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BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

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KElill

^__ ELAINE'S

CANINE PATHOLOGY;

BEIKG

A DESCRIPTION OF

THE DISEASES OF DOGS,

NOSOLOGICALLY A1U5ANGEU,

wraa Tiitni

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND CURATIVE TREATMENT

AND PKACTICAL OBSERVATIOXS

ON THE

BREEDING, REARING, AND SANITARY TREATMENT OF THESE ANIMALS.

FIFTH EDITION, HEVISED, AND COEEECTED.

BY THOMAS WALTON^MAYER,

UEMBEIi ut THE COLXCIL OF THE EOYAL COLLEGE OI'quot; VBlEi;ilt;C.U;V SUBGSOMS.

LONGMAN, BBOwSyraquo; fUSSUgf AND LONGMANS ;

SIJIPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; WIIITTAKEK AND CO.;

HOULSTON AND STONEMAN; II. RENSHAW ;

AND H. G. BOIIN.

1851.

London:

Spoitiswoodes and Shaw,

Now-street-Squarraquo;'.

PREFACE,

The fifth edition of Elaine's Canine Pathology is presented to the public under somewhat different circumstances to its predecessors. The original Author of the work who guided its progress through four successive editions, is no more. After a life devoted to his profession, and to the amelioration of the sufferings of those animals, which an all-wise Providence has placed under the dominion of man; he has ceased to exist, leaving behind him this work as one of the monuments of his fame.

In discharging the duty that has devolved upon us in revising this edition, we have been desirous of contributing our mite to the well-being of the canine race � regreting that our literary and professional experience has not enabled us to do greater justice to our subject. We have not, however, been so much desirous of adding new, and possibly but at best crude ideas of our own, as we have been to give effect to the work of Mr. Elaine, by re-arranging his matter, compressing his facts, with the addition of such im�proved classification and method of treatment as the advanced state of Veterinary Science has enabled us to supply.

It might have been expected that we should have availed ourselves of this opportunity of giving an

i vnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PREFACE.

expression of our opinion on the origin of some of the more serious diseases that infest the canine race. We have refrained from doing so for this simple-reason, that our opinions on this subject are under�going a great change.

Recent research, assisted by the important disco�veries lately made in magnetic chemistry, prove how-little we vet know as to the origin of diseased actions. Science has proved, beyond a possibility of doubt, the existence of mineral, vegetable, and animal poisons ; and that each of these, when conveyed and received into the system, produces certain definite results; and we believe that the existence of atmospheric poisons, formed by certain electrical combinations, and conveyed in magnetic currents, will as surely be found to produce their train of actions when received into the animal system as out of it, and to be as capable in one case, as in the other, of being repelled by antagonistic forces.

T. W. M.

yen-castle, Staffordshire, May, 1851.

CONTENTS.

PART THE FIRST.

THE DOG.

INTRODUCTION.

PAGE

Classification of the Dog - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Canes Feri - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -4

Canos Famili�res - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Section I. Canes Laclinei, the Wolf Dogs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Section II. Canes Laniarii, Watch and Cattle Dogsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

Section III. Canes Venatici Grayii, Greyhounds -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

Section IV. Canes Sagaces, the Hounds -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

Section V. Canes Domesticii, the Cur Dogsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 10

Section VI. Canes Urcani, the Mastiffs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 11

CHAPTER I.

THE BREEDING AND REARING OF DOGS, THEORETICALLY AND PRACTICALLY CONSIDERED.

Breeding and Rearing, importance of -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 13

Selection of Parents - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 13

Parental Influence - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -15

Tendency of Breeds to Degeneracy - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 17

Varieties of Breeds � their Origin - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 18

Consanguinous breeding � Opinions thereonnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 19

The Reproduction of Dogs - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Is Breeding dangerous to Life ? - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 24

Impregnation and Gestation - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 26

Birth - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 26

Change in the Teeth - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Average Life of the Dog - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Treatment of the Mother and her Young -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Superfootation - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 28

^^^^^m

VInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II.

THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE.

PAGE

Feeding ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....nbsp; nbsp; 30

The proper Food for Dogsnbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 31

The Period of Feedingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 34

Housing of Dogs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 35

Washing of Dosrs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 36

Exercise - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -37

Condition - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 39

PART THE SECOND.

THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

The Importance of their Investigation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 41

The Method of administering the Remedies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 43

Treatment of Dogs labouring under Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 44

Division of Diseases into Classes - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48

Class I. STIIENICiE. Order I. Febres.

Genus I. F, Symptomatica� Symptomatic Fevernbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48

Genus II. F. Ephemeralis � Diary Fever -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48

Class II. Order I. Phlegmas�e.

Genus I. Catarrha � Specific Catarrhal Disease, ornbsp;Distempernbsp; nbsp;49

Genus II. Dysenteria - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 73

Genus III. Cystitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 73

Genus IV. Cephalitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 74

Genus V. Pneumonitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 75

Genus VI. Laryngitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 77

Genus VII. Pleuritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 79

Genus VIII. Gastritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 79

Genus IX. Enteritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 80

Genus X. Hepatitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 82

Genus XI. Splenitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 84

Genus XII. Otitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 85

Genus XIII. Ophthalmitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 85

CONTENTS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;V�

Class I. Order III. Tdmoees. Class I. Order IV. ILemorr�agi^e.

PACK

Genus I. Apoplexia Sanguinea - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - - 8S

Class I. Order V. Si-asmi.

Genus I. Epilepsia - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 89

Genus II. Chorea - - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _ - 92

Genus III. Tetanus - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 94

Genus IV. Convulsio - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . -95

Genus V. Cholica - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 95

Genus VI. Cynolyssa, or Hydrophobia -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - - 96

Genus VII. Asthma - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _ . 169

Class II. ASTHENICiE.

Order I. Marcokes.

Genus I, Marasmus - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 173

Class II. Order II. AdynamivE.

Genus I. Icterus �� - . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _ - 173

Class II. Order III. Cachex^e.

Genus I. Rheumatismus - . -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . 174

Genus II. Calculus - - - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . -176

Genus III. Rhachia - - _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 177

Genus IV. Obesitas - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 178

Genus V. Hydrops - � - .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . - 180

Class II. Order IV. Paeisitic^e.

Genus I. Scabies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

183

Genus II. Vermes Intestinalesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 188

Class II. Order V. Ecltopi^e. Genus I. Marisca -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -191

Class II. Order VI. Profluvi/e. Genus I. Diarrhoeanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 193

Genus II. Blennorrhooa -..,.. jqq

Class II. Order VII. Dys/ethesle. Genus I. Obstipationbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 197

^^MH

V�inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTENTS.

SURGICALnbsp; TREATMENTnbsp; OF DOGS.

PACE

Wounds - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ^19y

Ulcerous Affectionsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----- 201

Canker of the Earnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²⁰³

Fractures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' ²⁰⁶

Dislocations -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- ^.w

Operations - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²¹⁰

Castration -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;

Spaying -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^_ ²¹^

Difficult Labournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²¹²

Cropping -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;

Worming -.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-. -

217 217

Acupuncturationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Bleedingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '' ^;

Blisteringnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;

Clystcringnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

219 220 221

Bathingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

Cutting of Claws, Scaling and Extraction of Teethnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 223

Tumefied, or Sore Feet ----- ²²⁵

POISONS, MINERAL, VEGETABLE, AND ANIMAL 226

CA^I^E PATHOLOGY.

TAKT THE FIRST. THE DOG.

INTRODUCTORY.

The dog seems designed by the Almighty Creator to be the companion and assistant of man. Other ani�mals may surpass him in strength, and contribute more largely to man's wealth or convenience ; but the dog alone feels naturally a desire to serve him, and is attached to him, by an instinctive impulse. It is the dog only that delights in man's society, re�cognises, watches over, or warns him of the approach of danger. To fit him for these purposes, the dog possesses in a very high degree, the senses of smell, of hearing, and of sight; together with great sagacity, fidelity, and courage.

In Sacred History we find but little mention of the employment of dogs. There can, however, be no doubt that the quot; mighty hunters and keepers of flocks,quot; at a very early period, perceived and availed themselves

W^VBBS

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SACRED HISTORY.

of the dog's usefulness, whether in the chase, or as the guardian of the fold.

Job, rich in flocks and herds, thus expresses him�self, chap. xxx. v. 1.: quot; But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flockquot; (or the dogs that keep my flock).

Whilst, however, we have so little reference to the utility of the dog in the Sacred Writings, we meet with frequent allusions to the contempt and abhor�rence in Avhich the dog was held by the Jews. By their law he was pronounced unclean. The most offensive expression they could apply to any man was to call him a quot; dead dog.quot;

By this epithet they designated the devil, perse�cutors, false teachers, unholy men, gentiles, amp;c. They were expressly commanded, as the chosen people of God, quot; not to join themselves to the gods of the na�tions.quot; The fact that the dog was an object of divine worship in some of the neighbouring nations, may in some measure account for the antipathy to him enter�tained by the Jews; and the use of the name as a term of reproach may also be traced, perhaps, not unfairly to their repugnance of idolatry and the worship of brute beasts.

Be this as it may, the importance of the dog in the scale of animated nature admits of no dispute, but is forced on us (amongst other proofs) by the wide range of its geographical distribution, which exceeds that of nearly every other animal.

The docility of the clog renders him, not only in�teresting, but so highly useful, that we can hardly deem any country fully blessed with nature's gifts that does not possess the dog; and, certainly, none can deserve the title of civilised, where it is not do�mesticated.

We have reason to believe it was one of man's

ZOOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

earliest efforts to secure the services of an animal, that even in its wild state, must have exhibited such sagacity and physical powers as in an eminent degree qua�lified him to become, when reclaimed, a watchful and effective guard against more savage and predatory beasts; an invaluable ally to man in his conquests over other animals, as well as an attached and in�teresting companion.

On the whole, it may be said, that man has made no other conquest so complete, varied, and useful as over the dog.

Almost every variety of canidoa has become his property; each individual is entirely devoted to his master, assumes his manners, knows and defends his property, and continues attached to him until death; and this appears to proceed, neither from fear nor from the hope of reward, but solely from genuine attach�ment.

In the dog's swiftness, strength, and powers of scent, man has a powerful ally against other animals, whose encroachments he watches with a jealous eye: he, in fact, is the only animal that has followed man through every region of the earth.

It is, however, to be lamented, that around the descent of no quadruped does there hang so much ob�scurity as over that of the dog ; indeed, some emi�nent naturalists have even doubted whether he is not wholly a fictitious animal. His parentage has been se�verally ascribed to the wolf, the jackal, and the hyena. quot;We shall not attempt to reconcile these discordant views, as we agree in the opinion expressed by other naturalists, that the dog is descended, not solely from a species of wolf or jackal, but also from genuine wild dogs of more than one homogeneous species.

Zoologically considered, dogs are said to belong to the family of

B 2

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE FERAL DOG.

CANIDiE.* Sub-genus CANIS.

Dogs properly so called have the quot; muzzle greatly varied ; ears pointed or rounded, and pendulous ; eyes horizontal, full, prominent, pupils always round; tail never reaching to the ground, in general bent up�wards ; fur long or short; livery of all colours, with tendency to form spots; mamma) varying from ten to six. Several of the varieties in all the groups par�take of two distinct races nearly in an equal degree, and others bear marks of three races. Feet in some partially webbed, in others with a fifth toe and claw on the hind legs as well as the fore ; voice barking, capable of very valued expression; intellectual in�stinct variously developed; domesticity voluntary.quot;

Canes feri. Feral Dogs.

In general assuming external appearance between the wolf and cur dog: �

Canis ictinusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; Feral dog of Natolia.

C. fossornbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; Feral dog of Russia.

C. Haitensisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; Feral doo; of St. Domingo.

C. campivagnsnbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; Feral dog of the Pampas.

Canes famili�res. Familiar Dogs.

Heads elongated, parietals shelving towards each other, the lower jaw on the same line with the upper molars. Inhabited originally the northern and temperate zones north of the equator.

Section I. Canes Lachnei. The Wolf Doss.

Densely clothed with longhair: originally all with pointed ears. Inhabit nearest the Arctic circle in � See Jardine's quot; Natural History.quot;

#9632;i

THE WOLF DOG.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5

both continents ; sagacious, laborious ; stature large ; livery in general white and black.

Canis Sibiriens . The Siberian Dog; Kosha of the

natives. C. Borealisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . Esquimaux Dog.

C. Islandicus . Iceland Dog, Fiaar hunt. C. Lagopusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. JIare Indian Dog.

(The last three appear to have an Aguara origin, mixed with wolf.)


Cam's Terroe		JVovce
a c.	laniger Alco
c.	domeslicus
	11	ii
	ii	ii
*11 11* C. Pomeranns

Newfoundland dos;.

Xootka dog.

The Alco ; Goschis.

The sheep dog.*

The wolf dog (great).

The Calabrian dog.

The Alpine and St. Bernard dog.

The Pomeranian dog.

* Notwithstanding tlie great variations in size met with in the pasture or shepherd's dog, in different countries of the globe (for he is probably the most extensively diffused of the race), yet he every where preserves some peculiar characteristics, which mark his adherence to the original type in a greater degree than in any other breed over which man has so arbitrarily exercised his control. One of these peculiarities is, his quantity of covering, which is invariably great, particularly about the neck. In temperate climates his coat is long and shaggy; in cold ones it is coarse, and crisped or waved in minute curls; in arid regions his hair is still long and shaggy, but it is fine. In Britain it is remarkable that we have resemblances of all these varieties, as witnessed in the large drovers' dogs that attend the cattle or sheep markets; the true shepherd's dog of South Britain, and the sagacious colly of North Britain. The ears are never entirely pendant in any of the race; but in the British varieties, and many others also, are half erected, or half pricked as it is called. The colour is also very generally grey, more or less dark. The natural tail of the British breeds is bushy, somewhat pendant and recurved, such as is seen in the colly; but in England a custom has so long prevailed of cutting off the stern, that many of these dogs are now actually born with less than half a tail; which serves to show how even the bony structure, in other instances the most permanent of the whole, bends to circum�stances arbitrarily imposed and continued with regularity. The

b :3

WATCH AND CATTLE DOGS.

Section II.

Canis Laniarrii.

The Watch and Cattle Dojrs.

Skulls very like the former ; stature mostly large, some very large; fur short; instinct of watching; hunt; bold; moderate sagacity; moderate powers of smelling; not very docile; ears erect, or partly turned down. Inhabited originally the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.


Canis . C. Suillus		�
C. c.	glaucus Laniarius

Turkman watch dog. Suliot quot;Watch and Boar hound. Molossian doc;. The Danish doquot;¹. The Matin dog. The Cattle dog of Cuba. The Primitive Lurcher. The Native Indian Carrier dog. The Techichi.

The Wolf dog of the Floridas. The Dog of the North Amei'ican

Indians.

Section III.

Canis Venatici Grayii.

The Greyhounds. Skulls like the former, but the plane of the head more rectilinear; stature high ; chest deep; loins arched; abdomen drawn up; tail

visage of the shepherd's dog is more or less pointed ; in the colly it is much so ; but less so in the large drover's dog of South Britain: this latter dog is remarkable for seldom trotting or walking, but, on the contrary, he paces either fast or slow. The whole race have an additamentary toe, or dew-claw so called. From the colly of little more than twelve inches in height to the Apennine of nearly three feet, one common character prevails among them of fidelity, inde�fatigable industry, and sagacity, with a deportment singularly grave throughout the race.�Blaine.

GREYHOUNDS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

long, slender, in the original hounds only fringed; ears small, pointed, mostly turned back and down; small powers of scent; little sagacity; little personal attachment; great swiftness; hunt by the sight; livery black, white and slaty. Inhabited originally the temperate and warm zones of the northern hemi�sphere in the Old World, to the tropics.

Races with long Fur.

The Brinjaree Dog of India.

The Persian Greyhound.

The Arabian Bedoueen. Canis Mrsutus . The Russian and Tartar greyhound.* C. Scoticus . The Scottish Greyhound. C. Hihernicus . The Irish Hound (largest of all). C. Grains. . The Greek Greyhound.

Races with smooth Fur.

The Turkish Long eared.

The Egyptian Smooth greyhound.

The Bedoueen Acaba greyhound.

1.nbsp; Canis Italiens. The Italian Greyhound, f

2.nbsp; C. leporarius. The British Greyhound. \

* The Russian greyhound is not very unlike that of Scotland, and possesses much agility. It remains to remark, that, under whatsoever name this variety passes, whether of boar-hound or of Irish or Scotch greyhound, it is a dog of some scenting powers, brave, gentle, and affectionate.�Blaine.

\ The Italian greyhound is a diminutive variety of elegant form, but timid, sensitive, and tender in the extreme.-�Blaine.

% The modern or smooth greyhound of our own times and of our own country exhibits, in a wonderful manner, the power of cultivation. In early times, this dog in all probability, hunted as well by scent as by sight; and with such qualifications he must have proved very destructive to the larger kinds of game, as deer, wild goats, foxes, amp;c. At least, such a dog was the gazehound, of whose extraordinary powers in selecting and keeping his game in view we have many accounts. But as the larger varieties of game became scarce, or was principally hunted by dogs in packs, so the use of the real greyhound became confined to the taking of the hare. To do this, however, effectually, the arts of cultivation and

b 4

GREYHOUNDS.

Mongrel Races.

Cants vertagus. The present Lurcher. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Egyptian Street clog.

,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Hairless Do

¹.

The Turkish Naked do

laquo;�

selection were called into practice, thereby to produce an increased celerity of motion in this dojr, by a corresponding alteration in the form of his body. The head was rendered flat and pointed, to offer less resistance to the wind, and to subtract from its weight ; the chest was considerably deepened, somewhat at the expense of its general circular capacity, but without wholly destroying its aug-mental flexure of ribs, by which respiration could be increased, although both weight and resistance were decreased. The ab�domen became wonderfully contracted, and its intestinal contents so devoid of all interstitial matter as to offer little obstruction to the momentum of the body, and little obstacle to the dilatations of the diaphragm. The extremities were at once rendered tine, and greatly extended, and their angles rendered capable of great ex�tension by lengthening those portions which were principally con-cerned in propelling the machine, and shortening those which operated in progression. Thus it is with the greyhound, as with all animals of great speed, that the knee and the hocks are both placed by nature very near the ground, dependent on the curtail�ment of the intervening portions. 'Die muscles of the back, loins, and thighs in the greyhound are singularly large ; and thus all these advantages of the long mechanism can be assisted by an increase of moving power : but that the increase gained of velocity might not destroy the quality between the pursuer and the pur�sued, which is an invariable law in nature, it followed that the head, becoming long and pointed, occasioned such contraction of the frontal sinuses as to injure the sense of acute smell, and to annul the power of following the game by scent; the greyhound is therefore now forced to trust to his vision alone, and thus brought more nearly on a par with his prey. This cranial alteration ap�pears, also, to have some effect on the faculties of this dog, in lessening the aptitude to education, and confining the general in�telligence, though nut in the degree that some naturalists would

imply----Blaine.

The old couplets that describe this species of dogs were exact in the points they recommended as necessary to form a complete greyhound: �

quot; Head like a snake.

Necked like a drake;

Backed like a beam.

Sided like a bream ;

Tailed like a rat.

And footed like a catquot;

THE HOUNDS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

Section IV.

Canes Sagaces. The Hounds.

Skull moderately elongated, parietals not approxi�mating, but expanding, admitting a larger develop�ment of brain; ears rounded, pendulous; great ol�factory power; great sagacity; middle stature, strong, and elastically shaped; tail turned up ; livery white and brown in spots, or white and black. Inhabit temperate regions of the old continent.

Races with the short Fur.

Cants sanguinaris. The Blood-hound.












	avicular	ms.

The Oriental Hound.

The Talbot.

The old Southern Hound.

The Stag-hound.

The Fox-hound.

The Harrier.

The Beagle.

The Turnspit.

The Burgos.

The Dalmatian or Coach dog.

The Pointer.

Races with longer Fur. 1. Canis index. . The Setter.*

* The setter, it is probable, is principally derived from the spaniel, and not, as has been supposed, from a mixture of spaniel and pointer. Robert Dudley Duke of Northumberland, is recorded as the first person who broke (to the net) a setter (i, e. a spaniel), so called from its lying down before game until a net was drawn over both dog and game. After this aptitude had been displayed, it is natural to suppose that the breed would be continued, and that further cultivation has increased its size and powers. The setter retained the name of spaniel until of late years ; and to this day he is called in Ireland the English spaniel. Gay calls him the quot;creeping spaniel :quot; Thomson, also, has�

quot; How, in his mid career, the spaniel struck,

THE CUR DOGS.

2. C. extrarius.

The Spaniel. *

The Spinnger.

King Charles's spaniel.

The Cocker.

The Blenheim.

The Maltese.

The Water-dog or Poodle.

The little Barbet.

The Griffon.

The Lion Dog.

#9632;n 11 11

11 11 11

iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

C. Melitensis C. aquatic us

iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ii

Section V. Cants domesticii. The Cur Do^s.

Head round, muzzle pointed, eyes large, promi�nent, ears erect; stature below the middle size; sa�gacious, watchful, noisy; generally debased: appear to descend from thi'ee distinct species. Inhabited originally, 1st, the temperate western regions of the old continent; 2ridly, warm and tropical regions of the old continent; 3rdly₅ the temperate and cold latitudes of South America.

Cards terrarius. 1. The terrier, f

Stiff by the tainted gale, with open nose Outstretched,quot; amp;c.�Blaine.

quot; The least adulterated breeds are still found in Ireland.quot; � Jai-dine.

* No dog presents such endless varieties as the spaniel: all however, admit of two common divisions into land and water spaniels. The latter are derived from the northern, the former from the eastern dogs. Land spaniels are all characterised by a long silky coat; and whether strong and muscular, or slender and diminutive, they are equally elegant and interesting. They are proverbially faithful; and to the sportsman they are highly im�portant, from their keen scent, and their 'attachment to the pursuit of game.

f Supposed to be an original and indigenous dog of Britain.

THE MASTIFFS.

Canis terranus. 2.

The Pariah of India.

The Poe Dog of the Pacific

Islands. . The New Zealand Dog. The Pata^onian Do^. The Tierra del Fuego Dog.

Section VI. Canis Urcani. The Mastiffs.

Muzzle truncated; cranium elevated; frontal sinus large; condyles of the lower jaw above the line of the upper molars ; mouth rounder in front; head large; ears small, partially drooping ; neck and loins strong; legs strong; tail carried erect; structure powerful. Inhabited originally high mountain ranges, and the more temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, on the old continent.

Cams urcanus.

The Mastiff of Tibet.

The English Mastiff.*

The Cuba Mastiff.

The Bull-dog.

The Bull Terrier.

The Pug dog.

C. Anglicus.

C. fricator.

The Roquet.

The little Danish Dog. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Artois Mongrel.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Alicant dog.

* The breed of mastiffs was, in quot; olden times,quot; an important branch of British commerce ; and, when this island was under the Eoman yoke these dogs were in such request, that an officer was appointed, under the name of Procurator Synegii, to superintend their breeding and transmission to the Roman amphitheatre. Strabo tells us that these dogs were trained to war, and used by the Gauls against their adversaries. As a guard, no dog what�ever can supersede the mastiff. He is vigilant in the extreme, and no less cautious than watchful; in executing his duty he is silent as a sentry; and while there is no danger he appears as mono-

THE MASTliT-S.

These different sections constitute one great family, the members of which are easily distinguished. Some possess great strength and vigour, some great intelligence, some are endowed almost with reasoning faculties; but all contribute in a certain degree to the pleasure and comfort, to the assistance and defence of man. Xo wonder that such a family should form part of the wealth of the country, or, that in proportion as they exhibit their characteristic qualities, should they be valued ; and great attention paid to their breeding, rearing, and treatment when attacked by disease.

tonous and indifferent to all around him: and it is difficult to decide which of the two is most like an automaton : but a sus�picious footstep made with caution is instantly heard, and as in�stantly, but silently, watched and attended to. An ill-looking person is not molested, but is followed as far as the precincts of the guard extend ; and so long as nothing is touched the intruder is safe, but no longer ; even then he is seldom injured : sometimes he is merely led out ; and unless resistance is offered, few lacera�tions are ever received from this formidable but generous beast. What would we not have given to have seen the one which was found standing over a robber who had broken into a yard at Islington. The owner was called up by the watchman, who in�formed him, that 'by the bustle he heard in his yard, something was going on wrong there.quot; It was the brave mastiff, who had seized the thief, thrown him down, and had been standing over him, it appeared, two or three hours. As long as, the man re�mained quiet, the dog did not even threaten ; but the moment he stirred, a tremendous growl informed him he had better remain still. There are not many Newfoundland dogs which would have exhibited such forbearance ; yet they, also, are brave and generous, but, being more uncertain, are very inferior as direct guards for important trusts. The mastiff seldom sleeps on his post; the Newfoundland does slumber, for he is a lively, frolicsome creature, much in action, even when chained up; and therefore, when night comes, he sleeps. The mastiff lias been for ages employed as a guard, and therefore, like the watchman, he reposes, during the da3^r, as a part of his nature and duty ; neither has he any pleasure to pursue, but, like the shepherd's dog, all his propensities centre in his business. We have somewhat dilated on this matter, because we think the threatened extinction of the mastiff an unfortunate circumstance in commercial, rural, and domestic economy.quot; � Blaine.

CHAPTEE I.

THE BREEDING AND REARING OF DOGS THEORETICALLV AND TRACTICALLY CONSIDERED.

quot; The breeding and rearing of clogs are important considerations to the rural economist, the sports�man, and the lover of useful animals: the subject is also intimately connected with their medical treat�ment ; for there are particular diseases incident to both mother and offspring while in a state of mutual dependence on each other.quot;

Breeding should be conducted upon sound princi�ples, and for certain objects. It should either be for the continuance of a particular breed, or for the im�provement of another. For the first of these objects, care should be taken to select pure-bred animals: for the second, equal care in the selection of animals whose points and qualifications being in some measure dissimilar, may by admixture produce a perfect animal.

quot; In the selection of parents, a variety of considera�tions should necessarily engage our attention ; whether we are continuing a race, already established, im�proving a defective, or altogether forming a new variety. In either case, but particularly in the two latter, one or two propagations are not sufficient to enable us to judge of the mei-its or demerits of the products ; anomalies may occur, monstrosities appear, or our dogs may breed back. It should likewise be always present to us, that, in spite of all our care, and with the most favourable opportunities for sc-

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lection, still perfect specimens to propagate from are unattainable; and as, therefore, we are necessarily to expect defects, we should be careful not to select our male and female parents each with the same faulty form or property; for, hoAvever perfect they may be in other respects, they are, in such a case, totally unfit to breed from together. We may, for instance, suppose an otherwise eligible pair of pointers of the purest blood, but that each, from early and constant confinement, had contracted long, weak, spreading phalanges or toes, instead of a round, cat-like form of foot. By choosing a mate for each of these, whose feet were unusually small, round, and firm, we might remedy this defect, and preserve their excellences; but it would be only propagating deformity to breed from them together. We can only expect to prove successful in rearing a superior race of any domestic animal, when we make our selection of parents, with a careful reference to the merits and defects in each ; balancing the one against the other, and thus com�bining their different pmperties. It is inattention to these circumstances that so many persons, after giving immense prices for animals of particular stocks, have found themselves foiled in their attempts at rearing anything beyond mediocrity; though the same animals, under the judicious management of a Eussell, a Coke, or an Ellman, among cattle, or an Orford, a Meynell, a Rivers, or a Topham, among dogs, would have produced unrivalled forms.quot;

quot; It is no less to be understood, that it is not the form only that we can alter or bring into an here�ditary line; the aptitudes and qualities may also be cultivated and made to descend in succession equally with the external form. Temper, sagacity, and apt�ness to receive instruction are all equally to be taken into the account by a breeder. Some breeds of pointers require little breaking, and the first time

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they come on game exhibit the required proper�ties, with nearly the steadiness of an old dog. A common fault committed by theoretical and inexpe�rienced breeders consists in cultivating a particular quality, or propagating a particular point of form, but at the same time losing sight of the integrity of purpose. In this way, fox-hounds may be bred to run nearly as fast as greyhounds; but it is at the ex�pense of their scent, their hardihood, and, we suspect, of their sagacity also. For it cannot be too strongly inculcated on the mind of every breeder, as an esta�blished law in the animal economy, that an extraor�dinary degree of excellence in any set of organs, whether it be natural or acquired, is almost inva�riably accompanied with a privation of the usual quantity of it in some other. This law is fully ex�emplified in those animals where breeding is carried to its greatest refinement, or, in other words, where cultivation in qualities or form, or both, weakens or destroys the instinctive habits and original structure to such a degree, as to make the subjects of it inferior in their reproductive processes, both as breeders and rearers of progeny. This appears to extend through�out all our very high-bred animals : and is peculiarly remarkable among the feathered race. The higher any animal is bred, the more artificially he becomes placed with regard to external circumstances, till at length he requires constant care to obviate those contingencies that would be otherwise unheeded.

quot; Like begets likequot; is the dog-breeder's axiom ; and when the anomalies hereafter to be noticed do not interfere, the produce of a connexion between dogs of a similar breed usually exhibits traits of individual resemblance to each parent, united with the charac�teristic marks common to the breed in general. Sports�men incline to the opinion that the male pups are more strongly tinctured with the external form of the

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lather than of the mother, and vice versa; but, though instances may occur to favour such conclusion, it is not of uniform occurrence. When the parents are of different breeds, the varying outlines of each are usually softened and blended in the progeny, in nearly equal proportions. But this division of parental cha�racter is not always equal; it sometimes happens that the more notable characteristics of form, size, and qualities, and even of sex, are principally derived from the male parent. In others, a stronger simili�tude to the mother is apparent; and it now and then happens, that these partialities seem to be confined to a part of the progeny only, or are divided between the parents. This is sometimes observed when a breed is made between a pointer and setter; in which case it has not unfrequently happened that a part of the litter has turned out nearly thorough-bred pointers, while the remainder have proved well-bred setters.

Breeding back, as it is popularly called among sportsmen, is not one of the least curious, nor one of the least important, among the phenomena which attend the reproductive system. If it were not for the irregularities which occasionally occur from mental influence, we might be led to conclude that a family character was originally imprinted on the generative organs, or that the ova or germs of the future race, were formed after one common hereditary mould; for it is often observed, not only among dogs, but among other domestic animals, (and even in man also,) that the progeny bear a greater resemblance to the grandam or grandfather than to the immediate pa�rents. It is evident that this is more likely to happen where a common character has been observed during successive generations, or, in turf language, where the blood has been kept pure, which is nothing more than an established variety being acted on in successive genei'ations by the owner, in the direction of the

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sexual intercourse, the selection of food, discipline of qualities, and regulation of habits.

That we may not, however, attribute principles to nature which are, perhaps, too much under the influ�ence of art, it will be prudent to recollect, that in a philosophical point of view, we have no such thing as a pure breed of our domestic animals. Our most boasted specimens are either altogether degenerate, or produced from congenital varieties; the native and original types are mostly unknown to us. In tracing the natural history of the dog, we must feel convinced that what we call breeds are but varieties which have been originated by various causes, as climate, pecu�liarity in food, restraint, and domestication. Man, active in promoting his own benefit, has watched these gradual alterations, and has improved and ex�tended them by aiding the causes that tend to their production, and, by future care, has perpetuated and made them permanently his own.

Many of the varieties among dogs, and other do�mestic animals are the effect of monstrosity, or have arisen from some anomaly in the reproductive or breeding process. When these accidental varieties have exhibited a peculiar organisation or form, which could be applied to any useful or novel purpose, the objects have been reared, and afterwards bred from; and when the singularity has been observed in more than one of the same birth, it has been easy to perpe�tuate it by breeding again from these congeners, and confining the future intercourse to them. To these accidental variations from general form and character amono; dolt;js, we are to attribute our most diminutive breeds, � our pugs, bull-dogs, wry-legged terriers, and some others: our general breeds are, however, rather the effect of slow cultivation than of sudden and extraordinary production.

It has been before observed, that every variety or

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breed has a tendency to degenerate, or travel back�wards to something like the original standard: this tendency is greatest in the accidental varieties or breeds just hinted at, in which a few succeeding generations are sufficient to destroy all appearances of variation from the original; but in breeds more nearly approaching the original, as Avell as such as have been long established, it requires a much longer time wholly to degenerate. The tendency to resume the original type is, however, inherent in all our do�mestic animals; and judicious efforts employed to counteract this, properly form a principal part of the art of successful breeding in rural economy.

Remarkable varieties or breeds are, therefore, the consequence of our attempts at the improvement of such races of dogs, or of any other domestic animals, as exhibit a constitutional tendency to a particular form or character, the properties of which are either known or expected to prove useful. Or they originate in the adoption of any accidental variety that may spring up in the way lately described. Or a breed may be established of any determinate form or quality (within certain limits) that may be fixed on, \gt;y the union of individuals not in all respects similar, but each having distinct points of resemblance to the desired form ; and by that of their affinities. In this waj^ the most surprising alterations in the animal character have been, and still may be, brought out; and forms almost ideal have been, and still may be, realised.

A breed or variety being adopted and estab�lished, its permanency must depend on the care bestowed not only in selecting proper individuals to propagate from, but also in the use of such other means, as tend to preserve the animals themselves in the state most nearly approaching to that which has been established as the standard. These include choice of situation, proper food, due exercise, with

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judicious restraint and discipline. The aids -we should lend to perpetuate a diminutive race would be, close confinement, artificial heat, and sparing food. Were our attempts directed to the external covering, artificial warmth would render it thin and fine; while, on the contrary, exposure would thicken and probably lengthen it. If great size exists, and we wish to continue or increase it, we should allow but one or two young to remain in a litter: we should not only feed the mother liberally, but it would be proper early to accustom the young to eat animal food also; adding to all these the free access of air, ample room, and opportunity for full exercise. But, above all, the permanency of a breed must depend on the judicious selection of such indi�viduals for parents, as having the specified and definite form in the greatest degree, are enabled in their progeny to perpetuate the same. This care of furnishing to particular races or breeds, the means of continuing their species, constitutes what is termed purity of hlood. Immense importance is attached to this purity of blood, or lineal descent, amongst the breeders of almost every kind of domestic animal. The scientific sportsman acknowledges it, in its fullest degree, in the genealogy of his dogs; and experience teaches him, that a certain degree of perfection, once gained, can only be continued by successive propa�gation from the same blood or stock.

Among practical and systematic breeders of all domestic animals, and among none more than those sportsmen who devote themselves to the improvement of the dog, a great diversity of opiaion has always existed on the subject o�consanguineous breeding, or of that between near relations characterised by the term in-and-in. The conflicting authorities on the subject are numerous; and it is more than probable that they will remain so, until a long course of experiments

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have been undertaken by competent individuals, for the express purpose of arriving at the truth. A few solitary or isolated facts can do little to set the subject at rest: theory can only assist by philosophically directing the inquiry aright : truth should be the ultimate object of every pursuit, and, from whatever source it is obtained, it should be embraced. We do not profess to have had much experience as practical breeders, but we have endeavoured by inquiry to profit by the experience of others ; and such inquiries have not done much to make us favourable to a continued system of consanguineous breeding. An occasional one we are ready to advocate for the following reasons: first, its convenience, and next because it enables the owner to correct defective points in the growth; and, where it fails in this, it almost invariably may be employed in improving the temper, the judgment, and other mental qualities. But let us hear what the favourers of a continued system of in-and-in breeding have to offer.

The first argument that presents itself in its favour is, that the early human and brute races must of necessity have been produced from the nearest affini�ties; and that it is unreasonable to suppose that Nature would have set out on a principle tending to the im�mediate deterioration of her works. This, however, has been called the mere argument of necessity, viewed with reference only to primitive times; but it stands otherwise when we reflect that, for ages after, consan�guineous marriages were consummated among nations of refinement; and to this day, among savage tribes particularly, the reigning families and chiefs confine themselves to marriage among lineal kindred; and yet in neither instance has any degeneration been observed. From a parity of reasoning, as we know that an insuperable bar has been placed against pro�pagation among the several genera, by an instinctive

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aversion, that the specific forms might not be lost in hybridous productions; so it does not appear to be straining analogy too much to suppose that, had ill eflfects followed from consanguineous intercourse, something like this instinctive aversion would be ma�nifested here also. Neither does it appear, � priori, easy to substantiate either moral or physiological rea�sons why breeding among lineal kindred should, of necessity, prove deteriorating to the future progeny, when no family departure from the original type is apparent. The same organisation, the same constitu�tional sympathies, the same aptitudes, when not de�fective, would tend, under union, to produce a perfect similitude: but facts are infinitely more to our pur�pose than the most specious arguments.

We are assured that among the Arabs, horses of high blood are usually bred in-and-in, and we know that no people in existence are equally observant of the purity of lineal descent among these animals; and as these horses have maintained their high cha�racter for ages, it forms a strong presumption in favour of this system.

Mr. Bakewell, whose name will ever rank high as a breeder of cattle, reared his valuable stock wholly from consanguinity ; in fact, his important improve�ments were all founded on this intercourse amonjr kindred, or their affinities. Mr. Meynell, who was no less celebrated as an experimentalist, in the breeding of sporting dogs, propagated the whole of his cele�brated fox-hounds in this manner.

We have already stated that numerous and j^ower-ful opponents exist to the system of in-and-in breed�ing, whose opinions ought to have their due influence when considering the question. Sir John Sebright, who has been long known as a practical breeder and scientific experimentalist, has given us his opinions on the subject, in a letter on the Art of Improving the

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Breeds of Domestic Animals ; and as great importance is justly attributed to his opinions, as there detailed, avb shall, in candour, quote so much as is necessary to show the drift of his arguments. He says, quot; If a breed cannot be improved, or even continued in the degree of perfection at which it has already arrived, but by breeding from individuals so selected as to correct each other's defects, and by a judicious combi�nation of their different properties(a position that I be�lieve will not be denied), it follows, that animals must degenerate by being long bred from the same family, without the intermixture of any other blood, or from being Avhat is technically called hred in-and-in.quot; Against the contrary opinion, as held by Bakewell, the ingenious baronet thus reasons: � quot;No one can deny the ability of Mr. Bakewell in the art of which he may fairly be said to have been the inventor ; but the mys�tery with which he is well known to have carried on every part of his business, and the various means which he employed to mislead the public, induce me not to give that weight to his assertions, which I should do to his real opinion, could it have been ascertained.quot; To Mr. Meynell's opinion of the same tendency he replies_gt;�quot;Mr. Meynell's fox-hounds are quoted as an instance of the success of this pi'actice {i.e. the in-and-in*); but on speaking to that gentleman upon the subject, I found that he did not attach the meaning that I do to the term in-and-in. He said, that he frequently bred from the father and the daughter, and the mother and the son. This is not what I consider as breeding in-and-in; for the daughter is only half of the same blood as the father, and Avill probably par�take, in a great degree, of the properties of the mother.quot; It remains to add, that many practical breeders of inferior note are averse to propagating in succession from near relations by blood, as brother and sister, father and daughter, amp;c., amp;c.; but many

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allow the benefit of relationship in a more remote degree. This is particularly the case with some rearers of game fowls, who are favourable to breed�ing from the third remove, which they call a nick. From all these differences in opinion this may be gained, that the subject is at present somewhat pro�blematical; and that the opposition to it, if not al�together unfounded, has, nevertheless, not received such an accumulation of striking and incontrovertible facts as to produce conviction. One thing it is but just to state, which is, that breeding in-and-in among dogs, which is the point more immediately connected with our present inquiry, seems to have more opponents than it has in the multiplication of any other domes�tic race of animals. Whether it be that dogs, from their habits of close intimacy with us, afford more opportunities of close observation, or whether there be really an inherent aptitude in them unfavourable to propagation from near relations, is not agreed on generally; but the prejudice deserves to be fully can�vassed by a series of experiments and observations, having for their object the truth, and that only.

The reproduction of the animal form is brought about in dogs, by desires that are not constant, which occur among the wild breeds about once a year: but in domesticated dogs, on the contrary, as shelter and nourishment, under the fostering cars of man, arc present at all times of the year, so the periods of their oestrum, or heat, return at uncertain intervals of six, seven, or eight months ; as confinement or highly-stimulating food may hasten the sexual excitement. In the larger kind of dogs, however, a yeai'ly breeding is mostly observed.

The heat or oestrum of bitches is the natural con�sequence of a sympathetic action between all the organs concerned in generation, which at these times, become more highly susceptible and vascular, as is

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shown by the tumefaction of the external parts, and a discharge from the vulva. During this period, the fe�male exhibits great anxiety for the completion of the sexual intercourse, and manifests equal cunning, so much so as to elude all but the greatest vigilance, in their attempts to escape in search of a mate. Thus the greatest caution should be used, lest the hopes of the OAvners be frustrated in the desired breed, or the life of the animal endangered by having access to a dog extremely disproportionate in size. In addition to the usual attendants on the oestrum, there are like�wise strong marks of general constitutional excite�ment ; the plethoric and irritable state of which is such as to render those animals which have been be�fore subject to tits, peculiarly liable to them; and convulsions often appear, at this time, in those that have not before been atFected by them. The pre�cautions of cooling food, judicious exercise, and open�ing medicines, are necessary at these periods, for the young and delicate particularly ; and they are still more so for such females as are intended to be debarred from the dog; for in these latter cases the excitement longer remains.

It has been laid down as a rule, that bitches should be allowed to breed ; that it is not good, for their health to prevent it; since Nature, almost invariably, punishes extraordinary deviations from her esta�blished laws, of which the reproductive system is one of the most important. It is assumed that breeding is so much a healthy and necessary process, that bitches prevented from it rarely remain unaffected by disease, and more particularly those whose confined and luxurious lives especially require the aid of such outlets to the superabundance of the system as are opened during the processes of breeding and rearing of young. In such, barrenness is particularly hurt�ful, and greatly assists in producing, sooner or later,

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enormous and diseased collections of fat, either universal or partial. The partial collections fre�quently show themselves hy a swelling on each side of the loins, the consequence of a deposit of adipose substance, around each ovaria. In other cases, par�ticularly where barrenness is occasional only, the mammse, or milk-glands, become affected with small indurations, which are apt eventually to end in confirmed scirrhi, or open ulcers. A more imme�diate evil often follows the prevention of sexual intercourse, in a troublesome accumulation of milk ' in the mammas, or teats; for the various organs of generation have such a sympathetic connection with each other, that when females are denied the dog, still, after the customary jieriod of gestation, or going with young has passed, milk will, nevertheless, appear in the lactiferous glands. This sometimes oc�curs to a very considerable degree, and occasions much heat and distension. It is more particularly observed in such females as have already had young ones, and they invariably suffer most in the future privation. In such cases it is proper gently to press out the milk daily, which will greatly relieve the animal; the teats should also be frequently bathed with a mixture of brandy and vinegar a little weakened with water. Food should be given sparingly, and that of a vege�table nature is best: strong exercise should also be encouraged, and an occasional dose of physic will prove useful. On the other hand, the author of an elegant Ti-eatise on Greyhounds (whose opinion, as an observant sportsman and breeder, ought to have due weight) remarks, that where breeding has been ai-xoays prevented, he has never found any injurious effects whatever to follow from it. It accords with experience and observation, quot; that the constitution having once been subjected to the reproductive pro�cess, or, in other words, that it is in those which have

BREEDING AND REARING

been once allowed to breed, that the injurious conse�quences are most observed; in every instance they are more liable to suffer from the future deprivation, than those in whom the constitutional sympathies have never been fully excited throughout the gene�rative system. It is also clear, that where dogs are improperly fed, deprived of their accustomed exer�cise, and made pets, it is not only unwise, but most prejudicial, and likely to shorten their lives, to allow them to breed.quot;

Impregnation takes place sometimes at the first copulation, in others not until the second, third, or fourth ; and in some cases, it is said, not until the seventh. Dogs should therefore be suffered to re�main together some time, free from interruption, to ensure prolific intercourse. During gestation, bitches do not appear to suffer much derangement of system: some, however, seem listless, nauseated, and averse to particular foods; and most of them are more thirsty at this than at other times. It is not easy to detect the pregnancy of a bitch until the fourth or fifth week, about which time the teats enlarge, the flanks fill, and the belly assumes a fulness and rotundity unnatural to it. Towards the seventh week the belly becomes pendulous, and the future increase is not so observable as the previous. In the last week of pregnancy the contents of the belly seem to incline backwards, the vulva increases in size, and a slimy matter (to soften and lubricate the parts) often issues. Pupping usually comes on the sixty-second, sixty-third, or at farthest on the sixty-fourth day. We have known a solitary puppy appear on the seven�tieth day from the last intercourse; and that in a case where superfectation was improbable. A quarter or half an hour, and sometimes a longer time, inter�venes between the expulsion of each foetus.

Puppies are horn blind, and remain so for ten or

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twelve days; their ears are also impervious. Eye�sight and hearing would have been useless to animals, which, in a state of nature, were intended to remain buried the first weeks of their existence in holes and dark caverns. These organs only develop them�selves when their owners begin to be sensible of their want: the lids unclose by degrees, and then exhibit a membranaceous covering, or rather a thickened state ofthe outer tunic, which, gradually becoming absorbed, presents ultimately a perfect eye. At this early age the whole skin presents a beautiful pink tinge, which disappears by degrees, and gives place to a clear white in most parts of the body; while the rete mucosum of such parts as are intended to exhibit a dark hue, as the roof of the mouth, paws, nose, amp;c., at the same time assumes its intended colour. The upper milk or tem�porary teeth, both cutting and grinding, appear first, and are tolerably complete at a month old; they begin to change in the fourth month, and give place to the permanent set at six or seven months. At about four years the front teeth lose their points, and each of them presents a flattened surface, which increases as age advances: they likewise lose their whiteness.

Although instances have been known of dogs living to twenty and twenty-one years, their usual term of life may be considered as ranging between twelve and fifteen years.

When many dogs are reared, it is desirable that their birth should take place in spring; that they may have the benefit of the summer, and expand their limbs by exercise in the open air more freely. If the mother is strong and healthy, she may with full feed�ing be allowed to bring up five; but when the breed is valuable, and great size and strength are required, or the female is delicate, not more than three should be allowed. Where breeding is carried to a

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great extent, it is usual to procure a foster-mother for the supernumerary puppies, who should, if pos�sible, be of the same breed with themselves, as it is believed that the qualities of the foster-mother are in some degree transferred with the milk: and that when the breeds are distinct, this must be very pre�judicial. At times some difficulty is experienced in getting a foster-parent to nurture strange young; in which case it is usual to sprinkle them with the milk of the bitch they are to be put to: but when this will not avail, the removal of her own young will commonly excite the feelings of maternity to�wards the stranger. When many of a litter ai-e preserved, they should be early accustomed to lap: milk which has been boiled and slightly sweetened is proper: when given raw it is apt to purge, and sweet�ening it makes it more nearly resemble the mother's milk. Meat also, cut fine, may be early given, as it will materially save the mother and benefit the pro�geny: clean litter, free access of air, and room for exercise are essential to their well doing.

Bitches are capable of superfcetation; that is, impreg�nation may take place at more than one intercourse; and that by diflferent dogs. Many instances have occurred where whelps of the same litter have exhi�bited marks of a different origin: and where the dis�proportion in size and character has clearly evinced that more than one male was concerned in the process. Superfoetation is however apt to be confounded with, or its phenomena are sometimes accounted for by, another process (to which we have before alluded), still more curious and inexplicable; but Avhich is wholly dependent on the mother. Impressions that have been received in her mind previous to the sex�ual intercourse are conveyed to the germs within her, so as to stamp one or more of them with characteristic traits of resemblance to the dog from which the im-

!J,

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pression was taken, although of a totally different breed from the real father of the progeny. It would appear that this mental impression, which is perhaps usually raised at some period of the oestrum, always recurs at that period; and is so interwoven with her very organisation, as to become a stamp or mould for some if not all, of her future progeny. The existence of this curious anomaly in the reproductive system is confirmed by facts of not unfrequent occurrences. In order, therefore, to insure a select breed, every care should be taken to render the choice of the male agreeable to the female; and where a female of a very valuable breed has been long habituated to any fa�vourite male companion, from which it is not intended she should be allowed to breed, they should be separ�ated before the oestrum comes on; which will prevent the disappointment that might otherwise occur.

CHAP. II.

THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH KEFERENCE TO THE rUEVENTION OF DISEASE.

There is no consideration more important than the prevention of disease. This claims and occupies the attention of our legislators, and equally assumes im�portance with all that take an interest in the well-beinc of our domestic animals. To guard against the loss of health, it is essential that we study and care-fully regulate the habits of the animals we domesticate. Placed as they are too often in an atmosphere uncon�genial to their constitution, deprived of food and exercise suited to their nature, it is not only an act of humanity, but of self-interest, to examine their condition, since on this both their ordinary health, and their capability for the services we require from them, depend.

Thus with our dogs we must attend to their feed�ing, housing, cleanliness, and exercise.

The feeding of dogs is an object of importance, not only as regards the wants of the animal, but also as respects the different quantities and qualities of food required under different circumstances. A great error is committed when we feed our dogs on one scale: such as giving the dog that has slept through the day the same quantity as is set before the pointer that has been hunting incessantly four or five hours. In quality, likewise, equal error is committed: for while some dogs will digest, with readiness and benefit, a pound or two of horseflesh, others will be injured by such treatment, and would be more appropriately fed with meal or potatoes, mixed with milk or broth.

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The great secret of feeding is the adaptation of food, in suitable quantity, to the age, breed, and duties of the animal. To carry this out judiciously, not only should the natural habits and appetites of the dog be known, but the physiology of digestion should be un�derstood.

The animal frame is made up of solids and fluids, both of which are furnished from the blood, and are in a continual state of waste. The Creator has ordained that this waste should be recruited by food, which, being masticated and broken down into small masses by the teeth, and mixed with the saliva, is rendered fit to be acted on when received into the stomach, Avhere it meets with a strono- solvent ascent called gastric juice, on mixing with which it becomes totally changed into a complete pultaceous mass called chyme. It is then passed on into the bowels, where it becomes mixed Avith the bile and the secretions from the pancreas, and converted into chyle. In the pas�sage through the intestinal canal, a further separation takes place; the chyle is gradually taken up by the lacteals and conveyed into the system, and the excre�ment alone remains. The blood is thus constantly recruited. It is clear, therefore, that when food is withheld, the blood must deteriorate ; and when this is the case, the fluids of the body must naturally decrease.

What then is the best food for dogs ? Now the dog is evidently neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous; and whilst his dental and digestive or�gans seem adapted rather to the mastication and assimilation of animal food, to which also his habits and partialities incline, still he is fitted to derive nutriment, when necessary, from vegetable food, which we see him occasionally seek ; probably to correct the tendency to disease that an exclusive use of animal food might occasion.

