. Crump's report, for which 1 presumed he had good grounds. On the same day I received from Mr. Archibald the despatch, of which a copy is enclosed, and a telegram from Captain Clipperton, a copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosures 3 and 4], in which he states that the information was received from Chicago, and was based upon what was believed to be authority. In the evening of the same day I received from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, the telegram, of which I enclose a copy [Enclosure 5], transmitting a resolution adopted by that Chamber, which refers to the report as to the mortality among Ohio hogs, and declares that it was unfounded, and that the hogs of the State of Ohio and of the whole of the West have for the past year been singularly free from disease of all kinds, and that the reports must have had their sole origin in mercenary motives. I also enclose copy [Enclosure 6] of a letter from Messrs. Fowler amp; Co., of New York, upon the same subject. To the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce I replied that the report of the Consul at Philadelphia, referred to hog cholera in Illinois, not in Ohio. But, as their resolution declared that the whole of the West had been singularly free from disease of ail kinds, I thought it right to telegraph to your Lordship that statement. At the same time I thought it right to address to Captain Clipperton the despatch, copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 7], in which I have stated that I think it desirable that the authority upon which Mr. Crump had made his report should be known, and requested him to inquire upon what data it was founded. This morning I received, from Mr. Evarts, the note, a copy of which is enclosed [Enclosure 8], in which he states that the concurrent testimony of the authorities, both federal and State, of the Western States, leads his department to regard the rumour quot; as not only without good basis, but as absolutely false.quot; In my'answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 9], I have stated that Mr. Crump's report referred to Illinois and not to Ohio, and that Her Majesty's Consul at		i
		.41

* Sec Parliamentiiry Pftpel [C__^87] of 1881.



CORRESPONDENCE.		15

Therefore resolved ; that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce hereby gives to the. ol�cial representa�tives of Great Britain in this country the most positive assurances that the hogs of the State of Ohio and of the whole West have been during the past year singularly free from disease of all kinds, and respectfully asks that the members of the Legation do take such action as will immediately correct the ett'oct of the reports which are calculated to inflict great damage on the provision trade of both United States and Great Britain, and which doubtless have had their sole origin in mercenary motives. (Signed) Hkniiy C Urner, President. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J. H. Foote_; Secretary. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Sidney Maxwell, Superintendent.			M

Enclosure 6 in No. 11. Dear Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17, Broadway, New York, March 4, 1881. There has been a panic in England, and stagnation in the provision trade on accounts of reports emanating from France, and also from the United States, that on account of disease in the hogs In America the product was injurious to health. The provision trade in England appointed Messrs. Fowler Bros., John Sinclair and Co., and John Hargraves, of Liverpool, a committee to investigate these reports, and after a careful inquiry, this committee was fully satisfied that there were no grounds for such reports, but the panic still continues among the British public on account of a despatch from the British Consul at Philadelphia saying that 700,000 hogs had died of Cholera in Illinois. We enclose copy of telegrams passed between us and your consul at Philadelphia on the subject. It is of the utmost importance to the trade on both sides of the Atlantic that these reports should be officially contradicted immediately. It is well known to all the trade that disease has been less prevalent among hogs this season than during any former year. We shall be glad to give you any information you may require on this subject, as we represent tha largest interests in the American and English provision trades. Yours, fee. To Sir Edwd. Thornton,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Fowler Brolaquo;. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.			in

Enclosure 7 in No. 11.

Sir,	Washington, March G, 1881.

I enclose copy of a telegram and a despatch I have received from Her Majesty's Consul General at New York [Enclosures 1 and 3], of a letter from Messrs. Fowler Brothers, of New York [Enclosure 6], and of a telegram from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce [Enclosure 6], all of which, though they speak of a telegram sent by you to England on the subject of hog cholera, evidently refer to the report made by Mr. Acting Consul Crump, on the 21st of December last. I cannot doubt that Mr. Crump's statements were made on good authority, and that he believed them to be true ; but under the circumstances of their being now contradicted, it is advisible that they should be known, and I have therefore to request you to inquire of him what data he had for making the report in question. I am, amp;c. Captain Clipperton,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) E. Thornton. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.			11

Enclosure 8 in No, 11. Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Department of State, Washington, March 7, 1881. I have the honour to call your attention to the report which reaches this department that the Consul of Her Majesty at Philadelphia has recently cabled to his Grovornment that excessive mortality has prevailed among western swine during the past season, and that over 700,000 had died of hog-cholera in Ohio alone. The injurious effects which such a statement could not fail to cause to a large and profitable branch of American industry, if substantiated, has led this Government to take the most active measures to investigate the truth of the rumour. The concurrent testimony of the authorities, both federal and state, of the Western States, covering all the districts where swine are raised for a market, leads this department to regard the rumour as not only without good basis, but as absolutely false. Neither infectious disease nor unusual mortality from epidemic causes are known to have prevailed during the past two years. On the contrary, I receive the most positive assurances from all sources that the condition of the hogs in the West was never healthier than during that period. In view of the natural alarm caused by the unverified statements of the Consul at Philadelphia, and of the irreparable damage which may ensue to wide-spread interests without its immediate and positive contradiction, I hasten to bring the matter urgently to your attention, to the end that the denial of this hasty assertion may be so prompt and authoritative as to undo the harm already done. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir E. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) Wm. M, Evarts. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

B 4



	CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17 request him to furnish further details, I have the honour to enclose copy of the

	Despatch [Enclosure 1] which I addressed to him in that sense, and of his answer	i i i r
	[Enclosure 2]. In the latter Captain Clipperton states plainly that the report of 700,000 hogs having died of cholera in Illinois in 18H0, was sent by the British Vice-Consul at Chicago. Mr. Crump does not himself appear to have had access to any statistics from Illinois, but to have relied on the information given him by Mr. Warrack. I therefore thought it right to address a further despatch to Captain Clipperton, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 3] instructing him to call upen Mr. Warrack to give the basis of of calculation, and the authorities upon which he relied. This morning I received a further communication from Captain Clipperton, copy of which is also enclosed, transmitting newspaper articles [Enclosures 4, 5, and 6], and stating that persons interested in the hog trade desire to let the matter rest, lest it should appear that the mortality was really greater than they supposed. But in my answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 7] I have pointed out that, as doubt has been , raised as to the correctness of Mr. Crump's report, it is desirable that Mr. Warrack should state upon what he founded the information given by him. On the evening of the 9th instant I received from Mr. Blaine the note of which I have the honour to enclose a copy [Enclosures 8, 9raquo; and 10] in which he expresses regret that that I should not yet have communicated a further report upon the subject from Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia. He again denies the truth of Mr. Crump's report, and expresses the opinion that he must have been imposed upon. In mj answer, copy of which is also enclosed [Enclosure 11] I have forwarded a copy of Captain Clipperton's despatch of the 9th instant, and have shown hitn that, although Mr. Crump's report may have been exaggerated, it was not wholly unfounded; for in the report of the Agricultural Department of Illinois, it is stated that the loss by disease among hogs during the year 1880, was 227,259 head. Although there is no doubt that in some recent years, the loss among swine of the United States has been very great, I am inclined to think from what 1 hear, that, though still considerable, it has not been so great, taking the whole of the United States, during the year 1880, as in some previous years. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c. 4

	Enclosure 1 in No. 13. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Washington, March 8, 1881. I havk received your despatch No. 14, of yesterday's date, which is satisfactory as far as it goes ; but I bep; to state that, considering the charges which have been made by the United States Government, the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, and certain merchants, I think that Mr. Crump should furnish further details, and lot mo at least have the data upon which he founded his report, and the authority which supported them. I am, amp;c. Captain Clipperton,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Edward Thornton. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

	Enclosure 2 in No. Id.

	Sie,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Philadelphia, March 9, 1881. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch No. 7, of the 8th instant, and with reference to your despatch No. 6, of the 6th instant, relating to Mr. Crump's Sanitary Report to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, for the month of December last, and in reply, to inform you that the report of about 700,000 hogs having died in the State of Illinois in the year 1880 was sent to him by the Vice-Consul stationed at Chicago. Upon further inquiry upon this subject, I learn that the reports furnished the public are more or less of an estimated character, and should he accepted in that light. In the Report of the Agricultural Department of the State of Illinois for 1878, vol. 10, pp. .'577 and 8, under the head ofquot; HogCholera,quot; the number of hogs in the State is assessed at 3,334,920, and the losses by disease at 474,758 head or 14 per cent, of the whole stock, and the pecuniary loss laid down at #1,438,589. Volume 17, p. 383, of the same publication, quotes the number of hogs and pigs which died of cholera from May 1st 1878 to May 1st 1879 to have amounted to the ouormous figure of 1,391,422. In one county alone (Warren) 59,544 head died. At pages 544 and � the mortality to the 1st May 1880 is placed at 182,577. There appear to be no later published reports, at least, I have not been able to procure any. When it is taken into consideration that hundreds of thousands of young pigs arc littered after the taking of the census (in April) amongst which there must be more or less mortality from swine disease, U 67raquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Q

	.



	CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19 cooking it. SulHeiently boiled the most active principle of trichinoisis is destroyed and the parasite rendered as innocuous as the active principle which makes water under a glass a microcosm of in�credibly active vitalism. Prepared moats in scores of forms are exported and devoured in Europe, whore live meat is a luxury if not a rarity, save among the very rich. Therefore, the policy of tnis country should be to send abroad articles of unimpeachable purity. At best, the Continental nations import with reluctance, and the Clovernments which bold the American protociivo system in abhor�rence naturally seize every opportunity that comes to hand to discourage trade upon terms so unequal. This sentiment has found expression in France in the discussions of tho Assombly. As to the tricliina outbreak, the French Academy of Medicine has virtually sanctioned the theory of tho celebrated Dr. Declat, which assigns all disease to the presence of a parasite. This physician, after tho application of a life devoted to the study of the germ or atomic theory in disease, has given tho most startling evidences of the probability of this claim. A more fascinating or terrible chapter is not to be found in pathology than the results of Declat's experiments. Every form of organism was in turn sub�mitted to his acute analysis and every form of life presented its peculiar and ineradicable parasite. Having found Avhat he demonstrated to the Academy the germinant source of disease, the doctor set to work to discover a force which should destroy the appetant life of the animal without at the same time injuring the sane tissue. This, he claims, has been accomplished by powerful mingling of carbolic acid with some unknown active agent, which in practice appears to have satisfied the Academy. Experiments on a disease so terrible as yellow fever havo shown that the doctor is not an empyric, and tests now going on by order of the French G overnment in its African and Indian possessions are awaited by the Medical Academy to crown the doctor's life-work. If this shall prove a panacea for human parasites, and it has been used with effect on dogs, and calves, and sheep, it may be made to strip tho lushious pork of its fermentative terrors and make it a dish lit for Jews as well as Gentiles.

