establish this fact, that a rise of temperature precedes any other symptom. Within a period ranging from 36 to 48 hours after an animal has taken the Cattle Plague by inoculation the natural temperature rises from 102deg; Fabr., or a little above, to 104deg; or even to 105^deg;. This occurs at a time when the animal appears to be in no way ill. It follows therefore that the length of the incubative period, that is, of the time when the disease is hatching in the body, is less than was supposed. The disease can be detected at least two days earlier than has been hitherto believed, and the duration assigned to the incubative period must be reduced by that time.

This discovery has practical importance. It may and ought to lead to an earlier separation of sick from sound animals, and may also render it possible to shorten the period of quarantine.

Two days after the perceptible rise of temperature has begun, the next sign occurs, namely, a peculiar condition of, or eruption on, the lining membrane of the mouth. It resembles at first sight the appearance in the foot and mouth disease, but can readily be distinguished from it by a practised eye. Dr. Sanderson has found it in every case (80 in all) seen by him, and in every instance he has been able to recognize the disease from this sign alone. It has been stated, however, that in rare instances it has been absent. Almost simultaneously there occurs a very distinctive appearance on the mucous membrane of the vagina. It appears that one or other of these signs is very rarely absent; so that when they are taken in connection with the elevation of temperature, the diagnosis of the disease can be made with certainty.

On the day following the appearance of the eruption, or about 72 hours after the first elevation of temperature, the animal may be observed to be a little ill, to have less appetite than usual, and to ruminate irregularly. Even at this time, however, the pulse may be unaltered. On the following day, the fourth from the first rise of the tem�perature, the animal for the first time shows marked symptoms of illness, and this period, which may be 110 hours after the real commencement, is usually considered by superficial observers as the beginning of the disease.

The seriousness of this oversight is obvious, not only on account of the great importance of the earliest possible separation and isolation, but in regard to treatment. The very earliest recognition of the disease is essential, if a remedy is to be discovered, for it is within the first four days that any remedy is most likely to be efficacious.

After the fourth day is over the constitution is thoroughly invaded. Then ensue the urgent symptoms,^�the drooping head, the hanging ears, the distressed look, the failing pulse, the oppressed breathing, the discharge from the eyes, nose, and mouth, the erup�tion of the skin, the foetid breath, and the other well-known signs of the disease.

During the sixth day there occurs a great diminution of the contractile force of the heart and voluntary muscles, the pulse becomes very feeble and thready, the respiratory movements are modified, and the animal sometimes shows such weakness in the limbs, that it has even been thought that some special paralytic affection of the spinal nerves must exist. The temperature now rapidly falls, and signs of a great diminution in the normal chemical changes in the body appear.

Death usually occurs on the following or seventh day from the first perceptible elevation of temperature.

Although this is given as the typical course of the disease, there are great deviations from it, as some animals live a longer, many a much shorter time, and the severity and sequence of the symptoms vary considerably.

The causes leading to these symptoms, or, in other words, the reasons why these alterations from health occur, may be thus stated. A peculiar agent causes first of all a morbid state of the blood. Coincident with the first elevation of temperature, and, of course, long before there is the least outward appearance of ill-health, the blood of an animal which has taken the Cattle Plague contains an agent which can produce the plague in another animal. In other words, the earliest fact which can be made out after infection is, that the blood contains the poison of the disease, so that serum obtained from it will give the disease by inoculation. This fact, ascertained by Dr. Sanderson, is the most important pathological discovery yet made in Cattle Plague. It is pregnant with consequences in medical doctrine, for though the existence of a similar fact has been long suspected in several human diseases, it has never been proved in any. So material, indeed, is it that we must dwell on it for a moment. The poison contained in a minute portion of the mucous discharge from the eyes and mouth of an animal ill with Cattle Plague, if placed in the blood of a healthy animal increases so fast that in less than 48 hours, perhaps in a far shorter time, the whole mass of blood, weighing many pounds, is infected, and every small particle of that blood contains enough poison to give the disease to another animal. This at once accounts for the rapid spread of the Cattle

PloffUO. The agent is multiplied to a large amount in a very short space of time. How soon after the poison is put into the blood the animal becomes capable of giving the disease by natural infection to other animals, is not determined ; possibly not until those parts of the body which can give oft' products to the air become impregnated with the poison. At what time the blood and the textures cease to be able to give the disease, is also not determined ; nor, when the poison mixed with #9632; mucus or with serum is exposed to the air, can a definite time be named when its energy is destroyed.*

As far as we can judge, the elevation of temperature, or (to use the usual medical term) the fever, begins when the poison has infected the whole mass of blood, i.e., within from about 40 to 60 hours after its first entrance into the system. At the same time the chemical changes in the body are augmented and one of the ultimate products of disin�tegrated tissue, urea, is, according to Dr. Marcet, largely increased in amount. Soon afterwards (the time cannot be stated with precision), the blood is otherwise altered, the amount of fibriue is largely increased, the amount of water is lessened, and possibly the physical condition of the albumen may be altered, if we may judge from the change which Dr. Marcet observes in the diffusibility of the albumen of the muscles. According to Dr. Beale, the proportion of soluble substances is also largely increased.

The next phenomenon which can be observed is an alteration in the circulation. Almost everywhere, but more especially on the mucous surfaces and on the skin, there occur on the third or fourth day local congestions varying in size and intensity. In many places obstructions occur, and coagulations of blood in the capillaries; and in some cases the blood becomes quite stagnant.

A great increase of granular matter is found to take place both within, and outside of, the vessels of the affected parts. The capillary vessels themselves are greatly enlarged, and the spaces between them lessened or even obliterated. At the same time a considerable nutritive alteration goes on in the mucous membrane and skin, which leads to very rapid and imperfect growth of many of the cellular elements, and this is followed by a rapid disintegration and detachment in the form of discharges. As that portion of the mucous membrane which is most essential for the digestion of the food is most affected, the appetite soon fails, rumination ceases, and large accumulations of undigested fodder are met with in the first stomach. In many cases the villi of the small intestine are so destroyed that even if food were taken it would scarcely be absorbed in sufiicient quantity to maintain life, and hence the rapid exhaustion, failure of the heart's action, depression of the animal heat, and general sinking of the powers. In some cases, when the process is more superficial, the membrane recovers its former structure, and that rapidly, and it is curious to find that one affected part may be healing while another is just beginning to suffer.

When, as sometimes happens, the mucous membrane most affected by the congestion is that of the lungs, the phenomena are not less severe ; indeed the disease is sometimes even more quickly fatal. A slight cough is soon followed by accelerated breathing, which rapidly increases ; and not unfrequently the difficulty becomes so great that some of the air vesicles are broken, and the air passes into the cellular tissue between the lobules, and from this it reaches even the subcutaneous textures of the back. This is believed by Dr. Bristowe and Dr. Sanderson to be the cause of the emphysema which they fully describe.

Reviewing this train of symptoms, it appears that the amount of fever, that is, the extent of the rise of temperature, does not constitute the danger of the disease; in some of Dr. Sanderson's cases the temperature was higher in beasts which recovered than in others which died. The true measure of the danger should rather, it seems, be sought in the changes in the nutrition of the digestive or respiratory mucous membranes, or in the failure in muscular contractility. This latter condition is itself probably in part a consequence of the former, though whether it is entirely so we are not prepared to say.

The Russian pathologist, Ravitsch, has already described with great accuracy some of these congestive phenomena, and his observations are fully confirmed and extended in the reports of Dr. Bnstowe, Dr. Beale, Dr. Sanderson, and Dr. Murchison.

rhe immediate cause of these violent congestions, and of the consequent obstructions of the capillary circulation, which really constitute the great danger of the disease, is still unascertained. The explanation which Dr. Beale givesf is, that the poison itself consists of extremely minute particles of living matter, which multiply in the blood, and

When carefully protected the mucous discharges have occasionally rotnincd their power of giving the disease by inoculation for no less a time tlian elcvon luonths, according to Professor Jessen of Dorpat. Ravitsch also has kept the poison for seven monllia.

t Dr. Boole's'Report, Appendix A., p. 152.

a 3

cause local capillary obstruction, which passes on into complete stagnation. In conse�quence of the impeded circulation, an increased proportion of soluble nutrient matter permeates the vascular walls, and gains access to the nuclei of the vessels and adjacent tissues, which increase much in size. This change is associated with, and causes, the rise of temperature which occurs at this period of the disease.

If regarded from a chemical point of view, it tippears probable that this immediate cause resides in an increased zymotic action in the blood and in the textures, whence increased temperature, accelerated circulation, more rapid growth, congestion, obstruction, and disintegration ensue.

Whatever may be the cause of these very general congestions and nutritive alterations, the remarkable fact obtains that poison is present in the discharges from the mucous membrane, and hence at this period the beast is most highly infectious. The matter runs down the hide to the floor or woodwork, and when dry may be carried as dust in the air, and infect other beasts when received on the absorbing surfaces of the eye�, nose, mouth, lungs, or stomach.

2. Nature of the Disease.

Since it is certain that the cause of the disease is actually contained in the mucous discharges, and in the blood, and probably in the textures, of a beast ill with Cattle Plague, inasmuch as a healthy animal can be inoculated with these substances at any time, and the poison can, as experience shows, be carried, if need be, hundreds of miles in portions of these substances, it might be supposed that there would be no difficulty in separating and demonstrating the virus itself.

Dr. Beale has examined portions of infected blood textures and mucous discharges with the highest magnifying powers that exist, namely, r^th. of an inch focal adjustment. This magnifies 2,800 diameters; or,�to express the magnifying power by some examples,- an inch would appear to extend over 111 yards, and a child three feet tall would look as high as Mont Blanc. With such power, particles of even xooVonfh of an inch in diameter, having any distinct character, would not be passed over. But he has found no definitely formed substance that can certainly be said to be the cause of the Cattle Plague. He finds a great increase of granular matter, but no new appearance decidedly characteristic of the disease. Possibly this granular matter may be the poison ; possibly again it may exist in particles of definite form, and of a size still smaller than To'oVdT)^ ⁰f ^an iuch, but which might he perceived if it were possible to construct instruments of still higher magnifying powers ; more probably it is matter of a kind which is and will always be undiscoverable by the microscope. The peculiar entozoon-like bodies (Ilainey's corpuscles) which are found so frequently in the muscles of animals dead with Cattle Plague, arc not peculiar to this disease, and may be absent in it. They cannot therefore be the poison.

As the microscope fails us, we turn to chemistry to detect the substance, but chemistry has not hitherto separated the poison, and no chemical test as yet exists by which it can be recognized. An examination of the air vitiated by the disease is described in the report of Dr. Angus .Smith. Chemistry has as yet found in Cattle Plague no complex albuminoid matter in a state of rapid chemical change capable of communicating its own action to the albumen of the serum of the blood and of the textures of cattle.

Hence it is only by its effects on the living body that the poison can be identified. In this it resembles other animal poisons which affect animals and man.* From the modes of increase and of action of these animal poisons a comparison has been drawn between the diseases they produce and fermentations. But, as Dr. Angus Smith's report shows, the chemistry of the various kinds of fermentation is at present in a state of great uncer�tainty, and the different views of Liebig and Pasteur still offer questions for discussion. The action which takes place in these diseases may be very different from that of any ordinary fermentation.

Whatever be the nature of the action, the poison certainly requires a peculiar condition in the body before it can act; thus it can multiply in the body of a bovine animal, or of a sheep, goat, deer, or gazelle, whilst we have no satisfactory proof that it is communicable to non-ruminants.

* The word poison, as applied to tlio cause of Cattle Plague, is used in the general medical meaning. Unlike a chemical, corrosive, or irritant poison, it requires a second condition to bo present, for it does not net unless certain favouring conditions also exist. The terms quot;germquot; or quot; growthquot; are used because no better expressions can be found. They scern to imply an independent living existence of the poison, and on this point our knowledge is not yet sulfieiently definite. Care must be taken that the terms used do not lead to erroneous conclusiom.

vii

Where the poison can act it increases rapidly, and causes a disease similar to that in the animal from -which it was taken, whereas if placed in the body of a man, horse, or dog, it produces no such effect. It follows that in the first-named animals there is some special condition or aptitude wanting in the others.

But even in different species of animals, all of which are susceptible, the internal conditions are evidently not quite similar. The sheep and goat take the disease less easily than the ox. The disease also is in general less virulent, the symptoms and the post-mortem appearances being slighter, and the mortality less.

Further, the virus, in passing through the body of an animal, usually renders it insus�ceptible of another attack. In all these respects this poison resembles several other animal poisons.

If we desire to place the Cattle Plague in some recognized class of diseases, we must range it under the zymotic class, as formed by Dr. Fair. The maladies to which it has the closest alliance are the so-called exanthematous or eruptive fevers: its relation to the different members of this order will be found fully discussed in Dr. Murchison's and Dr. Bristowe's reports.

3. Origin and Propagation of the Disease.

To answer the question, what should be done to limit the progress of the disease, or to prevent its return, we ought to know how it originated here, and the conditions of its propagation.

If, for example, the Cattle Plague has spontaneously originated in this country from the way in which our cattle have been housed or fed, we might hope to show bow such conditions act_T and how they can be removed. If it originates in some wave of poisonous air which spreads over the country, and, after having a regular period of flow has a succeeding period of ebb and disappearance, we must be content with bearing what no care can foresee and no art control. If, however. Cattle Plague has been intro�duced among our herds by the arrival from infected places of cattle already diseased, and if it spreads entirely by contagion, it is obvious that nieiins may be used, winch, if applied strictly and carefully, will be effectual, tu prevent its return.

We have been able to find no evidence of a spontaneous origin in England. The first known cases were all in animals collected from different parts of England and Holland, brought to the Metropolitan Market on one particular day, the 19th of June; they were purchased by different dairymen, and then taken to five sheds in different parts of London, namely, in Islington, Hackney, Lambeth, and Paddington. As there was no Cattle Plague in the parts of England whence these cattle came, and none in the sheds to which they were taken, and as the length of the incubation period, as well as the absence of any probable cause, negatives the idea of a spontaneous origination simul�taneously in these five sheds, the conclusion becomes almost irresistible that the cattle must have caught the disease whilst standing for sale in the Metropolitan Market. Now this market is certainly the most likely place in England for Cattle Plague to be brought to from abroad, and if not the most unlikely, at any rate an unlikely place for it to spring up in.

It ought to be a matter of no surprise that we have been unable to indicate the precise channel by which the poison came into the market; from the universal ignorance of the signs of the disease at that time, and the probable slaughter of the affected animal soon after the market, evidence, which might have led to the detection of it at the time, would pass unnoticed and would soon be lost altogether. But, as we have since traced several introductions from the Continent, there can be little doubt that it was introduced in the same way in the first instance, and was overlooked. Moreover, in most places in England where the disease has broken out, its introduction can be traced. It follows the lines of cattle traffic, and does not arise spontaneously. In the cases where no explanation can be obtained, we consider it more likely that the evidence is insufficient than that the rule proved by a multiplicity of instances should have such exceptions. In confirmation of this, we find the Austrian and Prussian veterinary surgeons declare that, whatever may be the origin of the disease in other countries, it is always brought by diseased cattle to them.

The way in which the disease broke out and was destroyed in the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris, and over and over again in Aberdeenshire, its absence from Ireland, the manner in which it has spread in England and Scotland during the summer, autumn, and winter,�all these facts are conclusive evidence against the assumption of an occult atmospheric condition, and in favour of its spread by multiplication in the bodies of living animals.

a 4

#9632;

( #9632;

;

via

It is an important (|aestion, to what distance the poison may be active when carried in the air. Professor Rull of Vienna speaks of its spreading round a sick animal for 20 or au paces, and of its quot;being carried by currents of wind to a much greater distance, but the precise distance he does not undertake to determine. At the Royal Veterinary College on three occasions beasts kept about 20 yards from diseased animals did not sutTer for three weeks. They were then moved into an infected shed and took the disease. On the other hand, at the Albert Veterinary College three animals kept 25 yards from some sick beasts took the disease; but then, although great care was taken to prevent carriage of infection, it is impossible to be quite sure that there was no direct transport. A distance of 100 or 200 yards in some cases appears to have given immunity, �while in others beasts have been affected, and presumably through the air, at longer distances. Possibly it may drift under special circumstances, as in hollows or vaUeys, with an almost stagnant air, whereas in an open country, and with a rapidly moving air, it imiy be soon so much diluted and oxidised as to be innocuous. No distance can be specified as sufficient to ensure safety ; as a matter of prudence the greatest possible distance should be pi aced between sick and healthy beasts. Where the farms are small, and the homesteads near together, the disease spreads faster, as might be expected, than where they are scattered over a wider surface.

The influence of varieties of soil on the spread of the disease seems not to be marked, and there is no evidence that meteorological conditions produce a decided effect. In winter the increased crowding together of cattle may make the disease more fatal, #9632;whilst in summer the movement of animals may extend it more widely. Differences of elevation may be important. In Yorkshire, which was selected by Mr. Williams for examination in this respect as a large county with great varieties of surface, and where the plague had been severe, it appears to have adhered almost entirely to the low lands and the daic�, and not a single outbreak is recorded at a height of 1,000 feet.* In several counties�Norfolk, Cheshire. Staffordshire, and Buckinghamshire�the disease has been observed to be more severe, if not more prevalent, in marshy and low-lying districts.

With regard to sanitary conditions, such as the amount of cubic space and ventilation in cattle sheds, the contamination of the air by the products of decomposing manure, and the supply of pure or impure water, the facts observed may be briefly thus summed up :�-

There can be no doubt that overcrowding, or what is the same thing, deficient venti�lation, and the custom of retaining the manure within or close to cattle sheds, cause the plague to spread faster and to be more fatal. The action is probably twofold: the poison is less diluted, so that animals receive it in larger quantities, and they are at the same time in a worse condition to withstand it. The supply of impure water also appears to increase the fatality, but we have not yet been able to satisfy ourselves that the virus is actually taken in with the drinking water, although such a mode of commu�nication is not improbable.

Although important as influencing the spread of the poison when introduced, unfavourable sanitary conditions are subsidiary; they neither produce the poison, nor can the best sanita,ry condition be relied upon to exclude it. In some of the worst cowsheds in London the plague has not yet penetrated; in some of the best it has swept the stock entirely awaj.f

We adhere then to the opinion we formerly expressed, that the true mode of prevent�ing the spread of the Cattle Plague is to treat it as an entirely contagious disease. We believe this expresses the whole truth; but if it he not so, if some other conditions, of which we know notliing, favour or restrict its spread, this does not remove ous obligation to act on what is ascertained with certainty.

4. Disinfection.

Disinfection, in the sense in which the word is used here, implies the destruction of an

animal poison, in whatever way it is accomplished. To find a perfect disinfectant for the Cattle Plague poison would be to stop the disease at once. We have naturally been very desirous of discovering a substance with such a power; but much more evidence is necessary before we can venture to affirm that success has been obtained.

* Report prepared by tlic Secretary of tlio Veterinary Department for the information of the Privy Council, p. 3�.

t Although the cvitlcncc which has heen placed before im shows that the condition of the London cowhousei has heen very much improved of late years, chiofly hy the exertions of the Metropolitan Officers of Iloulth, it is yet certain that a better system of licensing ought to be adopted. Sanitary regulations are not uniform, are sometimes irregularly enforced, and can only be carried out by threatening opposition to the renewal of the licence. In all parts of the metropolis the keeper of a cowshed should ho subjected to the same rules, and he should be called on to show, before he obtains his licence, that he is prepared to fulfil the rules. There is raquo;till much needed to he done in the way of securing a larger cubic raquo;pace, more thorough ventilation and drainage, earlier maoval of manure, and better supply of pure water.

APPENDIX A.

KEP0BT8 PREPARED POR AND PllESENTEI) TO THE COMMISSIONERS ON SPECIEIBD HEADS OP INQUIRY.

On the Nature, Progress, and Symptoms of the Cattle Plague, and the Modes of its Propagation.

REPORT TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

J. BURDON - SANDERSON, M.D.,

PKW.O'W of inn itorAi, collk� ov pinrsiciANs,

ASSISTANT rnTBICIAN TO THE HOSPITAL EOlt COS�UMl'TION A.HD TIIH MIDDLESEX IIOSKTAt.

Inthouuction.

On tlic 2i)th of Oclobcr last, I liad tlio honour to receive instructions from the Experimental Coin-mitteo of the Royal Commission to report to the Commission on the origin, progress, and symptoms of the Cattle Plague, and ou its modes of propagation, Under the lirst of those heads I was requested to study the disease in animals of different species, and in particular to investigate its characters when pro�duced by inoculation as compared with those whicL are met with in animals to which it has boon com-municated by natural infection. And with reference to the propagation of the disease, it was deemed expedient that such experiments as were necessary should bo made for the purpose of determining the following among other questions; viz., 1. To what species of animals can the disease bo transmitted either by inoculation or natural infection ? 2. What arc tho conditions under which the disease can bo transmitted from one bovine animal to another through the air ? 3. In what way and to what degree (if any) are the effects of inocnlatiou modified or mitigated, cither by tho mode of operating, by the number of insertions or by tho nature of the virus employed ? Is there reason to hope that a virus may bo obtained capable of producing a curable modification of tho disease, whether (laquo;) by diluting (lie virulent fluid with innocuous fluids or by mixing it with antidotes ; (b) by transmitting flic morbid poison through animals of another species ; (c) by selecting as sources of virus animals in which the disease assumes a mild character, or (d) animals in the earliest stages of the disease ? 4. In what parts of tho diseased organism does the virus exist ? Is it confined to the morbid secre�tions, or are all tho tissues and animal fluids virulent? and, if so, are they virulent in equal degree ?

To these questions which suggested themselves at the outset, another has since been added, which lias not only occupied the earnest thought of some of our most distinguished pathologists, but has engrossed the attention of tho public to an extraordinary degree: I refer to the alleged protective power of vaccination. On the 26th of November I received a letter from Mr. Ccoly, in which ho communicated to mo tlio desire of tlio Experimental Committee that experi�ments should be made for the purpose of determining whether or not vaccinated animals are susceptible of Cattle Plague, either by inoculation or natural infec�tion ; and, secondly, whether the present epizootic is of the nature of the moligiiant and pestilential form of bovine variola well known to have long prevailed in various ports of India, under the names of quot; IJiiHsmit,quot; quot; Mhata,quot; and quot; Goteo,quot; and represented on high authority to be identical with tho disease described by Lancisi and Lanzoni in Italy in 1711, and subse�quently by Layard, Brooklesby, and othoradnEnglnnd. The experiments proposed by Mr. Ceely consisted in vaccinating a suffioieat number of animals, and in

13530.

subsequently exposing such of them as had been vaccinated successfully, to natural infection and inoculation.

It was also necessary for the complete investiga�tion of the disease, that in a certain number of cases the liquid secretions should ho collected from day to day during its progress. After various unsuccessful attempts, and many vexatious delays arising from the iaaptness of the workmen, and tho unusual character of tho work required, I was at length enabled (from the 17th of November) to supply Dr. Marcet daily with a tolerably accurate statement of the quantity of urine passed during the preceding twenty-four hours by each of four animals (viz., 2 bovine animals and 2 sheep), as well as with an average specimen for analysis. As regards the bovine animals, this was accomplished by fixing above tho pavement of eacli stall a flooring of wood-work, which was covered with lead sheeting, and placed at such an inclination as to ensure the efficient drainage of all liquid discharged by the animal into a cast-iron channel, leading to a suitable covered receptacle. For the sheep, cages of woodwork were constructed, tho floors and sides of which wore lined witli zinc sheeting.

For the purpose of isolation, and for preliminary experiments on inoculation, laquo;s well as for observa�tions on animals during exposure and during tho progress of tho disease, and for tho anatomical inves�tigations conducted by Ur. Bristowo, I was fortunate in obtaining, through the courtesy of Professor Gamgee, the use of spacious, well-drained, and well-ventilated stables, measuring 52 feet by 24 feet, and capable, if necessary, of accommodating a large number of animals; in addition to which, tho admirably appointed dissecting room of the Veterinary College, Queen's Road, Bayswater, was placed at my disposal, and every facility for the prosecution of clinical observation was afforded mc. But in obtaining suitable places for tho reception of animals before exposure, and for subjecting them to treatment intended to render them insusceptible to infection (as e.ff. vaccination), there was much greater difficulty in consequence of the unwillingness of the owners of stable-property to allow their premises to be occu�pied by cattle for experimental purpose's. It was not until the beginning of January that I succeeded in obtaining suitable stables, through tho obliging exer�tions of Mr. Scarlett of Netting Hill.

I have great pleasure in acknoivlcdging here tho friendly co-operation I have received during the pro�gress of the experiments, not only from Professor Gamgee but from tho other Locturora of the Bays-water Veterinary College. I have above all to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. Duguid, Professor of Physiology, whoso unwearying industry and rare scientific ardour have mainly contributed to wlintcver measure of success bus been attained in the pro�secution of tho present inquiry.

Dr. Sanderson.

COU!

pport to uiiamp;itotiero.

Wquot;H

APPENDIX TO THIRD KKl'OKT OP

Dr. Sniiilcvson.

Roport td OonuulHsiouci's,

clia

Pho following is n Bummary of the animals pur-

ilio objects of tlio

in conscquonco of this circmnstanco or for other reasons, (hey gradually declined in health, und fiimlly, in spite of the most careful nursing and feeding, and the employment of every means which the experionco of Mr. Badcock could suggest, they died in rapid succession. With respect to those -which had been successfully vaccinated, a special effort was made to preserve them, by placing them with milk cows which bad already passed through the cattle disease, but without success. One of them was exposed to infection during the last few days of its life, but there was no reason to suppose that the result was in the slightest degree influenced thereby. None of the animals in question exhibited any symptoms of Ein�derpest, and those that were dissected after death did not show any of the anatomical results of the disease.

Fifth series.�On the 7th of November four sheep were procured, viz., two rams and two owes. On the 14th, a ram and a ewe were placed each in one of the cages already referred to, and subjected to obser�vation during a period of two weeks. On the 1st of December they were inoculated with the same virus which was employed for the inoculation of the first series of bovine animals. After two days they showed slight increase of temperature and other slight signs of functional disturbance, but the phenomena of Ein�derpest did not develop themselves. The other two sheep were exposed to natural infection by placing them on the 20tb of December in the stall in which the bullock of the first series had just died. They exhibited the first symptoms of Cattle Disease on the 27th and 30th. Both of them recovered.

Sixth series.�Two goats (male and female) were procured at the same time as the sheep. They have remained in the stable during the whole period of observation, and have been placed in the stalls vacated by dying animals, without result. On the 26th of January they wore inoculated, without further effect than a transient increase of temperature.

[nquiry up to the pvesent time ;

four yearlings All of these rural districts The yearlings were plncocl in the exporimontnl stable on the 7th of November, and subjected to preliminary observation for three weeks. The cows entered the stable respec�tively on the Htli mid I9th, imd word siniilnrly kept under observation until the 30th, On the 1st of December, four of the animals wore inoculated with mucous dischnrgo collected near Aylesbury from the eyes and nose of a cow n few hours before death, kindly forwarded to mo by Mr. Ccely. The remain-iug animals, viz., one cow and a bullock, were left uninoculated. The bullock was placed in n stall adjoining those of the inoculated nuhnnls, the cow in another stable communicating with the first by ventilators near the roof. The four inoculated animals contracted the disease, and recovered ; the others were infected naturally, the bullock on the I3tli of December, the cow on the 16th, and died.

Second series.�Three yearling heifers were intro�duced into the experimental stable on the 27th of December. Of these, one was placed in the stall which had been occupied by the bullock, and in which it bad died on the 21st, the stall not having been purified ; the second, in a stall in the same stable, previously occupied by one of the animals that had recovered ; and the third in the adjoining stable already referred to, next stall to the cow that had recovered, and was llicn convalescent. These animals contracted the disease, the first-mentioned on the 6th of January, the second on the 5th, and the third on the 6th, that is 9-10 days after admission. All of these animals died.

Third series.�A cow and three yearling heifers were placed in a stable which hud not been previously occupied by cattle, on the 5tli of January, lor the purpose of experiments on vaccination. On the 8th of January it was discovered that one of the heifers was affected with Cattle Plague, which had appa�rently already arrived at the fifth day of its develop-incrit. It was immediately removed to the experimental stable, where it afterwards recovered. On the 11th of January the cow and the other two heifers became affected, as well as a cow which had been placed for observation in the same stable, belonging to Professor Gaingee. All of these animals were removed to the College as soon as they manifested symptoms of illness, and died on the seventh day. They had been previously vaccinated by Mr. Badcock on the 15th.

Fourth series__On the 2d and 5th of January

thirteen sucking calves were procured, and placed in a stable at Netting Hill, for the purposes of vaccination and inoculation with the virus of smallpox. Of these one appearing sickly was removed to the College on the 6th of January, and was found to be affected #9632;with Rinderpest.* None of the others contracted the disease. Six of the calves were inoculated with virus collected by me on the 3d and 5th, by the kind permission of Mr. Marson, from patients at the Smallpox Hospital, at the fifth or sixth day of the disease. Of these inoculations two only wore sue-cessful. On the 9t,h five of the remaining calves were vaccinated with current human lymph by Mr. Ceely. In two of these cases satisfactory results #9632;were obtained, and they yielded lymph for the vaccination of four others (including three which had been previously inoculated without success). This last vaccination was performed on the 16th or 17th. At Ibis point the experiments were arrested by a cause which had from the first, manifested its unfavourable operation. The calves had been fed laquo;luring the first few days after thev were purchased with milk derived from the cow already referred to as subsequently affected with Einderpest, Whether

PAET I.

Phenomena oe Cattle Pla��e duking Life. 1. General characters and progress of the disease.

Cattle Plague is an essential or general fever. Of it, more clearly than of any human disease of the same class, can it be shown that the disturbance of the system which we understand by the term fever may exist independently of local changes occurring in particular organs ; for with respect to it a fact new to pathology has been discovered, that the increase of the temperature of the body, which is the one and only symptom which all fevers have in common, exists for several days before any other derangement of health can be observed.

But although constitutional or general in its origin. Cattle Plague is attended with local alterations of structure, some of which arc so constant and inva�riable that no definition of the disease can be com�plete which fails to recognize and include them.

The observations and experiments which have been made, so far as they have been carried out, relating to the phenomena of the disease during life, lead to the conclusion that, with reference to its constitutional effects, the disease consists in (1) increase of the temperature of the body ; (2) increase in the elimi�nation of urea by the kidneys, indicating increased disintegration of tissue; (3) alteration of the physical and chemical qualities of the blood, manifesting itself in impairment of its coagulability and in a marked tendency to capillary hamiorrhage ; and lastly (4), a general septic, condition of the fluids and tissues, in virtue of which they are unnaturally prone to decom�position even during life.

With reference to its local mai�feslafions, the disease appears to be distinguished by an alteration

* The cow from wliidi this calf wus removed is still well, and occurred in the neighbourbood from which it was brought.

has not contracted the disease, nor had cases of cattle disease

THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMI88IONEKS.

of tho Kiipovficial struoturea of tho skin and mucous membranes, consisting (1) of miuufco oapiUaiy cou-gestlon (hyperamia) or tho vasoular layer {corpus papillare, mcmhrana propria) ; (2) of incrciisod ivs well us perrorted growtli of theraquo; structural olo-nicuts, naturally developed at its free sm-l'uco, this change leading to thickening, Boftoaiug, disintegration, 01- dotaohment of tho epidermis or epithelium respeo-(ivoly, but very rarely, if over, to aloeratiou or loss of substance in the deeper tissue ; raquo;nd lastly (3) of iuoreosed and perverted activity of tho seoretiug glands of tho skin and mucous membrane, resulting in mucous or sobnecous discharges,

Cnttlo Plague belongs to that class of fevers which is distinguished by marked uniformity in their de�velopment and duration. In this respect It resembles smallpox more than any other disease which affects man. Tho resemblance is however generic rather than specific, for in Cattle Plague tho essential phe�nomenon of smallpox, tbo eruption, is wanting.

In fatal caselaquo; the progress of tho disease is divided into three stages. Tho first stage, comprising the first and second day, is marked by no appreciable change in the condition of the affected animal, excepting increase of temperature. During the second stage, wliich comprises the third, fourth, and flfth days of the disease, its symptoms develop themselves in quick succession. Tho appetite fails, rumination ceases, tbo daily excretion of urea by tho kidneys is augmented, wliilo tho animal loses strength and weight. The last stage, that which immediately precedes tho fatal termination, is characterized by the rapid decline and cessation of the vital functions, and, above all, by sudden sinking of tbe temperature of tho body.