�2 TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH REFERENCE

A mixture of animal and vegetable substances is therefore the most proper general food for dogs, and that which best agrees with the analogies of their nature; the proportions of each are best determined by the exertions of the body. For, as animal food affords most nutriment, so when the bodily exertions are great (as in sporting dogs), then flesh is the best food. On the contrary, when bulk without much nutriment is required, as for such as are much con�fined and do little, then vegetable matter is better adapted to their wants. It is impossible to lay down one general rule as to the feeding of dogs, either as to quality or quantity. Dogs must be fed according to the breed and age of the animal, and the nature and extent of the duties they have to perform. Of animal substances, horseflesh, the stomach and intestines of most animals that are slaughtered, the feet of sheep, the entrails of poultry, the refuse of the matter from which tallow has been made, constitute wholesome, nutritious, and cheap articles of food.

Some diversity of opinion, however, exists on the subject of horseflesh as food for dogs; its qualities being as strenuously supported by some as they are condemned by others. The proper mode of consider�ing the matter is to regard it as a strong and actively nutritious food, very fit for dogs who undergo great exercise ; to such it never proves hurtful: but where it is given to dogs who have little exercise, it may prove too nutritious, and probably produce a foul stinking coat, and itching skin. Again, there is a diversity of opinion as to whether it should be given raw or dressed. In a state of nature, dogs must live on raw food, and principally on flesh ; and there can be no doubt that this best fits them for very active exer�cise, and endues them with most vigour and dura�bility. The raw flesh of animals also appears parti�cularly to increase their courage and ferocity ; and

il.Ji,

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where these qualities are requisite, this should un-doubtingly be the mode of feeding.

It may be considered as proper food for all sporting dogs in the height of the season; but with moderate work, mixed food is preferable: the flesh should then be boiled.

All the meals, of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, peas, with potatoes, and other vegetables, may be used for dog food. Potatoes, even without meal, will be found to form good food for dogs that are not wanted, for very active exertion. They are cooling, and, with milk or butter milk, are sufficiently nutritious for all common purposes, and form in this way, economical and wholesome food: if not relished alone, a small proportion of fatty matter may be added. When circumstances render it absolutely necessary to feed principally on either barley or meal, the heating effects may be greatly obviated by mixing it with butter�milk or making it into cakes. Biscuits are in common use; the best are made of a compound of the different meals.

When mixed food is given the best way is to boil the flesh (if flesh be given), and to give the meat and broth together, thickened with either oatmeal, pota�toes, or vegetable substances. A cheap dinner may at all times be made for a dog, from the refuse in the kitchen, warmed with a little water and thickened with potatoes or meal. In some kennels a mixture of meal and milk is used, and dogs will thrive on it during the season they do not hunt: but at other times it is not sufficiently nutritious. The broth or liquor in which salt meat has been boiled should not be used as a general article of food.

The proper feeding of favourites, is a most delicate affair. These animals having their tastes consulted, are too apt either to be wholly fed on flesh, or to be eating dainty bits all the day over. In such cases,

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although the evil is acknowledged, yet it is alleged, that the animals will not eat any other food. But it is always in the power of those who feed them, to bring them to live upon what is proper, although in some cases it may require considerable determination and perseverance.

A dos: biscuit soaked in milk and water � a little tripe cut small and mixed with potatoes, the offal or intestines of poultry cleaned and boiled, and thickened with oatmeal�form at all times a suitable and proper description of food for these pets. Dogs may be brought to live almost wholly on potatoes, or any other vegetable that may be selected. In a medical point of view, a vegetable diet is often very im�portant. In many cases, complete change of food forms the very best alterative ; and in others, it is a most excellent auxiliary to the curative treatment which is to be adopted. The cases that require a change from an animal, to a vegetable diet are fre�quent : all eruptive diseases; all fat and plethoric, all coughs, dependent on congestion or repletion, and various other inflammatory tendencies, render such change essentially necessary to the health of the dog.

At what time of the day, and how often, dogs ought to be fed is frequently a matter of consideration: the different opinions entertained, are most likely to be settled ai'ight, by considering it on the principles already touched on. In a state of nature, even a daily meal among dogs must be very precarious ; for, in some situations, vegetable food cannot be obtained, and then the hunting down of other animals, or the meeting with the offal or refuse of what may have been killed by others, must be their principal re�source. For this reason, Nature has kindly and wisely fitted a dog with a stomach that digests his food, particularly the animal kind, very slowly; so

that a full meal of flesh is not di

sted in less than

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twenty-four hours. Those, therefore, who feed their clogs on animal matter, never need to do it, more than once a day; nor do dogs require to be fed oftener if meal be given, when the quantity is sufficient. But it must be remembered that, under a life of confine�ment and art, where all the functions are weakened, as they must of necessity be in those dogs who are petted and indulged, it is better to feed them in small quantities twice a day. If fed once only, they be�come heavy and sleepy, and lose much of their viva�city. Hard worked dogs, as soon as fed, should be shut up, to encourage sleep and repose. For digestion goes on better sleeping than waking; and more nutriment is obtained from the food in this way, than when an animal is suffered to run about after eatinff.

Some people have great fear in giving dogs bones. Except from those of fish, or the legs and wings of poultry, which break into splinters, and sometimes produce choaking, no injury can arise from bones : they arc a healthy addition to their food, and are very nutritive.

The housing of clogs is intimately connected with their health and comfort. The sportsman may assure himself that a sheltered, and even soft and warm bed of straw are as necessary, not only to the comfort, but to the health also, of his dog, on his return from the fatigues of the chase, as the feather-bed and its coverings are to himself. Without these, the same stiffness�the same rheumatic pains and incapacity of ready motion�await alike the dog and his master. Hence the kennels of our best huntino- establishments are usually excellently adapted to give sufficient wai'inth with sufficient ventilation. Dogs sleeping out of doors should have the use of a kennel, well closed from rain and wind, but of course open in front, and so placed as not to be exposed to driving

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rain or snow. A wicker basket is sufficient for most pet dogs. Italian greyhounds and other delicate dogs should be protected by a coverlet, and clothed during the winter months.

The kennels of sporting dogs should invariably be well drained, and free from damp: the dogs should sleep on benches. The yards should be well supplied with Avater, conveyed either in earthen or gutta percha pipes: lead pipes should never be used to convey water to dog kennels.

There are few causes more productive of disease in dogs, than the impurity of the air they breathe, and the uncleanliness of their skins or of their beds. Dogs confined together in a close, unventilated situ�ation are subject to coughs, which often end in permanent asthma; if young, they become tabid ; if adults, mangy or dropsical. The acrid fumes from their own bodies, when in close confinement, and more particularly from their urine, stimu�late the eyes, and produce diseased eyelids. It is also conducive to health, that confined dogs should have their hides rubbed every day with a hair cloth or a wisp of straw. This practice of rubbing is an excellent substitute for washing in many cases, parti�cularly where water proves injurious, as it sometimes does to delicate dogs.

The ivashing of dogs, when judiciously managed, is not only a very necessary practice, but salutary also. quot;Water dogs may be allowed the frequent use of what may be termed their natural element. Other dogs may be washed occasionally, as circumstances require. Their coats should not, however, be allowed to remain wet after either washing or bathing. Very small dogs may be wrapped up in a blanket; large dogs may be permitted to run into a stable among clean straw, which is a very excellent means of drying them, and, from its warmth, a very safe one.

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The want of due exercise, is aggravated frequently by inordinate feeding, and is the cause of nearly one half of the diseases of dogs. It should be remembered that the dog is an animal of prey, compelled, in a state of nature, to hunt for his food, and thus kept in a continual state of active exercise. Wild dogs pro�bably do not get a regular, and full meal twice a week: how great, therefore, must be the difference when dogs are either shut up in a warm room twenty-two out of twenty-four hours, or are, perhaps, fas�tened by their necks for many months, without any other exercise than the length of the chain alloAvs ? In such cases, if they have plenty of air, and are modei'ately fed, the want of exercise shows itself in mange or canker; if the repletion does not escape by this outlet, then the effects become apparent in an enormous increase of fat, which usually ends in asthma and dropsy.

Nothing affords a stronger evidence of the neces�sity of exercise to animals, than their natural love of play, which was given as a principal means of pre�serving health. In cities and great towns, it is an excellent plan to teach puppies to play with a ball; by which means they will exercise themselves very well in wet weather, or when they cannot be taken out; and, when early taught it, will continue through life attached to the exertion. Puppies that will not amuse themselves in this way, may yet be taught to fetch and carry. 'A very mistaken opinion prevails, that because a dog is turned into a yard or court an hour or half an hour, lie exercises himself; on the contrary, in general he regards this as a punishment, and sits shivering at the door the whole time.

Dogs are more disposed to take exercise in com�pany than alone : emulation induces them to run and

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frolic with each other: it is prudent, therefore, to allow every favourite a companion. For sporting dogs, constant exercise is also essentially necessary. When taken up for the season, if they are close ken�nelled, when again wanted, it is very common to find them fat, out of wind, and easily fatigued; for not only is the habit of exertion lost, but the muscles of the body have actually become lessened, and weak�ened through inactivity. Exercise improves the wind, by taking up the surrounding fat from the heart and chest, thus allowing the lungs to expand more freely.

Fits are a very common consecpicnce of confine�ment without regular exercise; and it is very usual for a dog (particularly a sporting one), that has been closely and long shut up, on gaining his liberty, to experience a violent fit: the same also occurs after lona; vovajjes.

Exercise should, therefore, be allowed to every dog; and as this should be done in proportion to his other habits, to lay down any general rule on this head is nearly impossible: for such as are very fat, it should not be violent, but it should be long conti�nued : when too violent, it is apt to produce epilepsy or asthma.

Sporting dogs require gallops, to fit them for their work and to give them wind ; for this purpose they should be taught to follow a horse. Lesser dogs, and all that are at other times confined, require at least two hours' exercise every day. Whenever cir�cumstances absolutely preclude exercise, the only preventive of the evils in consequence, is to lessen their food, and to have it principally composed of vegetables : alterative medicines, laxatives, and eme�tics, should also be occasionally administered.

Proper food and shelter, cleanliness and exercise,

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promote and produce condition, which is the term intended to characterise a healthy external appear�ance, united with a capability to perform all the duties required. Condition is of material consequence to sportsmen ; indeed, it is of more importance than is generally imagined. Without it you have life, without vigour, bulk, without speed or durability. Those, therefore, who expect superior exertion from their dogs in the field, must prepare them by a pre�vious attention to their condition.

The manner of sjettino; do^s into condition is very simple, and consists either in reducing tiie animal from too full and soft a state, to one of firmness and less bulk, or in raising a lean and reduced dog to lustiness, hardness, and vigour. Some sportsmen prefer the one state, and some the other, to begin upon. If a dog be fat, his treatment must be entered on by physic and sufficient exercise, but not by too great a privation of food; and it must be particularly observed, that his doses of physic be mild, but more in number. The exercise should be at first gradual and slow, but long-continued ; and at last it should be increased to nearly what he will be accustomed to when hunting. If the least foulness be apparent in the habit {i. e., if the excretions of the skin be im�pure), besides physic and exercise, alteratives should be given also. Some sportsmen regularly dress their dogs before the hunting season with Sulph. Oint., even though no breaking-out appears; and we by no means think the practice a bad one : others curry or brush their dogs, whether any skin-affection appear or not; and to greyhounds and other sporting dogs this is a very proper means of keeping up the equilibrium of the circulation, and of promoting muscular elasticity, and, therefore, ought never to be omitted. When a lean dog is to be got into condition, less physic is

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necessary : indeed, under all circumstances, too much reliance should not be placed upon physic. Proper food and plenty of exercise are the proper ap�pliances. The misapplication of either, with an inor�dinate and improper use of medical agents, destroys condition, promotes and propagates disease.

MUT THE SECOND.

THE DISEASES OF DOGS.

It is very much to be regretted that until the lust few years so little attention should have been paid by the veterinary profession to the diseases of dogs. Until a very recent period an idea was entertained, that if a veterinary surgeon was made acquainted with the diseases of the horse, he was then capable of administering to the diseases of all our domestic animals. There never was a more fatal error. Similarity of disease does not equally extend to all domestic animals. Although the circulation of the blood and the organs of respiration and digestion are similar in man and in quadrupeds, � the same processes going on, the same provisions existing, � there the similarity ends. The equine and human diseases have numerous dissimilarities: the bovine still more; and, although there may be a great similarity between the human and canine ma�ladies, yet this only shows the importance of giving the diseases of all our domestic animals careful con�sideration ; and this is absolutely necessary in order to make ourselves perfectly acquainted with the points of difference (which are distinctly marked), in the diseases of the different animals, to whose wants it is our bounden duty to attend. It assumes, also, a greater importance when we reflect, how different and how varied, are the actions of medicinal agents on

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each. Fifteen grains of emetic tartar would pro�bably destroy any dog: five hundred could be given to a horse without injury.

Ten grains of calomel may be taken by the human subject: the same quantity has been known to kill a dog. Three or four grains will cause sickness, when twice the quantity will fail to purge. A very small quantity of oil of turpentine will kill a dog; whilst in human practice a considerable dose is fre�quently given as a vermifuge.

From, this and many other similar instances that might be adduced, it is evident that no person can practise with success on dogs, or other animals, without attention to the subject, and much ex�perience in it.

Notwithstanding the difficulties in collecting the diagnostic signs of disease, an attentive observation of the appearances presented in every case, will, to�gether with quickness of perception, enable the prac�titioner in most cases to arrive at a safe conclusion.

For our assistance we adopt the same method of examination as in other animals; first of all, the state of the circulation, the pulse ; and the ratio of respira�tion. The pulse of the dog may be felt at the heart, and at various points of both the fore and hind legs, but particularly at the inner side of the tuberofeity of the carpus or knee. The range of pulsation between a very large and a very small dog is not less than 20 ; if 100 be taken as the usual number of the first, and 120 for the latter : whatever is found to exceed this may be usually indicative of an inflammatory state. It must, however, be observed, that from the greater irritability of lesser animals as compared with larger, and the extreme quickness of their circulation, the motions of the heart and arteries do not present such exact criteria of health and disease, as they do in the horse and other lar^e animals. Nevertheless, the

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action of the heart, and the pulsations of the larger arteries, may be felt with propriety in many cases, and will serve as some guide to ascertain the degree of excitement. The pulsations will not only be in�creased in quickness, but they will present a vibratory �feel in violent inflammatory affections. In inflam�mations of the lungs they will be quick and small, but will increase in fullness as the blood flows during bleeding. Something like the same will occur, but not in an equal degree, in inflammations of the stomach and bowels. As the pulsatory motions, therefore, are not so distinct in the dog as they arc in larger animals, so, in general, the state of the breathing, which in most cases is regulated by the circulation,, may be principally attended to as a mark of greater or less inflammatory action. When a dog, therefore, pants violently, his circulation, or, in other words, his pulse, may be considered as quickened.

We ought also, secondly, to observe the state of the excretions when in our power, and attentively regard, by the eye and the touch, every part of the body, by Avhich means we often gain much informa�tion, that the fears or the patience of the animal might conceal. We ought, also, to examine the eyes and tongue; the one as indicative of both inflamma�tion and hepatic effusion; and the other of affection of the alimentary canal. When the disease has been ascertained, and the appropriate treatment determined on, a difficulty sometimes presents itself,�i. e. how to administer the remedy.

The best method of administering remedies is to place the dog, if of moderate size only, upright, on liis hind legs, between the knees of a seated person, with his back inwards (a very small dog may be taken altogether into the lap, and a very large one the giver may bestride.) Apply a napkin round his shoulders, bringing it forwards over the fore legs, by

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which he is secured from resisting. The mouth being now forced open by the pressure of the fore finger and thumb upon the lips of the upjDer jaw, the me�dicine can be conveniently introduced with the other hand, and passed sufficiently far into the throat to ensure its not being returned. The mouth should now be closed, and it should be kept so, until the matter given has been seen to pass down. When the animal is too strong to be managed by one person, another assistant is requisite to hold open the mouth ; which, if the subject is very refractory, is best ef�fected by a strong piece of tape applied behind the holders or fangs of each jaw. The difference between giving liquid and solid medicines is not considerable. A hall or bolus should be passed completely over the root of the tongue, and dexterously pushed some way backwards and downwards. When a liquid remedy is given, if the quantity is more than can be swal�lowed at one effort, it should be removed from the mouth between each deglutition, or the dog may be choaked. The head should also be completely se�cured, and a little elevated, to prevent the liquid remedy from again running out. Balls of a soft con�sistence, and those composed of nauseous ingredients, should be wrapped in silver, or other thin paper, and greased, or they may occasion so much disgust as to be returned. Medicines wholly without taste, as mer�curials, antimonials, amp;c., may be frequently given in the food ; but sometimes a considerable inconvenience attends this, which is, that if the deception is dis�covered by the dog, he will obstinately refuse his food for some time afterwards. The purging salts may also be sometimes given in food, being mistaken by the animal for the sapid effect produced by com�mon salt.

Dogs labouring under disease require very great attention and care to insure their recovery. It is.

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however, too common with many persons to neglect them under these circumstances. If they are placed in a cold room, or an out-house, with stale or broken victuals and water placed before them, it is frequently all the attention they experience, unless, perhaps, may be added, something of doubtful efficacy as a remedy.

But when we consider how very tender many of these animals are rendered by confinement and arti�ficial habits, it will be clear that, under sickness, they must require peculiar care and attention. \A^rarmtli seems particularly congenial to the feelings of sick dogs, and is often of more consequence to their re�covery than is imagined: many of their diseases de�generate into convulsions when they themselves are exposed to cold. Cleanliness of every kind, and a change of their litter or bed particularly, is very grateful to them in many cases of putridity, as in distemper, amp;c. Complaints purely inflammatory, it is evident, must be treated by abstinence; but, in all others, the weakness present must be combated by nutritious aliment.

It is not sufficient, as is often imagined, that food, particularly of the common kind, be merely placed before a sick dog. In many such cases, the appetite wholly fails: and, if even the animal could eat, the stomach would not at this time digest hard meat, or any of the common matters usually given to dogs. In these instances, nourishment is best received from strong broths, gravy, jelly, or gruel; or, perhaps, best of all, from thick gruel and a strong animal jelly, mixed; for we have always remarked, that no simple liquid will afford equal nutriment with one thickened with flour or other meal. Sick dogs are also very fanciful, and often require enticing to eat by the same arts we use towards children. Fresh meat of any kind, when meat be allowed, but very lightly

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broiled, will sometimes tempt them. At others, pork in particular is highly relished; while, in some cases, raw meat alone will be taken. Sir Astley Cooper in�stituted a course of experiments to determine the degree of solubility, by digestion, in various meats within the stomach of dogs; when the result was greatly in favour of the digestible properties of bacon and pork. But in almost all cases, if the slightest inclination for food remains, horseflesh, lightly dressed, will be found irresistible, so great is their preference for this food. The extreme fickleness of their appe�tite, when sick, makes it necessary that every kind of edible should be tried, as that which is voluntarily taken will always digest more readily than that which is forcibly given: still bearing in mind, that as sup�port is essential, particularly in all illnesses of long continuance; so, when food is obstinately refused, nourishment should be forced down. In cases re�quiring active cordials, ale may be mixed with gruel or gravy: wine is seldom advisable, from its dispo�sition to inflame the bowels. We have, however, now and then used it with benefit in highly putrid cases of distemper; in which instances forced-meat balls also prove both nutritious and cordial.

The intensity of mental feeling in the dog is at all times great, but under disease it appears double ; and although it may, to a superficial observer, look like an affection of tenderness, it is a very necessary caution to observe, that at these times their minds should be soothed by every means in the power of those around them. Harshness of manner and un�kind treatment, in many instances, very evidently aggravate their complaints: under some diseases, their irritability of mind is particularly apparent; of which distemper is a very prominent example. We have several times witnessed an angry word spoken to a healthy dog produce instant convulsions in a distem-

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pered one who happened to be near ; and the fits that come on spontaneously in distemper almost instantly leave the dog by soothing notice, so open are they to mental impressions. Joy and surprise will also often prove equally injurious to them, when they are very weak.

Even among those who conceive themselves mi�nutely acquainted with dogs, (and who probably are so with the sporting kinds, and with such as lead mere natural lives in the open air of the country, with the advantages of moderate feeding and due exercise) there will be many who will regard these observations as unnecessary. The number and variety of the dis�eases hereafter mentioned will probably excite their surprise; and, unaware of the existence even of many of them, they will be apt to consider the diversity of symptomatic appearances described, the cautions in�sisted on, and the minuteness of detail in the medical treatment, as in a great degree superfluous : but a little further inquiry will satisfy such, that no animals can differ more widely than the dogs they are accus�tomed to, and those that are born, bred, and perhaps constantly reside in cities, towns, or other close situ�ations. These instructions are necessarily confined to no one meridian : as well as the more healthy country animal, they embrace also the pet, and pam�pered favourite, that is perhaps immured twenty-three out of the twenty-four hours in a hot drawing or bed�room, breathing the same confined air, eating the same luxurious food, and exercising in the same easy carriage, with his owner. A life so wholly artificial alters the mental and bodily properties to such a de�gree, of such as are subjected to it; that their con�stitutional tendency to disease is almost as great as that of those they belong to : under disease their irri�tability is nearly equal, the diversities of their symp�toms alike numerous ; and, consequently, they require

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every portion of caution and attention to insure their recovery.

It being generally admitted by those who have given great attention to the subject, that not oidy do the maladies of the canine race very nearly resemble those of human species, in cause, appearance, and effect, but that the similarity is extended to the number and variety of them also. It will, we think, render this work more acceptable to the veterinary student if we consider these maladies under the most approved nosological arrangement.* We therefore propose to consider the diseases of dogs under the two great classes, � called Sthenic and Asthenic.

Class I. STHENIC^. Okder I. FEBRES.

Two genera of fever exist in the dog.

G. I. F. symptomatica.�This is the general symp�tom fever which accompanies or supervenes upon all organic lesions ; such as accidents, local inflamma�tions, operations amp;c.: prominent instances are offered us in the fever preceding distemper, rabies, and in puerperal fever.

G. II. Epliemeralis�Diary Fever___Sudden attack

of feverish symptoms, terminating in about twenty-four hours, gentle or acute according to the causes and constitution of the animal, preceded by rigours, ending in increased heat of skin amp;c., caused by over exertion, sudden heat or cold, obstructed evacuations.

It mostly happens that the veterinary practitioner rarely is called in to see his patient, until this last-

* See Stevens's Synopsis of Diseases.

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mentioned fever is translated into some individual organ, or set of organs. In both, however, the same general plan of treatment must prevail; that is, to remove, as far as possible, the causes, and to oppose the symptoms ; to allay the excitement of the cir�culation, to re-produce the healthy evacuations and action of the skin, and to procure repose. These ends are best accomplished by the use of antimony or ipe�cacuanha, with sedatives, salines, and aperients.

Order II. PIILEGMASIiE. Genus I. CATARRHA.

Catarrha simplex.�Specific catarrhal disease, com�monly called Distemper. � Inflammatory irritation of the mucous membrane of the fauces, extending to that of the larynx and frontal sinuses, and sometimes to the lining membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, accompanied with discharge from the nostrils and eyes; sneezing ; fever slight.

The Distemper, as this disease is characterised, though a very absurd and indefinite term, is become so conventional, that it is not easy to rid our de�scriptions of it. It is thought to have gained this name from the same source that we derived the dis�ease itself, the French; by whom it is called La Malaclie. It is, however, possible that it was called distemper after the epidemic catarrh of horses, which being a common complaint long known by that name, and in some respects not unlike it, might readily oc�casion it to be so called. This scourge to the canine race, now so general, does not appear to have been known a century ago; and throughout the European

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continent it was, until lately, described rather as an occasional epidemic which visits the different countries every three or four years, than as a settled consti�tutional guest among dogs, like the glanders of horses, or the measles or hooping cough in the human.

We however incline to the opinion that the dis�temper was not unknown to the Ancients. What says Virgil in his 3rd Georgic: �

quot; The calves amid luxuriant herbage fall, Loathe the full crib, and perish in the stall ; Dire coughing racks the swine's obstructed breath. And the fond dog, infuriate, foams in death.quot;

In Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad, there is the following passage with the accompanying note: �

quot;In mules and dogs* th' infection first began ; And last, the vengeful arrows fix'd in man.quot;

Be this as it may, our continental neighbours appear to have transmitted it to England : and here also, it seems first to have appeared rather under the type of an accidental epidemic, but is now become, by some morbid combinations, a per�manent disease, to which every individual of the canine race has a strong inherent liability. That we imported it, is evident from the circumstance, that the earliest notices we have of it in English sporting works are subsequent to its announcement in the

* Hippocrates observes two things of plagues; that their cause is in the air, and that different animals are differently touched by them, according to their nature or nourishment. This philosophy Spondanus refers to the plague here mentioned. First the cause is in the air, by reason of the darts or beams of Apollo. Secondly, the mules and dogs are said to die sooner than the men; partly because they have by nature a quickness of smell, which makes the infection sooner perceivable ; and partly by the nourishment they take, their feeding on the earth with prone heads making tie ex�halation more easy to be sucked in with it. Thus has Hippocrates, so long after Homer wrote, subscribed to his knowledge '.n the rise and progress of this distemper.

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pages of similar continental publications ; and though a few among their writers affect to attribute it to British origin, the best informed think otherwise. Notwithstanding the fixed and permanent character the disease has now assumed, it still occasionally rages in an epidemical form also, and is most prevalent in the spring, summer, and autumn. It is very common for it to attack young hounds on their return from their walks in the spring. In fact, any considerable change operates on the excitability of the young dog, and distemper ensues. In the summer and autumnal attacks diarrhoea is a marked symptom, and a fatal one. The mucous membrane thereby becomes in�flamed, and hurries off the dog. It is likewise en-demial, and attacks the dogs of a particular district, leaving others comparatively free. When it shews itself as an epidemic, its versatility of character in different seasons is often remarkable. In the summer of 1805, many of the distempered subjects were at�tacked with a peculiar and painful spasmodic colic, which neither constipated nor relaxed the bowels, but, after continuing acute two or three days, usually ter�minated fatally. In the few cases which ended fa�vourably, active purgatives of calomel and aloes appeared beneficial. It may also be remarked, that this is not occasional only, but that, whenever distem�per rages as an epidemic, it commonly assumes some particular characteristic type, without its usual ver�satility of symptoms. One year the disease will be marked by an obstinate diarrhoea; another, for the more than usual tendency to epilepsy and spasm; while in a third, a malignant putrid type will sweep off most of those affected.

Causes.�Constitutional liability may be reckoned as a principal among these : and it is so inherent in the canine constitution, that very few escape it alto�gether, the predisposition alone being itself sufficient

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to generate it, although it is probably more frequently assisted by some occasional cause, as cold, amp;c. Con�tagion is another fruitful source of it; and however a few persons may doubt the contagious nature of dis�temper, those who have taken the pains to examine the matter, are as convinced of it as the force of facts can make them. Dogs living out of doors principally, and which are thereby rendered healthy and hardy, will sometimes bear up against the predisposition for a long period, and some as long as they live; but such even, if they become exposed either to the effluvia, or to the contact of the morbid secretions on a mucous or an ulcerated surface, very seldom escape it. In many cases, the slightest application of it, or even being exposed to the air impregnated Avith the exhalations from a distempered dog for a few minutes, is sufficient for the purpose. As it is communicable by the contact of the diseased catarrhal secretion, it may be supposed that purposed inoculation with the pus or matter of distemper readily introduces it into the system, and such is the fact. Nevertheless, at times the constitution is not open to receive the con�tagion ; and not only will inoculation fail to produce it, but also constant communication, and every other means whereby it might be supposed cominunicable, proves equally so. At some future time, however, the disease will be readily produced in the same dog by apparently less active agencies. The occasional causes are numerous : whatever #9632; tends to produce debility in the system is a grand one ; thus distemper frequently follows other diseases, as pneumonic at�tacks: the confinement and treatment which bad mange requires are observed to produce it also; and the tabid and rickety very rarely escape it in its severest form*. Cold accidentally applied, as wash-

* Mr. Youatt observes the same also. quot; When (he says) I see a puppy with mange, and that peculiar disease in which the skin

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ing without drying afterwards, or throwing a puppy or young dog into the water, has often brought it on; forcing such an one to sleep exposed, does the same. Sudden Lmnorrhages, and an immediate change from a full to a low diet, or an unusual day's fatigue, are each of them causes that we have seen produce dis�temper.

Tlie period of its attach follows the same uncertainty as marks its other phenomena. We have known it to aifect puppies of a few weeks old, where it might be supposed that the constitutional predisposition alone could have produced it: this occurs particularly to the diminutive breeds, as pugs, very small spaniels, pigmy terriers, Italian greyhounds, and other minute varieties; in which cases it is almost invariably fatal. It more commonly, however, makes its appearance between six and twelve months, and especially during the period of dentition: among country dogs it is protracted to the period of full growth often ; but no age is exempt from it, and it is not uncommon to see it in three, four, or five year old dogs, with which it usually proves exti'emely severe. Neither is its attack confined to once ; it will now and then appear not only a second but a third time even, an instance of which fell under the notice of Mr. Blaine, where he was assured by a lady of great respectability, that a very favourite dog, then very ill of the disease, had been twice before attacked with the same, with in�tervals of two years between each attack, the first of which was in France, the second in India, and at last he himself witnessed that the cruel complaint carried off this faithful companion of an affectionate mistress in London. The dogs used in rural economy, and

becomes corrugated, and more especially if it he a spaniel, and pot-bellied or rickety, I generally say I can cure the mange, but that the dog will soon after die of distemper; and it so happens in three cases out of four.quot; � Veterinarian, vol. iii. p. 76.

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indeed yard dogs, do not often suffer by it with equal virulence ; but wherever man has interfered in forcing an artificial breed, and in maintaining and perfecting a degree of forced excellence, there the disease is almost always severe. It is thus that it is so fatal to high-bred hounds, pointers, setters, and spaniels; and to terriers and greyhounds it is even more so. Mr. Youatt observes, that few dogs imported into this country as exotics do well with it: thus the greater part of the northern dogs brought by Captain Parry were carried off by it Avithin a twelvemonth. Some breeds possess an hereditary tendency to have it worse than others of the same kind : litter after litter of some sporting strains will hardly yield more than one or two survivors. In such case, I would advise the breeder to cross the race, or to altogether try a new one.

Symptoms___These are marked throughout with

such variety, that it is not easy to set before the reader any strictly diagnostic sign or signs ; even the nasal discharge, so common to the complaint, does not always appear until the distemper has made some progress; and sometimes also in the midst of its most fatal course the discharge is arrested; convulsions follow, and death closes the scene. Nevertheless there are certain symptoms of distemper usually pre�sent in most of its cases. One of the earliest of these is a short, dry, husky cough, which is followed by a lessening of the appetite, of the flesh, strength, and spirits: the coat also begins to stare, and the eyes to wink in a full light, as though painfully affected by it: they also, if observed in the morning, exhibit the remains of a little hardened mucus, which may be seen adhering to the inner corner of each, while a general cloudiness of the cornea steals over its sur�face : the nose also is bedewed with a water discharge, greater or less, as the membranous linings of the

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orbits and nasal cavities are more or less inflamed, in which state the discharge may sometimes remain for two or three weeks without much alteration; it eventually, however, increases, and changes from a limpid watery fluid to a muco-purulent one, which flows down the face from the inner corner of each eye; and, as the disease becomes more intense, it frequently glues up the lids during the night, and blinds the dog, until his own efforts have opened them. The nasal discharge, which is first thin and watery, becomes muco-purulent, and next one of direct pus, by which his nose is no less closed up each morning, by the viscid exudation, than his eyes. As the intensity of the mucous inflammation extends, the cough also, which was at first a slight huskiness of expiratory effort only (or perhaps hardly existed at all, for in some cases but little cough attends the early stages), increases to a distressing, harsh-sounding, and frequent attempt at forcing something up from the throat, by an effort that appears compounded of coughing and vomiting. To these appearances are usually added, wasting, weakness, listlessness, and lessening of the appetite also.

Thus far the symptoms detailed bespeak a true catarrhal affection, in the popular and usual accepta�tion of the term; by which is understood, an inflam�mation of the air-passages productive of defluxion. But as the true etymology of catarrh extends to in�flammation of the mucous surfaces of the body gene�rally, and as distemper deserves the full extent of signification, we shall now have to follow it as it extends itself over the one or the other of these mucous surfaces principally, or as it diffuses itself universally through the whole: dependent on which election, are the various typhoid appearances which the future progress of the disease assumes.

The transmission of the affection to the brain or its

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CATAKRII.

meninges, we are led to suppose, takes place not only by the epileptic symptoms of some cases, or the chorea and paralysis of others; but even more certainly by the morbid appearances #9632;which present themselves after death. However, whether this occurs by con�tinuity of substance, or by metastasis, we are not aware; although analogically it may be supposed to be by the former, in which case the inflammation may shape its course from the orbitary fossaj, or it may follow the more likely tract of the pituitary sinuses. It is not, however, unlikely, that in some few cases a true metastasis does occur; for Ave occasionally have a very sudden attack of epilepsy, without any of those premonitory symptoms which usually predict, with malign certainty, the distempered fits; and there is more reason to conclude this, for a single fit, not followed up by another, particularly when it appears early in the complaint, is often not injurious ; and therefore we may suppose it the consequence of a sudden metastasis, which as quickly returns to its original seat.

Our knowledge of cerebral affections is very con�fined ; but we have reason to suppose that the nature of morbid attacks on the sensorium and its depen�dencies are varied like those of other organs. Prob�ably also much may depend on the immediate portion afiected, as whether it be the cerebral substance or its matrices: nor is it, therefore, unreasonable to conclude, that to this it is owing, that the nervous affections which accompany the disease are of such different complexions. The early listlessness, the general prostration of strength apparent in all, un�questionably spring from the want of due adminis�tration of healthy nervous energy; but the phenomena that are here hinted at are the consequence of a morbid energy, that is sometimes partial; in which case it is possible that the spinal cord is principally

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affected : sometimes it is total, when we may con�clude that the brain is the seat of attack. Under this view, we are not surprised to observe in some distempered cases, that the nervous weakness is con�fined to the loins and hinder extremities ; and, while the dog is strong and active in his fore parts, the debility of the hinder makes him totter, and almost drag the remainder of his body after him. Again, at other times, this paralytic affection is more universal, and affects all the limbs, and occasionally the head likewise; when the poor brute reels about as though he were drunk. Neither of these paralytic states (provided they are not followed up by more active symptoms) are of necessity or certainly fatal, but, on the contrary, often prove temporary only. In some �cases, the nervous affection, instead of being paralytic, is one of true chorea, or St. Vitus's dance: a convul�sive twitching attacks sometimes the head, sometimes one limb, less frequently is it universal from the first, but it often becomes so, doubling up the animal into the most extraordinary contortions. If these spasms increase in intensity, they will affect him as well when he lies down as when he stands, and asleep as well as awake: in this case he dies a miserable death from sensorial and muscular exhaustion. This affection, however, is likewise not necessarily fatal in itself; for although it may accompany the complaint throughout, it will often slowly disappear : but unfortunately it is too apt to end in fatal convulsions.

The symptomatic epilepsy of distemper, ov fits, may often be predicted with tolerable certainty, one, two, or three days before they come on, when, if judicious means are resorted to, they may be often averted ; but, having once occurred, and the first fit being fol�lowed up by another within two or three days, it is very seldom indeed that any hope is left. The pre�cursory symptoms are such as betoken a highly

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increased though morbid energy in the sensorium. From an emaciated, weak, and spiritless state, the dog becomes cheerful and alert; his dim and watery, or purulent eyes, become clear, and sparkle with ani�mation ; and if attentively viewed, the pupil towards its bottom presents an internal reddening of a fiery aspect; the nasal discharge, likewise, frequently either lessens, or is wholly suspended, and a momentary check to the accompanying diarrho3a occurs some�times also. How far these latter circumstances are in any way concerned in producing the epilepsy, may be with some a matter of doubt ; but the sudden cessation of these morbid discharges can be readily accounted for by the increase of the nervous power, which gives, for a time, new life to the diseased parts: and this view appears most correct, for as the symp--tomatic tokens of morbid energy precede the stoppage of the discharge, or are at least coeval with it, it would be placing effect before cause to conclude otherwise. It is worthy of remark, that the more active symp�toms of the epileptic attack are often preceded by a series of spasmodic irritations: thus it is very common that for a day, and sometimes for two or three days previously, there may be observed a convulsive twitch�ing of the eyelids, or of the lips or face, which in-jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;creases to a quivering of the lower jaw, such as we

often Avitness in dogs eagerly watching the food pre�paring for them, or when expecting any wished for object, as the going out of the' sportsman who has been harnessing for the field in September. Here again the symptoms just noticed are identified with excitement of the nervous energy. These spasmodic irritations, however trifling at first, it may be ob�served, soon increase to a direct convulsive champing of the whole mouth, as though something unpleasant in it was attempted to be got rid of: during this action, the poor animal stands distressed, though some-

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Avliat unconscious. The sensorial excitability is now arrived at such a height as to be readily acted on by trifling accidental circumstances ; thus an angry word spoken to the dog, a sharp rebuke to another, or the sight of one in a fit, will be often sufficient to bring one on him also. It is by an observance of this eftect that we are likewise able to understand Avhy fond�ling or encouraging a dog under these primary attacks will shorten the duration, and sometimes stop the fit altogether; and also we learn why the sudden stimu�lus brought on by dashing cold water in the face will often do the same; which practice should, therefore, always be resorted to on these occasions. When the epileptic fits, however, have gained their full hold on the dog, these means usually fail. A partial or total mental alienation now takes place: when total, the poor brute is often perfectly phrenitic; he waters and dungs unconsciously, he tears up the ground, bites every thing around him, and not unfrequently himself also. When the fit is over, he shakes himself, and looks and acts as usual, unless the attacks have been very violent and long continued, when they leave him greatly exhausted and dispirited. The second, third, or fourth day from the first appearance of these violent �ts, particularly when they recur every hour or two, commonly closes the scene, the animal being worn down by the additional strength and increased fre�quency of each succeeding spasm. It is during one of these fits that a dog is apt to be sacrificed under a suspicion of madness; but the suddenness of the seizure ought to inform the looker-on of the total impossibility of its being rabies, which is always, in the worst cases, marked with some recollection, some knowledge, and which never exhibits the indiscrimi�nate fury which characterizes epilepsy. In another form of these epileptic fits, the dog is seen to walk round and round, his steps usually directed to one

CATARRH.

side only, with measured and solemn pace, but in general wholly unconscious to every thing around. This is not a very frequent form of the nervous af�fection ; but I have seen several instances of it, all of which proved fatal. These cases may be considered to arise from a partial attack on the brain, principally directed to one side of it.

Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is also another termination which the specific catarrhal dis�ease assumes, which it may be supposed to do by passing through the larynx into the bronchia; the attack on which is shewn by symptoms of quickened breathing, with a short and more sonorous cough: if the inflammation extends, and direct pneumonia is the consequence, unless it be very timely put a stop to, it will carry the clog off.

The abdominal viscera, but more particularly the intestines, are oftentimes also very violently attacked in distemper. As regards the bowels, they are now and then affected very early in the complaint ; but when the catarrhal affection is fully developed, with its usual marks of lassitude, thirst, disinclination for food, shivering, and creeping to the fire or to some sheltered corner, with great discharge from the nose and eyes, it is then more usual for the intestines to become the subject of attack. Dogs brought up very hardily, and exposed much to the open air, and to a high and dry atmosphere, may escape diarrhoea alto�gether ; but of the very young and delicate breeds, and indeed of all such as are more artificially treated, and are confined in cities and towns, the majority have, first, diarrhoea, or simple excitement of the muscular contractions of the bowels, which hurries on the contents in liquid and unassimilated discharges of the aliment; and next follows the more serious affection of the intestinal mucous membranes, when the discharges change to a brown or lead-coloured

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mucus; and in those cases, when real feccs arc eva�cuated, blood usually accompanies them, or it follows them in a few distinct drops. These appearances be�token an ulcerative state of the intestinal canal, and much clanger is present: when more mucus and blood is passed than fascal matter, and the fetor is extreme, the case may be considered hopeless.

The pustular and yellow appearances of distemper.� Protracted cases of distemper are sometimes accom�panied by a pustular eruption, which extends over the surface of the chest and belly, and peels off in scales ; but this integumental determination seldom affords any relief, and such cases almost invariably terminate fatally. This state is also sometimes accompanied Avith an hepatic affection of a very fatal chai'acter, which has been called among sportsmen the yellow disease, from its tinging every part of the surface of the body with a yellow hue; the urine also is of a deep yellow, the consequence of some morbid transla�tion of the inflammation to the secretinff vessels of the liver. Mr. Youatt has found this state most fre�quent in the hound and greyhound ; he also has ob�served it particularly where there is little catarrhal exudation from the nose, which we believe is the case, although we have also seen it accompanied by a pro�fuse discharge ; but it has then been in instances where the disease has run its course under what we shall next proceed to notice.

The virulent and putrid type of distemper, which we have observed more common in very hot weather than in any other, although occasionally it occurs at all times, is often a sequel to either the catarrhal, pneumonic, or hepatic states ; and itself rages as an epidemic form of the disease, assuming all the cha�racteristics of typhus gravior, or malignant fever. These cases are accompanied by great debility, rapid emaciation, and total loss of appetite; the nasal

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discharge is great, foetid, and bloody ; bespeaking extensive ulceration of the nasal membranes, which sometimes is so deep as to occasion hannorrhage from the part: while excoriation of the lips and cheeks follows the contact of the sanies which pours from the eyes, and even the ears also, in some cases: the gums bleed, the tongue is covered with a dark crust, frequently ulcerated, and the whole body emits a peculiar cadaverous smell. Stools are passing, which resemble a mixture of mucus, blood, and putrid bile ; and the wretched animal trails out a miserable existence, commensurate with the severity of his complaint, his own strength, or the means made use of to combat it: thus in some cases it lasts a few days, and in others it is protracted to two or three weeks even, before he finally sinks.

Post-mortem appearances. � These, as may be sup�posed, vary with the quantum of attack made on individual parts of the body. The morbid anatomy of the head, if we commence with the pituitary mem�brane, betrays, in every instance, diseased appear�ances, and mostly the whole extent of it, from the nasal fossaj to the frontal sinuses: the ethmoid cells and turbinated cavities are in the first stages very highly injected, in the next suffused with pus, and in ,}nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;the last ulcerated, the degrees of which are, however,

not always in the exact ratio of the symptomatic appearances, but nevertheless correspond in some degree thereto. Within the cranium, when violent epileptic fits have accompanied the disease, the mem�branes of the brain are usually found highly charged with blood; and when these have continued an un�usual length of time, some softening of the cerebral substance itself, with effusion of serum into the ven�tricles of the brain. The spinal cord presents also phenomena in its morbid anatomy worthy of notice : when the paraplegia, or paralytic weakness of the

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hinder extremities, has been a marked feature of the complaint, the sheath of the spinal cord has been found more highty vascular, and suffused with an undue quantity of serum. We are also disposed to believe, from our own observations, that the tendency to universal paralysis often derives its origin from a morbid increase of the fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

The morbid appearances in the thoracic viscera, in pneumonic cases, are often considerable, from their commencement in the larynx, along the trachea, and throughout its bronchial ramifications, presenting in�flammatory marks, and muco-purulent secretion in abundance. quot;When pneumonia has been very active, coagulable lymph is sometimes found to be thrown out into the air-cells, congesting the dungs ; at others, suppuration takes place, and minute, or in some cases larger, vomica) are found. Less frequently, adhesions are met with between the costal and pulmonic pleurse, which occur in protracted cases ; but serous effusion is not uncommon. The heart we have found fforsred with blood in some of these cases, the pericardium in�flamed, and its fluid increased in quantity.

The diseased marks of the abdominal viscera vary as follow: � The stomach is not often much altered; sometimes, however, the villous surface is somewhat injected, particularly towards the pyloric extremity. The intestines usually bear their full proportion of morbid characters, the lining membranes being in�flamed throughout, and occasionally contracted in portions, particularly the ilium; while the colon is often beset with dark patches, and the rectum with ulcerated spots, when the diarrhoea has been violent and long continued. The rest of the chylopoictic viscera, in extreme cases, partake more or less of the morbid influence, particularly the liver, which we have sometimes seen much paler than natural, softer in

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texture also, and, as it were, macei'ated ; in other cases we have seen it grumous, surcharged with blood, with its biliary duct and sac engorged with an hepatic secretion, as foetid and decomposed as the matter of the stools themselves ; in fact, the animal mass throughout, in the malignant cases we have noticed, presents a state of complete putrid solution.

Prognosis.�To form a decisive opinion of the result of any case of distemper, and at almost any period of the complaint, is very difficult; and we would strongly recommend the veterinary practitioner never to speak confidently with regard to either a fortunate or un�fortunate result, however flattering or however ad�verse the appearances may be. Very young dogs seldom live, puppies of a few weeks old almost never : the difference in these respects, however, between dogs brought up in a state of hardihood and those petted and artificially treated, as well as between those living in the country, and those residing in cities, is very great, and should influence the prog�nostic much. We have already shewn that difterent varieties have it worse than others, and that some breeds of the same variety possess a particular apti�tude to fall under its attacks. The appearance of one fit very early in the complaint is not alarming; but if it be more advanced, it is truly so; and when followed up by a second and a third, the case is nearly hopeless. When the eyes, soon after the ap�pearance of the disease, betray a great impatience of light, and look red within, the dog will have it severely, and the extreme quantity of nasal discharge which follows will be apt to wear him down; if it becomes bloody, it will be still more likely to do so. When the catarrh degenerates into pneumonia, if it is at all intense, it is not often successfully combated. The diarrhoea commonly attendant on the complaint is very apt to prove so obstinate as to reduce the

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animal strength beyond the powers of the constitution to restore, even without the weight of the specific disease attached to it: when therefore the diarrhoea continues to resist medical aid, and is attended with tenesmus and bloody purulent stools, it will generally prove fatal. The breaking out of a pustular eruption, and a yellow tinge pervading the surface of the body, are usually precursors of death. The spasmodic twitchings which sometimes accompany the com�plaint, if constant and violent, expend the vital ener�gies fast, and usually end fatally, especially if the animal loses flesh under them; but let them be as violent as they may, if the dog continues to gain flesh, the chances are that he will recover.

The treatment of distemper must necessai'ily vary considerably, according to the natui'e of the attack, as well as the age, constitution, amp;c. of the object of it. It is somewhat singular, that while the very best practitioners so often fail in their treatment of the complaint, we seldom meet with a sportsman, or breeder of dogs, but who (according to his own account) can readily cure it, quot; being in possession of what he fondly flatters himself to be an infallible remedy for it.quot; But continued experience leads us to a conclusion, that although many different remedies are useful, according as one or other form of the disease prevails ; yet that there is not, and we believe cannot be, a specific for this disorder. As most cases of distemper commence by cough or slight defluxion from the nose and eyes, with a failing in the ordinary appetite and spirits, and a gradual losing of flesh, an emetic is the first remedy; it clears the stomach and bowels, and sympathetically lessens the inflammatory action going on. Should the pulse or the state of breathing, or the violence of the cough, indicate any determination to the lungs ; bleed by all means, to the

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66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATAKRH.

amount of from three ounces to five or six, according to size, age, amp;c., particularly if the dog he in good case and moderately strong. The bowels should also be opened by a laxative; but if it is not found neces�sary to bleed, then substitute a mild purge for the laxative ; unless the dog is either very young, the breed very tender, or there is much emaciation: in that case merely open the bowels by the laxative.

As an emetic, either the anthnonii potassio tartras, or the hydrargyri chloridum may be used; sometimes one and sometimes the other are to be preferred. When there is any disposition to purging already ob�served, give the antimonii pot. tar. only. The arti�cles used on these occasions by sportsmen, as Turpith mineral and crude antimony, are highly objectionable. Salt also should only be used for the purpose, when the articles already prescribed are not within reach. The early insertion of a seton depends on the stage of the disorder, and the time you are called to the patient. If impatience of light presents itself, and the pupils look red within, and the cough is harsh, dry, and fre�quent, by all means insert one as soon as possible; but if, on the contrary, the disease is far advanced, the discharge is become purulent and profuse, and particularly if the dog be weak, but is losing flesh daily, the use of setons will do harm. The same may be said of purgatives, of which we would again remark, that while the dog is full and his inflamma�tory symptoms run high, two or three moderate purges are proper. Costiveness must, in all cases, be avoided ; but it is best combated by laxatives, such as the Oleum Ricini, and particularly the Oleum Jacobi, except in the very early stages, when, as ob�served, a purgative is admissible and highly proper, such as the following: �


	CATARRH.
	^ Pulv. Bhei..... Pulv. Ipecacuanha .... Sapo Castile ..... Syrup Buckthorn, q. s.	\|ss 5j-3j-
	Fiat pilulaj xl. Two or three for a	dose.

Unloading the bowels, like unloading the stomach, will tend greatly to lessen irritation and reduce the inflammatory action of the heart and arteries ; but at the same time that, under these views, they are valu�able agents, we must not lose sight of the diarrhoea which is so fatal a symptom of the disease, and which too free a use of them might tend to bring on. These primary depleting means having been carried into effect, proceed with the following: �

sect;, Camphor

Pulv. Antimonialis . Conserv. Eosie, q. s.

Ft. bolus.

gi'-J-

Or,

!�, Pulv. Ipecacuanhaj

Potassa; Nitralis Syrupi, q. s.

Ft. bolus.

er. x.

These pills, with either minor or major quantities, according to the size, and age of the dog, may be given once or twice a day, as the symptoms are more or less urgent, diminishing the quantities if they oc�casion sickness. When the cough is very distressing, (by which pneumonic symptoms may be appre�hended), add to each dose of these medicines from half a grain to a grain of digitalis. Should nothing new in the symptoms occur, it would be prudent every third or fourth day to repeat the emetic, and to keep the bowels open ; now more than ever avoiding active purgation. Should the disease take on still

F 2

68nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATAHRII.

more active symptoms of pneumonia, or inflammation of the kings, wliich will be known by the quick laborious breathing, the head being elevated, and the dog remaining in a sitting position instead of lying down, however fatigued; then follow the directions given under the head pneumonitis.

Diarrhoea, or looseness, is one of the most obstinate and fatal accompaniments that attend distemper: it sometimes commences with it, and is then suffered to go unchecked, from a supposition that the com�plaint may be thus carried off; but it should never be allowed to go unrestrained for more than two days; and not even that time, if the disease be at all advanced, or the dog at all emaciated; otherwise he will be speedily brought so low as to be past recovery. In these cases give the following once or twice a day:�

sect;j Campliorre .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . �gt;'�quot;.)�

Opii puri.....gr. j.