	* ¹ Enclosure 6 of No. 13. Extract from the 'Philadelphia Public Recoud quot; of March 10, 1881. Washington, March 9. The Secretary of State to-day addressed a note to the British Legation in Washington on the subject of the false reports sent by the Acting British Consul at Philadelphia in regard to tho prevalence of disease among the swine of the Western States. The Secretary reiterates the statements made in Mr. Evart's note of the 7th of March, that all the means of intonnation at tho resource of the department concur in showing the late publishod report as wholly without foundation, and sends copies of the resolutions of the Merchants Exchange of St. Louis and of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati explicitly denying tho reports of disease among swine, and showing that the condition of the stock in the States of Ohio and Illinois is exceptionally healthy. The statement of Mr. Crump in regard to the prevalence of disease in Ohio is emphatically and fully denied. The Secretary of State sent also the substance of a communication received from the Secretary of the Treasury conveying an explicit denial of the report published in England, and asking that the character and source of the information on which Mr. Crump's despatch was based be ascertained. In answer to the British Minister's statement that the Consul at Philadelphia made his report upon what appeared to be good authority, the Secretary of State says that all this Government can learn, after searching inquiry, leads irresistibly to the conclusion that the good faith of Her Majesty's representa�tive at Philadelphia has been imposed upon by designing speculators to their own selfish interests and the incalculable inj ury of legitimate commerce. The Secretary further expresses his trust that the British Minister will concur with him in the opinion that no steps can be too urgent or too imperative to overtake and contradict this false state�ment, and that this Goverrinaent confidently looks to Hor Majesty's Legation for an authoritative denial. New York, March 9. A meeting of the provision trade was held this afternoon at the Produce Exchange to consider the hog cholera scare. The chair was filled by Mr. F, H. Parker, who in a speech said that the exports of hog products rank third in importance in this country, exceeding 1,300,000,000 pounds in quantity and ,$100,000,000 in value. quot;On Saturday.quot; he said, quot;we were enabled to cable to our correspon-* dents at Liverpool contradicting and disproving the alarming reports on the authority of Commis-quot; sioner of Agriculture Le Due, and to assure all interested in foreign countries that they could quot; consume the products of the hog inanufacturod in this country with impunity. I desire to add that quot; to the British Consul General Archibald and Vice-Consul Edwards, of this city, avo are under many quot; obligations for thoir hearty assistance and co-operation,quot; During 1879 the exports of hog products to ail parts of the world from the United States aggre�gated 1,181,892,;}! 8 lbs., valued at ^77,356,947. This trade had increased to 1,326,157,330 lbs. in 1880, valued at ^100,798,914. The exports to the United Kingdom of Groat Britain alone during 1880 aggregated 670,890,839 lbs., worth on the market ^50,432,786. The report of the committee sent to Philadelphia to confer with tho British Consul there, consisting of Messrs. Orr, Fowler, and Sinclair, was then presented and read to tho meeting.

	Enclosure 7 of No. 13.

	Sie,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, March 11, 1881. I havk received vpur Despatch No. 16 of tho 10th instant, and in reply beg to state that the question with regard to hog cholera is not as to what the persons who are interested in the trade in this country may happen to wish. The question is as to the doubt of the correctness of the reports made by Her Majesty's Consulate, for which in this instance the Vice-Consul at Chicago seems to be C 2



CORRESPONDENCE.	21

Enclosure 11 in No. 13. Sin,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Washington, March 10, 1881. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of yesterday's date, upon the suhject of tho report made by the Acting Consul at Philadelphia concerning hog cholera. As there still seems to be a misunderstanding, I am obliged to repeat that the report in question referred to Illinois and not to Ohio. A soon as I heard of the alleged incorrectness of the statements made by Mr. Crump, I directed Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia to inquire into the matter, and to inform me upon what authority the assertion was made that 700,000 hogs had died in Illinois during the year 1880. Captain Clipperton replied first by telegraph, and then by post, that the report was made on good authority from Chicago. I was not satisfied with this explanation, and called for further details. I have now the honour to enclose copy of a letter which I have just received from Captain Clipperton. [Enclosure 2 in No. 13.] In the meantime I have had access to a pamphlet entitled quot;Illinois Crops for 1880,quot; published by the Illinois Department of Agriculture, from which it appears that the loss of hogs by disease in Illinois during 1880 was 227,259. It is evident therefore that Mr. Crump's report of the loss was greatly exaggerated, though in view of the loss above-mentioned it can hardly be said that it is wholly without foundation. I received on Saturday night the resolution of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, of which a copy was enclosed in your note of yesterday. On Sunday morning, I despatched a telegram to Earl Granville, informing him that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce had denied Mr. Crump's report^ of December last, and declared that the hogs of the whole West have been during the last year singularly free from disease of all kinds. I have, amp;c. The Hon. James G. Blaine,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) Edward Thornton. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.		I ui


No. 14. Letter from the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Foreign Office, March 14, 1881. I have laid before Earl Granville, your letter of the 10th instant, and I am directed by his Lordship to state to you for the information of the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council that he has instructed Her Majesty's Consul at Philadelphia to ascertain from Mr. Crump the grounds on which the latter reported that 700,000 head of swine had died in Illinois of hog cholera.		i

I am, amp;c.
(Signed) JULIAN PAUNCEFOTE The Clerk of the Council, Veterinary Department.

No. 15. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at PORTLAND to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, Portland, Maine, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; March 14th, 1881. A paragraph having to-day appeared in the newspapers of this town (of which I beg leave to enclose a copy extracted from the ^(l Portland Argus quot;) with reference to the excitement prevailing amongst British and other European importers of American meat, I have the honour to report to your Lordship that, upon my making inquiries at once into the truth of the report referred to in the enclosed newspaper extract, viz., that diseased carcases are shipped from this port, I find that there are no grounds whatever for the truth of such a statement. The report in question may, however, perhaps have arisen from a fact lately quoted by an agricultural journal of the State of Maine (called the quot; Maine Farmer,quot;) tlie correct�ness of which has to-day been confirmed to me by a reliable authority, viz., that a short time ago a firm in the village of Castine, near Belfast, in Maine (engaged in preserving and exporting quot;cannedquot; meat and fish), exported a certain number of cases containing mutton in tins, which was found by the buyers to be of such inferior quality that the entire quantity was returned. My informant, however, states that this mutton was not sent to England, nor was it actually diseased; but it was unfit for human food, as it con�sisted merely in skin and bones. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) William Ward. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

C 3

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	gt; Ilaquo;.

		#9632; #9632;* f



	.

	quot;


'

	28		CORRESPONDENCE. Enclosure 5 in No. 17. Statemknt.

^f				1877.	1S78.	1870.	1880.

II		Bo{(8 laquo;lied of cholera nccording to the Agriculturul Deptirtmeut. Hogs died of cholorn as returned by the AsKessors.		358,844 1,445,208	474,758	182,577	997(900 No return as yet.
II				358,844 1,445,208	1,391,422	676,038	997(900 No return as yet.

m li		No 18. Extract from Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at NEW YORK to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 3. British Consulate General, New York, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; March 31, 1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since the date of my last Report (Sanitary, No. 2 of the 1st instant) I have not received any information in regard to further outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this Consular District. A report appeared in one of the local papers of yesterday that a fatal disease had attacked the pigs in Ulster County in this State, but the nature of the disease is not stated. I will make inquiry in reference to this, and report further to your Lordship. I have the honour to transmit herewith enclosed, for your Lordship's information, copies of an editorial article which appears in the quot; New York Times quot; of this date, upon the subject of trichinae in pork. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD, for Foreign Affairs.

?'		Enclosure in No. 18. Extract from the quot;New York Timf.squot; of 31st March, 1881. Facts about Trichina. Thk report on trichina spiralis which is soon to issue from the office of the public printer at Washington will, no doubt, be a valuable and instructive work. Its author, the late Passed Assistant Surgeon Glazier, is said to have studied deeply the history and habits of this parasite, and to have availed himself of the fruits of the studies of others so far as they are accessible in the literature of the subject. The Treasury Department considers the report a highly important official publication, and is proud of it. But will the work be useful ? Will it do anything to prevent the spread of infection among swine or to check the sale of trichinosed pork? Or will ir, serve merely as a work of reference to other medical men who wish to write further books on trichina) ? This is a practical question. Everybody knows the important place which pork and hog products hold in our domestic food con�sumption and in our export trade. It is known, too, that half a dozen European countries, including France, have forbidden the importation of American pork, alleging as a reason the fear of trichinosis. One of the chief branches of our export trade�bringing in ^84,838,502 during the year ending June 30, 1880�is threatened with destruction. There is urgent need of practical measures to check or exterminate the pest where it exists, and, secondly, to determine to what extent it does exist. A firm and probably well-founded belief prevails that the French Government has been unnecessarily alarmed about American pork ; but it does no good to say that our hogs are as free from trichina; as those of any other country. The assertion must be backed up by evidence of an official character, or it will be regarded in foreign markets as nothing but trade puffing. Dr. Glazier's report, however exhaustive, will serve neither of these purposes well. Like most Government publications, it will never be read by those who would chiefly profit by it. A clear and simple treatise of half a dozen pages, concisely stating the dangers to human life and to commerce arising from trichina; in pork, explaining the method of detecting their presence, and giving directions for preventimr the spread of the disease, would have been far more useful, because it might have been scattered by thousands in every Congressional district whore hogs are raised for the market. No doubt Dr. Glazier's report contains all this information, but there is too much else. Farmers, butchers, and pork-packers do not read big books, yet they are the classes who must be reached. Nor is the country so great as to make it impossible to reach them. A well organised agricultural bureau ought to be able to put its publications into the hands of the leading farmers of every school district in the Union. The trouble is that our Government is ponderous and ungainly in its attempts to be paternal. The Government printing-office issues every year a large amount of valuable information ; but, outside of certain classes who know how and where to find what they want, most of it is thrown away.
pi
w
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if

u,



80				CORRESPONDENCE.

¹ f			No. 21. Lettkr from Sir E. THORNTON to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 11. My Lord, quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Washington, April 23, 1881. In compliance with the instruction contained in your Lordship's despatch. No. 6, Sanitary, of the 22nd of February last, relating to foot-and-mouth disease among cattle I addressed a note to the United States Secretary of State, communicating to him the substance of that despatch and of its enclosure. I have now the honour to enclose a copy of Mr. Blaine's answer, in which he states that the subject shall receive the careful consideration of his Government. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G., (Signed) EDWARD THORNTON. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.
II