The leading phenomena of tho disease may bo described as follows, according to tlio order of time in wliich thoy occur :

During tho flrst two days, as has been already stated, there are no symptoms excepting elevation of temperature, so that the time of commencement of the disease can be determined only by tho thermometer. But on the third day an eruption, exactly resembling that of thrush, appears on the gums and inside of tho lip. Tho eruption usually commences by tho forma�tion of groups of very minute raised points or dots on the surface of the mucous membrane, which are usually first seen a little below the corner tooth on each side. This appearance is in many cases neither preceded nor accompanied by any redness of tho surrounding surface, but occasionally a slight blush is perceptible near the elevation, The animal continues to ruminate, and its appetite, pulse, and breathing are unaffected.

On the next day the eruption above described on the mucous membrane of tho mouth is found to have extended. The whole of the surface between tho lower lip and the gum is studded with raised groups of elevations, while those previously observed below the corner teeth have coalesced, so as to form patches. The animal is listless, takes loss food than usual, and ruminates irregularly, but the pulse and respiration arc unaltered. On this day alterations may often bo observed on the cutaneous surface. In the neighbour�hood of tbo vulva, and on the inside of the thighs, the skin is found to be greasy, as if smeared with an unctuous substance.

On the fifth day the animal is for the first time obviously ill. Tho head hangs down, tho ears are thrown back, and the attitude and movements aro suggestive of depression. The pulse is sensibly weaker, and often the artery feels hard and threadlike under the finger, expanding scarcely perceptibly witli tho systolic impulse. Tho breathing is sometimes almost natural, but more frequently begins to bo oppressed and irregular.

With the sixth day the alterations of tho mucous membrane of the mouth attain their full develop�ment, Tho under lip is covered with a crust of white opaque material (consisting of epithelium mixed in most instances wi( h tho lllamcnts find spores of n hyphoceous fungus) which is either confluent and continuous, or In patches. This crust is usually of

tho consistence of oroam cheese, in which caso it adheres so slightly to the surface on which it lies, that the slightest touch Is sntliclent to detach it. Wherever it Is so separated, tho bright red vascular surface of the mucous membrane (membrana propria of anatomists) is exposed�raw looking, but free from ulcoratlou. Similar appearances aro ohserved on other parts of tho mouth, parlicularly on tho upper gum, on tho dental pad, on the cheeks and hard palate, and on the lower surfaco of tins tongue near its lateral margins.

During tho sixth day tho loading symptoms are those which arise from dmms�crf contructilo power of the hooi't and voluntary muscles. The. affection of tho heart is indicated by incivased feebleness and fre�quency of the pulse, and by the extinction of the prro-cordial impulse, that of the, voluntary muscles by the attitude and movements of tho animal, which lire so indicative of adynamia, that many writers have been misled by them into the belief that In Rinderpest there is a special paralytic affection of the spinal nervous system. At the same time, the mochnnism of tho respiratory movements is modified in a remarkable and characteristic manner, the modification being depend�ent partly on the cause above referred to, and partly on pathological changes having their seat in the air passages. Tho alvine discharges, which, during the, previous progress of the disease, were flrmor and harder than natural, now become soft, and eventually liquid and dysenteric. The temperature of the body, which up to the fifth day has gone on increasing, rapidly sinks to below the natural level�this loss of animal heat being attended with a correspomlingly rapid diminution in tho quantity of urea excreted by the kidneys.

Death usually occurs during tho seventh day. It Is not preceded by convulsion or any other symptoms worthy of special notice.

2. Alterations of the temperature of the hodi/.

From tho observations made morning and ovening during the three weeks ending November 30th on the experimental animals, Nos. 1 to (J, it, was ascer�tained that in four yearlings (two heifers and two bullocks) the maximum, minimum, and moan tem�peratures were as under:�

Dr. Simdenslaquo;!raquo;.

Itcpui't ttgt; CummiNsiuuors.

#9632;


Designation of Animal.	Number of Observations made.	Maximum.	Minimum.	Moan.
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4	40 39 58 30	l()(i-4 103-8 103* 6 103-7	101-3 101-3 1�0-8 101-7	102-87 102-44 101-85 102-78

These results agree so closely together that they may probably bo accepted as generally applicable to healthy animals of about the same ago and description. The mean of the whole number of observations taken is 102-25.

In the two cows the readings indicated a somewhat lower temperature. They were as follows :�


Designa�tion.	Number of Observations made.	Maximum.	Minimum.	Mean,
No. 6 No, 6	51 20	101-9 102-laquo;	100*3 100-9	101-18 towlaquo;

The following table exhibits the alterations of

temperature during the progress of Cattle Plague, a observed in 11 cases of the disease at successive Intervals of 2-1 hours after the flrst elevation of temperature was noticed. Of these cases four were inoculatod, all of which recovered, while the remaining seven contracted the disease by natural iufoctioii and all died. 2

APPBKDIX TO THIRD KErORT OF

Dr SMidoiwu.nbsp; nbsp; Tabilt;b showing the Mean und Extreme Ruadinos of a realsterina Thermometer, tho bulb of which was Introlaquo; ''� ^Lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; duced Into tho ivctum, in 11 animals suffbrlng from Cattle Pluguo.

Bcportto

CulumissiuluT�.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;______,______________________________.-----------------#9632;----------------------------'�

Day of the Disease.

i 1st day.

2d day.

3d day.

4th day,

5 th day.

6th day.

7th day.

8th day.

9th day.

Four animals, viz., n milk cow and three yearlings inoculated ivith discharge from the nostrils of a cow affeotwl with Cattle Plague, on tho 1st of December 1865, all of which contracted the disease, and recovered.

Highest 104'6

lOC'l

104'1

3.05-4

lOT'l 105'(5 106-6

106-8 105-2 106-3

107-O 106-0 106-4

107-2 105-3 106 1

105-8 104-0 105 3

106-0 102-8 103-5

105-9 102-5 103-ft

Lowest Mean -

1�3'8 104 2

fllighest Seven animals, viz., a milk cow and six yearlings, which contracted the disease by-j Lowest natural infection, and died.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

Mean -

105*7

103'2 1041

1O0-3 104-3 105-3

100-4 104-7 105-7

10C-8 104-9

10G-4 104-3

106-C

98-2

103 5

N.B. All these animals died liefore the close of the seventh day.

1060 10S'4

The numbers show that the increase of temperature Avus somewhat greater among those animals which were inoculated anil recovered than among those that died, and that in .some of the cases of the former class, in pavticular, high readings were obtained on each occasion for a period of four or five days. It farther appears that in the fatal cases tho acme was reached a day earlier than in the others, this being no less true of Hie extremes than of the means, and that in the former the decline was rapid and decisive, whereas in those animals which were destined to rccovci it was both slower and more irregular.

From these facts it may clearly bo inferred, that although the increase of temperature is of inestimable value for tho recognition of Cattle Plague in its ear�liest stage, it is uot of much importance as an aid to prognosis, for the coses in which the highest tempera-lures were recorded, and tho standard of health was most exceeded, wereprecisely those of which the issues were most favourable.

This was strikingly exemplified in the animal No. 6, in which, although the general symptoms were certainly milder than many of the others, and the rccoveiy more rapid, the tempeiatui-e rose (luring the sixth day to 107-2, and remained for two or three days not less 11 inn five degrees above the mean temperature of the animal during health.

It is further to bo observed that although the absolute increase of temperature, i.e., Hie number of degrees by which tho healthy standard is exceeded, has but iittle relation to tlio severity of the case, the variations which occur during its progress are much more significant. If tho heat of tho body begins to sink rapidly doling the fifth or sixth day the change indicates with tolerable certainty that deatb is ap�proaching. In Ibis ease it is .-leconipiinied or followed by a marked dimiinition in llm force of the pulse, by an tiggravation of that peculiar dyspmea which is observed ill' almost all severely affected animals, and ill some cases, by a sudden aggravation of the diarrhocft. It indicates in short that the animal is passing into that condition which has hecu described by many authors its a distinct stage, of the disease, viz., the eolliqunlive Stage, or stage of col lapse.

In nnimi'.ls about to i-ecovcr Ibe lemperatiirn also tails but (he (Iceline is much more gradual, and does nut commence until the sevcuth or even the eighth

day. It is coincident with the gradual restoration of health. The difficulty of breathing and general oppres�sion cease, tlio pulse acquires its natural force, the eruption on the mucous membrane of the mouth heals, and finally Ihe animal begins to feed and ruminate as usual.

3. Alterations of the Urinary Secretion. In all essential fevers tho progress of the disease is attended with rapid emaciation and loss of weight. Those results arc not merely nor even mainly due to the disappearance of fat, but arc referable in groat measure to the increased activity of those molecular organic changes which result in the conversion of the nitrogenous constituents of the tissues into simpler chemical forms. Whence it happens that in these affections those proximate principles which are instru�mental in the elimination of nitrogen from the organism, appear in the secretions in augmented quantity. Of these, urea is at once tho most important, and the most easily investigated.

In the cotirso of the present inquiry tho quantities of urea daily discharged during the progress of Cattle Plague have been estimated only in five of the cases under observation. In three of these cases tho results arc unsatisfactory and of comparatively little value, for no analyses were made during the period of health preceding infection, nor even during the first two days of tho disease. In tho other three cases preliminary scries of analyses wore made which extended over periods varying from seven days to four weeks. The results show distinctly that in those three animals (of which one recovered, and two died) there, was an increase, not only in tho relative quantity of urea contained in the urine, but in the absolute quantity discharged during each day, and that the increase was so considerable, in each instance that it could not be regarded us accidental or as attributable to any cause excepting the mfluenco of the disease.

The general results of these analyses are stilted in the following table (in so far as is necessary to olucidalo their relation to the progress of the symptoms) arranged according to the, periods of 24 hours, during which tho urine wns collected. In Ibe, last line of each division of the table are given the means of the temperatures read dining tho corresponding days. Further details will be found in tho chemieal report.

TUB OATTLH I'LAGUK COJIMISSIONEUS.

TABLE showing the quantity of Uiino oolleotod dni'lug oaoh day of the disease in iivo cases of which four wore Ur.Sunderjon. fatal (togother with its upooiflo gravity and riolmesa In Urea), oompai'ed with the menus of the obsoi'vatlons Rc^to of tomporatai'O taken during the sumo periods :�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ccmmhrionsni


		Average
Designation of Animal, and Kesult, i		during Health.	1st Day.	2nd Dny.	3rd Day.	4th Day.	5th Day.	Oth Day.	7th Day.	8th Day.
	'Quantity of Urine collected
	at the end of oooh day	909-0	112	97	76	44	71	147
	Specific gravity of Urine
	collected - quot; . quot;	1050-5	104laquo;	1045	1044	1042	1034	1024
Bullock	Pcr-oentage of Urea in the
No.;( -	same - - -	2-82	2-30	2-66	3-52	4-70	5- 04	3-17
(Doatli).	Total quantity of Urea in
	24 hours - - -	117C-G	1129-04	1130-89	1172-41	906-32	1568-31	2042-31
	Temperature (mean of read-
	ings at time of coUectiou,
	and 12 hours before)	101-85	103-6	105-3	105-G	106-4	105-3	106-2
	'Quantity of Urine in 24 hours
	as above - - -	98	155	76	57	41	78	23
Heifer	Speciiic gravity	io;!8-3	10:i(i	1044	1045	1038	1035	1017
No. 7 #9632;{	rer-eentage of Urea	�.	1-54	2-72	3-42	3-73	5-17	1*22
(�eatli).	Total quantity of Urea in 24
	hours - . -	850-6	1044-3	904-4	878-4	669-1	1764-4	122-8
	Temperature as above	102-34	105-7	105-8	105-5	106-5	106-3	103-8
'Quantity of Urine in 24 hours		__*			220	161	163	140
Milk Cow Slgt;�^ilic'g^ravity Milicujlaquo; p_er._ccntag₀ ₀f urea /i^quot;^-,^ ' Total quantity of Urea In 'gt;i (iJeatli). _Il0U1._s		�	�#9632;	�#9632;	1025 1-82	1020 1-73	1023 2-83	1018 2-32

		�	�.	�	1754-7	1220-7	2021-7	1423-5
Temperature as above		101-18	103-0	104-0	104-7	104-4	104-4	100-2
	'Quantity of Urine in 24 hours	__#			132	50	50	30	30
Heifer No. 12 � (Death).	Specific gravity Per-centage of Urea -	z	�	�	1027 2-74	1030 4-22	1025 4-07	1029 4-00	1028 3-46
	Total quantity of Urine in 24
	hours - - -	�	�	�	1588-3	923-1	890-81	525-0	544-9
	Temperature as above	1U2-G	103-3	105 � 6	1�G-3	106-4	105-1	103-2	102-9
fQnantity of Urine in 21 hours		168-0	162	176	177	200	220	134	124	91
niin-o..... Specific gravity - - 1045-8			1044	1045	1042	1039	1031	1035	1039	1040
i, �..Vquot; Per-oentaao of Urea		2-00	2-91	2-77	2-72	2-82	2-38	3-28	3-62	3-57
jNo.�v,tte--covery),	Total quantity of Urea in 24
jNo.�v,tte--covery),	hours - - - 1487-4		2062-8	2132-8	2105-6	2467-7	2290-8	1922-8	1963-9	1421-8
	_Temperature as above	101-70	103-1	104-6	105-6	105-G	106-0	106-5	103-5	103-8

So far as so small a number of analyses arc worthy of confidence the results arc significant. The indica�tions they afford may be stated as follows :�(1) Taking one case with another (.lie largest qutmtity of urea was yielded on the fifth day of the disease, whereas (lie highest tomperature was recorded on the fourth ; hot in one of the fatal cases both events were dcfcii'cd until (ho sixth day, i.e., the day before death. (2) In every instance the specific gravity of the urine was diminished during the whole course of the disease, so much so that even when no more than a quarter of the natural quantity of urine was passed, its specific gravity was reduced from lO.'iS to 1017. (3) In the fatal cases tiio per-ccntngo of area was nearly doubled, the incronso being greatest at the same period of the disease at winch tlio total daily excretion of urea was most rapid. But in the animal that rocoverod the increase, although constant and well-marked, was not so considerable, and

was moreover delayed until the eighth day, when the, diurnal yield of urea had already much diminished.

For information on all other questions relating to the condition of the urine during Callle Plague, I must refer to the. report of Dr. Marcet. It may, however, bo worth while stating here that during the period immodiatoly preceding death in fatal cases it was repeatedly found that the urine was albuminous. Oc�casionally it was observed to be acid or neutral, instead of being alkaline ; but this last Pact appears not to be of very groat importance, for in nil conditions, whether of health or disease, tlio urine of herbivorous animals becomes acid when alimentation ceases,

4. Allcratiom of the Secretion of Milk,

For a detailed account of the alterations of the milk in the two milk cows which were submitted to obser-

* In this case the analyses were not commenced until the 3rd day. A i

APPEUDIX TO THIBD BEffOKT OF

Dr, Snmlorson, vntion, I must refer to tlio ohomlool report, tho ildirorlto qumitity collected each day iluruig lieidth mid diseuso

Coiimiissioiiois. hnving beon loiwiu'ded to Dr. Maroet for iiiiiily.sis. In the cow No. 3, which at tho time It was inooolatod was sivinn' raquo;bout seven ])int.s a dny, tlio yield gradually duclined during the progress of the diseuso, l)ut never ceased. As tho unimal rocovoi-od the daily quantity increased to the previous overage. In tho cow that died the decrease was much more rapid. During tho last two days only a few drachms could bo obtained at each milking. Tho secretion was moreover entirely altered in character, being convcrtocl into a turbid liquid in which floated innumerable flaky or grumous particles. On microscopic examination it was found to contain, in addition to the ordinary milk granules, boilics resembling colostrum corpuscles, anil vast num�bers of spheroidal hyaline corpuscles, scarcely larger than blood globules, many of which were free, while others wore surrounded with granular conglomerates.*

.'j. Alterations of the False,

It is usually stated that the Cattle Plague is attended at its commencement with febrile reaction, and that this condition is ushered in by slight rigors and .some�times by shuddering. I have no doubt that these phenomena have been observed hy the authors who have referred to them, but they have escaped my attention. Rigors of a marked character occur at a later period in tho disease, but of an entirely dif�ferent nature from those in question.f A.ccording to Roll and Spinola, tho pulse usually varies during the second stage of the disease from CO to 80 heats per minute, but Spinola found that in vigorous animals,

in which the febrile reaction was -woll marked, the pulse rose to 80 or 90. All authors aigreo that In tho third stage, thtit of collapse, the intlse undergoes further ticcelerntion, but oven In this reepect there is oonsidemblo vnriation In different eases. It is to bo remarked with reference to all former oUsevva-tions on tlio subject, that tho results of disoaso were not compared with those of health. My observations show that individual aninuds vary raquo;xtrumely even in thi! nornial state, as regards the fre^uuncy of the con�tractions of (ho hoiirt, so that unless tho acceleration is very considerable no conclusion can be derived from any iiuinerical obsorvulions mailo (luring the pro�gress of disease, unless thoy have been preceded by a sufficient nunibcr of similar observations mndo during health. This has not been done, so far as I know, by any one.

A ghinco at the observations inaclo twice a day during the early stage of Cattle Plague, and. the poriod immediately pioceding the appcarsuuw of the first symptoms, will enable any one to satisfy himself that in each instance the acceleration of tho pulse which attended tho commcnccraeut of the disease was very inconsiderable. Indeed, in most of the cases it. would be entirely impossible to distinguish by the mere in�spection of the pulse-numbers betireen health and disease, or to say at what moment they began to be abnormal, TJut tho comparison of the average number of pulsations per minute, enumerated while the animal was under tho influence of the disease, with those taken during health, affords more accurate informa�tion, shoving that in general, though not univorsally, there was aa acceleration.

Taislk exhibiting the average number of pulsations per minute in six animals (viz., 2 milk cows, 2 bullocks, and 2 heifers) {a) in the healthy state, and (�) during the progress of Cattle Plague.


Description of animal - - - u .	Heifer.	Bullock.	Bullock.	Heifer.	Coquot;w.	Cotv.
Mode of infection - - - - -	Inoculation.	Inoculation.	NTat. Infection.	Inoculation.	Nat. Infection.	Inoculation.
Result .._...	Uecovery.	Recovery.	Death.	Recovery.	Death,	Recovery.
#9632;pi' Iquot; Mean number of pulsations per minute ,^u f,^.¹ \ Numl)er of observations from which ^nealtn- [ mean is calculated -	69-43 40	G7-G7 45	65-38 05	07-7!) 45	61-60 55	63-36 25
p , . f Mean number of pulsations per minute u se in I jvl_um\|,_el. ₀f observations from which disease. [ _nlean _is _calculated .	73 � 57 28	08-38 32	68-27 11	70-24 33	68-62 13	60-75 18
Difference - - - -	4-14	0-71	3-32	2-45	7-02	� 2-61

Tho numbers show that in one of the animals that recovered, the pulse was actually slower by two and a half beats during tho disease than it avsis before. Of those that died, one showed a very slight accelera�tion, and that (as may be readily seen by reference to Case No. 3) was entirely attributable to the last twenty-four hours of its life. In the cow, of which the pulse had before been remarkably regular, it became quicker by six beats.

In the collapse which precedes death in fatal cases, tho acceleration of the pulse is, as might be antici�pated, more marked than at any other period. Thus, in case No. 3, tho pulse number, which thirty hours before death did not exceed GO, rose during the last twenty-four hours to 90. In case No. 5, the pulse rose from 70 to 108 in the last twelve hours. In case No. 12, there was a more gradual riso to about the same extent. But in No. 7 tlioro was no constant; acceleration, although once or twice high numbers were recorded.

From the preceding facts, it is obvious that the frequency of the pulse is a character of no Irnportanco with reference cither to diagnosis or prognosis, for.

with the exception of the final accclcrntion, which, in fact, is rather to be regarded as part of the process of dying than anything else, it appears to hear no relation to the condition of the animal, But it is far otherwise as regards the quality or strength of the pulse. Changes of arterial tension juo more easily appreciated in bovine animals than in man, in conse-quence of tho more complete exposure of the artery. It was fouml in all cases that the force of the arterial expansion remained unafFccted up to tlio fourth or fifth day of tlio disease, that after this period it became gradually weaker, raid that during tho stage of collapse in fatal eiisew it was scarcely possible to appreciate it, even when the vestsel was seized between the thumb and fmger. At an earlier period, tho sensation com-inunicateil was that which is understood by the'word quot; thready,quot; the artery feeling like a cord, und being scarcely affected by the systolic wave,

6. AUentliom of the Function, of Mespiration.

The descriptions given by former writers show Ibat thesympioms rcH'mlde lo ibe respiratory system, which lin.ve beelaquo; oliscrveil in oilier countries, rcsenihic in

*I am infonued that a cat and four kittens fed on this milk died. The fuel was not reported to me till some days after�wards, so that there was no opportunity of iavestiRalinp the effects produced, f Koe p, IS.

THE CAI'TIE TLAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

their general ohavaoter thoso that have prosoutwl tliom-solves in our experimciidil imimuls. lUit uiilbituutitoly scai-coly any of those closoriptiona ave so definite or detailed ns ooulii lgt;e wished ; so that I flnd it dtffioult to luol quite oertnin whetliov tlio phonoineiitt to which they refer are the same as those I have myself'wituossed or not. Aooording to Professor Boll quot; The brenthinis! quot; is accolei'ated, the respiratory movcni�uts of the quot; flanks oxcossivc, and each act is accompanied -with quot; marked moaning (Stolmou), The physical oxamina-quot; tion of tho chost affordlaquo; no indications of affection of quot; the lungs, nothing abnormal being heard excepting quot; moist rales of various character. Sometimes there quot; is hollow expulsive cough, which is very distressing quot; to the animal.quot;* According to Dr. Woher quot; tho quot; movement of the intercostal spaces diminishes quot; during the progress of the disease, until at length quot; it is confiuud to a slow elevation of the sixth and quot; eighth interspaces, winch is immediately followed quot; hy collapse of tho thoracic walls. The rapidly quot; increasing emphysema of the lungs by which tho quot; disoiiso was characterized, particularly at the com-quot; mencemeat of tho epizootic, was indicated by quot; increased clearness and fulness of the percussion quot; sound, and hy an extension of the pulmonary quot; resonance backwards. On auscultation moist rales quot; of various tones were heard, which sometimes ac-quot; companied, sometimes masked the loud vesicular quot; murmur. In extreme cases of emphysema neither quot; the natural nor the abnormal sounds could be made quot; out.quot;t

The rate of breathing in ruminant animals is difficult to determine with certainty. It is liable to bo interfered with not only by the movement of rumina-

tion, but by variations in tho f'ulnoss of the digestive cavities, particularly of the first stomach ; so that obser�vations of the respiratory rhythm can only be of value when care is taken to note in each case the condition of the animal when the breathing was counted.

Thus, during rumination the animal breathes slowly, viz., from 15 to 20 times in a minute ; but just before each bolus is returned from tho rumen into the month it takes a deeper breath than usual, which is indicated by a momentary distension of the belly. This is immediately followed by a short but vigorous contrac�tion of the abdominal muscles with closure of tho glottis, by tho combination of which actions tho bolus is forced into the oesophagus, If, therefore, an animal is ruminating, care must be taken to enumerate the respiratory movements during tho intervals between successive acts, or at all events to take tho interrup�tions due to them into account. Generally speaking, it is hotter to observe the breathing during rumination than under any other circumstances, for this important reason, that the continuance of the process is a proof that the animal is not alarmed by the observer's presence. If, however, this cannot be done, care must be taken to avoid making observations when the digestive cavity is unusually full, for whenever this is tho case, and particularly when the distension arises from the collection of flatus in the rumen, the breathing becomes, even in perfectly healthy animals, hurried, shallow, and unnatural.

The rate of breathing was determined in the experimental animals of the first und second series in the same way ns that of the contractions of the heart. The results arc given in the following table :�

Dr. Bmdenon, Boporl to

Cummissumrrs.

Table exhibiting tho average number of respirations per minute in six animals in the healthy state, and

during the progress of rho Cattle Plague.


Description of animals . . -	Heifer.	Bullock. Inoculation.	Bullock.	Heifer.	Cow.	Cow.
Mode of infection - - - - -	Inoculation.	Bullock. Inoculation.	Nat. Infection.	Inoculation.	Nat. infection.	Inoculation.
Result - . . . .	Recovery.	Recovery.	Death.	Recovery.	Death.	Recovery.
#9632;n . . rMciinnumberofrespirationsperminute � v. mN Number of observations from which in health. \| _me,_m ._fl _calculatcd	51-90 47	56-37 40	51-85 G4	57'61 45	27-53 57	39-90 25
jy #9632; . 1* Mean number of respirations per minute . spivation i Number of observations from which in disease. \ _mean Is cultivated	33-33 27 -18-G3	3laquo;-52 33	00-91 11	43-79 33	57-0 14	34-79 31
Difference . - - -	33-33 27 -18-G3	-19-85	-0-9C	-13-82	29-47	-5-11

The table is of use as showing that tho statement which has b'3eu made by some writers, that in Cattle Plague the respiratory movements arc accelerated, is not in accordance with fact, for in every case excepting one, the difference between the averages of health und disease lay in the opposite direction. But with a view to diagnosis, the numbers ore of little significance, for any one who is willing to take the trouble to compare the daily observations recorded in these six cases before and after infection, may readily satisfy himself that in the live cases in which tho breathing was retarded us well us in the exceptional instance in which it was accelerated, the change of rate did not occur until an advanced period of the disease, and that during the first three or four days the animal respired at the same, rale as (hiring health.

Much more is to bo learnt by studying the mode of resphiilion than by counting its frequency. During the first stage of the disease respiration is performed in

a perfectly natural manner, hut about the fifth day irregularities begin to bo observable. From time to time the rhythmical movements of the chest are interrupted, and expiration is accompanied with an audible moan. This irregularity is at first so trifling that it would scarcely merit attention were it not the precursor of more serious derangements. On the sixth day (that is in fatal cases the day before death) the breathing nsunlly assumes a character which is so ro-markablo that if once observed it cannot; be forgotten. Thechest dilates suddenly, but apparently with consider�able effort, in connsequence as I believe of the unnatural permanent expansion of the lungs due to obstructed expiration. This inspirutory movement is immediately followed by closure of the glottis, tho expiratory mus�cles being at the same time thrown into violent, action, much in the same way ius thoy are in the act of rumi-imtum. The closure of the glottis is always attended with a sound (such as might be produced by the sudden

* Rollraquo; quot; Lehrbuch der L'athotogie und Therapie der Ilausthiere.quot; Wien, I8(i0, p. .-SSfi.

f Weber ) quot;Rinderpest in symptoiuiitologischer patliolog. anatom, und niediciimlpolizcilichcr Beziehung.quot; Prag, 1852, p. 13.

A 4

APrENDIX TO THIUD UEPOKT OF

Dr, Bandoroon. closure ol' a soft leather valvo) so loiul that it can lio

marked degree in six. In one it was observed only nt intervals, and in tho animal No. 5 it was entirely absent. In this case the breathing became timing the last two days exceedingly rapid, the number of respi�rations in a minute varying from 90 to 96. There was no pause whatever, either before or after respiration. In the animals that recovered the dyspnoea was not so intense, but there was no essential difference in tho mode of breathing. This was tho case In all of tho inoculated animals of the first series, excepting in tho cow No. 6. In each instance, tho alteration was observed only for two or three days preceding and following the acme of the disease, viz., from the 5th to the 7th day of its progress. In tho cow No, 6 tho breathing was scarcely altered throughout.

In order to form an opinion of the cause of the remarkable phenomena we have been considering, it is necessary to refer to the anatomical changes observed after death in the respiratory organs. With the excep�tion of pulmonary emphysema, the only alterations which occur with any constancy are those which have their seat in the larynx and trachea, The mucous membrane lining those organs is intensely injected, and more or less oodeniatous, besides exhibiting other pathological characters to which it is not neeesary to advert here. These facts appear to mo to afford a complete and satisfactory explanation of all that is observed dining life. In all animals, as is well known, the vocal chords separate from each other in inspiration and approach in expiration, these movements being veiy inconsiderable in the tranquil condition, but increasing in activity whenever the breathing is excited or inter�fered with. Hence, we may readily understand that in the hyperfflmic and tumid larynx of Cattle Plague, the expiratory narrowing of the glottis becomes com�plete, while even during inspiration, tho opening is insuliicient to allow of the free ingress of air. Hence the permanent dilatation of the chest, the enfeebled action of the diaphragm arising from permanent depression of its central tendon, the laborious but re�latively fruitless action of the other inspiratory muscles in expanding the thoracic walls, the fixation of the chest during the prolonged dosuro of the glottis, and the noisy expulsion of the imprisoned air through the narrow chink, tho moment that the vocal chords separate from each other for .inspiration.

7. Alterations nf the Visible 3Incoics Membranes.

Ropovt to Ooniuitwiiononii

heard at a consklevable distaooo. Tliis sound oolnoldoa

Avitli tho reslBtod expulsive oflbrt, which is often so strong as to throw tho whole body of tho animal Into oscillation. The chink of tho glottis continues dosed for one and a half to two and a half seconds, the chest romaining expandod and motionless. At tho end of this period, the air shut up in the thoracic cavity is expelled with a peculiar grunting noise, which is quite as characteristic as the valvular sound already de�scribed. It is immediately followed by a renewed inspiratory effort.

Thus tho rhythm of tho respiratory movements is completely altered. The pause instead of occurring between each expiration and tho suecceding inspiration, that is when the breathing apparatus is In a state of relaxation, occurs when the chest is expanded, or, more accurately speaking, in tho middle of tho expiratory act, for inasmuch as tho expulsion of air from the 'chest commences immediately after tho chest is filled, a con�siderable quantity escapes before the glottis has had time to close. At the moment that closure takes place the air confined in the chest is strongly compressed by the action of the expiratory muscles, and in this way gives rise to the inlerlobular emphysema which is so commonly observed in Cattle Plague.

It is impossible for tlxephysiologist to witness the peculiar alteration of the respiratory mechanism above described without being reminded of the mode of breathing which is observed in animals after section of tho pneumogastiic nci-ves. In both conditions the breathing is retarded, and tho chest over expanded, and in both tho expiratory act is performed with violence!. I do not refer to this analogy, because I imagine that there is any special perversion of the function of the pneumogastric nerves in Cattle Plague, for there is not the slightest ground for suspecting that these nerves have anything to do with the phenomena under consideration. The importance of the com�parison lies simply in this, that both affections, the artificial and tho natural, result in emphysema. It is now admitted by all physiologists that in order to the pro�duction of this condition in a healthy lung, (that is independently of degeneration of the pulmonary tissue,) two things are necessary ; namely, (I) That the vesicles should lie in a state of extreme dilatation or expan�sion, at the commoncement of cacli expiration ; and (2) That tho expiratory effort should be forcible and violent. Now it is obvious these conditions exist in an intense degree, both in Rinderpest and after section of the vagi, so that without any unwarranted stretch of inference, it may bo regarded as probable that the rupture of the vesicles, and tho escape of air into the interlobular cellular tissue are produced in both cases by the same mechanism.

As regards the detection of emphysema during life my observations agree entirely with those of Dr. Weber. Although it several times happened that the lungs were found after death to ho more or less emphysematous when I hail failed in detecting tho alteration by per�cussion, the physical signs referred to in the passage quoted above were found in all those animals in which the pulmonary emphysema was extreme. But in most of these well-marked cases this evidence was not required, for the emphysema was not confined to the lungs. The escaped air had made its way from these organs to the posterior mediastinum, and from thence to the cellular tissue of the back. Occasionally the cre�pitation of emphysema could he felt, not only in its most frequent situation on each side of the spines of tho lumbar vertebra!, hut in other parts of the body whore the subcutaneous cellular tissue is suilicicntly loose to allow of its extension.

The peculiar form of dyspnoea which has been described, has been witnessed in almost all of the animals 1 have had under observation, since the com�mencement of this inquiry, In the eight fatal cases of the fust and second series it presented itself in a

The mou til

Iterations of the mucous membrane of the are regarded by Jessen and many other Russian

veterinarians as so characteristic of Cattle Plague as to be almost pathognotnomc. In the opinion of Rawitch,* however, they arc not worthy of such implicit dependence for the purposes of diagnosis ; for although he had observed them in by far the greater number of cases of this disease, in a few they were absent. lie adds, further, that in several animals affected with Foot and Mouth Disease, which happened to prevail among the experimental cattle during tho period of his observation, appearances were met with on the lips and gums which so strikingly resembled those usually seen in Cattle Plague that they could not bo distinguished.