Confect. Aromat. q. s.

Fiat bolus.

The epileptic fits of distemper are the most formid�able of all the various types under which the disease rages. It occasionally commences by a fit, which should be instantly attacked by an active emetic, and that should be followed by a purgative, in which case it often happens that no more appear.* But when a fit occurs in a more advanced stage of the disease,

* I have observed that one, or even two, violent fits appearing thus early in the complaint, are not always followed by others, nor by any greater severity of symptoms than usual. Is such a fit at all similar to what sometimes precedes eruptive human com�plaints ? I have also derived much benefit from a judicious use of digitalis or foxglove, I gave every two hours from ten to twenty drops of the tincture, according to the size and strength of my patient. As few remedies act so powerfully in lessening sensorial irritation as this, I would recommend a judicious and cautious trial of it.quot; � Bktinc.

CATARlUr.

another will be almost sure to follow, unless such an impression can be made as to cause a counteraction. If a close observation is carried on, the symptoms noted will enable the treatment to take the start of the attack. First give an active emetic, and then follow that up by a brisk purgative. Mr. Youatt re�commends a full dose of calomel united with opium: insert a seton in the neck, smearing the tape with blistering ointment. Should repeated attacks succeed, give the following pills twice or three times a-day:�

IJ, Zinci Sulphatis

Extracti Anthemidis

Fiant pilula; dua; ter in die sumendaa.

gr. x.

Place the patient in a very warm bath, and retain him there twenty minutes, keeping him also, both warm and moist some hours afterwards, by means of wrapping in flannel and placing before a fire. Avoid irritation, force nourishment, and endeavour to shorten every fit by sprinkling cold water in the face, and employ soothing language and manner, which have often the happiest effect in lessening the force and duration of the convulsion. If these means should fortunately succeed, continue to keep the animal quiet both in temper and person, and particularly refrain from allowing active exercise, which is very apt to bring on a recurrence of the fits.

The chorea of distemper is hardly less to be dreaded than the epilepsy; for if it is not so immediately fatal, it yet frequently leaves the dog helpless and useless for life. As soon, therefore, as there is any appear�ance of spasmodic twitchings, if the clog be not much emaciated, or the nasal discharge very great, insert a seton ; stimulate the spine every day; push a tonic plan of medicines; or give two, three, or four drops of the Acetate of Strychnia daily, with liberal feeding, and an occasional warm bath.

r 3

mmm

CATARHII.

The debilitating stage of distemper. �We left off the continuous treatment of the disease after we had pursued it to its sequel as a phlegmonous affection. Active catarrhal inflammation leaves it, when the purulent secretion is fully established, that is, when pus flows abundantly from the nose and eyes ; after which, whatever fever remains is either the symptom�atic or the hectic type, unless active pneumonic or hepatic affection supervene. It appeared that when we had pursued the treatment of this disease thus far, it was convenient to stop, and introduce such occasional states as are apt to intervene between the first and second stages; as pneumonia, diarrhoea, epilepsy, chorea, amp;c. These being noticed, avc shall now return, and continue the treatment of the true muco-purulent catarrhal affection ; which having been attacked, as directed, by depiction and such other means as tend to combat the acute inflammatory state, must now be as actively pursued by other means, or diminished vital action will take the place of that where there had been too much. The means hinted at are the judicious and liberal use of tonics. Among these tonics, none are more efficacious than liberal feeding on the most nutritious and tempting food, which should be offered to the dog frequently, but not in cloying quantities, and which may with pro�priety be varied to meet the different complexions that the disease is still likely to assume. One of these is the continued discharge from the nose and eyes, with hai^assing cough, debility, and emaciation; which state I have found to be most advantageously treated by the following pills: �

IJa Quince Sulphatis . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5^SS'

Ext. Anthcmidis ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; giij.

Bals. Peruviani ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5J^SS-

Camplioraj.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3J.

Confect. Rosa;, q. s.

Misce. Divide massam in bolus xij e qaibusnbsp; sumantcr binlaquo; tw quotidia�.

CATA1UUI.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;71

Should the purulent flow become foetid and bloody, add pulv. Cascarillse 3!., pulv. Opii gr. iij. We have not made much use of cantharides as a means of checking the inordinate catarrhal discharge, but the following may be tried when other remedies have failed: �

IJ, Pulv. Cantharid. trit. . . . gr. j-Ammoniic Sub. Carl).

Confect. Aromat. �� . . . gr. v. Syrup, q. s.

Ut fiat bolus quartis vel sextis horis sumendus.

The malignant type of the disease Avill be found very difficult to contend with: it is not, however, alto�gether hopeless, but it can be only successfully com�bated by prompt and unwearied attention. It is also evident that we must vary our curative endeavours to prevent the septic or putrid tendency; if there�fore the before-mentioned medicines should disagree, or seem to fail in arresting the disease, give

IJ, Fern subcarbonatisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . gr. v.

Pulv. Cinchona ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5J-

Syrup Zingib. q. S.

Flat bolus.

Once or twice a day, according to circumstances and its agreement with the patient. If, however, these remedies only increase the alvine flux, then all but astringents must be discontinued; for every other means must give place to attempts at restraining this most fatal state, even to the continuance of the anti�septic and astringent plans together, if they be found wholly incompatible with the state of the bowels.

Cleanliness is very desirable in every stage of dis�temper, but in the putrid type it is essentially neces�sary, as well to the recovery, as to the comfort of the animal: the free access of pure air is also indis�pensable, and the removal of everything likely to

r 4

#9632;

#9632;

72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATARRH.

harbour putrid exhalations is highly proper: the litter should be constantly changed, or, if any other bedding be used, it should be washed and dried, or replaced by other. The apartment, kennel, amp;c. should be cleansed of the putrid effluvia, by the use of either the chloride of soda or lime, according to the directions accompanying those valuable disin�fectants ; and which, either of them, particularly the latter, is able to do to admiration : the former is also even more useful in another point of view. The phagedenic ulcers which are apt to break out over the face, nose, mouth, amp;c., and the malignant tumours which form in the submaxillary glands, and some�times in the parotid also, require to be noticed. These often take on a gangrenous appearance, spread over the face, offering a most offensive putrid dis�charge, and by their irritation greatly aggravate the dangers and sufferings of the animal. These ulcera-tions, even when extending fast, by being bathed with a solution of the chloride of soda, or sulp. zinc, properly diluted, are in most cases brought into a healing state, and in all are deprived of their ma�lignancy, prevented from multiplying, and rendered inoffensive.

Vaccination and inoculation icith the matter of dis�temper have been both practised, one for the prevention, the other for the mitigation of the disease. Vaccina�tion so performed is a proof of the gullibility of the public, and readiness to believe what is wished, par�ticularly when it comes from a popular source, and where it would be unfashionable to disbelieve. Mr. Elaine's early experiments convinced him of its total inefficacy as a preventive of distemper; but so positive were the assei'tions to the contrary, that he spoke diffidently. Dr. Jenner had lent his name to the error, and no doubt he believed what he asserted ; but lie had not waited the proof. Vaccination, it is

ii,

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 73

now sufficiently ascertained, neither exempts dogs from the distemper, nor does it appear at all to miti�gate its severity; for numbers of dogs which have been vaccinated afterwards die of distemper. Ino�culation with the matter of distemper is equally in�effectual in mitigating the complaint, even when it is borrowed from the mildest forms: on the contrary, many dogs, which have taken the disease by inocu�lation have had it with peculiar severity, and others have sunk under it.

Genus II. DYSENTERIA.

Dysentery, as an idiopathic affection in dogs, is very rare: occasionally, however, it is seen. It is fre�quently a concomitant with other diseases, � as Dis�temper, Diarrhoea, Enteritis, Poison, amp;c. It consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, accompanied with symptomatic fever. It is caused by cold and improper food.

The symptoms consist of griping and tenesmus, frequent dejections of mucous, and sometimes blood, fteces discharged in small quantities.

The treatment should consist in the removal of the feculent matter from the bowels by the use of oleaginous purgatives, and reducing the irritation and fever by salines and opiates.

Genus III. CYSTITIS.

Inflammation of the bladder is by no means a com�mon complaint among dogs. It is said that in the year 1810 there was an epidemic prevalent, in which the bladder was, in almost every instance, very much inflamed, and, in many of the cases which occurred, it was exclusively so.

INFLAMJIATION OF TUE BKAIN.

Cystitis shows itself by a very frequent pulse, great restlessness, and panting. The urine is evacuated by frequent drops, tinged with blood; in some cases there is a total stoppage of it. The pubic portion of the abdomen is hot, swelled, and painful to the touch.

The treatment should consist of general and local bleeding, clysters, the warm bath : fomentations purgatives, and antiinonial diaphoretics.

! I

Genus IV. CEPHALITIS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN OR ITS MEMBRANES.

Symptomatic Cephalitis only is found in the canine catalogue; but of this there ai'e some varieties, de�pendent principally on the diseases which they are accompaniments to. The epilepsy of distemper is an instance of cerebral inflammation, known as well by post-mortem examinations as by the consequences: at the same time it may be urged that the cephalitic symptoms are seldom of sufficiently long continuance to assure us that the inflammatory state is not con�joined with some other irritations. Rabies in a few instances produces some decisive violence, and some mental alienation in the dog, as we know by his attack on men and brutes, that he has been acquainted with, and also by the morbid appearances which pre�sent themselves after death. The epilepsy attendant on icorms, and that which attacks dogs after long confinement, are probably compounded of a spasmodic attack on the sensorium and of determination of blood to it: in both cases there are some cephalitic symptoms occasionally present.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;75

Genus V. PNEUMONITIS.

On GENERAL INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

Inflammation of the lungs is not an unfrequent com�plaint among clogs. It has been said that in some years it rages in an epidemic form: it is, however, more frequently produced by the action of cold on the body, clipping or shearing rough clogs in cold #9632;weather, throwine; dogs into the water and negiectins; to dry them, shutting a dog, that is accustomed to warmth, out for the night houseless, are not un�common causes: in fact, any unusual exposure to cold may occasion it. In many instances it is brought on by distemper. The epidemic pneumonia has usu�ally proved rapid in its progress, and very fatal: at all times, also, it is to be dreaded, for in most instances it arrives at such a height, before it attracts sufficient notice, as to baffle all attempts at reducing the in�flammation. During one of the periods in which it raged in an epidemic form (a warm mild spring) few of those attacked survived beyond the third day, about which time most of them were suffocated by the serous effusion poured into the chest. This, though a frequent mode of its termination in general cases, is not the only fatal one; for we have seen it also destroy by congestion within the substance of the lungs. It yields, however, to a prompt and judici�ous treatment, sufficiently to make every effort worth the trial. Inflammation of the lungs shows itself by a quick laborious respiration; the heart beats in a 'rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;very rapid but oppressed manner. The head is held

up to enable the dog to breathe more freely; he also prefers sitting to lying down, for the same reasons ; which circumstances alone ai-e diagnostic of the dis�ease. Considerable moisture distils from the nose, which, like the cars and paws, is in general extremely

76nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

and unnaturally cold. A short quick cough is often present, but not invariably so.

The treatment should commence by bleeding, and that very largely; but it must be particularly remem�bered, that it ought only to be attempted early in the complaint: if it is performed after the second day, the dog commonly dies under the operation. This circumstance should never be forgotten by a pi'ac-titioner who may happen to be called in, the recollec�tion of which may save him much mortification and disgrace. The first bleeding, if early attempted, may prove useful, provided it is a full and copious one. The whole chest should likewise be immediately blis�tered between the fore legs, and behind the elbows, first removing the hair, and finishing by covering the parts with a cloth carefully secured. If blistering ointment is not at hand, oil of turpentine, with flour of mustard, well rubbed in, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours, Avill do nearly as well. Give a purgative, throw up a clyster also, and in two hours commence with the following: �

^o Pulv. Digitalisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gr. xii.*

Pulv. Ipecacuanha: ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gr. iij.

Potassa; Kitratis . . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5j. Misce.

Divide into six, nine, or twelve powders according to the size and age of the dog, and give one every three or four hours, in a little linseed tea. Should there be much cough present give from a tea to a dessert�spoonful of this mixture every three or four hours : �

* In the administration of digitalis, the pulse should be fre�quently examined : it is desirable that this active remedy should be administered vigorously until the pulse is found to intermit; after which time it should be less actively pursued, for fear of car�rying the enervating effect too far.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LAEYNX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;77

IjL Aceti communis . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f 3Jss.

Syrupi Tolutani .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f ^j-

Aqure tlistillatas .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f I^v-

Vini Antimonii Tart. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f 3�s. Misce.

Should either of these medicines act as a vomit, re�duce the doses. It is peculiarly requisite also to keep the dog in a cool temperature, and, provided his skin is screened from the access of cold, it is no matter how cool the air he breathes may be. If amendment should not be apparent in four hours, the bleeding may be repeated. But if, in spite of these renewed applications, the nose and mouth con�tinue intensely cold, the head remains elevated, and the motion of the heart indistinct, a fatal termination may be expected.

Genus VI. LARYNGITIS.

Inflammation of the larynx sometimes attacks dogs. We consider it not unlikely to result from hastily swallowing something, either in itself caustic, or other�wise of a scalding heat: a wasp or bee snapped up hastily, might, by stinging the fauces, produce it. Without doubt, also other causes may occasion it; but it cannot be regarded otherwise than as a rare atfec-tion. The atfected dog is usually found with his lower jaw removed from the upper, allowing a distinct view of the back of the mouth, and of the fauces also; which has, in more instances than one, given occasion to consider it as a case of rabies; and the poor dog has been destroyed, without any medical relief being attempted. Breathing sonorous and suffocative, effu�sion of lymph from the surface of the lining mem�brane.

The treatment should consist in the prompt and active employment of antiphlogistic means. Bleeding

Fquot;

INFLAMMATION OF THE LAKYNX.

1.1

and counter irritation ; if such moans are not success�ful, and the case urgent, the operation of tracheotomy should be performed.

A well-detailed case is given by the principal ve�terinary surgeon to the army, T. C. Cherry, Esq. in No. 32. of the Farrier and Naturalist. He says, quot; I found the dog with his mouth wide open, and a quantity of frothy saliva about it. There was no difficulty in seeing the back part of the mouth and fauces, which exhibited strong symptoms of violent inflammation. The muscles connected with the lower jaw had lost their power, the mouth was easily closed quot;by a stick, or the hand put under the chin; but so soon as this support was withdrawn, the jaw again dropped, and the mouth remained wide open without the dog having power to close it. When food or slop was put into his mouth closed, he could swallow, but not otherwise; he was dull, and manifested uneasi�ness ; the breathing was hurried, and the pulse quick; but he was sensible, and danger from biting was quite out of the question. I at once decided on treating him by depletion, and accordingly bled freely from the jugular vein, giving at the same time aperient medicine, and keeping up the action of the bowels by frequently repeating it. The food was principally oatmeal gruel given warm, and the dog Avas enabled to take it by his friend the cook, and her assistant the coachman, both of whom were assiduous and expert nurses, closing the mouth sufficiently to allow of his swallowing what was taken into it. With this treat�ment amendment was soon manifested, and in fifteen days from its commencement medicine was no longer necessary; the muscles of the lower jaw gradually recovered their tone, and the dog was alive and healthy not long ago.quot;

Connected with laryngitis, and which we may almost eonsider as an extension of the disease, is

INFLAMMATION OF THE PLEURA AND STOMACH. 79

Bronchitis, or inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The symptoms and plan of treatment of which are the same as we have just prescribed for laryngitis.

Genus VII. PLEURITIS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PLEURA.

Pleurisy, although not very common in dogs, is yet sufficiently so to deserve our notice. Mr. Youatt observes, that quot; he scarcely recollects a case of chest affection which did not ultimately become connected with, or terminated in, pleurisy. This disease shows itself by the extreme tenderness of the sides; by almost constant twitchings, accompanied with sup�pressed painful cough, which the dog bears with much impatience.quot; He also assui'es us that an ex�ploration of the chest by auscultation is usually very satisfactory in pleuritic cases. He places the dog alternately on his chest, his back, or his side, which enables him to ascertain to a certainty the extent to which effusion exists in the thoracic cavity. Here, too, we are sorry to say, that paracentesis has rarely succeeded, and probably its failure is in some mea�sure to he attributed to the late period at which it was attempted. The mode of treatment differs little from that of pneumonia. When effusion is expected the strength must be supported by good food, cordial diaphoretics, bitters, and tonics.

Genus VIII. GASTRITIS,

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

The stomach is less frequently affected with inflam�mation than the bowels: it is, however, now and then the seat of primary inflammation, and it often becomes affected when the bowels arc so. In gas-

; ;

80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

tritis, the sickness is incessant and most distressing ; the thirst is unquenchable, and whatever is taken in is immediately thrown up again. There is also very great distress in the countenance, but the dog evinces less disposition to hide himself than in simple bowel affection : the mouth slavers, and is hot and cold by turns. The disease, when violent, is seldom relieved, even by any treatment ; but when it does admit of cure, it is done by bleeding early and largely, both by the neck, and by leeches to the region of the stomach. The warm bath should be used ; injections should be repeatedly administered : the chest should be blistered also; but nothing but mild medicine with mucilaginous liquids ought to be given by the mouth. The stomach is likewise liable to inflammation from poisonous substances ; a very marked and peculiar one results from rabies. The medical treatment of these varieties is detailed under their distinct heads.

Genus IX. ENTERITIS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

The intestines of dogs are very irritable and extremely subject to inflammation which frequently comes on spontaneously from irritation, cold, spasms, indurated faeces, obstinate costiveness. Great heat, thirst, pant�ing, and restlessness are the symptoms early ap�parent. The stomach throws off all its contents, nrxed oftentimes with biliary matter, and all food is refused, but water is sometimes sought for with anxiety. The belly is extremely hot, and painful to the touch ; the eyes are red, and the mouth and nose are alternately hot and cold. The animal frequently lies on his stomach, expresses great anxiety in his countenance, and the pulse is extremely quick but small. Enteritis may be distinguished from spas-

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

modic colic by the extreme tenderness and heat in the bowels, which are peculiarly apparent in the in�flammatory state, and by the one being accompanied by fever and the other not.

Under these circumstances, the dog should be early and freely bled. From three to six or eight ounces may be taken away, according to the size and strength of the animal. A laxative of castor oil should next be administered ; but, unless the bov/els are obstinately bound, and have been so for several days, nothing drastic should be given by the mouth, as it would only heighten the inflammatory symptoms. The animal should be bathed in hot water every three or four hours: when that is found too troublesome, from his size or other circumstances, the belly may be steeped in hot water, or it may be fomented with, hot flannels; but one or the other must by no means be omitted. Clysters of castor oil, with mutton broth, should be frequently thrown up, till evacuation is procured ; and when the case is desperate, the belly may also be rubbed with oil of turpentine between the bathings, or it may be covered with a blister ; or a mustard poultice may be applied. No food should be given, and cold water should be removed ; but the dog may be drenched with mutton broth. In case the vomiting continues obstinate, with every dose of castor oil, and with every drench of mutton broth, give from ten to twenty drops of laudanum : if the animal becomes paralytic in his lower extremities, if the sickness proves incessant, and the mouth and ears become cold and pale, morti�fication is at hand. Enteritis is not always accom�panied with costiveness; in some there is very little; and in a few cases the bowels are even lax: but, in the greater number of instances, costiveness to a certain degree is present; for, even when it did not exist previous to the attack, it is pretty sure to be

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

brought on by it: an effectual laxative is, therefore, premised early in the complaint. If the dog be very delicate, this primary laxative may be castor oil; but when this is not at hand, or fails in its operation, we have used mild doses of Epsom salts with advantage; and, in some instances, these have remained on the stomach when castor oil has been rejected.

Genus X. HEPATITIS.

INFLAMMATION OP THE LIVER.

The liver is subject to both acute and chronic inflam�mation. Acute inflammation of the liver is not a frequent disease. It may be brought on by cold, and manifests itself by dulness, restlessness, and panting, fever, vomiting, jaundice. In the chronic affection the symptoms are more mild, but the functional de�rangement is more considerable. Hepatitis may be distinguished from inflamed lungs, by the absence of an intense coldness of the nose and mouth : neither is there a watery exudation from them, as in pneu�monia ; nor is the head held up to facilitate breath�ing. From inflamed bowels it may be distinguished, by the general symptoms being, not. very unlike, yet less severe, with less prostation of strength; neither is the region of the belly so hot and tense, although we have observed the right side consider�ably enlarged, and tender to the touch in some cases. On the second day of the inflammation, the urine becomes of a deep yellow: the skin appears likewise universally tinged, but the coverings of the eyes and mouth particularly so.

This disease is sometimes attended with purging, but much oftener with constipation. When active purging is present, the complaint usually degene�rates into sub-acute inflammation of the bowels. In

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S3

most instances it proves fatal, unless attended to sufficiently early; and such a termination is at hand when the sickness becomes frequent, the limbs appear paralytic, and the mouth is pale as well as cold.

The proper treatment of hepatitis consists in early and plentiful bleeding; a stimulating or blistering application applied to the belly, particularly towards the right side, with opening medicines, such as the following: �

sect;, Pil. Ilydrarg. et Aloes Barb, ��

9ij-

Fiat massa in pil. vj. dividend, c quibus donantur binre, nocte.

And, if circumstances should prevent the application of any stimulant to the region of the liver, the dog should be put into warm water twice or thrice during the day. After the bowels have been well opened, give the following, every three or four hours; �

5, Pulv. Digitalis

Pulv. Antimonialis , Potassaj Nitras P.

gr, viij. gr. xvj.

3gt;

Misce.

Mix, and divide into seven, nine, or twelve powders; or make into as many balls, according to the size of the dog. If, under this treatment, amendment does not become apparent, repeat the bleeding, and stimu�late the skin more actively.

Chronic inflammation of the liver is brought on by the agency of other affections. Long continued or inveterate mange will tend to produce disease in the liver. In some cases of distemper, also, a dull inflammatory action of the liver occurs, and which is almost always accompanied with a pustular eruption over the belly. The skin is also commonly tinged

with a biliary suffusion ; but the urine is invariably

c 2

INFLAMMATION OF TUE SFLJiKN.

impregnated with a very large quantity of bile ; and occasionally the eyes and skin are tinged with yellow.

There is present dulness, wasting, a staring coat, and very often a tumour may be felt in the right side of the belly. From the unhealthy appearance of the hair, this disease is often mistaken for worms ; but it may be distinguished by the want of the voracity of appetite Avhich characterises worms, and also by the general and constant dulness of manner: sometimes it is connected with chronic splenitis, and also with asthma.

The treatment of this disease should be commenced by a purge, after which give, night and morning, one of the followino; bolus : �


	sect;gt; Hydrarg. Chloridum	gr. xx.
	Pulv. Antimonialis	gr. xxx
	Pulv. Myrrha	5ij-
	Pulv. Gentiarice	3ij-
	Pulv. Aloes B. . . .	3�-
	Syrup. Zingib. q. s.

;.i

Mix and divide into fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five balls, according to the size of the dog. Rub into the region of the liver a small portion of the Ung. hydrarg. fort, daily. Pursue this treatment some time, cai'efully watching the mouth, to guard against sudden and violent salivation. A moderate sore�ness of the mouth is, however, to be encouraged and kept up.

Genus XI. SPLENITIS.

ill

Although there can be little doubt but that the spleen, is both subject to acute and chronic inflam�mation, yet, as it generally occurs with a derange�ment of other more important organs, the symptoms are extremely obscure. We may expect heat, ful-

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.

ness, and tenderness in the region of the spleen, pain on pressure. The treatment should consist in general and local bleeding, counter irritation, frequent purg�ing, and general antiphlogistic means.

Genus XII. OTIT1S.

EAR ACHE.

Dogs are subject to this painful disease. It com�mences by the dog shaking his head, holding it on one side, pain on pressure. The flap or pendulous portion becomes swollen, and painfully tender ; there is slight discharge of serum from the ear, which becomes purulent as the disease advances. The parts should be fomented with warm water, and a small quantity of the following mixture, dropped in the ear twice a day. Give also a purge.

sect;, Oleum OliviB Tinct. Myrrha Tinct. Opii

3ss,

Misce.

Genus XIII. OPHTHALMITIS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE OR ITS APPENDAGES.

Dogs are occasionally attacked with inflammation of the coats of the eye or eyes; in which case there is an impatience of strong light, the conjunctiva is red, and, when the affection is intense, the pupil itself is clouded with milky whiteness, or otherwise the blood�vessels of the opaque cornea are seen in red lines extending over it. If this state of the pupil is not present at the first, the continuation of the affection for several days commonly produces it: now and then, the humours of the eye are seen to exhibit a

G 3

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.

reddish tinge; but tliis is not frequent. The causes of the affection ave various: excitements of any kind, as violent exertions, heat and cold alternating in extreme degrees occasion it: thus I have seen it follow from plunging into water when the dog has been very hot, and not accustomed to the change.

Ophthalmia is also occasioned by external violence, and by irritating matters settling within the eye ; or stings, amp;c., without. These cases are known usually by one only being affected; but we have seen pointers, setters, and spaniels, suddenly thus seized after hunting in cover, from some poisonous hei'b; in which case it is seen in both eyes. Thorn wounds, scratches from cats, amp;c., are productive of it; but it is commonly confined to one eye.

The treatment is not dissimilar in principle in all these cases: should the inflammation be very con�siderable, bleed, purge, and keep low : foment the eyes with an infusion of poppy heads, until the light docs not distress the dog, when apply the following wash several times a-day: �

Snperacetate of lead Kose water

half a drachm. 6 ounces.

When the inflammation is somewhat lessened, use the following : �

Sulphate of zinc ... 1 scruple. A weak infusion of elm bark . 6 ounces. Tinct. Opii .... 1 drachm.

All exposure to strong light, or other soui^ces of irritation, as foul housing, amp;c., should be avoided. In very bad cases, we have sometimes scarified the insides of the eyelids, by means of the point of a fine lancet, with very great benefit; and in others, where much obstinacy in the complaint has shown itself, particularly in foul-coated dogs, a seton in the neck

INFLAMMATION 01' THE EYE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;87

has done mucli good. After the active symptoms have disappeared, should any opacity of the cornea remain, let a small portion of the ung. argentum nitratmn he placed under the eyelid every night.

Ophthalmia of Distemper. � This might he called a specific ophthalmia, from peculiarities attending it: or it might be named symptomatic, as being an ac�companiment of a particular disease. That it is very different from idiopathic ophthalmia is proved by its consequences; for while the remaining effects of the idiopathic attack are in the ratio of the intensity of the inflammation, in the symptomatic they bear no proportion whatever to it. The distemper, as an in�flammatory affection of the mucous membranes, might-he supposed, a priori, likely to extend its affection to the eyes also, which it does in a marked degree, and with almost invariable certainty; so that distemper is frequently characterised as a defluxion from the eyes and nose. The early symptoms of this ophthalmia are not unlike those which betoken the idiopathic attack, except that a more early and more abund�ant appearance of a purulent secretion is common. The injection of the opaque, and the cloudiness of the transparent cornea, are, in the cases we point at, intense; to which very frequently succeeds, in the very centre of the pupil, a minute circular speck of ulceration that sometimes remain stationary during the distemper. At others, it extends both in depth and breadth; sometimes so much as to evacuate the aqueous humour: when this occurs, there usually follows a luxuriant sprouting of fungoid granulations, which give great pain, and at last totally disorganise the eye. The disease is most frequently confined to one eye only; but we have seen it in both. The topical treatment of the ophthalmia of distemper is blended with that of the idiopathic; but the con-

G -i

T�M��ES.

HiEMORRHAGE.

stitutional is refemble to the treatment of distemper itself; for to cure that is to remove the ophthalmia.

#9632;III

Class I. Ojbder III. TUMOKES.

TUMOURS.

Dogs are subject to a variety of swellings or tumours. Thus we have fatty tumours in different parts of the body; glandular tumours affecting the mammary and thymoid glands ; sarcomatous tumours connected with the eye, the penis, and the mammss; the polypus, growing from the os uteri or vagina; encysted tumours; fungus arising from ulcers in malignant tumours ; scirrhus and cancer affecting the testicles and mammas. For all these tu�mours the knife is the best remedy: there are but few cases in which it may not be resorted to, and, with proper precautions, it is a safe remedy. In cases of bronchocele the enlargement is frequently removed by the continued use of the preparations of iodine.

Exostosis, or bony tumours, are also by no means unfrequent, especially among hounds. When not too far advanced, they may be checked by blisters and mercurial charges; but, in some instances, recourse is obliged to be had to the actual cautery. The verruca, or warts, in dogs may be easily removed either by cutting them off or destroying them by the use of escharotics.

Class I. Okder IV. HiEMORKHAGIiE.

Dogs that are confined and fed highly are fre�quently liable to apoplexia sanguinea. If death be


	1
	#9632;	\|
	#9632;

	,:

	I
		*
		k-
	-ii	y

El'ILEI'SY.

not immediate, which it generally is, there is a loss of corporeal power or partial paralysis ; stertorous breathing, with sleep more or less profound. The treatment consists in copious bleeding, and pro�ducing counter irritation by purgatives and blisters to the back of the head.

Class I. Order V. SPASMI.

Genus I. EPILEPSIA.

EriLErsY.

Epileptic fits are of frequent occurrence in dogs, and may, like those in ourselves, be considered both idiopathic and sympathetic; or, in other words, they appear constitutional at some times, the result pro�bably of particular organisation, and at others from accidental irritations, as worms, metastasis in dis�temper, amp;c. Blows on the head have made dogs subject to occasional attacks of epilepsy; and the nervous susceptibility of some is such, that any un�usual excitement, whether of joy or fear, will bring it on. Sporting dogs, particularly such as are what is called very high bred, in which the mental irri�tability is artificially increased, are often the subject of it when ranging in the pursuit of game, and par�ticularly such as have been previously confined, from the unprepared state of the brain, to bear the unusual quantity of blood determined to it. In some dogs, the mere plethora of the constitution, or the fat accumulated, are sutficient to produce an attack; and such (without other excitement), if made to travel an unaccustomed distance behind a horse or carriage (particularly at a quick pace), fall into a fit, and from doing it unobserved are frequently lost. Fear will often occasion an epileptic attack in young dogs, or in dogs of any age, if previously debilitated by

EPILEPSY.

#9632;\:

illness. Worms are a very common cause of epilepsy in young clogs; and teething in puppies. Distemper also ushers in its attack sometimes by a fit of this kind, in which case it is not an unfavourable symp�tom ; v/hen epileptic fits occur, on the contrary, during the progi'ess of the disease, they commonly destroy the patient. The epilepsy of distemper may be readily distinguished from the other varieties, by the attendant symptoms of that disease being present, as well as by the full detail of its peculiarities of attack under that head.

The symptoms consist in the sudden loss of sense and power of motion; the patient falls frequently with a violent cry. During the fit there are strong-convulsive motions of the limbs and the body, with spasms of the muscles of the face and eyes. After a longer or shorter continuance of the convulsions, they cease, and leave the patient motionless, still in a state of profound insensibility, and under the appearance of a profound sleep.

The treatment of epilepsy must be preceded by an inquiry into its probable cause. Where close con�finement and accumulation of flesh may be supposed the. principal agents, let the dog be bled, purged, moderately fed, and regularly, but not violently, ex�ercised. Where a natural irritability (as in the high�bred sporting varieties) appears the cause of the excitability, it should be moderated by accustoming them to a more uniform and full supply of the objects occasioning it, with a habit of regular exercise, whe�ther wanted for sporting purposes or not. Thus, for a valuable setter belonging to a gentleman, which seldom went to the field without an epileptic attack, Mr. Blaine recommended his being taken into a country more plentifully supplied with game than his neighbourhood afforded. The consequence was, that though, for a few days after his removal, he had fits

[',

EPILEPSr.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;91

more frequently than ever, yet they gradually les�sened, and at length wholly left him. quot;Where re�pletion and want of condition appear the principal causes, lower the system by bleeding, purging, and occasional emetics. A seton is also a valuable remedy, and, whenever fits have become habitual, insert one, and keep it open some months.

An epileptic fit can often be stopped by cold water thrown over the head and body ; and whenever a fit has occurred, the dog should have a brisk purge, as costiveness is not an unfrequent cause; and this is the more prudent, because, should it arise from any other source, the treatment is equally proper. Such an occurrence ought also to be followed by an ex�amination of the stools, and by looking for other signs of worms, which are often the occasion of it.

The epilepsy of hitches when suckling is of a different kind to that we have been treating of, being wholly asthenic, and consequent to the attempt of the mother to furnish a greater number of young than the con�stitutional state of the animal is equal to. It occurs principally among fancy and highly-petted dogs, whose irritability of constitution is increased by their artificial habits: occasionally, however, it occurs in others less confined and pampered, where the owners are anxious to save several of a litter, or are forgetful to supply the necessary extra nutriment. The ap�pearance of these fits is made at uncertain periods of lactation, as the constitution begins to sympathise extremely with the unnatural call made on it. The mother may go on Avell for weeks even; suddenly, however, she will be seized with convulsions, which will follow each other with rapidity, and carry her off; the cause of Avhich is seldom suspected, but which almost always arises from debility thus brought on. The mother should always, therefore, be allowed to suckle as many puppies only as her constitutional

92nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CHOREA.

powers are equal to. Strong healthy bitches, that have before brought up young, may rear four or five : delicate ones are sufficiently burthened with three;

many can only bear two.

The treatment is to be commenced by an immediate removal of the puppies. One or two may be put to her for half an hour, morning and evening ; or if she is distressed at their loss, and has much milk left, one may remain with her; but unless the majority are taken away, she cannot be saved. As an internal remedy employ the following: �

!�, Tinetura Cinchonas Comp. . . f 5J-Tinct. Valerianae Ammoniatajnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . mxx.

Infusi Quassia? . . . . f 5xij.

Fiat luiustus duo in die capiendus.

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Force down also some nutritious matter, solid or

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; liquid, as diet; and, as soon as the animal will eat, let

the food be of the very best kind, and in sufficient quantities ; but let the warm bath be resorted to

before all.

The true idiopathic epilepsy, or that which becomes

habitual without a known or accidental cause (or

even that which is occasioned from accidental causes),

should it resist the preventive means already directed,

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;must be combated by antispasmodics and tonics.

i i '

_!; 1

Genus II. CHOREA.

Chorea, known in the human subject as St. Vitus's Dance, is a peculiar modification or compound of spasm and paralysis. We have sufficient reason for considering this disease as arising from certain morbid affections or states of the brain, though post-mortem examinations have often failed to detect any struc�tural alteration there; and when such do occur, some

i #9632;

'amp;.

CHOREA.

might be led to attribute them to the foi'ce of the symptoms; or, in other words, as an effect rather than a cause. Chorea is sometimes general, as is seen in some states of distemper, when the animal is univei'sally affected with muscular spasmodic contrac�tions from head to foot, as well sleeping as waking; every limb is alternately flexed and straightened, as though the poor brute was in constant and fatiguing exercise, while his cries and moans bespeak his suffer�ings ; and he dies worn out by the irritation and ex�haustion produced, as his own strength or the degree of the disease operate for or against him.

Chorea is, however, more frequently partial, and these convulsive twitchings are confined sometimes to the head and neck, which are bowed continually ; occasionally only a paii; of the face is so convulsed; in others the fore-quarters are principally affected, being drawn down with distressing regularity. Now and then it is in the hinder quarters, and sometimes in one limb only; but wherever it exists it seldom affords any respite. In this state a dog will continue, particularly when it is the consequence of distemper, for a longer or shorter period; and oftentimes it re�mains through life, rendering the objects of it useless as sporting dogs, guards, amp;c. Chorea may be the consequence of other irritations besides distemper, as worms, injuries received on the head, and de�bilitating diseases; but the distemper is the most frequent cause.

The treatment is usually of the tonic kind, although in the more early stages it may not be imprudent to act on supposition that some revulsive means, directed to the sensoriuin, might be useful. In such case, a seton might be applied, or a blister to the back of the head; or the spine may be stimulated; but it is rare, when the disease has continued some time, that these means are attended with benefit. We may, however,

LOCKED JAW.

expect more from tonic remedies, as liberal feeding, pure air, the cold bath, frictions with the following:�


	]Jgt; Avgenti Nitralis	gr- �j
	Ferri Sesquioxydum	3y-
	Pulv. GentianiE	Siij-
	Confec. Eosraquo;, q. s.
	Misce.

Divide into twelve, nine, or six pills, according to the size and age of your patient, and give one every night, or, if the medicine agrees, one night and morning. It is the practice at the Royal Veterinary School of Lyons to treat dogs in this complaint with the gum asafoeticla, dissolved in vinegar, both by the mouth and by clysters; and the accounts are very favourable with regard to it, if it be sufficiently long continued, but most so in those cases where there is neither paralysis nor marasmus. Other tonic for�mulae may also be used, in which the sulphate of iron, sulphate of zinc, quinine, very minute doses of the strychnine, as one-eighth of a grain, may any of them enter. It is not, however, improbable that the disease will baffle every attempt at cure.

Genus III. TETANUS;

LOCKED JAW.

It is remarkable that although dogs are very sub�ject to various spasmodic atfections, yet to that called locked-jaw, they are so little so, that we never met with more than three cases of it among many thousands of diseased dogs. These are, however, sufficient to establish the susceptibility of the dog to the complaint. Two of these cases were idiopathic, one being apparently occasioned by exposure to cold air all night; in the other the cause was obscure.

CONVULSIONS. � COLIC.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;95

The third was of that kind called symptomatic, and arose from external injury done to one of the feet. In each of these cases the convulsive spasm was extreme, and the rigidity universal, but not intense. In one case the jaw was only partially locked. Both warm and cold bathings were tried ; large doses of opium and camphor were given by the mouth, and thrown up in clysters also. The spine of one was blistered. Stimulating frictions were applied to all, but in neither case with any salutary effect.

Genus IV. CONV�LSIO.

CONVULSIONS.

Dogs are very subject to convulsions during teeth�ing ; but they are so intimately connected with both epilepsy and chorea, and generally occurring as they do during the progress of distemper, that it is not easy to define any general symptoms by which they may be distinguished. The treatment is the same as for epilepsy.

Genus V. CIIOLICA.

COLIC.

Dogs are subject to attacks of colic, chiefly caused by the passage of undigested food through the pylorus into the bowels, and from cold. The symptoms manifested are pain in the bowels, with vomiting and costiveness, which are removed by the use of brisk purgatives, with antispasmodics. But there is also a peculiar colic resulting from acrid poisons, particu-lai'ly lead. Dogs that are allowed certain description of water, conveyed by lead pipes, are frequently at�tacked with this colic.

CANINE MADNESS.

The symptoms arc, dullness, loss of appetite, the nose hot, and tongue dry, with much restlessness. The pain seems at first dull, gradually becoming more violent and frequent. The sight seems atfectcd, and sometimes the senses are wholly lost. In other cases, paralysis comes on, and the head becomes drawn to one side. The limbs, also, participate in these extreme cases, and become contracted likewise. The duration of the complaint is various, but generally fatal. The bowels arc obstinately confined from local spasmodic constriction of the circular muscular fibres of the intestines. The treatment should con�sist in early and active evacuations. Give

IJ, Olei Ricini

Vitelli Ovi, q. s.

Tore simul et adde �

Syrup. Papavcris Tine. Opii Aquaj Dist.

f gss.

f Sij-m v.

Fiat haustus tertiis vel quartis horis sumendus. Aperient clysters should be frequently thrown up, and hot fomentations applied to the abdomen: when the bowels have been avcII opened, daily doses of calomel and opium will be found the best remedy.

In what is termed the epidemic colic of puppies, which appears more directly an intestinal attack, the oleaginous purgatives, combined with laudanum, are deemed the most efficacious remedies.

Genus VI. HYDROPHOBIA, or CYNOLYSSA.

HABIES CANINA, OR CANINE MADNESS. HISTORY OF EABIES.

The popular term of madness among dogs has, of late years, given place to the more classical one of

HISTORY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 97

rabies, which is a revival of its original name. Pliny calls the disease rabidus canis, and canis rabiosa is familiar in Horace, as well as in other ancient authors; but objections have been made to such nomination, and attempts have been made to give a namo more descriptive of its nature and character. Mr. Blaine thus argues:�quot;For if madness be incorrect as de�picting a state of wild delirium, ungovernable fury, and mental alienation, which never fully exist in the very worst cases, and are present only in shadow in the majority of them; then rabies, as significant of unqualified rage, fierceness, and promptitude to do mischief (Iracundie et mine se facere aliquid, Cicero), must be equally so. Hydropliobia, by which the canine rabies has been sometimes called, is even more un�characteristic ; in fact, it is a complete misnomer; because a repugnance to water, or dread of it, either taken inwardly or when outwardly applied, forms no pathognomonic symptom here, but, on the contrary, may be considered as almost uniformly absent, ^\^{^}e now say almost, because although out of some hundred cases we never saw a single instance, Mr. Youatt informs us, that he has seen one or two rabid dogs that manifested a marked aversion to water. Anoma�lies will occur even in diseases which are noted for the pathognomonic character of their symptoms. Neither has it a full claim to be retained for the human malady: for hydrophobia is by no means invariably present in it; and if it were, it must have an adjunct to give it precision, seeing that a dread of water is a symptom common to several other diseases also, as hysteria, gastritis, angina, amp;c. Were it likewise peculiar to this complaint alone, and did it invari�ably mark and accompany every case, it must even then be objectionable ; ivater is not alone the dreaded object; and it can be only considered as a type of

CANINE MADNESS.

every thing liquid : for not only does every thing of this nature produce equal horror, but also whatever can, by a forced analogy, recall fluids to the recollec�tion, does the same. This circumstance has, there�fore, occasioned hyf/rophobia to be proposed as a sub�stitute for hydrophobia. CaJius Aurelianus informs us, that some of the old writers called it aerophobia, from the effect which the motion of the air even pro�duces : and others, determined to foil all criticism, have named it pgt;antephobia, or a dread of every thing. Dr. Parry has proposed rabies contagiosa as a substi�tute for hydrophobia ; but if he meant to apply it as a neAV term, he was in error ; for Jos. de Aromatarius published a treatise De JRabie Contagiosa, at Frank�fort, in 1626. Rabies, however, equally exhibits an unfaithful picture of the irritability of the human character under the disease as of that of the dog: neither can we yield our suffrages to the adjunct con�tagiosa ; for the best writers are not yet agreed on the extent of its contagious character, nor of the animals capable of propagating it. The term of cynanthropia, by which it has also been called, from a morbid sup�position in the mind of the patient that he was per�sonally identified with the dog, needs no comment: but in our own opinion there are less objections to cyno-lyssa, provided that XuVo-a may be critically translated into torment from the bite of a venomous animal, which is said to be the case.

The complaint itself is, unquestionably, one of great antiquity; for we have authentic accounts of it for more than 2000 years. It is described both by Aristotle and Diascorides, Other of the ancients likewise notice it. � History has continued to furnish us with numerous traces of it, particularly in Europe, where it seems sometimes to have raged wich epi�demic fury, and at others to have been but little known. In 1500 Spain was ravaged by it; in 1604 it was

#9632;Hi

HISTORY.

very common in Paris *; and, 100 years after this, Germany became the theatre of this dreadful scourge among its wolves, as well as dogs. Historians of every age have left short but frightful records of its dreadful visitations. Boerhaave may, perhaps, be considered the first who, by attentive observation, threw much light on canine madness.f In England, little had appeared worthy of notice before the ac�count presented by Mr. Meynell. This celebrated sportsman published his memoir in the tenth volume of the Medical Commentaries; and if his account of canine madness does not exactly coincide with future representations drawn from a wider field of observa�tion, it nevei'theless characterises the disease with considerable precision; and, at the time it was written, was calculated to do infinite good, by banishing some dangerous and erroneous opinions relative to it.

In 1806, rabies among dogs became very com�mon in England, and abounded in the vicinity of London. In the two following years it continued to rage also: after which, for several subsequent years, it was less prevalent; but it never became apparently extinct or rare as before. In 1820 it was again ob�served to be on the increase, and for three or four years continued alarmingly common, when it again moderated for a few following seasons; but since 1828 its ravacfes have exceeded even its former bounds. It was during these periods that Mr. Blainc availed himself of the extensive practice he enjoyed by rendering liimself thoroughly acquainted with this dreadful disease. It is from his researches and those of Mr. Youatt that all our information is acquired, although it would appear that others have availed

* Journal de Henri IV. torn. iii. p. 221.

t Aphorism 1135, where, although some error is apparent, yet much truth also appears.

h 2

100

CANINE MADNESS.

themselves of their experience without any acknow�ledgment.

The necessity of a precise and clear knowledge of this direful malady cannot but be evident, when we consider its present prevalence, and how difficult it has been to eradicate from the public mind, the errors and prejudices, with which the consideration of it was and still is fettered. Although, for ages, even the plague has hardly been more dreaded, yet in this, as well as in other countries, no equally important subject has been less understood or more misrepre�sented. As already shown, its popular name of madness conveys an erroneous and hurtful impres�sion with regard to it; and where it has been called hydrophobia, it has tended to keep alive an absurdity greater than the other. The wormed doff (one which has lost the framura of the tongue) is still by many thought to be rendered incapable of taldivj the disease; by others, however, he is only considered harmless if he does become affected: both are errors of the grossest kind, and lead to very serious dangers. That a mad dog carries his tail between his legs � that he is instinctively avoided by others � that bread, meat, amp;c. besmeared with the saliva, blood, or any of the secretions of a mad clog, is refused with horror by others � that the bite of a healthy dog, should he become at any time afterwards rabid, is dangerous � are all suppositions equally erroneous, although even now prevalent.

The history of the rabid malady may properly com�mence by an inquiry into its origin. We have already noticed its antiquity; but its direct flow in the stream of time is difficult to follow: in the obscurity of our early records we have no means of tracing the place of its first appearance.

The s])onta?ieoiis origin of rabies, like that of small�pox, measles, and syphilis in the human, is unques-

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tionable: all arise from some peculiar morbid com�binations, communicable to other individuals of the species by inoculation or contagion. The human dis�eases quoted are by long experience very generally allowed to be confined to a contagious origin only; for it is well known that these maladies were not in�digenous to any of the newly-discovered countries, however extensive their tract, and whether intra- or extra-tropical, but that they only followed the march of their invaders. Now, as canine madness stands precisely in the same situation with syphilis, small�pox, and measles, there being yet many countries where it is unknown; are we not warranted in con�cluding that neither does that also now ever arise spontaneously ? But we must not content ourselves with analogy in searching after important truths; and this is a most important one, as upon it must be grounded our capability, or otherwise, of a total ex�termination of the disease. Opinions grounded on experience are valuable; hypotheses from minds ac�customed to deep reasoning and extensive research are to be respected; but it is on facts only that Ave must mainly rest. There are authorities of respec�tability who maintain that rabies is yet spontaneously generated. The illustrious Boerhaave seems to have indulged such an opinion. quot; Oritur fere semper ab aliis animalibus prius rabiosis suscepta contagio; tarnen et sponte quibusdara orta legitur et obser-vatur.quot; (Aphorism 1130.) Sauvages favoured an opi�nion of its present contagious origin, and Orfila has even carried the capability into other animals also. Dr. Hamilton, an elaborate writer on rabies, advo�cates the probability of a spontaneous origin from a new poisonous com/wwm/, generated irom. putrid sores, surrounding the animal, when the body is in a par�ticular situation or condition. Query, What situation, or what condition ? The rabies which Professor

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Eossi produced by keeping cats shut up in a room was symptomatic, and not the specific and communi�cable disease. Majendie, Dupuytren, and Breschet subjected dogs to the utmost state of filthy and close confinement for a long time ; and though they became very generally diseased, not one became rabid. If putrid animal sores could originate rabies, how often must it break out among the dogs of the lower class of dog-dealers and fanciers in London, -where hundreds of birds, rabbits, guinea-pigs, amp;c., with every variety of dog, are confined in one small close room or cellar ? neither is it probable but cases of close confinement must have been frequent in those countries, which it has never yet visited. Dr. Oilman, likewise, erro�neously embraces a similar opinion, apparently on the authority of a single case, the correctness of which there is great reason to doubt. The late Mr. Coleman also advocated spontaneous origin* ; Mr. Dewhurst, a very respectable medical practitioner, likewise ranges himself on this side, and details a most dubious case, which he considers in proof of it, in Vol. iii. of The Veterinarian, but which is most ably answered by Mr. Youatt in the same volume of that work, where he demonstrates that the morbid appearances after death were clearly not those of rabies ; and the symptoms, while living, Mr. Dewhurst was unable to give. As a spontaneous and symptomatic hydrophobia takes place in the human occasionally, from the excitements of phrenitis, hysteria, gastritis, amp;c., is it not probable also that a symptomatic irritation, which may by a partial observer be mistaken for rabies, may arise in dogs also from various causes ? Indeed, we are war�ranted in concluding, from observation, that such cases do occasionally occur, and, so occurring, cause much error and confusion in our conclusions; because the observers fail to bring such cases to test by post-* Professor Scwcll likewise does the same.