\*		Enclosure in No. 21. Sin,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Department of State, Washington, April 22, 1881. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 7th ultimo, inviting the attention of this (lovornment to the injury which it is alleged English stock owners have recently sustained from the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease through the agency of diseased animals said \ to have been imported from the United States and from certain other countries, and suggesting the adoption of strict measures of sanitary police, and a more effective system of inspection at ports of emharkation with a view of preventing the exportation of diseased animals. I beg to inform you that the subject of your note shall receive the careful consideration of this Grovemment I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. Sir E. Thornton, K.C.B.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; James G. Blaine. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.
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I			No. 22. Extract from a Report by Mr. DRUMMOND to Sir E. THORNTON. Washington, April 25, 1881. Reports show a fair condition of farm animals. In the quot;West and Texas much loss was caused amongst horses owing to cold and inattention. Epizootic and distemper prevailed in all sections of the country, but the type has been of a mild form, and in most States is disappearing or has disappeared entirely. There was a large mortality in Texas and Arkansas from black leg, blind staggers, and farcy. The condition of sheep is reported as poor. Suffering and death for want of shelter during the past severe winter occurred. There were complaints from North and South Carolina, together with the Gulf States, except Texas, that numbers of worthless days had prevented the breeding of sheep in these States. Scab has been prevalent in California. The condition of cattle is reported as good. Feeding and proper shelter have led to good results. With respect to diseases, the authorities in Pennsylvania have been successful in eradicating the disease of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. On the 14th of March last there were only three infected herds in that State ; all w^Tere quarantined ; the State is now paying full value for infected animals. There are a few cases of this disease in the States of New York and New Jersey; in Maryland cases are reported, and the veterinary surgeons report it in an acute form in a number of stables and farms, and that some dairymen in the vicinity of Ealtimore practise inoculation. In Virginia and the Southern States there have been cases of black leg, distemper, and murrain, but there is no mention of pleuro-pneumonia or other disease of like importance, nor in any other of the States or territories. Swine show rather a poorer condition than last year. Lack of sanitary conditions, defective and improper food, and general lack of cleanliness have caused quinsy, lung fever, and measles; but their range is narrow and loss insignificant. Swine plague is largely reported, as it was last year, but does not assume any more, if as malignant a type, or as great a ratio of loss ; this appears to be more especially the case in the South Atlantic and Gulf states ; in those States deaths also occurred from starvation, from too many acorns, and from too much cotton seed. In Illinois and Iowa, nearly one half of the reports mention cholera as present in some herds in their counties; while in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota there is hardly any.
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	CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31 No. 23. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; April 27, 1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since my last despatch, in regard to the sanitary condition of cattle, amp;c. in this consular district, pleuro-pneumonia, has made its appearance among cattle on a dairy farm in Patterson, Putnam County, in this State. The disease is stated to have been communicated to the rest of the cattle on the farm by a cow and a bull which the proprietor had purchased in Maryland. Six of the animals have been slaughtered, and the farm has been quarantined to keep the disease from spreading to other herds in the locality. A strange disease is also reported to have broken out among the cattle in Denning, Ulster County, in this State�several of the farmers in the neighbourhood having lost stock by reason of it. When first attacked the animals appear to be in much pain, and they refuse to eat. They are quot; seized with trembling and bloating,quot; and blood sometimes flows from the nostrils. Death is said to ensue in a few hours. A statement appeared recently in one of the local newspapers that cattle disease was quot; quite prevalentquot; at Fairhaven, New Jersey. On making inquiry, I found that the report was groundless. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs.

	No. 24. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;May 28, 1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that there has recently been a fresh outbreak of pleuro-pneumonia among the cattle on Staten Island, New York. A dozen cows on a farm at Northfield have died from the disease, and several others are still suffering from it, A farm has also been quarantined at East Willeston, near Hempstead, Long Island, on which some cattle have died from pleuro-pneumonia. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs, London.

	No. 25. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, New Orleans, My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; June 27, 1881. I have the honour to report that charbon has appeared amongst the horses, mules, and cattle on the lower coast of this State, and that precautions have been taken to prevent its introduction and spread in New Orleans. No cattle are being exported at present. I have, amp;c. (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.



	D 4



In.		32	CORRESPONDENCE. No. 26.

		Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 8.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate General, New York, My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; June 30, 1881. I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship that, with the exception of a reported outbreak of disease among hogs in the town of Oyster Bay, Long Island, no reports of contagious disease among cattle or other stock, have come under my obser�vation since the date of my last despatch. Sanitary, No. 7, of the 28th ultimo. On inquiry as to the alleged sickness among the pigs at Oyster Bay, I find that the matter has been greatly exaggerated, and that it is unnecessary for me to further' refer to it. I have, amp;c. Her .Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Foreign Affairs, London.
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*		No. 27. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. lt;)�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate, New Orleans, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; July 28, 1881. Referring to Mr. Lister's circular (Sanitary) of June 18th, I have the honour to state that no report has reached me respecting the existence of disease amongst animals within this consular district, of the classes enumerated in the enclosure, and which arc the subject of legislation in Great Britain. At the same time I beg to add that the disease called charbon, reported by me on the 27th June 1881, to be affecting animals on the lower coast, has spread, or appeared in other parts of this State and of Mississippi. If information be required respecting this disease�which is highly contagious and fatal�it can be obtained from the writings of M. Pasteur, of Paris, who has made it a special study. f n 1VP tv! p (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.
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No. 28. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Charleston to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 9.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Charleston, South Carolina, My Loud,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;August 1, 1881. I HAVE the honour to report that no complaints, other than the newspaper para�graph herewith inclosed, of the existence of any cattle plague within the limits of my Consular District, have reached me since the date of my last return. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretarynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) W. PINCKNEY WALKER of State for Foreign Affairs. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c. amp;c.

iIm		Enclosure in No. 28. Extract from the quot; Chaiu-kston, South Cauouna, News anraquo; Courikr quot; of July 19, 1881. There is a disease among the calves in some places in Colleton County, of which four out of five attacked die. The symptoms are swelling under tho throat and weakness. The disease runs its course in a week or ten days, when it either culminates in the death of the animal or its rapid recovery.


	¹

	CORRESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 33 No. 29. LETTER from the BRITISH CONSUL at New Orleans to EARL GRANV1LLE. Sanitary, No. 10.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, New Orleans, My Loud, quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;August 3, 1881. Rkfeuuing to my despatch No. 7, Sanitary, of June 27, 1881, I have the honour to report that charbon still prevails on the lower coast and in some portions of North Louisiana, and also in Yazoo County, State of Mississippi. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretaiy (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. of State for Foreign Affairs. amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

	No. 30. Letter from Professor JAMES LAW to Professor BROWN. Dear Sm,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., August 13, 1881. quot; The Treasury Cattle Commissionquot; have decided to mark with eartag and number all cattle bought at the Great Western marts for the export trade, provided you will instruct your inspectors to apprize me at once by cable if any of our cattle so marked are condemned on arrival as affected with pleuro-pneumonia. Many will still be shipped without marks, as it would be useless to go to this trouble with stock selected at the port which it would be impossible to trace to their former home. Our eartags will bear a letter and number, both of which must be sent as being essential to identifi�cation, together with the vessel's name and the date of her arrival. It may be addressed Professor Law, Ithaca, N.Y. As a commission we shall do all we can to discover any possible centre of contagion in the West, and this is one important means of inquiry. I have already taken steps to secure the transmission of cable messages to be paid on arrival. The Commission meets again on August 31st, too soon for a letter, therefore please cable me quot; yes quot; or quot; no quot; as soon as you may have reached a decision. Your first message will require prepayment, which I shall remit when I hear from you by mail. I have, amp;c. Professor George Brown.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) JAMES LAW.

	No. 31. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL at New York to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 11.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate General, New York, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;September 1, 1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that since Mr. Acting Consul-General Edwards' despatch (Sanitary No. 10) of the 1st ultimo, the sanitary condition of cattle and other live stock in this consular district has been, and is now, generally satisfactory. I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. State for Foreign Affairs, London.

	No. 32. Letter from the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL to the FOREIGN OFFICE. Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office, 44, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;September 19, 1881. I am directed by the Lords of the Council to transmit copy of a letter, dated the 13th ultimo, received by this department from Professor James Law, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America, and to request that you will have the goodness to move Earl Granville to communicate to the American Minister at this Court, that their R C7raquo;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Jj)



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36				CORRESPONDENCE.

			quot; By carefully watching this disease it will be observed that spontaneous diarrhoea sometimes occurs, which immediately relieves the symptoms. In some cases looseness of the bowels occurs on the second day, to the manifest relief of the animal. But all cases do not thus terminate.quot; I have, amp;c. (Signed) A. DE G. DE FONBLANQUE. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

#9632; I I¹		No. 37. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 13.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;British Consulate General, New York, Mv Lord, 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; October 17, .1881. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that the disease known as quot; [jink-eye quot; has, during the past few days, broken out among horses, principally those in car stables, in this city and vicinity, and it is stated that between five and six hundred animals are affected by it, but as yet there have been no fatal cases. The disease is also reported to be prevalent in some of the Western cities, especially Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado. The outbreak of this disease is no doubt attributable, primarily, to sudden changes in the temperature. In this section of the country a fall of nearly forty degrees recently occurred in a single day. I beg leave to enclose an extract from a local newspaper in regard to the symptoms and treatment of this disease. I have, amp;c. (Signed) E. M. ARCHIBALD. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.
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m if		Enclosure in No. 37. The Statement of a Veterinary Surgeon :�Symptoms oe the Disease and how it should be treated. An impression exists that the horse disease known as quot; pink-eye quot; is epidemic, but such is not the case, said veterinary surgeon Samuel S. Field to a telegram reporter this afternoon. On the contrary, he continued, it is endemic. It originates in certain stables, and its causes and effects are confined to the stables where it appears. The disease became known as quot;pink-eye quot; about ten years ago. In 1871 it was very prevalent, and has not raged here since until it broke out two weeks ago. There are now between 500 and 600 cases in this city. I have had 70 patients, and there are nearly 50 now on my list. When it strikes a stable it affects on the average seven-tenths of the horses in it. The disease is a catarrhal fever. Its primary cause is a sudden atmospheric change from heat to cold, and it is most apt to develope in crowded stables, where a large number of animals breathe ana rebreathe the same air. Symptoms of the Disease. The symptoms are:�Loss of appetite; pulse almost imperceptible; temperature elevated from 98, which is normal, to 106 or 107. All the mucous membranes are affected and there is great muscular debility. A horse may be working to-day and to-morrow morning both of his eyes will be tightly closed ; the membrane under the eyelids will be inflamed and discharge profusely, sometimes more freely than the nostrils do. In 12 hours the legs become stiff and swollen and very sore to the touch. The fever reaches its height in three or four days, and convalescence begins on the tonth or twelfth day. Ten days thereafter the horse is as well as ever he was. If proper treatment is applied in time, not more than one case in a dozen proves fatal. It may be likened to the hay fever in man, or a mild form of the epizootic, but the latter is epidemic and dangerous. quot; Pink-eye quot; only becomes serious when it breaks out in a stable where there are several hundred green horses. Having been weakened by railroad travel, subjected to a change of diet and water, and not being acclimated, they are predisposed to develop the disease. The Treatment. Veterinary surgeons expect equine sickness from this cause every spring and fall, and are prepared to meet it. I have not lost a patient so far and none of my colleagues has so far as 1 know, but 1 have heard of fatal cases where proper treatment was not resorted to in the first stages. The first essential thing to be done is to reduce the temperature : the next thing is to increase the strength. I do not propose to make my recipes public through the telegram, but will say this much�1 use no
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	CORllESPONDENCE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41 No. 46. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL at Boston to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 12. My Loud, *nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Boston, December 12, 1881. I have the honour to report that, us Ihr us information has been received here, this consular district has continued free from cattle plague during- the past month, and no contagious or infectious disease exists among animals in this district, an epidemic having, however, spread during the month amongst horses, which, though fatal in some cases, has generally ceded to proper care and treatment. This epidemic is described as a catarrhal atfection, accompanied with fever, redness about the eyes, and great debility, and is known here by the name of quot; piiik-e.ye.quot; I have, amp;c. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of Statenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) 0, A. HENDERSON. for Foreign Affairs.		v

	No. 47. Letter from the BRITISH CONSUL, at Portland, Maine, to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. 1.5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Portland (Maine), My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;December 31, ISbU. I have the honour to report to your Lordship that, according to information furnished to me by the Maine Agricultural Society, there has been no case of infectious or contagious disease amongst cattle, sheep, or pigs, throughout this State during the month of December ended this day. I am, however, further informed that a disease known hero under the name of quot; pink-eye quot; lias been prevalent of late, and continues to prevail amongst horses in some parts of Maine ; but that hitherto only a few cases of this disease have ended fatal!y. I have, amp;c. The Right Hon. the Earl Granville, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) WILLIAM WARD. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.