Although the descriptions of all recent authors accord in the main with the observations which have been made in London, there is some difficulty in com�paring them, in consequence of tho frequent employ�ment by these writers of terms which are rather expressive of the observer's opinion than descriptive of the object under examination; such, e.g., as quot; aphtha!,quot; quot; pustules,quot; quot; cronpous exudations,quot; amp;c, Spinola says that the quot;epithelium of the mucous quot; membrane of the mouth becomes at first swollen quot; and softened, and is then thrown off in patches, by quot; which process erosions are produced, Sometimes quot; the epithelium is elevated so as to form little quot; vesicles filled with a yellowish fluid.quot;f In the cases

* Kawitcli; quot;Neue Untenmohungen liber die pathol. Anatomic der Rinderpest,quot; Berlin, ism, p, H.

f Spinola i quot; Mittheilungcn �ber die Hindertest gesammelt auf einer im Auftrage der K. l'MUSS, Stoatercglerung im l'r�hjahr 184�, nach Polen und Kussland unternommenen Kcisc.quot; .Berlin, 1S4G, p, 103.

TlUi CATTLK PLAG�H OOAHllBSIOKBllB.

recorded by Wobor in Gnliciu, quot; aphthm quot; were nlwnys observed ; they -wore of indeiiuito form, covered with whitish grimuliif exudation, which adhered slightly to the subjacent surface, and were easily dotuchod.* Dietrich describes the appcaranoes as consisting at first of an txphthons eruption of red specks, which subsequently become white, und at a later period of erosions which bleed easily, and of tallow-like sloughs (tnlgtlhnliohe Schmiere) which collect round the comers of the mouth.| Bull conline.s himself to stating that in the first stngo of the disease there are quot;exudationsquot; on the mucous membranes, which arc subsequently thrown oft' or become detached in the form of a pulpy mass, leaving a raw and easily bleed�ing surface.^ Jessen in his paper on the diagnostic value of the eruption expresses himself thus :�quot;The quot; appearances observed by mo on the mucous mom-quot; brane of the mouth, both in the natural and iuocu-quot; lated disease, are as follows; in some cases small quot; round nodules, seldom larger than a millet seed, are quot; observed, which are still covered with epithelium, '* through which a yellowish or yellowish grey quot; material can bo distinguished. A few hours later quot; (sometimes not till twenty-four hours) the opithe-quot; Hum gives way, and the contents become visible ; quot; hence results a very superficial lesion, which after quot; the removal of the material lying upon it is scarcely quot; recognizable ; it heals in a few days, leaving no quot; cicatrix. In other cases these nodules become con-quot; fluent, and then give rise to an excavated ulcer of quot; considerable extent, with irregul�r margins, which, quot; however, usually heals quickly, leaving no cicatrix. quot; In another form of the affection the epithelium is quot; raised in the form of small vesicles, which contain quot; either a clear or slightly turbid fluid, and leave quot; behind shallow, round excavations, with smooth quot; 6dges.quot;sect;

It must be admitted that with the exception of the last, all the preceding descriptions are so indefinite that it would scarcely be possible for any one who had not seen the local affection to form an accurate con�ception of its nature. But during the last three years two researches have appeared on the pathology of Cattle Plague in Russia in which the affection of the mouth is described with the greatest care and minute�ness, one by Dr. Brauell of Dorpat, who spent many-weeks in the Russian Steppes for the purpose of making anatomical, and particularly, microscopical observa�tions ; and the other by Professor llawitch, one of the members of the Russian Imperial Commission on inoculation. According to Brauell the buecal mucous membrane is usually reddened in patches of greater or less extent, these patches being in some places merely deprived of epithelium, in others covered with layers varying in size from that of a lentil to that of a fourponny piece (Silbergroschen), These layers arc of a greyish or yellowish colour, and of irregular form; they project from one to two lines above the surface of the reddened mucous membrane, and are so soft that, they can be stripped off readily with the tip of the finger. The merabrana propria beneath these layers is more or less reddened by capillary liyperaemia and luemorrhage, but is usually entii'e.|| Similar alterations are found at the margins of the lips and on the snout. In addition to these changes, roundish depressions about as large as a hemp seed, the bases of which were covered with a yellowish material, were observed on the mucous membrane of the lips, and sometimes along with them

greyish nodules, which might on superficial examimv tion be easily mistaken for vesicles or pustules. On pressing those, a yellowish, often semi-fluid mass could be squeezed out, leaving behind one of the depressions or pits above described.

The preceding were the appearances met with in animals which had contracted the disease naturally. Those seen in inoculated animals did not materially differ. On the third or fourth day after inoculation there was redness of the gum around the incisor teeth, und more rarely, injection of the inucous membrane of the lower lip. In addition, roundish yellowish species, as large as hemp seeds, were seen on the upper, and more rarely on the lower lip. At these spots the membrane was covered with a yellowish, white material, which could easily be stripped off, leaving small roundish pits. About the same period of the disease, nodules similar to those above described ^ were observed on the lower lip.

The researches of Professor Rawiteb, related to 44 animals under experimental observation at Bondarewka, one of the inoculating stations main�tained by the Russian Government near Odessa. On the third or fourth day after inoculation, injec�tion of the gums round the incisor teeth was laquo;ill that was observed. Two days later elevations about as largo as a poppy seed or a hemp seed were observed below the edge of the gum. On the following day or even sooner these had softened in their centres, and were converted into a yellowish white fatty material, on removing which a small round depression was left, the bottom of which was covered with a material resembling pus. On the eighth or ninth day after the inoculation there were patches of the mucous membrane of the gum and lips entirely deprived of epithelium, atid covered instead with yellowish grey mucus, or with layers of concretion of tolerably firm consistence,**

The conclnsions derived from microscopic exami�nation by Rawitch and Brauell as to the precise anatomical characters of the eruption were the same. They may be stated in substance as follows : the firm elevations which constitute the first appearance of the eruption consist superficially of unaltered epithelium colls, more deeply of similar cells con�taining large nuclei, and frequently numerous dark grannies insoluble in acetic acid. The deepest layers are formed of round granular cells, each containing a largo nucleus, and usually three nuclooli, along with which are other cell forms either resembling pus corpuscles or compound granular corpuscles. The laminar concretions consist for the most part of molecular granules and nuclei, along with cells of various forms undergoing molecular degeneration. The inembrana propria subjacent to the nodules exhibited in section active proliferation of the nu�clei of the connective tissue, which were remark�ably enlarged, usually contained several nuclcoli, and were here and there distended with collections of small round cytoid corpuscles each containing one to three nucleoli.

My own observations lead me to believe that the alterations of the visible mucous membranes are among the most constant and, for this reason, the most im�portant characters of Cattle Plague. This is particu�larly true as regards the mucous membrane of the mouth, for in more I ban 70 cases of the disease which have come under my notice since the commencement of the present inquiry, 1 have met with only one in which the eruption on the lips and gums, to be described below, was not observed. In all the rest it not only existed but presented itself in a characteristic form. As the case referred to came under my notice at the very commencement of my experience of Cattle Disease, at n time when I was not familiar with the appearances in question, I think it more than likely lhat I overlooked them. I believe there can bo no

�f Itraucll; quot; Xeuu Untersuchungen bclreffcuJ die puthol. Anatomie der Hindarpcnt.quot; Dorpat, 1802, pp. UKiti and 41-4.5.

quot; *Kawitcli j quot; Neue Untersuchungen �ber die puthol, Anatomie der Rinderpest.quot; Berlin, lamp;O'l, p. li) et seq.

Dr, Smuloi'son.

Ueijurt to (,'umiiiissloiieri.

* Wehanatom

ber) quot; Die Rinderpest in symptomatologischor patholog. und incdicinalpolizeilicher DezlehuBg.quot; Prag, 1852,

p. 10.

�f Dietrich; quot; uondbuch der Pathologic und Therapie der HaustWere.quot; Berlin. 1881, p. 203.

{ li�il; quot;Lehrbuch dor Pathologie und Therapie der Ilaus-thiere.quot; Wien, 18li0, p. laquo;SO.

sect; Jessen i quot; Ucber die pathot, Erscheinungen auf der Mund Schleimhaut in der geimpften liinderpeet und deren Wd'th f�r die Diagnose denelben.quot; Dorpat, 1887, pp. l�, 10.

|| On one occasion only was the mcinbrom propria here mid there converted Into a soft material, which was found on tnioro-scopio exaniinatiou to consist of fine molecules soluble in ether.

13530.

APPENDIX TO THIUD EKFORT OP

Dr. SimdorNon,

Ropurt to Commissioners.

doubt that in animnls examined after death, the lips and gums arc occasionally found apparently free fl'om

disease, but this may be readily accoinited for by the fact, that the eruption is of short duration, and that even in fatal cases it often begins to heal #9632;within three or four days after its first appearanoe. I do not venture, from ny own experience, to concliule that the eruption is pathognomonic, but I think it highly probable tlmt Professor Jessen, (who has had larger opportunities of observing Cattle Plague than any other man in Europe,) is right in bolievingthat it is so.

The alterations of the mucous membranes may be most conveniently described with reference to the period of the disease at which they are observed, and the order in irliich they succeed each other.

In the four inoculated animals of the first scries it was impossible not to be struck with the perfect agree�ment in the time at which the first local manifestations of disease could be detected. All had been inoculated on the Friday evening, and in all, the visible mucous membranes remained absolutely healthy until Wed�nesday morning. On the evening of the same day all were diseased. The two heifers and the cow showed increased redness of the vaginal mucous membrane, and in the cow, in addition to the change of colour, the surface was sown with greyish white elevations, not so large sis pin heads. In all four animals the mucous membrane of the gums, although not perceptibly red�dened, was dotted in certain parts in a similar manner. In one case the elevated points were scattered here and there on the upper gum, while in the other three they were met with only on the lower, always occupying the same position, viz., that part of the gum which covers the socket of the corner tooth on either side.

As in these four animals the elevation of temperature which marks the commencement of the constitutional affection had also occurred in each ease between forty-eight and thirty-six hours after inoculation, it was evident that a period of two days, or thereabouts, had intervened between this important change and the first appearance of the elevations on the mucous membrane of the mouth. Great care was therefore taken in suc�ceeding observations to inspect the mouth frequently during the third and fourth day of the disease. In four subsequent cases, in which this was done, viz., Jsos. 3, 5, 7, and 9, in all of which the disease was contracted by natural infection and terminated fatally, the results coincided exactly, as regards time, with those above referred to, the first changes always occur�ring, as nearly as could be determined, forty-eight hours after the rise of temperature. In the four cases the first appearances were similar; in three of them nothing was seen excepting groups of punctiform ele�vations as large as poppy seeds below the corner teeth on each side ; in the other, the whole surface of the lower gum and under lip was dotted in a similar manner, but the elevations were more numerous and confluent in the situation referred to than elsewhere. Of the two heifers and the cow, all exhibited general reddening of the vaginal mucous membrane. In one of them it was sown with translucent grey elevated points, and in one of the others a similar appearance was observed on the following day.* It appeared to

*In all its stages the affection of the month In Cattle Plague strongl y resembles the human disease known by the name of mnguet or millet. In this disease the first alteration consists of redness of the mucous membrane, (hen small white grains appear which unite so as to form patches on the surface of the lips, tongue, cheeks,and palate; these exfoliate or detach themselves, leaving an inflamed surface beneath. On the palate they coalesce so as to produce an appearance resembling false mem�brane, but on the tongue and lips they remain discrete, or if they are so tliiekly f-et as to coalesce they still exhibit a granular patchy or uneven appearance, indicating their separate origin. On tlie cheeks the deposit is soft and curdy. Anatomically this disease has its seat in the epithelium. When the patches peel off, the mucous membrane proper remains intact, and the mnteriiil jicclcd off is found to consist of epithelium mixed with the filaments and spores of a hypliaceous fungus. See Dr. Ouy's quot; Vade Mecnm,quot; p. 352, and for a more detailed description the article quot;Muguctquot; in the quot; Traite des Maladies des Pnfantsquot; of MM. Killict and Barthez, vol. 2, p. 210.

mo very remarkable that, although in several cases, as, e.g., in Nos. 8, 12, and 13, the mucous membrane of the month was apparently reddened for some hours, or oven a day, before the appearance of the eruption, yet, in general, this did not seem to bo the case. Even when the elevations could be distinguished without difiiculty, they were often observed not to bo sur�rounded by any areola of injection; and in several instances 1 was able to satisfy myself that the colour remained entirely unaltered up to the time imnicdiately preceding this formation. As regards the vaginal mucous membrane it was different, for there, increased intensity of colour appeared not only to precede and accompany alterations of surface, but the injection was much more easy to appreciate, whereas those doubtful pink blushes which were observed in some cases on the gums and lips, and particularly on the papillae of the cheeks, were often so slight that if one had not attentively looked for them they would have escaped attention.

There were one or two cases in which the granula�tions differed in character from those usually ob�served. Thus, in No. 11 they were from the first larger than millet seeds, and formed soft and curdy projections, which, although most abundant in the usual situation, were scattered at intervals over the whole surface of the lower gum and lip. In another case the divergence from the more common appearance was in the opposite direction. On examining the gums at the end of the second day, scarcely any granulations could be discovered, but in their place, viz., below each corner tooth, a group of minute erosions, each surrounded by a fine margin of white opaque material was discovered, the membrane look�ing as if it had been nibbled by some minute animal. These erosions were surrounded by slight areolas.

Fm'ther alterations in. the. mucous membrane of the gums and lips.�During the third and fourth days of disease the granulations usually increase in extent, so as to form patches, these either coalescing with other patches of similar origin or remaining distinct. Eventually the mucous surface becomes more or less covered with a curdy or creamy deposit, -which is sometimes confluent, at other times discrete. This depends, so far as I have been able to observe, on the number of granulations with which the membrane is dotted in the first instance. If on the fourth day they are sown over the whole of the lower lip and gums, these parts will be found afterwards completely covered with a continuous deposit, almost resembling a false membrane, while, on the other hand, if it is originally confined to the corners of the mouth it will probably become confluent only in those situations, leaving the rest of the surface either clean or sparingly coated.

In general the creamy concretion exfoliates or separates spontaneously a day or two after it is formed. Wherever this takes place, the raw looking bright red surface of the proper mucous membrane (membrana proprid) is exposed, giving rise to the appearances which, after the author who first de�scribed them, have been designated quot;pestilential ero�sions of Kausch.quot; Their form and arrangement vary, as may lie readily understood, according to those of (ho patches or concretions by the exfoliation of which they are produced. If the concretions are discrete, the excoriations occupy the centre of each patch, and are of similar contour; and inasmuch as the patches themselves always exhibit a tendency to spread more in a direction parallel to the edges of the teeth than from above downwards, the erosionraquo; assume a similar form. If there is a continuous layer of con�cretion covering the whole surface of the gum, the forms of the original patches can no longer he dis�tinguished. In this case the erosions sometiines appeal' as irregular fissures, such as might be pro�duced by the mere cracking of the deposit in the movements of the lips; in other instances, the con�cretions may exfoliate in largo flakes, leaving exten�sive raw surfaces of irregular form. This appears to depend on variations in the character of the deposit,

\l\

THK CATTLE PLAGUE OOMBtISSIOKBBS.

those concrctlonB being most apt to exfoliate which are soft and creum like and of great thiokness, and vice versa.

Extension of the morbid process to of her parts of the mouth.�During the first day or two after itraquo; appearance, no other part of the month tlinu the mucous membrane covering the gums and lips is affected. Subsequently similar alterations are ob�served on the membrane lining the cheeks, on the tongue, and on the palate. As in each of these situations the appearances are different and charac�teristic, they must bo separately described,

(a) On the inner surface of the cheek, which is covered in bovine animals with largo conical papilliraquo;, many of which are more than a third of an inch in length, the first change consists in a slight reddening of these organs, especially near their tips. In the natural state they are of an extremely pale pink colour, which remains unaltered until the fourth or fifth day of the disease, after which it is more or less intensified. Twenty-four hours later, alterations are observed which are much easier to recognise. The papilla) exhibit sometimes at their tips, sometimes at their bases, minute patches of a deep red colour, and, on examining them with a lens, it is found that these patches are depressed below the general surface, and that they are produced by the stripping off of the superficial layer of the epithelium. At the same time that those changes are taking place in the papillae, the mucous membrane around their bases becomes coated with deposit of the same nature as that observed on the gums and lips, the only peculiarity being that it is in general softer and more creamy, and so easily detached, that it comes oftquot; in large flakes on the fingers* The papillce themselves, so far as I have been able to observe, always remain free from con�cretion.

{lgt;) The tongue usually becomes affected a day later than the cheeks. The alterations are confined to the under surface of the organ near its borders, and are of precisely the same nature and appearance as those already described on the lips. On drawing out the tongue, irregular groups of elevated white patches, with or without erosions in their centres, are seen on its under surface near the tip and edges.

(c) The hard palate, like the papilla;, remains free from concretions, but in most cases, whether fatal or otherwise, wo have observed red depressions, produced by exfoliation of the dense epithelial covering of that part. On the soft palate, the affection again assumes the concretionary form, but here it cannot be advan�tageously studied during life.

Excrptional appearances and varieties.�quot;With reference to the character of the concretion on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the principal varieties have been already referred to. In some cases the deposit is soft, of great thickness as in No. 11, while in others it is thin and more tenacious. As regards the extent of surface affected and the distribution of the morbid appearances, there are also differences which require consideration. From the examination of the mouths of 35 animals at a farm in Essex, in aL' of which the disease had arrived at the second or third stage, I obtained the following results as to the relative frequency with which different parts were observed to be affected.

In the 35 animals examined, tbo mucous membrane below the incisor teeth of the under lip was diseased in 33 ; the upper Up or dental pad in 26; the papilla', of the inner surface of the cheeks in 28 ; the lower surface of the tongue In 25; the hard palate in 19. Of the 33 animals in which the lower gum and lip were affected, the alteration consisted in all excepting two cases, of concretions or crusts of the kind de�scribed above. In the two referred to, all of the deposits had exfoliated, leavina indistinct red blotches in places previously covered. In 21 of the remaining animals the crusts or concretions were found in great abund-

anee, being at least half a lino thick, and covered the whole of the affected surface, and in three others the deposit was equally thick, but occurred in patches. In one case the coaling of while material was con�tinuous but remarkably thin, while in the other four the patches were of moderate thickness and varied in arrangement.

The upper lip was coated with an abundant confluent deposit in ten cases, and with distinct patches of a similar character in four cases. In two animals the whole of the upper gum was covered with a thin coating, the remainder showing various intermediate appearances ; in one case a single patch was observed.

The papillai exhibited the bright rod excoriations above described in only 11 cases ; the creamy or curdy deposit around their roots or bases was seen in 17 eases, in two of which it was remarkably thick and abundant. In the remaining seven cases it was specially noted that the papilla) retained the pale pink hue which is natural to them in health.

Of the 25 eases in which the tongue was affected, the deposit was abundant in nine, inconsiderable in three, the remainder showing various degrees of morbid change.

Exfoliation of the epithelium of the palate was well marked in four cases, less distinct in 13. In the remainder nothing unnatural was observed.

Further alterations of the inucoun membrane of the vagina,�Among the experimental animals in the second and third stages of the disease the appearances were as follows :�In those animals that recovered, the mucous membrane was in one in�stance scattered with miliary elevations similar to those seen on the gums at an early period. In general it was highly injected and smeared pretty abundantly with creamy discharge ; but in one case these appearances were very indistinct. In the fatal cases the condition was generally the same, but in three instances the discharge was yellowish and sticky, and in two others there were bright red patches of exco-riation hero and there, and the whole membrane was roughened as if the epithelium were exfoliating in patches.

In the 35 animals already referred to, which were examined in Essex, we found great varieties in the state of the vagina. Of 34- heifers examined, the colour was more intense than natural in all but one. In many of the cases the discharge was slight. Among 15 cases in which it was considerable in quantity, it was noted that it was creamy in eight cases, watery in one case, tenacious, sticky, or flaky in five cases The mucous surface was either scattered with miliary elevations, or exhibited rough patches of abrasion in 11 cases. In the remainder it was smooth and un�broken. I have never seen on the vaginal mucous membrane any appearance which could be compared to a vesicle.

Disappearance of the concretions, and restoration of the mucous membrane to its natural condition.� In all the animals that recovered, it was observed that the mucous membrane of the gums and lips very rapidly resumed their natural appearance after the completion of the seventh day of the disease, the concretions exfoliating one after another. The newly exposed surfaces, although at first red and raw looking, assume in the course of 24 hours an appearance so nearly natural that it is difficult to distinguish them. This was particularly well seen in the heifer No. 1. In this animal the upper gum was beset on the 6th day of the disease with large patches of concretion. On the following day all of them became detached, and a day later, the places where they had been, did not even differ in colour from tho adjoining surface. Those portions of the mucous membrane of the mouth which are later in becoming affected are correspond�ingly later in beginning to heal. Thus I have found in several instances that the bases of the papilla) of the cheeks and the under surface of the tongue, wore still coated, and that the hard palate was still scattered with patches of denudation, two or throe

Dr. Sniidrirson.

RopoH to Commissioners.

'#9632;

* Tins is the material leicrlbcd by imthon sis Sclimipre,quot;

talgiihnliche

APPENDIX TO TITIRD REPOUT OF

Dr. Snii'Ureon. days after tlie gums lind resumed their natural raquo;to appoaranco

Coniu.issioners, Nature of the morbid process.�llio alteration or the mucous uvjiubrane of the mouth, like that of the skin, has its seat in tho superficial structures. It consists in an altered growth of tho epithelium, iu virtue of which the epithelial elements ore pro�duced in great numbers at its deep surface,�or rather at the surface of tho membrana propria,� and of hypereemia of tho last-mentioned structure itself. On examining tho white material of -wliich the concretions consist, I have invariably found that they are made up almost entirely of epi�thelium. In many instances this epithelium docs not differ from that which is obtained by scraping tho surface of the healthy membrane, but more usually its elements are distinguished from those last men�tioned, in tho first place, by their relatively small size, and, secondly, by their pale yellowish colour, finely granular contents, and less transparency. Tbey are quot;often very firmly glued together, so that it is difficult to separate them, and are clearly identical with the elements which go to form the deepest, layer of the epithelium in tho healthy condition, I have not observed the appearances which are regarded by Professor Brauell as indicating that in fhe incrusta�tions of Cattle Plague, tho structural elements arc, undergoing granular degeneration. It is perfectly true that tho bodies above named are commonly associated with masses of a granular interstitial substance, but it does not appear that this can be regarded as abnormal, for granular matter of a similar character is met with in healthy epithelium. Along with and among the altered epithelial cells, I have usually found the filaments and spores of a hyphaceous fungus, analogous, I believe, to those described by M. Eobin in the epithelial crusts, which constitute the essential lesion of muguet. I do not for a moment imagine that these spores and filaments have any necessary or invariable connection with Cattle Plague, for I have met with them in abundance in the epithelium of healthy animals.

quot; brano of tho rectum is exposed, while the evacuations quot; are discharged involuntarily.quot;*

This description corresponds in every particular with my own observations, so far as relates to the most malignant cases of Cattle Plague. In these cases constipation was first noticed, as stated by Spinola, on the third or fourth day of tho disease, and usually lasted from 36 hours to three days. During this period it was almost always observed that the rounded focal masses, which were of an unnaturally dark colour, were glazed or lubricated with blood�stained mucus, small quantities of which wore also passed separately. The act of defiecation appeared to be painful and was accompanied with arching of the back and straining contractions of tho expiratory muscles, and it was further noticed that the rhythmical contractions of the sphincter, which in bovine animals are always seen for some time after fasces have been evacuated, continued longer and were more vigorous than natural. When the thermometer was intro�duced, its bulb was firmly grasped by tho sphincter, and often appeared to give rise to painful expulsive efforts. Diarrhoea did not in many of the eases com�mence until the last or penultimate day. It usually came on suddenly, and once or twice it was observed that the first liquid evacuation took place immediately after a muss of solid material had been expelled with great effort, just as if the liquid contents of the small intestine had accumulated in the upper part of the colon, until at length the expulsive power of the. expi�ratory muscles was sufficient to overcome the obstruc�tion. As the fatal termination approached, the alvine discharges became more and more liquid and profuse, at first retaining the odour and character of natural fiMces, but soon acquiring a most offensive putrid smell. In the last stage the consistence of tho liquid varied from that of pease soup to that of rice water. Eventually it consisted only of mucus and blood, in which case, as stated by Dr. Spinola, its odour was peculiarly offensive. The colour varied according to the quantity of blood contained in it. It was usually very pale, but not so pale as tho dejections of cholera, which in general it strikingly resembled.

Among the animals that recovered, constipation commenced on the same day of the disease, as in the fatal cases, and continued for three or four days, after which it was succeeded by diarrhaja. In some of these cases, the tonic contraction of the sphincter, the tenesmus and straining were nearly as marked as in the animals that died; but the hard fajcal masses were never coated with mucus. The diarrhoea was also of short duration, never lasting more than four days. The evacuations were throughout of natural colour, and never acquired the dysenteric characters, which have been described above.

9. Alterations of the Shin.

The frequent occurrence of eruptions, incrustations, and other alterations of the skin in Cattle Plague is referred to in all modern descriptions of the disease. Seer,f one of the best writers on the subject up to his time, speaks of a pustular eruption on the shoulders as occurring in some animals after recovery from Rin�derpest, but in most cases he says, that quot; the eruption quot; had already dried into brown crusts, by which the quot; hair was matted together in tufts.quot; Falkef states that in some, but not in all epizootics, an eruption (Exanthem) appears on the neck, back, and tail, either about tho 1 bird day, or at the acme of the disease. The hair of the affected parts stands on end, and on feeling the skin the finger encounters ridges of tuber�cles (Bl�schen, Friesel, Rnmnzziui-poeken), which soon form crusts, matting the hair together. Professor

lt;S. Alterations of the Alvinc Dejections.

As regards the conditions of the alvinc evacuations, I have little to add to the facts recorded by those who have studied Cattle Plague in Eussia. The following extract is from Dr. Spinola's Report of the results of his journey inquiry, undertaken by him in 1845, by order of the Prussian Government :�quot; On the first quot; day that the animal is obviously ill,quot; (the third or fourth day of the disease, according to my reckoning), quot; there is usually constipation (erscheint die Mistung quot; in der Regel verz�gert). The fieces are passed quot; frequently, but in small portions ; these are of firm quot; consistence and of a dark (blackish) colour, and are quot; invested with a coating of mucus. The belly is quot; usually distended, while borborygmi are frequently quot; audible, especially when the ear is applied to the quot; abdominal walls. Constipation is soon followed by quot; diarrhoea, but in exceptional cases the patient dies quot; before this change takes place. The diarrhoea, quot; gradually increasing in violence, eventually becomes '�' dysenteric. The iicccs are expelled with expressions quot; of pain and tencsnius. They are at first watery, quot; bilious, and green coloured, and have an acid offen-quot; sivc smell and an acid reaction ; the fascal material quot; being mixed with remains of food. At a later quot; period they become more and more putrescent, and quot; acquire an iohorous (jauchig) character and a quot; yellowish green, brown, or grey colour. In the quot; last stage tho discharges contain much gelatinous quot; mucus, which varies in consistence, and is usually quot; mixed with blood partly fluid partly coagulated, in quot; which case it possesses an extremely stinking smell. quot; The (enesmus, which was at first observed, gradually quot; diminishes, and towards the close tho sphincter aui quot; is paralysed. When this is the case, the anus is quot; protruded, and the intensely dark-red mucous mem-

* Spinola, in loc. cit., p. 107.

t SSeeri quot;lieber die Hinderpest der Jahrc 1844 und 1845, in B�hmen.quot; Ztschft. f�r Thicrheilk. von Dicterichs, Uubcl und Vix, lid. XIV, p. 1, 1847.

{ Falkc ; quot; Handbuch der Krankheiten unserer nutzbaren Hausthiere.quot; Erlangen, 1858, p. GU,

THE CATIXB PLAGUE COMMISSrONERS.

Roll* in his well kno-wii hand-book states, tlmt in Austrian cattle, although the skin is tlry and yxirchquot; ment-liko, and beset witli incrustations, scaly or pustular eruptions are rarely met with) but mnong cattle imported from Ilussia (Tussteiivieh) suelraquo; erup�tions occur frequently, and sometimes constitute the most striking features of the disease. Wirth/f In h is quot; Souchenlohro,quot; also refers to the ocoumnoe in certain districts of an eruption similar to that described by Ramazzini.

Eigoni found that in conyalescoat animals quot; tliore quot; appears on the nuchn, buck, shoulders, and other quot; parts a pustular exaiitlienm, containing an unctnous quot; or purulent liquid, which as it dries assumes the quot; form of crusts united to the skin. Even when quot; the exanthema does not uppear, there exudes on quot; the surface of the epidermis in every part a, fur-quot; fumceous or powdery substance, which occasions quot; the animal much itching.quot; From this pustular eruption he remarks, tlie variolous nature of the disease has been inferred.!

quot;Dr. Weber, who enjoyed large opportunities of investigating the disease in Galicia in 1851, and has published the results of his observations in an excellent paper, appears to have studied the altoiutious of the skin with great attention. Ho descxibes tlie incrustations on the neek and shoulders as giving to tie finger the impression of parallel ridges of tubercles, the general direction of which is vertical, but as being found on more close examination to be no more than crusts having hairs embedded in them, and points out how the rugose condition is produced by the movements of the animal. Da removing these crusts, the hair is removed along with them, sometimes exposing a shallow ulcerated surface covered with whitish exudation, sornetimes a true scar of circular form.

But in addition to this appearance, which one at once recognizes as identical with those which have been observed in this country during the present epizootic. Dr. Weber describes a quot; pustular eruption quot; as occurring quot; here and there.quot; In one animal, he had the opportunity of studying these pustules in the recent state, and quot; -was able to squeeze out of them quot; by slight pressure a tolerably consistent yellowish quot; purulent material. These pustules,quot; says lie, quot; constitute the exanthem of Rinderpest, which has quot; already so often given rise to erroneous speeula-quot; tions.quot;sect; He then refers to the groat epizootic of 1709 and to the views of Rumazzini and his followers, who regarded the disease which then prevailed as identical with smallpox.

Professor Brauell of Dorpat, to whose comprehen�sive and exact treatise on the pathological anatomy of Rinderpest I have already referred, did not fail to describe the appearances observed on the skin, which he noticed almost exclusively among animals to which the disease had been communicated by inoculation. quot; In many inoculated animals I ob-quot; served the elevations on the surface of the skin quot; which have been described by other authors as quot; crusts, eruptions, amp;c. These were to be found in quot; the neighbourhood of the anus, and lower down quot; nearer rho scrotum, on the surface of that organ quot; (very frequently), or on the inner surface of the quot; thighs. They consisted of small heaps of a, dark quot; or yellowish colour, according to the dark or yellow quot; colour of the skin on -which they were placed, They quot; varied in size ft-oin that of a small hempseed to quot; that of a pea, projecting one or two lines above the quot; surrounding skin. They were rough on the surface, quot; and were sometimes of finn consistence, sometimes quot; soft. They could he easily removed, leaving behind quot; them the subjacent skin, reddened and without quot; visible vessels, but always without loss of substance, quot; On microscopic examinntion it was found that the

quot; more firm of these elevations consisted superficially quot; of polygonal cells, while their deeper layers were quot; formed of round cells with granul�r contents. Thu quot; soft variety contained the same elements, more or less quot; disintegrated, and mixed with molecular material, quot; In the corpus papillare of the parts of the skin quot; whore those elevations abounded, small extravasa-quot; tions were found. Several times finely molecular quot; deposits were found under the elevations in the quot; superficial layer of the corpus papillare, which quot; were evidently due to disintegration of the tissue, quot; and I do not doubt that sometimes loss of substance quot; occurs such as might bo designated by some quot; observers ulceration. Pustules (which are said quot; by many authors to occur) I have never seen. I quot; presume that those elevations which, when they quot; are yellow and involve the deeper layers of (he quot; skin, have some resemblance to pustules, have been quot; mistaken for them.quot;||

The appearances I have observed on the skin in animals affected with Cattle Plague arc very various, and seem at first sight to have little relation to each other. They may, however, be described generally as consisting, in the first place, of incrustation of material exuded in a soft or semisolid state from the glandular follicles of the skin, and, secondly, of pathological changes in the superficial structures of the skin, which, without taking anything for granted as to their nature, may ho designated by the term eruption.

1. Incrustation.�The earliest appearance or rather change I have noticed consists in the exuding of a semisolid material on the surface of the skin, whereby it is rendered unctuous to the touch. This I have observed, about the 4th or 51 h day, on the insides of the thighs, in the immediate neighbourhood of the anus and vulva, and on the chin. In the course of a day the exudation concretes (unless the part is smeared by discharges) into a dry crust of a pale or canary-yellow colour. According to the situation in which it is found, its characters and appearances differ.

(a.) On the inside of the thighs and on the udder or scrotum of young animals, I have met with the incrustation more frequently than in any other part and hero it always assumes the appearance described above, the only difference being that in the neigh�bourhood of the vulva the crust is continuous, whereas in other parts it is'more or less broken into fragments or furfuraceous.