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mortem examination, and by the inoculation of others from the salivary secretion of the suspected animal: wherever it has been done, it has always failed. There are others also (and by much the most numerous, and, without any offence to the former, by much the most experienced) who maintain that the disease is never now of spontaneous origin. Mr. Meynell was so convinced of the invariable origin of the disease from inoculation, that he always made every new hound perform quarantine before he entered the pack. Mr. Elaine's opinion, formed on an acquaintance with it of thirty years, in a great many of which the rabid cases amounted to several hundreds per year, is most decidedly in favour of the contagious origin of the disease, and none other. Nevertheless, we are con�strained to admit that many eminent authorities favour an opinion to the contrary. quot;We have met Avith cases where the utter seclusion has been pe�remptorily stated; but not only have such state�ments, on examination, invariably been found un�tenable, but they have served, in most instances, in a remarkable manner, to confirm the opinion here advocated.* Great as these opportunities were, they,

* With how much apparent confidence persons may assure themselves of the impossibility of the inoculation of some dogs which have become rabid, and yet how easily it is to be totally in error on the subject, the two following cases, out of many, may serve to show : � I was requested by a gentleman residing in Wimpole Street, to examine a dog, which I at once pronounced rabid ; on which he promptly informed me that if the dog was so, he cer�tainly must have become so without infection (which he knew was in direct opposition to my opinion); for that this dog, which was a very great favourite, had never, for many months, been out of doors alone, nor, indeed, at any time out of the sight of either himself or his valet, who was also attached to the dog, and had the express care of him when his master was absent. As, therefore, neither of them had ever seen him bitten, they were positive on the subject. Anxious to arrive at the truth where so important a matter was concerned, I commenced a close examination of the other servants ; and it was at length remembered by the footman, that one morning, when the master's bell rang fcr the

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however, are much exceeded by those of the late Mr. Youatt ; for he not only partook in very many of those from which Mr. Blaine drew his conclusions, but also of a still srreater number since ; and how intent he has been in formins; accurate notions of the disease, his extensive experiments on it, and his published accounts, will testify. His sentiments on this head, therefore, cannot fail to have weight; and what are they ? After debating the point in his pamphlet before noticed, he says, quot; I think we are

valet to take this dog from the bed-room, as he was accustomed to do, his absence occasioned the footman to answer it; and this man distinctly recollected the dog accompanying him to the street-door, and also that, while engaged in receiving a message brought, lie as distinctly remembered that the dog went a little way into the street, and was suddenly attacked by another that passed, seemingly without an owner. Here was an explanation of the apparent difficulty : this passing dog, there is little reason to doubt, was rabid, and, pursuing the usual march of mischief, he bit the favourite. Another case, even more confirmatory of the possibility of becoming mistaken on this subject, is that of a Newfoundland dog, which was constantly chained to his kennel during the day, and suffered to be at large only during the night within an inclosed yard. This dog became rabid, and as no dog was known to have had access to the yard, it seemed to be an established certainty in the mind of his owner that he generated tiie disease spontaneously. This case I also sifted with great perseverance, to elicit the truth, which was this,�that the gardener to the family remembered, one night in bed, hearing an unusual noise, as though the Newfound�land dog was quarrelling with another, but which, from the dog's confined situation, made him believe was impossible, and he there�fore took no notice of the subject. Me also recollected that about this time marks of a dog appeared in his garden, which, on account of the height of the wall, surprised him; and he further remem. bered that remains of hair were discovered on the wall which separated the garden from the yard where the dog was confined, but which circumstances, until strict inquiry was made, had excited no attention. About the same time, the neighbourhood, it appeared, had been alarmed by the absence of a large dog belonging to one of the inhabitants, which had escaped from confinement during the night, evidently under symptoms of disease. Here also a ready solution of the difficulty occurred; and there is no reason to doubt but that the cases detailed by Dr. Gilman and Mr. Dewhurst originated under circumstances equally accidental and unnoticed. �Blaine. See Mr. Youatt on the subject; also Veterinarian, vol. iii.

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justified in concluding, from the foregoing statement, that rabies is produced by inoculation alone.quot; The quot; / think quot; was pure parlance, and meant assurance strong, as reference to the work will show.

THE ALLEGED CAUSES OF BABIES.

The remote causes of spontaneous rabies, as advo�cated by the favourers of that doctrine, are various. Heat has long been considered as a grand agent, tut the direct proofs to the contrary are fast wearing away this prejudice. It is known that many countries under the torrid zone are entirely free from canine madness: and in such hot countries as it is found, it does not appear that by the heat of the climate it gains any accession to its frequency or morbid character.* We have Burrows' authority for stating, that it is almost if not entirely unknown over the vast continent of South America. In many of the western isles it is a stranger; and, in Egypt, Volney says he never heard of it. Larrey, Brown, and others, inform us, that it has never visited the burn�ing clime of Syria. Neither is it more prevalent in cold climates ; and although it sometimes visits northern latitudes, it shows no preference for them, and in Greenland is said to be altogether unknown. In temperate climates, on the contrary, it is most prevalent, not perhaps owing any thing to an extra-

* It cannot, however, be denied, tliat heat accelerates the attack in such dogs as have been bitten, particularly when conjoined with great bodily excitement. In this way a dog that has been inocu�lated, but in which the disease might not appear probably for weeks, by taking long and severe exercise in very hot weather, is almost certain to be attacked with it the next clay. This we have witnessed in several instances, but in no dog that we could not dis'inctly trace the cause to having been bitten. Bitches in heat, and the dogs which follow them, are thus exposed to have the attack hastened also; but these circumstances never generate it, as supposed by some persons.

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tropical situation, but merely because in such latitudes, the most populous countries ai-e usually situated; and, in such, all matters ofquot; interest are more likely to be noticed. In the United States of America, it is sufficiently frequent*, and throughout Europe we are but too well acquainted with it.

Seasons have also been alleged as the probable cause of madness among dogs; and, as might be sup�posed, summe)' has long been famed for its superior power of engendering it; and the dog-days probably owe their name to the fancied prevalence of it then.f But it is now sufficiently notorious that rabies is not more common at one season than at another. J

The quality and quantity of the food has been as�signed as a cause of rabies; but in dogs which have been accidentally subjected to a deprivation of food, bordering upon starvation, it never yet took place.sect;

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* Mcd. Trans. Pliiladelph., vol. i. � Med, Inquir. Philadelph., 1798.

f Not half so dreadful rises to the sight,

Thro' the thick gloom of some tempestuous night Orion's dog (the year when autumn weighs), And o'er the feebler stars exerts his rays ; Terrific glory! for his burning breath Taints the red air with fevers, plagues, and death.

Homer's Iliad.

When Sirius reigns, and the sun's parching beams Hake the dry gaping surface, visit thou Each cv'n and morn, with quick observant eye. The panting pack. If in dark sullen mood, amp;c. amp;c.

Somervillc.

J ITurtrel d'Arboval observes, that rabies among clogs is most frequent in France in May and September, and that March and April usually produce the greatest number of rabid wolves ; but this prevalence is undoubtedly very much under the influence of circumstances. M. Andry, in his Ilicherchcs sur la Rage, Paris, 1780, observes that January, the coldest, and August, the hottest months, furnished the fewest instances. quot; II n'est point vrai que cette maladie soit plus commune pendant les froids rigoureux de rhiver, ou les chaleurs excessives de l'cte, qu'au printemps et en automne.quot;� Troilliet.

sect; Among innumerable experiments which have been made, we

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Neither lias repletion ever occasioned it, although it has proved the parent of many other inflammatory affections. Putrid food has been fully proved to have no title to generating it; neither would it, � priori, be likely to produce it in predatory animals, whose stomachs must, by nature, be formed to subsist on matter in various stages of decomposition. In Lisbon, in Constantinople, and other eastern cities, dogs are the only scavengers ; and, at the Cape of Good Hope, Barrow informs us, the Caffres feed their dogs wholly on putrid flesh, and no such disease is seen among them. Abstinence from water is an old and popular supposed cause of madness; but, in India, where, from the drying of the water-tanks, many brutes perish ; and in northern latitudes, where the supplies are frozen, yet madness is not observed to be the conse�quence of either. In fact, in the rage for experi�ment, dogs have been purposely subjected to all these supposed causes, but without having once produced the disease. It is unnecessary to combat the opinion of Dr. Mead and others, that an acrid state of blood, from the want of perspiration in the dog, is a remote cause of madness. Neither have we more reason to suppose that any state or peculiarity of atmosphere can give rise to it, although it may favour the exten�sion and activity of the contagion.

But if none of these causes engender the rabid malady, to what can we attribute the extreme varia�tions in its prevalence at one time in jireference to another; its visitation of one district, and its almost total absence from those around it ? Can we

will only notice the cruel but striking one at the Veterinary School of Alfort. Three dogs were chained, fully exposed to the heat of the sun. Nothing but salted meat was given to one, tvafer alone to the second, and neither food nor drink to the third. As might be expected, every one perished, but neither of them exhibited the slightest symptoms of rabies. Sec Dissertation sur la Rage, by M. Bleynier, Paris.

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account for these on the simple principle of conta�gion ? that is, must every clog be actually inoculated with the rabid virus ? To this we now feel a diffi�culty in replying, cases having occurred wherein any rabid inoculation was to appearance doubtful. But, on the other hand, no clear case that this disease has arisen without the application of rabid virus has ever been distinctly proved, though often asserted. Cer�tain changes may take place in the canine constitution, which may prove decidedly favourable to the germi�nation of the rabid virus*, and to which we ascribe its appearing endemial at one time and epidemial at another. The same circumstances, also, may occasion a more early development of the disease, and in this way increase its apparent prevalence, by bringing numerous cases together, which would otherwise be spread over a greater extent of time.

Was the dog the immediate species of the camnce in which rabies first originated^�This is a question not easy of solution, though many, from localising their views, would be led to promptly answer yes: but where the icolfis still found in great numbers, he has equal aptitude to take on the disease by inoculation ; even more disposition to spread it; and at least equal capability, from the virulence of his virus, to make it certain in effect: some accounts would even give to it a most frightful activity.| A priori, therefore, we have

* It was the decreased predisposition to take on the disease at that particular time which made the experiment of Dr. Ilertwig, veterinary professor at Berlin, so unproductive. He inoculated fifty-nine dogs with the virus, and yet only fourteen became rabid: at another time it is not unlikely that the numbers might have been very different.

t Fortunately the ravages of the rabid wolf are unknown among us; but in France, Spain, and Germany they are but too common. His savage nature makes him, under the excitement of this inflammatory disease, highly ferocious, and he seeks objects of every kind wherein to propagate his own sufferings; and as his size enables him to reach it, so he commonly inflicts his wounds

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as much right to assign the palm of priority to the wolf as to the dog ; and, could this attached friend of man speak for himself, he would willingly give up his claim: as, however, the traditions of three thousand years have assigned it to the dog, let it rest. The fox, we have also sufficient proof, is a subject of the affection ; yet the extreme rarity of vulpine rabies, even in those countries where he abounds, would lead us to conclude, either that his inherent aptitude to germinate the contagion is small, or that his solitary habits exclude him from attack. Of the chacal or jackal, as a canine congener, we know nothing deci�sive : he has been said to have been seen rabid; but we believe the authority is questionable. Some of the favourers of a spontaneous origin in the disease include the cat also : we certainly do know that this animal is capable of receiving and of communicating it; but we have not one authentic fact, of which we are aware, to give us reason to suppose it is ever generated by grimalkin. There have been statements of the same kind with regard to other animals, and to man also; but they are wholly unauthenticated, and very generally disbelieved: we must, therefore, yet wait ere we are fully certified on this head.

What rabid animals are cajyable of communicating it?�For a long time, the facts which should elucidate this point accumulated slowly, and then were so dis�crepant, that it was difficult to come to any conclusion. At first the propagation was thought to be limited to the canine and feline genera: gradually we were constrained to admit that other quadrupeds besides

on the face, and thus he more certainly insures a fatal issue. The extent of some of those ravages may be gained by reference to Astruc, Mein. Montpellier, 1819; D'Arluo, Recueil P6riodique, torn. 4.; Baudot, Mem. de la Soc. Roy. de Med.; Gazette de Santo du 11 Sep. 1813; Journal do Mod., tom. 39.; Histoire des Ravages causce par Louve enragee dans le Departement de l'Isere en 1817; Troilliet.

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tlicse Imd by their bite produced it also; but as such as could be well authenticated were partially, if not wholly carnivorous, so the capability was then, in the opinion of many, confined to them. It was the opinion of Huzard, founded on a series of experiments, and again repeated at Alfort, as well as of Professor Betti, of Florence, an experimentalist also, that her�bivorous animals are incapable of producing the rabid malady. Drs. Vaughan and Babington also equally failed to propagate it from the herbivora. Others, likewise, of our most eminent medical practitioners think the propagating power confined to such animals only, as naturally employ their teeth as weapons of offence. Sir Astley Cooper, and Mr. Coleman also, we believe, thought thus ; and it must be allowed that there is a great air of philosophy in the limiting the power of generating the disease to the carnivo�rous and pugnatory classes. But it must, at the same time, be allowed, that some objections present themselves to the theory; one of which is, that the human saliva has produced rabies by inoculation: to which, however, it will probably be replied, that man is half carnivorous; he has also canine teeth : by which mode of argument casuists may attempt to save the credit of the theory as, regards the horse, which has been said to have produced the disease ; for he also has canine teeth, and most certainly uses them pugnaciously in retaining his hold first taken by his incisors. Other facts are on record which have brought man within the pro�pagating class *: the horse, badger, and pig, also are

* On the 19tb of June, 1823, in the presence of numerous medical students, MM. Majendie and Brescliet, in the Hotel Dieu, absorbed some of the saliva of a man then dying of hydrophobia, by means of a bit of rag, and conveying it only twenty paces from the bed of the patient, they inoculated two healthy dogs with it: one of these became rabid on the 27th of July, and bit two others, one of which so bitten was attacked on the 26th of August. Mr.

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more than suspected ; and the result has been, that Mr. Youatt states his full conviction that quot; the virus of every rabid animal will communicate the disease.quot; This gentleman's own opportunities for conclusion, united with the ardour of his research, afford a pre�sumption that such may eventually be found to be the case: it, however, becomes us to pause in the absence of conclusive evidence. Our extended expe�rience has therefore taught us, that quadrupeds universally seem obnoxious to it; the feathered tribe appear also not exempt: but how much lower in the scale the liability extends, we are yet to learn.

The saliva of a rabid animal contains tlie rabid virus. � Is it the only animal secretion which is thus empowered ? This is a point not yet determined. It has been thought that the frothy sewetion about the mouth was principally bronchial. In the human sub�ject it is possible that it is so; but it is more than probable that it is not entirely so, but that the saliva is in intimate mixture with it. It has been a ques�tion, therefore, whether this bronchial secretion is capable of producing the disease. Mons. Troilliet, a French author of some repute, asserts, that this alone is the vehicle of contagion*; and, to make good his

Earle, of St. George's Hospital, also inoculated several rabbits with tlie saliva of a woman with hydrophobia, some of which became rabid. Dr. Zinche, of Jena, has proved that the common fowl can be made rabid by the canine virus.� Valentin. Let. sur la Rage, Jour, de Med. vol. xxx. This will serve to strengthen tlie faith in the account of Mr. King, of Clifton, who produced rabies in a fowl by means of the saliva of an ox which had just died of that complaint.

* Propositions Aphoristiques: 1. quot;La salive n'est point le vehicule du virus de la rage. 2. Les gland salivaires ne pre-sentent ni douleur dans le cours de la maladie, ne traces d'alter-ation apres la mort. 3. La have equcmeuse cst etrangcre a la salive; eile vient des vois aeriennes. 4. La membrane muqueuse des bronches est le siege d'un inflammation specifique ; eile produit le virus de la rage, comme la membrane muqueuse de l'urethre inflammee produit le virus de la blcnorrhagio syphilitique.quot;�Nou-vcau Tratte dc la liage, p. 673.

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premises, he asserts, that the salivary glands, living or dead, present no marks of affection; but the mucous bronchial surfaces always do. On this we have to remark, that the statement is totally at vari�ance with our own observations ; the salivary glands being, as far as we recollect, in every instance, in�volved in one common inflammation with the parts around, themselves being also individually, sometimes very highly, injected, and always enlarged; while, it must be observed, the bronchiaj are not always marked with traces of active inflammation. In this respect, Mr. Youatt's experience coincided with our own * ; but it is to be rearretted that the matter has not been put to the test of experiment. It is enough, however, for our present purpose, that we know that the saliva is, at least, the principal medium of communication from the sick to the healthy. It has analogical proofs, also, that it is the only one; the blood, the milkf, and the flesh have all been proved to be inocuous, while the saliva enjoys a potency which even powerful chemical agents cannot destroy. Dr. Zincke, of Jena, inoculated a dog' in the fore legs with rabid salivary virus, and to which bel�ladonna was daily given, but the animal died on the

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* His observation on this fact is thus couched : � quot; The parotid and sub-lingual glands have been almost invariably affeetod (i. e. enlarged and inflamed), and frequently the sub-maxillary.quot; To those whose faith is strengthened by the antiquity of an opinion, it may be observed, that the ancients were universally impressed with a belief that the saliva alone contained the morbific virus ; and particular families or tribes (the Marii and Psilii, Africans who practised at Rome, were of this kind) enjoyed the privilege of drawing out the poison in these cases by suction with the mouth.�(Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. vii.) jElianus, Hist. Animal, lib. i. chap. 51.; Lucan, Pharsal. lib. ix. v. 891.

t It is a point of great practical interest to ascertain that the milk taken from a cow in the first stage of rabies is not hurtful. The following authorities are to the purpose :�Nova Acta Nat. Cur. vol. i. obs. 55.; Baudot, in Mem. de la Soc. Iloyale de Med. aw. 1782 clt; 1783, t. ii. p. 911.

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ALLEGED CAUSES.

eighth day. Another, who was inoculated with mor�bid saliva, mixed with a strong solution of arsenic, wholly escaped ; while a cat, inoculated with the same saliva, diluted with a tincture of cantharides, became rabid nine days after. A rabbit was inoculated with a mixture of rabid saliva and volatile alkali; it died on the eleventh day. Another, inoculated with virus and human saliva, escaped disease. A dog, inoculated with the same morbid saliva, mixed with a diluted solution of phosphorus, although he became sick on the fifth day, nevertheless escaped infection. A cock, inoculated with the same saliva, mixed with some of the gastric juice of a cat, died on the fourteenth, day. Among the dissenters to the rabid virus beina; con-fined to the salivary secretion, are Drs. Hamilton and Bardsley. These gentlemen entertain a notion that the infection may be received, in a state of vapour, either through the pores of the skin, or by inhalation, or by both.* But this doctrine is now discredited, and was never supported by palpable facts.

* The work of Dr. Hamilton is, as might be expected, elabo�rate, but theoretical. Dr. Bardsley has united what he supposes proofs with his theory; but as a long experience among those best fitted to judge of the subject has never confirmed them, it may be supposed that they owed their origin to other sources. The principal fact on which he grounds his opinion relative to the capability of receiving rabies by means of infected vapour, was gained from Mr. Trevalyan's experiments. Tiiis gentleman, after losing almost a pack of hounds by madness, was led to suspect that contagion might lurk in the surrounding materials of his kennel. The litter was carefully destroyed, the benches were scalded, the joints, crevices, amp;c. were painted, and the walls white�washed ; the pavement was also scalded; nevertheless the rabies again appeared. Mr. Trevalyan was now more than ever con�vinced that some subtle contagion lodged concealed within the apertures of the benches or pavement ; the whole was therefore removed, and the edifice was again whitewashed and painted, after which no rabies appeared. Puzzling as this appears to one who argues that no contagion can lurk thus unseen, and be generated by inhalation, it may yet be satisfactorily accounted for by another statement, equally true, that fell under my own immediate cog�nisance. I was requested, in 1821, by Mr. Yates, of Tring Park,

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Can the poison make its way into the constitution through the medium of an epithelium, or mucous sur�face, as that of the nostrils, lips, or eyelids?* involves an opinion of greater probability, and certainly of equal importance, and is a question on which negative and affirmative alleged facts can be ranged in almost equal numbers; it therefore will require further time,

to examine two servants, a huntsman and whipper-in, who had been bitten by a hound evidently rabid. I cauterised the wounds many days after the accident, and neither of them felt any future inconvenience from the wounds. Three or four of the hounds had already become rabid in succession, and it was proposed to destroy the remainder; to which I objected, and recommended that a minute examination should be made of them individually every day. Every now and then, however, for months afterwards, an individual was attacked with madness, and at length the whole were destroyed, and Mr. Y. procured a vew pack, which have never become affected, although living in the same kennel, with�out any precautions having been made use of to prevent latent contagion, which I made it a particular point of ascertaining, having many subsequent opportunities of personal inquiry.� Blaine.

* The following authorities lend themselves to the opinion that a sound mucous surface can receive the contagion ; � Fulmerius, de Morbis Contag.; Portal, Obs. sur la Rage, p. 131.; Matthieu in Mem. de la Soc. Royale de Mid. p. 310., amp;c. A father, when dying of hydrophobia, is said to have imparted a fatal kiss to his infant. On the authority of Dr. Perceval, Dr. Bardsley tells us of a man who, during his sleep on the ground, was licked about the mouth (but not bitten) by an infected dog. He .was seized with hydrophobia, and died of the disease; but this case, it should be remembered, was always considered questionable. quot;We are also told of a man, who was not known to have been bitten, becoming hydrophobous; but it was afterwards recollected that he had made use of his teeth to untie a knot with which a rabid dog had been hung. On the other hand, it is known that the salivary spume has reached both the eyes and mouth of persons when in attend�ance on hydrophobous patients. If this were an ordinary source of inoculation, we must naturally meet with the consequences; in�stead of which no such case is on record. Neither would the practice of sucking out the rabid virus have been so common among the ancients, as to have become a profession principally confined to certain families, as already noticed. It is also very probable that, if the disease really have been taken through the means of a mucous surface, it was an abraded one : how often are the lips chapped, and how common is it to have little excoriations in the mouth, or on the nose, eyelids, amp;c.

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ALLEGED CAUSES.

115

and still closer observation, to set the matter at rest. Every poison is governed by its own laws; were it otherwise, we might analogically conclude a mucous surface to be open to receive the virus, for such sur�faces receive the syphilitic poison. With still less probability, and without any authentic facts to sup�port their theory, some suppose that the surface of the skin throughout is capable of being penetrated with the poison by the simple application of it to the unabraded surface.* A very few only have been led into an opinion that it was possible for the rabid virus to enter the circulation through the medium of mat�ters taken into the stomach.

Tlie activity of the rabid virus ; does it remain after death, and how long ? is a question not yet solved. Mr. Youatt thinks it ceases with the life of the animal; and it may do so. Nothing, however, but a series of experiments can determine this ; and, until then, we should be most unwilling to try it on ourselves.

Having thus traced the rabid poison from its rise and origin to its insertion into the animal body, let us now proceed to inquire, what are the chances that it will prove baneful; what time usually intervenes be�tween its insertion and active operations; and, when so acting, what are the symptoms it produces, and what its supposed modus operandif

Of the numbers bitten by a rabid animal, many escape

* A fact sufficient to negative the power of the general cuticle to absorb the rabid virus is my own safety. When the disease was very prevalent, my hands must have been almost every day in contact with it. I was become, by habit, entirely fearless of dogs generally, and equally so of those that were rabid. I exa�mined them unhesitatingly, assisted my servants to force their medicines while living, and examined them without precaution when dead; and I may safely assert, therefore, that I have had rabid saliva over my hands more than a hundred times. Mr. Youatt's prosecution of the matter, and his present health, are equally con-lirmatory instances of its inadmissibility through an unabraded cuticle. �Blaine.

i 2

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CANINE MADNESS.

-,:

without infection-----A variety of circumstances may

tend to this favourable issue, among which may be reckoned the intervention of substances between the teeth of the biter, and the flesh of the bitten; as the wool of sheep, the thick hair of some dogs, and the clothes of human persons.

The inherent aptitude in different classes of animal bodies to receive it, is edso, not the same.�As might be expected, it is greatest in the caninaj, particularly in the dog and the wolf; yet it is probable that not one-half of either of these germinate the virus received. The proportions among other quadrupeds we are more in the dark about. Mr. Youatt thinks that the majority of inoculated horses perish; but among cattle he is of opinion the proportion is less. Human subjects, both constitutionally and fortuitously, are least obnoxious to it.* Neither is there room to doubt that the

* In the human subject, there is reason to suppose that the interposed dress wipes the saliva from the teeth, and saves many who would be otherwise fatally inoculated; but the inferior pre�disposition in man to receive the contagion exonerates still more. Out of twenty persons bitten by one dog, Mr. Hunter informs us (although no prophylactics were employed), one only became hydrophobous. Dr. Vaughan relates, that between twenty and thirty persons were bitten by another dog, out of which number, also, one only was infected. If it were, however, possible 1:o credit the accounts of the ravages of wolves, we might be led to believe that a superior degree of certainty attended the contagion, even to the human subject, when received from them. Mons. Troilliet relates, that of twenty-three persons bitten by a wolf, thirteen were infected with the disease. In the 3Iem. de la Soc. Hoi/, de 3Ied. p. 122., mention is made of two human persons, with many horses and cows, being bitten by a rabid wolf in September, 1772, and that every one of these became affected. Baudot also gives an account of no less than forty oxen, cows, horses, dogs, amp;c., bitten by a mad wolf in the month of June, 1765, the majority of which died. We might multiply these instances, handed down to us by the industry of collators ; but the authorities are, in general, so dubious, that they should be received with caution. It, how�ever, may be admitted, that as the wolf usually attacks the face, which is not only uncovered, but it is probable is more certainly and more quickly acted on than other parts of the body, so in this way greater danger may arise from the rabid wolf, than the rabid dog.

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ALLEGED CAUSES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 117

animal frame, generally, is sometimes less apt than at others to receive the contagion, dependent probably on a constitutional idiosyncrasy generated within, or gathered from the operation of external circum�stances, as peculiarity of situation, variations in tem�perature, qualities in aliment, amp;c. amp;c. Not only do facts coincide with this opinion, but it is impossible otherwise to account for the epidemial as well as endemial character which the rabid malady sometimes assumes.

The intervening time between the inoculation by the rabid bite and the appearance of the consequent disease, is very variable in all the subjects of it: in the ma�jority of instances, the effects appear in the dog between the third and seventh week. Cases, how�ever, do now and then occur, where they have been protracted to three, four, or even a greater number of months. Although, therefore, caution should not be lost sight of, even after eight weeks have elapsed, yet the danger may be considered as inconsiderable after that time. A week is the shortest period we have met with between the bite, and rabid appearances. Mr. Youatt never saw a case with less than seventeen intervening days. In the horse, as far as my own experience goes, the average time is the same as the dog. Mr. Youatt, however, hints at one after four months. In cattle, the probatory period seems mucfi the same as in horses and dogs. In the human, it may appear in a month, or be protracted to three or four; and the late Mr. Henry Earle authenticates a case within his own knowledge, in which the hydro-phobic symptoms were delayed until a twelvemonth after the bite. Of the extraordinary instances we read of, which have been protracted to five, twelve, and even nineteen years, we do not believe one.

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118

CANINE MADNESS.

SYMPTOJIS OF E�BIES.

We shall now proceed to describe the pathogtiomonic and occasional indications of the rabid malady, pre�mising that the varieties in both, but particularly in the latter, are so numerous, that hardly any two cases present themselves under a directly similar aspect. We have great reason to think that much of the dis�crepancy we meet with in the various accounts that appear relative to rabies, arises from the confined field of observation from whence they are drawn. One describes it as he has once seen it, and he expects all future cases exactly to coincide with his own state�ment, or that they should fully bear him out in his own views of the subject. In the larger breeds of dogs, and particularly in kennelled ones, as hounds, amp;c., where close domestication has not wholly re�claimed their native ferocity, rabies may, and indeed does, show itself with much of that wildness and mis�chievous character that has gained it the name of madness. The rabies of the wolf and fox, although close congeners of the dog, and that likewise of the half-reclaimed cat, is always stamped with a ferocity and malignance of character, that is foreign to what usually occurs in the smaller, and more domesticated breeds, in which cultivation has wrought such an entire change of their nature, that even their symp�tomatic appearances under disease are, in a ^reat degree, altered by it. It is, however, certain that, by the aid of the pathognomonic symptoms, the disease may be commonly detected without fear of mistake. The extent of the former, and the necessity for a dis�tinct notice of all the varieties of the latter, render a perspicuous account of the malady extremely difficult, and necessarily extend it beyond the limits of a summary.

Rabies sometimes commences with dulness, at other

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SYiMPTOMS.

119

times with a more than usual watchfulness and restless�ness ; it is often ushered in by some peculiarity of man�ner, some departure from the ordinary habits of the animal, or by the introduction of new ones. In many instances, but more particularly in the smaller and closely domesticated kinds of dogs, this peculiarity consists in a disposition to pick up straws, thread, paper, or other small objects. We have repeatedly seen dogs, which (before they became at all suspected of madness), had for a day or two industriously em�ployed themselves in this way, so that not the small�est loose object of any kind remained on the floor, to the no small surprise of the owners. In others, the first symptom noticed is an eager and unceasing attempt to lick the anus or parts of generation of another dog. In one instance, we foretold the ap�proach of the disease by the uncommon attachment of a pug puppy to a kitten, which he was continually licking; as he also did the cold nose of another pug that was with him; and Deane, Eai'l Fitzwilliam's huntsman, also obsei'ves, that among his hounds he regards the smelling and licking of the penis and anus of another as a most suspicious symptom. It is a cui'ious circumstance, that sexual excitement is fre�quently an early symptom in all the subjects of rabies. It has been also remarked in the human, and in sheep and pigs. The lapping of their own urine is a common and early symptom of madness, and one that should be particularly inquired for ; as, when found to exist, we know of none that should be regarded as more strongly characteristic of rabies, and of no other com�plaint. Some show an early disposition to lick every thing cold about them, as iron, stone, amp;c. These and other peculiarities often appear in lap-dogs, and others that are under immediate observation, one, two, or even three days before the more decisive and active symptoms. The constant licking of a particular spot

i 4

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CANINE MADNESS-

:ih

or portion of the body, we have regarded as a very strong characteristic of rabies, particularly when the animal is seen to watch over this part with a jealous solicitude, or to bite and even gnaw it. Some spend their ferocity on their bed or the basket in which they usually sleep : in fact, every thing awakens their ire, until, completely exhausted, they sink into a slum�ber, from which ever and anon they start up in a restless or ferocious mood. Xot more than two days intervene between the precursory symptoms noted, and a salivary discharge, which seldom lasts more than two days; and is often succeeded by a viscid spume, which the dog with much earnestness rubs off with his fore paws. The eyes, even in this early stage, if observed attentively, will often be found rather more bright, lively, and red than usual, and are accompanied with a certain quickness and irri�tability of manner.* In other cases, the eyes are less vivid ; and more particularly when the disease assumes the mild form, called dumb madness, they present a dull aspect, and a purulent discharge from the inner angles; occasionally the nose throws out pus. The salivary discharge is often increased early in the complaint, and so continues ; in other cases., a parched dry tongue is seen, with insatiable thirst. The purulent discharge has sometimes occasioned the disease to be mistaken for distemper. Much stress is laid on a sullen manner, and a disposition to hide or retreat from observation, as early characteristics of madness; and these appearances are certainly not un�usual in hounds and kennelled dogs, but they are less frequently observed in the petted kinds. This, how-

* Mr. Youatt expresses this alteration in the eyes as being of a peculiarly bright and dazzling kind, accompanied by a slight strabismus ; not the protrusion of the membrana nictitans, as in distemper, but an actual distortion from the natural axis of the eye.

laquo;I

SYMPTOMS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;121

ever, will greatly depend on the general character of the dog at all times. Costiveness is not uncommon in the incipient stage; in the latter it is still more frequent. An early sickness and vomiting often appear ; but although ineifectual retchings may con�tinue, actual vomition does not often accompany the complaint through its progress; the peculiarity of the inflammation in the stomach rather tends to retain the ingesta within it. Indeed, this circumstance forms one of the strongest criteria of the existence of the disease, as will be hereafter noticed.

A continual licking or violent scratching of some particular part of the body is by no means an un�common symptom; and a close examination of the part will frequently detect a scar, or the remains of the wound by which the poison was received. When the former wound cannot be ascertained, and a true history of the case can be gained, it will always be found that the inoculation was re�ceived on the part so scratched or licked; for we have reason to believe that this morbid sympathy in the bitten part, exists more or less in every case. The appetite is by no means always aflfected in either early or continued rabies ; on the contrary, food is not only eaten, but digested also, during the first stages ; and some will eat almost to the last, but with such the food is seldom digested. That no disinclination to liquids exists, will be readily acknowledged by all who observe the disease with only common attention: from the first to the last, no aversion to water is observed. We state this as a general fact: one or two instances in as many hundreds may occur of constitutional idiosyncrasy, where liquids have been refused ; but of the many hundreds of rabid dogs we have seen, not one has shown any marked aversion to water. In the early stages, liquids of all kinds are taken as usual, and some continue to take them throughout the

122

CANINE MADNESS.

complaint; others who cannot, from a swelling and paralysis of the parts of deglutition, readily swallow them in the advanced stages ; but, in such, no spasm is occasioned by the attempt, nor does it cause pain or dread: on the contrary, from the thirst brought on by the symptomatic fever present, water is sought for, and, in most cases, an extreme eagerness is ex�pressed for it.* The experience of more than twenty-

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* It is imperative on us to press this point particularly, as will be seen below. Mr. Youatt expressly says in his pamphlet, j). 3., quot; There is no dread of water ; no spasm attending the effort to swallow ; but a most extraordinary and unquenchable thirst.quot; Mr. Meynell remarks, that mad dogs have no abhorrence or dread of water ; and that they will eagerly lap it even the day before their death. He also notices the paralysis that often renders their attempts to drink abortive. John Hunter, who was not accus�tomed to state facts without examination, says that quot; mad dogs can swallow solids and liquids through the whole disease.quot;�Trans, of a Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, p. 296. Dr. Hamilton also has, quot; A rabid dog never avoids water, and laps whatever liquid food is set before him, long after the poison can be communicated by his bite.quot;�liemarks on Hydrophobia, vol. i. p. 12�16. quot; Cette chienne, avoit hu et mange apres avoir jnordu,quot;�Journal de Medicine, vol. xxxix. quot; Le loup mangeoit tranquilleraent une chevre, et celui de Frejus traversa plusieurs fois de grandes revieres a la nage.quot;� Voy. cVArluc, Hecueil Perio-dique, vol. iv. quot; II est done dangereux de concleur de ce qu'un animal hoit et mange et traverse une riviere, qu'il n'est point atteint de la rage.quot;� Troilliet, Nov. Trait, de la Rage, p. 276.

It is incalculable the mischief that this sad but too common prejudice has produced ; it has rendered thousands of persons miserable for months and years even, while others it has lulled into a fatal security. Should a dog, from an affection of any kind soever, be prevented from swallowing, he is immediately pro�nounced mad, and he is unreluctantly destroyed, while dread probably remains in the mind of every one who has even been within his reach. An unfortunate person who may have been bitten by this same dog, for months or even years before, is not exempt from the panic ; for among other popular errors that are current is, that if a dog becomes mad, any person who may have been formerly bitten by the animal is equally in danger, as though it had happened when the animal was really affected. On the other hand, if a sick dog can drink, he is pronounced free from ill danger of madness; and so universal has this opinion been, tiiat Dr. IT., an eminent physician in London, on being consulted by a

SYMPTOMS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 123

five years, many of which were passed in the midst of its most frightful visitations, Mr. Blaine states, did not produce one instance, where any thing like a dread of water Avas manifested, or any where spasm followed the attempts to take it.

We have already hinted at an early and marked alteration of the temper of the animal, as common ; something of it may be seen in almost all cases. We say almost, because occasionally, and particularly in the dumb variety of the disease, it is altogether wanting, which phenomenon is most common in the lap-dog breeds, and particularly in pugs. The de�gree of irritability varies much, according to the vai'iety of the disease, it being greatest in acute rabies: it is likewise much influenced by the general character and kind of the dog � one naturally fero�cious is therefore rendered more so by it; and, as might be expected, the fighting breeds usually have

person actually bitten by a rabid dog, immediately inquired whether the dog by which he had been wounded could drink ; and on being informed that he could drink, he peremptorily pronounced that the dog could not be mad, and proceeded to recommend that no jirecantions whatever should be made use of. This gentleman was guilty of a piece of professional presumption and ignorance un�worthy of his rank and situation ; and his advice, had it been followed, might have caused the death of three persons. For�tunately for them his opinion was not attended to, and Mr. Blaine dissected the wounded parts out of each of them. In five weeks an unfortunate spaniel, who had been bitten by this dog, became rabid, and in six weeks a horse bitten by him became so likewise. Dr. Gilman relates a case of hydrophobia, where a fatal insecurity had been indulged in, from the circumstance that the dog both ate and drank during his complaint. Mr. Youatt had a dog brought to him which was unquestionably rabid. The owner, a poor woman, had her hands excoriated by a breaking out, and these hands the dog had repeatedly licked during his illness. On Mr. Youatt's intimation that it was necessary she should use some precaution, she applied to a medical gentleman, who assured her that if the dog attempted to drink he was not mad, and no precautions were necessary. This opinion was likewise confirmed by another person who pretends to some veterinary knowledge : fortunately for her Mr, Youatt undeceived her, and, we believe, applied the preventive.

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124nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CANINE MADNESS.

it strongly marked, particularly all sporting terriers. In hounds, setters, pointers, amp;c., the degree of mis�chievous excitement is regulated greatly by the gene�

#9632; (j :

ral temper of the dog, and whether it be the dumb

or raging kind of the disease. As a general principle, it appears with little ferocity in all dogs in a state of close domestication, and more particularly so towards those to whom the dog has been accustomed to yield obedience. This, however, like all the other symptoms, is liable to variations; but, generally, these remarks will be found to apply. The change of temper in its early stages consists rather of a pettish irritability than one of a settled mischievous intention; but, with ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;few exceptions, a marked impatience of restraint is

ji ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; manifested. The first offensive symptoms are often

directed towards cats, while dogs remain unmolested ; next, however, dogs, particularly strange ones, are jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;attacked, but those they are habituated to are still

|l| �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; safe; and as the complaint gains ground even these

are not spared.

We will now further pursue the disease under its two leading varieties, which are founded on the circumstance of its spending its violence on the respiratory, or on the digestive systems of organs: observing, however, that this distinction is' rather made more in obedience to popular and long received opinion, which has recognised canine madness as of two kinds, one raging, and the other dumb, than to any specific difference between them. When the attack is equally diffused throughout the system, the symptoms of these two states are so blended, as to afford little room for nosological distinction: and the less, as each variety begets either the one or the other indis�criminately. Nevertheless, as the attack on the organs is rather partial than general, in the majority of cases; so it may not be inconvenient to follow the popular distinctions.

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ACUTE OR RAGING RABIES.

Acute Rabies, or Raging Madness*, as it is called, is that state of increased excitement and irritability which begins to show itself immediately after, and occasionally only with, the early symptoms. Some�times these precursors are passed over unnoticed, and it is therefore supposed, that the animal is at once attacked with the appearances that follow-. It is, however, -very seldom that such is really the case, by which the danger from madness is much lessened. The acute or raging kind is distinguished by a ge�neral quickness of manner, sudden startings, great watchfulness, and a disposition to be acted on by sudden impressions, as noises, the appearance of a stranger, amp;c. This watchfulness, however, often yields to a momentary stupor, and inclination to doze, from which the dog will start up, and fix his eyes steadfastly on some object, probably on one not usually noticed, and on one altogether imagi�nary, at which he will attempt to fly. In this stage the breathing is hurried; sometimes the panting is excessive, and, where the pulse can be examined, it is invariably found rapid, and sometimes hard. The irritability in these cases is marked by extreme im�patience of control; and even when no aptitude to attack or act offensively towards those around may appear, yet a great disposition to resist any slight offence offered commonly shows itself. A stick held to such a dog is sure to excite his anger even from those he is most attached to, and he will seize and shake

* It is a curious fact, but it is no less true than curious, that the rabies of very young dogs, as I have seen it, lias always been of this kind. I never saw a rabid puppy that did not exhibit marks of considerable delirium, and much mischievous tendency towards every living being indiscriminately. That affection of the throat, and tumefaction of the parts of deglutition, producinquot;-dumb madness, I never met with in any but an adult dog.�Blaine.

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it with violence: tlie same will occur if either the hand or foot he held out; but, unless in a very great ^!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;state of excitement, these he will rather mumble than

tear, if belonging to those he is acquainted with. This disposition to become irritated on the slightest show of offence, as flying at a stick, is a very marked feature of rabies, and should be very particularly attended to, and the more, as it usually is present in both varieties of the malady; unless when paralysis has blunted the capability of excitement. A peculiar suspicion marks these particular cases, and a degree

of treachery also, by which, in the midst of caresses apparently received with pleasure, the dog will at once turn and snap at those noticing him: he will, perhaps, readily come when he is called, and with ¹1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; every mark of tractability will wag his tail and seem

pleased ; but on a sudden he will seem to receive a counter-impression, and hastily bite the person who

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called him.quot; This stage is often marked, in large and

naturally fierce dogs, with an utter fearlessness of I'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;danger and contempt of every menace ; every re-

straint is most unwillingly submitted to; the miser�able brute shakes his chain with extreme violence, and when confined without one, he will attempt by every means to escape, and will force or gnaw his way out of his confinement in a most surprising man�ner. The vessels that are placed before him he over�turns or breaks with mischievous alertness.

A disposition to rove accompanies each variety of rabies; but as, in the dumb kinds, the paralysis, stupor, and prostration of strength, are hinderances to it, so it is more particularly apparent in the acute kind. This inclination does not usually show itself by an attempt to escape altogether, neither does it appear a delirious affection; on the contrary, much method is displayed in it, which makes it rather seem an instinctive disposition, common to all, to propagate

ACUTE OR RAGING.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; * 127

the disease. In its early stages, before tlie strength is much impaired, dogs will travel immense distances under this impulse : such a one trots along, and in�dustriously looks out for every other dog within his reach or sight. Whenever he discovers one, little or large, he first smells to him, in the usual Avay of dogs, and then immediately falls on him, generally giving him one shake only; after which he commonly sets off again in search of another object. The quickness with which this attack is made, very frequently sur�prises the bitten dog so much, as to prevent his im�mediately resenting it: but nothing is more erroneous than the supposition that a healthy dog instinctively knows a rabid or mad one. We have watched these attacks in numerous cases, and have seen the mad dog tumbled over and over, without the least hesitation, by others that he had himself fallen on.

Durinoquot; this march of mischief, rabid doofs but seldom, however, turn out of the way to bite human passengers; neither do they so often attack horses, or other animals, as their own species. Sometimes they will not go out of their line of travel to attack these even; but, trotting leisurely along, will bite only those which fall immediately in their way. In other cases, however, where the natural habit is irritable and ferocious, and where dogs may have been used to worry other animals, as guard-dogs, farmers' dogs, terriers, amp;c., a disposition to general attack is some�times apparent; and by such, horses, cows, sheep, pigs, and even human persons, are all indiscrimi�nately bitten. When such a dog has roved about for an indeterminate period, as ten or even twenty hours, he will return home quietly, if not discovered and destroyed in his progress. In cities and large towns this return after a march of mischief is suffi�ciently common; but in the country it is different, and, therefore, this peculiarity has not an opportunity

128'

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to show itself; for there the unfortunate animal is soon detected by his manner, and is immediately hunted. If not overtaken, he is too much alarmed to return soon; and, before he has time to recover his fright, he is discovered in some other situation, and falls a sacrifice to the anger of his pursuers. The very hunting will, of course, do to him what it would to any other dog; it will beget fury: other�wise there would very seldom be much ferocity ap�parent, and, in most instances, such a dog would re�turn home when thoroughly tired.

The affection of the larynx produces an invariable alteration in the voice, and a very marked one it usually is. A few are altogether mute, from engorge�ment of the parts. The sounds emitted of themselves form a strong characteristic of the complaint. In the irritable variety, the alteration is first observed by a more quick and hasty method of barking, with some difference also in the usual tones of the bark; by de�grees, an occasional howl either follows the bark, or takes place of it altogether. It is evident that it is not easy to form a written description of any pecu�liarity of voice, but the rabid howl may not unaptly be resembled to the tones produced by what is called, among sportsmen, the (jiving tongue of the old heavy southern harrier. It appears composed of something between a bark and a howl, being made up of tones longer than the one and shorter than the other, and always with the head thrown up; and is usually sin�gle and repeated at uncertain intervals only, and is altogether so peculiar, that, when once heard, it can never be forgotten; and so characteristic, that it may be, we may say, implicitly relied on. We have, in several instances, been attracted to houses where dogs have been confined, by the sound alone, in time to warn the inhabitants of their danger. This howl, which is common to both varieties of the com-

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plaint, in the dumb kind has a choking hoarseness with it: the whole, however, is of so peculiar a kind, that it may be said never to be heard under any other circumstance than from a rabid dog.

Dumb madness forms the other and most frequent variety in adult dogs, cases which appear depen�dent on a less degree of sensorial excitement, but with greater morbid affection of the bowels. The symptoms which succeed the premonitory ones, are often rapid. Superadded to the dull, heavy, and dis�tressed countenance, costiveness, amp;c., there appears a stiffness about the jaws, and a Lollow sound is emitted in breathing, which is rather performed by the mouth than the nose, that being plugged up with pus, or the arch of communication being straightened by tumefac�tion. As the whole of the pharynx and larynx be�comes tumefied to the full extent, the muscles at the base of the tongue, and those of the lower jaw, are rendered inert; the mouth remains open, the tongue hangs pendulous without; and there exists an ac�tual inability to close the jaws. A congestion of blood is the necessary consequence of the distension of the parts, and the tongue from this cause ap�pears, in these cases, livid or almost black, particu�larly towards its apex or point: frequently a black central line extending through its whole length. This state of the parts occasions a difficulty, some�times a total inability even, to swallow either liquids or solids. In general, however, the inability is prin�cipally confined to liquids, Avliich are, in such in�stances, returned as fast as they are lapped, from the incapacity of the tongue to carry it into the pharynx; but in no instance, as already insisted on, do the attempts to swallow appear to excite apprehension or give pain. The mouth itself is mostly parched and dry; occasionally, however, it is seen with saliva continually flowing from it. In most cases an in-

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creased salivary flow arises at some period of the com�plaint, which is not frequently lasting, but is suc�ceeded by a viscid bronchial secretion, that appears to irritate the dog beyond endurance; and to remove which he often employs himself, with the utmost violence, in forcing his paws against his mouth, as dogs do when a bone is lodged between the teeth. It is the tumefaction of the pharynx that produces the deep choking noise already noticed, and which seems to issue from the bottom of the glottis: all the ordi�nary symptoms spring from this specific laryngitis and bronchitis, by which these parts are tumefied even to paralysis, yet are totally free from any of the hu�man spasmodic rigors. It is, however, far otherwise with the external muscular tissues: the cutaneous muscles become often first affected, twitchings pass over the face, and afterwards the spasmodic and para�lytic affection frequently extends to all the organs of locomotion ; in others, it is principally confined to the loins and hinder extremities. When the morbid affection acts very strongly on the bowels, it occasions the hinder parts to be drawn forward by a species of tetanic spasm toward the fore parts, so as to bend the body of the poor sufferer into a circle; sometimes it fixes the animal on his rump, almost upright.

A symptom common to dumb madness, and not altogether uncommon in the more raging kind also, is a disposition to carry straw, litter, or other matters, about in the mouth, which the dog seems to make a bed of, frequently altering it, pulling it to pieces, and again remaking it. It is also very common to ob�serve dogs scratch their litter under them with their fore feet, not as when making their beds, but evidently to press the sti-aw or litter to the belly. This pecu�liarity appears to arise from some particular sympathy with the intestines, which, in these cases, are always after death observed to be very highly inflamed.

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There is also present a disposition to pick up and to swallow, when not prevented by the affection of the throat, indigestible and unnatural substances, selected from whatever is around them, and which the costive-ness usually present tends to retain within the body. It appears to be this impulse, likewise, that leads rabid dogs to gnaw boards, or whatever is within their reach; and this aptitude may be considered as com�mon to every variety of the complaint, except, as already observed, where the tumefaction and para�lysis of the throat are so extreme as altogether to prevent it.

The irritability attendant on dumb madness is even subject to more variation than the raging. It is sometimes considerable, and exhibits all the treacherous and mischievous disposition that marks the other ; but when the dumb character is strongly marked, there is then seldom either much irritability or delirium apparent; on the contrary, in many in�stances, a most peaceable disposition is manifest, which does not appear dependent on the inability to bite, but really from a total want of inclination to it. Indeed, in many cases of this kind, the tracta-bility of character and mildness of disposition have appeared to be even increased by the disease, and that to a degree that will not permit strangers to suppose it possible for rabies to be present. It would sen�sibly affect any one to witness the earnest imploring-look we have often seen from the unhappy sufferers under this dreadful malady. The strongest attach�ment has been manifested to those around during their utmost sufferings; and the parched tongue, as we have before noticed, has been carried over the hands and feet of those who noticed them, with more than usual fondness. This disposition has continued to the last moment of life, in many cases, without one manifestation of any inclination to bite, or to do the

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smallest harm. We have observed this particularly in pugs, and it has not been uncommon also in other lap-dogs.

The progress of the disease in its latter stages is marked by increased paralysis, and it often happens that, as it extends over the body, that of the jaws lessens: the wretched animal now reels about with little consciousness ; tumbles and gets up again; now seats himself folded on his rump, and in this posture life is stolen away often without a struggle. The fatal termination ranges between the third and seventh days; few die sooner than the third day, and very few survive longer than the seventh: the average number die on the fourth and fifth. In man, it has destroyed at the end of twenty-four hours : few have lasted beyond the third day: by repeated bleed�ing's, however, a case which is related in The Lancet of July 12th was protracted to the fourteenth day. Horses do not survive beyond the third or fourth; the ox and sheep, Mr. Youatt says, from five to seven days; but a rabid sheep, the property of Mr. Adam, of Mount Nod, Streatham, died on the third; and we have a recollection of one or two others which did not survive longer.

What other canine diseases may hy possibility he con-founded with rabies ? � The importance of the subject makes such an inquiry necessary ; thousands of inno�cent dogs have been sacrificed to mistaking some other disease for this ; and thousands of persons have been rendered miserable in their minds by needless fears from the same errors. We know not the num�bers of epileptic dogs which have been killed under a supposition of their being rabid; and, on the other hand, not unfrequently clogs really rabid have been fondled, and had remedies administered to them at great personal risk, from a supposition that they laboured under some other complaint. Epileptic fits,

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whether occasional or the consequence of distemper, are often mistaken for rabies : but it should be re�membered, that there is no rabid symptom -whatever that at all resembles such a fit, whether in the irritable or in the dumb variety. An epileptic tit is sudden ; it completely bewilders the dog, and after a deter�minate period leaves him perfectly sensible, and not at all irritable, but exactly as he was before: in rabies there is no fit,�i. e. no lossof recollection, no tumbling about wildly in convulsion; neither is there any marked break in the natural irritability attendant on rabies. If a dog in an epileptic fit should be so con�vulsed as to attempt to bite, it is evidently done with�out design; his attack is spasmodic, and pain may make him seize any thing, and it is quite as likely to be himself as any thing besides. The irritability and mischievous attempts of the rabid dog have always method with them, and they evidently result from a mental purpose to do evil. The mad dog has usually a disposition to rove, the distempered one never. A puppy in distemper, particularly if he have worms, may pick up stones, or eat coals, or he may in a trifling degree take unusual matters as food; yet no dog but a rabid one will take in hay, or wood, or rag, or will distend his stomach almost to bursting. The discharge from the nose and eyes which sometimes occurs in rabies, I have often seen mistaken for dis�temper, and that even by veterinary surgeons : it is, indeed, the most deceitful of all the appearances which occur, particularly where it continues for some time, as is occasionally the case. Usually, however, it is the permanent attendant on distemper, and a tem�porary one only of rabies : while the previous emaci�ation, cough, and gradual increase of the flow, from thin and watery to muco-purulent, and then to pus, are distinguishing symptoms of distemper. A tetanic attack has been mistaken for rabies ; but the extreme

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rarity of tins disease renders such error not of very likely occurrence, and the medical attendant ought never to be deceived : rigid convulsions may contort the frame, and close the mouth ; but there is no other likeness to rabies present, and the dog is as incapable as he is disinclined to do mischief in any way. The death of the tetanic clog will also, by internal inspec�tion of the body, at once distinguish between these diseases, as in tetanus there are few marks of vis�ceral disturbance. Spasmodic colic will contort the dog, and may sometimes make him irritable and dis�posed to bite, if he be disturbed: but he will never attempt it purposely: on the contrary, he will rather avoid all intercourse with living beings. Colic also, particularly that occasioned by taking lead internally, produces excruciating pains not present in rabies, which pains also remit and return at uncertain inter�vals : again, although plaintive moans may be heard in spasmodic colic, barking or howling is always absent; neither are the jaws paralysed : active purg�ing also relieves this, but is totally inert in the other. Lastly, the mistakes likely to occur between rabies and other diseases are, in some degree, attributable to erroneous pictures drawn by authors of such diseases: thus. Dr. Jenner's account of the distemper, instead of deserving the praise his great name has drawn down upon it, is entirely calculated to mislead: indeed, it might be supposed by his readers, that he was pur�posely describing rabies and not distemper.�See Medico-Chirurg. Trans, vol. i. p. 263. We could pro�duce many similar instances in other authors also.