	No. 48. Letter from the FOREIGN OFFICE to the CLERK OF THE COUNCIL. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Foreign Office, January 17, 1882. With reference to your letter of the 19th September, I am directed by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to transmit, to you to he laid before the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council a copy of a note from the United States Minister in this country stating that no action has yet been taken as to the marking ol cattle destined for exportation from the United States. I am, amp;c. The Clerk of the Council, Veterinary Department.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (Signed) T. V. LISTER.

	Enclosure in No. 48. My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Legation of tho United States, London, January 10,1882. Referuing to your Lordship's letter of the 23r(l September last, in relation to the marking and numbering of cattle intended for the export trade from the United States, 1 have the honour to acquaint you that having sent a copy of that letter to the Department of State, and a copy of Professor Law's letter having heen afterwards forwarded to that Department, at the request of Mr. 131aiiie, I have now received a despatch from Mr. Davis, the Assistant Secretary of State, in which he desires me to observe that the Government of tho United States has as yot taken no action with reference to the matter. It appears by a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to Mr. IMaine, dated on tho 15th December last, a copy of which was inclosed in Mr. Davis' despatch that Professor Law states that no circulars have been issued by the American Cattlo Commission upon the the subject of marking cattle, and none have been issued by the Department of the Treasury. 1 have, amp;C. Tho Right Hon. tho Earl Q-ranville,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(Signed) J, R. Lowell. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;e.

	l{67y.



42		CORRESPONDENCE.

f	No. 49. Lutteu from the BRITISH CONSUL at Philadelphia to EARL GRANVILLE. Sanitary, No. i.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; British Consulate, Philadelphia, My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; January 17, 1882. In this series I beg to report to your Lordship that the disease, pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the State of Pennsylvania, up to the present time has not been entirely eradicated, there being eight herds now in quarantine, under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, namely, three herds in Delaware County, numbering about 35 head; one herd in Montgomery County, numbering about 16 head ; one herd in Philadelphia, num�bering about 40 head; and three herds in York County, numbering in all about 20 head. These herds were placed in quarantine last week, four or five head having been previously lost among these herds by this disease, and two head were killed, and their carcases burned to avoid contagion. The quarantine will last during three months from the date of the last case. The laws, however, do not prevent farmers from buying cattle, and placing them among the herd in quarantine. The disease was brought from the adjoining State of Maryland, a cow having been purchased in the city of Baltimore, and taken to the herdman's farm in York County. From this cow and another purchased in Maryland the disease spread to the before-mentioned districts. A disease of a mysterious nature broke out in November last in the State of Iowa, which has proved very fatal. The animal when attacked extends the neck full length, and is seized with paroxisms which speedily end in death. The carcase of a dead animal left nnburied breeds contagion, although in the strict meaning it is not a contagious disease. This disease has been found to be the well-known quot; black leg,quot; or malignant anthrax. In the State of Iowa it is more frequent among young and rapidly-thriving cattle. Recoveries arc very rare, and it is no doubt brought on by the cattle eating large quantities of corn which they obtain from the stalks when turned into the corn fields after harvest time. The disease has of late subsided in consequence of removing the cattle from these fields. In the month of November the Government of the State of Illinois issued a proclamation, copies of which are herewith enclosed, prohibiting the importation into the state of cattle from any of the counties of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, where pleuro-pneumonia had existed. A violation of this order is declared to be a misdemeanour, and the offender is liable to a fine of not less than ^1,000 nor more than ^10,000 for each offence. In Pennsylvania the State authorities have renewed the payment of indemnity for animals killed by order of the inspector, the valuation of the animal being fixed by the inspector, and in the event of discontent on the part of the owner, two neighbouring farmers are called in to decide the price. In this State the animals arc now burned upon piles of wood. The plan is considered to be a great improvement upon the old system of burial. I have, amp;c. (Signed) ROBT. CHAS. CLIPPERTON, The Right Hon. the Earl Grauvilie, K.G.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Her Majesty's Consul. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;e.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.
'i
l^�'¹ .
II #9632;
#9632;

Enclosure in No. 49.

State of Iij.inois:�PROCLAMATION by the (jtOvernoii. Executive Department, Springfield, November 1, 1881. In pursuance of the Act of the General Assembly of Illinois, entitled quot;An Act to suppress and quot; previsnt the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle,quot; approved May 31, 1881, I, Shelby M.-Cidlom, Oovernor of the State of Illinois, do hereby proclaim that I have good reason to believe that pleuro-pneumonia among cattle has become epidemic in certain localities in the States of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, viz. : In the county of Fairfield, in the State of Connecticut ; in the counties or Putnam, Westcliester, New York, Kings and Queens, in the State of New York ; in the counties of Lchigb, JJucks, Berks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, Lancaster, York, Adams, and Cumberland, in the State of Pennsylvania; in the counties of Hergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Union, Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden, (illoustcr, and Atlantic, in tho State of New Jersey ; in the county of Newcastle, in the State of Delaware, and in the counties of Cecil, Hardford, Baltimore, Howard, and Carroll, in

ii

'#9632; #9632;i'--'laquo;*



45

R E P O 11 T S.

LIST OF REPORTS.

Page Second Report by Dr. C. P. Lymnn, F.R.C.V.S,nbsp; nbsp;45 Third Keport ,. � �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;54 Extract from Annual Report of the Department of Aericnlture, Washington - - -nbsp; nbsp;65 Fourth Report by Dr. C. P. Lyman, F.R.C.V.S.nbsp; nbsp;67 Report by Dr. J. D. Hopkins, D.V.S. - -nbsp; nbsp;81	PllgO Reports by Drs. W. B. E. Miller, D.V.S., and J. C. Corlies, D.V.S. . -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 82 Reportby Dr. J. W. Gadsden, M.R.C.V.S. - 85 Report by Dr. W. H. Rose, D.V.S.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 87 Keport on American Pork: Result of an Investiga�tion mmle under Authority of the Department of State of the United States -.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 96

No. 50.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' Second Report by Dr. CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S., to the COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington. Sir, In my last report to you upon contagious pleuro-pneumonia, I pointed out, as thoroughly as any means for investigation which I then had would enable me to do, the States and counties wherein animals affected with this disease could be found. It was thought at that time, and no investigation since then has been able to show differently, that these counties, or those lying very close to them, contained all tiie cases that could be found in the United States. Supposing I had succeeded in thus mapping out the whole of our infected district, I began pushing inquiries in a new direction, and for this purpose the following letter was written to one of the most prominent Veterin�r}⁷ surgeons and authors in England-: Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Springfield, Mass., May 10, 1880. I mail you herewith a copy of my report to the Commissioner of Agriculture on pleuro pneumonia contagiosa. From it you will be able to see exactly to what extent we are infected. The facts to which 1 especially call your attention are these: 1st. That our ports of Portland, in the State of Maine, and Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, are not in or anywhere near the infected districts; no nearer in fact, 1 believe, than are some of the free continental ports or provinces to some of the infected ones. 2d. That the cattle coming to those ports for shipment, and indeed for all uses, come entirely from the West�one, two, and even more thousands of miles away from our infected districts. 3d. That the lines of rail over which these cattle are carried going to these ports do not pass through or go anywhere near the infected districts. 4th. That our Western States are free, luckily for us, and always have been, of this scourge. Now, under these circumstances, is there any method which suggests itself to you by which the Government of Great Britain can be induced to raise the embargo against our cattle comilUf to her				y*

from these free districts, and through these free ports? matter being arranged the Commissioner of Agriculture		If you think there is any chance, for the will, I think, be very glad to enter into

negotiations upon the subject.
George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., Veterinary Surgeonj Second Life Guards, London, England. To which, in due time, the following answer was received:			Very truly, C. P. LYMAN.

Du. Charxks P. Lyman,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;London, June 24, 1880. PlEASE excuse my delay in replying to your two letters. I have been away on a tour of army inspection, and only returned yesterday. Very many thanks for yourreport on contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I very much fear there is not the slightest chance of the embargo on American cattle being raised in this country until the States are entirely free from the malady, notwithstanding the fact you point out that there is an immense extent of country uninfected. So long as only one State, or one portion of a State, is contaminated, so long, depend upon it, will the present law continue. Even the present goverment, which when not in office strenuously opposed the law brought into ollice with regard to United States cattle, is now most determined to carry it out. If it were relaxed in the case of the United States it would have to be so also in the case of Russia and Germany, with respect to cattle plague, and then this country would certainly not be safe. Commerce spreads these diseases. The feeling here is to keep this country free from infectious animal diseases, after we have stamped them out at an awful cost and trouble; and to allow live stock to enter from anywhere where those diseases exist would not be heard of. Whenever the United States is certified to be a clean country, the embargo will be raised. Your government is not taking active steps to free tho States from pleuro-pneumonia, and there is no knowing how far it may spread. So long as the government is indifferent to this matter, so long will your people suffer from the embargo. The losses from contagions diseases hero have boon so terrible, through a similar apathy, that the authoritios are now fully aroused. F 3				ifquot;