(h.) On the nucha and sides of the neck, where the incrustation is often thicker and more abundant than anywhere else, it forms a thick and tough coating, by which the hair is firmly welded together. In this condition it reminds the medical observer of the appearance of the human scalp when affected with eczema. The encrusted part always exhibits numerous furrows or rather fissures parallel to each other, in which the cuticle is as it were cracked through, exposing the vascular cutis. With this ex�ception, I have not been able to detect any evidence of disease of ehe subjacent structures ; but from analogy, as well as from the descriptions of other writers, I presume that a similar condition of the cutis exists to that which is observed in other encrusted parts.

(c.) On the udder of mi Ik cows, when the eruption, to be hereafter described, is present, tlie incrustration is incorporated with the softened, thickened, and half detached epidermis, so that it is difficult, except at the. commencement, to detect it. At the edge of the diseased parts it assumes the same colour and appearance which is observed on the udders of immature heifers.

(laquo;/.) On the chin and around the mouth the crust also exhibits peculiarities, cpceially in those parls which arc kept moist by the constant smearing of the surface with mucous discharges from the narcs und month. Here it (onus a thick deposit, of a colour varying from dirty white to dirty yellowish brown. It is very readily scraped off in soft masses, but in

Dr. Sandorson.

Report to Commiaraquo;ioiioni.

#9830; lliill j quot; Lehrbuch der Tathol. der Ilausthicrc;quot; p. ,'J55. f Wirth ; quot;�euchcnlelirciquot;p.l68₎ Z�rich, ISlaquo;!, t UiRoni; quot;Corso di Nosologia. Vetcrinariaiquot;tonio2do,p.83. riorence, 1852.

sect; Weber, loc. cit., p. 7.

| Brauell \ quot;Neue Untersuchungen,quot; p. 52.

b a

APrENDIX TO THIED REPORT OP

Dr. Sanderson, doing so it is difficult to avoid removing at the wnno

an inch in diameter. On their convex surfaces the epithelium is either broken up or completely detached, in which enso tho smooth denuded surface is sur�rounded by a raised border corresponding to tho line along which the cuticle surrounding tho elevation is still adherent to tho deeper structures. When ex�amined after death they exhibit at first sight ustriking resemblance to vesicles, and this appearance becomes more deceptive when, as is sometimes the case, a central depression somewhat like that of tho vaccine vesicle is observable. Hut on section in the perfectly recent state or during life thoy are at once shown to have precisely tho same structure ns those already described.

In those animals that I observed during recovery, the eruption on tho skin disappeared, leaving no trace behind it. The epidermis desquamated, and the crusts of the papular elevations scaled off witli it. Whether the hair camo off at the same time I am unable to state. I have not had the opportunity of observing any animal during recovery in which the eruption existed on tho udder.

2.nbsp; The hard, crusted elevations are met with in certain cases on tho udders of milk cows intermixed with tho ordinary form of eruption, but in no other situation. In the cow No. 5 this condition was care�fully studied, and I have since had the opportunity of examining two other cases, in which there were crusts having beneath them collections of a material resem�bling in appearance concrete pus. Between the teats of the cow referred to, the ordinary papular elevations existed in great abundance, and towards the fatal termination of tho case gave rise to the production of hard dark-coloured crusts, some of which were as largo as a six-penny piece. Beneath each of these crusts it was found, on examination after death, that there was a collection of tenacious pale yellow puriforra material, sufficient to communicate to the finger a distinct sensation of fiuctuation when pressed against the deep surface of the detached skin subjacent to the little abscess. On cutting into the cavity in which this matter was contained, it did not, however, flow out, but was discharged en masse.

3.nbsp; The larger tubercles, which consist of single dilated sebaceous follicles, choked with secretion, and more or less inflamed, are met with in various situa�tions. I have found them on the insides of the thighs and on the periuaaum, but most frequently on the udder, In some cases the contents of the gland soften, and are converted into a puriform liquid. I do not imagine that they have any special relation to Cattle Plague.

In order to complete the description of the cutaneous affections, it is necessary to refer to certain unusual appearances, which, although belonging to the same order of morbid changes, do not come under any of the heads hitherto considered. I allude first to the occa�sional formation of superficial ulcers in the neighbour�hood of tho mouth, and to the existence (in one case) of petechia; on the skin.

In two of the inoculated yearlings that recovered, superficial ulcers were formed during the decline of the disease, near the angles of the mouth and on the chin. Thoy were very irregular in outline. None of them exceeded a threepenny-piece in diameter. They were always surrounded by a tumid margin, which was raised not only above the ulcerated surface but also above the surrounding skin, so that although they appeared to be deep they were in reality very super�ficial, not penetrating below tho level of the epidermis. Of this fact, of which it vvas easy to satisfy oneself by careful examination, the rapidity with which the sores healed afforded additional evidence.

In tho bullock No, 3, there were dark spots rescm-bling petechia! scattered irregularly over the diseased surfaces. These spots did not appear, or at all events did not become so obvious as to bo distinguished from other appearances duo to the eruption, until a short time before the death of the animal. Thoy seemed to be confined to tho diseased integument surrounding the vulva and anus, where the epidermis

lloport to Cammiusionors.

time the softened, thickened opitholium, which is incorporated with the crust, as well ns the hairs

loosened by the nltenitions to be described below.

2. Eruption,�Before discussing the nature of the alterations which constitute the quot;eruption,quot; it will bo most convenient to state in what parts of the cutaneous surface they are, so far as I have observed, exclusively met with. They occur on the chin and around the lips, on the perinieuin, and particularly on the udder of milk cows around the bases of the teats. They consist, first, of thickening;, softening, and detachment of the epidermis, and, secondly, of elevations of the surface of various forms.

Detachment of the epidermis is observed in all tho affected parts. Around the mouth it is often seen in the advanced stages of the disease very distinctly, from its giving rise to red excoriations which extend to the skin and to the bordering mucous membrane. These are edged with loosened, thickened, encrusted epidermis, and are frequently seen to be continuous with the soft creamy apthous patches and excoriations with quot;which tho inside of the under lip is usually covered at tho same period. On tho perinasum the epidermis becomes dry and cnimply, and usually the superficial layers (scurf skin) peel off with great readiness, leaving tho reddish surface of the deeper layers uncovered. On the udder of milk cows it is also very readily detached ; towards the upper part of the udder it. is dry and crumply, and, as already stated, more or less incorporated with incrustation. The elevations I have observed are of three kinds :

1.nbsp; nbsp;Soft papular elevations, described by various authors as Kn�tchen or H�ckerchen.

2.nbsp; Hard crusted elevations, somewhat resembling impetigo-pustules, laquo;and met with only on the udders of milk cows.

3.nbsp; Soft tubercles of larger size than the first, due to the enlargement, and inflammation of sebaceous follicles.

1. The papular elevations are met with only in a certain number of the cases in which tho epidermis is more or less diseased ; and when they occur they are often to be found only here and there on the affected parts. They are of circular contour, and of a flattened or rounded (rarely conical) form. When pressed upon by tho finger, they feel soft or pulpy, but never fluctuating. On section, each is found to consist of a soft core, which lies immediately on tho vascular surface of the corium or corpus papillare, and is covered superficially by a crust of firmer con�istence. When tho elevations are cut into, no liquid serum or juice of any kind escapes ; but it is easy to enucleate the central core, and submit it to microscopic examination.

On the chin the elevations lie under tho general incrustation, but are readily felt by the finger. In this situation thoy are often found surrounding a single hair or a group of hairs, which then converge together so as to form a tuft or pencil. Whenever this is the case the bulbs of the affected hairs become diseased. They lose their attachment, and if the crust is removed are drawn out of the cavities they occupied in the corium, without the slightest resist�ance. On examining these bulbs each is found to bo surrounded with the bunch of sebaceous follicles which belong to it and both hair bulb and follicles are found to be invested with a pulpy material, which is continuous with and evidently of the same nature as that which lies under tho superficial crust.

On those parts of the udders of milk cows which are covered with hair, the characters of the papular elevation do not differ from those above described, but at the roots of the touts, where there are scarcely any hairs, they present a somewhat different appearance, which it is principally important to notice, hecanse it has led to their being erroneously described as quot;flat�tened vesicles.quot; These bodies arc often seen in numerous groups in the above-mentioned situation. They arc relatively larger than the elevations seen in other parts, few of them being less than a fifth of

filaquo;

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONEHS.

was already loosened and hi places detached from the cutis. Mici'osopie examination showed that the dark colour was dopondont on the existence of aggrega�tions of blood-pigment granules beneath the surface of the true skin, and especially around the ducts of the sebaceous follicles. These wero of a brownish or Indian red colour, not enclosed in any cell wall, but apparently imbedded in the connective tissue of the true skin.

Having now described the general appei.rance of the eruption, I am in a position to discuss its patholo�gical character, with reference particularly to the nature of the changes in the superficial structures of the skin which lead to the disintegration and detach�ment of the epidermis, and to the origin and forma�tion of the papular elevations.

From the examination of the diseased skin during life and after death, I have arrived at the following conclusions: �

1.nbsp; In those parts of the integument in which the epidermis is detached or disintegrated, the vascular layer (corpus papillare) is more richly supplied with blood than in healthy parts. I have, however, seen no indications of reddening of the surface (roseola), excepting on the udders of milk cows, and in this situation, only at a period shortly preceding death.*

2.nbsp; In recently diseased parts I have found the deep layer of the epidermis thickened and softened, or rather replaced by a layer of pulpy material, which on microsopic examination was always found to con�sist for the most part, of nuclear corpuscles varying in diameter from -j^^ to yJ^ of an inch. These adhered closely to each other, and consequently assumed a somewhat angular form, which they re�tained even when separated by manipulation. When treated with weak acetic acid they were but little altered, merely acquiring greater sharpness of outline, and appearing smaller. In this and in all other respects they resembled those which arc to be found normally at the deep surface of the epidermis, more than any form of pus or exudation corpuscle.

3.nbsp; The same pulpy material is not only to be found between the corpus papillare and the loosened epi�dermis, but invests the hair bulbs and sebaceous follicles so as to separate them from the cavities in the cutis in which they are lodged. Of these facts one can readily satisfy oneself during life by re�moving the superficial crusts of a few of the papular elevations on the udder or around the lips, and examining the hair bulbs which arc drawn out with them. The pulpy material which adheres to the bulbs and follicles is then found to have precisely the structural character described in the last section.

4.nbsp; The soft masses or cores which can be picked out of the centre of the papillary elevations consist of corpuscles of the same nature, the only differences observed being, that in some they are intermixed with a considerable number of granules, and appear to be themselves undergoing disintegration.

5.nbsp; With the exception of certain anomalous ap�pearances, which are rather to be regarded as secondary effects or complications, than as parts of the morbid process, the alterations of the skin which arc observed in Rinderpest;, appear to bo referable to one primary lesion, viz., to the exuberant growth or multiplication of nuclear corpuscles having no tendency to undergo transformation into normal epidermal structure.

6.nbsp; The alterations of the skin and of the visible mucous membranes are identical, for in both, the cor�responding structures undergo similar modifications. That this is so, we have direct proof in the often-repeated observation that the morbid process which commences on the lips creeps round the corners of the mouth, and spreadraquo; thence to the cutaneous surface, the aphthous crusts on the former becoming, as has been already stated, continuous with similar patches of softened and thickened epidermis.

7.nbsp; nbsp;The affection of the skin in Cattle Plague pro-sents certain analogies with those observed in the

eruptive discuses to which man is liable ; b'lt in onchnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dr. Sanderson,

case the points of difference are so much more numo-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ec��rtto

rous and striking than the resemblances that it seemsnbsp; nbsp; Oommisatonlaquo;!¹raquo;. unnecessary to discuss them.

10.�Alterations of the Functions of the Brain and JS^Tcrvons System,

None of the eases I have had the opportunity of observing, affords any evidence that. Cattle Plague interferes with the functions of the nervous system. Neither sensation, voluntary motion, nor consciousness, appears to undergo any modification, excepting in so far that in the last stage of the disease, in fatal cases, tremors and muscular twitohings are usually met with and that during the same period there is extreme mus�cular weakness. Convulsions have not occurred, nor have there been the slightest indications of delirium in any of the animals. The increased sensibility or ten�derness of the surface on cither side of the lumbar vertebra;, a symptom which has been referred to by the greater number of continental writers, I have watched for, but have failed to observe in a single instance.* If, therefore, I were to judge from what I have seen myself exclusively, I should be disposed to found a distinction between Cattle Plague and other toxajmic diseases, on the ground of the freedom of the animals affected from symptoms referable to the nervous system, and to believe that the poison exercises little if any special or direct influence on the nervous centres. Such a conclusion would probably be erroneous, for although in some countries and in some epizootics the same immunity from derangements of innervation has existed as in this country, there is evidence to show that this is not the case universally. To illustrate this, I propose to refer in some detail to the writings of the best Russian and Austrian authorities.

Oberthierarzt Hanpt, who was sent by the Russian Government in iMO to Irkutsk in Siberia and subse�quently to Tobolsk, for the purpose of taking measures for the prevention of epizootics in that country, has written an exhaustive and thoroughly original work on these diseases, with special reference to Rinderpest. It is remarkable that his description coincides more closely with our English experience than any other that I have mot with, thus showing how little the disease appears to bo influenced by the most opposite conditions of climate and the greatest diversity of external circum�stances.

''The disease could be recognizedquot; says Hauptf quot; at its earliest commencement, only by the animal quot; losing its contented expression and accustomed live-quot; liness. In almost every instance I have observed quot; from the first, that general diminution of strength quot; and depression which characterized the disease quot; throughout. I remember no instance in which the quot; disease commenced with the contrary condition, that quot; of excitement; the affected animals never exhibited quot; any indications of wildness, nor did I ever notice a quot; sparkling appearance or inflammatory redness of the quot; eyes, a staving aspect, or increased heat of the mouth, quot; as the first symptoms. I do not know of any case in quot; which there was excessive liveliness, bellowing or quot; the like, either at the beginning or during the quot; progress of the disease. Febrile accessions were quot; observed only in a few animals, and for the most quot; part in the advanced stage. Death occurred without quot; any marked convulsion ; usually it was preceded by quot; slight twitchings, the animal stretching out its limbs quot; and moaning as it expired.quot;

In the above remarks, Hanpt probably refers to the observations which had been made during the previous year in Bohemia by Thierarzt Seer, who was sent by

* My fi-itnd, Mr. W. A. White, H. M.'s Consul at Dantzic, #9632;who, iilthough not an expert, hns become export in Ciiitlc Plague by observation dnnnjr many years resldi'nco in Hnssia, was at once Itfttckj on visiting our experimental stable tht other day, by the absence of this tenderness of the loins, which lie told nie occurred so constantly in Poland as to luive become famili�r to the country people as a sign of the disease.

t Haupt; quot; Ucher einige Seuchenkrankheiten der Hausthicre in Sibirien.quot; Berlin, 1845, p. 241.

' SieVig. a.

B 4

APPENDIX TO TIIIBD REPORT OF

Dr. Saudorson.

Deport to

CoumiiB�ioiioi's.

the Prussinn Oovcrnmont to invostigato the cpizootic of Ciittlo Plnguo which prevailed in 1844 throughout Bohomia, and other of tlio northern provinces of

Austria.

According to thin writer whoso exporlenco extended to 800 cnsofi, quot; the earliest inanif'ostation of the disease! quot; consists in a vigorous rc-action of the organism in quot; the Conn of a synoehous i'evor, the onset of which is quot; sometimes Indicatod by rigors so violent as to make quot; the animals' (chain) halters rattle; sometimes by quot; slight sliiveriugs, or ev'eu hy great prostration or quot; nervous excitement.quot; After a period varying from 24 to 48 hours, the synouiia passes into well-marked torpor. The visible mucous membranes become soft and moist, the eyeballs, which wore at first prominent and sparkling, sink into their sockets, while the cornete look dull and are often smeared with mucus, amp;c.*

Dr. Kitter von Koch, -who was commissioned by the Austrian Government in December 1853 to inquire into it later epizootic which then prevailed in the same provinces of Northern Austria, describes the initial symptoms which occur in certain cases in terms which closely agree with those employed by Seer.

According to Dr. von Koch two varieties or forms of the disease may bo distinguished. One of these seems to agree, both as regards the general character of the symptoms and the alterations of the mucous mem�branes, with the cases observed in this country ; but in the other, the disease comes on with greater violence, and its progress towards the fatal termination is more rapid, while the mucous membrane of the mouth, instead of exhibiting the ordinaryaphthous concretions is quot;smeared quot; with an abundance of foamy or tenacious mucus, quot; and is in some parts much reddenedquot; (p. 87). -In these rapid cases, says our author, quot; the phenomena of quot; fever presented themselves in great intensity at the quot; outset. There were frequent and violent tremors of quot; the hide, and the head vibrated whenever the animal quot; was standing, hut not when it was lying ; twitchings quot; of the muscles were however observed in the flanks quot; and belly, which became more marked as the disease quot; progressed. There was usually horripilation either all quot; over or in particular parts, but in some cases the hair quot; remained smooth. The eyes were at first sparkling, quot; and had a staring anxious expression, but subsequently quot; acquired a dull, muddy, and sunken appearance. The quot; conjunctiva! were at lirst much reddened, afterwards quot; usually livid, amp;lt;�.quot; According to Dr. von Koch tiie cases in which these remarkable symptoms present themselves are always characterized by quot; the absence quot; of membranous or coagulable exudative masses,quot; and by intense hypereemia and softening of the mucous mombranes.'lquot;

Dr. Spinola,f to whose investigations I have already had occasion to refer, tells us that Cattle Plague usually commences with a stadium prodromnrum, characterized principally by quot; alteration of the habits and demeanour of the animal,quot; particularly by quot;depression, dulncss, and diminished liveliness, and sometimes by great rest�lessness and excitement.quot; With these symptoms are associated anorexia, irregularity of rumination, dimi�nution of secretion, constipation, and all the other phenomena wo have observed during the third or fourth day of the disease. About a day later, quot;fever quot; sets in with partial or general tremors (Zittern) of quot; the body and horripilation (Str�uben der Haare), quot; the earraquo; lying back loosely against the head, which quot; hangs down and oscillates with the violence of the quot; shivering.quot; As the disease advances, other nervous phenomena present themselves which are no less characteristic. quot; The lumbar region becomes more

quot; and more sensitive, although nt last this condition quot; is concealed by tlio increasing weakness and ftp-quot; preaching paralysis.quot; At the same time the aninials evince great restlessness, quot; They have a bewildered quot; aspect ami terrified demeanour, while they listen quot; anxiously, snort, and toss their heads. The seat of quot; paiu seems to be the belly, for the suiTeriiig is most quot; apparent, before and during the alvinc evacuations. quot; There lire fivqucutly convulsive muscular movements quot; of the hind limbs, which last for a longer or shorter quot; period, sometimes continuing until death. Other quot; convulsive phenomena are wanting, or, at all events, quot; are of rare occurrence. Tlio bending of the nock quot; to one side, and the peculiar attitude of the head, quot; arc rather the results of relaxation than of spasm. quot; The tremors, however, which occur in the first quot; stage often pass into twitchings which may be quot; either partial or general. In the latter case, jerk-quot; ing movements of the body are produced which quot; resemble those of hiccough in man. These phe-quot; nomena commence about the third (fifth) day. As quot; death approaches, the muscles become flaccid and quot; powerless.quot;

The only writer I have met with who refers to cere�bral symptoms is Dr. Weber, to whoso report on the disease in Cialicia I have also before referred. quot; It does quot; not admit of a doubt,quot; he says, quot; that the functions quot; of the brain are affected by the disease, From the quot; very commencement, the animal becomes indiiferent quot; (theilnalnnslos). It lies still and cannot be made to quot; get up even by poking it in the most decided manner, quot; yet notwithstanding sometimes suddenly rises and quot; walks about heavily. It docs not get out of the way quot; when another animal stands immediately before it, quot; while, on the other hand, it butts with its horns as if quot; attacking some imaginary object (violleicht Hallu-quot; cinationen des G-esichtes).quot;*

11. Diagnosis of Cattle Plague.

No method of diagnosis can be of much practical value with reference to a contagious fever unless it is founded on the observation of the earliest symptoms, not only because at a later period the nature of the disease becomes so plain as not to admit of question, but because the utility of knowing what is the matter, whether with a view to prevention or treatment, depends upon the time at which that knowledge is acquired.

The method of diagnosis to be employed must differ according to the circumstances. In the case in which it is necessary to recognize the disease in animals not known to be subject to infection, those characters only are available which it possesses exclusively of all other febrile affections. When on the other hand, all that is required is to recognize it in infected herds or stables, the value of the indications depends much more on their appearing early and their being readily observed For in the latter case it may be presumed that if any of the usual symptoms of fever manifest themselves, it is infinitely more probable that they are due to the particular fever to which the animal has been exposed than to any other.

Among the early phenomena of Cattle Plague, diagnostic signs are to be found which are available in both of these cases.

Just as smallpox is distinguished exclusively by its eruption, erysipelas by the inflammation of the skin, diphtheria by the membranous concretion on the fauces, so Cattle Plague may be discriminated from all other discuses whatsoever, by the alterations of the visible mucous membranes generally, and particularly by those of the lips and gums. For the appearances to which these changes give rise are so characteristic and at the same tinio so constant, that I do not feel the slightest hesitation in saying that, with their aid alone, any man of ordinary capacity who has carefully studied them in living animals, can recognise the

* Seer, in loco citato, p. S.

f Von Koch; quot; Beobachtungen �ber llindcrpest, gesammelt wiibrend der Verwendung bei diese Seuche in M�hren, im J. 18S3-ft4, Vierteljahrsclirift fur Veteriniirkundc, lid. V. s. 13, 1Sij4.quot; This report is founded on the observation of 180 cases and 08 dissections.

t Itsliouid be remeinbcrcd tlint the coimiiencement of the dis-ciisc according to Dr. Kpinola corresponds to the .'Ird day of its progress.�Spinola ; quot; Handbuch der speciellcn Pathologie und #9632;ihcrapie.quot; lid. I. pp. 293, 294.

* Weber, loc. cit, p. 16,

TIIH CATTLE 1'LAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

disease with certainty during the third or fourth diiy of its progress.*

In like manner, the Inoi'OOBQ of tompuraturo, which my observations have shown to bo tho oiu'lloht .s'ikh of Cattle Disease, is an invaluable ineims of dotumiuing the timo at which an animal exposed to Infoctiou becomes actually infected. II', as I ooiitidently hopo, h method of cure for Cattle Plague shall nltiinately bo discovered, it will enable the veterinary practitionov to commence his treatment while the animal is laquo;till in tho full exercise of its healthy fuuetions. It is very possible that the rosourcos of art may still fail as they have hitherto failed to enable him to drive tho disease out when once established, but it does not seem unrea�sonable to hope that if he is placed in possession of tho ground before tho enemy approaches, ho may bo able to hold it.

Phenomena of Cattle Plague in Shekp.

The fact that sheep arc liable to be affected by tho poison of Cuttle Plague, and that tho disease assumes in these animals a form similar to that which is observed in horned cattle, was first established in the year 1861 by the simultaneous but independent observa�tions of Dr. Marcsch at Prague and Dr. Galambos of Pesth. Dr. Marcsch concluded that the disease in sheep was not capable of originating spontaneously in these animals, but that it was communicable from one animal of tins species to another, and probably also from the sheep to tho ox ; and that the ovine disease ran its course much more mildly, a large proportion of the infected animals recovering.I Before this period the disease appears not to have been recognized, for Iloll, in his Handbook, published in 1860, states posi�tively that no species excepting tho ox and the buffalo is capable of being infected with the Cattle Plague.

In tho spring of 1863, when plague prevailed among cattle in various parts of the Austrian province of Illyria, on the frontier of Croatia, it happened in several of the villages that sheep were accidentally brought into contact with diseased cattle, and thereby infected. A commission was immediately appointed by the Austrian Government for the purpose of studying the disease on the spot, and of ascertaining more precisely its relations to the bovine malady, the Com�missioners being Professors Roll and Bleiweis. The following symptoms were observed in ten affected animals in various stages of the disease :�quot; Dullness, quot; loss of appetite, cessation of rumination (rarely quot; cessation of both functions). The cars hang back, quot; and arc cold to the touch. The animals affected quot; look sad, turn their heads into a corner or towards quot; a wall. The eyes are dull and glazed and the quot; conjunctivai reddened, tho secretion of tears being quot; usually excessive. The mucous membrane of the quot; nose is injected and often exhibits excoriations; quot; occasionally it is smeared with liquid mucus of a quot; greenish yellow colour streaked with blood. The quot; discharge from tho nose dries on tho ake, so as to form quot; dirty crusts. Tho lower gum becomes livid and tho quot; flow of saliva is increased. The pulse is accelerated quot; (120) and the impulse of the heart excessive. The quot; breathing is embarrassed and gasping and is acconi-quot; panied with a short hollow cough. As early as the quot; second di�y excessive diarrhoea supervenes. Tho quot; evacuations are of fluid consistence, dark green quot; colour and offensive smell, and are often expelled

quot; with firetit violence. If tho diarrhoea continues, the quot; animal dies two, three, or four days after the iirst quot; obvious symptonis, death usually occurring quietly quot; but being soiuetiiues preceded by convulsion. If it quot; ceases, tho animal begins to ruminate and regains quot; its appetite and liveliness, and tho morbid discharges quot; from (iio mouth, nose, und eyes dhninisli,quot;

The identity of this disease with Cattle Plnguo was at once recognized by the Commissioners^ but it was resolved. In order to establish it in n positive manner, to inoculate bovine animals from (ho diseased sheep. At Proloka, one of the plague-stricken districts, four oxen were iuoculatod, one with blood, the others with mucus taken respectively from the intestines, nostrils, and air passages, the insertions being made either by seton, puncture, or by rubbing tho virus on the mucous membrane of the nose. (July one of these; inoculations, however, succeeded, and the iiniinal died. In anotlier district, Zagorje, three cattle were inoculated with inucons discharge and with blood which were taken from a sheep at the last stage of the disease. On tho ninth day after, one of these animals, a cow, became ill, and died with all the symptoms of Rinder�pest. Tho other two did not show any symptoms till 19 days after inoculation, so that it was evident that their infection was due not to tho inoculation, but to their being placed along with tho cow first attacked. These two also died. In all four cases tho dissections which were made after death showed that the charac�teristic lesions of Cattle Plague were present.

These experiments are thought by Dr. Blciweis to nfibrd evidence that the contagion of the plague in sheep, when transmitted to cattle, does not produce a mild form of the disease, for in one of the animals in particular, both the appearances during life and tho lesions found after death were of extreme intensity. This conclusion is confirmed by tho experiment made by mo last November at the Royal gt;Veterinary College, the details of which tiro recorded in the Appendix (Case No. 23).

Of the four sheep which were purchased for experi�ment, as stated in the introduction to this Report, two wore inoculated on the Ist of December without ort'cct,|| the matter used being tho same which was employed for the inoculation of the cattle of the first series. They subsequently remained in the same stable with the diseased animals, but exhibited no symptoms of Cattle Plague. The other two, a ewe and a ram, which had been kept in a separate stable until the 20th of December, were on that day placed in the stall previously occupied by the bullock No. 3, which had died on the 19th, after which time periodical observa�tions of pulse, respiration, ami temperature were taken daily. The ewe showed marked increase of tempera-ture on the 27th, tho ram on tho 30th of December.

Dr. Siinilerson.

Uepoit to CounnUtslonors,

J Blciweis; quot;Die Identit�t der Binder-und Schafpest durch Impfversuehc oonstatirt.quot; Vierteljahrsehrift f�r Veterin�r-kunde, xxi. Ji., p. 15.

sect; On this subject Professor li�ll remarks : quot;The appearances found in diseased sheep during life and after (loath differ from those seen in plague-stricken cattle in one particular only, viz.; that in slieep, loci of inflammation arc almost always found more or less munerously distributed in the lungs. The progress of the disease is further much milder in slice]) than in cattle.quot; The author supports this statement by a summary of the number attacked nncl cured in various provinces of Austria, which shows that among 1,084 sheep attacked, 4.12, or 41 per cent, recovered. �]{�ll ; quot;Bemerkungen �ber die Uinderpcsth'lmlichcn Krknm-kungen der Schafe.quot; Oesterreich. Vierteljahrsehrift f�r Wissen�schaft!. Vcteriniiik., xxi. i$., p. l/.'i.

|| I'lague has been produced in sheep by inoculation from diseased cattle both in England, and in Russia at the Inocnlation Institution of Cherson. The effects produced correspond very close'.y with the symptonis described in the text in sheep natn-rally infected. In three sheep inoculated on the 16th of August 18()3 at the .Inoculation Institution at Cherson, redness of the conjunclivie and of the lips was first noticed in each ease on the nth day alter the operation ; soon after there was discharge from the nares, and the breathing becume dillleult and pulling. On the next day niinnte elevations were observed on the mucous mem�brane of the lips, and soon alter liiere was discharge from the eyes and nostrils ; in the course of lew days the cmptlon rapidly disappeared.�licport of Imperial Commission on the Inoculation of Horned Cattle, amp;0. Petersburg, laiif), p, 801,

* The only affection in which appearances present themselves having any resemblance to those seen in Cattle Plague is foot and mouth disease (aphtha: cpizoolica:'). In this disease about the third (lay after the first febrile symptoms, white or yellowisli white vesicles, which are nt first as large as hemp seeds, but sub�sequently attain the size of peas or hazelnuts, and become con�fluent, appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, parti�cularly on the lower lip, on the dental pad, on the edges of the tongue, and on the palate, that is, in precisely the same parts which are affected in Uinderpest. The essential distinction lies in the fact that in Cattle i'lague there are no vesicles,

t Marcsch ; quot; [nfectlon des Schafes durch das Kinderpestcon-tagium.quot; Oesterrcioh, Vicrtcljahrschrift f�r VeteriniirUunde, xix. 13d., p, Si.

13530,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;C

APPENDIX TO TIIIUD KEPORT OP

Dr. Sumkmoii. The diiily observntions wliidi wore mado aftor thoso spoiul closely with those already tubulated relating to dates are recorded in the following table, and eorro- bovine animals.

Koiiurl to OommUnlouen

Tahi.e Bhowing the Aveioge Number of Palsatioas and Respirations per Minute, and the Average Temperature, in Two Sheep in the healthy State as oompaved with the Means of the daily Observations taken during the Progress of Cftttio Plague.


Pcscripti�u of Animal.		Averages during Health,	Ist	2lKl	3rd	4tll	6th	Oth	nil	8th	Oth	10th	nth	12th
Pcscripti�u of Animal.		Averages during Health,	Day.	Jtoy.	Day.	Day.	Day.	Day.	raquo;ay.	Day.	Day.	Day.	Day.	Day.
No.l. A11 owe ttffooted with 1
Cuttle I'liiKiie in eonse-		59'1	08	0laquo;	01	OS)	00	laquo;3	01	04	00	50	00	�
qnonoo of having been kpjit dm-iiiK seven ilnys ill n stiill previously oooupiod by ii bullook	#9658; llesp. -	28-0	28	SO	13	33	3S	20	35	37	20	20	38	-
	Temii. -	103-3	103'4	103 quot;J	106 �!	10V8	106'2	103'8	102-4	103*4	103-3	103-laquo;	103-4	�
whieli had died of the	Temii. -
disease. J
rPulse -		01 �raquo;	71	71!	08	0(1	OU	S3	101)	116	97	113	117	108
So. 2. A ram afTected with j Cattle Plnguo after hav- j Resp. -
		21-0	25	20	23	33	20	21	20	30	18	20	25	23
ing been kept for ten
days in the sumo stall. Temp,-		1U2'7	101^-3	10Ji-9	104-1)	105'0	101'8	10 f0	105-a	104-7	104-7	105-1	105-1	104-3

During the tlrst six days of the di.soaso, as I Lave observed in cattle, the pulse was slightly quicker than in health. Subsequently it gradually returned to its normal standard in the ewe, but in the ram it became much more frequent. The cause of this acceleration was not ascertained, but from its long coutiniuince it seemed to me to depend on some unknown supervening complication by which the febrile condition was kept up. The respiration columns exhibit nothing remark�able in cither animal. In the ewe the elevation of temperature lasted only until the fifth day, but in the ram it persisted long aftor the specific symptoms of the disease had disappeared, in common with anorexia, quick pulse, and other signs of exhaustion.