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POST-MOKTEM APPEARANCES.

The morbid anatomy of the rabid dog forms a most important feature in a portrait of the malady, but is one that was long neglected. It by no means unfre-quently happens, that it is not until after a dog is dead that he is suspected of having been rabid, although he may have bitten one or more persons. Under such circumstances, it is evident that it is of the utmost consequence to be able to decide, from a post-mortem examination of the body alone, whether the disease did or did not exist. Fortunately the morbid appearances peculiar to these cases are usually well marked, and so universally present, that a just decision is seldom difficult to form, even from them alone.

On a careful examination of the head, the brain and its membranes will be usually found to have suffered more or less from the attack. Sometimes the general vascularity is only slightly increased; but in most cases the vessels of the pia mater will be found distended with blood, and that usually in the degree of excitement exhibited; but in no instance have we observed the membranes thickened, as in idiopathic phrenitis. The inflammatory appearances within the cerebral cavity are usually less considerable in those cases called dumb madness than in the raging. As might be expected, the spinal cord usually partici�pates with the cerebral affection: sometimes the morbid marks are greater here than in the brain itself. The membranes of it are often highly in�jected*, the canal likewise is suflused with fluid, and

* quot; L'encephale ofFrait une injection sensible du reseau vascu-laire qui le forme en partie; I'arachnoide etait anssi fortement ia-jectee ; les hemispheres cercbraux presentaient a leur surface un epanchement de sang assez considerable; a la coupe, ils laissaient transuder des gouttelettes de sang. Les membranes de la colonne

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(f. h;

the nervous column itself presents diseased appear�ances.� Journal Universel des Sciences 3�eclicales, torn. 65, 134^e cahier.

Much of the general tumefaction which existed during life about the back of the mouth, disappears on the collapse of death, but it commonly leaves the base of the tongue and the sublingual glands enlarged and injected as well. Mr. Youatt has often, he observes, found the parotid and sub-maxillary glands gorged also. As regards the tongue, not only its base generally remains tumefied, but its papillaj are particularly enlarged, as also the mucous glands of the under surfaces, which have been the subject of critical examination of late years ; and which Mr. Youatt, with much probability, thinks have been mistaken by Marochetti and others for his famed pustules. It is also important to be aware that, whether a dog has been wormed or not wormed, no difference whatever is found in the appearance of the under surface of the tongue: if the framulum be present, that portion is not in any degree particularly swollen or red; and if it have been extracted, the general appearances are exactly the same. The colour of the tongue betrays the intensity of the inflamma�tion which has pervaded it, varying from a dark red to a deep purple ; a yellow central line sometimes presenting, and occasionally bounding its edges. The fauces and tonsils never escape the inflammatory attack; and the insatiable thirst that is generally found present may be attributed to the want of the lubricating mucus usually secreted by it.

vertebrale etaient enflammees dans divers points et notamment vers les vertbbres dorsales, o� la moelle, dans un etat d'affaisse-mcnt appreciable, etait-irritee par suite d'une violente percussion qui avait occasionne aussi un epancliement recent d'une demi-cuilleree de saner.quot;

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The whole extent of the pharyngeal and laryngeal

cavities is mostly beset with discoloured spots; but a distinct inflammatory patch about the angle of the larynx, at the back of the epiglottis, is so invariably present, as to deserve the character of one of the criteria of the disease. The epiglottis and rinia glottis are also commonly enveloped with an inflam�matory tinge, which, now and then, extends a little way Avithin the trachea, but less frequently is the oesophagus affected with it. Proceeding onwards, we invariably meet with an extension of the morbid inflammation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera : but by no means are these cavities always affected in an equal degree ; on the contrary, in those instances where there has been a greater tendency to the raging variety, the thoracic viscera are usually more diseased than the bowels or stomach. Not only are the lungs themselves, in these cases, found highly in�flamed, but the pleura and diaphragm are affected also. Sometimes one thoracic cavity is found more highly congested than the other; and, uoav and then, the mediastinum, pericardium, and even the heart itself, in cases of great rabid intensity, are found so likewise.

When the abdominal viscera are examined, they almost invariably present marks of a full share of the morbid affection. If the dog has been destroyed early in the disease, these may not be very consider�able, and an occasional case may occur where the appearances are not very strong, even when the animal is suffered to remain until death; but such instances are rare.

In the stomach inflammatory marks are very seldom wanting; and turning our attention to a rabid one, we are often first struck with its appearance of dis�tension, and, on opening it, the cause is seen to arise from an accumulation of a considerable, oftentimes of

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an immense, mass of indigestible substances, as hay, straw, wood, coals, or, in fact, of any surrounding-matter wliicli has proved small enough for deglutition. This disposition to take in unusual ingesta exists in every variety of the complaint; and as sickness and vomiting, though common in its early stages, are but seldom to be found during the latter periods of it, so the substances taken in, being of an indigestible nature, necessarily remain within the stomach until death. There is little reason to doubt that a morbid sympathy in this organ is the occasion of this pecu�liarity, and that the presence of these hard bodies gives some relief, probably by the distension they oc�casion. Certain it is, that the appearance of this in-disrestible and inconoruous matter within the stomach is so common, that it becomes a pathognomonic sign of the utmost importance, and it should be searched for in every case where doubt exists.*

* In describing the criteria of the disease, I have purposely omitted, before enlarging on this particular, that I might here do it more fully, and that I might at once describe both the cause and effect; I must now, therefore, observe, that of all the cha�racteristic marks of the complaint, I consider this as the most genuine, and as the one liable to the least variation. I will not say that I never saw a rabid stomach, after death, without this crude indigestible mass; but during the examination of more than two hundred cases, T do not recollect to have met with but very few indeed in which there has not been either this or a chocolate-coloured fluid; and when these indigesta are not present, on inquiry it will still be often found that such have been vomited up. This genuine characteristic cannot, therefore, be too strongly kept in mind, because it is one that may be sought for by one person as well as another ; by the most uninformed, and by the amateur as well as the professional man. It is also more important, because it may be found long after death, when the other marks have become blended in the universal decomposition and decay of the body. I cannot exemplify this better than by relating a circum�stance of my being sent for, to a considerable distance in the county, to examine a suspected dog, that had been already buried three weeks, but was now dug up for my inspection. All other marks to be gained from the morbid anatomy had, of course, dis�appeared, and I must have been left in doubt (for the dog had come from some distant part, had bitten a child who was caressing

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When the stomach is emptied, it usually presents marks of very intense inflammation. If the dog has been destroyed very early in the complaint, the in�flammatory markings may not be very considerable; but, in every such instance, in some degree or other, they have still been present; while in those cases where the animals had been suffered to die of the disease, we never remember one in which the morbid appearances were not considerable. The inner surface, or rugous coat, is livid, and not unfrequently sprinkled over with pustular prominences : it is not unusual, like�wise, for it to exhibit sphacelated ulcerous patches. We have seen it actually perforated. The outer sur�face is seldom wholly free from inflammatory marks either, particularly along the great curvature; and such is the intensity of the inflammation, that we have seen blood extravasated between the mem-jLnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;branous and muscular coats. There are seldom many

fluid contents present, � the mass of ingesta usually absorbs what may be there; but when any such are found, they invariably consist of a dark-coloured liquor, not unlike coffee-grounds.

The intestinal tube is often found with stronff marks of disease; but the frequency of these is not equal to the stomachic affection. It is seldom continuous, but rather in contiguous patches, principally affecting sometimes one and sometimes another of the intes�tines. The villous surface is frequently gangrenous, and the outer or peritoneal portion, from the coagu-lable lymph thrown out, is often found adhering to other portions. Sometimes intussusception exists,

him, and had been in consequence killed on the spot; nothinquot;-, therefore, of his history was known), had it not been for this un�failing criterion, which I found to exist in this instance in its full force, and from which I was led, without fear of error, to decide that the dog had been rabid, and, consequently, without excision of the bitten parts, the child's life was in dangev. � Blainc.

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but constrictions and twistings are still moi'e fre�quently present. Occasionally, the tube is altogether empty, but it is more frequently found partially dis�tended with hardened fteces, and not unfrequently with worms. The degree of inflammation between the stomach and intestines is not always corre�spondent ; on the contrary, when the one has been very highly inflamed, it has not been unusual to find the other less so; but variations in the state of the stomach are less frequent than those in the bowels. We have usually found, when the appearances of this symptomatic enteritis have been intense, that such cases, during life, had exhibited torpor, distress of countenance, affection of the parts of deglutition, great scratching of straw to the belly, paralysis, and all those characteristics more immediately apper�taining to what is called, by sportsmen, dumb mad�ness. On the contrary, when the intestines have been but little inflamed, and the stomach likewise not intensely affected, but the lungs extremely so; such cases, daring life, have been characterised by great irritability, a desire to rove, and those appear�ances common to raging madness. Mr. Youatt seems not to have met with many cases of very intense intes�tinal affection. The liver, pancreas, spleen, and omen-tum, but particularly the former, are often inflamed. The kidneys usually escape ; neither is the bladder in general attacked, but the urine contained is often deeply tinged with bile from the hepatic affection.

The bodies of those dogs who die of this disease soon become putrid; but there is no peculiarity of smell attending them; neither are they so offensive as we have often witnessed, in other cases of in�flamed bowels, particularly of that kind produced by mineral poisons. We have frequently offered to a healthy dog various parts of the body of rabid dogs, but we could never distinguish any marks of dread or

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disgust. We are therefore convinced that, living or dead, there is nothing in the smell that chai'acterises rabies.

INQUIRY INTO THE MORBID ACTION OF THE RABID VIRUS.

Having already endeavoured to show that the rabid poison is only received into the system, by the actual insertion of it by means of an abraded surface, it will now be our endeavour to inquire its modus operandi when received there. This subject has occasioned diversity of opinions, one of which is, that the rabid virus is at once mixed with the blood by the absorp�tion of the lymphatic vessels, and that it afterwards exerts its morbid agency principally on the nervous system, and on other parts sympathetically. We long entertained an opinion that the rabid poison entered the circulation as soon, probably, as it was received, exactly in the same manner with the poisons of venomous reptiles and other morbillrc. Some sym�pathy, however, seems to be kept up with the bitten part, without the agency of which the virus can never germinate into fatal action. The wound, therefore, when first received, not being under the immediate action of the morbid matter, heals as other common wounds; but, after an uncertain period, a secondary and lymphatic inflammation arises within the part, a new morbid compound is formed, and all the symp�tomatic appearances which follow are derived from the absorption of this newly-generated poison. The most popular opinion, however, of the day is that which considers the virus received as remaining sta-tionary within the wounded part until it is excited into action by some irritation in such part, from whence it is carried along the sensible and irritable fibre to exert a particular morbid action on certain

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organs; to all appearance, on the sensorium itself; for the sensations which arise in the bitten part, as an invariable precursor to other morbid phenomena, follow the course of the nerves rather than of the absorbents ; and avc do really find the first constitu�tional symptoms are of nervous origin. Our prin�cipal authorities, we believe, unite in considering it as a disease of the respiratory nerves, principally ex�pending itself on the cervical, dorsal, and lumbar portions of the spinal column. Mr. Youatt appears to entertain an opinion of the complete identity of the rabid disease in every animal whatever, and conse�quently in man as the head of them all. He certainly argues the point most ingeniously, it must be owned; yet the analogy appears rather strained, although, with the above admissions, it will be hard to deny his premises, which are such, that it would be doing both the author and the reader injustice to give in any other form than his own. quot; Rabies,quot; he says, quot; is a nervous affection, and particularly of the respiratory system of nerves, or those which are employed in the instinctive and involuntary actions connected with respiration, and which serve to associate many of the voluntary muscles in the discharge of the same func�tion. These nerves arise from the medulla oblongata, in which, or on its membranes, inflammation is almost invariably detected. They do not spring from the same columns with the other spinal nerves ; and they have roots peculiarly constructed, and following one another in an uniform line, as if they were leagued in the performance of the same office. They are the portio dura of the seventh pair, distributed over the face; the glosso-pharyngeus, which supplies the pha�rynx and the tongue ; the par vagum, wandering to the pharynx, the larynx, the heart, the lungs, and the stomach ; the recurrent, ramifying on the muscles of the larynx, and the membrane of the glottis ; and

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the spinal accessory given to the neck and shoulder, and reaching even to the loins. The twitchings and contraction of the eyelids, the strabismus, the spasms of the cheek, and lips, and face, and the paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw, sufficiently prove an affection of the portio dura. The protrusion of the tongue, the enlargement of the sub-lingual and other glands, the inability to swallow, and the alteration of the voice, implicate the glosso-pharyngeus. The in�creased circulation, the laborious respiration, the peculiar inflammation of the pleura, and the constant and often intense inflammation of the stomach, are attributable to the par vagum. The involuntary bailing, the husky grating inspiration, the frequent inflammation of the trachea, the uniform inflammation of some part of the glottis in the quadruped, and the dreadful excitation of the membrane of the glottis, with all the horrors of hydrophobia in the human being, testify that the recurrent nerve has not escaped; while the hurried and uncertain action of the fore extremities, and the palsy of the region of the loins, are clearly to be traced to the spinal acces�sory. These nerves anastomose freely with the cere�bral nerves, therefore cerebral affection soon occurs. There is a state of general and extreme excitation, a very peculiar wandering and delirium, and, in some animals, fits of savage and uncontrollable ferocity. They likewise unite and blend with the ganglionic nerves, and thence proceeds altered secretion ; a mor�bid secretion of the gastric juice occasioning the strangely perverted appetite of the dog; and a still more depraved secretion of the saliva, converting that bland and innocuous fluid into the direst poison.quot;

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THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF RABIES.

The curative treatment of rabies in the clog has hitherto proved invariably unavailing; neither has it been found otherwise in any other animal, while the few successful cases on record of a favourable result from any means tried on the human hydrophobia have a veil of obscurity thrown over them that damps our confidence, and leaves us to hope only that time may yet afford us a remedy* for this dreadful scourge. The extent to which this inquiry has already been carried will prevent a circumstantial detail of the various medicinal agents which have been tried as curative of rabies. We shall only cursorily notice them, and reserve ourselves for those that, fortunately for man and brute, are found efficacious as preventives against such attack; pausing only to observe, that our account will combine both the human and brute treatment, that we may render these pages more ex�tensively useful, as well to the public as to the veterinary practitioner, whose opinion will be often sought for, where the owners of rabid animals have been unfortunately wounded by them. Here, as we have often found, the timely benefit of judicious advice, and even the application of proper preventive means, have gained unbounded gratitude, and a con�sciousness of being eminently useful.

The most ancient remedy on record for the rabid malady, after it had actually appeared, was cold bath�ing, which it was usual to apply to the extent of a temporary drowning; but although it is handed down to us that it occasionally proved successful, these ac�counts are not now relied on.f We tried it on two

* quot; Nee desperandum tarnen ob exempla jam in aliis vencnis eonstantia, de inveniendo hnjus singukiris veneni antidoto sin-gtdari.quot;�Boerhaave, Aphorism 1146.

f Celsus recommends it, and gives instances of its successful

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rabid dogs to the extinction of life almost, and it certainly suspended the progress of the complaint for some hours, which we attribute, not to any specific virtue in the bathing itself, but to the shake given to the constitution; for it is remarkable, that any great violence offered from accidental causes* during the progress of the disease, particularly in its early stages, in many instances appears to beget a new action, which, for a time, arrests the progress of the rabid one, and suspends its more active symptoms for a longer or shorter period, usually in proportion to the violence done. The morbid poison, however, soon resumes its ascendancy, and the fatal issue is only protracted, but never removed.

Warm bathings have been also fully tried, both in ancient and modern times, with no better success. Bleeding largely was an ancient remedy, which has been revived by the moderns; and on the authority of some reputedly successful cases, but now ques�tioned, we were induced to try it to its fullest extent {ad deliquium) on two or three rabid dogs. Mr. Youatt has done the same, and in every instance with a mitigation of its violence, but in no one of perma�nent benefit.f It therefore appears to act in these

application. Euripides is one who was said to have been cured by it.

* During the ravings of a rabid dog, it is to be expected that he will meet with severe beatings from other dogs, and not unfre-quently he will be subject to violent attacks from human persons, from whom he may, however, eventually escape, although severely handled. We have had many opportunities of observing dogs after their return which have been so treated, and we have invari�ably found that an absence of the more active appearances of disease has followed for two or three days, and that, in some cases, to such a degree as to deceive those around, and make them con�sider the recovery of the animal as certain; but gradually the complaint has returned with all its violence.

t M. Gossier, Professor of the Veterinary School of Lyons, also employed bleeding on three dogs to deliquium, without success. It is, however, to be remembered, that in the human subject it is

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instances, as in all others where much violence had been committed on the constitution, by a suspension of the morbid action of the disease. Of electricity and galvanism, as applied for the cure of rabies, we have no experience: it has, however, been fully tried in the human subject without success. Vinegar, which, in Germany, was said (but we believe erro�neously) to have arrested the human disease, has failed in dogs, in every instance in which it has been made use of. Mercury we have also tried to its fullest extent, and in most of its popular forms, without the smallest benefit. Camphor and opium, both by the mouth and per ano, have proved equally inert in these cases.* With the belladonna we succeeded no better; and the alisma plantago, or water plantain, has proved equally unsuccessful with Mr. Youatt, who, however, observes that it usually mitigated the symptoms, as did also the belladonna. The scutellaria lateriflora, so highly recommended by Dr. Spalding, of New York, Mr. Youatt has not succeeded with; but he yet considers that it deserves more trial, from the decided effects it produced in the cases on which he tried it. The internal and external exhibition of the volatile alkali has not been more fortunate, although the analogy of its beneficial effects in cases of poison�ing by the bite of the cobra de capello, had raised hopes of its proving useful here also.f Cauterizings, scarifyings, blistcrings, amp;c., have been applied to the

said to have cured the complaint in one or two instances in India. In a case related in The Lancet, it protracted the fatal course till the fourteenth day; and though the Asiatic cases are rather doubtful, it has evidently some restraining power.

* Professor Dupuytren injected opium in solution into the veins of two rabid dogs, but without any alleviation of the symptoms. � Dissert, de Ch. Bnsnouf, Paris, 1814.

f Tissot strongly recommends the eau de luce, and says, quot; II calma I'agitation, occasionne une sueur abondant et fit disparoitre les symptomes.quot;�Avis au Penple, torn. i. p. 179. 8vo, Paris.

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bitten part in the hnman subject after the attack, but without avail. From the known property of arsenic in lessening the spasm of epilepsy, something was hoped from it in the hydropohic spasm in the human; but it has not answered the expectations formed.� See Med. Chirurg. Trans, p. 393.; Lond. Med. Rev. for March and April, 1793. On rabid dogs we have frequently tried it; and, from its decided capability, evinced on each trial, of suspending the complaint, we were once also led to hope much from it; but re�peated experience has proved that its benefits are not permanent*, but act only like other violent means. Chlorine has been said to remove the hydrophobic symptoms; but late trials have shewn the fallacy of the assertion. The same has happened to sulphuric acid, with which a Dr. Skuderi pretends to have effected several cures of hydrophobia, by its internal and external administration. More recently, also, the guaco has been tried on both human and animal subjects ; but although it had a temporary effect in mitigating the symptoms in both, yet the fatal ter�mination was the same. There is, therefore, reason to believe that we have no authenticated case of the true rabid malady having yielded to any treatment, cither in man or beast, after it had actually made its attack.f

* We have given it in these cnses in very large closes, as live, six, or even a greater number of grains, and have been surprised how little disturbance it seemed to produce, probably from the stomach being already affected with a specific inflammation, by which it was rendered less likely to be acted upor_ by occasional causes.

f quot;There is no doubt that the judicious and ingenious use of the tartarised antimony, or the hydrocyanic acid, would control the symptoms, and most probably cure; but, strange to say, though these are the very remedies which the symptoms most loudly call for, yet we have only one case on record in which either of them has had any thing like a fair trial; and here, unfortunately, the treatment was carried just too far. However, the patient lived live days free from hydrophobic symptoms, but died at last from

h 2

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The preventive treatment.�Here, fortunately for mankind, Ave stand on 'vantage ground, as we are able, in most cases, by the adoption of judicious means, to insure the safety of the bitten, when we can distinctly ascertain the wounded part; which, in brute subjects, it is evident it is more difficult to do than in the human. The prophylactics, that both interest and ignorance have extolled and brought into use, are innumerable. Very few of them, however, have de�served the smallest confidence ; on the contrary, they have lulled into a fatal security those who have relied on them.*

The oldest prophylactic with which we are ac�quainted is suction. We have very ancient records of its employment, and, if we can believe these legends, a particular family enjoyed the privilege, or devoted themselves to this process of drawing, by the application of the mouth to the wound, the poison inserted by a venomous animal.f A ligature has also

tj'plioid exhaustion, which was produced by the depressive remedy. The case was conducted by Mr. F. Cripps, of Liverpool, and is detailed in Nos. 819. and 821. of The Lancet, 1838-9, to which I strongly advise a reference. Mr. Cripps started with the plan of opposing symptoms ; and had he continued this plan after he had allayed their violence and produced typhoid depression, he might probably have amended this latter state also, and have cured the patient. But, unfortunately, he used depressing medicines when the patient was adynamic ; also wine and brandy and water, instead of nutritious cordials. His first intention was not only highly scientific, but also successful as far as it went.quot; � See Stevens's Synopsis.

* Boerhaave complains of these impositions. quot; Nee -ZEschrionis apud Galenum et Oribasium arcano de cancris combustis; nee Scribonii Largi famigerata opiat� ad rabiem Siculorum ; nee Pere-grini consilio de pelle hysenas; nee .^Etii, Rufi, Possidonii, cinere cancrorum cum thcriaca ; nec jaetat� Palmario medel�; vel nimis laudato Mayerno, Grew, et venatoribus stanno cum Mithridatio; nee in somniis sacris revelata radice cynorrhodonis; aliisve in ccclum elato lichene cinereo, terrestri pimpinell�, jecore rabiosi canis exusto, et similibus exceptis.quot;

f Celsus strongly recommends this practice, and brings forward the family of Psyclles to prove how free it is from danger : quot; Non

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been recommended to stop the progress of the rabid poison; but, according with the present theories, it can have no preventive efficacy whatever.

Cold bathing, but particularly sea-bathing, as a pre�ventive, is a practice also of great antiquity, and, even yet, the uninformed classes place implicit reliance on it. Its incapability of insuring safety was, however, early noted; and Palmerius, Ambrose Parey, Desault, and others, were at much pains to discredit the prac�tice: nevertheless, both hot and cold bathinsr Ionquot;-retained some powerful advocates.* However re�spectable the authorities in its favour, the lamentable experience of many who have trusted to its efficacy, even when perfoi'med, as Van Swieten has it, ad sufficationem usque, but too well proves. Among the well-informed, therefore, no reliance is now placed on it.

Mercury has long been employed as a prophylactic. Sauvages must have been greatly deceived by its ill-deserved reputation.f Sir G. Cobb's famous Tonquin remedy, so highly extolled by Claude Duchoisee, in India J, was prepared from the native and factitious

gustu, sed vulnere nocent.....Ergo quisquis exemplum Psylli

secutus, id vulnus exsuxerit, et ipse tutus crit, et tutum homiiieiu praestabit.quot;�De 3Iedicin. lib. v. cap. ii. sect. 12. Fothergill, Heister, and Vaughan Lave spoken favourably of suction as a preventive.

* quot; Protinus in Balneum immittnnt, eumque ibi desudare, dum vires corporis sinant, vulnere aperto quo magis ex eo quoque virus distillet.quot;�Celsus de Med. lib. v. c. 47. Tulpius is warm in his commendation of sea-bathing: quot; Neque vidi hactenus quemquam (licet viderim plurimos) cui tempestive in mare projecto quidquam sinistre postmodum evenerit, sed salutari hoc remedio vel flocci facto, vel tarde ac timide adhibito, dedere. multi irreparabiles supinas sute incuria; pocnas.quot;� Obs. Med. lib. vii. c. 20.

f quot; J'ignore que ce remede ait encore manque.quot;�Ch. d'CEnv, p. 148. JVosologia, torn. ii.

I quot; Hommes, femmes, enfans, Indiens, Portugals, Francois, amp;c. amp;c., plus de trois cents personnes, sans qu'un seul a ute affligo du plus petit Symptome de rage.quot; � Nouv. Meth. pour le Trait, de Bage, 21.

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cinnabai's with musk. Turpith mineral, wliicli is a subsulphate of this metal, was l�glily extolled by Tissot*, and has been very generally used among the dogs of this country. Many other authorities of note have extolled the preventive efficacy of mercury, from its power in counteracting the effects of the syphilitic poison f; hut as it has entirely failed in man and beast, under every advantage of administra�tion, so it has ceased to be relied on as solely sufficient to guard the constitution.J Neither has arsenic any more claim to the character of a preventive than it has as a curative.

Dr. Mead's pulvis antilyssus, composed of lichen cinereus and black pepper, has wholly lost its reputa�tion, although, during his practice, he expressed a wish that he knew as certain a preventive for any other disease. The Ormskirk Remedy is also another striking proof how easily a reputation may be gained, and how undeservedly; for although palpable in�stances of its failure are numerous, it once enjoyed great reputation, and is even yet occasionally trusted to. The water plantain (alisma plantago) has also proved one of those unfortunate articles offered to notice, which only served to raise hopes it was doomed never to realise. As it came recommended by a Ilussian counsellor of state, M. Jalowsky, at the ex�press direction of his government, it met with a

* Avis au Peuple, torn. i. p. 156. A celebrated sportsman says, quot; during twenty-one years that I kept hounds I never knew it fail.quot;� Treatise on Greyhounds, 2d edit. p. 88. It was also Mr. Beck ford's favourite remedy.

f Dr. Moseley appears to be one of the last advocates for the use of mercury extending to a slight salivation ; but even he recom�mends the use of caustic to the wounded part in conjunction with it.

% Leroux, Oudot, Raymond, Lafond, Majault, Enaux, Chaussier, and Morveau, are neighbouring authors who have denied the efficacy of mercury in this case ; and among ourselves, I believe all our best authorities, almost without exception, do the same.

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cordial reception, and a full trial in England and elsewhere, but everywhere it proved fallacious, both as a preventive and cure.

To enumerate all the other articles, particularly of the vegetable world, that at some period or other have been deemed prophylactics, would be endless. Among the most popular we may mention the eglantine, or wild rose (Itosa sylvestris, Linn.)*, pimpernel {Ana-(jallis)f, deadly nightshade {Atropa Belladonna)^ rue (liiita)sect;, garlic (Allhtm sativum), sage (Salvia), daisy (Bellis), vervain ( Verbena), fern (Polypodium), worm�wood (Artemisia arborescens), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris),hetcmj(Betonica),Sindithe tree-hox.(Biuvus).\\

* The wild rose seems to have been a remedy of much repute in its day (Baudot, 3Jein. de la Soc. Roy. 1783). In a communi�cation to the Royal Society of Medicine of Paris, M. Provost details the virtues of its inner bark. And among the Sicilians, its spongy excrescences (bedeguar) are considered a powerful anti�dote to the rabid poison {Museo di Plante rare du P. Boconi). According to Pliny, its virtues were revealed by an oracle ; from whence we may learn that a preventive efficacy was long ago attributed to it.

\ An account of its supposed anti-rabid virtues may be seen by consulting Hist, de la Mid. Sprengel, torn. ii. p. 48.; (Euv. de Bourgelat, Reflex, sur la Rage, Voy. Jonrn. d'Agricult. p. 109.

^ As long as the time of Pliny, the belladonna has been used as a remedy against rabies. Appuleius also notices it; and in later times Munch also, in flist. de la Soc. Roy. de Mid. 1783, 2nd part. Mr. Youatt attributes some preventive efficacy to it.

sect; Rue was a very ancient favourite prophylactic, and it still enters into many of the country nostrums and drinks against mad�ness. It formed also an ingredient in the celebrated powder of Palmerius.�See Andry'a Account of celebrated Remedies.

|| The tree-box is one of the oldest internal preventives made use of. Mention appears to be made of it in the writings of Hip�pocrates : Galen and Celsus likewise speak of it. It has continued to be used from that time to the present, and it forms the active principle in the remedy common in several counties, but in none more than in Hertfordshire, where it is known under tiie name of Webb's drink, from the family name of the persons who prepare it. The rue which enters into it in equal proportions, I have little, if any, dependence on. The Buxus, or box, has long been known in India also, and is still used there as a preventive of rabies; but it is, I believe, the dwarf box that is there used, and is usually united with a decoction of the horns of the rhinoceros.

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My opinions on the efficacy of the huxus or box nsa prophylactic of rabies have been long before the

I had long known that a family of the name of quot;Wehb, living in the neighbourhood of Watford, prepared and sold what is called a drink, as a remedy against rabies generally. The many assur�ances I had received relative to its efficacy, supported by facts apparently authentic and conclusive, gave me reason to hope that it really possessed some preventive properties ; but, till the year 1807, 1 had not embraced any opportunity of putting its qualities to the test of experiment. About that time, madness proving very prevalent, and the public curiosity becoming very much excited on the subject, my attention was awakened to the importance of such a remedy, even if it had only some moderate pretensions. To endeavour, therefore, to ascertain the grounds on which the reputation of this remedy stood, I went to Watford, and prosecuted my inquiries with such success, that, from one of the two brothers who had dispensed it, I gained the original recipe, which had been before verified on oath before a magistrate. The public anxiety was then such, that, united with the knowledge that I had par�ticularly directed my attention to the subject, it would have enabled me to realise a very considerable sum had I chosen to keep the recipe a secret, and vended the compound ; hut no such thought entered my mind. Humanity required that it should be universally known ; and the day after I returned from Watford I communicated to the public at large, by various channels, the recipe, with all I could learn at that time of its operation, amp;c. The original communication may be seen in full in the Medical Review for December, 1807. The following method of preparing it is an improvement on the original formula; the proportion and mode of administration agree with the country instructions : �

Take of the fresh leaves of tlio tree-box . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 ounces.

Of the fresh leaves of rue ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 ounces.

Of sage.......half an ounce.

Chop these finely, and after boiling them in a pint of water to half a pint, strain and press out the liquor. Beat them in a mortar, or otherwise bruise them thoroughly, and boil them again '-n a pint of new milk to half a pint, which press out as before. After this, mix both the boiled liquors, which will make f/iree doses for a human subject. Double this quantity will form three doses for a horse or cow ; hvo-thirds of it is sufficient for a large dog, calf, sheep, or hog ; half of the quantity is required for a middling-sized dog, and one-third for a small one. These three doses are said to he sufficient, and one of them is directed to be given every morn�ing fasting. Both human and brute subjects are treated in the same manner, according to the proportions specified.

In the human I have never found this reputed remedy to pro�duce any cflects whatever, except a momentary nausea from

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public ; and if palpable failures have convinced me that, like all other means of prevention attempted through the medium of the constitution, it ought never to supersede the more certain means of the destruction of the bitten part, yet we have witnessed so much of its powers as to persuade us that it may with propriety be employed in addition to other pro-phylatics. The importance of any preventive means which could thus be gained through the medium of internal administration to the brute, would be very

disgust; to prevent which from operating disadvantageooslj, the old recipe directs it to be taken two or three hours before rising, by which method it will be less likely to be brought up again, as Otherwise so large and unpleasant a dose might be. Neither in any animal except the dog have 1 ever witnessed any violent effects from its exhibition. In dogs, however, I have frequently seen it produce extreme nausea, panting, and distress ; in two or three instances it has even proved fatal; but as it is probable that it is more likely to be efficacious when its effects on the constitution are evident, and as, at the same time, it is proper to guard against these effects becoming too violent ; so it is prudent always to begin with a smaller dose than the one prescribed, and to increase each succeeding one, until it shews its activity by sickness of the stomach, panting, and evident uneasiness. Under such a plan, perhaps, five doses are not too much.

Between the years 1807 and 1817. this preparation was ad�ministered, under my direction, to nearly three hundred animals of different kinds, as horses, cows, sheep, hogs and dogs¹, the latter in by far the greater proportion. It may naturally be presumed that ungrounded fear operated in some instances, and that it was given to animals who were suspected only to have been in danger. Some of the remainder, it may also be supposed, would have re�mained safe had nothing been done for them. In others, washings, cauterizations, amp;c. had been added to the box remedy; yet, after all these admissions, some might have been indebted to tlie pre�ventive power of this preparation for their safety.�Blame.

¹ I have administered, in the course of my practice, this remedy to nearly fifty human persons also ; but as most of those joined with this treatment the excision or cauterization of the wounded part, and as in others the rabid virus would not probably have taken efl'ect, so I lay little stress on these proofs of its efficacy ; although three or four of these persons, at their own express desire, trusted solely to it. Mr. Youatt also remarks on the properties of the box, quot; That it bad undeniable efficacy in preventing the disease. The majority of tb-j dogs to whom it was exhibited were saved.quot;� i?.

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�

reat; for the difficulty of detecting all the bitten

parts in animals with a hairy covering is self-evident. We have searched a dog known to be attacked (and by the future consequences proved to have been bitten) over most carefully, for an hour, without being able to find any puncture; and even if one or two should in such a case be discovered, how many chances there are that others may remain unobserved! But inasmuch as human safety is of infinitely greater consequence than that of the brute creation, so a pro�phylactic which held out a reasonable ground for dependence, although it did not amount to perfect security, would be still of immense value in some cases in human practice, as we have very often wit�nessed. Under this impression we have united with our detail the preventive reputation it has, as regards the human as well as the brute subject*; and with

* As justly observed by Mr. Youatt, the imputation of quackery is very generally associated with the recommendation of these preventives. But is there not some exclusiveness in this not cre�ditable to the medical character? are there really no antidotes? is a known introduction of the syphilitic poison in no way prevented but by a destruction of the whole mucous surface exposed to its contact? On the contrary, is not an early administration of the mercurial preventive in most instances a sufficient safeguard against even the external ulceration, and always against the con�stitutional ravages? Are all the accounts of immunity from the poison of serpents by internal means i'abled ? Let the chances be ever so small of a prophylactic property in any internal remedy, they should be cherished and employed ; and foul befal him who, for personal gain, would keep the knowledge of any such matter a secret. lie, indeed, would be a quack; let the profession hunt him down without regret ; but let them not assume (fallible as all our opinions on medicine are proved to be) that there is no quot; balm in Israel,quot;�no constitutional means of rendering the system non susceptible to the received virus. Eoerhaave thought there might he, analogy gives us reason to expect tlwe is; then let our endeavours to bring it to light be general, and not fettered with school prejudices or professional exclusiveness.

Granted, as it ever must be, that the removal of the inoculated portion should supersede all other preventive means, are there no cases where it is imperative to lay hold also of every other assist-

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the same view, we would introduce to the reader Mr. Youatt's account of the skull-cap {scutcllaria lateri-flora), first brought into notice by Dr. Spalding, of New York, who says he has administered it, with invariable success, in no less than eight hundred cases, and in several of these cases the disease had actually commenced its career. His method of giving it was, by infusing a tea-spoonful and a half of the powdered leaf in a quart of hot-water; of which he ordered half a pint to be taken morning and night, omitting the dose every third day, when a mild purge of sul�phur was given. Mr. Youatt has, however, found it more efficacious to combine the belladonna in the proportion of half an ounce to a pound of the scutel-laria; of which he observes, quot; The result has been, a medicine which we cannot, dare not, call a specific, for it has failed ; but the use of which, in cases of doubt and fear, we would most earnestly recommend.quot; For dogs, he begins with a drachm ball for one of a mode�rate size, containing two scruples of the scutellaria, and about two and a half grains of the belladonna : this is given morning and night. On the second week, two balls are given; on the third, three; and this plan is continued for six weeks. The animals seldom cease to eat; but they rapidly lose flesh. The proportions made use of for the human subject Mr. Youatt does not mention ; but Dr. Spalding's account will furnish a sufficient hint. Thus it may be hoped, that, between these apparent preventives, some security may be gained, even in those distressing

ance,�as in extensive lacerations, where tlie complete extirpation is rendered doubtful under every caution ? when the eyelids are wounded also, or where insuperable dread exists to an operation which may involve the whole limb ? Such cases do occur, and also the most apparent!}'judicious application both of the knife and caustic has failed. Might not these cases have been saved, had some other preventive been also added to the treatment ?

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cases where the extirpation cannot be carried to a sufficient extent without endano-erins; life, or exciting a dread which would be insupportable, amp;c. amp;c.

Of prophylactics whose inefficacy have been suffi�ciently disproved, there are yet a sufficient number; and such have been drawn from the animal as well as the mineral and vegetable kingdoms. The scarabei, or beetle tribe, particularly the cock-chafer, or may-bug (Scarabccus Melolontha, Linn,)*, the blister fly f (Meloe vesicatorius),and various testacea J, are of this kind. The liver of the animal by which a person has been bitten is a remedy as old as the time of Pliny, who speaks himself of its efficacy. We have it also recorded, that Palmerius forced his patients, who hud been bitten by a rabid wolf, to take the dried blood of the animal.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE WOUNDED PART THE MOST CERTAIN PREVENTIVE OF RABIES.

From what has already been stated with regard to the rationale of the rabid inoculation, it Avill readily appear, that, provided the virus be immediately taken into the cii'culation, it must yet return to the part it was originally received by; and it must there com-mence a new irritation, by which some new morbid compound is generated; and it is the absorption of

* Weikard, Thesaurus Pharmacenlicus Galcno-chemicus, 1G26. If we credit other accounts Imnded to us, these insects were no

less famous in Spain, Germany, and Prussia, than in France.__

Andry, p. 271.

\ Avicenna and Matthiolua wrote expressly on the virtues of this meloe, as an infallible remedy for the rabid malady. Werthof and Andry also notice it.

% As the testacea, particularly calcined crabs, were used so long ago as the time of Galen, and were recommended by Sennert, it would seem that an early confidence was placed in absorbents. It was this confidence, probably, that produced the Ormskirk medicine, which appears to be only the earthy absorbents coloured.

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this compound that is alone capable of quot;producing the malady. Again, on the more popular theory, that the rabid virus does not enter the constitution, but lies dormant in the part Avhere it was first received, it is still the same, as regards the preventive treatment, which it is evident is only effected with certainty by the entire removal of the inoculated portion ; because, that being absent, no new morbid compound can be formed on the first supposition, nor can any local ex�citement arise on the second.

Provided, therefore, that the wounded part or parts are completely destroyed, the patient will, to a demon�stration, be rendered as secure as though never bitten; which is a most consolatory circumstance in the con�sideration of this dire disease.

It is also rendered doubly so, since the rationale of the action of the morbid virus teaches us, that it is indifferent at what time this removal takes place, pro�vided it be within the limits of the inoculation and those of the morbid symptoms. This circumstance is of immense importance to the human subject; and it is as fully supported by facts, as consistent with the theory laid down. We are as confident on the subject as a very long experience and close observation of in�numerable cases can make us, that not only is the destruction of the bitten part a certain preventive, hut that such removal of it, is as effectual at any time previously to the symptoms appearing, as at the first moment after the hite.

Although the removal of the bitten part may be undertaken at any time short of the attack, yet, as it is always uncertain at what time this secondary in�flammation may take place, so it is prudent to per�form the excision, or cauterisation, as soon as is con�venient ; but it is frequently a matter of great importance to the peace of those unfortunately wounded to know, that, when any accidental cause

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lias delayed the operation, it may be safely done at the end of several days as it would at the first mo�ment of the accident. We have repeatedly removed the bitten parts many days, and not unfrequently weeks even, after the original wound had been perfectly healed up; yet the operation has always proved com�pletely successful. Of the methods resorted to for the extirpation of the bitten parts, the actual cautery, the potential cautery, and excision, are employed, and have each of them their advocates.

The actual cautery was employed by the ancients, who burned the parts with heated iron, sometimes with brass, silver, or gold. Some of the moderns have also favoured its use; and as it is a remedy imme�diately at hand, it is not an ineligible one, particularly where the unnecessary dread of after consequences, from immediate absorption, is fixed in the mind, and also where other assistance is not at hand. When, likewise, the wound is of a determinate form, and superficial in extent, the actual cautery is a ready and convenient method, particularly with regard to horses, cows, and other large animals, who are not easily restrained. In such cases, a budding iron, so called among farriers, is an appropriate instrument; or even a kitchen poker, or any other iron whose surface can be adapted to the form of the wound, when heated red hot, may be used.

Caustics, or the potential cautery, can be applied under many forms. The caustic potass, or potash, formed into a solid body, and called lapis infernalis, is a very powerful escharotic ; and, when an extensive surface not in the neighbourhood of very important parts is to be destroyed, it may be employed; but, it should be remembered that it liquefies speedily, and therefore, when great nicety is required, and a slow destruction of parts is advisable, as about the head, or in the vicinity of important vessels and nerves, it

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is less eligible. It is also supposed that it becomes decomposed by the blood, and loses much of its ac�tivity. If caustics be used, Mr. H. Eavle recom�mended strong nitric acid, which, by its fluidity, might extend itself in every direction, and would therefore be very proper where there was extensive laceratioL'. The nitrate of silver, usually called lunar caustic, lique�fies less speedily, and is equally powerful, provided a longer time be allowed for its operation. In some cases it is recommended to be powdered and sprinkled over a surface, or to be inserted within a deeper wound, mixed with an equal part of other matter, to lessen its potency, and an adhesive plaister then ap�plied over to confine its effects. This method, as re�gards animals, can only be advisable when a very extensive laceration with numerous iago-ed edsjes and sinuosities exists, particularly in the neighbourhood of such important parts that the knife cannot be wholly depended on: in all others, this plan would occasion so much pain and resistance on the part of the animal, as to defeat its intention, by being rubbed or torn off. We have, through a very long practice, adhered to the use of this form of caustic, as the most manageable and effective of all the escharotics. It may be cut or scraped to any shape, and long habit has enabled us to make the eschar thick or thin, deep or superficial, at pleasure. In a word, it is slow, but certain. Muriate of antimony, called butter of anti�mony, is a very favourite application with some prac�titioners, particularly with the French*: it is applied by means of a piece of linen or lint fastened to a probe, or by aid of a camel's-hair pencil; the surface of the wound being then smeared over with it. As

* quot; Le beurre iVanthnoine (hydroclilorate d'antimoine est pre-ferre a tous les caustiques que nous avons cites, par Leroux, qu'il 1'a propose, par Sabatier, par Portal, et par Enaux et Chaussier, parceque son action est prompt.quot;� Trolliet, p. 143.

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its fiction begins immediately, and, after a few mi-imtes, is confined to the parts it is applied to only, so it is evident that it is a more eligible application for extensive lacerations, and wounds of uncertain depth and extent in. animals than the powdered nitrate of silver. Potass and lime are sometimes also used as escliarotics. The mineral acids, and mercurial pre�parations, as the oxymuriate and red nitrate of quick�silver, are now and then also employed in this way.

The use of caustics has been objected to, as not carry�ing the destruction of parts far enough, the formation of the eschar preventing the further progress of the caustic agent; but this we are convinced is not a cogent objection. If the nitrate of silver be formed into a point, and a moderate friction be kept up by it over the eschar, the decomposed portions are removed by the rubbing, and the cauterization goes on to any depth or extent required. In penetrating wounds, made by the canine teeth, the probe having detected the course of the wound, the knife may be properly employed to dilate it, and render it accessible to the approach of the caustic ; in which case equal certainty is gained by one as by the other, with less loss of sub�stance. It has also been objected to caustics, that they may dilute the virus, and carry it farther within the wound ; but if previous active ablution of the wound has taken place, it may be supposed that no virus but that involved within the fibre will remain. It is truly said, that caustics cannot be so conveniently applied to the bottom of a deep wound: but in these cases the knife can be first employed in dissecting out the whole cavity, with all its surrounding parts. A much more imaginary objection has been urged to the use of caustics, particularly to those formed of the caustic alkalies, which is, that in their action they unite themselves with the morbid saliva, and, with the de�composed animal matter, form together a saponaceous

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mass or eschar, which may retain the virus, and keep it ready to be acted upon by anew absorption. That such a fear, however, is groundless, will appear when it is considered that the agent employed, he it what it may, which is equal to the destruction of the animal solids, must also of necessity be more than sufficient to decompose the animal fluids also, and totally de�prive them of any morbid activity; and this we find to be actually the case with rabid virus mixed with even diluted caustic matter, as has been exemplified in the experiments of Hazard, Dr. Zinke, and others, where such matter entirely failed to excite rabies: it must, however, be acknowledged that all these ex�periments require repetition.

Excision of the part, after the rabid bite, is prac�tised by most of our eminent surgeons of the present day, in preference to cauterization. I have no doubt but that they do so on principle ; but we have never yet seen occasion to alter our preference of the caustic: and Mr. Youatt, whose practice has been very extensive in these cases, gives it his decided ap�probation also. It must, however, at last rest in a conviction that each of these modes may be sup�posed at some times the prefei'able one, and that occasions will occur where they may be advantage�ously united. As each claims some advantages over the other, so each also owns some disadvantages. A skilful surgeon, therefore, will bind himself to neither, but will act according to circumstances. The parti-zans for the use of the knife argue, that the operation of excision is quicker, and can be applied more ex�tensively. It is certainly, where much is to be done, more quickly performed ; but when it is so done, unless perfect ablution has removed all surrounding virus; may not the very instrument which is to insure life be sowing the seeds of death, by making a fresh

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morbid inoculation at every section ? To prevent this, therefore, when excision is absolutely necessary, it is prudent, after every stroke of the knife, to wipe the blade carefully; but it would still more certainly avoid danger where the whole excised cavity, well soaked with a caustic fluid, as a strong dilution of nitric acid: and, after all, it would make surety double, were the whole surface touched with the lunar caustic* Towards animals, particularly of the larger kinds, where despatch is requisite, and where de�formity and a destruction of parts are not of so much consequence, excision may be considered preferable. In the neighbourhood of large bloodvessels, nerves, amp;c., it is evident that the knife must be used with extreme caution ; Avhereas the caustic may be applied freely with much less fear, as the eschar which starts

* In one of the engagements between the English and French in the expedition to the Ilelder, a spent bullet tore away some substance from the root of the nail of the ring finger of my right hand, which wound, after it had healed, left an indented surface of extreme sensibility. This part was to prove the heel of Achilles to me, for exactly in the centre of this hollow did a rabid terrier indent its fang very deeply. Sensible of the danger accruing from a bite received in a part already so susceptible, 1 knew I had little prospect of safety without destroying all the parts around. I im�mediately, therefore, after well washing it, scooped out a portion, which embraced the sides of the cavity made by the tooth, end which penetrated also beyond the extent of its point. Into this I poured nitric acid, and then, having dried it, I passed a blunt point of nitrate of silver over the whole surface, and forcibly pressed it into the bottom of the wound. As the eschar formed and hardened, I raised it, and renewed the application. It was not until an hour and a half thus painfully occupied that I coi-sidered myself safe. I was also twice bitten afterwards, to which wounds I simply applied the lunar caustic, as they were more superficial; but 1 am led to detail the practice I pursued in the first case, purposely to show that excision and cauterization may be with great propriety united ; for though I greatly prefer the caustic in general cases, yet here was one wherein, without en�larging the wound by the scalpel, it might have been difficult to have passed the caustic to the requisite depth, or to have removed what I considered was necessary of the former morbidly tender sides of the old wound.�Blahie.

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up protects the parts underneath, and enables them to reinstate themselves previously to sloughing, if they should be slightly injured. The caustic gives little pain, and, by removing the slough formed, it may be carried to any depth, and to any extent, with the certainty of destroying the virus as it proceeds.

The flow of blood, during excision, is very apt tc obstruct a proper and clear view of the extent of the injury; and a consequence follows, which we have frequently witnessed among surgeons in operations on the human subject, which is the removal of a much larger quantity of substance than is absolutely neces�sary. AVith the caustic, nothing of this kind hap�pens : proceeding deliberately, every portion of wounded surface is taken in succession, until the whole inocu�lated part is destroyed, but no more.

Process of operation for the rabid bite. � When a dog, or any other animal, has been attacked by one that is rabid, it is evident that a difficulty pre�sents itself which does not exist in the human subject under similar circumstances. The incapability of the animal to point out the wounds that may have been received, and Avhich the hair may prevent from being observed, renders it necessary that a very minute examination of every part of the body should take place, by turning the whole hair deliberately back; after which, to remove any rabid saliva that may adhere to the hair in other parts, the animal should be washed all over, first with simple warm water, and next, with water in which a sufficient quantity of either potash or soda is dissolved, to ren�der it a moderate ley, in doing Avhich the eyes must be carefully guarded. Having finished this operation, which will render the dog or other animal secure from accidental virus hanging about, it might increase the safety of the operation if the wounds were bathed with an arsenical solution, made by pouring four ounces of

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water on two drachms of arsenic : in many instances, a mere ablution of them and the bitten parts with an arsenical solution of greater strength than here noted has been trusted to solely as a preventive, and which, from the results, appeared sufficient for the purpose. Prudence however forbids the ablution here, and of any thing short of the extirpation of the wounded surface.