56			THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

m		Cattle from the United States, upon being landed in Liverpool or at Birkenhead, are driven into stables erected for the purpose upon the wharves upon which they are landed, and are tied up in rows facing each other between which there is a passage way. After they have remained here, resting and feeding for at least 12 hours, they are examined by the veterinary inspector of the port, and after they have passed this examination, the salesman to whom they are consigned is at liberty to sell them, and the butcher who buys them to drive them into the shambles, also situated upon the same wharf, where they are killed under the restriction that all lungs must be laid aside until they have been examined by the inspector, when those not condemned may be disposed of in any way that the owner sees fit. This examination is made by clasping, one at a lime, the lungs between both hands, and in this position passing them over their entire surface, when, if anything peculiar is felt, it is cut down upon and examined. In this way the slightest variation from the normal becomes at once apparent; in fact, it is surprising how quickly the smallest change in them may be located. In this connexion I also wish to have the fact borne in mind that in no one of these cases condemned in my presence did the inspector discover the disease before the animal was killed, although every animal was closely inspected in the way described, and in no one case was there any appearance about any one of these condemned animals that caused the slightest question to be raised as to his'healthfulness, notwithstanding he had but very recently passed the scrutiny both of the port inspector and the butcher who had bought him ; nor was there one of them that was not fully up to the average of his fellows in flesh. The misroscopic appearances of these six lungs in their fresh state were as follows :� quot;Brazilianquot; No. 1.�This lung contained, in about its centre, a large hardened object that could be both seen and felt, and would measure, perhaps, about 6 inches through its largest diameter. This, upon being cut into, appeared to be an abscess containing nothing but a pure, rather thick, creamy pus, and, although any portion of dead tissue that might be contained within this cavity was thoroughly searched for, nothing of the sort could be found. The cavity was surrounded by what seemed to be a ratherquot; thick cartilaginous wall, this again by � considerable amount of quot; marbledquot; tissue in which the parenchyma; was of an even pinkish colour, with the intcriobular thickening well marked, white, hard, and firm. This, in its turn, passed almost imperceptibly, the parenchyma becoming gradually more and more areable, and the intcriobular thickening growing narrower and narrower into the healthy lung tissue surrounding the whole. quot; Brazilian quot; No. 2.�This lung, with its fellow, upon its surface presented to the eye no indication of disease, but upon being handled in the way described above, several small nodules within its substance at once became apparent; these, upon being cut down upon, in the one lung disclosed the unmistakable lesions of tuberculosis, and in the other, where these indurations felt were much fewer and smaller, the nodules showed the peculiar lesions upon which it was condemned. There were several small nodules situated in the periphery of the extreme posterior portion of the large lobe of the right lung, the larger of which was about ^ inch in diameter ; in its centre there appeared to be a cheesy deposit; this was surrounded by a very thin layer of a thin greyish coloured pus ; outside this a very thin membrane; outside this again, a very limited amount of marbled tissue which, near the centre, was well marked, but more indistinct toward its outer margin. Of these nodules there were some four or five perfectly isolated from one another, but all being, to the unaided eye, of the same description. quot;Victoriaquot; lungs.�There were two pairs of these, condemned from the same lot at the same examination. One lung showed one and the other three indurated spots upon which the lungs were condemned. The largest of these quot;spotsquot; was about the size of an English walnut, and was situated exactly at the root of the lung ; the remaining three were situated in various isolated positions in the substance of the lung. Upon being cut down upon they all exhibited the same general appearance as those of the Brazilian No. 2 lung already described, except that in the case of the largest specimen there was a fair amount of sub-plural thickening, although there had been no adhesion between these surfaces. Of this portion of lung Dr. Whitney says : quot; The size and appearance of the quot; diseased portion after a clean cut had been made through it is represented on Plate IV.* quot; The disease involves about one-half dozen lobules, representing about 50 to 75 cubic quot; centimeters in bulk (Plate IV, n). These are quite homogeneous in appearance, and quot; within them are seen one are two small irregularly rounded cavities containing a cheesy quot; material. The intcriobular tissue between them and the more healthy portion of the quot; lung (Plate IV. int. tis.) is very thick and dense.quot; In its fresh state this cheesy
y mi

	I
Ik

The plates referred to in the llcoort are not printed in this Return.

m

ncTi



68			THIRD REPORT BY Dr, C. P. LYMAN.

i	tliiimoss of this band is especially to be noticed. The walls of the alveoli, which form the lung tissue proper (Fig. 1, lung tis.), are fine, and have a slightly wavy crinkled outline, and in them are a foAV scattered lymph and epitheUold cells. One or more small bronchi are usually to he found in each lobule. A more highly inagnilled view of one of these is represented in Fig, 2. In this can be dis�tinguished three coats, a mucous or inner coat, a muscular or middle coat, and an external coat. The mucous coat (Fig. 2, nmc. ct.) i.s formed by a layer of columnar epithelium, its inner surface resting upon a narrow /one of comuH'tive tissue (sub-mucous coat) which is thrown into folds when the bronchus is coutraet�d. The musoular coat (Filaquo;j. ^c2, mus. ct.) is composed of unstripped fibres arranged concentrically. Outside of this is the external coat, composed, for the greater part, of a collection of round cells, probably of a lympboid character, separating it from the accompanying artery and vein (Fig. 2, art. Jind v.), which are almost surrounded (in some places entirely so) by the lymph canals (Fig. ^l2, lym. sp. c). In the diseased lungs the changes occuring in the connective tissue, including the lymph spaces in the alveoli with their walls, and in the bronchi Avill bo considered and compared with each other.

i		Contagious Pi.kuro-I'nkumonia. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia presents throe stages (designated as A, IJ, and C), dependent upon the degree to which these tissues arc affected. In the earliest or stage A (see preparation marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage A, from which Plate II. has been drawn) the most marked changes are in the lymph spaces. Those in the pleura are in a great measure obliterated by the growing together of its two layers, and such as remain (Plate II. lym. sp. A) are tilled with young round cells, leaving only a narrow passage close to the wall. The interlobular spaces (Plate II. lym. sp. U), are filled with a semi-gelatinous fluid, which in hardened specimens becomes coarsely fibrilatod and in which are a few scattered round (lymphoid) cells. The bands of connective tissue forming the walls of the lymph spaces are but slightly thickened. In the lymph canals about the versels are a few clumps of lymph cells. The opening of the canal is in general free (Plate II., Figs. 1 and 2 lym. sp. c.) The walls of the alveoli have no longer a crinkly outline, but a slightly stiff appearance, giving the alveoli a much rounder look. This is partly due to an engorgement of the vessels and partly to an increase of lymph and epitbelioid colls in and upon the walls (Plate II., Fig. 1, lung. tis.). In the small bronchi the changes are confined to the mucous coat (Plate II., muc. ct.), which is thickened from a proliferation of the epithelium, the cells next the free surface having a tendency to degeneration as shown by a slight detritus. In the second stage (see preparation contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage B) the exudation in the interlobular lymph spaces is firmer and there are a greater number of cells. The walls of the spaces are but little changed from the preceding stage. The canals about the vessels are more extensively filled with cells, and here and there a vessel is plugged. Most of the alveoli are filled with an exudation, in places resembling that in the interlobular lymph spaces in stanje A, and similar to that found in cropus pneumonia of the human lung, in places consisting entirely of lymph and epitbelioid cells. The contents ofquot; certain of the alveoli take colouring matter badly, showing that a degeneration has taken place in the cells. The mucous membrane of the bronchus is much thickened, and in the opening of the tube is to be seen detritus of exfoliated and degenerated epithelium. In the third stage (see preparation [marked contagious pleuro-pneumonia, stage C, and from which Plate II. has been drawn) the interlobular exudation is a little firmer and more fibrillated, the original walls of the lymph spaces are still to be distinguished as moderately thickened bands (see Plate III., Fig. 1, lym. sp, JJ). The canals about the vessels (Fig. 1, lym. sp. C) are completely tilled with lym�phoid cell, the vessels are usually plugged, and a moro or less extensive hemorrhage may take place into the surrounding tissue (see Fig. 1, art). The alveoli are filled with lymph and epitbelioid cells, in many cases degenerated and retracted from the walls into little granular clumps. The walls themselves are much thickened in some places from an hypertrophy of the fibres of unstripped muscular tissue, which is normally present in small amount, especially at the place where the bronchus passes into the alveoli (see Fig. 2, mus. hyp.) The bronchi in this stage aro only distinguished with difficulty, and the explanation lies in the fact that the mucous membrane has become entirely degenerated and cast off from the walls (see Fig. 1, br. mur;. ct.), the cells reduced to a detritus which, together with lymph and blood cells, completely occlude the opening, leaving no characteristics by which to distinguish it from any other plugged vessel. Upon grouping together the appearances as presented in the different stages, it is manifest that the l5'mph spaces are at first tilled with a coagulable material, and the increased density of this in the later stages of the disease are clue to an increase in the number of cell elements and not to a material increase in the thickness of the walls of the spaces. With the increasing firmness of this exudation the alveoli are filled Avith cells and exuded material, as arc also the lymph canals about the vessels; and when this has reached a marked degree, the mucous coat of the bronchus, which in the earlier stages of the disease has taken part by a proliferation of its epithelium, is cast off and the tubo is filled with its detritus and an exudation similar to that in the neighbouring lymph canals. The mus�cular coat of the bronchus resists longer and can be clearly distinguished after the mucous coat is destroyed. With this lilling of the lymph canals the vessels are occluded and hemorrhage may take place into the surrounding tissue. DrsKASKn Lungs fuom Livkuvooi,. The one first examined was marked quot; Steamer'Victoria,quot; from Boston, July 19, 1880, Liverpool,quot; and will be referred to as the quot; Victoria quot; lung. The size and appearance of the diseased portion after a clean cut had been made through it, is represented in Plate IV. The disease involves about one-half a dozen lobules, representing about

n





y	64	THIRD REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

'	of this gentleman showed no sign that quot;amounted to anythingquot; of their being diseased and that the only way of finding its presence was by a critical examination of the lung itself after the animal had been killed? Was ever such a case of acute contagious pleuro-pneumonia with this amount of lung implicated heard of before ? I think not; and still this gentleman, who has had great experience with this disease, who knows that in Edinburgh the existence of quot; plcuroquot; is generally discovered by an examination made of the live animals in the byre, and not of the dead ones made in the abattoirs, and before he has had sufficient time to finish his examination to his own entire satis�faction, says that without a doubt these animals were affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia ! Now, I submit, are there not in this evidences of a hurried examination ? � Has it not obviously been taken for granted that the detection of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, po.^ morfcw, was a thing requiring a knowledge only of a most superficial sort ? And I ask the authorities in this case if, in view of all the facts, it is not possible, nay, even probable, that a disease of not a sufficiently pronounced character to interfere with the well-doing of these animals may exist that shall give to the naked eye, upon examination of the lung post mortem^ the exact appearances of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but which is not that disease, but the result of some chronic process, the nature of which, in the absence of all history of the animal, may require a most careful and minute examination to detect its real differences ? The only gentleman engaged in the affair who seems at that time to have been of my present opinion and to have realised its importance is Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, who was called to Liverpool in precisely the same manner as was Professor Walley. This gentleman, who spent more time in the examination, who has had at least as large an experience as have any of the others, said, when he had finished the examination in Liverpool and was asked for his opinion, quot; I have as yet no opinion to give, and shall quot; have none until I have been able to make a more thorough examination of the lung.quot; For this purpose he took with him to Edinburgh portions of the lung, and he received from Mr. Wellsby, a veterinary surgeon in the employ of Messrs. Warren amp; Co., the steamship owners, for the next six months, portions of the diseased lungs which were condemned by the inspector at Liverpool, all of which received a most careful exami�nation by himself and Dr. Hamilton, pathologist to the Royal Infirmary, and demon�strator of morbid anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, and after all this he declares that he has quot; not the slightest hesitation in saying that in no case has he found them to quot; exhibit the characteristic lesions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia.quot; Therefore it seems to me that there is, at least, fair reason to doubt whether the disease noticed among this cargo of the quot; Ontario quot; was really contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I have not gone into the discussion of this question in any captious spirit of criticism, neither do I mean for a moment to call into question the professional ability of any of those gentlemen, which I believe to be of the highest quality, and I most thoroughly believe that their decisions were given in accordance with their honest convictions ; but if these convictions were arrived at too hastily, and before proper, and, in view of the gravity of the question, sufficiently exhaustive examinations of the facts were made, it is certainly my privilege to comment upon them, and show, if possible, that it was so. And if any statement or argument that I have advanced seems to be of sufficient consequence to really tbrow a doubt upon the decision of the authorities of Great Britain in this matter, I would most respectfully suggest that in fairness to the great interests of the United States, which are by this decision very severely prejudiced, that the judgment should at least be reconsidered. My own opinion, arrived at after a most thorough and careful investigation and con�sideration of the facts, is that the lungs which were condemned by the Inspector of the Privy Council at Liverpool during my stay there in parts of July and August last, as being affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia, were in reality not affected with that disease. And further, I do not believe that a single case of contagious pleuro-pneu�monia has ever existed in the West or has been landed in England from our ports of Boston or Portland, unless, indeed, it may have been communicated to the animals after they were placed on board the ocean steamer, from various contamination of the vessel, by transportation in it of diseased animals from Great Britain to America, an event which 1 must say that in the case of pleuro-pneumonia I think to he very unlikely. Respectfully submitted, Hon. Win. G. Le Due,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S. Commissioner of Agriculture,
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#9632;		74		FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