The visible mucous membranes underwent altera�tions which corresponded in every respect, both as re�gards the parts attected and the extent and duration of the morbid changes, with those which characterise the disease in cattle. The first alteration consisted in the appearance on the third day after the rise of tem�perature of minute scattered elevations on the slightly reddened surface of the gums and under lip, these elevations enlarging into patches and becoming more or less confluent just as they do in cattle. Uy the fifth day the eruption had arrived at its height; in the ewe the patches on the lower gum were still for the most part discrete, each patcli having in its centre a bright red abrasion, bordered by a raised margin of creamy concretion which could be easily detached. In the ram on the corresponding day the mucous membranes of the under and upper lip, and of the dental pad, were completely covered with aphthous concretions, while the under surface of tho tongue near its tip was coated with similar patciics. In both animals the papilla; were much reddened and abraded at their tips. In the ewe a cutaneous eruption appeared about the fifth day ; it was confined to the edges of the lips and to the skin on the inside of the thighs. In the former situation it consisted of papular elevations, similar in every respect to those soun around the mouth in bovine animals; in the latter the appearances were very indis�tinct and transitory.

The changes in the silvino evacuations also resem�bled those which occur in cattle. In the ewe the fteces were of normal appearance and form until the fifth day, when it was for the first time observed that they were coated with tenacious mucus, streaked with blood. On the next day there was diarrhcea, but it soon subsided. In tho ram the fteees were from the first soft, and were passed in masses; on the third day diarrhoea came on, and the evacuations were observed to bo streaked with reddened mucus; on the, sixth day this symptom subsided, but recurred afterwards at intervals.

Paex II.

PHOPAGATION OF CATTLE PlACHJE.

Of the numerous and complicated questions relating to the propagation of Cattle Plague which wore in-cluded in the plan of the present inquiry as originally laid down, I have been able to investigate experi�mentally, those only which refer to tho nature and properties of the contagious principle of the disease as they are exhibited in the effects of inoculation, and to the length of tho period of incubation.

1. Effects of Inoculation.

Tho question which stands first in its practical bearing on the employment of inoculation as a means of eradi�cating or preventing Cattle Plague isthe following :�Is it possible by inoculation to produce a form of disease which, while it is protective against future attacks, is yet so mild that it admits of certain cure under ordinary circumstances, or in other words, that the atlbcted animals, as a rule, recover with reasonable care as to hygienic conditions ?

This question does not at present admit of an answer. It is true that although the results of tho countless inoculations of Cattle Plague, which have been per�formed since the practice was first introduced in 1754,* show that there is no appreciable difierence either as re�gards symptoms, progress, or duration, between the dis�ease produced by inoculation and that which results from natural infection, provided that two fatal cases, or two cases of equal severity are compared with each other, yet the proportion of fatal and severe cases is much smaller in inoculated animals than in those naturally infected. So much so that in tho majority of tiie former the malady is deprived of its malignant character, and tends to spontaneous recovery. But this fact loses its practical value by its inconstancy. While during certain epizootics, and in certain countries, the results of inoculation on the large scale have been so favourable as to lead even the opponents of inocula�tion to hope that they were mistaken, in others the mortality has been almost as great among inoculated animals as among those infected naturally. Until wc are able, not only to say on what these variations depend, but to control them�until wc have found out a method of producing a mitigated form of the disease at will, the problem will remain unsolved.

Tho practice of inoculation has had its strenuous and ardent advocates in every country of Europe�men who have not only mado investigations themselves, hut have pressed upon governments the expediency of testing its value by experiments on a largo scale. All such proposals have been discouraged by tho leading

* Of these an excellent account is given in Prof. Unterberger's quot; lieitr�ge zur �eschichte dor llinderpcstimpfung.quot; Uorpat, 1805.

THE CATTLK 1'I.AGUB COMMISSIONIOKS.

memtem of tlio votorinavy profossion, for reasons wUoh ma of a similaa' oature to those whiok wore ui'god against tlio praoUco of iiiooulation of smallpox at tho

ciul of tlio lust century. In coimli'ios or districts in wlii(!li tho epizootic provalenco of Cuttle. Plaguo is so genei'd timt all aninmls are, certain to be exposed to innumeralilo eonrees of infection, it is admitted that the praotioo of mooulation as a prophylactic! is at lunst dofensiblo, for its offbet would bo to reduce tlio tluralion of the opizootic to that of an individual case, and to hsettlo once for all tlio loss to the community which would be occasioned by it. It is also very gcnenilly admitted that in countries in which tho disease is constantly cazootic (supposing such countries to exist, of -which there is no evidence,) inoculation is proper, no loss on the ground of tho probability that every animal will take the disease than for the sake of otlior countries.* But the introduction of inoculation as a general prophylactic measure is condemned by all tho authorities. It would be nnjustiiiablo, it is said, not only because the result is extremely uncertain, but also because inoenlation cannot bo carried out without the constantly recurring risk of originating outbreaks, the extent jiad destractiveness of which can neither be controlled nor foreseen.

So long as the main question remains unanswered� so long as wo do not know how to produce at will a curablo form of disease by inoculation, the conclu-siveness of this argument does not admit of dispute. In the present state of our knowledge. It would not even bo proper to recommend inoculation of sound animals in plague-stricken herds, as a means of bringing an outbreak of limited extent to a speedy conclusion, quot;We are so unacquainted with the circum�stances which determine the severity of its eifects, that at present no man would bo warranted in advising it, for the probable loss which would be sustained by tho inoculation of any given number of animals could only be guessed at, not estimated.

During tho course of the present inquiry 11 animals have been devoted to experiments, having reference exclusively to inoculation. Of these, of which nine were yearlings and two cows, six recovered and live died. In the first inoculations (Nos. 1, 2. 4, and 6), tho method which is usually practised in Russia was followed. A. curved needle of the same form and size as that used by Russian iuoculators, perforated near its point, and armed with a seton soaked with virus, and composed of about half a dozen lengths of white worsted thread twisted together, was passed through a fold of the integument, of the neck, pre�viously pinched up between the thumb and linger. The noodle having been withdrawn, the thread was allowed to remain in the wound for 48 hours, its ends having liecn previously tied together. In all these cases the wounds became swollen and inflamed, and in sonic, subcutaneous abscesses were formed which it was afterwards necessary to open with tho knife. The dischnrgo in which the threads were steeped was derived from the eyes and nostrils of a cow in tho last stage of Cattle Plague. Tho period of incu�bation varied from 48 to 60 hours, and the total duration of tho disease from eight', to ten. days. All #9632; of thorn recovered, the improvement commencing from the sixth day.

A.uotliei- series of inoculations (Nos. 13, 17, 18, 19, 20) was performed by injecting the liquid virus under the skin of the perineum by means of a sub�cutaneous syringe, the quantity employed being in

each case half n (Irachni. By this method no local l)r,Simlorson.

elliicts whntevcr wore produced. In No, US tlio

Report Iraquo; CoumiiMsionurH,

#9632;

liquid employed was sonun of Idood taken from the

heiler No. II, threo days after the first rise of lem-

perature observed in that aniund. In this case as

tiui period of incubation extended to six days, being

nearly three times as long as in the previous oxpo-

rinients, it was Judged expedient to repeat the

inoculation with mucous discharge from the eyes of

No. 12. Immediately after this had been done, the

temperature began to rise, so that it may bo presumed

that the second insertion was futile. The progress

of this case was remarkably rapid, death taking place

early on the sixth day, a circumstance which I believe

to bo attributable to the fact that tho animal was

previously suffering from pulmonary disease arising

from strongyli, as well as from flukes in the liver.

In the other foui' cases serum was also employed, but was taken from tho cow No. 15, 17 hours after the first rise of tho temperature. The purpose of these experiments was to ascertain in tho first place, wliethcr in Rinderpest the serum of blood is virulent, and secondly, to compare tho effects of matter, taken at the earliest stage of the disease, while tho mucous membranes still remain in a natural state, and the animal is to all appearance in perfect health, with those produced by the insertion of morbid secretions collected shortly before death. In all of these animals tho incubation period was longer than in the fornier series, varying from four to seven days. No. 17, which recovered, resembled very closely Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 6, both as regards the progress and character of the symptoms. In Nos. 18, 19, and 20, which died, tlio disease assumed much the same character as in animals winch had been naturally infected, tho only remarkable difference being that in No. 20 death occurred about half a day later than usual.

In two other cases (Nos. 14 and 15) the operation was also performed by subcutaneous injection, but hero the liquid employed was lachrymal fluid. In No. 14 it had been kept for seven days in capillary tubes, and had been taken between tho fourth and fifth day of the disease, a fact which seems to have some relation to the period of incubation, which in this instance lasted for three days. In No. 1 �, the lachrymal fluid was collected between the seventh and eighth day from No. 14, the period of incubation was from 48 to 60 hours, and death took place 10 days after inoculation.

In addition to the animals above referred to, four of the calves sent by the French Government to the Albert College, (to bo further mentioned in the section of this Beportrelating to vaccination,) wore inoculated by Mr. Duguid by subcutaneous injection on the 15th of February. O f those, two were inoculated with lachrymal secretion collected from No. 19 on tho fifth day of tho disease; the other two with the same virus (Hit, U d with ten times its volume of milk. The symptoms recorded in these animals show that there was no difference cither as regards the period of incubation, tho duration of the symptoms, or the mode in which the fatal ter-mination occurred.

It need scarcely be stated, that the experiments hitherto made, have been so few that tho conclusions drawn from them as to the effects of tho methods of inoculation employed must bo rather negative than positive.

In the first place, it socnis to be tolerably clear that it would bo incorrect to say that in any of the cases the disease was modified in the same sense in which small�pox is sah! to bo modified in vaccinated 'persons, for even in the mildest cases, the development and pro�gress of the disease! are, essentially the same as in those which terminate fatally; (2) nor can I for a moment believe that in the mild cases, Nos. 1, 2, 4, and tt, there vns any rclnlion botwecn the character of tlio Symp�toms and tho method of inoculation, not only because in Bussin whero this tnothod is constantly employed, no siieh mitigation is observable, but because in a number of animals in wlilch tho same method ol inocu�lation has been practised to my knowledge in I'higltiinl,

* With reference to the Steppes of Southern Bussia special consiclenitlons are applicahle. In the first place it hits been shown on tlie clearest evidence that in the (j;rey cattle of the Steppes the disease assiimes ii much milder form than in other breeds. Mid consequently that inoculated animals recover from its efl'ecls in niucli larger proportion than others ; secondly, if it be admitted that the Steppes are tho home of Rinderpest and the source flfOOl #9632;whicli all epizootics spring, it is clear that if all the Steppe cuttle imported intol'nissia and Austria were rendered insusceptible of the disease by inoculation, and thereby incapable of commtmicating it, it would eventually cease to exist in Ehiropc. This is the idea which has been so poneverlnffly insisted on liy tlml cnthusiustic advocate of inoculation in Jiussia, t'rolcssor Jessen.

L, i

'JO

AITKNDIX TO TIIIRO REPORT OP

Dr. Saiiilnrsoa.

(Ikj i'e�i�ting i�hoiiso Imraquo; iistsumoil n most malignant I'hiinick'r; (3¹) it upiioiirn to mo no loss ovldout that llio rosults Avore in nown.y atfoctod by the natavo of the virus omployocl, For, on the ono hand, tlilaquo; oxpori-niontson sonnn of blood cortninly laquo;.ffovded no ground tor bolievhig thai it mild foi-ra oi' ihsoaso could bo pvo-dncoil by that method, while on (ho other, tlio results ohttiinod from Mi*. Duguid's inoculations with ililutod vims, of the ctdvos swii from Franco, do not encourage nuy I'urthor investigation in that direction.

2. Period of Incubation,

From tlio oxpwimenta olroady rolatod it is seen that in niiiiuiils inoculated with Aims collected during the third stngo of the disease, tho first indications of ini'ectio;] exist nbout two days aftoi' inoeuhition ; thoy tilso ufforU some ground for believing Unit in those enscs in which these indications are deferred, the pro-longiUion of the period of incubation was in relation to the period at which the matter inserted was taken.

In iiniinnls naturally infocted tho period of incuba�tion is probably from four to live days. The following facts may he adduced in illustration : A heifer (No. 10) was bought on the 2nd of January for the purpose of experiments on vaccination. It was ascertained by in�quiry from her former possessor, that the stable in #9632;which ielie had been kept for several montlis contained no other bovine animal, and that she had not been exposed in any way to Cattle Plague. On the 5th of January she was placed in a coach-house which had been for some time unoccupied at Notting Hill, along with two other year�lings (jSos, 11 and 12), three healthy cows occupying acontignons three-stalled stable. On the 6th she was observed to be unwell, and on the 8tli I found that the eruption of Cattle Plague on the lips had pro�gressed to such an extent that it must have existed for two or three days. The two yearlings in the same coach-house were apparently well, but it was thought advisable to remove them to the experi�mental stable. As will bo seen by a reference to the eases, they exhibited tho initial signs of Rinderpest on the llth and 12th respectively, and died on the 16th and 18th. The three cows that remained at Netting Hill, under the charge of Mr. Badcoek, were vaccinated by him on the 13th. ; on the 15th they were reported to be ill, and were subsequently removed to llie Albert College. From the appearance of tho raucous membrane of the mouth there could, in my opinion, be no doubt that the eruption had appeared on the 14th, and consequently, that the, disease must have commenced on the 12th�that is about the same time as in Nos. 11 and 12. Thus after three days exposure to natural infection, from the 5th to the 8th of January, the five animals became affected on the 11th or 12th, and were all dead by the 18th, showing that at least, in one instance, the period of incubation could not have exceeded five days. This result is conflrmed by the more exact observations made in the. heifer No. 1.5, in which theflrst rise of temperature took place just four days after it was placed along with diseased animals in an infected stable.,*

The first c-xporiments relating to tills special inquiry were inndo during the hist week in January, the rosnlts being of such a nature, as to make it appear that Cattle Plogna could be oomnmuloatod with perfect facility to vaccinated iininnils, either by inoculation or natural infection, and that when so coinmunicated its character was not modified. Tho question was thus at onee conelusively settled; it therefore appeared un-noeessury to incur further expense with reference to it, so that, although a large number of animals wore purchased for vaccination (amounting in all to 20), only three were exclusively devoted to the object for which they were originally intended, tlio rest (with tho exception of those which unfortunately contracted tho disease in tho reserve stuhle at Notting Hill) being employed for other experiments. Of these animals, one (No. 14) was purchased of a gentleman, by whom it had been vaccinated in December 1865, at tho suggestion of Ur. Harding of Grafton Street, for the purpose of testing the value of vaccination as a pro�phylactic against Cattle Plague, while the others (Nos. 15 and 16) had been generously presented to the Commissioners for the same purpose, by Mr. Dum-brell of Ditchcling, Sussex. In all three eases, the evidence of good vaccination was conclusive. Of the two fine cows presented by Mi'. Diunbrell, ono had been vaccinated from the otlior. The success of both operations was guaranteed hj Mr. Ilolnian of Ilurst-pierpoint, and further indicated in tho animal last vaccinated, by tho regular form and satisfactory character of the crusts which were still adherent, and in the other by the appearance of the cicatrices. In both, the operation hud been performed by four insertions. With respect to the purchased animal, although the visible results were not so satisfactory, it was ascertained on the testimony of Dr. Harding that vaccine matter derived from it had been employed with perfect success, in the vaccination of several children.

The disease was communicated to two of these animals (Nos. 14 and 15) by inoculation, to the other by natural infection. The calf No. 14. was first inoculated on the night that it was brought to tho college, with liquid discharge from the eyes of No. 12. which had been kept for six daya in capillary tubes, there being at the time no diseased animal in the stables. As on the third day, the temperature of the body remained unchanged, the inoculation was repeated with virus taken directly from a heifer, at the fourth day of Cattle Plague. The result showed that the second inoculation was superfluous, for on the following morning, tbc temperature had risen to 105deg; Fahr., and continued above that height during the further progress of the disease. No other symptoms appeared until two days later, when the animal becumc constipated and lost appetite, and the mucous membrane of the mouth was for the first time affected in tho usual way. Although the disease followed its regular course, it soon became obvious that the case was comparatively mild, for on the sixth day, when the unfavourable symptoms, which arc the precursors of death, are as a rule to be looked for, no such change took place. There was no marked prostration, the dejections were still of greater con�sistence than natural, and liquid food was taken readily. On the seventh day diarrhoea came on, and the general state of the animal was worse, the evacuations being abundant and foetid, and the discharge from tho mouth and narcs more profuse; but these symptoms soon receded, and convalescence set in.

The comparison of this case with those previously observed, in which the disease had been communicated to healthy animals by inoculation, afforded no ground for supposing that the progress of the symptoms had been favourably modified by vacciniition ; for with the exception of No. 13, all of those animals had recovered, and most of them without any severe symptoms, whereas here the animal was so ill on the seventh day, that it was thought to be dying. In No. 13 tho progress of the malady was more rapid, but there tho inilavourable result appeared mainly attributable to previously existing diaetiso.

lU'port

Ciillimi.s:.!'

#9632;

;

PART III,

Account ok Expbbiments undertaken with reference to tim alleged protective PoWEK Dir Vaccination.

The stops which were tahen at the beginning of the present year, for the purpose of determining the question, whether ornot successful vaccination exercises any influence in modifying the progress or mitigating the severity of Cattle Plague, have been already suffl-cLcntly detailed in the introduction to this Report.

#9830; Since the above #9632;was written the following fact lins come under my notice. A bullock was placed, on the aiith of March, in the same stall with another animal, then at the third day of Cattle I'lague. The temperature remained natural until the imimim; of the .')lst, but lit 3 p.m. on the same day it liad risen

tO llMM),

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

In tho cow No, 15, which wns moculwtcil from No, 13 by Bubontaneous injoction, tho progreBB of tho diseaso was also scvoi'o as compurcil-witli tho other inooulamp;tod animals, but the ease would probably Imvo hail it tnoro fnvoiirablo toriniuation, had it not hcon that tlio animal wns for advanced in tho last month of prognanoy. Sixty-seven hours aftor the inoculation the tumpcraturo had risen to 103^o'4, Two clays after�wards the cow which hud been previously healthy, appeared dull and refused food, and the mucous mem�branes of the lower lip and vagina exhibited the usual early appearances. There was nothing exceptional in the progress of the case ; on tho sixth day the cow began to Iced sparingly, and the diarrhoea which had set in remarkably early, appeared to be less violent. Hopes of recovery wore entertained, but on the following day the premonitory Symptoms of parturition mani�fested themselves. As those progressed the prostration increased, until at 8 n.m. on the morning of the eighth day tho membranes ruptured, and it became necessary to remove tho calf. Tina was done without delay, but in spite of the free administration of alcoholic stimulants the animal sank during the night.

In this case it may be fairly presumed that death was attributable much more to the exhaustion incident to parturition than to the violence of the disease, for although the critical period had gone by, none of tho symptoms which we have learnt to regard as harbingers of death had presented themselves.

The other cow which was also pregnant, but not at so advanced a stage, was placed in the same stable with No. 15 in the adjoining stall, which had been occupied ten days before by one of the cows brought from Netting Hill ; it had been cleansed but not disinfected before No. 15 was placed in it. Tho progress of the disease in this case was remarkably

rapid, symptoms of prostration ooourrlng at nn cnrlior Dr. Banderaquo;olaquo;t

period than in any other animal I had luiil under obser-

Roport to

Commissloiitirs.

vation. Tho temperature rose fivo raquo;lays after tho animal was brought to the stable. In other respects ib remained perfectly well until two days later, when tlio appetite failed and constipation was for tho first time observed; the mucous membranes of tho vagina and mouth presented tho usual morbid clianges, having been on the previous day perfectly natural. On tho fourth day of the disease nothing unusual was noticed, but on the fifth the muscular wcakiiosis was extreme. Tho animal lay powerless in its stall with outstretched limbs, and could not bo induced to move or oven to nmko the slightest effort to rise. The temperaturo had sunk from 106deg; to 102deg;, the pulse was frequent and ex�cessively weak, and diarrhcoa had set in with violence. On the following day, the sixth of tho progress of tho disease, the diarrhoea and the prostration continued, but had not materially augmented, tlio pulse however could not bo distinguished. In the evening the animal expired.

I had subsequently tho opportunity of observing tho phenomena of Cattle Plague in eight vaccinated animals which were sent to tho Albert Veterinary College by the French Imperial Government iov the investigation of the alleged protective power of vac�cination. Those animals were of ages varying from three months to a year ; they were all healthy, and all of them exhibited characteristic vaccine crusts which were still adherent. The operation had been performed by at least twelve punctures in the hollow in front of the left thigh, the hair having been removed for the purpose over a surface as largo as the palm of tho hand. The results of these experiments arc given collectively in the following table, for the materials of which I am indebted to Professor Gnmgee.

#9632;

Tabulae Summary of Observations of Respiration, Pulse, and Tbmpbratube, taken at 4 p.m. daily, during tho Progress of Cattle Plague in eight Calves, sent by the French Government to the Albert Veterinary College previously successfully vaccinated.

First Series, Nos, 1�4, infected naturally.

Number of Average 'observations

Description of Animal.

during health.

from which the average is caleulated

1st Day.

2cl Day. 3d Day.

4th Day.' 5th Day.

(ith Day.

7th Day.

No. 1.�Cow calf, threeT months old, kept for 14 days in a stable adjoining that [ occupied by the experimen- { tal animals of the Royal | Commission.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; J


	Pulse -	69-2
	Respn.	20-9
	Temp.	102-3
	Rulse -	65-0
	Respn.	21-37
	Temp.	102-27
	Raise -	78-0
	Respn.	20'0
	Temp.	102-46
	Pulse -	68-33
	Respn.	23-71
	Temp.	102-63

14 15 15

11 13 13

7 7


60	60	64	C8
12	22	24	30
105-0	106-2	107-2	1�S-2
58	60	55	68
15	18	24	21
103-4	I03-fi	104-0	105-4
88	72	80	81
18	21	20	18
105-2	106'2	107-2	107-8
72	60	72	104
24	35	02	54
105-0	106-6	105-2	104-0

32 107-6

2:2

106-2

8 7

104-fi

Impercep�tible, 32

fi8

107-0

106-4

Impercep�tible. 25

103-0. Died at 6 p.m.

106-0. Died during night

No. 2.�-Cow calf of the same age, kept in the same-¹stable for the same time.

No. 3.�Cow calf, of the same age, kept in the sameraquo; stable for seven days.

Imperceptible.

100-2. Died in the even�ing about 9,

No. 4.�Cow calf, of the same age, kept in the same-stable for seven days.

99-2. Died during tlio night.

C 3


	1 #9632;	L
	^:
		:

APPENDIX TO THIRD BEPORT OF

Second Series, Nos. 5�8, infcctoil by inoculation.

No. 5.�Cow calf, three months old, inoculated on the loth of February with discharge from the eyes and nose of No. 19, diluted with 10 times its #9632;volume of milk.


	False -	81-S
	llespn.	21'U
	Temp.	102'71
	Pulse -	06- 0
	liespn.	19M2
	Temp.	102-laquo;1
	Pulse -	74-8
	Rcspn.	1G-3
	Temp.	102-3
	Pulse -	63-0
	Respn.	18-5
	Temp.	102-1

7 7

7 7

2 3 3


8laquo;	87	81	85
21	30	86	42
104-8	los-o	1�7-0	100-8
84	7C	OG	00
20	20	21	23
104-0	105-8	100-8	105-8
72	84	SO	87
21	24	48	39
103-8	105-4	107-0	107-2
72	80	90	73
18	30	30	33
104-8	106-8	107-4	106-8

100-4

7 1

10G-2

42 100-8

1O0-2

Hli

105-2. Diarrhoea) fol�lowed hy death during night. 84nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Imperccp-

No. 6.�Cow calf, of the


	10	tilde, 30
	00-4	102-0. Died duringnigbt
	90	108
	38	48
	oc-o	1O0-O. Died
		the same
	70	evening. 90
	42	38
	00-0	lOli-0. Died in the night

same age, inoculated on tsame day with the same rus not diluted.

No. 7.�Cow calf, one T year old, inoculated on the 15th of February with thelt; same -virus diluted in the i same way as No. 5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I,

No. 8.�Cow calf, one I year old, inoculated in the J same way with the same | virus not diluted.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;j

N.B.�Mr. Worms' mode of treatment was employed iu several of these cases.

Rr, Sanderson. EXTRACTS FKOM SOMK OF THE MOST IMPORTANT

1854, under the supervision of Professor Unterbcrgcr himselfquot;, who determined quot; to employ exclusively virus taken from animals in which the disease had assumed an oxantliematous character quot;... by which means lie thought that the end he had in view of obtaining a mitigated virus would be promoted. He anticipated immense advantage from the employment of such a virus for the inoculation of liords already infected with Cattle Plague, as an auxiliary to other preven�tive measures.

quot; The results of the experiments made in the south of Russia near Odessa,quot; says Unterberger, quot; exceeded my expectations. In experiments performed by my col�league Jessen during the previous year seven animals died ; in my own no deaths occurred. Of 64 animals only one took ill with the symptoms of Cattle Plague, and that one recovered ; a second died, but not of this disease. Mitigation of the virus was out of the question, as there was nothing to bo mitigated.-f I used virus collected either 24 hours, or 10 months, and 24 days previously j all in vain. Two series of inoculations were performed, each series including three transmissions, and always with the same result.quot; }

quot; I sent twenty of the animals inoculated in 1853, and eleven others recently inoculated hy myself, to Helonenthal, a German colony in the neighbourhood, where Cattle Plague had raged in a malignant form ; every possible test was applied, but all remained healthy. I gave to the animals which had been inoculated, fodder taken from stalls of animals affected with the disease in the districts of Cherson and Bessarabia; still they remained healthy. All the in�oculated animals were for a long time exposed to contact with the skin of a diseased ox, which was dissected by myself, the saliva of which had produced by inoculation the only case of true Rinderpest which occurred amongst the animals I inoculated. The result remained the same.quot;

quot; .... I could account for these facts only hy supposing (1) that the experimental animals of the Stoppe breed were subject to the ordinary conditions (dnss ich die Thicre von dor SteppenriKje den gewohnton Yerh�lltnissen nicht entrissen halte), und

Report to

Commissioners.

BECENT P�BMCATIONS, RELATING TO THE PRACTICE OF INOCULATION IN EuSSIA, SELECTED WITH SPECIAL KEFERENCE TO THE QUESTION OF MITIGATION.

1, Contributions to the History oj Cattle Plague Inoculation, hy Friedrieh Unterherger, Professor and Bireetor of the Veterinary School at Dorpat Dorpat, 18(55, pp. 41.

quot; Inoculation was first recommcmled as a prophy�lactic against Cattle Plague in the Steppes, by Walz in 1803, subsequently by Viborg in 1809, and still later by Jessen in 1834, and by Spinola in 1846. .......Spinola stated the grounds of Ids re�commendation as follows :�' The main advantage of inoculation consists in its shortening the, duration of an epizootic. It can be advantageously resorted to only when whole countries are so overrun with the disease that it can no longer be mastered by killing the plague-stricken animals. It is, more�over, particularly advisable in countries in which cir�cumstances render it impossible to exercise a complete control over the movement of cattle.'quot;

In the yeai- 1852 a oonnnission was appointed by the Russian government, quot; to inquire into the best means of extinguishing the Cattle Plague.quot; After receiving and considering a number of reports from the veterinarians of Russia and oilier countries, this commission arrived at the conclusion quot; that the em�ployment of measures of quarantine to prevent the diffusion of Cattle Plague by contagion could not be entertained so long as the home of the disease could not be defined with certainty,quot; and rcconnnciuled, after adverting to the favourable results that had been obtained in other countries by inoculation, both in Ibnner limes and more recently, that experiments should ho made with [reference to it. In adopting tins course, tbey were much influenced by the treatise of Professor Jossen quot;On the complete! eradication of Cattle riaguc.quot; *

quot;The experiments were commenced in 1863, first in the goveniriient of Charkow (Orenburg) ami Koursk, and subsequently in Cbcrson and Viatka.

.....The most striking results were obtained in

Charkow and Koursk, where GO died and 999 re�covered out of 1,069 animals that were inoculated.quot; Further experiments were undertaken in Chcrson in

* In the eiu-lier pnrt of the paper, Professor Unterherger gives a complete histoiHoal sumtnary of all the oxperitnents on inocu�lation perfortnod in different countries from 1744 to the present

time.

#9632;#9632;;

f That is, the disense assumed from the first so mild a character that it seemed capable of no further mitigation.

J. li. S.

| The dolnils of those experinu'iits -will he found in Extract No. .'I. I am informed ttaot imuiy of these subsCQUGntly cou-tructed the disease hy natural infection, and that some died.

j. B. s,

TIIK CATTLE PLAQUK COMMISSIONERS,

(2) that tho viriia luul by profbronoo boon tukou ft'om ruiiumls in which th� diBeaee imd aBSumed an exanthelaquo;

mntoiiH clmnuitor.

quot;1 thought my results too iiivouralilo to bo received without misgiving , , . , I thoroforo Judged it l)�st to submit uninoculiUed cuttle, -wbicli, according to tho statement of their owners, hud never bud Rinderpest, to the same tests us the others. Thirty-two such animals, of which twenty-two wore sucking calves (and therefore beyond the suspicion of having bad tho disease), were thus tested. The full-grown animals were not affected, tho eulves became emaciated at first, but none of tliem took Cattlo Plaguelaquo;quot;

These experiments left Unterberger in greater doubt as to tho value of inoculation than before, and led him to conclude that tho question could only bo settled by sending the inoculated animals into other ports of Bussia, where the disease assumed u more malignant and fatal form than in Cherson ; and he tberoforo recommended that a number of them should bo driven into the province of Kasan. quot; My advice,quot; he says, quot; was not followed, but it was determined to test and repeat the observations made in 1853 and 1854, with special reference to the question of mitigation, and wherever possible to inoculate infected herds. These experiments were committed to my colleague, Professor Jessen, and myself .... Tho result was the same as before. The effect produced by inoculation was oven more insignificant, so that again there could bo no question of mitigation.quot;

quot; In spite of all tests, the inoculated animals of 1853 and 1854 remained healthy, but subsequently Cattle Plague broke out among those inoculated in 1855 (being imported from Bessarabia), although they bad been twice operated on. I attributed this to the circumstance that in this year less care was taken to select virus from animals in whicb the disease exhibited an eruptive character, and I was confirmed in this notion by the favourable result of tho filial test experiments which I made in 1857 in the governments of Charkow, Mohilew, and Smolensk.* It is true that of my G4 experimental animals only 10 were exposed to these tests, but these, as well as 20 others, inoculated in 1853 and 1855, passed though them splendidly�not one of them was infected. Since 1855 I have not taken part directly in exjieriments on inoculation, but I bave felt great interest in tbem, particularly in those lately made on the farm of tbe Grand Duchess Helena Pavvlowna at Karlowka.quot;! Here, as well as at Bondarewka in Cherson, the results were very favourable. quot; Virus which had been kept not less than a year and a half acted and was protective. It was thought that it had been mitigated by time. Of many hundred animals in�oculated with it only ono per cent, died, and the animals resisted the most varied tests.quot; At tho In�oculation Establishment at Salmyseh in Orenburg they appear to have been less successful.f

Unfortunately the hopes entertained of a favourable solution of the question were destined to bo dis�appointed, for in 18�2 a series of experiments was made at Dorpat under the most favourable circumstances, which, as Unterberger remarks, quot; were available only for tho purposes of pathological anatomy.quot;^ Further experiments were subsequently made in the South of Russia with referenco to which he observes, quot; Every illusion, as to the value of inoculation as a prophy�lactic was dispelled from tho scientific mind when Professor lioschnow published bis report on tho observations made in the inoculation establishments in the provinces of Cherson and Orenburg in 1864.(|

When tho results obtained at Bondarewka in 1864, Dr. SmdeNon. and at Salmyseh since 1860, are compared with � �r* those previously recorded ill various parts of Russia C�mmisiionorii. since 1853, it appears, in spite of the splendid successes which have boon occasionally mot with in llussla as well as in other countries,�(1.) That inoeulated enttle in which the operation doos not give rise to tho symptoms of plague must not bu regarded as protected ; (2.) That tho loss which is occasioned by successful inoculation is relatively groat ; and (3.) That tho mitigation of Cattle Plague virus . . . on which wo had reason to build such great expecta�tions has not proved to be of value.

quot; In my opinion, therefore, protective inoculation ought not to bo employed, oven in the Steppes, with�out tho special permission of private stock owners, mainly for the reason that the inoculated disease is quite as contagious as that which is produced by natural infection. But in countries in which it is impossible to organize a veterinary police, the circum�stances are special; for in the same proportion in which the contagion of Rinderpest is increased by inoculation, tho danger of its being further diffused is augmented. On the other hand, the experiments we have made show that in Russia inoculation may be advantageously employed in infected places where it is impossible to have recourse to other measures of prevention ; its application need not bo attended with difficulty, provided that the owners of stock are com�pensated to the full value for every animal dying iu consequence of inoculation.quot;

2.nbsp; nbsp;On the question of the value of inoculation of Cattle Plague, with reference to the Russian. Steppes, by Professor Jessen of Dorpat. Oest. Vierteljahrsehrift f�r Veteriniirkunde, 1865.