After these precautions have been attended to, proceed to the actual removal of the bitten part by whatever mode may appear most eligible to the operator. The means of destroying the bitten surfaces by incision and cautery, actual or potential as it is termed, are as follow. A sportsman who might choose to act for himself, would find a ready one, when the wound was a simple puncture or punc�tures made into the hide of a horse or dog, to thrust, in a blunt-pointed iron heated to a red heat; after which the part might be further treated with any escharotic he may have at hand, as muriate of anti�mony {butter of antimony), sulphate of copper {blue vitriol), amp;c. amp;c. The regular practitioner would, in the case of simple punctures, adapt a portion of nitrate of silver {lunar caustic) to the shape and size of the wound: this he would insinuate by degrees into it, making it embrace the sides fully, and extend it completely to the bottom, where it should be worked around sufficiently long to insure a complete destruction of the inoculated surface. A lacerated wound we would recommend to have its ragged edges removed, and its sinuosities enlarged, that the caustic may reach every part of the wounded surface ; which it is evident must be most particularly attended to. As the slough hardens, dui'ing the process, re�move it by means of a probe, and then retouch all the parts every or every other day. When the punctures were deep, in operating on a human subject, we always

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repeated full cauterization at the end of eveiy second or third day for at least twice. By applying the caustic gradually at first, the pain it gives is by no means intense, and it even lessens the further it is proceeded in. If much heat and pain follow, en�velope the whole part in a poultice. There is every reason to suppose that keeping up a continued dis�charge in the part, after the entire destruction of wounded surfaces, is unnecessary.

Having thus reached the close of the practical de�tail, -we shall finish this important subject by offering a few remarks, calculated, we would hope, to ease the minds of many individuals on some material points which are apt to occasion much unnecessary dread and much false alarm. We would first notice, that, by a very distorted view of the risk incurred by asso�ciation -with him, the dog, at once our faithful friend, gallant protector, and useful servant, is in danger of being proscribed altogether. Many of those who are otherwise warmly attached to the animal, yet dare not indulge in the pleasure of his company, from a totally unnecessary dread, grounded on a supposition that he can become rabid from a variety of other cir�cumstances besides the bite of another affected doer. We -would beg to assure those Avho think thus, that they are entirely in error: nothing but successful in�oculation can produce it; nor, out of those actually bitten, do more than a third, probably, become mad, even when an effectual inoculation has been made ; thus, there is little reason for all the alarm that is felt. The disease never makes its first appearance with any mischievous tendency: indeed, so little danger is there from the early stage of the complaint, that we should entertain no fear whatever were we confined altogether day and night in the same room with half a dozen dogs, all duly inoculated with rabid virus. The slightest degree of attention will always

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detect some peculiarity in the affected dog's manner� some departure from his usual liabits ; and this may be observed one day at least, commonly two days, before the more active symptoms commence, or before any mischievous disposition shows itself; and which, at the worst, is not often practised towards those they are habituated to, if not meddled with. In a great number of the cases that occur, no mischievous dis�position at all appears towards human persons through the whole complaint, except it be called forth by opposition and violence; which consideration tends to reduce danger still more materially. It ought likewise, in no small degree, to lessen the dread and fear of this malady, even when the worst has hap�pened and a human person has been unfortunately bitten by a rabid animal, that a ready, simple, and efficacious remedy is still at hand, the application of which is attended with little inconvenience, while the consequences are certainly productive of all the safety that can be wished for. On this immediate part of the subject, however, we are well aware that intense mental dread is often excited. From simple fear of the consequences many have died ; many others have been rendered temporarily insane, and some perma�nently so. AYould we could instil into such minds the uncertainty of the disease appearing at all, even when no means have been used; and the perfect security they may feel, who have submitted to the pi'eventive treatment detailed. Mr. Elaine was bitten several times, � Mr. Youatt several also; yet in neither of them was any dread occasioned: their experience taught them the absolute certainty of the preventive means; and such we take on us to pro�nounce they always prove, when performed with dexterity and judgment. It unfortunately happens that these prejudices and fears are too often very deep rooted, and even immovable. What is then to

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be done ? Is nothing to be attempted ? Yes: we will hope that a physician may be found for the mind also in the judicious medical attendant on the case; to whom we hardly need hint, that, in those desper�ate instances of mental excitement, it is totally in vain to argute down the needless dread and imaginary dangers fostered in a distempered mind: it is still more useless, it would be even cruel, to be offended or made harsh by them. Xo one, we presume, would harass himself with fear could he avoid it � fear weakens the mind, and it is remarkable that it often makes its greatest inroads on an otherwise powerful one. Arguino; here is reasonius ao-ainst fearful odds;

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it is, in fact, offering reason at the shrine of in�sanity ; for a person so impressed is, to all intents and purposes, on that question, beside himself.

When Mr. Blaine was engaged in practice, he was requested to decide on a suspicious case of a dog, the property of a mercantile gentleman of great respect�ability and talent. He pronounced the dog rabid, and he was destroyed. Some weeks aftenvards he was again requested to visit this gentleman, whom he hardly knew, so great was the change in him dur�ing this short interval. He appeared now bordering on the grave, and to which, had his mind not been administered to, he would have gone. Mr. Blaine had been already informed by his lady, that, soon after the dog alluded to was dead, her husband be�came impressed with the idea, that, as the animal had licked his hands, he was endangered, and should most certainly become rabid also. He had applied to his usual medical attendant, and had also consulted two, if not three physicians; each of whom endeavoured to reason him out of his fears, by assurances that he had incurred no risk at all; that nothing was neces�sary for him but to think no more about the matter. Each visit produced the same assurances, and the

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same faithlessness on Lis part: he retreated from business, forsook all society, loathed his food, and passed his time in pacing his room, waiting the attack.

How was it that not one of his medical advisers touched the only chord that could vibrate on his dis�tempered mind ? It was clear that, he was alive to one impression only, which was a conviction of his danger; and consequently no advice could reach his imagination which did not recognise the same : and none could arouse him which did not at the same time point out, with great confidence, a ready and certain means of averting this fancied danger. On this principle, with the consent of his lady, Mr. Elaine acted; and when he had heard from himself the par�ticulars of his case, that he was certain it was im�possible he could escape from hydrophobia, having had both his hands repeatedly licked by his dog, and that, in fact, he already felt the poison at work, which would soon do its worst, he could but be concerned to observe what havoc one idea only, constantly and erroneously entertained, could make even on a strong mind. Mr. Elaine treated the matter most gravely, condoled with him on the danger incurred, and which he abstained from in any wise lessening; but) at the same time, he ventured on an assurance, that, immi�nent as it was, it was not too late to avert it: on the contrary, that long after the time which had elapsed in his case, Mr. Elaine had treated several others, every one of which had terminated successfully ; and that, if he would submit to have the whole surface of the back of both hands cauterised, he would ensure his safety. He immediately fell in with this idea ; it was a call from the grave, as it were: and Mr. Elaine proceeded at once to prepare for the operation by softening his hands in warm water; after which, he smeared them over with the fusible caustic potash, so

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as effectually to erode the cuticle, without entering very deep. Both hands were then wrapped in poul�tice : he took a gentle opiate that night, and a laxative in the morning. He repeated the process the second day, but mors slightly, and again on the fourth day. The day following the first operation Mr. Blaine dined at his house, when he ate the first solid food he had tasted for a fortnight, was composed, and even cheer�ful ; in fine, from that time a new train was given to his thought: hope took the place of fear; next, cer�tainty succeeded to hope ; and, in three weeks, he was again in his counting-house.

Genus VII. ASTHMA.

Whatever difference there may be between the human asthma, considered as a spasmodic affection, aggravated by paroxysms, and that of our present subject, which may be considered as more allied to morbid alterations resulting from chronic inflamma�tion, yet, in its leading symptoms, it so nearly re�sembles that type of the disease called the aerial, or dry human asthma, as to allow of the application of this popular term.

The inhabitants of country towns and villages can form no just idea of the prevalence and destructive nature of this disease in cities and confined neigh�bourhoods, where it is a most common complaint. It derives its origin from the artificial mode of life forced on pet and fancy dogs, whose close confine�ment and over-feeding lead to an extraordinary ac�cumulation of fat; and, according to the degree in which these predisposing causes have been applied, the disease appears earlier or later in life. In some it comes on at three or four years old; in others, rather less artificially treated, it may not appear till

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seven or eight, but, sooner or later, most dogs confined in close situations, deprived of exercise, and fed with heating and luxurious food, become subjected to it, and as certainly have their lives shortened thereby.

The disease is usually very insidious in its attack, commencing by a slight cough, which returns at un�certain intervals, and is therefore hardly noticed. Gradually, however, it becomes more frequent and troublesome, and assumes its peculiar, harsh, dry, and sonorous character; and is then often mistaken for a bone in the throat, or for sponge having been designedly given. It becomes excited by every change of temperature, food, or position, until, at length, it is almost incessant, and even the sleep is interrupted by it: the breathing is also affected; sometimes very laborious and painful. The irri�tation of the cough frequently excites nausea and sickness; but nothing is brought up except a little frothy mucus from the bronchial passages, where its presence forms the source of the irritation. When the disease is formed, its further progress is quicker or slower as the exciting causes are continued or discon�tinued : the modes also by which it produces its fatal termination are not always the same.

In some cases, the irritation of the cough and the accompanying hectic symptoms emaciates and wears doAvn the animal; in others, the pulmonary conges�tion stops resph'ation, and kills by a sudden suffo�cation ; or the obstruction the blood meets with in its passage through the heart occasions accumulation in the head, and convulsive fits are the precursors of death. Now and then a rupture of the heart or of some large bloodvessels suddenly destroys: but by far the most common termination of the complaint is in dropsy, or serous collections within the chest or belly, or both, but most frequently of the latter. In these cases, the limbs and external parts of the body

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waste, but the belly increases in its size; the legs also swell; the hair stares ; the breathing becomes very laborious ; and, in the end, suffocation ensues.

The morbid appearances, on dissection, are by no means uniform; but in every instance they are con�siderable, particularly within the chest. Adhesions sometimes first attract our notice ; next the substance of the lungs, which is occasionally emphysematous from ruptured air-cells, and they slightly crepitate under the touch. We have also found a muco-puru-lent extravasation within the air-cells ; but the ap�pearance most common to them has been, a total change of their natural structure into a granular bluish mass. In some instances, a translation of the external fat was found to have taken place from without, inwards, by which the diaphragm, large vessels, and the interstitial membranes of the chest, becoming obstructed and overcharged with adipose substance, the respiratory functions were at length totally suspended. The abdominal viscera are often but little affected ; occasionally, however, the mesen-teric glands are enlarged, and the liver almost with�out any bile ; and still more frequently the spleen particularly has been found greatly enlarged and diseased.

The cure of the disease is always a matter of much uncertainty; and, unless it be attempted in the first stages, and before visceral injury has proceeded too far, the chances of complete recovery are but small. Yet we may often palliate the symptoms. Artificial habits, particularly those of want of air and exercise, with superabundance of food, being in nine cases out of ten the cause, it is evident that without these are in future rigorously and judiciously attended to, me�dicine will avail little. It is unfortunate that the accumulation of fat is, in some dogs, so much a disease, that even a very small quantity of food will

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fatten ; but even that quantity must, however, be still further reduced, so as to produce its absorption, or it will be in vain to hope for amendment: means to effect Avhich are detailed under the head Feeding. An airy place ought to be allowed the animal to sleep in; but, above all, regular and judicious exercise must be given ; not violent, but gentle and long-continued. The lessening of the accumulated fat will be mate�rially assisted by a regular exhibition of purgatives once or twice a week. Bleeding now and then gives a temporary relief; and in the incipient stages, when there is any suspicion of inflammatory action going on in the air vessels, is proper; but in the advanced stages, it seldom does much good.

Of the various remedial plans we have pursued, none have appeared more uniformly beneficial than a course of emetics, steadily persisted in twice a week. In the intermediate days alteratives were administered, with the occasional use of a purgative, provided the dog was strong, fat, and plethoric; otherwise this was dispensed with; but it should be remembered, that this remedial plan must be uniformly and long con�tinued to ensure permanent benefit.

On the morning that the emetic is given, the al�terative should be omitted. In addition to this treat�ment, much benefit has been found to arise from the use of expectorants, which should be given daily, with occasional doses of the alterative medicine.

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SECOND DIVISION OF TEE DISEASES OF DOGS.

ASTHENICiE.

Okdek I. MAECORES.

Genus I. MARASMUS.

ATROPIIIA TABES.

Wasting of the body from failure of the vital powers, or in premature debility. Tabes is symp�tomatic of diseased mesenteric glands: it mav be caused by indigestion, by starvation, and by any de�bilitating causes. It occurs chiefly in young dogs. The objects of it, present a stinted growth, bowed legs, with the elbows directed outwards, coat staring, the belly pendulous, and a countenance of peculiar sharp�ness and sagacity.

The treatment should consist in changing the food and allowing the animal plenty of air and exercise. Give a mild mercurial aperient every third day, and a tonic pill on the intermediate days.

Order II. ADYNAMIJE. Genus I. ICTERUS.

JAUNDICE.

Dogs are subject to attacks of jaundice frequently connected with disease in other organs. It generally proceeds from maltreatment either in the care of the dog, subjecting him to over-exertion, cold, and im�proper food, or from obstruction in the ductus com-munis choledochus. It exhibits itself by yellowness of the eyes and skin, urine tinged with bile, obstinate costiveness, or diarrhoea: sometimes there is a feverish heat and dryness of the skin.

Wquot;

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The treatment should consist in the removal of the obstruction in the ductus choledochus, which may be done by the Pil. Hydrarg, with Pulv. Rhei, giving at the same time the Liquor Potassa; as a detergent. Great care should be taken in the diet, that it is

ht and wholesome.

Order III. CACHEXIiE.

Genus I. RHEUMATISMUS.

KIIE�MATISII.

There is no disease, except distemper and mange, to which dogs are so liable, as to a rheumatic affection of some part or other of the body. Rheumatism pre�sents almost as many varieties in dogs as it does in man ; and it has some peculiarities that are observed in the dog only. A very extraordinary one is, that rheumatism never exists in a dog without its affecting the bowels ; that is, whatever part of the body be�comes rheumatic, either an active rheumatic inflam�mation will be found to exist in the bowels also, or they will be attacked with a painful torpor; and, in either case, costiveness will be commonly present. The most usual form of this complaint is one which is very similar to the human lumbago. In this case a dog is, in general, seized with a partial or total loss of the use of his hind legs; his back, particularly about the loins, appears tender and painful to the touch. He screams on being moved; his belly is hot, very painful, and vei-y sensible to pressure. The nose is hot also, the mouth dry, and the pulse considerably increased in frequency. Sometimes the paralysis is not confined wholly to the hinder legs; but the fore legs are partly or completely paralysed, and helpless also. It seldom attacks the smaller joints, but con�fines itself to the trunk and upper portions of the

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extremities; neither does it wander, as the human rheumatism, from place to place, but usually remains where it first attacked.

A certain prognostic of the termination of this acute type of the complaint is very difficult to form ; for, in some cases, the limbs recover themselves very speedily, in others more slowly: while, not unfre-quently, the paralysis remains through life, and when confined to the hinder extremities, the animal drags them after him as long as he lives, or he gets the habit of carrying them completely from the ground by the strength of his fore quarters. When the paralysis is universal, the chance of perfect recovery is less than when it is partial; though, from this also, dogs do now and then recover by active and judicious medical treatment. It is to be remarked, however, that too often, although the general health may be established, yet some weakness will remain in the loins and ex�tremities : but more particularly it may be regarded as a rule, from which there are few deviations, that, when a dog has once had rheumatism, he will be ex�tremely liable to it again on the access of cold.

There is a singular variety of rheumatism that seems to be combined with a spasmodic affection, which peculiarly affects the neck, occasioning swell�ing, stiffness, and extreme tenderness of the part. Sometimes also it affects, at the same time, one or both fore legs, and it is then called kennel lameness; but even here the attack on such distant parts appears to be more symptomatic than idiopathic, for the bowels are always affected, and it happens invariably, that, when they are relieved, the violence of the com�plaint is always mitigated in the limbs or neck. We have not found any one kind of dog to be naturally more prone to rheumatic affections than another: all seem alike subject to them; but those become most so that live most artificially, and such as are usually

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kept warm, but become accidentally exposed to wet or cold. The spring produces more instances of this disease than any other time of the year, probably from the prevalence of easterly winds at that season.

Rheumatism is caused by the redundancy and de�posit of ly thia, in combination with soda ; the natural excretion of lythia, or urea, by the kidneys at the same time being deficient. It is produceable by ex�posure to cold or damp. Thus dogs improperly bathed after very severe exertion will bring it on : damp and unsuitable kennels will also produce it.

In the treatment of rheumatism, the first thing is to attend particularly and promptly to the bowels. Give a good dose of the oleum ricini; let the animal be well rubbed with a rough cloth, and wrapped up in a blanket. As soon as the medicine has acted give the following: �

IJo Misturae Guaiaci .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;gvj.

Liquoris Colchici .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; m xx�xxv.

Antimonii Tart. ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gr. j-

Liquoris Opii Sedativi . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; m xxx�xl.

Dosis sect;ss ter quaterve in die.

Keep the bowels open by occasional doses of the oleum Jacobi. The affected parts should be rubbed once a day with the Lint. Terebinth. Sapo. Comp.

Oedek III. Genus II. CALCULUS.

C. BENALIS, STONE IN THE KIDNEY.

Calculak concretions have been found in various parts of the dog, in the brain, in most of the glands, and in the intestines. They, however, chiefly exist in the kidneys and bladder.

In these cases the animals suffer much pain, and much emaciation is present: the urine often bloody;

STONE IN THE BLADDER.----RICKETS. . 177

renal calculi being most commonly combinations of urea, or the oxalate of lime, arising generally from a natural redundancy of the elementary matter of deposits. The treatment should be directed to the counteraction of this constitutional tendency by the administration of alkaline medicines with stomachicks. The pain may be relieved by opiates.

C. VESICALIS, STONE IN THE BLADDER.

This is certainly a more common complaint than the last; but unhappily it is seldom that the prac�titioner is called until the calculus is formed. The only remedy is its extraction, which is performed in the same way as in the human subject.

Genus III. RHACHIA.

RICKETS.

Rickets consist in a deficiency of earthy deposit in the bones, with their consequent curvature. It is occasional when it meets with the circumstances of confinement, bad air, filth, and unwholesome food, or the milk of an unhealthy mother. Many whelps, among the fancy breeds of great cities and large towns, are horii with the predisposition, particularly pugs and the smaller sort of bull dogs: there is also a breed of wry-legged terriers that without doubt originated in rickety specimens, which were afterwards cultivated for particular purposes, � as for rabbit-hunting, amp;c. The affection often appears soon after birth, and shows itself by the slow development of the body, except in the head, belly, and joints, all of which enlarge at the expense of the rest of the parts. It attacks all the joints of the extremities: these swell into protuberances, probably from a sympathy in the

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constitution to make up by bulk what the bones want in ponderosity. Cleanliness, good air, free ex�ercise, and wholesome food, will commonly prevent it in the future breeds of such dogs as have shown a disposition co it. As a cure, an invigorating diet, the administration of doses of the hydrarg. c. creta, with the occasional use of tonic bitters if the appetite fails, or the digestion should appear defective, will answer the intention.

Genus IV. OBESITAS.

Among the various defects in condition, obesity, or an overloading of the adipose matter or fat of the body, is one of the most common. A proper plump�ness of appearance denotes health; but when the animal oil becomes inordinately disproportionate to the other parts of the body, it proves a source of numerous diseases. The natural tendency of dogs to become fat is considerable; any dog may be made so by moderate feeding only, with little exercise. Provided the accumulation has been quick, the dog may be reduced to his former state without prejudice; but, when a dog gradually accumulates much fat from over-feeding and confinement, then the accu�mulation itself becomes so completely a disease, that even exercise and abstinence will not always wholly reduce him ; for the formation of the adipose sub�stance is so habitual a work of the constitution, that, however little food the animal takes, short of starva�tion, that little goes to the formation of animal oil. The truth of this may be known by the notorious fact, that many fat dogs eat but very little.

There ai'e, therefore, two sources of obesity ; one is over-feeding; the other is want of exercise: and when, as is very frequently the case, both causes happen to

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meet in the same subject, then the accumulation is certain. When dogs are over-fed, whatever is taken into the body more than the general secretions re�quire, is either converted into fat, or forms some other unusual secretion ; as a purulent flow from the ears in canker, or scabs on the skin in mange. Ex�ercise increases all the usual secretions ; hence, under strong exercise, more nutriment is required; and thus, in such cases, full feeding does not produce fat: but, in full exercise, provided some of the secretions are stopped, though the others may be in full force, yet an inordinate quantity of animal oil is apt to form : thus spayed bitches and castrated dogs usually become fat, however they may work, because in them the sexual secretions are inert.

Fat more readily accumulates in middle-aged and old dogs than in the young; and the adeps of old dogs is more hurtful to them than that of the young ; the reason of which appears to be, that all aged animals have their fat placed more inwardly, while in the younger ones it is found more upon the surface of the body. A state of excessive fatness is an almost certain forerunner of asthma. It is also the parent of mange, canker, and other eruptive diseases; and not unfrequently it occasions epilepsy, from the pres�sure it produces on the vessels of the head and chest. We have also seen an excessive deposition of fat within the chest, particularly around the heart and large vessels, which has terminated by a rupture of one or the other of them. The treatment consists in a total change of diet, both in quality and quantity, plenty of exercise, the administration of iodine and purgatives.

N 2

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Genus V. IIYDROPS.

DROPSY

Is by no means uncommon in canine pathology. Dogs are subject to H. cellularis (dropsy of the skin), which consists of a watery deposit in the cellular tissue, sometimes general, and other times only af�fecting depending parts.

IT. thoracis, or dropsy of the chest, is manifested by the extreme uneasiness the dog shows when he lies down, and by his attempts, under such circumstances, to elevate his head. The chest will also appear full and swollen, and the water within may be generally heard on auscultation. The beating of the heart will like�wise afford a decided characteristic of the complaint; for the hand, placed on one side of the chest, Avill be affected with a kind of thrill, very different from the usual sensation presented by the beating of the heart of a healthy dog.

The cure may be attempted by the means after mentioned; but we have hitherto found the disease fatal in every acute case, without exception. In both the chronic and acute it may not be amiss to try the effects of paracentesis, or the operation of letting out the dropsical accumulation, which will afford the only chance of cure.

The operation of paracentesis thoracis, or puncturing the chest, is neither a complex nor a dangerous one, if only a moderate caution be used. Make an opening through the integuments, by means of a lancet, near the anterior edge of the eighth or ninth rib, about the termination of the bony portion of the rib into its cartilaginous addition, which will be readily detected by the touch. Previous to making the opening, draw the skin a little to one side, to ensure a ready closing of the cavity against the entrance of the ex-

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ternal air. Carefully introduce a small trochar, rather upward and backward, so far only as just to penetrate the pleura, which will be known by a gush of fluid: now withdraw the trochar and push the canula a little forward, to evacuate the fluid effec�tually. If both cavities are found dropsical, open the other side also; which done, close the opening or openings with adhesive plaister, and bandage over it. H. ahdominis. � This is not an uncommon disease witli dogs; and a prodigious quantity of water is sometimes accumulated within the abdomen. The causes of the disease are various. Among the most common are long continued asthma ; a diseased state of either the liver, peritoneum, or spleen; marasmus mescntericas; and old, virulent, and wholly neg�lected skin affections, particularly mange. The serous accumulation is sometimes slow, at others very rapid ; and the symptoms that precede the attack are, of course, as various as the causes that produce it. In

some cases the forerunner is a harsh cou

h ; in other

instances nothing is observed but a ravenous

ap-

petite ; and the dog, although he may eat an ad�ditional quantity, yet he will waste in flesh. Gra�dually, however, his belly begins to swell, and grows round, hard, and shining. The breathing becomes quick and laborious, and he lies down with difficulty; he drinks much; and, though in the early stages he may eat heartily, yet, as the disease advances, his appetite fails, and, sooner or later, he becomes suf�focated from the impediment to the free action of the lungs.

Dropsy of the abdomen may be distinguished from fat by the particular tumour that the belly forms, which, in dropsy, hangs pendulous, while, at the same time, the back bone sticks up, and the hips appear prominent through the skin: the hair stares also, and the feel of the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may

S 3

mmmmm

182

DROPSY.

be distinguished from pregnancy by the teats, which always enlarge as gestation advances ; neither has the impregnated belly, however full, that tight tense feel, nor the shining appearance, observed in dropsy : there may be also foetal inequalities distinguished in it; and when pregnancy is at all advanced, the young may be felt to move. The most unequivocal mode, however, of detecting the presence of water is by the touch. If the right hand be laid on one side of the belly, and the other side is gently struck with the left, an undulating motion will be perceived, exactly similar to what would be felt by placing one hand on a bladder of water, and striking it with the other.

Hydrocephalus is the result of previous inflam�mation of the membranes of the brain.

//. ovarii is to a certain extent common in bitches: it is generally slow in its progress, and may be de�tected by a heavy intumescence about the iliac region, on one or both sides, enlarging the whole abdomen. Fatal.

In all cases of dropsy the treatment consists, firstly, in opposing the causes, and restoring the general tone; and, secondly, in removing the accumulation of water by diurectics, diaphoretics, and hydragogue cathartics, or by the operation of tapping, which opera�tion is performed the same as in the human subject.

Under the class of diseases which we have just been describing, it remains only for us to state that dogs suffer from Cataract, which we cannot remove, from Struma; of this genus is phthysis, or the in�flammation caused by tubercular deposits in the lungs; and from tubercular obstruction and enlarge�ment of the mesenteric glands; for these diseases Iodine is the favourite remedy.

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Order IV. PARISITICiE.

Diseases which depend upon the presence of parisi-tical animalcules, which can only exist in weakly-habits.

Genus I. SCABIES.

ITCH OE MANGE.

This cutaneous affection is very common among dogs of every variety, and is observed in the cat, the fox, and wolf: it is not altogether unusual to find a dead fox so mangy, as apparently to have been destroyed by its virulence. It has been compared to itch in the human, and not without justice; as, if we are not greatly mistaken, the canine mange is capable of pro�ducing the human itch : but, whether the human itch can be given to dogs, is a point which our experience does not enable us to determine. The canine mange is a chronic inflammation of the skin, dependent, in some instances, on a morbid constitutional action; it ,is infectious also, from miasms produced from animal exhalations; and it is notoriously contagious from personal communication with one affected. It is not, however, so completely contagious, in all its varieties, as is supposed, for we have known dogs to sleep with affected ones for some time without becom�ing mangy ; but in the majority of cases it is other�wise; and in some the pi'edisposition to it is such, that almost simple and momentary contact will pro�duce it. The mange which is received by contagion is more readily given to another than that which is

amp;

enerated. The uniform presence of animalculi

within the psoric pustules has revived the idea that it originates in the attack of acari.

Mange is also hereditary. � A bitch, pregnant by a mangy dog, is very liable to produce mangy puppies;

K 4

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but the progeny of a mangy bitch is certain to be�come affected sooner or later; and we have seen puppies covered with it when a few days old. The morbid action by which mange is generated is excited in various ways and by various causes. When a number of dogs are confined together, the acrid cfHuvia of their transpiration and urine begets a miasm productive of a virulent mange, very difficult to be removed. Close confinement, with salted food, is even more certainly productive of mange: thus dogs, who have come from distant countries, on ship�board, are generally affected with it. Very high living, with little exercise, is a frequent cause : a state nearly approaching to stai'vation is also not unfavour�able to it. In both these apparent contrarieties the balance between the skin and the digestive functions is not preserved, and the disease follows as a neces�sary consequence. The disease has some permanent and fixed varieties: it has also some anomalies; but the pruritus or itching is common to all.

The scabby mange, one of the most common forms under which this eruptive complaint appears, is an extension of the secretory pores of the skin in very minute red vesicles, that at first are distinct, but as they extend become pustular, confluent, and scabby. Sometimes simple linear cracks of the cuticle seem to pour out a serous fluid, which concretes into a scab. It is occasionally confined to the back; at others it is found principally in the joints of the extremities.

The red mange, so called from a redness of both skin and hair in the parts affected, is likewise not unfrequent, and partakes much of an herpetic character. In this variety there is less pustular eruption, but nearly the whole skin of the body, particularly in white-haired dogs, is in a state of active inflammation: it is also hot to the feel, and itches intolerably. In the red mange the hair itself

MANGE.

185

becomes morbidly affected, and alters in its colour, particularly about the extremities: it also falls off, and leaves the skin bare, much thickened, and puckered into stubborn wrinkles. Dogs with the strong coarse hair called wired are very liable to this state; in which a magnifying glass applied will often detect innumerable minute ulcerations covered by furfuraceous scales.

A direct laceration of the sebaceous glands is another form of mange, but is much less frequent than either of the former: these glands in this state appear to become internally ulcerated, and have their sebaceous outlet preternaturally enlarged. The affection seldom shows itself universally, but partially, as over the face, around the joints, and in solitary patches over the rest of the body. The diseased parts are tumid, shining, and look spongy; from the little openings of which a moisture, between mucus and pus, issues. We have not observed this affection but in the lareer breeds of clogs ; and usually, we think, in pointers and setters. We have seen it almost entirely confined to the eyelids.

A cutimlar eruption, called surfeit, is a fourth ap�pearance that mange frequently assumes. It seems, in many cases, the consequence of some active inflam�matory state of the constitution, frequently of some great local internal inflammation ; in which cases it puts on something of an acute form. It sometimes breaks out suddenly in bitches after pupping, and in dogs newly recovered from distemper; in fact, any great vascular excitement may produce it: thus, when a dog travels during a great part of a very hot day, and becomes afterwards exposed to cold, a surfeit is oftentimes the consequence. It is usually seen in the form of partial blotches, it being seldom that it extends universally over the body. In some cases there is little appearance of elevated scab; but large

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patches show themselves, from which the hair has fallen, and left the skin bare and rough from the branny scaly eruption, which itches with more or less violence. Some sportsmen allege that a surfeit is sometimes occasioned by giving food in a hot state. Salt provisions have certainly brought it on; and long-continued feeding on oat or barley-meal has done the same.

Acute mange.� Besides that variety just noticed, there is yet a more directly acute form of the com�plaint, which puts on an appearance not unlike erysipelas in some instances; in others a pure erythema, or red efflorescence; but more frequently it is accompanied with some ulceration. It com�mences by a direct febrile attack, with panting, heat, and restlessness ; next some part of the body (usually the head) begins to swell, which, on the second or third day, gives place to ulceration of the nose, eyelids, lips, ears, neck, amp;c. This ulceration proves super�ficial, but extensive; and continues a longer or shorter period, as the treatment is more or less judicious. Bleeding, aperients, and febrifuges, form the consti�tutional remedies; the topical ones are tepid fomen�tations the first two days; and, when the tumefaction has given place to ulceration, the application of a. cooling unguent of superacetate of lead, with sper�maceti ointment, will be proper. What remains of the affection, in a week or ten days' time, may be treated as common mange.

The anomalies of mange are numerous; among them may be reckoned the acute variety just noticed, but which was appended to surfeit, from some simi�larity it possessed to that form of the complaint. Local mange, as an anomaly, exists under as many forms as the parts it attacks. Almost every eruptive complaint may degenerate into mange, such is the predisposition in all the carnivora to psoric and her-

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petic affections. Those that deserve specification are canker both within and without the ear, which will follow in due order.

Inflamed scrotum is of the mange variety. Ul�cerated eyelids are of the like kind.

Mange is apt to be considered more troublesome than hurtful, which is a great error; for it is not only invariably hurtful, but very often fatal also: when long continued, it frequently ends in dropsy. It sometimes diseases the mesenteric glands, and the subjects of it die tabid: neither in any case can it be neglected with impunity. In sporting dogs it is injurious to their qualities as well as their health: their scent invariably becomes impaired, and their general powers are always weakened by its irritation.

Recent researches have thrown new light upon both the causes and treatment of mange.

We now describe it as a disease of a normal cha�racter,� a vesicular, pustular, and papular eruption of minute pimples, with intolerable itching ; the blood, which is effused by scratching, drying into small scabs : � caused by the acarus scabei, which burrows and breeds under the skin.

The treatment of mange should be both external and internal. In mild cases a solution of sulphate of zinc or sulphur ointment may be found sufficient; but we have found nothing so efficacious, as a general remedy, as one part of the oleum petroleum to two parts of olive oil. This should be applied twice or three times, at intervals of four or five days, at the expiration of which the dog should be well washed with soft soap and warm water. Any irritation that may afterwards remain is effectually removed by the application of the Ung. Hydrarg. Pracip. Rub. fort, rubbed into the parts affected every other day.

With regard to the internal treatment, the feeding, amp;c. should be the first thins attended to: it almost

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invariably happens that this has been injudicious, and, therefore, it should be immediately changed both in quantity and quality. If the dog has been fed on animal food, a total change to vegetable diet Avill assist the cure very materially; if entirely on vegetable, mixed food should be given. In some cases it lias been found needful to bleed and insert Betons; but, in the generality of cases, it is only re�quisite to give a regular course of alterative medicine with an occasional purging dose.

The skin of dogs are also invested with pediculi or lice, pulices or fleas, amp;c.; and it is frequently neces�sary to dress them to get rid of these troublesome companions. The tar dressing recommended for mange will be found the best for this purpose, for the dogs do not like to lick it. They should have some deal shavings to sleep upon, and the kennels should be well fumigated. Ilydatids are occasionally

found in debilitated do

Genus II. VEEMES INTESTINALES.

INTESTINAL WOIOIS.

Of those worms which appear indigenous to the intes�tines of the dog, the kenia, or tape Avorm, from its flat figure, is the most prejudicial, and the most difficult to remove. We have known four or five hundred joints (each a distinct animal) passed by a dog, whose united length would encircle his body many times. Sometimes they become coiled up into a ball, which thus forms an impenetrable obstruction within the intestines, and destroys the dog.

The teres, or long cylindrical worms, resembling earthworms in figure, but of a whitish colour, are the most common to dogs; and, when existing in great numbers, particularly in puppies and young ones, sometimes prove fatal by the convulsions the}-

INTESTINAL WOUMS.

189

occasion. In distemper they greatly aggravate the symptoms; so much so, that to destroy them fre�quently cures the dog. The natural situation of these worms is within the intestines; but they some�times crawl from them into the stomach, and are then brought up by the sickness they occasion.

The ascarides, or small thread-worms, likewise oc�casionally infest dogs, residing principally within the rectum. They produce an intolerable itching in the parts behind, to relieve which, those troubled with them are seen continually drawing the anus along the ground. Except by the irritation occasioned, which may weaken when it is excessive, they do not appear to do much internal injury. The con�stitution of some dogs appears particularly favour�able to the generation of worms; for destroy them as often as you will, they soon return again. Puppies, during every stage of their growth, are very liable to them: in many, the increase of the body appears checked by their ravages. The entozoa family of worms, fortunately, are not very frequently found in dogs; but, nevertheless, when they are there, they are capable of doing infinite mischief, by their attack on the air passages throughout, and even penetrating to the heart itself. quot;Worms of the ascaris marginata kind affect the stomach and intestines of young does, and cause much mischief; but of the passages, none suffer so many attacks as the nasal cavities.

The presence of worms, when they exist in con�siderable numbers, is easily detected; for such a dog has usually a slight cough, his coat stares, he eats voraciously, yet seldom fattens: his evacuations prove a most unequivocal symptom, for they are in such cases peculiarly irregular, being at one time loose and slimy, and at another more hard and dry than natural. The belly likewise is often tense and enlarged. When very young dogs have worms, the

#9632; #9632;

190nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INTESTINAL WOEJIS.

first that pass are seldom noticed, for they seem to affect the health but little; but gradually, as they increase, purging becomes more frequent, and the animal, though lively, becomes emaciated, his appe�tite irregular, his nose hot and dry, and his breath foetid. The growth likewise appears stationary and in this way it is very common for him to con�tinue, till a fit or two carries him off, or he dies tabitl. In adult dogs worms are less fatal, though, from the obstructions they form, they sometimes kill them likewise ; and they always occasion a rough unhealthy coat, with a hot nose and foetid breath: and in both the young and the full grown they occa�sionally produce epileptic fits. It does not follow, because no worms are seen to pass away, that one who exhibits the other symptoms of them has none; neither, when they are not seen, does it follow even that none pass; for, if they remain long in the intestines after they are dead, they become digested like other animal matter.

The treatment of worm cases in dogs has been like that of the human, and the remedies employed have been intended either to destroy the worms within the body, or otherwise to drive them mechanically, as it were, out of the bowels by active purgatives: but, as these latter means were violent (for, without the very mucus of the bowels, as well as the fasces, Avere expelled, no benefit was derived from them), so the remedy, in many instances, became worse than the disease. Many substances have, therefore, been tried, in hopes of destroying these animals within the body; and it is evident that anything that could certainly do this would be most important, as it would obviate the necessity of having recourse to the violent purgative means heretofore employed.

For this purpose, substances which present small spiculi, or points, have been found the best adapted

PILES.

191

for the destruction of worms, by abrading their ex�ternal or internal surfaces, and that Avithout in the slightest degree injuring the patient. Among hunts-' men and gamekeepers, glass, very finely powdered, is a very favourite remedy. An old man of this de�scription, in Buckinghamshire, was famed for worm killing in dogs, and his only means used was glass finely powdered, and given as a ball. Mr. Youatt also recommends the same; and, as far as our ex�perience goes, it is a certain remedy. We have given it in a ball with a little ginger every day, with two or three of the pills below occasionally.


sect;, Ext. Colocynth.	.	3ij-
Ext. Jalap.	#9632; � a �	3j.
Sapo Castil.	.	3jss.
Guaiacum	� � . .	Siij-
Antimon. Tart.	...	gr. vdj
01. Terebinth, et Carui. .		nUv.
Syrup Buckthorr	, q. s.
Fiat massa	et divide in Pil. 64.

Class II. Order V. ECTOPI^E.

Genus I. MAEISCA.

PILES.

Dogs are very subject to piles, which consist of livid and painful enlargements about the verge of the anus ; often with discharge of mucus or blood. The complaint is brought on by confinement, heat, and heating food. The treatment consists in removing, as far as possible, the causes of the complaint, by the administration of cooling aperient medicine, and anointing the parts affected with the Ung. Hydrarg. Praecip. Rub.

If the treatment of piles is neglected, or circum�stances occur by which the rectum becomes abraded.

192

FISTULA IN ANO.

inflammation and ulceration take place, which not unfrequently terminates in a fistulous opening in the quot; anus. A mere external fistula, or opening by the side of the anus, not communicating with the rec�tum, may, in general, be cured by any mild stimu�lant daily inserted to the bottom: but an internal one, by which is meant a fistulous communication between the rectum and the external opening, which buries itself into the cellular tissues around it, will usually require an operation for its cure. A probe-pointed bistoury must be passed up the fistulous ori�fice, while a finger of the unemployed hand is intro�duced within the rectum, which will guide the section to be made. By this means the fistulous cavity formed. in the cellular substance, and that existing in the rectum, are to be laid into one, by dividing it down, from its utmost extent to the verge of the anus. When a true fistulous opening exists, (but not communicating with the intestine which is very seldom the case in the dog), the point of the bistoury, when it has been passed up to the limits of the external wound, must be forced through the intestine and then carried downward. It must, how�ever, be remarked, that when this latter fistula is the consequence of external violence, it should not be so treated until fully tried by stimulants; to which, as before observed, it will commonly yield without an operation. The section being made, introduce lint dipped in the compound tincture of benzoin between the edges of the wound, and into the sinuous hollow; keeping the body during the cure gently open.

DIARRIICEA, OR PROFUSE PURGING.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 193

Class II. Order VI. PROFLUVIiE. Genus I. DIARRIKEA.

DIAERIKEA, OR PROFUSE PURGIXG.

Dogs are subject, under various morbid affections, to looseness of bowels. It is one of the most common and obstinate symptoms in distemper ; and in that complaint the evacuations are of a very variable quantity, colour, and consistence; sometimes glairy, at others thin and watery; often frothy, pale, and in small quantity ; now lead-coloured, and then bloody. In bilious purging they are yellow or black ; and when worms exist, they change frequently, but usually have some glaire, and are often frothy also. When diarrhcea continues for many days, the rectum be�comes inflamed and slightly ulcerated within the anus, by which constant irritation and tenesmus are kept up ; and the poor animal, feeling as though he wanted to evacuate, is continually trying to bring something away. On observing this, persons are frequently led into error ; for, under a supposition that there exists actual costiveness at the time, they ' give purgative medicine, which greatly aggravates the complaint, and frequently destroys the dog. When the diarrhoea is considerable, there is always violent thirst, and cold water is sought after with great eagerness; but which increases the evil, and, there�fore, should be removed, and broth or rice-water substituted in its room. When diarrhcea has con�tinued many days, particularly in the malignant dis�temper, it often takes on something of a dysenteric appearance, from the mucous surface of the intestines becoming inflamed, and throwing off their mucous secretion in great quantities with every motion.

^mmmammmmm^mammmmmm

i i

194nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DIARRIICEA, OR TROFUSE RURGING.

The treatment of diarrhoea must depend on the lio-ht in which we are led to consider it; whether as a disease of itself, or as merely the symptom of some other existing disease. For instance, a bilious purging, which conies on suddenly with violent vomiting, is best removed by evacuants to carry off the vitiated bile from the bowels. In the looseness occasioned by worms also, purgatives or other vermifuges should be made use of to remove the cause, and not astringents, which would merely apply to the effect. But when diarrhcea appears an idiopathic affection, that is, as a diseased action of the bowels themselves, and also when it is produced by distemper, it should in either case be immediately checked, or it may produce such weakness and emaciation as will destroy the dog. In thedistemper it is particularly necessary to check the looseness very early ; for when it is continued beyond the third or fourth day, its invariable effect is to im�pair the appetite, after which, of course, the weak�ness increases in a double degree.

The remedies employed, when diarrhoea is a pri�mary complaint, are generally either of an absorbent or an astringent nature: but long experience enables us to state, that the diarrhoea of dogs is best com�bated by a proper mixture of both. In the purging which accompanies distemper, however, the disease frequently proves very obstinate, and even baffles every endeavour to remove it. Suet, boiled in milk, has been long a favourite domestic remedy, and in slight cases is equal to the cure. Alum-whey has also proved useful, but more frequently as an injec�tion. Great benefit has also been experienced from an infusion of the inner rind of the barberry, par�ticularly when the evacuations have been glairy and mucus-like. In cases where there has been an ap�pearance of much bile in the stools, and the dog has been strong, we have found it prudent sometimes

DIARRHCEA, OR PROFUSE PURGING.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;195

to premise an emetic of ipecacuanha, after which the following recipe may be used with advantage.

sect;, Pulv. Opii.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gr. v.

Pulv. Catechu .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3ij.

Pulv. Acacifenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5ij.

P. Gretasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Jij.

Pulv. Zingib. .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5ss.

Syrup. Rosas, q.

Misce.

Divide into twelve, nine, or six balls, and give one twice, thrice, or even four times a day according to the symptoms. Let the dog have flour gruel thick�ened with starch.

It is necessary to be aware that the action of astringents is varied and uncertain. In one case one rCmedy only will prove successful,-and in another a very different one will alone do good. But in the looseness that accompanies distemper, it may be ob�served, as a general rule, that absoi'bent astringents succeed best. In some very desperate cases of diar�rhoea, when all other means have failed, we have de�rived great benefit from astringent clysters; and this so frequently, that we would, in all such instances, strongly recommend their adoption. From the be�nefit that is frequently experienced by their use, and from the tenesmus and appearance of the stools, in which a drop or two of blood is squeezed out at the last expulsive effort, we might judge that the rectum, or sometimes the colon, is, in many cases, the principal seat of the complaint, and post-mortem examinations show this to be actually the case.

Astringent clysters may be composed of alum-whey, which is nothing more than milk curdled with alum. Suet, boiled in milk, is also an excellent clyster for the purpose. Boiled starch is likewise a valuable astringent clyster, and, perhaps, is the very best that

o 2

196

GLEET IN DOGS.

can be used. In diarrhoea, it is of the greatest con�sequence that the strength should be supported by liberal but judicious feeding; and it must not be forgotten that, when the appetite ceases, starch, with gravy, should be forced down in small quantities, but often. The animals affected with this complaint should be kept quiet and warm, which treatment must be carefully attended to.

Genus II. BLENORRHCEA.

GLEET IN DOGS.

This affection is not found so frequent among our dogs as it appears to be in those of France. M. Re�nault, of the Alfort veterinary school, describes it �s occurring there very often, and usually under the same form as with us. It presents a purulent dis�charge from the prepuce, which, nevertheless, does not appear to affect the health in general cases. AYe have, however, seen it more virulent, when, having ulcei'ated both the penis and prepuce, it deranges the health. It is to be observed, that it is not commu�nicable by inoculation. It cannot, therefore, be con�sidered as a morbid virus: yet, as it irritates the subjects who are affected with it, it demands our attention. Various means are used to stop this morbid secretion. Injections have been thrown up the sheath, and washes also have been employed of various kinds. Moiroud gives the following, as having proved very successful as an injection, when most other medicaments have failed: �

sect;gt; Bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate) 5'^ss-

Alcohol......|iij.

Distilled water.....ftv.

RETENTION OF THE FiECES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;197

Dilute this still more in the commencement of the treatment by an additional proportion of water. Should this not succeed, employ other astringent Avashes.

Class II. Okdek VII. DYSiETIIESIiE. Genus OBSTIPATIO.

EETEKTION OF THE PIECES.

Dogs, as carnivorous animals, have naturally a con�stipated habit, which is increased in many cases by the bones they receive as food, and which, when given in great quantities, aggravate the natural torpor of their bowels, particularly where they cannot relieve themselves by a natural evacuant in the dog-grass.

Costiveness is productive of numerous evils, by increasing the disposition to mange, and other dis�eases. But it is principally to be avoided, from the danger that the contents of the bowels may accu�mulate and bring on inflammation. Whenever a dog has been costive three days, and one or two moderate aperients have failed of opening the bowels, it is not prudent to push the means of relief farther by more violent purgatives, for this would be apt to hurry the contents of the intestinal canal into one mass, Avliose resistance being too great for the bowels to overcome, inflammation follows. Mild aperients may be continued, but clysters are principally to be depended upon. In such cases the introduction of the clyster pipe will often detect a hardened mass of excrement. If the action of the pipe, or the opera�tion of the liquid, should not break this down, it is absolutely necessary to introduce the finger, or, in a

o 3

#9632; I

198

RETENTION OF THE FiECES.

very small dog, a lesser apparatus, to bring the mass away. The recurrence of costiveness is best pre�vented by vegetable food and exercise; but, when vegetable food disagrees, or is obstinately refused, boiled liver often proves a good means of counter�acting the complaint.

109

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF DOGS.

WOUNDS.

Dogs are liable to become wounded in various ways, and tbeir wounds, however bad, are not generally much attended to, from an opinion that the animal's tongue is the best dressing. This is very questionable: in some instances, we are certain, no application can be worse to a wounded dog than his own tongue. Whenever dogs arc at all inclined to foulness, � as a tendency to cuticular complaints is called, � a sore so licked is sure to become ulcerous, and to be aggra�vated by the licking.

Wounds into the chest or abdomen should be closed up as soon as possible, to prevent the external air from penetrating : a stitch or two made in the integuments is proper; over which some adhesive plaister, and a bandage over that, may be applied. (We have found the Avhite of an ess; and some flour well beaten to-gether, or a good thick paste, to answer the best.) If the intestines protrude in a wounded abdomen, and the bowels are themselves wounded, first neatlv stitch up the intestinal opening, and return the bowel, then close the wound in the integuments, leaving the thread which united it, if long enough, hanging with�out the external wound.

In wounds of arteries or veins, the h�emorrhage should be stopped by pressure : should that not suc-

o 4

200nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; WOUNDS.

cced, take up the vessel with needle and thread. Wounds into joints occur from cuts, and often from stubs : great inflammation is apt to follow, and the dog often lamed for life. If the synovia escapes by a very minute puncture, and the inflammation is not very extensive, treat exactly as in veterinary practice, by firing with the budding-iron. If the wound be a lacerated one, and not already much inflamed, place over it a pledget of lint, and over that a thick paste of linseed meal; after which, band�age the whole up moderately tight. Should the inflammation be great, reduce that by a common poultice, and then endeavour to close the joint as above.

In all extensive and lacerated tcounds, a stitch or two should be made with a metallic suture, as it will reduce botli the sore and the scar. A recent wound should be cleansed from the dirt, and then covered up: when it begins to suppurate, dress with mild digestive ointment. In thorn wounds, or others made with splinters, carefully examine that nothing is left within them, otherwise no attempts to produce heal�ing will prove successful. The most common wounds in dogs arise from the bites of others; and under such circumstance, should suspicion arise that the dog was mad by which the wounded one was bit�ten, proceed as directed under Babies. The wounds arising from common bites in genei'al soon heal of themselves: if, however, they are very extensive, wash them with friar's balsam, to prevent their be-

coming gangrenous.

Fistidons wounds, in glandular parts, often prove very obstinate. In such cases, means must be taken to get at the bottom of the sinus, and to raise a more healthy inflammation therein; which may be done either by injecting something stimulant into it, as a vitriolic wash, or by passing a scton through it.

ULCEROUS AFFECTIONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 201

Some fistulous wounds�such as those in the feet and about the joints � will often not heal, because either the bones or the capsular ligaments are diseased : in such the wound requires to be laid open to the bottom, and to be stimulated with tui'pentine liniment, or with tincture of Spanish flies, daily, till the diseased bone or ligament is thrown off, when a healing pro�cess will immediately commence.

ULCEROUS AFFECTIONS.

Dogs are subject to ulceration of various parts of the body, and such state is dependent on very dif�ferent causes. A very malignant ulcer sometimes breaks out in the lips, face, or neck in distemper. In virulent canker, the internal and sometimes the external ear also becomes attacked with extensive ulceration: we have even seen it proceed so far as to destroy the dog. The eyes become frequently ulcer�ated in distemper; but cure the distemper, and the eyes reinstate themselves, although the ulcerative process was very considerable.

The hlain is an ulcerous affection of the sides and under surfiicc of the tongue, which sometimes ex�tends into the cheek. It is often attributed by country people to being poisoned with eating some herb, or by killing a toad or serpent, or by other equally sapient causes. It is sometimes attended with con�stitutional disturbance; in others it interferes but little with it. In the former case give antimonial powder in doses of two or three grains, twice a-day: when there is no constitutional disturbance, attend principally to the blain or vesicles, which will be seen as lai'ge livid bladders studding the sides and under surface of the tongue. Lay these open, and wash with a solution of zinc or alum several times a-day.

202nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ULCKUOU� AFFECTIONS.

Glandular parts in dogs arc very liable to ulcera-tion; the most common among which arc the teats in bitches. The vagina, sheath, or bearing, and some�times the womb also, are found to be affected Avith a morbid ulcerous state, which is very usually accom�panied with a fungous excrescence, from which blood exudes, or a bloody ichor. This disease participates more of the nature of cancer than any other to which dogs are generally liable.