if',., Hi¹; t'			Steamship quot;City of Liverpool.quot;�Second Diseased Cargo. On this voyage the ship sailed from London, February 11, 1881, having among the cargo 22 tons salted hides and skins, 5 bales wool, 214 bales quot;greasyquot; wool (probably Australian), and 12 bales skins. On the homeward voyage she arrived in London on March 20, when, because the steamer had not been telegraphed from Gravesend, there was no transport ready to receive the cattle, she therefore docked with them still on board, and it was not until the second day after that they were transhipped, and on the 23rd, 371 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. Steamship quot; City of London.quot; This vessel, on her outward trip, sailed from London, December 11, 1880, having among her cargo 35 tons salted hides, 4 tons salted skins, and 2 tons dry skins. On the homeward voyage she arrived in London, January 17j 1881, where, on account of the state of the tide, and to save time, the transport accompanied her into the dock, as is very often done under such circumstances. This caused so much of a delay that the animals were not examined until the next day, at which time 12 head were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. These vessels have never carried any live stores, nor have they, so far as known, ever carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, pails, amp;c. that had been in the Deptford lairages. The cattle fittings are permanent, thoroughly disinfected after each voyage, and whenever repairs upon them are needed it is done in America, and with lumber procured there. quot;We next saw Messrs. Adamson and Ronaldson, who made the following statements regarding steamers under their control: Steamship quot; Rochester.quot; This vessel, on her outward voyage, sailed from London on December 8, 1880, having among her cargo 131 bales of wool (probably Australian unwashed). On her homeward trip, after a long and stormy passage, she reached London, January 28, when, at a con�siderable distance down the river, the cattle were put on board the transport boat. This was not the common practice, but was in fact the only time she had not gone alongside at Deptford to discharge. Upon being examined, all that were left of the original shipment, viz., 42 head, were condemned as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease. Concerning this shipment I was told that the animals, before going on board, were detained on the railroad four days over time by snow storms, during which they were probably neither fed nor watered. Upon reaching Boston they went immediately on board ship; seemed very tired and laid down at once; shortly after, two died; soon they commenced dying in large numbers, and the carcasses were thrown overboard. Owing to the unprecedented roughness of the passage, the cattle arrived very much bruised and exhausted, and, in the opinion of the owners of the vessel, this was the only cause for their condemnation. The practice of the steamers of this line is to go alongside the landing stages at Deptford and discharge the cattle direct, simply because it is con�venient for them to do so, as they berth at the Millwood docks, which are just across the river. They never carry any live stores, and the cattle fittings are put up at Boston, and when repairs are necessary they are made there. When asked if they ever carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, amp;c. from the premises at Deptford, they at first said quot; No,quot; but, upon looking into the matter, found that the steamer quot; Milanese,quot; sailing from London, October 2, 1880, the steamer quot; Sumatra,quot; sailing from London, June 16, 1881, the steamer quot;Housa,quot; sailing from London, June 27, 1881, had done so, and they now thought it more than possible that upon other occasions other steamers had carried to Boston bundles of such ropes, which had been brought to the ships by watermen's boats directly from the Deptford lairages. Steamship quot; Faraday.quot; This vessel is owned by the Messrs. Siemen Brothers, but at the time of the voyage in question was chartered to Messrs. Adamson and Ronaldson. In 1878 she was employed in carrying cattle; later she was engaged in laying telegraphic cable, and, towards the close of the year 1879, she was laid up in Millwood dock, where she remained empty for more than a year. She had carried live stores while laying cable, but not when engaged on these other voyages.

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78		FOURTH REPORT BY Dr. C. P. LYMAN.

m	the premises; in fact, quite recently he had discovered its existence in animals that had been landed healthy, and that could have contracted it only from their contaminated surroundings. Introduction and Spread of the Disease in the Liverpool Markets. The history of the introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease into and through the Liverpool lairages is in some respects remarkable, and inasmuch as it has never yet, to my knowledge, been given publicly, it will, perhaps, be worth while to give it here at length. For my ability to do so I am greatly indebted to Mr. Moore, the local inspector of the Privy Council, whose exact methods of pre�serving the various data in connexion with his inspections were invaluable to me in this case. Very early in January, 1881, the steamship quot;Brazilian,quot; bringing cattle from Boston to Liverpool, upon entering the River Mersey, grounded, and in trying to get off* became disabled to such an extent that it was found to be necessary to take the cattle from her where she lay. Engaged in this work were several small boats as follows:�
n

M		January 4� The tug quot; Cruiser quot; brought up The tug quot; Wrestler quot; brought up -The tug quot; Rover quot; brought up -The tug quot; Knight Templar quot; brought up -The tug quot; Knight of Malta quot; brought up -The tug quot; Fury quot; brought up The tug quot; Republic quot; brought up -Ferry-boat quot; Sunflowerquot; brought up Flat-boat quot; Mersey quot; brought up -The tug quot; Lord Lyons quot; brought up The tug quot; Ajax quot; brought upnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- Flat-boat quot; Mersey quot; (two cargoes) brought up quot; Mudhopper B quot; brought up Crane barge quot; Ironsides quot; brought up	Head. HI HI 65 53 33 1 3 224 32 1 4 24 2 1
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ii	In all, 665 animals were thus landed at the Woodside lairage. There were 10 others landed, part at Wallasey and part at Huskisson No. 2 lairages, and one swam ashore and was killed on the beach. Of the health of these animals, Mr. Moore says : quot; I quot; examined them all on the 5th and found them free from disease. On the 9th a bullock, quot; one of those landed at Woodside, was found sick. He was slaughtered, and the post-quot; mortem examination revealed recent foot-and-mouth disease. There were vesicles in quot; the mouth and on the tongue, but none on the feet. On the 10th three cases more quot; were discovered in the same lot, and on the 11th two more were found.quot; It seems that these animals, as soon as the disease was discovered, were killed very quickly, for, while at midnight of the 8th 452 of them were still alive, there were on the 11th but nine head remaining. This probably accounts for the fact that no more cases were discovered among them. On the morning of the 11th the premises with the remaining nine animals were locked up, and no one but the attendants allowed to enter. The animals were quickly killed, and disinfection of the place they had occupied commenced. There were on the other half of the wharf eight bulls remaining from a cargo of 32 animals landed healthy on the 7th of January, from the steamship quot; England,quot; from New York. On the 10th, or eight days after the Brazilian outbreak was first noticed, four of these were found diseased. They were killed, the premises disinfected, and the wharf was not again used until after January 29- It could not be ascertained to be a fact that any of the boats engaged in this transhipment, except the quot; Mersey,quot; were in the habit of carrying home-cattle about the river. She undoubtedly was, and there was also some little indication that the ferry-boat quot; Sunflowerquot; had done the same thing. To one of these two boats then conveying infection contracted from English animals, previously carried to those brought by it from the disabled steamer, must be ascribed the honour of introducing foot-and-mouth disease into this lairage, for when the history as related is considered, and when it is remembered what a short time is necessary for its incubation, any other explanation of the occurrence seems impossible.
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	REPORT BY Du. J. D. HOPKINS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;si with a view to ascertain what proportion of the animals were infecLcd with tnchina;. The inspectors of the Veterinary Department examined 279 separate portions of swine's flesh which were sent from Liverpool, and detected living trichina) in three specimens ; * * * but it was not deemed expedient to prohibit the introduction of American pork into this country, for the reason that such a measure would have damaged the trade without producing any satisfactory results. A large proportion of the objectionable meat would have been sent to this country by a circuitous route, and thus the object of the restriction would have been defeated, besides which, trichinosis among swine is known to exist in Germany, and it probably exists in other exporting countries, so that nothing short of total prohibition of swine flesh in all forms (rom all foreign sources would have been effectual.quot; In view of the recent total embargo placed by some of the foreign Governments upon the imports of our hog products into their countries, on account of the alleged existence iu them of trichinco, I would suggest that an inquiry be established which shall point out, first, the actual percentage of American hogs that are infected by this parasite; second, the portion of the country in which the largest percentage of animals so affected are found to exist: third, the nature of the food, if there is any difference, that these pigs receive ; fourth, whether animals that are kept around the home buildings arc more subject than are those kept in the field to the invasion of this entozoon, and all other matters relating to the question which may aid in devising such means as shall decrease to a minimum their existence in American pork products. Condition of Animals arriving in Great Britain. The losses occasioned by death and injury to cattle while being shipped abroad have been greatly reduced, and they are now landed at the various ports of Great Britain in a much better condition than formerly. Indeed, notwithstanding the much greater distance they are necessarily carried, they arrive with fewer bruises and in better condition generally than do those from some of the neighbouring European ports. This gratifying condition of affairs is due to the good care and improved methods of ventilation, amp;c., adopted by the owners of steamships. Experience in the trade, and the requirements of the insurance companies, have compelled many improvements for the comfort and safe transport of these animals. More light and space are given them, and by means of various ventilating devices an abundance of fresh air is furnished throughout the entire voyage. In most of the vessels a method of drainage into the bilge has been arranged, which may be pumped out as often as desirable. While much has been done in this direction by the steamship owners alone the managers of the insurance companies interested have not been idle, but so great has been the care exercised by them in the selection of animals for transportation and the provident provisions made for them during the voyage that the losses which amounted to more than 5 per cent, from January 1 to September 30, 1880, have been reduced to about 2\| per cent, during the same months of this year. Notwithstanding this great improve�ment, the weather during some parts of the past season has been the most severe ever known to the trade. Very respectfully, Hon. George B. Loring,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S. Commissioner of Agriculture.