In this paper the author replies to the arguments of Professor Unterberger, maintaining that the value of protective inoculation is proved, not only by the recent experiments at Karlowka, but by those in the two Inoculation Establishments in tbe provinces of Orenburg and Cherson. Referring to the fact that between November 1857 and December 1861, 719 cattle were inoculated, of which 696 were thereby infected, and only 39, or five and half per cent., died, he asks tho question, quot; Would not every stock owner in the Steppes gladly sacrifice so small a proportion of his young cattle if he could protect his herds from Rinderpest ?quot;

Professor Jessen disagrees with all the conclusions arrived at by Unterberger. He believes that animals which have been inoculated, even if they have not exhibited thereafter marked signs of Cattle Plague, may yet be thereby protected. As regards the ques�tion of mitigation, he thinks there are as many facts in favour of it as against it, but declines to enter upon tho subject, as it would take up too much space.

In conclusion, he states, that in the Steppes public opinion is so favourable to protective inoculation, that the practice will not be relinquished, in spite of the adverse judgment passed upon it by the Imperial Commission; and adds, that two veterinary surgeons, formerly pupils of the Dorpat School, have discovered a inethod of inoculating in the Steppes with an ex�tremely small mortality.

3.nbsp; .Report on the inoculations in Baraboi in 1854, by Professor Unterberger. [This report forms the second of a collection, of papers published in 1859 hi/ the Imperial Commission on Cattle Plague, under the following title : quot; Gesammtberioht �ber die seit, 1853, quot; in Russland fortgesetzten Vcrsuclic, mit der Imp-quot; funy der Rinderpest,quot; and transmitted to the Foreign Office by 11. M. Minister at St. Petersburg.

The experiments were conducted at the farm of Baraboi, 40 versts from Odessa. The virus employed was obtained by preference from animals in which liiere was a cutaneous eruption. The operation was performed by passing aseton of woollen thread through

'#9632;' Sec Extract No. 4. t See Extract No. 6. I 1 have not been able to find the details of these experiments.

J. iJ. S. sect; Sec Extract No. 0.

|| See Extract No. 7. It is difficult to seo how I'rofessor Roschuo-w's results bear on the question. J. 13. S.

C 4

APPENDIX TO TniKD REPOET OP

Dr. Sumloi'son. n fold of skin, ns doscvibod in my report. The sotons

Bop�rt to were allowed to rcimiiu gereral days. Commlsalouovs. I_u nil 04 animals were inocnlated, in two surios. Of the first scries, comprising 30 imiiuals, 10 (of the Stoppe brood) wore inoculatod with virus collected in the fuimodlato nelghboux'hoocl, The results were of the mildest dosci'iption ; llie animals lost appetite, ceased to ruminate, had slight diurrheca, and exhibited pome incrousc of the pituitary and lachryinal seero-tions, but they were all well by the thirteenth day after tbe operation. From these, virus was collected on the fifth day of the disease, for the iii�ciilatioii of 10 more animals, of which 8 were of the Steppe breed. In those eases also the symptoms were very trilling, except in ono animal, in which laehvyinafion, grinding of the tooth, and general doprossion were observed. From this animal 10 calves of the Steppe breed were inoculatod without result.

For the inoculation of the 34 animals of the second series, virus was obtained partly from Bessarabia and partly from Orenburg. Twelve calves, of which 10 wore of the Steppe breed, were first inoculated, 8 of which exhibited symptoms very much resembling those observed in the animals of the first series. In ono case the phenomena were more marked, and it was therefore employed for the inoculation of 14 animals, of which 12 were of the Steppe breed. All of these Inoculations wore successful excepting one. In ono animal there was diarrlieoa, and the mucous membrane exhibited the characteristic eruption. It yielded virus for the inoculation of eight animals, all but ono of the Steppo breed. The effects were of the most trifling description.

Tims, although the greater number of animals ino�culated exhibited certain symptoms in consequence of inoculation, those which are characteristic of well-developed Cattle Plague were observed in one only. All the animals were subsequently exposed to various tests for the purpose of ascertaining their susceptibility, but none of them were infected. As, however, 32 un-inoeulated animals passed through the same tests with similar immunity, no conclusion could be derived from the results.*

4. Report on the experiments made in the province

of Smolensk on the communication of Cattle 1'Iaguc

to animals previoiishj inoculated in Ncto Russia, by

Veterin�rarzt, Ilofrath RasdolsJiy. {This Report

forms No. 12 of the collection above referred to.)

In September 18�7 Cattle Plague prevailed at Trutnewo in the province of Smolensk. Twelve ino�culated animals from Gidirim and Baraboi, and two calves from the same locality, not inoculated, wore sent to Trutnewo, and placed in a stable in which many animals had died of the disease, and in which the bodies of the (.lead animals and the discharges of the living were exposed. After remaining two nights they wore removed, and on tho 3d of October the twelve bullocks were re-inoculated, and ono of tho calves inoculated in the usual way, and at the same time the virulent discharges wore rubbed into their nostrils. On the 10th they were driven to Trolzkl, a place where Cattle Plague was then raging, and wore placed in a stable with diseased animals. .Wo effect following in eight days, they wore fed out of the hides of oxen that had died of the disease, and had their noses and mouths rubbed with infected blood. After remaining two weeks, all, excepting tho calf which had not been inoculated, remained healthy. The calf took ill on the 2lst and died on the 24th.

7. Extract by Professor Unterbcrger from the Re�port of Professor Rosehnow on experiments made in the Inoculation Institution in Cherson, jmhlished in Russian in the Journal of the Ministry of Crown Lands, vol. 84, IS�a.f

It had been asserted by the directors of tho Inocula�tion Kstiiblishment, that Cattle Plague virus became

* Sec Extract JS'o. 1.

#9632;f The extract of whicll this is a short siinimnry is to be found nt the end of Profesor Uutevbcrircr's pamphlet on the history of Cattle Plague.

mitigated by being kept, without losing its virtue; so that, in aninmls inoculated with such virus, although the symptoms which resulted wore of the most trifling description, consisting mainly of luelnymation, anorexia, and cough, the inoculated animals were protected from future attacks. For the purpose of ascertaining in how for this assertion was well founded, twenty animals which had been Inoculatod at Bondarewkn with lymph which had been kept for six or seven months were subjected to experiment, six being rc-inoculated with fresh lymph, tho remainder exposed to natural infection. The results showed that the animals wore not protected from the disease ; ten ol them became ill, und five died.

With reference to the question of the activity of kept virus. Professor Rosehnow inoculated animals with various specimens of virus preserved in capillary tubes for periods varying from one montli to eleven months. Fourteen animals were inoculated, without result in any case.

Professor Unterbcrger appends to this notice a statement that other experiments were made in tho same year by Professor Kawitsch in conjunction with Professor Jessen. Ilawitsch arrived at the following results, with which, however, his coadjutor did not concur :

1.nbsp; Inocuhitlon with old virus was inoffoetnal.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Animals inoculated with old virus subsequently

contracted tho disease when rc-inoeulatod or exposed to natural infection.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Inoculation with fresh virus was attended in the

institution with very considerable mortality; but in a neighbouring village, where an epizootic of Cattle Plague had already prevailed for some time, 80 animals were inoculated, of which only 16 died.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Cattle which recovered from the disease after

inoculation could not be again infected by any exposure.

8. Report on the inoculation of Cattle Plague on the estate of the Grand Duchess Helena Pavilowna at Karlowlia, from May to September 1864, by �lax Raupach, Veterinary Surgeon at Karlowha. Dornat, 1865.

This report contains the most favourable results of inoculation which have yet been obtained in Eussia. The experiments wore performed in two series. The animals of tho first series were inoculated in three batches, viz., on tho 12th, 21st, and 29th of June.

June 12,�Six yearling calves of Steppe breed were inoculated with virus taken 34 hours previously from an animal affected with natural Cattle Plan-no. All became ill (two on the sixth day and four on tho seventh), and one died.

June 21.�Thirty-six yearling calves were mocnlated from three of the first batch. Distinct and severe symptoms appeared in all, in 21 on the 7th day, 13 on the 8 th day, and two on the 9th. Four (or 11J per cent.) died.

June 29.�A hundred and lliirty-six animals, com�prising 120 oxen from two and half to three and a half years old, and l� steers, were inoeulated from two of tho second batch. 35 took ill on the Cth day, 44 on the seventh, 36 on the eighth, and 21 on the 9th. Five died�3f per cent.

The inoculations of tho second series wore per�formed in five batches.

July 27.�Ton two year old heifers were inoculated with the same virus which had been employed on the 12th of June. It had been kept in ice. All had marked symptoms, which presented themselves in two cases on tho sixth day, and eight on tho sovonth. Ono died.

August 9.�Twelve two year old heifers were inoculated from one of the previous batch. Four took ill on the sixth day, six on the seventh, and two on the eighth ; but none died,

August 18�Ninety-seven heifers, twenty-six two year old oxen, and 4 calves, in all 127, were inoculated from those of the 9th of August, 34 were attacked

THE CATTLl: TLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

on the sixth clay, 03 on tho sovcntli, and 40 on the eighth. Eij!;ht (()J per cent.) died.

August 26.�Ten auiiiiiils, inoluding two oxen, laquo;ix steers, and two ox calves, were Inoculated fVora the last batch. One was affected on the sixth day, two took ill on tho seventh, und seven on the eighth. None suffered severely, and all recovered. N.B.� All tho animals above mentioned were of the Steppe breed.

On tho same day four oxen of pure Devonshire breed were inocidated with the smno virus. Well marked symptoms presented themselvos, followed by death between tho sixtli und ninth day after inocula�tion.

September 17.�Twelve two year old Steppe oxen were inoculated with virus which had been taken iifteon days before from one of the six steers of the last batch. Eleven took ill on tho seventh, and one on tho eighth day, and one died.

Thus it appears that out of 349 animals inoculated in four months 20 died, or 5| per cent. In all 1189 animals have been operated upon at the Inoculation Institution at Karlowka since it was first established in 1857. Tho author tells us that its operations, which have been very successful, have been conducted on the following plan:�

When an animal is brought for inoculation, the owner is required to state the value, and to pay one-fifth to defray the expenses of its keep during the eight weeks that it remains in the establishment. At the end of this time, if it recovers, it is restored to the owner in good condition ; if it dies from any cause in the institution, or from Cattle Plague at any subsequent period, he is entitled to the full value originally set upon it. Every animal is marked with a peculiar brand on leaving the establishment. Raupach says, that during the 8 years not a single branded animal had died of Cattle Plague, although many of them had been kept for several weeks with herds decimated by the disease, of which three out�breaks had occurred since 1857.

Notwithstanding these favourable results, the author admits that the institution is not well sup�ported, and confesses that what has been done amounts to very little (eben so viel wie nichts). Still, however, he regards inoculations as the only impor�tant means of suppressing Cattle Plague, and is of opinion that quot; veterinary police regulations never have been of any advantage and never will, for m Austria the epizootic has not been kept out or pre�vented from spreading, and remaining for many years, in spite of the most stringent measures of quaran-time and of isolation, and the application of the pole-axe...... Why then,quot; says he, quot;should we

hesitate any longer ; why should wo occupy any more time in experiments which can only yield similar results ? Meanwhile thousands are suffering, and looking in vain for aid, which nevertheless could be afforded in relatively short time by the general adoption of inoculation.quot;

Conclusions of the Russian Commission us to the inoculation of Cattle Plague, extracted from their Report, published in 1865, and transmitted to the Foreign Office hy IL M. Minister at St. Petersburg.*

After stating their opinion that Cattle Plague is analogous to typhoid or gastric fever (differing from it in the cxistenec of general catnrrhal infhininnitionof tiic mucous membranes, and particularly of the ali�mentary canal) ; that the place from which it nrigi-

* The report is in Hussian. It is entitled, quot; Report on the quot; Inoculation of Cattle I'lagae. ExperlmentB performed under quot; the direction of the Imperinl Commission tor the advimcement quot; of Veterinary Art and the investigation of measures i'or pre-quot; venting Epizootics in the Empire, ISlii). Tho extracts have been translated hy the Rev. E. I'opoff, Chaplain to the Uussian Embassy.

nates cannot bo ascertained; that tho disease, although coininnuicable through (lie air, can only ho so conunu-nicatcd to a very short distance i that if is neither so infections nor so malignant in the southorn provinces as cls(!\vliere ; that it is milder in sunnner and winter than in spring and autumn ; und that the oattle of the Steppes of Southern Russia, and of tho Kirghis and Culmuek breeds, are not only less liable to the disease, but puss through it more easily than others,� the Commissioners proceed to discuss the results of the experiments on inoculation ns follows ;�

*' There are facts, which have appeared to some to afford proof, that the virus of Cattle Plague is capa�ble of mitigation by transmission ; as, however, in tho latest experiments,j- it was found that no mitigation, [of the symptoms produced by inoculation] was ob�served, even when virus of the 15th transmission [that is, vims which had been transmitted through 15 series of animals] was employed, we arc inclined to affirm that mitigation cannot bo obtained by this method.

quot; With reference to the question, how long tho virus of Cattle Plague is capable of retaining its activity, tho experiments do not lend to a definite conclusion. In sonic cases, it was found to have lost its power after a few days, in others, effects were produced even after 11 months. Experiments have shown that tho symptoms resulting from fresh and old virus are different. Whereas when old mutter is employed, the reaction is very slight, and in many cases no effect is observed, the inoculation of recent virus usually produces a violent attack.^

quot; Animals in which inoculation has produced a severe attack of the disease arc rendered thereby insuscep�tible of future attacks, but those that have been slightly affected are found not to be always secure from second infection. Our experiments do not enable us to limit the duration of tiie protection afforded by inoculation, as they were confined to n period of six years. It may possibly be indefinite.quot;sect;

From a paper appended by the Commissioners to their conclusions, and approved by tho Minister of the Interior, it appears that the Russian Government have not entirely abandoned the employment of inoculation :�

quot; Althougb the experiments hitherto made are insufficient to justify the Government in recom�mending inoculation as an infallible moans of pre�venting the development of natural Cattle Plague, tho Commission think that there is no objection to permitting private individuals to establish institutions for inoculation with tho consent of the owners of stock in the neighbourhood, and in situations which are at a distance from drove-roads, provided that the inoculations are under the direction of skilled veterinarians,quot; whose duty it would bo to report their proceedings periodically.

J. B. .Sanderson.

f These experiments were made at the Inoculation Establish�ment at Salntysch in Creobunr, I am unable to find any detailed account of them. Professor Pelikan, one of the Commissioners, in a paper appended to the report, says, that 15 animals were employed, r.nd that the observations were made with the utmost care, so that quot; tbey are worth more than a thousand indiscrimi�nate experiments, made without due regard to accidental cir�cumstances.quot; lie thinks that the cases of mitigation alleged by the advocates of inoculation were referable to the mildness of the prevailing epizootic, or to the fact that the animals had been rendered insusceptible by previous attacks. He considers the question definitively settled. Professor Jessen, also a member of the Commission, protests against this conclusion.

J Professor Pelikan admits that the negative results obtained in his experiments with kept virus may have been due to defective methods of storage.

sect; On this point Professor Pelikan remarks :�quot; The fact that an animal, not previously affected with Cattle Plague, standlaquo; the test of exposure to natural or artificial infection, affords no proof that, it is secured indefinitely, for, although it may escape to-day from want of susceptibility, or may be hut slijhtly affected, it. is not the less liable to contract the disease to.morrow, with all itlaquo; characteristie raquo;ymptoms.quot;

Dr. Sanderson,

Uejiort to Cuimnissiouers.

13530.

AITKNDIX TO T1I11U.) itEPOKT OF

lgt;v, Smuli-r�on.

RppOTt til

OonmiEtsioiiorBi

EECORD OF OB8EBVATIONS.

I,�Daily Oubbbtatioks insroBB Inoculation'.

Case No. 1.�A white observation before December 21st,

loifer with red patches on the head and body; weighing472 lbs.; age about !gt; months. Under inoculiitiou from November Stli to November 30th s after inocnlation from December 1st to

Bate.

Hour.

Dulse.*

llespinition*

Teinpcratiue

(Fahr.) in Uectum.

llemarks.

Nor.

8nbsp; 30 p.m.

8nbsp; 30 a.m.

7nbsp; nbsp;30 r.M.

8nbsp; nbsp;30 A.M. 8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

8nbsp; nbsp;30 A.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

9 0 A.M.

!) 0 J'.M. 8 0 A.M.

8 0 P.M. 8 30 A.M. 8 30 P.M.

(',2 02 64 57 72 71;

30 to 37

2.')

;!;!

Wot recorded.

101-8 102-6 102'8 102-4 102-0

103-2

105-8 106-4

104-7

Animal very irritable ; lias been restless during the night.

Distinct signs of rutting this morning.

12 13

14 15

raquo;I

18 1laquo; 20

24 26

raquo;1

27 28

itaiuliiia

38;

rmuinating

41 54

78; standing

08; standing

70 71 72

standin?

J34, very irregular; ruminating.

45; ruminating -1 52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - I

#9632; TO; standing rest�less ; lielly very full. '38; not ruminating ' 42 ; ruminating - | i 38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - j

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - I

8nbsp; nbsp;30 A.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M. 9nbsp; nbsp; 0 A.M. 9nbsp; nbsp; 0 P.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; 0 A.M.

fil

(il

72; standing

laquo;0

64 72

70; standing

No observatio

made. 7 2; standing

103-3 103-4 102-4 103-7 101-9

I02'S

102^,lt;J 103-O

1�2-quot;)

103-2

Not

recorded.

102-8 102-8

102-3

103'3 No observa�tion made. 102-4 101-(1 102-(1 102-4

lor a

101- 7 101-3

102-4 101- 8 No observa�tion made.

102-0 102-.'!

103-.'I lO.T 0

102-7 103-8 lO.T 7 106-1

Less irritable ; signs of heat have disappeared.

9 0 ]

.M.

f j 70, irioguhiv ; 'I i j standing.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

L 08 ; lying - J

0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. � A.M. 0 P.M. OA.M.

Op.m.

44; ruminating 58 ; not ruminating 44; ruminating -75 ; not ruminating 52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;f

02; standing - J 72; standing 50 ; standing ;

irregular. 60 to 65 ; not m-

rainating.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j

64 : . -

54; ruminating -

8 OA.M.

9 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M.

0 P.M.

8 OA.M.

8 0 P.M.

8 0 A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0 P.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; OA.M. 8 0 P.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0 P.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; A.M.

8 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M.

02 G8

08; standing Ofi 65 60

66 ; standing

-nbsp; nbsp;40 ; not ruminating 74; ruminating - '

-nbsp; \ 64; standing - I

-nbsp; ; 64; ruminating -

-nbsp; '. 58nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - !

-nbsp; I 64 No observations made.

-nbsp; j 64 ; standing -

-nbsp; nbsp;I 58; ruminating - I

-nbsp; nbsp;| 60 �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - I

No obscrvationr made.

-nbsp; nbsp;I 40; ruminating -48

Dec.

Tnoculntkin performed this evemng. Animal weighed ; weight 460 lbs. Decrease since Nov. 8th = 12 lbs.

08 68

78 30 82 74; standing

0 P.M.

0 A.M.

56 ; posture not

noted. 48

33; ruminating -00nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

52; standing

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;n ,lt;..m.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

The visible mucous membranes were examined at 2 p.m. Vagina generally pink, but reddened near clitoris. Mucous membrane of mouth of natural appearance, i.e., of a uniform pale pink colour.

{

8 0 P.M.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

76 68 fill

56; not rnniinating 50

106-S

Not recorded.

107-1

The animal appears dull, cats but little, and lies con�stantly. On the upper gum several small opaque white elevations are observed, and a small patch of redness below the right corner tooth.

Animal very dull, and not feeding. No disclinrge from inueous membranes.

8 0 A.M.

10(i-4

raquo;The observations of pulse and respiration were always taken in the reeinubcul posture, excepting when the contrary is stated.

i'UU OAlTliE! i'LAiUJK COJiaiiSSlOMKlitl.

Date.

Hoar.

ruislaquo;.

Itespiratiou,

Teuiperfttnro

(Kuhr.) in Itectuilaquo;. I

Hemarks.

Ih', Bfl-V^rsuni

Report to

C'ommlsKluners.

Dec. 7 8 0 i-.m.

- 58) not rnminatmgl

106 �

Mucous membrane of vagina unaltered. Klevatcd specks on upper gum, which have extended sinee last night into patehes. Two similar elevations are ob�served on the lower lip. At the base of one of the papilUo of the check nearly opposite the corner tooth on the right side there is a small red spot where the epithelium is detached. Not feeding.

Ftnoes of firmer consistence. Kxtremities cold.

Has only eaten a few liandfuls of hay to day j very dull j coat staring slightly ; legs and ears cold. In introducing' the thermometer the bulb is grasped by the sphincter. Mucous discharge from narcs, but, no change in the appearance of the mucous mem�branes. Vagina redder, and covered at the upper part with a creamy discharge. I'atches on gums extending.

The animal feeds hut little, and is very dull; coat staring ; extremities cold ; mouth hot; appearance of vagina unaltered. The upper lip exhibits a chain of bright red patches of irregular form, the largest of which are near the middle line, and measure about a third of an inch every way. Towards the left side there are numerous groups of smaller oblong or oval patches, the long diameters of which are parallel to the edge of the gum. Each of these patehes is bordered with a white opaque elevated margin.

j Animal neither feeds nor ruminates. Constipation

[ continues.

[ Faeces passed in hard rounded masses. Thermometer

¹ grasped by sphincter ; coat staring; extremities cold ; increased sensibility of back ; prolonged pause between inspiration and expiration, followed by an audible catch. Abrasions on the upper gum are now healing; the abraded surfaces are replaced by slightly red patches having indistinct smooth edges without indentation. On the hard palate there are some pink spots slightly depressed below the surrounding surface. Thermometer grasped by sphincter. Faices solid;

character of respiration unaltered. Animalfeeds this afternoon; fa;ees solid; mucous mem�branes almost healthy ; patches on upper lip scarcely perceptible ; no eruption on skin. Has eaten 2 lbs. of turnips, and a little hay. Mucous membranes now (phte healthy.

Animal feeds bettor, and ruminates; fa;ces hard.

Inspiration accompanied with a loud hoarse snore. There is a swelling in the intermaxillary space, opposite the thyroid cartilage. The animal appears to swallow with difficulty

Difficulty in swallowing and snoring continue.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

84, weak

thready. 86, weak

and

54 ; standing 41

104 Mi 10laquo;'0

85, weak; standingi 41nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

80, weaknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - , 44, interrupted *

108'i 106 quot;3

8 0 Ji.lt, 8 0 P.W,

74, weak 74, weak

Irregular, about 48 18; not ruminating;

� A.3I. 8 0 P.M.

104 �(;

105-8

72, weak 66

105-3 lOG'O

raquo; 11

� 12 raquo; 13 � I*

'raquo; 16

8 0 a.m. 8 OlMt.

raquo;2 23

Oa.m. 0 v.Jr. OA.M. 0 IMF.

0 A.ir. 0 r.jr.

74 72 72 72 7(1 74

20; standing

Not counted 18

105-9 105-9 106*0 106-0 105-3 105-0

0 A.JI. 0 I'.M.

0 A.5r.

0 I'.M. 0 A.M.

� P.M.

72 72 68

72 72

70 66

18 16 18 20 20

16 ; standing and ruminating. 18 ; standing -18

106-3 105-4 105-4 105-6 105-9 105-0

105-2 104-1

Animal eats hut little ; Paiccs dry and hard.

urine acid.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 I'.M.

The snoring noise in inspiration has almost ceased. The animal seems lively, and feeds as well as before inoculation. During the following three days the temperature sank to its former level.

* The word quot; interruptedquot; is used in tins and in the following cases to denote the mode of breathing described in page 12 (first paragraph) as characteristic of Cattle Plague.

D 2

#9632;

APl'KNDIX. TO TIIIU� KEI'OKT OF

Dir.�andorsoii.

Report to

Comuiissioiii'vs.

Cask No. 2.�A white l)ulIock with red curs j weighing TOl lbs, Under observation before inoculation from November 8th to November 30th ; after inoculation from Deeembor 1st to December 20th.

Date.

lloill'.

Tlilse,

lU'spiratioii.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in licctuni.

Remarks.

Nov.

30 P.M,

30 A.M.

30 P.M,

30 A.M.

0 1' .11.

30 A.M. 0 P.M.

62 64 03

00j standing

74; standing raquo;nd feeding.

CO; standing

C2 S8 61 61

58 54 58 G2

G!raquo; G2 70

Not recorded

36; ntanding.not j ruminating.

48; ruminating- j

50; coughing oc�casionally.

46; standing -35; notrnrainating

32; standiiig,not

ruminating. 44; not ruminating¹32nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

4C; ruminating�

40 64; not rnniinating

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- j

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- I

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - !

86nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - i

58; ruminating -

87; not ruminating i 72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 1

83nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -J 76; ruminating - I

59 - -;

⁽ About 90, irregu�lar; ruminating, i

84nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- i

so -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-!

76; ruminuting -

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - !

80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - i

74; ruminating - .

58 �

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; : . � I

60; rummatmg -

102

103'

1(12 102

Coat rather dry and staring ; faicea rather soft, dark coloured, and slightly offensive; ruminates regularly.

12 ; 9 0 A.M.

102-1

9 0 P.M.

102

13 ! 8 OA.M.

102'1

14 IS

Jraquo;

li)

raquo;raquo; 20

23 24

8 0 p.m.

8 30 a.m.

� P.M.

8nbsp; 30 A.M.

9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 p.m.

y o a.m. 9 o P.M.

9 0 A.M.

102'5 102'2 102-8 103-8 1�2'9 102'2 102-4 101-9

102-2 102-9 102-0 102-8 103-2

Not recorded

Tendency to diarrhoea; fasces dark-coloured offensive; sphincter ani relaxed.

and

9 0 p.m.

�nbsp; nbsp; A.M.

---- P.M.

9 0 A.M.

0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M.

I'asces still soft, dark-coloured, and offensive.

76; ruminating-

72; ruminating-

102-

101-102-

The animal licks itself constantly.

0 8 '.) 8

0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. O.A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M.

103-2 101-9 102-8 102-7 102-7 i02-0 102-9 101-3 101-4 102-1 102'0

2; standing

1 72

76; ruminating -76

70; ruminating-74 76nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

� 18 25 I 8

#9632;#9632;-#9632;

Dec.

27 28

70 72

08 74 70

84 76

76 68

Not recorded. Ditto -

-nbsp; nbsp;I 46

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 64

- ; Not recorded l

0 P.M.

0 A.M.

0 P.M.

-nbsp; nbsp; A.M.

-nbsp; nbsp; P.M.

-nbsp; nbsp; A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M.

0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M,

102-102-

Has been purging yesterday and to day. Inoculation performed this evening. Animal weighed; weight 406i lbs. Increase Nov. 8th = 15^ lbs.

gt;'

66 76 34

r,5

66; standing

56; ruminating-

102-6 102-G 102-9 104-6 105-4 10,

, The visible mucous membranes were examined at 2 p.m. and found normal j the mouth of a uniform pale pink.

106' 106'

l�li-

The animal cats only about a third of its usual al�lowance. A distinct red line is observed along the edges of the teeth, and a few small opaque white elevations inside the lower lip, about the size of a pin's head.

Appears dull, and is not feeding ; no discharge from eyes nor nose ; muzzle dry.

A continuous chain of aphtboas* patches is now ob�served inside the lower lip; most marked opposite the corner teeth, lied line on gum same as last night.

Lega and ears cold ; coat staring. The thermometer is grasped by the sphincter ani. Constipation. The animal looks dull and eats very little. There is a raucous discharge from the nose. The aphthous patches in the mouth are extending.

8 0 A.M.

IOC- 1

8 0 P.M.

62, weaker

100-3

8 0 A.M.

66, stronger, but still weak.

62, weak and thready.

IOC-4

106-0

8 0 P.M.

36 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - I 105-C | Patches on lower lip much increased ; excoriation of

the commissures of the lips. Large quantities of epitlielimn peel off in opening the mouth. Considerable increase of discharge from nose. The pupillw at the anterior part of the mouth present here and there scarlet patches, each of which is generally observed at the base of a papilla, hut seldom extends around the whole of it. Along the borders of the tongue, near the tip, there are some clusters of well-marked white elevations, presenting the same appearance as those first observed Inside the lip on the 8th instant.

* The word quot; aphthous quot; is used in this and the following cases to designate the material of which the characteristic concretion on the mucous membrane of the mouth consists, not because It expresses its nature, hut merely for convenience.

THE CATTIiK PLAOUE COMMlSSfONEKS.


Date.	Hour.	Pulse.
Dec. 10	� A.M.	laquo;8	-
)i it	� r.M.	7(1	-
� u	8 0 A.M.	62	-
yt raquo;raquo;	� P.M.	64	-

Kespiratiun.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in licctuin.

livmarks,

Ur. Sanderson.

Report to CunimiHslon-jra.

104-9

The glottis is closed after euch inspiration. Expira�tion is uccompunied with a jicciiliar catch and hcuviiig of the chest. Constipation. The thermometer is grasped by the sphincter full

103-7

The coat is staring ; legs und curs cold. The ubraded patches on the lip are of a paler hue, and are evi�dently healing, the abraded Burfuces being now replaced by slightly red patches, with indistinct smooth edges, and without indentation. The epithdiuni is peeling off the hard palate, leaving pink depressed patches. The tongue presents the same appearance as yesterday. The discharge from the nose continues.

103-2 The respiration continues the mine in character as

;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I yesterday, but is accompanied with less noise. Con-

stipation continues. 22nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-1 102-quot; ; Is eating a little this afternoon. Diarrha-a now exists.

On examination of the lower lip the abrasions are found to be healed, only leaving two small indistinct patches at the base of the gum. The white elevations on the tongue are diminished. The hard palate presents the same appearance as before. The papilla; at the anterior part of the mouth are still red, but the excoriations which were observed at the commissures of the lips are healed. The skin on the chir. appears excoriated, as if the epidermis were peeling off in the same manner as the epithelium of the mouth did, and the hair growing from the excoriated skin is matted together with dried discharge. On the withers are several spots of an eruption the same in character as that on the chin. The discharge from the nose is diminished, but the lachrymal secretion increased. 26; ruminating - I 102-5 Respiration has the same sound us before described.

12 8 0 a.m. 8 0 P.M.

56, exceed!

weak 64

ngly

103-

Is eating a little ; still purging. Mucous membrane of month looks more healthy; the clischarge from the eyes and nose same as last night. The chin appears drier to night j the eruption on the skin of the withers araquo; before. Under the tail the epidermis is peeling off.

Kespiratiou same as before in character.

Animal is feeding still better to day; still purging. The mouth looks healthy ; nose cleaner; discharge from eyes continues. Skin of withers presents the same eruption as before.

Feeding; not purging so much. Respiration more natural. Eruption on skin drier. Mouth looks healthy, except in one spot on the dorsal surface of the tongue where the epithelium is detached, leaving a depression of a pale colour with hard edges. Nose clean ; eyes running a little.

Respiration as last night.

Animal is eating about its usual allowance of turnips. The ulcer on the tongue is enlarged, oval in shape. Increased running from eyes. A spot on the chin near the middle of the seat of the former eruption seems deeper as if ulcerating.

8 0 A.M. � P.M.

58 74

26-, ruminating #9632;

102-102-

14 8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

64 70

24; ruminating -

102-C 104-2

0 A.M.

0 p.m.

21; standing

102-8 103-7

0 A.M.

0 r.M.

72 78

102-102-

standing

Animal has had diarrhoaa to-day very badly, worse

than previously. Discharge from eyes continues. The ulcer on the tongue is enlarged to about the size of a sixpence, circular in form, with clean cut edges; epithelium of the tongue appears healthy to the very border of the ulcer. The ulcerated surface is rough, deepest in the centre, grey in some parts, in others pale pink but not at all red. At the part of the chin previously described there is a rounded deep ulcer, with ragged swollen edges ; its base exhibits granulations covered by yellowish white matter.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

02 80


24 3-2	-	102-1 103-6
22 23;	standing	loa-o 1030
30; 27	ruminating -standing -	101-2 102-4

Respiration now normal.

Faices are more solid to-day. Increase of discharge from the eyes; enlargement of ulcer on tongue; its deepest parts appear red, with the elevated spots white.

Discharge from eyes continues the same. Ulcer on tongue still larger, now of an irregular triangular shape, its surface is smoother, and looks more healthy.

Less discharge from eyes. The ulcer on the tongue is

8 0 A.M. 8 0 r.M.

19 8 0 a.m. �80 P.M.

found to be extending backwards ; the anterior por�tion appears of a uniform red colour as if healing. The eruption is extending from about the anus to the skin between the thighs, and to the scrotum.