The penis is likewise the subject of an ulcerous affection, which is also commonly accompanied with a spongy fungous excrescence, exuding a bloody ichor; but it does not erode the neighbouring parts, and appears to partake more of the nature of a vas�cular Avarty substance than that of cancer. This state of fungous excrescence on the penis is often mistaken for a disease of the kidneys or bladder. A Icav drops of bloody fluid appear uoav and then to come from the doo-; and as in the act of makino-Avater the last effort squeezes the fungus, and forces a drop or tAvo at that time, so it is concluded that cither the urethra, or the kidneys, or bladder is affected. But if the dog be held, and the prepuce stripped doAvn, so as to expose the penis throughout, there Avill generally be found one or more large fungous knobs, from Avhich this bloody secretion proceeds.

The cure consists in removing every one of these excrescences, carefully and completely, with the knife, leaving no part of the base or pedicle of each ; having so done, sprinkle the excised part with a little alum in fine powder or lunar caustic, repeating the dressing every other or every third day.

ULCEEATION IN THE EAE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 203

ULCEEATION IN THE EAE, COMMONLY CALLED CAJ3KEE.

Feom confinement and luxurious living dogs become subjected to various complaints, that evidently arise from the formation of too great a quantity of blood; which, not being spent in support of the body, finds other outlets. Canker in the ear is evidently pro�duced by this disposition in the constitution to throw off the superfluity accumulated within. In these cases, the dog is first observed to scratch his ear fre�quently ; on looking within which, a dark red granular appearance is seen, from dried extravasated blood. If the complaint is not stopped in this state it pro�ceeds to ulceration, when the internal part of the ear, instead of being filled with dry blood as before, will be found always moist with purulent matter. The dog now continually shakes his head from the in�tolerable itching; and if the root of the ear be pressed, the pus within crackles, and much tenderness is expressed. When canker has remained long, the auditory canal becomes closed, and the hearing lost; now and then the ulceration penetrates deeply in�wards, and destroys the dog. We have also known instances where the ulceration has assumed a can�cerous appearance, and extended itself over the face. This complaint appears to have also another source besides over-feeding, heat, and confinement,�which is, the action of water icithin the ears ; for it may be observed, that all dogs who frequent the water much are more disposed to canker than others. Any kind of dog may contract it thus, particularly when aided by artificial habits, as heat, confinement, and high living; but Neicfoundlancl dogs, poodles, and water spaniels are liable to it when not so artificially treated. Perhaps the length of hair around their ears not only keeps these parts hot, but also retains the water within, and thus encoui'ages an afflux of fluids or

204nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�LCEKATION IN TUE EAE.

humours, as they are termed, to them. That the water has this tendency is certain, for we have fre�quently seen it removed by merely keeping such dogs from entering it; that is, in those cases where the feeding and exercise were proportionate, and the fat�ness has not been inordinate.

The treatment, it is rational to conclude, must be either simple or complicated, according to the cause producing the disease. Whenever there is much ful�ness of habit, and the dog is very fat, or when he has been subjected to much confinement in a hot close situation, these circumstances must be immediately rectified. Abstinence and purgatives will reduce the fat; a cooler situation must be chosen, but it must be dry and pure ; exercise also must be allowed, to assist in giving another direction to the fluids. In cases where there are symptoms of constitutional foulness, which show themselves by a red itching skin, stinking coat, and mangy eruptions; in addition to exercise, vegetable diet, cleansing alteratives, and oc�casional purges should be given. In very bad cases a seton may be properly introduced in the neck, and suffered to remain there until the benefit derived from it, is apparent. When the cankered dog is very fat, occasional bleeding is also beneficial.

External applications are likewise essential to the cure, and in some mild cases are all that are necessary, particularly where it may be supposed that swimming much, or too frequent washing, may have principally tended to produce the complaint. In the early stages, a wash, composed of half a drachm of superacetate {sugar) of lead, dissolved in four ounces of rose or rain water, is often all that is necessary. A small tea-spoonful may be introduced (previously warmed to a blood heat, to prevent surprise and consequent resistance) night and morning, rubbing the root of the ear at the same time, to promote the entrance of

CANKER ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE EAR. 205

the wash into the cavities. In more obstinate cases, it is prudent to add fifteen or twenty grains of vi-triolated zinc (white vitriol) to the wash ; and if, in�stead of water, a decoction of oak bark is made use of to rorm the Avash, it will greatly promote the end desired. In some cases, acetate of copper (verdigris), mixed with oil, has proved beneficial when introduced in the same manner. In others, submuriate of quick�silver (calomel) and oil have produced amendment when applied in the same way. A very weak injec�tion of the oxymuriate of quicksilver (corrosive sub�limate) has sometimes succeeded when every other application has failed. A very mild injection of nitrate of silver, as one grain to two ounces of water, has done much good. A seton inserted in the poll has also proved very useful. When the dog is in�clined to resist the introduction of any ear-wash, two assistants are required, one to hold the head of the dog by his muzzle, using the other hand to open the cavity of the root of the ear.

CANKER ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE EAR.

Tins complaint consists of an ill-disposed ulcer, usually situated on the lower edge of the flap or pen�dulous part of one or both ears, dividing it into a kind of slit, the intolerable itching of which occasions it to be kept in a continual state of aggravation by the shaking of the doquot;;'s head. It is not a little re-markable, that whereas long-haired dogs (as New�foundlands, setters, and water-spaniels) are more subject to internal canker of the ear, so smooth-coated dogs (as pointers and hounds) are the only ones in general affected with this outer canker. Pointers and hounds that have been rounded, by having the flap shortened, are therefore less liable to it than those

20(5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.

whose cars remain their natui'al length. This has led to the practice of rounding the ears after the disease has appeared; but it frequently fails to cure, unless the part taken off extends considerably beyond the surface of the ulcerated slit. It is common to burn out the ulcer either with the actual cautery, or with some caustic substance; but this likewise often proves an uncertain remedy. In all flap cankers confine the ears to the head by a cap.

In full habits, and where over-feeding and confine�ment may be supposed to have had some share in the production of the disease, the same rules must be at�tended to, with regard to the constitution generally, as are detailed for the internal canker. But in other cases an external application of the nitrate of silver is usually found sufficient.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.

The limbs of dogs are very liable to become frac�tured: but the irritability of the constitution is so much less in these animals than in ourselves, that they suffer comparatively but little on these occa�sions ; and the parts soon reinstate themselves, even without assistance, though in such cases the limb in general remains somewhat crooked.

The thigh is a very common subject of fracture; and though it appears a most serious bone to break, yet it is one that, with a little assistance, commonly unites straight, and forms a good limb. When a fracture has happened to the thigh, in case the vio�lence has injured the fleshy parts, so as to produce tension, heat, and inflammation; foment with vinegar and water until the swelling is reduced. quot;When this is effected, apply a plaister of pitch or other adhesive matter, spread on moderately firm leather, sufficiently

TREATMENT OF PEACTDBES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 207

large to cover the outside of the thigh, and to double a little over the inside of it also. Then attach a long splint upon this, which, if it reach from the toes to an inch or two above the back, will be found to steady the limb very much. This splint must be kept in its situation by a long bandage carefully wound round the limb, beginning at the toes, and continuing it up the thigh; when it must be crossed over the back, continued down around the other thio'h, and then fastened. This would, however, slip over the tail, without other assistance; for which reason it must be kept in its place by means of another slip passed round the neck and alone the back.

Fractures of the shoulder should be treated in a similar manner.

In fractures of the fore and hind legs, very great care is necessary to ensure a straight union. As soon as the inflammation and swelling will admit of it (sometimes there is little or none from the first), apply an adhesive plaister neatly and firmly around the part; then fill up the inequalities with tow or lint, so that the limb shall appear of one size through�out, otherwise the points of the joints will be irritated and made sore by the pressure of the splints. After this has been clone, apply two, three, or four splints of thin pliable wood before, behind, and on each side of the limb, and secure them in their places by a flannel bandage. In all fractures, great caution must be observed not to tighten the part, by either the plaister or bandage, so as to bring on strangulation of the vessels, which will be shown by the swelling. Should this occur to a considerable degree, the bandage must be loosened, otherwise mortification may take place. In fractures of the fore legs, a sup�porting bandage, with side splints, should be kept on a longer time than is necessary for fractures of the hinder ones. If this precaution be not observed, the

208

TREATMENT OF FKACTUEES.

leg is apt to become gi'adually crooked after the appa�ratus is removed. We have, however, found that mill board of moderate thickness, cut so as to be adapted close to the limb, soaked in warm water, and applied to the fractured part, then fastened with a bandage previously saturated with a solution of gutta percha or starch, to form the best method of treating fractured limbs.

In cases of compound fracture,�that is, where there is an open wound, which penetrates to the divided bones,� the same means must be pursued as are prac�tised in the human subject. Irritating pointed por�tions must be sawed off, the loose ones removed, and every means adopted to close the wound as early as possible; during which process the bones should be kept in contact with each other, and supported by soft bandages, until the cicatrization of the wound will allow of proper splints and tighter bandaging. It likewise not unfrequently happens, that a com�pound fracture, or even a simple one, when neglected, becomes united by a soft union ; that is, instead of the callus interposed between the divided ends being bony, it proves cartilaginous only. In such a case the fractured bone never becomes firm; but, on the contrary, when examined, an obscure motion may be felt, like an imperfect joint, which utterly pi-ecludes any strength in the limb. We have frequently been consulted on these cases, all of which have originated in the neglect of a proper attention to the fracture at first.

The treatment here must be one of two kinds: we may either open the skin opposite the fracture, and, laying bare the bone, remove the soft portion inter�posed with a fine saw, treating the case afterwards as a compound fracture; or we may insert a seton ex�actly through the soft cartilaginous portion, and keep it open ten days or a fortnight. After this time the

TREATMENT OF DISLOCATIONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 209

seton should be removed, the wound closed, and the part treated as a simple fracture. Either of these plans will usually prove successful, and firmly con�solidate the limb: but, when there is no lapping over of the ends of the bones, the latter is the most mild and convenient, and equally certain of success.

TEEATMEXT OF DISLOCATIONS.

The joints most liable to this injury are the shoulder and knee before, and the stifle and hip behind. The first step is to examine whether there be a fracture also, which is frequently the case. Under these cir�cumstances the treatment is rendered more complex, from the difficulty of reducing the dislocation without using too much violence to the limb. The mode of detecting this additional evil is not difficult; for if fracture is present, there will be an evident rough�ness and grating of the bones, which will be sensibly felt by the hand.

When it is attempted to reduce a simple disloca�tion, it is evident that the direction in which the dislocated bone is parted from its socket should be first taken into consideration in the means used for reducing it. A moderately firm extension should then be made by two persons, one holding the body and one part of the joint, and the other supporting the immediate dislocated limb, at the same time eiving the luxated end a direction towards its socket. If this extension is sufficiently and properly made, the dislocated bone will slip into its place, and render the limb perfect. When the shoulder is dislocated from the arm, which is a rare occurrence, the disjunc�tion may be forwards or backwards: it occurs gene�rally forwards. The elbow may be dislocated either inwards or outwards; but it happens more frequently

!#9632;

210

OPERATIONS.

inwards; and it is seldom that it occurs without a fracture also.

The hip joint is oftener dislocated than either of the former; and it is most common for the head of the thigh bone to be carried upwards and backwards, which makes the hip of that side sensibly higher and posterior to the other, and renders it easily detected. The muscles of the loins are so strong, that reduction of the thigh is always difficult; however, a firm and judicious extension will effect it. The hind-knee, or stifle joint, which is that next the hip, is the subject of dislocation; and it more frequently occurs inward than outward: this, also, from the strength of the surrounding muscles, is often found difficult to re�duce ; and it is but seldom, likewise, that the elbow is dislocated without a fracture also. When a dislocation has been reduced, a pitch or other adhesive plaister should be applied around the joint to keep it in its place, which may be further assisted by a proper bandage. It may be useful to remark to the inexpe�rienced practitioner, that he can no way detect the presence of either dislocation or fracture so well as by comparing the sound limb or joint attentively with the unsound one.

OPERATIONS.

CASTRATION.

It now and then becomes necessary to perform this operation, from disease of the spermatic cord, or from scirrhous swellings in the testicles themselves. When�ever such a necessity occurs, although castration is not a dangerous operation on the brute subject, yat it requires the assistance of a veterinary or a human

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surgeon. Each testicle should be taken out of the scrotum separately, by an opening sufficiently large ; when a ligature should be applied, moderately tight only, around the spermatic cord, about an inch and a half beyond its insertion into the testicle: the separa�tion should then be effected by the scalpel or knife between the ligature and testis. It is sometimes performed without the ligature, by making the divi�sion of the cord with a red-hot knife; but the other is the neatest and safest mode. It saves the animal much pain if the vas defevens be excluded from the ligature ; and it is very easy to do so. The castration of cats is sometimes practised to keep them from roving, or to increase their size. For this purpose nothing more is requisite than to make a slight open�ing on each side the scrotum, to slip out the two testicles, and draw them away with the fingers. The rupture alone of the spermatic cord prevents hsemor-rage in them, and no future inconvenience is felt. It is often found difficult to secure a cat for this opera�tion ; but it may be easily managed in two ways: one by putting the head and fore-quarters of the animal into a boot; the other by rolling his whole body lengthways in several yards of towelling: but the former is the most secure and simple ; for no animal is more intractable as a surgical patient than grimal�kin : though to administer medicines to a pig, beats the cat hollow, as an obstreperous operation. These operations are now performed without any pain to the animal, if placed under the effects of chloroform.

SPAYING.

Tins is so cruel an operation, that it should not be practised but when there is a real necessity for it: when it is done merely for the convenience of owners, to prevent oestrum and breeding, it defeats its own

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purpose. There are, however, cases when it is actu�ally requisite; as when some peculiarity occurs that would prevent a bitch pupping with ease and safety ; or when she has been connected with, and is found to be pregnant by, a dog much larger than herself; in which case, as she would probably die in labour, it is not improper to remove the puppies in the third or fourth week of gestation. The operation is performed by making an opening in the flank of one side, when the ovaria, being enlarged by pregnancy, are readily distinguishable, and may be drawn out and cut off, first one and then the other; securing the ends by a ligature lightly applied to each surface, but leaving the threads without the wound, which is to be closed by stitches and bandaging. Farriers often apply no ligature, but content themselves with simply sewing up the wound, and no ill consequence seems to ensue. Bitches, after they have been spayed, become fat, bloated, and spiritless, and commonly prove short�lived, for nature usually punishes any considerable deviations from her common laws ; and it is observed among animals, when the great work of propagation is artificially stopped, particulai'ly in the female, that her sexual secretions failing to be rightly applied, and her reproductive organs remaining unemployed, the body becomes diseased.

DIFFICULT LABOUR.

Great numbers of bitches die every year in bringing forth their young: a life of art has brought the human curse upon them, and they seem, in common with their female owners, to be doomed to bring forth in sorrow and pain. When bitches are at heat, great care should therefore be taken to prevent their inter�course with dogs much larger than themselves ; other-

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wise the size of the father influencing the size of the progeny, they become disproportionate to the parts of the mother, and she is often found unable to bring them into the world: thus it is that cats, beino- all of nearly one size, seldom die in kittening. All dogs, that are much domesticated and confined, appear par�ticularly subject to difficulty in bringing forth ; con�sequently during pregnancy much exercise should be given, as nothing tends more to easy parturition than full exercise. Sometimes the constitution itself, in these tender and artificial breeds, is not equal to the exertion of labour ; and sometimes false presentation increases the obstruction. Whenever a difficulty in pupping occurs, which has existed more than four or five hours, the bitch should be examined by means of a finger passed up the vagina; and, if any portion of a pup should be found to present itself, so as to be within reach of the finger, a skein of worsted ought, if possible, to be fastened around it; and, during the throes or labour pains of the animal, it should be gently drawn away. If it cannot be reached in this way, a little longer time may be allowed; but, after all, should it not advance, a pair of forceps may be used to assist the extraction. It is a good practice to give a laxative as soon as any symptoms of pupping appear; and, when delivery seems much delayed, it will be prudent, in all cases, to bathe in warm water; occasional closes of laudanum united with fether must also be given if any convulsive appearances come on. Should all these means fail, try the effect of the Ergot of Rye, which has succeeded in forcing the uterus to contract, when all other means have failed. To a large bitch in difficult pupping a scruple has been infused in hot water; of which infusion, a third was given by the mouth every second hour, in con�junction with an injection of soap and water into the uterus. The Ergot of Rye also appears to be

igt; 3

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214

DIFFICULT LABOUR.

equally active in the different cases of parturition in other animals, and in the human female also. The patience of bitches in labour is extreme, and their distress, if not relieved, is most striking and affecting. Their look is at such times particularly expressive and imploring.

A wish to relieve them has very frequently en�gaged us in performing the Cassarean operation; but we never succeeded in any one instance. We at�tribute this failure, however, principally to the delay in the time, which humanity suggested; and not to the nature of the operation altogether/which is, how�ever, sufficiently dangerous. Whenever pupping is protracted considerably, the young are found dead; and in those cases where they have been so for some time, from the effect of accident, they become the sure occasions of a protracted labour. The dead foetus often comes away piecemeal, sometimes many days after the natural time, and occasions a very foetid ejec�tion until the parts have reinstated themselves. A very mild solution of the chloride of soda, thrown up the vagina, will sweeten the discharge, and hasten the expulsion of the remaining young. If the retention should be continued to a very dangerous length, the same might be given by the mouth with advantage, in very mild doses.

From a wish to rear too many young ones, persons are apt to overload the mother; and thereby they often lose both parent and progeny. The mother seldom shows the effect of the overburthening at first; but as the whelps begin to increase, and to require more supply, her constitution becomes impaired, and the usual marks of rapid exhaustion, convulsions, make their appearance. It is evident, therefore, that judgment should be exercised in this particular ; and that the mother should have no more young left to be suckled by her than her constitutional powers are

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equal to. Such as are strong, healthy, and have before brought up young, may find supply for four or five: delicate ones are sufficiently burthened with three; many can only bear two: but in all cases feed the suckling bitch well, both for her own sake, and the future health, strength, size, and perfection of form of the young.

CROPPING.

This custom is one that does not honour the inventor; it may be readily asserted, that nature gives nothing in vain. Beauty and utilitj/ appear in all, but in un�equal degrees : in some beauty is pre-eminent; while in others utility appears to have been the principal consideration. That must, therefore, be a false taste which has taught us to prefer a curtailed organ to a perfect one, without gaining any convenience by the operation: the custom being, however, now fixed, directions are proper for its performance. Young dogs should not be cropped before the fourth or fifth week of their age : when the ears are cut earlier, they sprout again, and the form of the crop cannot be so well directed as when the ear is more developed. It is a barbarous custom to twist them off by swinging the dog round, and the crop never succeeds so well as when made by scissors, which should be large and sharp. In cropping terriers, begin at the hinder root of the ear, close to the head; and when this cut is carried through, one other cross cut from the root at the front of the head, if managed with dexterity, will be sufficient, and will make an excellent fox crop, without torturing the animal with numerous trim�mings. The less oblique the second cut is carried, the more sharp and foxy will the crop prove: the portion cut off, if laid on the remaining ear, will serve to direct the operation in that also. A rounded

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crop may be made at one cut. The cropping of pug puppies is the most painful of any ; the cuts must, in general, be repeated, and carried close to the root of the ear; as upon the total absence of external ears (which gives an appearance of roundness to the head) is the beauty of the animal supposed to consist.* It is best to crop puppies in the absence of the mother; for it is erroneous to suppose that her licking the wounded edges does them good; on the contrary, it only increases their pain, and deprives the young animals of the best balsam, the blood that flows from them.

Rounding, which is a species of cropping, is also performed on pointers and hounds, both for the pre�vention and cure of canker ; but in rounding, only a portion of the flap is taken off. When this operation becomes absolutely necessary, from all other means having failed, care should be taken that the cutting may go beyond the extent of the ulceration, or the disease will return: when rounding is performed on a uumber of dogs, it is, in general, done with the rounding iron.

Tailing. � When a dog is cropped, it is usual also to cut off a portion of the tail. Dog fanciers, as they are termed, commonly bite it off; but it were to be wished that a larger portion was added to both their knowledge and humanity. The tail does not grow materially after cutting, therefore the length may be previously determined on with suflicient accuracy, and cut off with a pair of sharp scissors. If the ears and tail are cut off at the same time, it is prudent to tie a ligature about the tail, to prevent the effusion

* It is not a little surprising that this cruel custom should be so invariably practised on pug dogs, whose ears are particularly hand�some, and hang very gracefully. It is hardly to be conceived how the pug's head, which is not naturally beautiful, except in the eye of perverted taste, is improved by suffering his ears to remain.

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of blood, as sometimes the bleeding from both ears and tail together will weaken the animal too much, and early distemper may follow ; but, when the tail alone is cut, no ligature is necessary. When a liga�ture is used, neither tie it too tight, nor suffer it to remain more than twelve hours. On the twisting off either the ears or tail we will waste no invective ; for if the cruelty does not strike the performer, avc are sure no assertion of ours will be attended to.

WORMING.

In the former editions of this work, Mr. Elaine de�voted some half dozen pages to this particular ope�ration. We cannot, however, lend the sanction of our name to anything so absurd, so ignorant, so brutal, so unscientific as the practice of this opera�tion is. It is therefore entirely omitted, and we trust will never again be practised by any member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.

ACUPUNCTURATION,

Ok the puncturing some parts of the body with a pin, has been practised with some appearance of benefit in chronic rheumatisms, and also in the -chorea of dogs. In long-continued rheumatic weakness of the loins and hinder extremities, a needle was introduced nearly half an inch into the muscular masses in three separate parts of the back opposite the psoa3 muscles,. with but trifling amendment; but the introduction of it into the inner and outer surfaces of the thighs, rather more than half an inch, was more beneficial. The practice, therefore, deserves a trial, where other means have failed.

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BLEEDING.

Dogs may be conveniently bled by the jugular or neck vein, with a fleam or with a common lancet; but the latter is much preferable. A ligature being put round the lower part of the neck, and the head being held up, the vein will swell and protrude itself on each side of the windpipe, about one inch from it. It will, however, be necessary previously to cut the hair away, if it be very thick ; after which the punc�ture can be easily made with a lancet, the operator leaning over the dog. Nothing is necessary, in general cases, to stop the bleeding, but to remove the ligature; nor is any pin, plaister, or bandage, requi�site for the orifice. When circumstances such as the want of a regular operator, or when the amateur is called on to deplete his own dog suddenly, as in the field, when the means of venesection by the neck are not at hand ; in any such case the ear may be punc�tured, or an incision may be made on the inner side of the flap of it, choosing, if possible, the course of a vein for the puncture, but avoiding passing the in�strument through the ear. Or the tail may be cut in desperate cases; but when this is done, it is better to cut off a small piece than to merely make an incision underneath ; for we have seen, when this has been injudiciously done, the whole tail in a state of morti�fication. The veterinarian will find it necessary oc�casionally to practise bleeding in the cephalic or superficial brachial vein, choosing the branch that passes along the front of the biceps, towards the shoulder point. In all lamenesses of the fore limb, the depletion is best made here, particularly in violent shoulder wrenches. Strains of the loins, extensions of the articulations of the thigh with the body, and with the leg also, as well as muscular and ligamentcus

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extensions of any parts of the hinder limb, should be treated by abstracting blood from the saphena vein, which is found traversing the inner and fore part of the hock, and an inch and a half or two inches above may be fixed between the index finger and thumb of one hand, and then punctured by means of a lancet in the other.

The quantity of blood drawn should be regulated by the size of the dog : for a very small dog, one or two ounces are sufficient; for a middling sized dog, three or four ounces; and for a large dog, five, six, seven, or eight ounces, according to the size and strength of the patient, and the nature of the disease he labours under.

BLISTERING

Is a very valuable agent in many of the complaints of dogs, and in some instances they cannot be relieved without. Irritating substances for dogs are various ; but the best is that in common use for the human subject, which is made of Spanish flies, applied as a plaister, and carefully secured by a bandage. When, however, it is intended, as in very active inflamma�tions, to raise a speedy irritation, blistering ointment should be made use of; and, to render it still more active, it may be thinned with oil of turpentine. This should be well rubbed into the skin, first clipping the hair close, and securing a covering carefully over the part after: the application may be repeated, in urgent cases, every three or four hours.

A very quick inflammatory effect on the surface may also be raised by common table mustard spread over any part. In inflammations of the stomach, and particularly of the bowels, an excellent method of irritating the skin may be practised by means of a

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sheep's or any other hide newly stripped off, and im�mediately applied and secured to the part. The skin of the patient should, however, be first well stimu�lated with oil of turpentine. In strains o'f the joints, and all muscular and ligamentous extensions, after the acute symptoms of the inflammatory stage are gone off, blisters will be found very useful in pro�moting absorption of the lymph deposited, or, in other words, of the remaining indurations, and in the restoration of the parts generally. But when blisters are used, the dog must be very carefully muzzled: not in the usual way, however; for by mere strapping, however close, the dog will insinuate his tongue out of his mouth to lick the part. Nothing but a fine net-wire muzzle will effectually prevent danger; and for very large dogs, we have made use of a perforated tin one.

CLYSTERING.

Clysters are of much importance in many cases of sickness in dogs. They become a most powerful stimulant to the bowels in obstinate obstructions, and in many instances of this kind they alone can be depended upon for the purpose. When the obstruc�tion arises from an accumulation of hardened excre�ment, situated far back in the ctecum or rectum, cathartics by the mouth are useless, and, indeed, increase the danger, by forcing more of the contents of the bowels towards the obstructed part. In in�flammations of the bowels, bladder, kidneys, or womb, clysters have the additional advantage of acting as a fomentation. Cases wherein they may be beneficially used as nutriment likewise occur very frequently; fnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; as when there exists so obstinate a sickness that

nothing will remain on the stomach; or when food

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cannot be passed by the mouth, as in locked jaw, in fractures, or in wounds of the mouth, face, or throat. In all such instances, clysters of broth, gravy, or gruel will afford a very considerable quantity of nourishment: a small proportion of opium, as twenty drops of laudanum, may be given in each, to assist in retaining it within the bowels. Astringent clysters, as starch, rice water, alurnine whey, infusion of red roses or of oak bark, are useful in violent diarrhoea. Purging clysters may be made of veal or mutton broth, with a portion of salt or moist sugar added; the effect may be still further quickened by adding castor oil or Epsom salts.

Clysters are very easily administered to dogs, and no apparatus is so convenient for the purpose as the patent syringe of Eead: a good domestic appai'atus is found in the common pipe and bladder also. The liquid used should be warm, but not hot; the quan�tity from three ounces to six or eight, according to the size of the dog, amp;c. ; the pipe should be greased previously to its introduction, and the tail held down a minute or two after its removal.

BATHING.

Both the warm and the cold bathings of dogs are attended, in many cases, with the happiest effects. Warm bathing proves an excellent aid in many com�plaints, and in some it is of itself a sovereign remedy. In inflammations, particularly of the bowels, it is highly proper. In lumbago and other rheumatisms, which are very common to dogs, it is attended with the best effects. In obstinate costiveness, it will often relax the bowels when every other remedy has failed. When internal injuries have been received from accidents, it unloads the vessels and prevents inflammation. In pupping, sometimes great diffi-

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culty is experienced ; in which cases the warm bath frequently relaxes the parts, and the young become more easily expelled. In convulsions and spasms it is also excellent. In obstructed urine, from an in�flamed state of the neck of the bladder, it has proved a most efficacious remedy.

When a warm hath is used for a dog, the heat should be regulated according to the case. In in�flammations it should be considerable, and in rheu�matism also; but it must be remembered that from habit many human persons can bear, without incon�venience, a heat that would be most distressing to a dog; consequently, when it is attempted to ascertain the heat by the hand alone, this circumstance should be considered. 100 to 102 degrees of Fahrenheit's, thermometer is a very considerable heat to dogs, and is only proper in violent inflammations and active rheumatisms. For internal bruises, for spasms, or as a relaxant, 96 to 98 degrees is sufficient. The con-inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tinuance in the bath is also to be regulated according

to circumstances. To relax, as in the labour or pupping of bitches, in slight spasms, or in cases where the animals are very weak, or when the bathing is to be renewed daily, ten minutes is a sufficient time. But in suppression of urine, in violent spasms, cos-tiveness, inflammatory affections, particularly of the bowels, fifteen or even twenty minutes are not too much ; should faintness and weakness come on, which will be seen by the dog's panting and distress, let him be removed from the water, particularly if it is a case wherein fainting would be prejudicial, as in a pupping

bitch, amp;c. The water bath should come all over the animal, except the head; and when any one particu�lar part is more especially affected, that part ought to be rubbed during the bathing with the hand. The dojj being; removed from the water, the utmost care should be observed to avoid his taking cold by ex-

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posure. He should be first rubbed as dry as may be by a change of cloths, and then be put into a clothes-basket, quot;wrapped up in a blanket, and there confined till thoroughly dry.

Cold bathing is also, in some instances, very useful, particularly in the spasmodic twitchings that succeed distemper ; and in some other cases of habitual weak�ness, as rickets, amp;c.

CUTTING THE CLAWS. SCALING AND EXTRACTION OF

TEETH.

Puppies are frequently born with dew claws ; some�times they are double. The dew claw is attached to a rudiment, more or less developed, of an addita-mentary phalange or toe, situated on the inner side, one to each foot, distinct from, and considerably above the other toes. These additamentary toes are fre�quently unattached to any corresponding metacarpal or metatarsal bone, having only a ligamentary union ; but whether there is any bony attachment or not, it is always prudent to cut them off in a few days after birth, otherwise they become very troublesome as the dog grows up ; for the claw or nail attached to the end of each frequently turns in and wounds the flesh, or, by its hook-like shape, it catches into every thing the dog treads on.

The horny claws or nails of the true toes are also subject, when dogs have not sufficient exercise, to become preternaturally long, and, by turning in, to wound these toes likewise, and lame the dog: such claws, when grown too long, are often attempted to be cut off with scissors; but unless the scissors used are very short and strong, they are apt to split the horn. It is better, therefore, to saw them off with a very fine and hard cock-spur saw, and then to file them smooth ; avoiding to cut them too close, or the

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vascular part may be entered on, and much unneces�sary pain given to the animal. Some dogs require their nails to be cut every two or three months, or even oftener, otherwise they become very lame. Oc�casionally one claw is found to be surrounded by a swollen and ulcerated portion of toe. When such a case has proved very obstinate, we have sometimes found that the insertion or root of the claw has itself become morbid, and then has assisted to keep up the irritation; in which instance it is necessary to the cure to extract the claw, which a pair of strong for�ceps will usually be sufficient to effect; so diseased has the connecting fibres become.

Scaling of Tartared Teeth. � The difference be�tween the supply of nutriment, and the exertions of lap clogs, and of those that are much confined, is such as to derange the digestive functions in many ways; and in none does it appear more conspicuous than in the accumulation of tartar around their teeth. As this state invariably ends in the destruction of the gums, so the teeth ultimately fall out: the breath of the dog is also rendered insufferably foetid by it. The tartar must, therefore, be removed (which is not difficult), by means of a set of human teeth-scaling instruments; and as the tartar accumulates again, the operation must be repeated.

In the dogs we have just mentioned, nothing is more common to find than carious teeth, insufferably foetid, and others displaced, preventing mastication. The veterinarian will often be called on to remedy these evils; the decayed teeth he must extract, and the displaced ones also. The ulcerations of the gums are best removed by touching them with a mixture of a proper strength, made from the solution of the chloride of soda with water: by the use of this, these ulcers will quickly heal, and the continuance of it will do much to remove the remaining foetor, particu-

TUMEFIED OK SORE FEET.

225

larly if coupled with a corresponding improvement in the general treatment of the animal.

TUMEFIED OR SORE FEET.

When the feet of dogs become sore by travelling it is common to wash them with brine, but this is not altogether a good practice. It is better to bathe them with milk, buttermilk, or a solution of sulph. of zinc with. sp. vini, and afterwards, to defend them from stones and dirt, by wrapping them up.

Occasionally, however, violent inflammation follows very hard and continued travel, and the spongy balls of the feet take on a slow suppuration ; the dog can hardly be moved, and his time is spent in licking them; often he has strong symptoms of fever. A poultice of linseed meal ought to envelop each foot, which should be renewed once a day: if the dog gnaws it off, apply fomentations twice a-day, for it is essentially necessary that a healthy suppuration should be established as quick as possible, otherwise a species of founder takes place, and the dog will remain tender footed ever after. As soon as matter fluctuates, open with a lancet, and dress the parts with tinct. myrrha daily.

STRAINS OF THE MUSCLES, AND LIGAMENTS.

Sporting dogs are particulaxdy liable to these acci�dents. Injuries to their joints, muscles, and ligaments in different parts of the body are frequently re�ceived during the chase. The inflammatory action consequent thereon must be subdued by aperient medicine, local bleedings fomentations, and cooling applications. Should the affection assume a chronic form, the parts may be rubbed with equal parts of the Lin. Terebinth. Comp. and Tine. Opii every other day. If this should fail, blisters or the actual cautery shoud be had recourse to.

226

POISONS, MINERAL, YEGETABLE, ANT) ANIMAL.

Poison, though a very popular term, is yet, in some respects, a vague and indefinite one, as substances that are most noxious and destructive to one class of animals are perfectly harmless to others. Henbane (hyoscyamus niger, Linn.), which is eaten with im�punity by horses, oxen, goats, and swine, proves most baneful to the canine genus. Opium, on the con�trary, may be taken in considerable quantities by dogs without serious injury, but it rarely fails to prove fatal to the human subject. The phellandrium aquaticum kills horses, while oxen eat it without harm ; and the hedgehog, we are told, will devour cantharides with impunity in large quantities. Poisons have, therefore, been divided into relative and com�mon, or such as are hurtful only to particular classes of animals, and those which prove destructive to all, as the several oxides of mercury, arsenic, and copper, the concentrated acids, amp;c. amp;c.

Dogs are not unfrequently poisoned either by acci�dent or design, and as the circumstance is sometimes discovered in time for relief to be afforded, so a know�ledge of counter-poisons, and of the general treatment proper on such occasions form material branches of canine pathology; and as, also, when no relief can be obtained, it is still very desirable for the ends of justice (when wilful poisoning is suspected), to be enabled to establish the fact of administering, and of the nature of the subject administered, so an ac-

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quaintance with the various substances commonly employed for this purpose, the symptoms produced by them, and the appearances that the parts acted on present after death, are necessary portions of the canine medical practice.

The limits of the present work necessarily confine our notice to such articles as, by their popularity are most likely to be made use of purposely to destroy, and such as chance may, with some probability, be thrown in the way of the animals themselves. Those who wish for further information relative to the effects produced on dogs by various poisonous agents, may consult Abbe Fontana, Orfila, Mr. Brodie, amp;c. amp;c., who have sacrificed more dogs in experimental inquiry than humanity dares to think of, though science might demand it.

MINERAL POISONS.

Corrosive sublimate, or hydrargyri bichloridum, is a most deadly and unmanageable poison to dogs, in doses as small even as five or six grains. Its effects are observed soon after it is taken by the distress of the animal, by his frequent retchings, insatiable thh'st, panting, and anxiety for a cool situation. The mouth becomes swollen; if the dose has been large it appears ulcerated also, and emits a very foetid odour, which circumstance forms a very strong characteristic both with regard to the animal's having been poisoned, and also to the article employed for the purpose. As the symptoms advance, the retch�ings are tinged with blood ; the stools become liquid and bloody also; the heart beats faintly, but with rapidity; the extremities become cold ; violent trem�blings, paralysis, or convulsions follow, and death relieves the sufferer. On examination of the body afterwards, the whole alimentary canal, beginning at

u 2

;

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the mouth and proceeding backwards, exhibits marks of the corrosive nature of the matter taken. The stomach, on being opened, Avill appear covered with highly inflamed patches, and the villous folds of its inner and rugose surface will present gangrenous and ulcerated spots, and a ready separation of the mucous from the muscular coat, with blood often suffused between them, Avhich circumstance only takes place when a most acrid poison has been swallowed. The intestines also show appearances of great inflamma�tion, particularly of their inner surface, which will be found sprinkled with gangrenous specks, and, more�over, frequently filled with a thick bloody mucous. Such are the usual morbid appearances; but satisfac�torily to detect the presence of a poison, and the im�mediate nature of it, some the liquid contents of the stomach and bowels, both before and after death, should be saved, and undergo a rigid chemical analysis. In general cases the addition of potash to some of these liquid contents will occasion a light yellow precipitate when corrosive sublimate has been the poisonous agent*; but a practical chemist will employ many other tests.f

The medical treatment to be pursued in these cases consists in both endeavouring to envelope and to neutralise the acrid matter: the former may be attempted by means of albuminous fluids, for which purpose the whites of eggs have proved the most ef�fectual remedies, beaten into a liquid, given in large quantities, and repeated as often as they have been

* A ready, although not a very humane, mode of detecting the presence of poisonous matter, is to give to fowls, birds, or any small animal, some of the early ejected contents of the stomach of the dog to which poison has been supposed to be given; but this ought never to be attempted, unless the ends of justice imperatively demanded it, and no tests could be procured.�Blaine.

t For a complete account of the various tests to be employe� in detecting poisonous substances, see quot; Morton's Toxocological Chart.

rik

MINERAL POISONS.

229

ejected; when these ai'e not immediately at hand, milk may be substituted. Mild clysters should also be thrown up. When the stomach is somewhat appeased give an opiate and castor oil. Large doses of soap dis�solved in water have been recommended as a counter-poison to corrosive minerals or their preparations, and in the absence of eggs should be tried.

Arsenic. � This powerful oxide is often given to dogs, and not unfrequently they find it for them�selves in a state of mixture Avith other matters placed to poison rats. The effects produced by it resemble those occasioned by corrosive sublimate, except that, although they prove equally fatal, they are not appa�rently so intense. The mouth, likewise, is not usu�ally affected in an equal degree by this poison as by the other. Dissection, also, detects similar morbid appearances to those above detailed; but unless a very large dose has been taken, there is not such complete lesion of the coats of the stomach and in�testines, but the gangrenous spots and the excess of inflammation are fully sufficient to detect the disor�ganizing action of a mineral poison.

The treatment proper in cases of arsenical poison is to give sugar dissolved in milk, in considerable quan�tities, until it may be supposed that all the poison is evacuated from the stomach, when a similar treat�ment is to be pursued to that before recommended.

Verdigris___The rust of copper is often taken by

dogs, from the careless practice of leaving acidulous remains of food in copper vessels. The effects pro�duced are not unlike those already detailed, but less violent; neither are the appearances after death dis�similar, except that the ulceration and gangrenous spots are less strongly marked.

The treatment in nowise differs from that detailed in mercurial poisonings.

Lead. �We have occasionally seen dogs fatally

Q 3

230nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MINERAL POISONS.

poisoned by drinking water from leaden vessels, or by lapping tlie water left in tbe hollows of the lead coverings of ai'eas, amp;c. The same occurs likewise from the licking of paint, which they may have accidentally smeared themselves with; and it is to be observed, that a smaller quantity of lead in this way is sufficient to prove fatal than would be supposed. The symptoms produced are vertigo, violent griping pains, vomiting, with purging stools in some cases, and costiveness in others; towards the close of fatal cases paralysis and spasmodic twitchings take place. On dissection of these bodies, there is seldom observed any lesion of the coats of either the stomach or bowels, but the inflammation is intense, and appears usually in patches. We have also not unfrequently met with intussuscep�tion.

The treatment is to be commenced by an active purgative, as sulphate of magnesia {Epsom salts). Should this be rejected, a ball with calomel and aloes and a quarter of a grain of opium may be substi�tuted, and may be repeated until the bowels are perfectly cleared out. The body should be after�wards kept soluble by castor oil; for we have always observed that a costive habit from paralytic torpor of the bowels remains some time after the action of lead.

Quicksilver. � When mercurial ointment is rubbed on dogs, without muzzling or covering them, it is very common for them to lick themselves, and to become, by this means, fatally poisoned. In such cases the stomach is usually but slightly affected, but a diarrhoea of great violence follows, attended with bloody stools, the consequence of ulcerations in the bowels. In these cases, commence the treatment by giving a mixture of castor oil and white of eggs, in equal parts, sufficient to remove the offending mat-

VEGETABLE POISONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;231

ter ; proceed next to wash off all the remaining oint�ment, and then give opiates and astringents.

From this detail of appearances produced by the more active mineral poisons, both before and after death, it will be apparent that it is not difficult to discriminate between the inflammatory symptoms brought on by their agency, particularly when full doses have been given, from those inflammations occa�sioned by cold or other causes. When caustic mineral salts or acids have been taken, the symptoms arc always more urgent, the progress more rapid, and the pain and distress greater than when inflammation has proceeded from other sources. The foetor from the mouth, and the bloody vomitings and stools, are also strong characteristics of acrid poisons in the living patient: those to be gained after death are the in�flammation and gangrenous state of the alimentary canal; but more particularly the ulcerated state of the stomach * and bowels, and the early tendency in the whole body to become putrid and decomposed. The foetor that comes from the diseased parts is like�wise peculiar in these cases, being more than usually pungent and lasting ; so much so, that we have dis�tinguished it three months afterwards from the in�struments, dress, and other articles used during the examination of the body : fortunately this can now be immediately removed by the chloride of lime.

VEGETABLE POISONS.

Opium. � In a former edition of the Canine Pa�thology, we stated that, as far as our experience

* It is not very unusual for the solvent power of the gastric juice to erode through the coats of the stomach; but, in such case, the opening is a simple and determinate one only, and always situate at that part where the gravity of the gastric fluid has placed it particularly iu contact with the stomach, and in no other.

232nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; VEGETABLE POISONS.

went, opium was not deleterious to dogs when re�ceived into the stomach ; for that very large doses of the solid mass quot;were invariably returned from the stomach, and that smaller, though yet considerable ones, produced but little derangement of the system. Orfila, however, whose experience has been purchased by the sacrifice of whole hecatombs of dogs, asserts that opium will kill, although he acknowledges (and which corroborates our former remarks on it) that it is so variable in its effects, that he has often given very considerable doses without at all injuring the animal. When it does prove fatally deleterious, the symptoms detailed by him are convulsive efforts of all the muscular parts, succeeded by dejection and universal paralysis. On dissection, little appearance of inflammation is visible in the digestive organs, but there is more of it in the lungs. Orfila likewise observes (which fully agrees with our experience), that the narcotic effect of opium is not apparent in the dog, even by a considerable dose taken into the stomach; but it is a curious fact, that introduced either into the bloodvessels by injection, or into the intestines per ano, it exerts its narcotic influence fully.

Vomic nut, or crowfig [Strychnos mix vomica, Linn.) � This berry, or rather seed of a berry, is a native of the East Indies, and is a violent narcotic poison to many animals; to others it proves not equally noxious ; but it does not appear wholly in�nocent to any. It possesses great power, but is very unequal in its action, not only on different -animals, but also on the same animal at different times, and under different circumstances. It is a common but a very erroneous prejudice, that it proves poisonous to such animals only as are born blind. It is a deadly agent, not only to the whole of the canine and feline genera, but it destroys hares, rabbits, horses,

VEGETABLE POISONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;233

asses, and most birds. It is irregularly deleterious to man, fifteen grains having proved fatal to one. and a whole nut or seed has failed to injure another. Leuriero relates^ that a horse died in four hours from a drachm only. Five or six grains are sufficient to kill a rabbit or hare. Mr. B. destroyed a very large rabid Newfoundland dog in five minutes and a half by a drachm of it, which was given in butter. Half a drachm was given to another, of middling size, which destroyed him in twenty eight minutes ; and twelve grains proved fatal to a smaller one in twenty-five minutes. A watery extract is more quick, as Avell as more certain, in its action, a few grains of which seldom fails to kill in a few minutes, if given in solution: it acts less speedily when given in the form of pills. But as it is, under all circumstances, not uniform in its action, so we cannot, as formerly, recommend it as a safe agent to depend on for the destruction of a dog. When it is actually necessary to destroy one of these valuable animals, humanity dictates that it should be done speedily, and in such a way as will prolong the sufferings as little as possible. It is, however, sufficiently deleterious to make it very commonly resorted to on such occasions by malicious persons; particularly as it can be easily procured, under pretence of destroying vermin of various kinds. Like opium, the nux vomica fails to produce any of its soporific effects on dogs, when introduced into the stomach; but it occasions violent tetanic convulsions, laborious respirations, and general torpor, and it thus kills by robbing the nervous system of its energy ; and that so speedily, that its presence is not easily detected by any morbid appearances brought on: neither are any means, unless immediately resorted to, sufficient to restrain its consequences. An emetic should be given within a minute or two after the ex�hibition of the poison; and this should be followed

wmm

234

VEGETABLE TOISONS.

by a large teaspoonful of mustard, to give a reason�able chanee of success.

Angustura pseudo ferugincea. � A false species of Angustura has entered into the shops of many drug�gists, and has occasioned considerable mischief. Some years ago, Mr. B. unfortunately destroyed a very favourite dog by giving him, as a tonic remedy, this spurious article, which had been furnished him, as the genuine Angustura bark. This deleterious article, although it is decided by Humboldt to be nowise related to the Angustura tribe, has yet been very generally diffused, and used as a substitute for the true bark.*

Prussic acid. � In its highly concentrated state, this acid (which, it is fortunate, is extremely difficult to obtain, and still more so to preserve) is so active, that one, or, at the most, two drops applied within the eye, nose, or on the tongue, are sufficient to de�stroy life in a minute or two. It is to the presence of this acid that many vegetable substances, pai-ti-cularly all bitter kernels, owe their deleterious pro�perties. The lauro cerasus, or cherry laurel, used in cooking, for the kernel-like flavour it gives under distillation, yields a water that proves poisonous to cloo-s. The essential oils of the cherry laurel, and of bitter almonds, are both so strongly impregnated with prussic acid, that a very few drops given to the largest dog prove immediately fatal. It is not un-frequently a subject of inquiry, how it may be possible to destroy a dog with least pain to himself, and least shock to the feelings of his owner. Although shoot�ing and hanging are not, in themselves, painful deaths, yet the violence necessarily committed is revolting to

� L. A. Plancli, a French apothecary, has accurately described the article in a memoir, entitled Notice Chimique sur les Angvs-turas des Commerce.

-Si

VEGETABLE POISONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;235

one's feelings. It is both selfish and imprudent to familarise the minds of servants to these acts. When�ever, therefore, cases arise (and many such do occur) where it would be infinitely more humane to destroy an animal than to prolong a miserable existence, and when the more usual modes are objected to on ac�count of the violence and force necessary, either of these essential oils dropped on the tongue, or a very small ball made from the extract, will extinguish life almost instantaneously, and without pain. An ex�tract also made from either of these articles speedily kills in a small dose. The effects produced by all these are nearly similar: taken into the stomach, they destroy by at once paralysing the sensorium : introduced immediately into the bloodvessels, most of them exert a narcotic influence, but are no less cer�tainly fatal. An emetic immediately administered, and followed up by active spicy stimulants, as mus�tard, pepper, amp;c., mixed with vinegar, afford the best chances of arresting (when required) the baleful effects of these potent articles.

The Woorara, Lamas, Ticunas, Faba sancti ignatii, Upas antiar, and Upas tiente, are vegetable poisons, indigenous to southern and eastern climes, and by far more potent and deadly than our most noxious articles. Prepared with much art and care, these extracts retain their poisonous qualities a great length of time ; and the smallest puncture made with the finest instrument, as a sharp dart or arrow, embued with a solution of either of these extracts, proves fatal, in some instances, within a minute. Mr. Brodie has detailed some experiments made by him with these poisons on dogs, which show their dreadful activity. Mons. de la Condamine's experiments at Paris are still more frightful pictures of their potency.

236nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ANIMAL POISONS.

VIPER BITE.

Viper bite. � The viper is the only animal of the snake species capable of inflicting a wound attended with serious consequences, and to which dogs be�come exposed when hunting. In these cases, the bitten part swells enormously, and the animal ex�presses great distress and suffering; at length, he becomes affected with torpor, or, in some cases, with convulsions, when death commonly ensues. But it is not often that these bites are fatal, particularly when proper means are resorted to for obviating the effects. These means consist in freely rubbing the bitten part with volatile alkali or with the spirit of harts�horn mixed with oil, giving also seven, ten, or twelve drops of the volatile alkali, or otherwise forty drops to a large dog of the spirit of hartshorn, in a tea-spoonful or two of sweet oil, every hour, until amendment is evident. The venemous stings of hornets, wasps, and bees, may be relieved ; by the ap�plication of vegetable blue used to colour linen, or hartshorn and oil, which will remove the pain and inflammation speedily.

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Cooper's Sermons - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0

Corner's Sunday Book - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

Dale's Domestic Liturgy - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

Discipline - - . - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Earl's Danghter (Thel - - -nbsp; nbsp;26

Ecclesiastcs, illuminated -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Elmes's Thought Book - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8

BngUshman's Greek Concordancenbsp; nbsp; amp;

Englishman'sllcli.amp;Chald.Concord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;b

Gertrude . . . . -nbsp; nbsp; 26

Hook's Lectures on Passion Weeknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 12

Home's Introduction to Scriptureraquo;nbsp; nbsp; 12

quot; Abridgment of ditto -nbsp; nbsp;IS

Howson's Sundav Evening - -nbsp; nbsp; 13

Jameson's Sacn-d Legends - -nbsp; nbsp; 14

quot; Monastic Lciiends- -nbsp; nbsp; 14

quot; Leecuds nftfie Madonnanbsp; nbsp; 15

Jeremy Taylor's Works - - -nbsp; nbsp; 15

Laneton Parsonage - -nbsp; nbsp; 26

Letters to My Unknown Friends -nbsp; nbsp; 16

quot; on Happiness - - -nbsp; nbsp; 16 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs 19

Margaret Percival - - - -nbsp; nbsp; 26

Mavriage Service (illuminated) -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Maxims of the Saviour - - -nbsp; nbsp;14

Miracles of Our Saviour - -nbsp; nbsp; 14

Moore On the Use of the Body -nbsp; nbsp; 21

quot; quot; Soul and Body -nbsp; nbsp; 21

quot; 's Man and his Motives -nbsp; nbsp; 21

Morells Philosophy of Religion -nbsp; nbsp; 21

Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History-nbsp; nbsp; 22

Mount St. Lawrence - - -nbsp; nbsp; 22

Neale's Closing Scene - � -nbsp; nbsp; 22

quot; Resting Places of the Ju?tnbsp; nbsp;22

Newman's [J. H.) Discourses -nbsp; nbsp; 22

Pik-v's Evidences, Ac. by Potta -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Parables of Our LurJ - - -nbsp; nbsp;14

Readings for Lent - - -nbsp; nbsp; 15 Robinson's Lexicon to the Greek

Testament - - - -nbsp; nbsp; 25

Serinun on the Mount (The) - -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Sinclair's Journey of Liie - -nbsp; nbsp; quot;Jfi

quot;* Business of Life - -nbsp; nbsp; 2S

Smith's(G.) Perilous Times - -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Smith's (G.) Keiigion of Anc. Britain 27

*' quot; Sacred Annals - -nbsp; nbsp; 27

quot; Doctrine of the Cherubimnbsp; nbsp; 27

'* (Sydney) Sermons - #9632;nbsp; nbsp; 27

quot; 'quot; Moral Philosophynbsp; 27

(J.) St. Paul - - -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Solomon's Song, illuminated -nbsp; nbsp; 23

Southey's Life of Wesley - -nbsp; nbsp; 29

Tavler'sLady Mary - - -nbsp; nbsp; 29

' quot; Margaret; or, the Pearl -nbsp; nbsp; 29

quot; (Isaac) Lovola - -nbsp; nbsp; 29

Thumb Bible (The) - - -30

Tomline's Introduction to the Biblenbsp; 30

Turner's Sacred History - - -nbsp; nbsp; 31

Twelve Years Ago - - -nbsp; nbsp; 31

Twiss on the Pope's Letters - -nbsp; nbsp; 31

Wilherforce's View of Christianitynbsp; nbsp; 32

Wisdom of Johnson's Rambler, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp;15

Pages. Kay On the Social Condition, Ac,

of Europe -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;15

Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 1(1

M'Ciilloch's Geo;;, Statist. amp;c. Diet. 19

quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Dicliimary of Commerce 19

**nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Statistics of Gt. Britain 19

quot; On Funding amp; Taxation 19

Marcefs Political Economy - - 19

Tooke'B Histories of Prices - 30 amp; 31

The Sciences in General and Mathe�matics.