	No. 54. Report by Dr. JAMES D. HOPKINS, D.V.S., to the COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, Washington. Contagious Plkuro-Pnkumonia in New York. Owing to circumstances over which the department had no control, the investigation in the State of New York was brought to a close on or about the 20th May last. The examinations made in that State by James D. Hopkins, D.V.S., from April 8 to May 17, will be found recorded below. From intbrmation received from the highest authority in such matters in this State, it would seem that contagious pleuro-pneumonia prevails to about the same extent that it did prior to the recent efforts of the State authorities to stamp it out. Dr. James Law, in writing to the Commissioner of Agriculture, under date of October 10 last, says :� B 670.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;L



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88		RliPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.

	and county, and before alluding to the ravages of the malady in the past, it will be necessary to mention the stables in which the disease existed at the time of my inves�tigations. April 7, 1881, I found an infected stable 4 miles north of Baltimore city, belonging to Judge D. M. Ferine. He owned at this time some valuable stock. I found several of them sick with contagious plcuro-pneumonia. No history relating to its origin among his cattle could be obtained until tlic hired man spoke of a bull which belonged to a neighbour named J. 13. Manning. This bull was allowed to enter the barnyard of Judge Ferine at all times. Being suspicious of this animal, I made inquiry regarding his whereabouts during the past six months. I found, by further inquiry and careful examination of other herds in this locality, that he had infected animals belonging to Mr. Thos. R. Jenkins and Mr. J. W. Ward. The former had six cows, one of which I examined and found the left lung consolidated in its middle and upper portions; hydro-thorax was present; temperature 104\|^o F.; died April 10. Precautions were taken to prevent its spread if possible. Mr. Ward, who owned four cows, was less fortunate. He wintered the animals belonging to Manning. I found one of this herd sick with the disease. Temperature 104deg; F.; slight dullness on percussion over the right lung, with the characteristic cough. This cow died one month later, but previous to her death another one of the four was attacked. Owing to the lack of power to destroy these infected animals, I was compelled to allow them to roam about the farms, to further disseminate the disease. Manning's place has been infected for the last 10 years. He has lost cows at different periods, sometimes one, at other times two or three animals, and has thus kept up a constant supply of virus sufficient to infect animals entering his stables at any season of the year, or that might, come in contact with his recovered cases. About the middle of April last 1 visited a section of Baltimore county called Long Green and Delaney Valley, distant 17 miles north-east of Baltimore city. Most of these farmers have valuable stock in the line of milch-cows. Thos. Pierce claims to have had the first outbreak of the disease in his section of Baltimore county this spring. His farm consists of 1,000 acres of land, most of which has been used of late as a pasture field. Cattle come here from all parts of this county to graze. He could not tell me how his cattle contracted the disease. I found a herd consisting of 30 cows and two bulls. Four of the cows were sick with the disease, and five others had died previous to my visit. His neighbour, who owns the adjoining farm, lost nine cows with the same malady, while others were suffering with it during my visit. I was not satisfied with the history given me by the hired man on the latter place, which is owned by General Trimble, but the General admitted that one of his animals jumped the fence into the pasture field belonging to Mr. Pierce. Three weeks after he noticed this outbreak among his cows. I went from this place to Long Green, which is two miles east of Delaney Valley, to examine a herd of cattle consisting of 10 cows and one bull, belonging to John A. Conklin. Mr. Conklin allowed two of his cows to winter on the Pierce farm. Hearing of this outbreak, he had his cows returned to his own farm, but shortly after the disease appeared in his herd. Five animals were attacked at different periods, and during the months of March and April two died. No disinfectants were used, and great negligence was manifested, and I was not surprised to find on a second visit towards the close of April that other animals were affected. In the barn one case was found. Calling again about the same time at Mr. Conklin's place 1 found no change in his animals, except that, in the interim, he seems to have used disinfectants freely. Two sick animals were allowed to roam at will over his entire farm. On May 4th and 5th I visited a place called Glencoe (Northern Central Railroad), situated on the Baltimore and Yorktown turnpike. Here I found four gentlemen, owning adjoining farms, who had experienced heavy losses in cattle. Dickinson Gorsuch, who lives 1 mile west of Glencoe, had the first outbreak of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this neighbourhood. Many head of cattle have died with the disease on his place since 1876. It was transmitted from this farm to that of T. T. Gorsuch, a relative, who lives one-half mile east. On the same turnpike, opposite the former place, lives another relative, Joshua Gorsuch, whose cattle also contracted the contagion. The latter sold a cow affected with the disease to a man named Jessup who lives in this locality, which soon infected his stock, ultimately causing a heavy loss. I recite this history simply in order to explain the transmission of the disease from one place to another. 1 found two chronic cases on the farmofT. T. Gorsuch. Adjoining lives another relative named Alfred Mays, on whose place 1 found three cows out of five sick with the disease. A cow had died previous to my visit. I advised the owner not to permit his cows to go to other pastures. He paid no atterdion to my advice, but allowed the sick animals to leave his place to graze on his father's Imoi distant 1^ miles north. I followed the animals to his father's (Jno. P. Mays), where I found the disease
if j #9632;''' f
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	REPORT BY Du. W. H. ROSE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 93 symptoms of ailment were sold. Four such were sent into Pennsylvania, where they soon infected cows belonging-to Mr. Pyle. This fact becoming known to the Pennsylvania authorities, they destroyed every sick cow and quarantined the stable. Mr. Gallop sold others singly to different parties in Abingdon, in this county. As soon as Colonel Stump and Dr. Magraw learned of the condition of these animals, they proceeded to kill every one of the cows that came from Gallop's infected herd. They then visited the infected stables and killed 22 head. Some animals had been sent to Baltimore previous to this slaughter, a fact unknown to these gentlemen at the time. In this herd 17 animals in all died from the effects of the disease. Since this transaction no further trouble has been experienced in this locality. I visited other sections of the county, where many herds of cattle are raised, and where large tracts of land are used for pasturing and wintering fat cattle. I think this latter pursuit is carried on to a greater extent in this county than in any other county in the State. The most of this grazing county lies along Deer Creek. Farmers in this locality frequently winter from 75 to 100 head each. The cattle pass through the Baltimore stock-yard previous to their arrival here. In the early spring they are sent to the Philadelphia markets. I was told that a Mr. Amos and Son, who lived in the northern part of this county, had lost cattle from contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I visited their farm on the 7th of June, but from the history of the disease given me by the owner, I am satisfied it was southern cattle fever, a disease which prevails here occasionally, and generally causes heavy losses. Carroll County. During the latter part of June I visited the different towns in this county, but I failed to find any case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, cither acute or chronic, until I reached a place called Manchester. After travelling a few miles north of this place I found a farm belonging to Barney Zepp, where the disease has existed since April 30. A short time previous to this he bought three cows from a dealer in this place, who buys cattle in all the different counties of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and sells them in most instances at the Baltimore stock-yaJrd. At the time mentioned contagious pleuro-pneumonia broke out among them. Two showed the severe symptoms of the disease and soon died. The remaining cows were taken sick at different periods, and two died. I think the last two cases will recover. In 1875 they had an outbreak of the disease a few miles west of this place, in Bachraan's Valley; cows from Baltimore stock-yard caused this infection. The movement of cattle in the fall of each year from Baltimore here is similar to the movement of cattle into Harford County, only to a less extent. In the spring and summer months dealers drive most of the cattle to the Baltimore stock-yard, from which very few of them return during the latter period.

	Frederick County. On July 14 I visited Frederick City (county seat). The disease docs not exist in this county at present. The most of the cattle brought here come from Virginia. The only place where the disease ever existed in this county is Woodboro', 12 miles north of this city. George Smith lost 11 head from its effects last year- None of those affected recovered. I am satisfied that Frederick County will remain free from the extreme ravages of the disease so long as such men as Dr. Fairfax Schley is at the head of the Agricultural Society. He is well versed in the nature of the disease, and is therefore enabled to explain to the members of his society the precautions necessary to prevent its spread. Anne Arundel County. I visited the principal city (Annapolis) and most of the small places in this county. No disease has existed in any of these places during the last three years. On the dairy farm of Mrs, Berry, 1\| miles north-west of Annapolis, a few animals died previous to the death of her husband, which occurred three years ago. Very few dairy stables that contain over five or ten cows are to be found in this city. On its outskirts are a few farms stocked with valuable cattle. I was surprised not to find more of the disease here, because boats make daily trips to and from Baltimore, and often bring cows from the stock-yard in that city. Since the outbreak of the disease in Baltimore last year, however, most of the people in this county are very careful where they purchase their stock. Prince Geokgk's County, During the early part of August and the latter part of September I made investiga�tions in this county. Near the line of the district of Columbia, I found the disease had existed in previous years. I could detect no cases at present. In the year 1879, David M 8



Ilaquo; m k		100	REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881.

*UL\*		on hogs that I have soon arriving at the Union Stock-yards from the Missouri River, after a three or four days' run. Mr. Williams, secretary of the Union Stock-yards at Chicago, in his commuoication annexed hereto,* remarks as follows: Tho great hulk of hogs arriving at this market are raised in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Indiana. They are generally well fatted, weighing from 150 to 450 pounds per head. Upon arriving at these yards they are placed in covered pens, fed with the best of corn, and good pure water given them. If any are crippled in transit they are sold to the cheap markets in the city. Dead hogs are taken posses�sion of by tho Rendering Company and made into grease and fertilizer. As to the health of the hogs arriving here, 1 will say that I have been familiar with this market and have been located in the yards for about twenty-six years, and during all those years I have never known the hogs to be in such excellent condition, so healthy, as they have been during the past year. It is proper to observe here that this report gives full details, from the farrowing of the pig until the meat product is placed upon the local and foreign markets, and that the various details which follow of purchase, inspection, weighing, driving to the slaughter-house, and the process of manufacture for export are the result of a personal examination made by me, accompanied by a stenographer and experts. The house at which the examinations were made is one of the largest in the world, and kills and cures both for the English and the home markets, As^ my visit was unexpected, there was no opportunity for any special display on the occasion, even were it possible or necessary to vary the regular courseof business of such a vast establishment, where more than a million of hogs are annually slaughtered. Indeed the packers and hog dealers of Chicago and Cincinnati were only too anxious for the fullest and severest investigation, feeling confident that through such investigation they could refute calumny and correct erroneous opinions in regard to their trade in the most direct and positive manner. Upon the arrival of the hogs at the Union Stock-yardst at Chicago, the trains are run alongside a platform and unloaded, the animals passing down an inclined plane into pens. The hogs belonging to each owner being collected into large separate pens, the buyers of the different packers examine each lot with a view to purchase. All purchases are made with the understanding that the purchaser has the right of selection and rejection. After the lot has been purchased and a selection made out of the general drove, the selected animals are removed to what is known as a sorting-pen, where each hog is inspected by the packer's expert, called a sorter. The severity of this quot; sorting quot; is such that no animal can pass unless in the best condition. As no diseased or crippled animal can reach this stage, all those rejected are rejected for reasons not connected with disease or injuiy. The. rejected consist of sows, stags, rough hogs, hogs having any marks from whips or sticks, amp;c. After this careful examination, the selected hogs are driven to the scales of the Union Stockyard Company and weighed, and an official certificate issued. The price originally agreed upon is paid by the purchaser on the basis of this official weight. Up to this point the hogs are subject to the rules and regulations of the Stockyard Company, and the owners and purchasers must conform to said rules. Considering the transportation of the hogs by rail from the farm to the yards, and the handling, selecting, and driving to which they are subject from their unloading until they are weighed in the company's scales, it is apparent that neither diseased nor inferior animals can possibly pass the ordeal. From the company's scales the hogs may be said to come fully into the possession of the purchaser. The hogs are then driven up an inclined plane, carefully prepared, into the chute which leads to the packing-house. These chutes are elevated covered-ways, connecting the scales and packing-houses, and running over sheds, pens, and roads, thus facilitating the passage of the hogs to their destination. These chutes are from a quarter to half a mile in length, according to the position of the packing-houses. In winter they protect the animals from storms, and in summer (while they get plenty of air, and fresh water being sprinkled from time to time as they slowly move forward), from the heat of the sun. Should any of the hogs become tired they are lifted into vehicles contrived for the purpose, and hauled along after the drove to the resting pen. * Pago 111. t See In this connection, page 114, statement of John II. Porter, Esq., of Cincinnati.
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	*V^:J-* lt;rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;104nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; REPORT ON AMERICAN PORK: 1881. In the cities pork also constitutes the meat food of* the working classes almost altogether; and when it is taken into consideration that those portions of the hog not