8 0 A.M.

103-

The eyes and nose are clean. The ulcer on the tongue

is still extending backwards, whilst its anterior part is healing. [On the following day it had assumed an hour-glass shape, and was seen to be still healing, except at the posterior part, where it had irregular edges, and was still covered by a greyish crust.]

D 3

APPENDIX TO TlIIltD KEPOKT OP

Dr,Banderaon, ('ask No. 3,�A red und white l)ullo(^k, weighing rngt;2lbs.* Under obsewatlon before infection from November 8th to �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; December l.'Uh; after Infection from December 13th to December lytb.

lluport to Odmniissiimcrs.

Respirations,


	Urine
Tem-	in 24 hours.
perature		--------	Kemarks.
(li'alir.) in	Quantity Quantity
lieetuiu.	of	of
	Ill-en.	Urine.
0	Grains.	Fluid 0raquo;.
102 #9632;!	�	�	The rate of breathing recorded in the appropriate column as 24, was found soon after to have reached 40 per minute ; the animal -was not rumin�ating.
101'6	�	�
1I12-4	�	,�
102'4	�	�
10W			The respirations still vary. Whilst the animal was still lying they were found to have diminished to 20, a catch being at the same time audible. Again, when standing, the number had increased to 41.
101-6	�	�
ll)2'l	�	�
102-2	__
101-8	�	�.
102'8	�#9632;	�
101-9	__	__
11)1-8	�	__
102-0	_.	�
102-2	�	�
101-8	�	�
102-4			Was placed in the lead covered stall last night that the urine might be collected for examination, and seems much annoyed in consequence.
101-6	�	�
l()2-4	�	�
1 102-4	�	107J
J 102-3	#9632;�i	#9632;�
�	�	83
102-0	__	136
102-4	�	�-	Animal still seems uncomfortable in it new stall.
101-6	�	132
101-4	__	__
101-4	�	130
102^-2	_	�
101-4	�	1161
102-3	�	�
1O0-8	quot;	76	Urine scanty. Rectum empty, so that the bulb of the thermometer moved in it freely; hence the unusually low reading.
102-3	�	�
101-3		98
101-3	�	�
�	�	103
102-1	__	�.
101 -8	930-40	87
101-9	�,	�	Animal is rather restless.
r i	1094-90	95
r i	1156-3f	96
101 -8	1290-33	115
101-5	~~	88	Weighed this morning ; weight 565 lbs.; increase since Nov. 8tb = 13lbs.
101 ' 6	__,	__
101-9	�	�
101'8	1485-12	116
io,r6	l()2r62	90	The mucous membrane of the mouth generally is of a pale healthy colour, but is red round the edges of the teeth.
101'2	�	�
Kin	1087-83	8.3	The animal is feeding as usual.
lore	�.	�
ion	1220-10	97
102^,()		-	The mucous membranes appear healthy.
101-2	1180-46	mj
102'()	_	�
101'5	1121-80	nai
101'5	�
101-4	1248-66	no
10 IT)	�	�
ion	1208-68
lora	�	�

Date.

11 our,

I'ulse.

Nov.


8	3 30 v.M.	54
0	8 30 A. Jr.	58
	7 30 p.m.	So
0	8 30 a.m.	5laquo;

114 to 38.

32.

36 ; irregular.

24 ; irregular


,,	8	0 P.M.	til
1 1	8 !)	30 A.M. 0 P.M.	58 71
12	g	0 A.M.	CO

48 ; ruminating 48 - - -04 ; ruminating 41


�	�� P.M.	63
13	8 0 A.M.	08
	� P.M.	67
14	8 30 A.M.	60
raquo;	� P.M.	77
15	8 30 A.M.	72
�	!l 0 P.M.	fil
10	(I 0 A.M.	64
	il 0 P.M.	58
17	(1 0 A.M.	58
	il 0 P.M.	112

48 - - -38; standing, not

feeding. 59 i ruminating I 28 ; not ruminating 66 ; ruminating ;

belly full. 00 ; ruminating 56nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- ^!

36 ; not ruminating, 52 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

34 ; ruminating 80. hurried and

unnatural.


18	!)	II A.M.	56
..	il	0 P.M.	71
19	9	0 A.M.	(i;3
	il	0 P.M.	05
20	9	0 A.M.	72
.,	S	0 P.M.	1 ⁶7
21	8	0 A.M.	i ⁶quot;
	il	0 P.M.	¹ 74

42, irregular 66 ; not ruminating' , 58, irregular; i not ruminating.

75 -i G8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - I

68 -

standing

45 to 50, irre�gular. 60 to 64 -68

32 - - -64

50 -60

�2

2.-!

raquo;)

29 80 1

0 A.M.

(1 J'.JI. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M.

7(1

72; standing 72 ; standing 0(1

0 V.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. (I P.M.

66 ;

standing

58 to ()0 48 -54

44 -64

52 -70

No observations made.

Dec.

0 P.M. 0 A.M.

7:1

64 64

standing

8 0 P.M.

---- A.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;P.M.

8 0 T'.M, 8 I) A.M.

74, irregular

70 ; ruminating

60nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

)raquo;

0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M.

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;P.M. 8 0 A.M.

8 0 P.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;P.M. 8 0 A.M. 8 O P.M.

(12 04 id (17 57 72 58 04 UK 06 (ii) i 02

standing � standing #9632;

ruminating standing

(ii)

(12

.'18 ; ruminating

* See Dr. Bristowe's Report, No. 30.

Date.

TUE CATi'LE l'LAOUE COMMISSIONKUS.

Hour.

PuUe.

lieispiration.

r_rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Urine

. ' I in 24 Hours.

(l?ahr,) ₍inKectum. (JmntUy Quantity I ofUres. of Urine.

Dr. SauUorsun.

Uupurt to Commissiuners.

Remarks.

Dec.nbsp; nbsp;12

raquo;raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; raquo;gt;

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;13

laquo;nbsp; nbsp; 14

0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. - P.M.

S6 62

laquo;laquo;

78 64

7laquo;

42; ruminating-

50 i standing

10 T 2

loro lors

103 � 3 103^- 0 105'6

I (jiraius. 1308'00

Kluiduz

74 I

I�18^,22

112raquo;-04

1130-89

Un exuminatiou of tliu moutli uu elon�gated white patch is found on the mu�cous aiemhrane, at the left side of the lower lip, close to the cicatrix of an old ulcer j and at the edges of two of the teeth two small slate-coloured spots are seen.

A catch is heard in expiration, so that the rate of respiration is 64 per minute, although the actual number is 49.

To-night the while patch on the lower lip, observed yesterday, is not distinctly seen.

0 A.M. 01

52; standing

105^-1

8 0 I'.M,

66, thready, very much altered in character.

105^-4

� 16

8 0 A.M. --- I'.M.

106'9

lOG^

1I72'41

-nbsp; nbsp;j Three or four small white elevations are

seen near the seat of the old ulcer, on the left side of the lower lip. On the upper gum there is a red streak along the edges of the papillic. The mucous membrane of the mouth generally is reddened; the papillte being of a pale pink colour. The evacuations from the bowels are becoming harder than before, and to-night mucus and blood were passed with some fasces. The animal is not feeding.

8 0 A.M. 68, weak and thready.

106'7 1 906-32

44 ] The bullock lies with his head laid along ! the ground, and allows himself to be j handled without moving.

68, rather quick, or 36, moaning, and slow.

105- 6

8 0 P.M.

laquo;8

-nbsp; | On examination of the mouth, the patch ; at the left side of the lower lip is found

abraded in the centre. A distinct excoriated patch is seen below the necks of the two corner teeth, on the right side, having a few small elevated specks near it. This patch has become enlarged since morning. There is increased redness of all the papilla; on the left side, some of which are of a deep hue, and are abraded. Below the anus there are some spots of eruption. Has eaten nothing.

8 0 A.M.

60, very weak 30 ; moaning and thready.

105-0 1568*31|

The fasces are very hard and dry. The animal lies, and does not move when touched. Has eaten nothing.

78 ; very weak #9632;

46 ; moaning

8 0 P.M.

IOC^- 2

The eruption helow the anus is seen I quite distinctly, and has a greasy appearance. On the upper lip there are a number of white elevated well-marked specks, more numerous on the right side; the lower lip is spotted. The papilhc are rather deeper in colour than last night. The catch heard in the pause between inspiration and ex�piration is combined with a low moan. The animal is eating almost nothing. To-night the fa!ces are a little softer, and covered with mucus of a slightly red colour. Some of the urine collected contains albmnen, and has an alkaline reaction. 106-2 12042-311 147 j In inspiration the larynx advances with 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I contraction of the muscles connecting

it with the jaw j but during the whole period of expiration it falls back again. The character of the breathing seems much the same as last night. In expiration, the glottis closes with a loud valvular sound, which is immediately followed by a sound of a loud harsh nature. The animal has eaten nothing since last night. There is diarrhoea ; and the saliva flows from the mouth.

Kespiration continues of the same cha�racter. The animal died about 2-45.*

� 19

8 0 A.M.

80 to 88, varying

9 0 P.M.

' The carcase was weighed after death. Weight, 48(5^ lbs. Loss of weight during the disease, 78^ lbs.

D 4

Ari'EKIilX TO THIRD UKl'OUr OF

rr. Sanderson. CASE No. 4.�A roan lieifcr, led about the liead and neck; \vei({liiiiff 111 lbs. Under observation before inoculation � quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; from N^Tov. 8th to Xov.MOth; after inoculation from Uec. Ist to Dec. �Oth.*

Koimrt to

Conmiiasiomrs,


Date.			Hour.		Pulse.
Nov.	8	S	30 P.M.	D9	.
))	lt;,l	*raquo;*	.'10 A.M.	58	-
	� j	7	30 p.m,	68	-
	10	8	30 A.M.	81	.
*raquo;*	1)	8	0 P.M.	laquo;8	-
	11	8	30 A.M.	01	_
M	,,	9	0 P.M.	59;	standing
H	12	1raquo;	0 A.M.	04;	standing
Jl	II		- P.M.	0laquo;	_
u	13	7	30 A.M.	5C;	standing
))	it		� P.M.	GC;	standing
	14	8	30 A.M.	59;	standing
)t	)raquo;	'	� P.M,	r.'j	~
ft	15	8	30 A.M.	rgt;o
Jf	_n	9	0 P.M.	57	-
n	l(j	!)	0 A.M.	55	-
jraquo;	..	9	0 V.M.	50	-
tt	17	9	0 A.M.	58;	standing
,,	�	g	0 P.3I.	56;	standing
	18	9	0 A.M.	56 �	standing

Uespinitions.

Temperaturlaquo; -

(l-'ahr.) in Kectuin.

Remarks.

#9632; 40.

17.

42.

04; standing; not runiiimtiHg. j 40 ; ruimnating 50; not ruminating I 42 to 48, with 1 ; pauses.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,

42 ; ruiniiiating

28 ; standing - :

15; ruminating

27; notniminating:

j 70, very irre- j

gulnr; belly j

very lull; not I

runii nating.

48; notrurainating,

| 52; ruminating \

38; notruminatingl

I 50 to 60nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- ;

26; standing - j 70; ve ry restless 81 ; stonding -64 ; mminating j

I CG, very irre- j

gular. 100 ; not rumi�nating. 54 ; ruminating | '6 , not riiminatingj 70nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 1

101 �!) 103-0

102-0 102-2 102-2

103.0 102-3 102-9 102-4 103-3

103-4 102-8 102-4 102-1

101-S 102-5 101-9 102-7

102-8

103-2

Animal was put in lead-covered stall this afternoon, that the urine might be collected for examination.

9 0 p.m.

74 ; standing ; newly raised.

19 9 0 A.M.

�9 0 P.M.nbsp; nbsp;; 09

20nbsp; nbsp;I 9 0 A.M.nbsp; nbsp;! 66 �80 P.M.nbsp; nbsp;I 70

21nbsp; nbsp;i 8 0 A.M.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;68

standing

Changed this morning from the raised stall in which the animal had been placed for the collection of the urine.

9 0 P.M. I 76 ; standing

70; standing - j 103-0

�

22 ! 8 0 A.M. 60 �90 P.M. ! 79

1 12 ; not rumi�nating.

82, verified on a second obser�vation ; rumi�nating.

92nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

89 to 90

86 ; standing -

92 ; ruminating

96 ; tranquil

102 103

Atout 16 oz. of blood taken this morning for analysis.

23 I 8 0 A.M.

78 ; standing

102-9

7G ; standing

92 to 94

90 ; standing

76 to 73

Hi' 1

2 7 28

0 P.M.

0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 A.M. 0 V.M.

103-3 103-1 103-0 103-6 102-7 103-2 102-9 101-7 103-0

12 oz. of blood taken this morning.

ruminating

68 ; standing 37; not ruminating

Fasces unnaturally soft.

-No observations made.

Inoculation performed iliis evening. Weighed this morning ; weight 4084 quot;gt;*�

since Nov. 8th = 5^ lbs. Faiccs soft,

decrease

Dec.

0 P.M. 0 A.M.

68 66

72 ; standing

36 :

ruminating

102-�

0 P.M. P.M.

68nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

16, pause be�tween inspira�tion and expi�ration.

103 103

3 | �

4 | � A.M. ..18 0 P.M.

8 4

7t 7 6

104-O 105-4

j Slight tenesmus ; animal occasionally straining, with a grunting noise.

I Diarrhoea ; evacuations smell very offensive.

j On examination of the mucous membrane oif the mouth an indistinct red line is observed on the margin of the lower gum, at the necks of the teeth. The mu-

I cons meinbrune of the rest of the mouth appears

i normal, of a pale pink colour ; the vagina natural.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

CO laquo;0

standing -

IOC-2 100-7

0 A.M. 78 0 P.M, ; 72

standing

10C-107-

| The animal is eating only a third part of its usual allow-\ ance. The red line along the margin of the gum is more distinct ; inside the lower lip there are several small opaque white elevations, two of-whicli, near the middle of the lip, are abraded and exhibit a white elevated margin witli a red spot in the centre. The vagina appears a little redder than last night, ami its nmcons membrane is covered with a thick creamy discharge.

8 0 A.M. 70

43 i standing

106-8 I Is eating a little.

* This animal was killed for pathological research on the 22ndof Deecniber. Sec Dr, Bristowe's lleport. No. 32.

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE COJIMISSION'EUS.

jJatc.

IIoiu^-.

I'ulsc.

lU'spinitions.

Temperature (Fulir.) | in Uectum. I

Dr, Sanderson.

Kcmarks.

Itenort to C'omimssiouor.s.

Uec, 7

0 p.m.

.18 ; standing -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1(IG^,,J ' Animal is very dull. The aphttious patches inside the

lower lip are consideralily huTeaswl in nuniber ; they are most marked opposite the corner teeth and near the iiu'iiuin. The mucous mem�brane of the vagina has much the same appearance as last night i the diseliurge is not altered in appearance, but is oonBidorably increased in quantity. 54 i standing - | 107 quot;0 Kot feeding.

07nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lOR'S The temperature of the legs and oars is about normal.

1 The aphtbous patches on tlie lip have extended, and some of them appear very red in the centre, as if the epithelium there were detached i their margins are white and elevated. The vaginal mucous membrane is red, and the creamy discharge is more abundant. The thermometer is distinctly grasped by the sphincter ani. 40 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;107'2 The lachrymal secretion is increased this morning.

When (he thermometer was introduced into the rectum the glutieal muscles twitched, as if the animal Buffered pain. Is eating but very little. 40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;106'7 There are considerable pauses between the respirations,

and a slight blowing noise. The abraded surfaces on the lip have considerably increased in extent. The patches described as very red in the centre last evening are now of a paler hue, whilst other newly abraded spots have assumed an intense red, the same in appearance as was observed in those described last evening. At the angles of the mouth and along the margin of the lower.lip there are a number of small red spots with indented edges, many of them confluent. The papilla; at the anterior part of the mouth present here and there scarlet patches ; these are generally situated at the bases of the papillae, but only occasionally extend round them. On examination with a lens, the patches are seen to be depressed. Along the borders of the tongue near the tip there are some clusters of well-marked white elevations, pre�senting the same appearance as those seen first on the lower lip. The coat is staring to-night; the muscles twitch when the animal is touched. Constipation ; the faces are passed in hard round masses. I 56, with moaningnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 105 � 8

at each respiration. 38, with pausenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10.V7 'The vagina looks more healthy to-night and the dis-

after each in-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 charge is diminished. On the upper lip there are

spiration, and two distinct white elevated patches opposite the corner incisors, one a slight catch; on each side of the lip. The whole surface of this portion of the standing.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;mucous membrane feels rough to the finger. There are groups of

l elevated white patches on the lower lip along the base of the gum, and between the necks of the teeth; besides these, there are patebes of large extent, which arc red and denuded like those previously described; the rest of the inucons membrane | has a dull, white, sodden appearance. The tongue appears much the same as last l night, but the white elevations are extending more to the under surface. There is increased discharge from the nose of a glutinous character. The eyes have a peculiar sunken appearance, and at the inner canthus the hairs are matted by the lachrymal I secretion. The coat is still staring, and the twitching of the muscles, when the animal is touched, continues.

A.M.

r.M.

7() 75

8 0 A.M.

76 weak,

ing.

stand-

1�

� A.M.

8 0 r.Ji.

C4, very 7(5

weak

S 0 A.M.

� r.M.

60, #9632;weak

42; standing, with pauses as before.

33, with pauses, but less noise.

102 quot;8 Constipation. There is no distinct grasping of the

thermometer by the sphincter ani. lOS'O The feces are softer to-night; the animal has been eating a little this afternoon. The vagina is now

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

I almost normal in appearance. On the lower lip there 1 is one distinct patch at the ficoimm covered by a white elevation. The colour of the papilla) is fainter this evening ; the tongue clean. An eruption is observed on the chin, with excoriation of (lie skin as if the epidermis were peeling off in the same way as the epithelium peels off the mucous mciubrane ; the hair of the chin is matted with the discharge. This eruption also extends along the nape of the neck from the withers to the poll and to the roots of the ears. There is I less discharge from the nose ; the eyes are in the same condition as last night. I 32; standing -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10.V4 Faeces soft this morning, but no purging.

I 23; expirationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lOS^ Diarrhoea; has eaten about 21bs of turnips to day, but

! accompanied by inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;scarcely any hay. The vaginal mucous membrane

| a sort of grunt- ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;is of a uniform and natural colour, but is covered with

ing noisenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tenacious mucous discharge, with which the tail is also

smeared; the epidermis is peeling off the skin under ' the tail and round the anus ; there are some small spots of eruption between the ; thighs. The skin on the nape of the neck is much drier; the eruption on the chin i appears much the same ; the mucous membrane of the mouth looks more healthy ; the discharge from eyes and nose continues much the same.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

30; standing.and

ruminating,

103-2

32 ; standing

10,T4

The animal is purging badly ; has eaten better to-day.

The vagina appears healthy, no discharge ; the epider�mis is still peeling off around the anus ; eruption between thighs continues as described last night. The eruption on the skin is spreading to the right side. The musous membrane of the month is healthy. The discharge from the eyes and nose continues.

14 | 8 0 A.M. laquo; 0 p M.

80 :

ruminating

102-4 104^,2

Less purging to-day. The vagina continues healthy ;

the mouth is of a uniform pale pink. The eyes are running, but the nose clean. The skin of the chin and neck appears unaltered, but the eruption between the thighs is spreading upward to the vulva.

8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

r.d

7(1

23, with a catch

in expiration. GO ; ruminating

101 �

103 laquo;8

The purging has ceased ; the licces arc almost normal tn appearance ; the animal eats aboutthe usual allow�ance of turnips. The lachrymal discharge continueraquo; as last night. Near the coniinissurcs of the lips there arc several sores at the seat of the former eruption. The eruption on the thighs has extended up to the vulva.

16 i 8 0 A.M.

13530.

r,2

lOl'S I

I I

APPENDIX TO TIIIKD UEPOET OF

I)r. Saiidorsou.----------

Itoport to OommUslonorraquo;. ]Jate.

Hour.

Pulse.

Kespirations.

Temperature.

(Fahr.) in Hectuin.

Uemarks.

Deo. 16

8 � P.M.

102-2

#9632;2-2

Faces normal; the animal is feeding pretty -well. The discharge from the eyes continues. The mouth is clean ; the sores near the commiBsures of the lips appear as simple cracks in the epidermis ; no ulcers. The eruption on the nape of the neck is nov dry and scaly; the lower part of the neck feels clammy as if an eruption -were about to occur. On the left side there is a swelling around a wound made in bleeding the animal, and to night some drops of pus escaped when the pin was removed. The eruption extends from the thighs continuously to the vulva and to the udder.

17 gt;gt;

19 20

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

(JO laquo;7 G4 5laquo; 72


23	.	lOl-S
31	-	lOl'S
24;	standing	101-2
38	ruminating	101-9
32	-	101-6
1laquo;	; standing -	101-2
50:	standing -	102-6

The eruption on the skin as last night. The mucous membranes appear healthy; the eyes and nose clean.

The animal is feeding well.

The animal was bled this afternoon; the blood was

forwarded to Dr. Marcet for analysis.

Case No. 5.�A horned milk cow, mostly red, but white under the belly and on the hind le^s, weighing l,0361bs.

Age about 7 years.*


					i Tern-I	Milk in	24 hours.
Date.		Hour.	Pulse.	Respiration.	1 perature [ (Fahr.) in Rectum.			Eemarks.
Date.		Hour.	Pulse.	Respiration.		Quantitj	Quanlitj	Eemarks.
						of Milk.	of Cream
			i			Fluid oz	Degrees.
Nov. 14	2	0 P.M.	70	22; standing -	lof-s
raquo;gt; raquo;raquo;	8	HO P.M.	80	32; notruminating	101 #9632; 6
� 15	8	30 A.M.	68 ; standing -	24	101-1
it n	9	0 P.M.	61	32	100-9
� 16	9	0 A.M.	57	27	101-1
raquo; Jraquo;	9	0 P.M.	78; standing, restless.	30 ; standing -	101-3
� 17	9	0 A.M.	58 ; standing -	34 ; ruminating	101-1
)) 1)	9	0 P.M.	72	40; not ruminating	100-8
� 18	9	0 A.M.	56	26	100-9
If raquo;	9	0 P.M.	63	38 ; standing -	101-5	26	22i-
� 19	9	0 A.M.	54, animal very tranquil.	28 to 30 ; not ruminating.	101-4
'raquo; n	9	0 P.M.	64	32; notruminating	101-5	41
� 20	9	0 A.M.	62 ; standing -	26; standing - ' 37 � I	JNo observa-
raquo; )gt;	8	0 P.M.	62	26; standing - ' 37 � I	1 tion made.	45	21
., 21	9	0 P.M.	59	34	101-2	51	21	The animal was moved into another stable this morning.
� 22	8	0 A.M.	64 ; standing -	20 ; standing .	101-1
igt; raquo;	9	0 P.M.	56	28; before mi lidng	100-9	49^	23
,. 23	8	0 A.M.	56; standing -	18; standing; before milking.	101-8
raquo; ))	8	0 P.M.	62	32 ; standing, and feeding.	101-4	52^	22
� 24	8	0 A.M.	57; standing -	19 ; standing -	101-2
)gt; ))	8	0 P.M.	70	26 ; standing ; restless.	101-2	32	24	The animal is very restless to night, and gave only about 3 ozs. of milk ; pro�bably in consequence of noise overhead.
� 25	8	0 A.M.	60	21 ; standing -	100quot; 7			Seems a little excited this morning ; yielded more milk than usual ; dis�charge from vaginaof a colourless viscid fluid.
raquo; laquo;	8	0 P.M.	70	26	101-2	67	29
� 26	9	0 A.M.	58	24	100-4
raquo; laquo;	8	0 P.M.	68	28	101-0	*H	28
raquo; 27	8	0 A.M.	62 ; ruminating	23 ; ruminating.
raquo; raquo;	8	0 P.M.	65; standing -	20 ; standing -	101-0	50i	19
� 28	y	0 A.M.	58 - -	80	100-9
)) raquo;		- P.M.	67 ; standing -	36 to 40 ; standing	-	43$	17
� 29 � 30	#9632; No observ		ations made	-	*J \*	48 50	19 19
Dec. 1	8	0 P.M.	64; standing -	36 j standing -	100-9	51	19
raquo; 2	8	0 A.M.	62	2*	100-9
raquo; tt	8	0 P.M.	...	20	.	48	18
� 3	8	0 A.M.	56	24; ruminating	101-2
*tt tt*	8	0 P.M.	62; standing -	34	101-6	48	18
,, *		- P.M.	68	3fgt;	101-4	46	20
*� r,*	8	0 A.M.	60	37	101-2
ft it	8	0 P.M.	57	23	101-2	45	26
� 8	8	0 A.M.	62	24	101-4
it gt;)	8	0 P.M.	52	28	101-4	36	20
� 7	8	0 A.M.	60	24; standing -	101-4
raquo;raquo; ft	8	0 P.M.	66	30	101-2	40	-	Tbc vagina is redder than natural, with three small elevations on the surface
,, 8	8	0 A.M.	56	80	101-5			of the mucous membrane.
it )raquo;		- P.M.	56	24	101-3	48	20
.. 9	8	0 A.M.	50	26	101-5

#9632;1.1

* A'ce Dr. Bristowc's Report, No. 81.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS,

Bate.

Hour,

Dulse.

Hcspiration.

Tcik-! peraturo (Fahr.) in Hectmii.

Milk in 24 hours.

Df, Sandorson.

Rdport to CommiBsionors.

Quantity Quunlit v of Milk, of Cream.

Kemarks-

Dec. 9

� 10

t'luiil oa.) Degrees. 45i 18J

8 0 P.M.

� A.M.

60; standing -

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

63nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

23; ruminating

27nbsp; j standing -

22; standing, and eating.

22nbsp; ; standing -

23nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

28nbsp; ; standing -

24nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 23 ; standing -24.

22 ; standing -32nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

32 ; standing -

25nbsp; ; ruminating 32

27 31

100 �5

loo-y

(or there�abouts). 101' 1

101-9

101-3 101-2 101-1 100 � 9 101-2

101-4 101-8 100-8 102-8 103-2 103-7

The animal is very restless this morning, so that the thermometer could not be properly introduced into the rectum.

Still restless, while the temperature was being noted.

Ts a little fidgety, hut the thermometer was introduced without difficulty.

12 13 14 15 16

8 0 A.M.

44i

45nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 25 46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19

0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 r.M.

0 A.M.

0 P.M.

0 A.M. � P.M. 8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M. 8 0 P.M.

/ #9632;

104-4

There is a slight discharge from the #9632;vagina, but on examination the mucous membrane appears healthy, and of a uniform colour. The papillas within the mouth appear redder than natural. The animal has been changer, to a lead-covered stall to day that the urine may be collected.

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Respiration.

Tem�perature (Fahr.)

in Rectum.

Urine in 24 hours.

Milk in 24 hours.

Quantity Qimntity ot Urea, of Urine.

Remark:.

Quantity Qimntity of Milk. ofCream.

Dec. 18

8 A.M.

8 P.M.

104-8 104-7

Grains. Fluid oz. Fluid oz. Degrees,

220

Dec. 19 � 19

The discharge from the vagina continues, and the mucous mem�brane is found of a deeper red colour. The gums are to a doubtful degree reddened ; the lower lip exhibits over its whole surface white elevated specks, most of which are the size of a pin's head, but one or two of them occurring below the left corner tooth are a little larger. The animal has eaten very little to day ; the fa;ces have become harder. None I �

8 A.M. 8 P.M.

104-0 104-9

161

71 (weak)

� ! � There is now an abundant dis-|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; charge from the vagina of a

tenacious character ; the mucous membrane is intensely red, and is dotted with white elevated specks. In the left nostril a single elevated speck is observed. .All along the upper lip there is a pink blush, and at the left side one doubtful looking white speck. The lower lip presents abundant clusters of confluent white elevations, and around these clusters the mucous membrane is reddened, but there are no red erosions. The under surface of the tongue is beset for about three inches with groups of white elevations. The animal is not feeding and appears very dull; the ears droop; the faeces are hard, and covered with mucus of a reddish tinge.

Nonenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � The animal still appears dull, and

does not take its food.

Dec. 20

8 A.M.

59 ; standing inspiration and expiration are of equal duration.

68 ; standing; regular, but hurried, with a distinct

105-2

72 (weak).

103

8 P.M.

103-6 20

The vaginal mucous membrane is of a brighter red colour, and is covered with a thick sticky yellow discharge ; the surface is found on rubbing off the discharge to be covered with white elevated specks. The eyes are dry, but appear sunken; there is a discharge from the nose. The upper lip at the right side is dotted with white elevations ; on the lower lip the specks previously observed have extended so that the mucous membrane presents an almost uniform yellowish white sodden appearaneo. The papilla! are intensely red, many of them excoriated, and between them the epithelium presents the same sodden appearance as upon the lip. The under surface of the tongue is covered with white eleva�tions. Ts not feeding and appears very dull; the ears are droop�ing ; the saliva flows from the mouth Constipation.


	blowing noise.	1
	92, harried - 9(! - 90, of the same hurried cha-racter,with an oceasional low	1 100-6 99-8 98-4
	moan, 72 -

Dec, 21

8 A.M.

12 noon,

2 P.M.

74 -

82, very weak

108 -


�	�	None	�
�	�	laquo;	�.
		.,	quot;
423-55	140	quot;	1 1

This morning there is diarrhoea.

The conjunctiva is very much injected j the eyes nrc dry, but sunken ; the mouth cold and clammy. Death Umk place at

8 the same evening.

E 2

APPENDIX TO THIBD BEPOllT OF

Dr. SnmliTson.

llojiort to Coiiimissloncrs.

Cask gt;'o. t^;.�A milk com'. Under observation before inoculation from Nov. 19th to Nov. 30. Under observation

after inoculation from Dec. 1st to Dec. 22nd.

Date.

Hour.

I'ulsc.

Respiration.

Tem�perature (Fahr.)

in Beetnm,

Urine In 24 Hourlaquo;.

Milk in 24 Hours,

Remarks.

Quantity

or Urearaquo;

Quantity Quantity

of Urlno, of Milk.

Quantity

ot'Cronm.


� -		----
Nny.	19	9 A.M.
')	M	9 P.M.
:raquo;	*'20*	9 A.M.
	it 21	8 I'.SI. 8nbsp; A.M. 9nbsp; Igt;.M.

2()j standing � ; �

Grains. I'luiiluzsJl'Mmdozs. Degrees.

'The animal very thin; faices quite fluid.

67 66

58; standing; after

milking. 43; standing; after milking. 58 45

102-3 i �

144

The faeces normal.

102-1 101'9

186

160

The animal seems very un

comfortable since she was placed this morning on the raised stall, in order to collect the urine for examination. The stall is slippery, and the cow has fraquo;reat difficulty in lying down.

2;!

8nbsp; A.M.

9nbsp; P.M.

8nbsp; A.M.

9nbsp; r.Ji. 8 A.M.

8 I'.M. 8 A.M.

8nbsp; r.M.

9nbsp; A.M. 8 P.M. 8 A.M.

60nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

70nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

66;nbsp; standing

70nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

58nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

66;nbsp; standing-

G4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

COnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

62nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

54nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

30; ruminating #9632;

40; standing -

42 ; ruminating, before milking.

16; ruminating-

54 �

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

22 to 24

25; ruminating -

13, with long pause hetween inspiration and expiration, chest heiug full.

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

39; standing -

193


	__	__
	iroi �	�
	U9J	�
	120
	133	9
	135	9
	150	10
	_	10
	144	11
	152	8
	150	11
	121	15
	135	11
	144	20

Purging ; to have more hay

allowed and fewer roots. Not purgingsobadlyto-night.

Faices now quite normal.

101-7 , 1302 102-2

101-3 101-8

1442-

211

144 100 148

1445-

100-9 101-9

101-7

940-7 j

101-9 101-2 I 1739-2

101-4

10U-'J

Dec,

30 1

P.M. A.M. P.M.

101-4 i � 101-4 ,2101-101-6 i �

184i

138

175 110

No observations made.

1306-7 1994-2 1181- 1

Inoculation performed to-day. Velghed this morning ; weight, 632A lbs.

8 P.M. 8 A.M.

40; standing -30

101-3 101-6

8 P.M. - A.M.

22 to 25 ; rumi�nating.

31, with an oc�casional low moan.

102-6

137

1889-1 131

- P.M. -A.M.

64 00

102-4 104-2

The animal is very dull this morning.

V i

8 P.M.

105-2

2071-3! ¹⁶²i

The movements of the belly in respiration are much in�

creased ; the head is moved backwards in inspiration and forwards in expiration ; expiration is accompanied by a slight blowing noise, and some movement of the limbs. As far as can be ascertained, the animal has not been feeding during the afternoon, but was observed ruminating to night. The appetite is good ; more water was consumed than usual. Faices are more solid than previously.