Bourne's Catechism of the Steam

Engine . . - , ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Brande's Dictionarv of Science, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

Conversations on Mineralogy -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; C

CJrcsy's Civil Engineering - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� DelaHedie'sGeologyufCornwall.amp;c. 7

quot; Geological Observer -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

De la Rive's Electricity - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

llixon's Fossils of Sussex - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

Gowor's Scientific Phenomena -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

Herschel's'Untlines of Astronomynbsp; nbsp; 11

Hnmboldt'a Aspects of Nature -nbsp; nbsp; 13

quot; Cosmos - - -nbsp; nbsp; 13

Hunt's Researches on Light - -nbsp; nbsp; 14

Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversations -nbsp; nbsp; 1 9

Memoirs of the Geological Surveynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 20

Moscley's Practical Mechanics -nbsp; nbsp; 22

quot; Engineeringamp;Architccturenbsp; 22

Owen's Leetureson Comp. Anatomynbsp; nbsp; 23

Peschel'i Elements of Pnysics -nbsp; nbsp;24

Phillips'laquo; Fossils of Cornwall, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2-t

quot; Mineralogy, by Miller -nbsp; nbsp; 24

Portlock's Geology of Londonderrynbsp; nbsp; 21

Schleiden'S Scientific Botany -nbsp; nbsp; 25

Smee's Electro Metiillurgy - -nbsp; nbsp; 27

Steam Engine (The) - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

T�te On Strengtb of Materials -nbsp; nbsp; 29

Thomson's School Chemistry -nbsp; nbsp; 30

Natural History in General.

Callow's Popular Concholojiv - fi DoaUeday'a Butterflies and Moths 8 Ephemera and Yount: On the Salmon B Gosse's Nat. Hist. ofJamalca - 9 Gray and Mitchell's Birds - - IU Kirbyand Spence's Entomology - 16 Lee's Taxidermy - - - - 16 quot; Elements of Natural History 16 Maunder's Natural History - -.20 Turton'sShfllsoftheHntish Islands 31 Waterton'sEssayson Natural Hist. 31 Westwood's Classification of Insectlaquo;82 Yonatfa The Do^ - - - - 32 quot; The Horse - - -32

Novels and Worksnbsp; of Fiction.

Dunlop's History of Fictionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

Head's Metamorphoses of Apulclusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

Lady Willoughby's Diarynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp;3quot;.

Macd on aid's villa Verocchionbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 1*

Marrvat's Masterman Readynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 1!

quot; Settlers in Canadanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '-(

quot; Mission - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 1!

quot; Privateers-man -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 2(

Mount St. Lawrence - _v -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 2S

Sir Ro^er de Covcrley - ' -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 21

Sketches (The) - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2'

Southey's The T)octor amp;c. -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 2P

Twelve Years Ago: a Tale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31

Rural Sports.

Elaine's Dictionary of Sportsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -*nbsp; nbsp; 4

The Cricket Field - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6

Ephemera on Angling - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8

*' Book of the Salmonnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8

Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmennbsp; nbsp; 11

The Huntimr Field - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; II

London's Lady's Country Comp.nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 17

Pocket ami the Stud - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 11

Practical I lorsemanship -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 11

Pullnan's Fly Fishing - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 24

Ronalds*raquo; Flv Fisher - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 25

Stahle Talk and Table Talk -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; II

'I he Stud, for practical purpescsnbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 11

Wheatley's Rod and Line -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; 32

One-Volume

Encyclopeedias and

Dictionaries.

Poetry and the Drama.

Aikin's (Dr.gt; British Poets - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ³

Baillie's (Joanna) Poetical Worksnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

Flowers and their kindred ThougbtB22

Fruits from Garden and Field -nbsp; nbsp; 22

Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9

Gray's Elegy, illuminated - -nbsp; nbsp; 22

Hejrs Moralquot; of Flowers - - -nbsp; nbsp; 12

quot; Sylvan Musings- - - -nbsp; nbsp; 12

L. E. L.'s Poetical Works - -nbsp; nbsp; 1C

Linwood's Anthologia ().\oniensis -nbsp; nbsp; 16

Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Romenbsp; nbsp; 18

Montgomery's Poetical Works -nbsp; nbsp; 21

Moore's Poetical Works - -nbsp; nbsp; 21

quot; Lalla Rookh - - -nbsp; nbsp; 21

** Irish Melodies - - -nbsp; nbsp; 21

quot; Songs and Ballads - -nbsp; nbsp; 21

Sliakspearc,liy Bowdler - -nbsp; nbsp; 26

quot; Sentiments amp; Similesnbsp; nbsp; 13

Southey's Poetical Works - -nbsp; nbsp; 28

** British Poets - - -nbsp; nbsp; 28

Swain's English Melodies - -nbsp; nbsp; 29

Taylor's Virt-in Widow - -nbsp; nbsp; 29

Thomson's Seasons, illustrated -nbsp; nbsp; 30

quot; edited by Dr. A.T. Thomsonnbsp; nbsp; SO

Watts's Lvrics of the Heart - -nbsp; nbsp; 32

Winged Thoughts ...nbsp; nbsp; 22

�laine'raquo; Rural Sports - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Brande's Science, Literature, amp; Artnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

Copland's Dictionary of Medicine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; C

Cresy's Civil Engineering -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; G

Gwilt's Architecture - - -nbsp; nbsp; 1(1

Johnson's Farmer's tncyclnptedianbsp; nbsp; IS

Johnston's Geographical Dictionarynbsp; 15

London's Agriculture - - -nbsp; nbsp; 17

quot; Rural Arrhittcture -nbsp; nbsp; 17

quot; Gardening - - -nbsp; nbsp; 17

quot; Plants - - - -nbsp; nbsp; 17

*' Trees and Shiuhs - -nbsp; nbsp; 17

M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary 19

quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DictionaryofCommerce 19

Murray's Encvclop. of Geography-nbsp; nbsp; 22

Ure's Dictionary of Arts, amp;c. - -nbsp; nbsp;31

Webster's Domestic Economy -nbsp; nbsp; 32

Veterinary Medicine^ amp;c.

Hunting Field (The) - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 11

Pocket and the Stud - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- U

Practical Horsemanship -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- II

Stable Talk and Table Talk -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 11

Stud (The) - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-11

Youatt's The Dog - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 32

quot; The Horse - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 32

Voyages and Travels.

Religions and Moral Works.

Chosney's Euphrates and Tigris -Erman'S Travels through Siberia -Forbes's Dahomeynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - _

Forester and Biddulph's Norway -Head's Tour in Rome - - . Humboldt's Aspects of Nature Laing's Notes of a Traveller -Power's New Zealand Sketches -Richardson's Overland Journey -Rnvings in the Pacific Seaward's Narrative - . . Snow's Arctic Voyage - - .

Amy Herbertnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - _ - -

Bloomfield's Greek Testament

quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Annotations on do. -

quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; College and School do.

quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lexicon to do. -

Book of Ruth (illuminated) -Callcott'e Scripture Herbal Convheare and Howson's St, Paul

Political Economy and Statistics.

Banfield and Weld's Statistics - 3 Gilbart's Treatise on Banking - 9 Gray's Tables of Life Contingencies 10

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SsBCTixoa.

DISCIPLINE.

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DIXON.-THE GEOLOGY AND FOSSILS OF THE TERTIARY

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quot;i^�

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BARON HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS;

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HUMPHREYS-SENTIMENTS amp; SIMILES OF SHAKSPE1RE:

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HUMPHREYS-THE BOOK OF RUTH.

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HUMPHREYS.-MAXIMS AND PRECEPTS OF THE

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HUNT�RESEARCHES ON LIGHT :

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quot;#9632;

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BISHOP JEREMY TAYLOR.-READINGS FOR EVERY DAY

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KINDERSLEY.-THE VERY JOYOUS, PLEASANT, AND

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LATHAM�ON DISEASES OF THE HEART.

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LEE-ELEMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY;

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LINDLEY.-INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

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LINW00D.-ANTH0L0GIA 0X0NIENSIS,

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LOUDON'S SELF-INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG GARDENERS,

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LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND

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LOUDOFS 110RTUS BRITANNICUS;

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L0�-ELEMENTS OP PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE;

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LOW-ON LANDED PROPERTY,

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MACAULAY-LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME.

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MR. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME.

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MACDONALD.-VILLA VER0CCHI0;

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quot;An exceediagl; ngrwable Tolnme, fuJt of feeling and interest.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; EXAXISBH.

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highest place among the groat master minds of his age-----The scenery ol the locality [the Val d'ArnO and Firenze]|

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M^fC�LL0CH.-A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETI-

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quot;This work consists of desultory Conversations with a family of cbildres from six to ten years of aiie, in which the author has endeavoured to mingle information raquo;'illi amusement, and to teach the youthful student of tieography that there are other matters connected with land and water quite as interestinir as the names and situations of the different parts of the earth. Two new Conversations have hern added to this edition, containing the ' Adventures of a Drop of Water.' quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PheFA.Ce.

MARRYxiT.-MASTERMAN READY;

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MiRRYAT-THE MISSION;

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i =

MARRTAT.�THE PRIVATEER'S-MAN ONE HUNDRED

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MARRYAT.-THE SETTLERS IN CANADA.

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MAUNDER�THE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY;

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MAUNDER.-THE SCIENTIFIC amp; LITERARY TREASURY;

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MAUNDER�THE TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY;

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MAUNDER�THE TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE,

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MERIVALE.-A HISTORY OP THE ROMANS UNDER

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JAMES MONTGOMERY'S POETICAL WORKS.

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¹ Jane

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	^__ ELAINE'S CANINE PATHOLOGY; BEIKG A DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASES OF DOGS, NOSOLOGICALLY A1U5ANGEU,

	wraa Tiitni

	CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND CURATIVE TREATMENT AND PKACTICAL OBSERVATIOXS ON THE BREEDING, REARING, AND SANITARY TREATMENT OF THESE ANIMALS.

	FIFTH EDITION, HEVISED, AND COEEECTED. BY THOMAS WALTON^MAYER, UEMBEIi ut THE COLXCIL OF THE EOYAL COLLEGE OI'quot; VBlEi;ilt;C.U;V SUBGSOMS.

	LONGMAN, BBOwSyraquo; *fUSSUgf* AND LONGMANS ; SIJIPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; WIIITTAKEK AND CO.; HOULSTON AND STONEMAN; II. RENSHAW ; AND H. G. BOIIN. 1851.



	CONTENTS.

	.

		PART THE FIRST. THE DOG. INTRODUCTION. PAGE Classification of the Dog - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 Canes Feri - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -4 Canos Famili�res - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 Section I. Canes Laclinei, the Wolf Dogs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 Section II. Canes Laniarii, Watch and Cattle Dogsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6 Section III. Canes Venatici Grayii, Greyhounds -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6 Section IV. Canes Sagaces, the Hounds -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9 Section V. Canes Domesticii, the Cur Dogsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 10 Section VI. Canes Urcani, the Mastiffs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 11 CHAPTER I. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF DOGS, THEORETICALLY AND PRACTICALLY CONSIDERED. Breeding and Rearing, importance of -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 13 Selection of Parents - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 13 Parental Influence - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -15 Tendency of Breeds to Degeneracy - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 17 Varieties of Breeds � their Origin - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 18 Consanguinous breeding � Opinions thereonnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 19 The Reproduction of Dogs - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 23 Is Breeding dangerous to Life ? - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 24 Impregnation and Gestation - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 26 Birth - - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 26 Change in the Teeth - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27 Average Life of the Dog - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27 Treatment of the Mother and her Young -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 27 Superfootation - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 28 a


	^^^^^m

	VInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE. PAGE Feeding ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....nbsp; nbsp; 30 The proper Food for Dogsnbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 31 The Period of Feedingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 34 Housing of Dogs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 35 Washing of Dosrs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 36 Exercise - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -37 Condition - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 39

	PART THE SECOND. THE DISEASES OF DOGS. The Importance of their Investigation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 41 The Method of administering the Remedies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 43 Treatment of Dogs labouring under Disease -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 44 Division of Diseases into Classes - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48 Class I. STIIENICiE. Order I. Febres. Genus I. F, Symptomatica� Symptomatic Fevernbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48 Genus II. F. Ephemeralis � Diary Fever -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 48 Class II. Order I. Phlegmas�e. Genus I. Catarrha � Specific Catarrhal Disease, ornbsp;Distempernbsp; nbsp;49 Genus II. Dysenteria - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 73 Genus III. Cystitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 73 Genus IV. Cephalitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 74 Genus V. Pneumonitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 75 Genus VI. Laryngitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 77 Genus VII. Pleuritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 79 Genus VIII. Gastritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 79 Genus IX. Enteritis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 80 Genus X. Hepatitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 82 Genus XI. Splenitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 84 Genus XII. Otitis - - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 85 Genus XIII. Ophthalmitis - - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 85


	^^MH

	V�inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTENTS.

	SURGICALnbsp; TREATMENTnbsp; OF DOGS. PACE Wounds - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ^19y Ulcerous Affectionsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----- 201 Canker of the Earnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²⁰³ Fractures -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' ²⁰⁶ Dislocations -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- ^.w Operations - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²¹⁰ Castration -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot; Spaying -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^_ ²¹^ Difficult Labournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ²¹² Cropping -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;
	Worming -.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-. -	217 217
		217 217
	Acupuncturationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Bleedingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '' ^;
	Blisteringnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; Clystcringnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-	219 220 221
	Bathingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' Cutting of Claws, Scaling and Extraction of Teethnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 223 Tumefied, or Sore Feet ----- ²²⁵ POISONS, MINERAL, VEGETABLE, AND ANIMAL 226

	1



	CA^I^E PATHOLOGY.

	TAKT THE FIRST. THE DOG.

	INTRODUCTORY. The dog seems designed by the Almighty Creator to be the companion and assistant of man. Other ani�mals may surpass him in strength, and contribute more largely to man's wealth or convenience ; but the dog alone feels naturally a desire to serve him, and is attached to him, by an instinctive impulse. It is the dog only that delights in man's society, re�cognises, watches over, or warns him of the approach of danger. To fit him for these purposes, the dog possesses in a very high degree, the senses of smell, of hearing, and of sight; together with great sagacity, fidelity, and courage. In Sacred History we find but little mention of the employment of dogs. There can, however, be no doubt that the quot; mighty hunters and keepers of flocks,quot; at a very early period, perceived and availed themselves B



GREYHOUNDS.

Mongrel Races. Cants vertagus. The present Lurcher. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Egyptian Street clog.

,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Hairless Do	o	¹.


The Turkish Naked do			laquo;�

selection were called into practice, thereby to produce an increased celerity of motion in this dojr, by a corresponding alteration in the form of his body. The head was rendered flat and pointed, to offer less resistance to the wind, and to subtract from its weight ; the chest was considerably deepened, somewhat at the expense of its general circular capacity, but without wholly destroying its aug-mental flexure of ribs, by which respiration could be increased, although both weight and resistance were decreased. The ab�domen became wonderfully contracted, and its intestinal contents so devoid of all interstitial matter as to offer little obstruction to the momentum of the body, and little obstacle to the dilatations of the diaphragm. The extremities were at once rendered tine, and greatly extended, and their angles rendered capable of great ex�tension by lengthening those portions which were principally con-cerned in propelling the machine, and shortening those which operated in progression. Thus it is with the greyhound, as with all animals of great speed, that the knee and the hocks are both placed by nature very near the ground, dependent on the curtail�ment of the intervening portions. 'Die muscles of the back, loins, and thighs in the greyhound are singularly large ; and thus all these advantages of the long mechanism can be assisted by an increase of moving power : but that the increase gained of velocity might not destroy the quality between the pursuer and the pur�sued, which is an invariable law in nature, it followed that the head, becoming long and pointed, occasioned such contraction of the frontal sinuses as to injure the sense of acute smell, and to annul the power of following the game by scent; the greyhound is therefore now forced to trust to his vision alone, and thus brought more nearly on a par with his prey. This cranial alteration ap�pears, also, to have some effect on the faculties of this dog, in lessening the aptitude to education, and confining the general in�telligence, though nut in the degree that some naturalists would imply----Blaine. The old couplets that describe this species of dogs were exact in the points they recommended as necessary to form a complete greyhound: � quot; Head like a snake. Necked like a drake; Backed like a beam. Sided like a bream ; Tailed like a rat. And footed like a catquot;

i



10	THE CUR DOGS.

2. C. extrarius.		The Spaniel. * The Spinnger. King Charles's spaniel. The Cocker. The Blenheim. The Maltese. The Water-dog or Poodle. The little Barbet. The Griffon. The Lion Dog.
*#9632;n* *11 11*	11 11 11
iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11 C. Melitensis C. aquatic us iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ii iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ii iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ii

Section V. Cants domesticii. The Cur Do^s. Head round, muzzle pointed, eyes large, promi�nent, ears erect; stature below the middle size; sa�gacious, watchful, noisy; generally debased: appear to descend from thi'ee distinct species. Inhabited originally, 1st, the temperate western regions of the old continent; 2ridly, warm and tropical regions of the old continent; 3rdly₅ the temperate and cold latitudes of South America. Cards terrarius. 1. The terrier, f

Stiff by the tainted gale, with open nose Outstretched,quot; amp;c.�Blaine. quot; The least adulterated breeds are still found in Ireland.quot; � Jai-dine. * No dog presents such endless varieties as the spaniel: all however, admit of two common divisions into land and water spaniels. The latter are derived from the northern, the former from the eastern dogs. Land spaniels are all characterised by a long silky coat; and whether strong and muscular, or slender and diminutive, they are equally elegant and interesting. They are proverbially faithful; and to the sportsman they are highly im�portant, from their keen scent, and their 'attachment to the pursuit of game. f Supposed to be an original and indigenous dog of Britain.



THE MASTIFFS.		11

Canis terranus. 2.	The Pariah of India. The Poe Dog of the Pacific Islands. . The New Zealand Dog. The Pata^onian Do^. The Tierra del Fuego Dog.

Section VI. Canis Urcani. The Mastiffs. Muzzle truncated; cranium elevated; frontal sinus large; condyles of the lower jaw above the line of the upper molars ; mouth rounder in front; head large; ears small, partially drooping ; neck and loins strong; legs strong; tail carried erect; structure powerful. Inhabited originally high mountain ranges, and the more temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, on the old continent.

Cams urcanus.	The Mastiff of Tibet. The English Mastiff.* The Cuba Mastiff. The Bull-dog. The Bull Terrier. The Pug dog.
C. Anglicus.

C. fricator.	The Roquet.

The little Danish Dog. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Artois Mongrel. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Alicant dog. * The breed of mastiffs was, in quot; olden times,quot; an important branch of British commerce ; and, when this island was under the Eoman yoke these dogs were in such request, that an officer was appointed, under the name of Procurator Synegii, to superintend their breeding and transmission to the Roman amphitheatre. Strabo tells us that these dogs were trained to war, and used by the Gauls against their adversaries. As a guard, no dog what�ever can supersede the mastiff. He is vigilant in the extreme, and no less cautious than watchful; in executing his duty he is silent as a sentry; and while there is no danger he appears as mono-


	^

	30

		CHAP. II. THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH KEFERENCE TO THE rUEVENTION OF DISEASE. There is no consideration more important than the prevention of disease. This claims and occupies the attention of our legislators, and equally assumes im�portance with all that take an interest in the well-beinc of our domestic animals. To guard against the loss of health, it is essential that we study and care-fully regulate the habits of the animals we domesticate. Placed as they are too often in an atmosphere uncon�genial to their constitution, deprived of food and exercise suited to their nature, it is not only an act of humanity, but of self-interest, to examine their condition, since on this both their ordinary health, and their capability for the services we require from them, depend. Thus with our dogs we must attend to their feed�ing, housing, cleanliness, and exercise. The feeding of dogs is an object of importance, not only as regards the wants of the animal, but also as respects the different quantities and qualities of food required under different circumstances. A great error is committed when we feed our dogs on one scale: such as giving the dog that has slept through the day the same quantity as is set before the pointer that has been hunting incessantly four or five hours. In quality, likewise, equal error is committed: for while some dogs will digest, with readiness and benefit, a pound or two of horseflesh, others will be injured by such treatment, and would be more appropriately fed with meal or potatoes, mixed with milk or broth.


	w

		�2 TREATMENT OF DOGS WITH REFERENCE A mixture of animal and vegetable substances is therefore the most proper general food for dogs, and that which best agrees with the analogies of their nature; the proportions of each are best determined by the exertions of the body. For, as animal food affords most nutriment, so when the bodily exertions are great (as in sporting dogs), then flesh is the best food. On the contrary, when bulk without much nutriment is required, as for such as are much con�fined and do little, then vegetable matter is better adapted to their wants. It is impossible to lay down one general rule as to the feeding of dogs, either as to quality or quantity. Dogs must be fed according to the breed and age of the animal, and the nature and extent of the duties they have to perform. Of animal substances, horseflesh, the stomach and intestines of most animals that are slaughtered, the feet of sheep, the entrails of poultry, the refuse of the matter from which tallow has been made, constitute wholesome, nutritious, and cheap articles of food. Some diversity of opinion, however, exists on the subject of horseflesh as food for dogs; its qualities being as strenuously supported by some as they are condemned by others. The proper mode of consider�ing the matter is to regard it as a strong and actively nutritious food, very fit for dogs who undergo great exercise ; to such it never proves hurtful: but where it is given to dogs who have little exercise, it may prove too nutritious, and probably produce a foul stinking coat, and itching skin. Again, there is a diversity of opinion as to whether it should be given raw or dressed. In a state of nature, dogs must live on raw food, and principally on flesh ; and there can be no doubt that this best fits them for very active exer�cise, and endues them with most vigour and dura�bility. The raw flesh of animals also appears parti�cularly to increase their courage and ferocity ; and

	il.Ji,



	41

	MUT THE SECOND.

	THE DISEASES OF DOGS. It is very much to be regretted that until the lust few years so little attention should have been paid by the veterinary profession to the diseases of dogs. Until a very recent period an idea was entertained, that if a veterinary surgeon was made acquainted with the diseases of the horse, he was then capable of administering to the diseases of all our domestic animals. There never was a more fatal error. Similarity of disease does not equally extend to all domestic animals. Although the circulation of the blood and the organs of respiration and digestion are similar in man and in quadrupeds, � the same processes going on, the same provisions existing, � there the similarity ends. The equine and human diseases have numerous dissimilarities: the bovine still more; and, although there may be a great similarity between the human and canine ma�ladies, yet this only shows the importance of giving the diseases of all our domestic animals careful con�sideration ; and this is absolutely necessary in order to make ourselves perfectly acquainted with the points of difference (which are distinctly marked), in the diseases of the different animals, to whose wants it is our bounden duty to attend. It assumes, also, a greater importance when we reflect, how different and how varied, are the actions of medicinal agents on

	L


	#9632;

	f t b

	42nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF DOGS. each. Fifteen grains of emetic tartar would pro�bably destroy any dog: five hundred could be given to a horse without injury. Ten grains of calomel may be taken by the human subject: the same quantity has been known to kill a dog. Three or four grains will cause sickness, when twice the quantity will fail to purge. A very small quantity of oil of turpentine will kill a dog; whilst in human practice a considerable dose is fre�quently given as a vermifuge. From, this and many other similar instances that might be adduced, it is evident that no person can practise with success on dogs, or other animals, without attention to the subject, and much ex�perience in it. Notwithstanding the difficulties in collecting the diagnostic signs of disease, an attentive observation of the appearances presented in every case, will, to�gether with quickness of perception, enable the prac�titioner in most cases to arrive at a safe conclusion. For our assistance we adopt the same method of examination as in other animals; first of all, the state of the circulation, the pulse ; and the ratio of respira�tion. The pulse of the dog may be felt at the heart, and at various points of both the fore and hind legs, but particularly at the inner side of the tuberofeity of the carpus or knee. The range of pulsation between a very large and a very small dog is not less than 20 ; if 100 be taken as the usual number of the first, and 120 for the latter : whatever is found to exceed this may be usually indicative of an inflammatory state. It must, however, be observed, that from the greater irritability of lesser animals as compared with larger, and the extreme quickness of their circulation, the motions of the heart and arteries do not present such exact criteria of health and disease, as they do in the horse and other lar^e animals. Nevertheless, the

	I



	48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;FEVER. every portion of caution and attention to insure their recovery. It being generally admitted by those who have given great attention to the subject, that not oidy do the maladies of the canine race very nearly resemble those of human species, in cause, appearance, and effect, but that the similarity is extended to the number and variety of them also. It will, we think, render this work more acceptable to the veterinary student if we consider these maladies under the most approved nosological arrangement.* We therefore propose to consider the diseases of dogs under the two great classes, � called Sthenic and Asthenic.

	Class I. STHENIC^. Okder I. FEBRES. Two genera of fever exist in the dog. G. I. F. symptomatica.�This is the general symp�tom fever which accompanies or supervenes upon all organic lesions ; such as accidents, local inflamma�tions, operations amp;c.: prominent instances are offered us in the fever preceding distemper, rabies, and in puerperal fever. G. II. Epliemeralis�Diary Fever___Sudden attack of feverish symptoms, terminating in about twenty-four hours, gentle or acute according to the causes and constitution of the animal, preceded by rigours, ending in increased heat of skin amp;c., caused by over exertion, sudden heat or cold, obstructed evacuations. It mostly happens that the veterinary practitioner rarely is called in to see his patient, until this last- * See Stevens's Synopsis of Diseases.



	CATARlUr.	69

	another will be almost sure to follow, unless such an impression can be made as to cause a counteraction. If a close observation is carried on, the symptoms noted will enable the treatment to take the start of the attack. First give an active emetic, and then follow that up by a brisk purgative. Mr. Youatt re�commends a full dose of calomel united with opium: insert a seton in the neck, smearing the tape with blistering ointment. Should repeated attacks succeed, give the following pills twice or three times a-day:�

	IJ, Zinci Sulphatis Extracti Anthemidis Fiant pilula; dua; ter in die sumendaa.	gr. x.

	Place the patient in a very warm bath, and retain him there twenty minutes, keeping him also, both warm and moist some hours afterwards, by means of wrapping in flannel and placing before a fire. Avoid irritation, force nourishment, and endeavour to shorten every fit by sprinkling cold water in the face, and employ soothing language and manner, which have often the happiest effect in lessening the force and duration of the convulsion. If these means should fortunately succeed, continue to keep the animal quiet both in temper and person, and particularly refrain from allowing active exercise, which is very apt to bring on a recurrence of the fits. The chorea of distemper is hardly less to be dreaded than the epilepsy; for if it is not so immediately fatal, it yet frequently leaves the dog helpless and useless for life. As soon, therefore, as there is any appear�ance of spasmodic twitchings, if the clog be not much emaciated, or the nasal discharge very great, insert a seton ; stimulate the spine every day; push a tonic plan of medicines; or give two, three, or four drops of the Acetate of Strychnia daily, with liberal feeding, and an occasional warm bath. r 3



	#9632;	72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CATARRH. harbour putrid exhalations is highly proper: the litter should be constantly changed, or, if any other bedding be used, it should be washed and dried, or replaced by other. The apartment, kennel, amp;c. should be cleansed of the putrid effluvia, by the use of either the chloride of soda or lime, according to the directions accompanying those valuable disin�fectants ; and which, either of them, particularly the latter, is able to do to admiration : the former is also even more useful in another point of view. The phagedenic ulcers which are apt to break out over the face, nose, mouth, amp;c., and the malignant tumours which form in the submaxillary glands, and some�times in the parotid also, require to be noticed. These often take on a gangrenous appearance, spread over the face, offering a most offensive putrid dis�charge, and by their irritation greatly aggravate the dangers and sufferings of the animal. These ulcera-tions, even when extending fast, by being bathed with a solution of the chloride of soda, or sulp. zinc, properly diluted, are in most cases brought into a healing state, and in all are deprived of their ma�lignancy, prevented from multiplying, and rendered inoffensive. Vaccination and inoculation icith the matter of dis�temper have been both practised, one for the prevention, the other for the mitigation of the disease. Vaccina�tion so performed is a proof of the gullibility of the public, and readiness to believe what is wished, par�ticularly when it comes from a popular source, and where it would be unfashionable to disbelieve. Mr. Elaine's early experiments convinced him of its total inefficacy as a preventive of distemper; but so positive were the assei'tions to the contrary, that he spoke diffidently. Dr. Jenner had lent his name to the error, and no doubt he believed what he asserted ; but lie had not waited the proof. Vaccination, it is
	;f

	I ii,



	INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 73 now sufficiently ascertained, neither exempts dogs from the distemper, nor does it appear at all to miti�gate its severity; for numbers of dogs which have been vaccinated afterwards die of distemper. Ino�culation with the matter of distemper is equally in�effectual in mitigating the complaint, even when it is borrowed from the mildest forms: on the contrary, many dogs, which have taken the disease by inocu�lation have had it with peculiar severity, and others have sunk under it.

	Genus II. DYSENTERIA. Dysentery, as an idiopathic affection in dogs, is very rare: occasionally, however, it is seen. It is fre�quently a concomitant with other diseases, � as Dis�temper, Diarrhoea, Enteritis, Poison, amp;c. It consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, accompanied with symptomatic fever. It is caused by cold and improper food. The symptoms consist of griping and tenesmus, frequent dejections of mucous, and sometimes blood, fteces discharged in small quantities. The treatment should consist in the removal of the feculent matter from the bowels by the use of oleaginous purgatives, and reducing the irritation and fever by salines and opiates.

	Genus III. CYSTITIS. Inflammation of the bladder is by no means a com�mon complaint among dogs. It is said that in the year 1810 there was an epidemic prevalent, in which the bladder was, in almost every instance, very much inflamed, and, in many of the cases which occurred, it was exclusively so.

	i



74			INFLAMJIATION OF TUE BKAIN.

		Cystitis shows itself by a very frequent pulse, great restlessness, and panting. The urine is evacuated by frequent drops, tinged with blood; in some cases there is a total stoppage of it. The pubic portion of the abdomen is hot, swelled, and painful to the touch. The treatment should consist of general and local bleeding, clysters, the warm bath : fomentations purgatives, and antiinonial diaphoretics.

! I	Genus IV. CEPHALITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN OR ITS MEMBRANES. Symptomatic Cephalitis only is found in the canine catalogue; but of this there ai'e some varieties, de�pendent principally on the diseases which they are accompaniments to. The epilepsy of distemper is an instance of cerebral inflammation, known as well by post-mortem examinations as by the consequences: at the same time it may be urged that the cephalitic symptoms are seldom of sufficiently long continuance to assure us that the inflammatory state is not con�joined with some other irritations. Rabies in a few instances produces some decisive violence, and some mental alienation in the dog, as we know by his attack on men and brutes, that he has been acquainted with, and also by the morbid appearances which pre�sent themselves after death. The epilepsy attendant on icorms, and that which attacks dogs after long confinement, are probably compounded of a spasmodic attack on the sensorium and of determination of blood to it: in both cases there are some cephalitic symptoms occasionally present.


I



	\	INFLAMMATION OF THE LAEYNX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;77 IjL Aceti communis . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f 3Jss. Syrupi Tolutani .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f ^j- Aqure tlistillatas .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f I^v- Vini Antimonii Tart. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f 3�s. Misce. Should either of these medicines act as a vomit, re�duce the doses. It is peculiarly requisite also to keep the dog in a cool temperature, and, provided his skin is screened from the access of cold, it is no matter how cool the air he breathes may be. If amendment should not be apparent in four hours, the bleeding may be repeated. But if, in spite of these renewed applications, the nose and mouth con�tinue intensely cold, the head remains elevated, and the motion of the heart indistinct, a fatal termination may be expected.

	Genus VI. LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the larynx sometimes attacks dogs. We consider it not unlikely to result from hastily swallowing something, either in itself caustic, or other�wise of a scalding heat: a wasp or bee snapped up hastily, might, by stinging the fauces, produce it. Without doubt, also other causes may occasion it; but it cannot be regarded otherwise than as a rare atfec-tion. The atfected dog is usually found with his lower jaw removed from the upper, allowing a distinct view of the back of the mouth, and of the fauces also; which has, in more instances than one, given occasion to consider it as a case of rabies; and the poor dog has been destroyed, without any medical relief being attempted. Breathing sonorous and suffocative, effu�sion of lymph from the surface of the lining mem�brane. The treatment should consist in the prompt and active employment of antiphlogistic means. Bleeding

	.



	INFLAMMATION OF THE PLEURA AND STOMACH. 79 Bronchitis, or inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The symptoms and plan of treatment of which are the same as we have just prescribed for laryngitis.

	Genus VII. PLEURITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE PLEURA. Pleurisy, although not very common in dogs, is yet sufficiently so to deserve our notice. Mr. Youatt observes, that quot; he scarcely recollects a case of chest affection which did not ultimately become connected with, or terminated in, pleurisy. This disease shows itself by the extreme tenderness of the sides; by almost constant twitchings, accompanied with sup�pressed painful cough, which the dog bears with much impatience.quot; He also assui'es us that an ex�ploration of the chest by auscultation is usually very satisfactory in pleuritic cases. He places the dog alternately on his chest, his back, or his side, which enables him to ascertain to a certainty the extent to which effusion exists in the thoracic cavity. Here, too, we are sorry to say, that paracentesis has rarely succeeded, and probably its failure is in some mea�sure to he attributed to the late period at which it was attempted. The mode of treatment differs little from that of pneumonia. When effusion is expected the strength must be supported by good food, cordial diaphoretics, bitters, and tonics.

	Genus VIII. GASTRITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. The stomach is less frequently affected with inflam�mation than the bowels: it is, however, now and then the seat of primary inflammation, and it often becomes affected when the bowels arc so. In gas-



; ;	80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. tritis, the sickness is incessant and most distressing ; the thirst is unquenchable, and whatever is taken in is immediately thrown up again. There is also very great distress in the countenance, but the dog evinces less disposition to hide himself than in simple bowel affection : the mouth slavers, and is hot and cold by turns. The disease, when violent, is seldom relieved, even by any treatment ; but when it does admit of cure, it is done by bleeding early and largely, both by the neck, and by leeches to the region of the stomach. The warm bath should be used ; injections should be repeatedly administered : the chest should be blistered also; but nothing but mild medicine with mucilaginous liquids ought to be given by the mouth. The stomach is likewise liable to inflammation from poisonous substances ; a very marked and peculiar one results from rabies. The medical treatment of these varieties is detailed under their distinct heads.	^{

Genus IX. ENTERITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. The intestines of dogs are very irritable and extremely subject to inflammation which frequently comes on spontaneously from irritation, cold, spasms, indurated faeces, obstinate costiveness. Great heat, thirst, pant�ing, and restlessness are the symptoms early ap�parent. The stomach throws off all its contents, nrxed oftentimes with biliary matter, and all food is refused, but water is sometimes sought for with anxiety. The belly is extremely hot, and painful to the touch ; the eyes are red, and the mouth and nose are alternately hot and cold. The animal frequently lies on his stomach, expresses great anxiety in his countenance, and the pulse is extremely quick but small. Enteritis may be distinguished from spas-



	82	INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

	brought on by it: an effectual laxative is, therefore, premised early in the complaint. If the dog be very delicate, this primary laxative may be castor oil; but when this is not at hand, or fails in its operation, we have used mild doses of Epsom salts with advantage; and, in some instances, these have remained on the stomach when castor oil has been rejected.

	Genus X. HEPATITIS. INFLAMMATION OP THE LIVER. The liver is subject to both acute and chronic inflam�mation. Acute inflammation of the liver is not a frequent disease. It may be brought on by cold, and manifests itself by dulness, restlessness, and panting, fever, vomiting, jaundice. In the chronic affection the symptoms are more mild, but the functional de�rangement is more considerable. Hepatitis may be distinguished from inflamed lungs, by the absence of an intense coldness of the nose and mouth : neither is there a watery exudation from them, as in pneu�monia ; nor is the head held up to facilitate breath�ing. From inflamed bowels it may be distinguished, by the general symptoms being, not. very unlike, yet less severe, with less prostation of strength; neither is the region of the belly so hot and tense, although we have observed the right side consider�ably enlarged, and tender to the touch in some cases. On the second day of the inflammation, the urine becomes of a deep yellow: the skin appears likewise universally tinged, but the coverings of the eyes and mouth particularly so. This disease is sometimes attended with purging, but much oftener with constipation. When active purging is present, the complaint usually degene�rates into sub-acute inflammation of the bowels. In

	k



	El'ILEI'SY.	89

	not immediate, which it generally is, there is a loss of corporeal power or partial paralysis ; stertorous breathing, with sleep more or less profound. The treatment consists in copious bleeding, and pro�ducing counter irritation by purgatives and blisters to the back of the head.

	Class I. Order V. SPASMI. Genus I. EPILEPSIA. EriLErsY. Epileptic fits are of frequent occurrence in dogs, and may, like those in ourselves, be considered both idiopathic and sympathetic; or, in other words, they appear constitutional at some times, the result pro�bably of particular organisation, and at others from accidental irritations, as worms, metastasis in dis�temper, amp;c. Blows on the head have made dogs subject to occasional attacks of epilepsy; and the nervous susceptibility of some is such, that any un�usual excitement, whether of joy or fear, will bring it on. Sporting dogs, particularly such as are what is called very high bred, in which the mental irri�tability is artificially increased, are often the subject of it when ranging in the pursuit of game, and par�ticularly such as have been previously confined, from the unprepared state of the brain, to bear the unusual quantity of blood determined to it. In some dogs, the mere plethora of the constitution, or the fat accumulated, are sutficient to produce an attack; and such (without other excitement), if made to travel an unaccustomed distance behind a horse or carriage (particularly at a quick pace), fall into a fit, and from doing it unobserved are frequently lost. Fear will often occasion an epileptic attack in young dogs, or in dogs of any age, if previously debilitated by



	CONVULSIONS. � COLIC.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;95 The third was of that kind called symptomatic, and arose from external injury done to one of the feet. In each of these cases the convulsive spasm was extreme, and the rigidity universal, but not intense. In one case the jaw was only partially locked. Both warm and cold bathings were tried ; large doses of opium and camphor were given by the mouth, and thrown up in clysters also. The spine of one was blistered. Stimulating frictions were applied to all, but in neither case with any salutary effect.

	Genus IV. CONV�LSIO. CONVULSIONS. Dogs are very subject to convulsions during teeth�ing ; but they are so intimately connected with both epilepsy and chorea, and generally occurring as they do during the progress of distemper, that it is not easy to define any general symptoms by which they may be distinguished. The treatment is the same as for epilepsy.

	Genus V. CIIOLICA. COLIC. Dogs are subject to attacks of colic, chiefly caused by the passage of undigested food through the pylorus into the bowels, and from cold. The symptoms manifested are pain in the bowels, with vomiting and costiveness, which are removed by the use of brisk purgatives, with antispasmodics. But there is also a peculiar colic resulting from acrid poisons, particu-lai'ly lead. Dogs that are allowed certain description of water, conveyed by lead pipes, are frequently at�tacked with this colic.


m

96		CANINE MADNESS.

The symptoms arc, dullness, loss of appetite, the nose hot, and tongue dry, with much restlessness. The pain seems at first dull, gradually becoming more violent and frequent. The sight seems atfectcd, and sometimes the senses are wholly lost. In other cases, paralysis comes on, and the head becomes drawn to one side. The limbs, also, participate in these extreme cases, and become contracted likewise. The duration of the complaint is various, but generally fatal. The bowels arc obstinately confined from local spasmodic constriction of the circular muscular fibres of the intestines. The treatment should con�sist in early and active evacuations. Give

	IJ, Olei Ricini Vitelli Ovi, q. s. Tore simul et adde � Syrup. Papavcris Tine. Opii Aquaj Dist.		f gss.
			f Sij-m v.

Fiat haustus tertiis vel quartis horis sumendus. Aperient clysters should be frequently thrown up, and hot fomentations applied to the abdomen: when the bowels have been avcII opened, daily doses of calomel and opium will be found the best remedy. In what is termed the epidemic colic of puppies, which appears more directly an intestinal attack, the oleaginous purgatives, combined with laudanum, are deemed the most efficacious remedies.

Genus VI. HYDROPHOBIA, or CYNOLYSSA. HABIES CANINA, OR CANINE MADNESS. HISTORY OF EABIES. The popular term of madness among dogs has, of late years, given place to the more classical one of

!



	ALLEGED CAUSES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 105 justified in concluding, from the foregoing statement, that rabies is produced by inoculation alone.quot; The quot; / think quot; was pure parlance, and meant assurance strong, as reference to the work will show.

	THE ALLEGED CAUSES OF BABIES. The remote causes of spontaneous rabies, as advo�cated by the favourers of that doctrine, are various. Heat has long been considered as a grand agent, tut the direct proofs to the contrary are fast wearing away this prejudice. It is known that many countries under the torrid zone are entirely free from canine madness: and in such hot countries as it is found, it does not appear that by the heat of the climate it gains any accession to its frequency or morbid character.* We have Burrows' authority for stating, that it is almost if not entirely unknown over the vast continent of South America. In many of the western isles it is a stranger; and, in Egypt, Volney says he never heard of it. Larrey, Brown, and others, inform us, that it has never visited the burn�ing clime of Syria. Neither is it more prevalent in cold climates ; and although it sometimes visits northern latitudes, it shows no preference for them, and in Greenland is said to be altogether unknown. In temperate climates, on the contrary, it is most prevalent, not perhaps owing any thing to an extra- * It cannot, however, be denied, tliat heat accelerates the attack in such dogs as have been bitten, particularly when conjoined with great bodily excitement. In this way a dog that has been inocu�lated, but in which the disease might not appear probably for weeks, by taking long and severe exercise in very hot weather, is almost certain to be attacked with it the next clay. This we have witnessed in several instances, but in no dog that we could not dis'inctly trace the cause to having been bitten. Bitches in heat, and the dogs which follow them, are thus exposed to have the attack hastened also; but these circumstances never generate it, as supposed by some persons.


#9632;I

110		CANINE MADNESS.

f M	tlicse Imd by their bite produced it also; but as such as could be well authenticated were partially, if not wholly carnivorous, so the capability was then, in the opinion of many, confined to them. It was the opinion of Huzard, founded on a series of experiments, and again repeated at Alfort, as well as of Professor Betti, of Florence, an experimentalist also, that her�bivorous animals are incapable of producing the rabid malady. Drs. Vaughan and Babington also equally failed to propagate it from the herbivora. Others, likewise, of our most eminent medical practitioners think the propagating power confined to such animals only, as naturally employ their teeth as weapons of offence. Sir Astley Cooper, and Mr. Coleman also, we believe, thought thus ; and it must be allowed that there is a great air of philosophy in the limiting the power of generating the disease to the carnivo�rous and pugnatory classes. But it must, at the same time, be allowed, that some objections present themselves to the theory; one of which is, that the human saliva has produced rabies by inoculation: to which, however, it will probably be replied, that man is half carnivorous; he has also canine teeth : by which mode of argument casuists may attempt to save the credit of the theory as, regards the horse, which has been said to have produced the disease ; for he also has canine teeth, and most certainly uses them pugnaciously in retaining his hold first taken by his incisors. Other facts are on record which have brought man within the pro�pagating class : the horse, badger, and pig, also are On the 19tb of June, 1823, in the presence of numerous medical students, MM. Majendie and Brescliet, in the Hotel Dieu, absorbed some of the saliva of a man then dying of hydrophobia, by means of a bit of rag, and conveying it only twenty paces from the bed of the patient, they inoculated two healthy dogs with it: one of these became rabid on the 27th of July, and bit two others, one of which so bitten was attacked on the 26th of August. Mr.
i
I
i '
i

i


mmm^mm*

118		CANINE MADNESS.

	SYMPTOJIS OF E�BIES. We shall now proceed to describe the pathogtiomonic and occasional indications of the rabid malady, pre�mising that the varieties in both, but particularly in the latter, are so numerous, that hardly any two cases present themselves under a directly similar aspect. We have great reason to think that much of the dis�crepancy we meet with in the various accounts that appear relative to rabies, arises from the confined field of observation from whence they are drawn. One describes it as he has once seen it, and he expects all future cases exactly to coincide with his own state�ment, or that they should fully bear him out in his own views of the subject. In the larger breeds of dogs, and particularly in kennelled ones, as hounds, amp;c., where close domestication has not wholly re�claimed their native ferocity, rabies may, and indeed does, show itself with much of that wildness and mis�chievous character that has gained it the name of madness. The rabies of the wolf and fox, although close congeners of the dog, and that likewise of the half-reclaimed cat, is always stamped with a ferocity and malignance of character, that is foreign to what usually occurs in the smaller, and more domesticated breeds, in which cultivation has wrought such an entire change of their nature, that even their symp�tomatic appearances under disease are, in a ^reat degree, altered by it. It is, however, certain that, by the aid of the pathognomonic symptoms, the disease may be commonly detected without fear of mistake. The extent of the former, and the necessity for a dis�tinct notice of all the varieties of the latter, render a perspicuous account of the malady extremely difficult, and necessarily extend it beyond the limits of a summary. Rabies sometimes commences with dulness, at other
'
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#9632; '



122		CANINE MADNESS.

complaint; others who cannot, from a swelling and paralysis of the parts of deglutition, readily swallow them in the advanced stages ; but, in such, no spasm is occasioned by the attempt, nor does it cause pain or dread: on the contrary, from the thirst brought on by the symptomatic fever present, water is sought for, and, in most cases, an extreme eagerness is ex�pressed for it.* The experience of more than twenty-

iff I {#9632; in I	* It is imperative on us to press this point particularly, as will be seen below. Mr. Youatt expressly says in his pamphlet, j). 3., quot; There is no dread of water ; no spasm attending the effort to swallow ; but a most extraordinary and unquenchable thirst.quot; Mr. Meynell remarks, that mad dogs have no abhorrence or dread of water ; and that they will eagerly lap it even the day before their death. He also notices the paralysis that often renders their attempts to drink abortive. John Hunter, who was not accus�tomed to state facts without examination, says that quot; mad dogs can swallow solids and liquids through the whole disease.quot;�Trans, of a Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, p. 296. Dr. Hamilton also has, quot; A rabid dog never avoids water, and laps whatever liquid food is set before him, long after the poison can be communicated by his bite.quot;�liemarks on Hydrophobia, vol. i. p. 12�16. quot; Cette chienne, avoit hu et mange apres avoir jnordu,quot;�Journal de Medicine, vol. xxxix. quot; Le loup mangeoit tranquilleraent une chevre, et celui de Frejus traversa plusieurs fois de grandes revieres a la nage.quot;� Voy. cVArluc, Hecueil Perio-dique, vol. iv. quot; II est done dangereux de concleur de ce qu'un animal hoit et mange et traverse une riviere, qu'il n'est point atteint de la rage.quot;� Troilliet, Nov. Trait, de la Rage, p. 276. It is incalculable the mischief that this sad but too common prejudice has produced ; it has rendered thousands of persons miserable for months and years even, while others it has lulled into a fatal security. Should a dog, from an affection of any kind soever, be prevented from swallowing, he is immediately pro�nounced mad, and he is unreluctantly destroyed, while dread probably remains in the mind of every one who has even been within his reach. An unfortunate person who may have been bitten by this same dog, for months or even years before, is not exempt from the panic ; for among other popular errors that are current is, that if a dog becomes mad, any person who may have been formerly bitten by the animal is equally in danger, as though it had happened when the animal was really affected. On the other hand, if a sick dog can drink, he is pronounced free from ill danger of madness; and so universal has this opinion been, tiiat Dr. IT., an eminent physician in London, on being consulted by a



	ACUTE OR RAGING.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 125

	ACUTE OR RAGING RABIES. Acute Rabies, or Raging Madness,* as it is called, is that state of increased excitement and irritability which begins to show itself immediately after, and occasionally only with, the early symptoms. Some�times these precursors are passed over unnoticed, and it is therefore supposed, that the animal is at once attacked with the appearances that follow-. It is, however, -very seldom that such is really the case, by which the danger from madness is much lessened. The acute or raging kind is distinguished by a ge�neral quickness of manner, sudden startings, great watchfulness, and a disposition to be acted on by sudden impressions, as noises, the appearance of a stranger, amp;c. This watchfulness, however, often yields to a momentary stupor, and inclination to doze, from which the dog will start up, and fix his eyes steadfastly on some object, probably on one not usually noticed, and on one altogether imagi�nary, at which he will attempt to fly. In this stage the breathing is hurried; sometimes the panting is excessive, and, where the pulse can be examined, it is invariably found rapid, and sometimes hard. The irritability in these cases is marked by extreme im�patience of control; and even when no aptitude to attack or act offensively towards those around may appear, yet a great disposition to resist any slight offence offered commonly shows itself. A stick held to such a dog is sure to excite his anger even from those he is most attached to, and he will seize and shake * It is a curious fact, but it is no less true than curious, that the rabies of very young dogs, as I have seen it, lias always been of this kind. I never saw a rabid puppy that did not exhibit marks of considerable delirium, and much mischievous tendency towards every living being indiscriminately. That affection of the throat, and tumefaction of the parts of deglutition, producinquot;-dumb madness, I never met with in any but an adult dog.�Blaine.