	i^: #9632;#9632;'		cured by the packers, (and so never entering at all into the export trade), such as the
	i^: #9632;#9632;'		tenderloin and spare-rib, arc considered by scientists as the portions most likely to be infested with tricluna3, and that such portions are sold to the local dealers for local

	k^ ..
	k^ ..		consumption, the few cases of deaths from trichinosis in Chicago, and these the result of eating the raw and inferior scraps, afford conclusive evidence of the purity and whole-someness of American pork. It may be doubted whether any other animal food, if subjected to so much suspicion and inspection, would show so clean a health record. In regard to the great pork-eating city of Cincinnati, Dr. A. J. Mills, health officer, says: In reply to your inquiry in regard to the prevalence of trkhinw spiralis in this city, I beg to state that there has not been a single case of this disease during my term of office; and the records do not show a single case occurring in this city at any time previous to that time. Tims it would appear that no case of trichinosis has ever been reported as having occurred in Cincinnati. All outside testimony, so far as the investigations went, fully corroborated the statement of Dr. Mills. Dr. John H. Rauch, secretary to the Illinois State Board of Health, prepared at my request, the following ofticial statement: Since 186G 11 deaths have occurred in the State of Illinois of trichinosis, and those deaths, in every instance, resulted from eating raw ham or sausage.* As a sanitarian, I regard the danger of life from this source as practically amounting to nothing, it being so easily prevented by thorough cooking. No doubt more deaths occur from many other articles of diet that are regarded as harmless, no record of the same being made. Dr. Oscar C. De Wolf, commissioner of health for the city of Chicago, says : Our mortality in this city for the last four years ranged from 8,000 in 1877 to 10,000 in 1880, and only two cases of trichina} have been reported during that period; f and the fact that the meat rejected by the packers is consumed locally, and is more likely to be infected than that exported, adds materially to the importance of this statement. Dr. Ezra Stetson, of Neponset, Illinois, a scientist and practical stock-breeder and farmer, upon being questioned concerning trichinae, considered the subject as scarcely worthy of consideration, remarking as follows : I suppose you will eat pork with us at dinner to-day. Wo eat it ourselves continually. We have neither fears nor scruples in this regard so long as it has been well cooked. Trichinae is not confined to the hog alone; horses, cows, and rabbits are subject thereto; that is the true parasite. This parasite is effectually destroyed and rendered innocuous by thorough cooking. Just as soon, and no sooner, as all flesh, and oven fish, is cooked before eating, trichlnoe will cease to be a bugbear. Conclusions akiuvkd at. The conclusions arrived at in this report are as follows : 1.nbsp; That the swine of America are of the best and purest breeds, t and are fed and fattened for market on corn. It is not believed that swine are thus fed in any other country. 2.nbsp; That the reports published in Europe concerning the deaths of American hogs from hog cholera are gross exaggerations. 3.nbsp; That the percentage of deaths among American swine from disease is no greater than the percentage of deaths among European swine from similar diseases. 4.nbsp; That American hogs which have died or may die of cholera, or from any cause whatever, can have no relation to the meat product (except to decrease it), as such animals cannot by any possibility pass the severe scrutiny and inspection to which hogs destined for killing and curing are subject; that, even if it were possible to pass such inspection, no art of the eurer could convert such animals into meat which could pass the inspection, in the words of a leading eurer, quot;even of a blind man.quot; 5.nbsp; That the fears excited and fostered in parts of Europe by interested persons, that any portion of hogs, which have died or may die of cholera, or from any other cause, is or can be converted into merchantable lard, are founded on the grossest ignorance, for merchantable lard cannot be produced from such dead animals. 6.nbsp; That every pound of the product rendered from diseased hogs, except that part used as a fertilizer, is plainly marked quot; brown grease,quot; quot; white grease quot; or quot; dead hog's
	M
	i

	* During this period the average population of Illinois was over two and u luvlf inillionH. f This hIiowh only two eawes of trichinosis in nearly 40,000 deiitliw, whose caiiHOH are hero reported. \| See atutement of Charles F. Mills, page 116; also statement of J. 11. Cunningham, page 122.



106nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; HEPOBT ON AMERICAN POR^: 188,\. � ' #9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; Appendix to Report on American Pork. [In addition to the gentlemen who prepared the following statements, special thanks are due for valuable services rendered in the investigations necessary to the preparation of this report, to Charles Randolph, Esq., Secretary of the Board of Trade of Chicago ; John A. Atkinson, Esq., and Mortimer Scaidan, Chicago; Col. Sidney D. Maxwoll, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, and Hon. J. W. Fitzgerald, of the same city.] American and British Hogs and Hog Puoducts Comvaued.�Statement by Michael Fostek, Esq., of Chicago.

Sir, Having heard that you are out here collecting information and figures relating to ho^j raising and pork packing in the West, I take the liberty of addressing you on the subject, and stating some [ .5,kjnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; facts in this connexion that may possibly throw some light on this very much misrepresented though all-important question. I om aware that the agitation of the public mind on this subject at present, in both the Old and New World, renders it absolutely necessary that a matter of such international importance should be approached with caution, and touched only by those whose experience and Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;observation have gained them a knowledge on the subject of such an extent and character as may be Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; deemed reliable. With this view I therefore wish to say that whatever I here state are facts, and not i 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; mere assertions ; and when I state that my experience with hogs and hog product runs back over a , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quarter of a century in the leading marts of the world for these two articles of merchandise, I may be allowed the privilege of claiming a certain reliability if not authority for what I state. I have before me a letter lately received from a friend in Ireland. It is dated quot; Limerick, Alaquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(f February 1C, 1881,quot; and contains the following passage : quot; The pig trade is very bad at present, in consequence of a scarcity, and the price of pigs here just now is G5s. per hundredweight.quot; fnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; To explain this more fully, I will say that the price for the dressed might for the hog in Limerick is equal to about #16 per quot;longquot; hundred, or 112 pounds of dressed pork, making it necessary to obtain

		#9632;
on the London Market no less than 805., or say #20 per 112 pounds for the manufactured article put of the Limerick hog, in order to remunerate the packer or quot; bacon eurer quot; for his investment. Taking this fact alone simply proves the market price of Irish bacon in London ; but when I tell :nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; you that at about the same time 80s. to 83s., or say #20 to #21 per hundredweight was being paid for this Limerick cured bacon you could select the finest brands of Chicago bacon in Liverpool at

4.				from 4�s. to 52s., or #11 to #13 per hundredweight. You will naturally ask quot;What is the cause of
quot; this great dift'erence in price ? Is the American hog so far inferior to the Irish or English hog ? quot; In 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; answer to this last query 1 say emphatically quot;Noquot; ; and I will undertake to prove not only that such is not the case, but that the reverse condition to that implied by this question is the actual position of 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the hogs of the two countries in any comparison as to quality that may be instituted between them. I oinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;have handled in large numbers hogs raised and fed in every county in Ireland from 1857 to 1871 ; as a member of the live stock firm of Thomas Foster and Sons, Smithfield, Birmingham, I handled 50 percent. of the imported hog supply for the great manufacturing midland counties of England; I have bought nogs out of the crack pedigree droves of England, including that of William Looker, Esq., Clenchwarton Hail, King's Lynn, Norfolk, one of the most celebrated breeders of pedigree hogs in England ; I have handled hogs from the royal farms and from tho Smithfield Club Show, London, and the Bingley Hall I-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Show at Birmingham ; and in all my Irish and English experience I never saw finer or purer-bred hogs than I have seen and handled at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago. I make these statements, knowing well that the quot;hog questionquot; is at present receiving keen attention from numerous interested parties on both sides of the Atlantic, and therefore to take up any position from which one may have to back down is not alone impolitic but unwise. In Ireland, generally speaking, the hogs are bred promiscuously, unless in exceptional cases where the landlord or large bacon eurer introduces fine-bred stock for the free use of the peasantry, which is notably the case in tho counties of Waterford and Tipperary, and parts of the counties of Kilkenny, Wexford, Cork, and Limerick ; but strict adherence to the principles of pure breeding from pedigree stock is quot;honoured more in the breach than in the observance,quot; and hence the diversity of breeds to be found in the national hog of Ireland. In England, likewise, the different breeds of swine are not kept as pure as they are in a general way in America, though of course there are many quot; fancy quot; breeders in England who are as fastidious regarding the quot;pedigreequot; of their quot;prize pigquot; as if the ultimate climax of the hog's earthly career was to be the Two thousand Guineas or the Derby, instead of making
				sausage and pork pies and boiling with cabbage for the sturdy Britons.
			Before leaving the subject of breeding I will give some general impressions you very readily get in moving among hogs in the three countries. In Ireland and England you have to hunt up fine-bred hogs if you wish to see any, and even then, as I before stated you only find them in quot; spots,quot; the principal portion of the hogs showing unmistakable evidence of the utter lack of care in breeding from ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; any one particular stock. But in Western America, as represented at the Union Stock Yards, your attention is frequently arrested by tho singular purity of the breeding of whole car loads of hogs, and
			I'' '#9632;
	even passing over these cases whore exclusive breeding seems to have been rigidly observed, you cannot help remarking how uniformly first-class pedigree shows through most of the hogs that arrive to supply the demands of the day. It is not an unusual occurrence to see all tho hogs of one train of, say from 20 to 30 cars, exhibiting such strong signs of having sprung from the same original stock as to indicate to the most casual observer that they had all been raised in and shipped from the same section. Now as to the question of feoding, I will state that the American hog is the best fed, simply because he feeds and fattens on Indian corn, tho finest grain that grows out of the earth, while quot; slop quot; butchers' \|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; garbage, brewers' grains, distillery swill, and vegetable matter of various kinds enter largely into the inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; diet of hogs in both Ireland and England, with of course a considerable portion of damaged Indian

.L