8 a. si. 8 v.M.

04 ; standing 72 -

29 ; standing and 104-1 ruminating. 50; standing - 105-6


�	�	�	�
213G-S	176	lost	�
__	_	131	__
2110'0	177
.	_	102	.�
2472-0	200	�	�
		87

The animal's appearance this morning is perfectly healthy. The mucous membrane of the vagina is a little redder than natural; the other visible mucous membranes appear healthy. The appetite continues good;

the feeecs are softer. The mucous membrane of the vagina appears injected, and there are at the right side several small white opaque elevations, each about the size of a pin's head ; there is, however, no discharge observed. There is no discharge from any of the mucous mem. branea. The redness of the vagina is increased; otherwise its appearance is the same as lost night. Inside the lower lip, to the right side of thefroonum, apatcli of small elevations is distinctly seen. The appetite is still good.

8 A.M.

8 P.M.

30 ; standing and ruminating.

105-6

64 -

100-0

8 A.M. 8 P.M.

34 ; standing GO

105-2 100-4

fin

4 2

106'8

THE CATTLK PLAOVB COMMISSIONKU9.

Date.

I lour.

Tulse.

Uespivution.

Tem�perature (ffahr.)

in Beotum

Urine in 24 Hours.

Milk in 24 Hourraquo;.

Dr. Saiulonon,

Uoport to CimmiLssioucrs.

Quantit}' orOoum.

Ueuiurks

Quantity Quiuitlty.Qimntity otvtm,. olOrlno. of MlJli.

Dec. 8

40 ; standing uncl ruiuinattnquot;.

107'3

Cirnhis. 2295-0

Fluid uz. 220

Fluid Da.

Dogroos. |

� i The vagina presents a mot-

| tied appearance to-night; it is very red, und the surface here and there is covered by a creamy fluid. The lower lip is very red and exhibits a continnoHs chain of aphthons patches. There is an aphthous looking patch inside the left nostril on the septum nasi. The lachrymal secretion is increased, and below the inner ennthus the hairs are wet.

� I � : ⁵⁴ 1 - ! 1924-5 1 134 j �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� | The vagina is of a uniform

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I intense scarlet colour, with

a creamy discharge upon parts of its surface, as described last evening. The aphthous patches in the mouth are not much increased in extent, but they present a more ulcerated appearance than last night; the whole mucous membrane is reddened, raw looking, and uneven, but very few of the small white elevations are now visible.

� I 48 | 25 The animal is still feeding and ruminating ; seems to suffer pain while being milk�ed ) there is a tendency to diarrhcoa; no turnips were given last night.

9 8 A.M. 1'. M,

laquo;9 -

34 ; standing

105-8 104-9

� 10 - A.M.

24, quite normal

102-2

8 P.M.

08, weaker -

34, regular, but a blowing noise in expiration.

104-0

198

124

The animal is piuging, but

seems lively ; is still feed�ing well, and ruminating ; has had no turnips to-day. The vagina is found to bo of a duller hue, is cedematous, and the surface is drier than last night ; iiere and there it has a pitted appearance ; the discharge is diminished in quantity. The eye is clear, no tears run down the check; the memhrana niotitans appears a little swollen. The lower lip and papilla; look much the same as last night; on the hard palate are some small pink spots.

The diarrhoea is worse, but the animal still lively. 1423-8 91nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � Still purging; turnips given

this afternoon. On exami�nation of the vagina it is found less cedematous, but still uneven and patchy; on the whole, it appears more healthy and paler in colour. On the left side of the lower lip, opposite the corner tooth, there is one small ulcer ; the hard palate looks the same as last night. The eyes and nose are perfectly clean.

8 A.M. 8 P.M.

60 ; stronger

24 ; standing and eating. 30

103-0 101-4

� 12 8 A.M.

- ^! 30

101-4


		94
1154-8	85	�	�
		108
1489-1	124	�	�
_		130
1722-2	177	quot;#9632;
		130
#9632;�	160	�	�
_	__	134	_
__	154	__	�
	�	140	�
	__	130	__
�	�	�	�
�	quot;*	�	^�

The animal is still purg�ing, but otherwise looks healthy ; it feeds well, and ruminates regularly. The udder is notsopainfulduring milking. Dinrrha;a not so bad. The vulva is a little swollen, but otherwise of a healthy ap�pearance. The mucous membrane of the mouth is about normal. Diarrhcea worse to-day.

Still purging, hut feeding well. The ra ucouraquo; membranes all appear normal ; no dis�charge.

Still purging. The vaginal mucous membrane is a little redder to-night, but no discharge. Mouth, eyes, and nose normal.

Diarrhoea not so bad.

Mucous membranes as last night.

Mucous membranes healthy.

;

raquo; .1 | 8 P.M.

- I 20-, standing

101-0

8 A.M. 8 P.M.

15, expiration hoarse. 24

103-7 101-3

-nbsp; A.M.

-nbsp; P.M.

40 33

101-8 101-9

A.M. � ] 8 P.M.

50 51

54 48 50 05


30	.	101-9
80	-	102-5
26	.	101-8
33;	standing -	102-2
28	-	101-8
20		101-7
36	�	102-0
32)	standing -	101-8
28	-	101-4

16 I 8 A.M. 8 P.M.

1H 20 S3

8 A.M. 8 P.M. 8 P.M.

a p.m.

8 P.M.

E 15

l)i', Sandanon.

Iloport to

lt;' oni missium 'is.

38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;APPJ�NDIX TO TIIIUraquo; REPORT OF

Cakk No. 7.�A yearling heifer, pluccd in the some stuhle with the animals recovering from Cattle Plague

(Nos. 1, 2, 4, and lt;!), on the 27tli December.

Date.

Hour.

PuIm,

Respirations.

Tem-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Urine

pwatnra in 24 hours,

(Fahr.)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �;--------�

in Kectum. Quantity �

ofUrino. isp- gr.

Remarks.

1865. Dec. 27

ii ,) � 28

0 A.M.

0 r.w.

0 A.M.

72 ; standing -

60 ; standing -

72 62

07 ; standing -

66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

72 70

72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

80 ; standing, and ruminating.

80 ; standing -

46nbsp; ; standing -37 ; standing,

and feeding. 54 ; ruminating 31 ; standing -67; standing,

and ruminating.

47nbsp; ; ruminating. 27, with a pause

when chest full. 61 j standing -

53nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

66 ; standing, and excited. 37 j standing -68 72 36 38 61

₀nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Fluiil ob,

loa^nbsp; nbsp; i �

102-5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;; 90 102-6

1045

Diarrhoea this morning. Freces less fluid to night. The diavrhom has ceased.

8 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M. 8 0 r.M.

103' 1 101-2

lore

1048

55 i

1048

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

101-8

102-3 102-6

102-5 102-5 102-0 103-2 103-2 102-8

102-0 102-0 101-9 102-8 105-7

190

20O

70 73^ 120

215|?

� 31 1866.

8 0 p.m.

1021

1021 1041

1045 1035 1026 1016?

1043

Jan.

0 P.M. 0 P.M.

0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 A.M. 0 P.M.

in 11

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 A.M.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 P.M.

60 38 88 l

ruminatins

142

16 fi

1045 1052 1035 1028

The visible mucous membranes on ex�amination this evening- a,re all found healthy, and of a uniform pale pink, colour.

The animal has left a good deal of the hay given last night.

The surface of the vagina is still smooth, but a little redder than last night; no discharge. The mucous membrane of the mouth is smooth and clean, hat seems of a deeper pink laquo;oloui than last night. The animal has heen feeding much as usual to day.

The colour of the vaginal raucous mem�brane is the same as last night, but a few very small elevated specks are now seen. The skin helow the vulva is rough dry and scaly. The mucous membrane of the lower lip below the right corner tooth is leset with small white elevated specks ; the tongue is clean ; the papilla; hlushcd. Has not been feeding to day, but was observed ruminating to night. The faces are harder.

8 0 A.M.

8 0 p.m.

36 42

105 �

1046

0 A.M. - P.M.

80, thready - 62, with a catch 77nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 46 ; standing ;

the respiratory movements quite normal whilst standing, but in the lying posture the breathing assumes the same character as in the other affected animals.

105-2 105-8

1045

A.M. P.M.

72, variable in frequency, and exceedingly weak.

74, very weak -

44 38

106-3

106-8

1038

The visible mucous surfaces appear much the same as last night ; the white elevations on the lower lip are a little larger.

Is feeding badly. Constipation.

40 37

100-3

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

1037

To night the vagina looks pale, and is smeared witli creamy discharge. On the lower lip the patches below the corner tooth have increased in extent and exhibit denuded fissures in the centre; the papilla; near the angle of the mouth are tipped with red, and are coated at the base with white aphthous deposit; the tongue as before.

0 A.M. 86 I 8 0 p.m. 76, very weak

30, with an oc�casional catch.

105-8

This morning the animal is purging ; still not feeding.

101-8

1020

Diarrhoea much increased ; fatces light-coloured and offensive The raucous membrane of the vagina is of a deeper hue to night, and is moist and smooth. The surface of the lower lip is now covered with a continuous aphthous eruption except in the hollow below the gum, where it remains clean j in the hollows between the fangs of the incisor teeth there are well-marked aphthous patches. The under surface of the tongue along the margins presents a patchy appear�ance. The discharge from the nose is becoming crusted around the margin of the nostril ; the tears are running down the right cheek.

I A.M. j Found dead this morning.*

* The animal was dissected on the following afternoon, with the kind assistance of Dr. J'enwick, My notes laquo;how that the usual alterations were met with in all the organs. Decomposition was much advanced. On the deeply-stained inner surface of the right ventricle, numerous minute bubbles or gas were seen beneath the lining membrane. The skin of the udder was beset with soft papular elevations.

THB CATTLE TLAGUK OOMMISSIONKUS.

Case No. 8.-

-A yearling heifer, placed in a stall where one of the inoculatcil animals had recovered from Cattle 1'hijfue, on the 2(Jth of December.*

Dr. Sanderson.

Uuport to Commissioners.

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Kespiration.

Temperature

(Fahr.) la llectum.

Henmrks.

1865.

Tec. 27

raquo;gt; gt;raquo;

raquo; 28

0 A.M. Op.m.

0 A.M.

72 j standing

36 ; standing -

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

32 ; standing,

and feeding. 68 ; standing -20 ; standing,

and ruminating. 65

63 ; standing -62

54 ; standing,

and ruminating. 54 j standing,

and eating. 78 s standing -68

38 to 40 30nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

102-3 102-0 101-9

102-4 101-8

101-8 102-2

8 0 P.M. 8 0 A.M.

� 30

� 31

186C.

Jan. I

0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M.

0 P.M. 0 P.M.

80 ;

02 G6

standing

101'4

102-2

102-8

102'6 104-0 104-2 106-3 106-3

106-4

8 0 P.M.

; o p.m.

0 P.M. 1 0 A.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; P.M.

�nbsp; nbsp; A.M.

72 76 72 74

72, artery smaller. 68

feels

8 0 P.M.

standing

The mucous membrane of the mouth is found to

be slightly reddenei to night, especially on the

lower lip. The vagina is redder than last

night, and appears somewhat injected. The

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

1OC-0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;eyes and nose are clean.

76, unaltered in character.

76nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

106-4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The mouth is of a deeper hue than last night.

On each side helow the corner tooth there are some well-marked aphthous patches (in the hollow where the mucous memhrane is reflected from the gum on to the lower lip). On the right side there is one elongated patch with a longitudinal crack in its centre, surrounded hy an irregular white eleva�tion, but there is no distinct abrasion ; surrounding this elongated patch are two or three smaller white elevations; on the gum below the right corner tooth there is also a row of three small -white elevated specks, of which the one in the centre is the largest, the other two being about the size of pins' heads; on the left side are ob�served three distinct white patches, each about the size of a millet seed g and there are some smaller specks surrounding these ; there is no distinct arcola round any of the patches ; the upper lip and gum appear perfectly clean; the papilla; are reddened but still of a uniform colour. The vagina looks much the same as last night, but the mucous membrane seems a little more injected around the clitoris.

standinquot;

106-2

The animal looks dull this morning ; has not fed since last night; constipation since yesterday; the fsecos rather slimy.

105-4

The patches on the lower lip described last night

character,

8 0 A.M.

are larger and more confluent, and are sur�rounded by numerous small white elevations. The elevations seen last night on the gum at the right side are enlarged and all but confluent, and near them there are a few more small #9632; elevations. The colour of the vagina is much the same as last night, hut the mucous membrane is now rough, and is studded with numbers of -very minute specks, which are of a pale colour, but not opaque. 23nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;105-4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I The respiration is changed in character ; every

!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;| now and then there occurs a pause between inspi-

ration and expiration, and the same noise is then heard as in other animals, but in this animal there is the peculiarity that the pause is not observed regularly ; for several seconds the breathing is normal, and then for a few seconds each respiration ia accompanied with the pause and grunt. Constipation still marked; not feeding-well, but eating a little.

8 0 P.M.

84, -vreak thready.

and

38, the pause between inspi�ration and ex�piration occurs more constantly.

106-6

The animal began to purge this afternoon ; the faeces are now very liquid, dark coloured, and foetid ; is eating very little, and shivers occa�sionally. The eruption on the lower lip is con�siderably extended to-night, and forms a chain

of patches which have fissure-like abrasions in their centres. The under surface of the tongue is beset at its margin with white patches, and the fungifovm papilla; on the margin of the tongue near the tip are enlarged, red, and bare. The mucus membrane of the vagina appears much as last night, but is now covered with sticky mucus ; the skin below the vulva feels greasy, but seems otherwise healthy. At the inner side of the left thigh are two solid tabereles, not perceptibly reddened, and evidently painless.

8 0 A.M.

96, weak

and

27, much noise in

105-4

expiration; the click of the glottis closing at the end of inspi�ration iraquo; distinctly audible, as well as the groan at the end of the pause.

8 0 P.M.

9laquo;

103-

The mucous membrane of the mouth is as last night ; the margins of the lips near the angles of the mouth are rough, the epithelium being ele�vated, and scaling off ; some of the papilhc on the cheek appear denuded at the apex, but are covered with a whitish crust at the base; the discharge from the nose is more abundant and is crusting round the nostrils; the eyeraquo; are watery ; and the lachrymal secretion running down the cheek ; the vagina is smeared with a very tenacious discharge ; the nodules inside the thigh in tVu same state as described lust night. Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

* See Dr. Bristowe's Report, No. .'14. E 4

AITENDIX TO TIIIIU) KEPORT 0V

Dr. Kftudeison.

lllt;'poi't to

CommiHsiuncrs.

Bute.

Hour.

I'iiIsc.

Besplration.

Temperature

(Fuhr.) in Rectum.

Remarks.


	Jan.	12
	�	raquo;raquo;
	raquo;raquo;	M
	raquo;	is

8 o a.m. loo, weak

38; standing -

102-9

Ficces very liquid, light coloured, and highly offensive. Has eaten nothing since last right.

A fternoon Evening

laquo;8, ulmost imper�ceptible in the fiicial artery.

38; standing

102-8 102-C

The condition of the lower lip continues the

same ; the nphthous patches on the lower surface of the tongue have increased in extent j the discharge from the eyes and nose is much as lust nighti the vaginal discharge is more liquid. It was observed on taking the tem�perature in the afternoon that the animal's head was turned round to the right side. This is still die case, and is found to be due to tonic contraction of the muscles of the neck. At 10 p,M, the creature was lying stretched out and evidently dying.

Died this morning.

Case No. !).�A yearling heifer, brought in on the 2()th of December, and placed in a stable adjoining to that

occupied by Nos. 7 and 8.*

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Kespiration.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in Rectum.

Remarks.

ises.

Dec. 27 � 28

0 P.M. 0 A.J!.

0 P.M. 0 A.M.

0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M.

0 P.M.

0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M.

78 69

74; 72

standing

31; ruminating. 44; standing and euting.

43; standing -50

102-8 102-4

102-0 102-0 103-0 102-2

Diarrhoea.

Is still purging, but otherwise healthy. The diarrhoea lias ceased.

� so : 8

� 31 , 8 1866. ! Jan. 1 8

� als

� 3 S � 4

standing -

60; 40;

ruminating, standing -

62 ; standing -

23; standing and

eating. 46 52 ; ruminating.

45nbsp; ; standing -50; standing and

ruminating. 36 ; ruminating

46nbsp; ; standing -48

40 ; standing,

restless. 53; standing, and

eating.

101-7

102-8 103-2 102-8 102-0

102-3 104-2 105-2 105-5

103-2

105T)

83 74; 80 ;

80 84 90; 90

ruminating standing -

7 8 8

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

standing

The visible mucous membranes are healthy and of a uniform pale pink colour.

8 0 p.m. 96

The vagina looks a little redder than last night.

The eyes and nose clean ; on the lower lip opposite the corner tooth at each side there is a distinct denuded patch with irregular elevated white margins.

8 0 A.M.

42 ; standing,

excited. 40 ; standing

105-2

Constipation ; fa;ces hard.

8 0 P.M.

92nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;105-2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Fseces hard and slimy. The vagina is more

reddened and the surface dotted with small pale

elevations more or less translucent.

On the skin inside the thighs there are several hard nodules under

the skin. The mucous membrane of the mouth appears much the same as last night; the denuded

patches arc very slightly if at all extended.

0 A.M, 0 P.M.

82, thready ;

metacarpal arlery

feels very hard

and small.

35; standing, unaltered in character.

105-2

105-7

Diarrhoea commenced to night; the animal still

eating, but not feeding so well as usual; legs and ears very cold. The mucous membrane of

the vagina exhibits on the right side three dis-

tinct bright red patches, and on the left side there is one distinct red patch of the same kind; the surface is smeared with very tenacious mucus. On the lower lip the patches opposite the corner teeth at each side have extended; in the centre of the patch on the right side there is an irregularly abraded surface where the epithelium has been stripped off, hut the colour of this surface is not so deep as that observed in the abrasions in other animals. (On the upper lip there were previously observed two patches of ulceration which are now quite healed up ; these were evidently accidental, and had none of the characteristic appearances of the eruption). Some of the papilla; at the lower part of the cheek are tipped with red ; others slightly blushed. At the inner canthus of the eye there is a little tenacious discharge, but no tears running down the cheek. A slight discharge conies from the nose.

0 a.m. ; 94 ; standing ;

Diarrhoea worse and faices foetid i little since last night.

has eaten very

| slightly altered

in character, but as yet

there is no distinct cx-

' piratory noise.

8 0 p.m.

Hi)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - 24, quite altered-,

now of the same character as observed in the other animals.

102..'

Fceces very liquid and fectid ; is taking very little

food. The surface of the vagina is found to be of a paler hue, except on the right side where there is a distinct red stripe in the part where the red patches were observed last night. The lower lip looks much the same as last night; the denudations have spread very little. The margin of the lips near the angle of the mouth are rough and covered with a crust of the usual character. Some of the papilla! are becoming red and denuded. 100-8

� 13

11 0 A.M.

85, very small 24, -with pro-and weak.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; longed rattling

moan, 38, oppressed and moaning. Died soon after the last observation. Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

99-2

8 0 P.M.

� Sec l)r, llrlstowe's Report, No. 35.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMJIlSSIONEIiS.

Case No. 10.�A heifer brought in on December Hth already affected with the disease, probably at the 4th clay.

Dr. iSimderson.

Iteport to Cuuuiussiom.Ts.

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Hespirations.

Tempera tare

(Fahr.) iu Kectum,

Kemaihs.

�

1866. Jan. 8

8 0 raquo;Mlaquo;.

88 | counted in the brachial ar�tery ; thready, and could not be counted in the metacarpal or mctatarsal ar�teries; the meta�carpal artery felt very small and hard like a piece of cord under the finger.

36 ; standing ; of the character conmionly ob�served in ani-iiiuls aft'ectcd with the cattle plague ; a pause #9632;when the chest is full, accom�panied with the usual grunting noise ; move�ments of the chest as de�scribed in other cases.

40 ; standing; of the same cha�racter as last night; the pauses between inspi�ration and ex�piration vary in length.

3G, of the same character.

- I The animal looks very dull and is not feeding ; I diarrhcDB ; discharge from eyes and nose. Thorax very resonant. On examination of the vagina it is found intensely red, and the surface looks as if denuded of epithelium ; it is covered with a white thick tenacious discharge, which gives the mucous membrane a peculiar mottled or patchy appearance. The skin below the vulva exhibits an eruption extending downwards for several inches. This is of the same character as observed on the skin below the anus in the bullock, Case No. 'i; the seat of the eruption is very moist, and feels greasy, as if it had been smeared with oil. The eyes me sunken and watery ; the conjunctiva) in�jected, of a deep red colour. The mucous membrane of the upper gum, and the whole of the lower lip, is covered with an aphthous eruption; the surface of the membrane is elevated and rough ; the epithelium presents a sodden appearance, and can be readily detached from some of the more elevated patches.

103-6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I This morning, while the respiration was being

! counted, there were observed two pauses of

about three seconds each, during which a distinct shiver occurred.

This shiver was noticed again at irregular intervals during the next

five minutes. Eyes watery and half closed.

raquo; 9

8 0 A.M.

90 ; counted at the brachial I artery.

8 0 p.m.

92, still thready-

- The vagina continues excessively red, and between its opposite sides there are numerous flakes of a semi-solid whitish material. The eruption on the skin below the vulva is drier, and is getting crusted. On the skin of the neck fur-furaccous scurf is observed ; it is most marked on the left side, in front of the shoulder ; the skin here feels thickened and knotty, with some well marked vertical grooves. The eyes are very red ; the discharge from them is less watery, with a greater tendency to become crusted at the inner canthus. The secretion from the nose is more abundant and more viscid. The upper gum is covered with aphthous eruption, as described last night, but the epitheliuin seems more elevated and more easily detached ; the lower lip is also still covered with it. The eruption is more elevated in some parts, and is readily detached, but there are very few abrasions. The muzzle is dry, and the epithelium cracked, with a tendency to scale off. On the upper lip there arc numerous hard nodules at the roots of the large hairs ; some indistinct nodules of the same character are also found on the lower lip. The papilla; inside the check arc spotted and patchy, the epithelium being detached, and leaving the membrane of a bright red colour. The animal is very dull, and not feeding ; the eyes half closed ; ficces very fluid aud fectid.

102-2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;| Faeces still fluid and fectid, light coloured. The

animal shivers occasionally.

102quot;2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The vagina is found in much the same condition

as last night, but several small red specks are seen on the right side, nenr the clitoris, and one small red speck on the right side. The skin eruption below the vulva is dried up and cracking. The skin of the neck same as last night. The eyes are discharging very freely ; the discharge is tenacious and runs down the cheeks, matting the hair. The epitlulium is peeling off the dental pad in white flakes. This change in the condition of the epithelium extends back to the second ridge of the palate. Beyond this there is no appearance of any change in the epithelium, but on the palate there are several distinct red spots. The lower lip is now healed, and is assuming its natural appearance. The animal shivers when touched.

loa-G I Still purging, but looks on the whole a little \ better this morning. i

8 0 A.M. S 0 P.M.

I OS

95; staodina

32 ;standing;cha�racter remains the same.

118 0 a.m. i 96

36 ; standing; of the same cha�racter, but ac�companied with less noise. 30 ; respiratory movements of the same cha�racter, but ac�companied with less noise.

8 0 P.M.

102'9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The animal looks much better to-day, and is

I beginning to cat a little. Diarrhoea continues, but the iirjces are less foetid and more natural in colour. Coldness of extremities less marked. Thorax still very resonant. On in�spection of the vagina it is found all but healthy, the surface being a little redder than natural, but now smooth, and the discharge scarcely visible. Below the vulva the skin is (iiiite dry and scaly. The skin of the neck continues as before. The discharge from the eyes is still abundant and runs down the cheeks, but is more watery and less tenacious. The spots on the dental pad from which the epithelium was peeling off last night are now healed up and quite smooth, the only visible trace of the eruption is a little redness. The mucous membrane of the lower lip is healthy, as also the upper gum. Along the margins of the lips there are numerous crusts where the small elevations were previously ob�served. The muzzle is cracked and bleeding a little, but looks as if it were healing. The appearance of the papilla) is almost natural.

Looks better to-day.

8 0 A.M.

36 ; standing and eatingjstlllofthi! same character but with less noise ; a few normal rcspiru-tions observed occasionally.

13530.

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OP

Dr. Slimier son.

Report to CommissionorB.


Date.		11 our.	Pulse.		nespirntiou.	Temperature (Kahr.) in Rectum,	Remarks.
Jan	12	!#9632; 0 I'.M.	72	; stronger -	33, normal	o 103'0 Animal much livelier and feeding better. Diar-rlicea continues, but faices darker coloured. Mucous membranes healthy ; discharge from eyes and nose de�creased and less tenacious; muzzle healing. Skin below vulva and on the neck much the same as last night,
	18	11 0 A.M.	78	- � -	32 ; normal j ani-	103-8
raquo;gt;	gt;f	--- I'.M.	84, stronger and not so thready.		mal tranquil. 26 j lying tran�quil.	105-0	Purging less j feeding pretty well and ruminating.

Case No. 11.�A. heifer, spotted black and white, brought in from Netting Hill on the 9th of January. It had been standing in the same stable as Case No. 4, but had shown no symptoms of the disease. It was inoculated immediately after admission.

i IM


					Temperature
Date.		Hour.	Pulse.	Respiration.	(Fahr.) ia llectum.	Remarks.
1866.
Jan. 9	8	0 P,M,	72	25; ruminating	103-1	Inoculation performed this evening with lymph collected from the eyes of Case No. 4 ; the punctures were made near the vulva.
� 10	8	Op,m.	84; standing -	44; standing	104-7
., H	8	0 A.M.	72	24	102-4
yy raquo;)	8	0 P.M.	64 �	48	104-3	Mucous membranes normal; animal is still feeding well, and looks healthy.
,. 12	8	0 A.M.	72	40; standing -	�
yf raquo;raquo;	8	0 p.ai.	72	44	106-0	Mucous membranes still natural.
� 13	11	0 A.M.	CO	46; standing -	106-4	On examination in the evening the mucous mem-
					brane of the vagina was found redder than natural, and speckled
					with small white elevations ; slight creamy discharge. The skin
					below the vulva exhibited at intervals conical elevated crusts ; on
					removing any of these crusts the hairs to which it adheres are
					drawn out and the skin is left bare and moist, of a pink colour. The
					lower lip is beset with isolated aphthous patches, varying in size
					fr^om Vjt*'¹⁵ ^t0 ^'hs of an inch in diameter; these patches are elevated
					above the surface more than usual.
� 14	8	0 A..3I.	72	54	106' 4 ^! Faices hard.
)J Jraquo;	8	0 P.M.	72, weak	28, with a catch in expiration.	106-4 \| The animal was bled this morning, and about eight ounces of blood taken. The mucous membranes present the same appearances as last
						night, except on the lower lip, where the patches
						have become larger, and a very few of them are
						confluent.
� 15		- A.M.	84, weak	38; altered in character; the expiratory noise and the movements of the chest are well marked.	105-8	Is not feeding.
raquo;raquo; raquo;	8	0 P.M.	30	37; standing -	105-0	Diarrhoea observed to night. The aphthons
					patches oa the lower lip are still extending, and the coating upon the
					surface is more elevated ; the whole mucous membrane of the mouth
					is dotted with white elevations. The under surface of the tongue, and
					the roots of the papillae are covered with a thick coat of curdy looking
					substance. The vaginal mucous membrane is red, dry, and smeared
				�	with sticky mucus.
� 16	8	0 A.M.	84	38, of the same character,with loud expira-	104-2	This animal was to-day given into the charge of Dr. Richardson for therapeutical experiments. Death occurred at 9 p.m.*
				tory noise.

The dissection was performed on the following day, with the assistance of Mr, Duguid. The morbid appearances did not differ

materially from those usually observed.

THE OATTLK PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

Case No, 12,�-A white yearling heifer, brought from Netting Hill on the 9th of January, It had been standing for several days in the same stable as No. 4, but appeared healthy up to the time that it was put under observation. It was inoculated on the night of admission.

Dr. Sanderson,

Report to Commissionors.

Date,

Hoar.

Pulse.

Respiration,

Tem�perature (Fahr.) inKectum.

Urine in 24 hours.

Quantity of Urine,

Remarks.

Sp. gr.

1866, Jan. igt;

8 01gt;.M.

Fluid oz.

84 ; standing

lOl'O

10'2'6 103'g

105-6

106-6 106-0

;t5

1045

Inoculation performed to-night by punctures on either side of the vulva and below it ; the lymph used was taken from the eyes of No, 4.

The faices are very hard and dry and are passed in pellets.

The animal was to night put on lead covered stall so as to collect the urine for examination. The mucous membranes are found healthy.

Fajces dry and hard. Mucous mem�branes laquo;till healthy, hut look rather deeper in colour to-night.

, 12

y n

, 13

8 0 p.m.

18 ; standing -

22nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

8 0 A,M. 8 0 P.M.

60 72

8 OA.ll, 8 � P.M,

72 62

to ; ruminating 36

11 0 a.m. ] 60, soft and com-I 48 j pressible, - p.m. | 56nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 46, normal

132i

1024

The lower gum is slightly reddened

� 15

A.M.

P.M.

54 50

64 ; standing -72 ; seems very uncomfortable. 68

106-8 106-1

On the lower lip there are aphthous patches below both corner teeth ; the one on the right side extends from the surface of the gum behind the right corner tooth to the free margin of the lip ; between these there are numerous small isolated white elevated patches of various sizes, the largest about ^th of an inch in diameter. On the chin here and there small white elevations aie seen surrounding the large hairs. The vagina is rose-coloured, rough, and smeared with mucus.

50 | 1029 Mucous membrane in much the same

condition as last night. �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�#9632; Constipation. Animal feeds very

' badly. 50 I 1025 j Between the patches below the corner teeth several new patches have ap�peared, each denuded in the centre. The whole mucous membrane looks opaque and is dotted with white elevations. The under surface of the tongue is coated along both margins. The vagina is as before described.

- A.M. 0 P.M.

57 42

106-0 104-3

5 61 ; standing

68, very -weak

18, -with catch in expiration, but breathing occasionally rapid in the in�tervals.

21 ; standing. Eespiration characteristic of the disease.

103-2

8 0 P.M.

1028

Diarrhoea to night. Discharge from eyes and nose crusting at the inner eanthi of the eyes and around the nostrils. The lower lip is now com�pletely covered by the aphthous eruption which extends along the border of the lips to the angle of the mouth ; on the upper lip on the left side close to the angle of the mouth there is a crust of the same kind as described in some of the other eases; the upper lip is dotted with small elevations. The papillae are thickly coated, some of them denuded at the apex ; the under surface of the tongue is patchy. The vagina exhibits some bright red denuded spots near the clitoris, which is also of a very bright red colour; a creamy tenacious discharge from the vagina. [ Has eaten nothing since yesterday morning; diarrhoea continues; faeces foetid, passed in very small quantity, as light coloured as the evacuations of a sucking calf and tinged with blood.

18 ; standing -

102-2

8 0 p.m.

100

18 ; standing; ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;103-6

the same cha- j raeter as above described. Found dead in the stall this morning,*

Mucous membranes in the same con-

dition as last night. The vagina is more thickly coated with discharge, and the secretion is more flaky.

The dissection was performed by Mr. Law on the same day. The usual appearances were observed.

F 2

; #9632;

Al'PKNDIX TO THIBD REroUT OF

Dr. yaiulcrson.

lloj)�rt to ConumsMomirs,

Cask No. 13,�A rod und whito heifoi', !) months old; brought from Tottenham on the 16th of January 1866, iiuiiual was healthy, but in poor condition ; the skin of the neck was partly covered with a scurfy crust.

The

Dnte.

Honr.

Pulse.

Itespiratum.

Tfcinpcrature,

(Fahr.) in Rectum. I

Ueinarks.

Jan. 15

0 o P.M.

j The animal was inoculated by subcutaneous injection of two drachms of serum of blood taken at 9 a.m. on the previous day, from No. 11.

�V

19 20

9 0 P.M.

9 0 A.M.

80 72

7laquo;

�M

2U; standing und

ruminating. 04; Btanding ami

feeding. 24 ; standing -30! �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- i

lO/i-fl

9 0 P.M.

1�2-8

9 0 A.M. 9 0 P.M.

102^-8 102-5

Inoculation repeated with mucous discharge from the eyes of No. 12, diluted with five times its volume of milk.

The visible mucous membranes are of a uniforaily pale pink colour. There is no discharge from cyesor nose.

The pink colour of the mucous membrane of the mouth seems a little deeper than usual, particularly around the papilla-. The upper lip is perfectly clean and smooth, except in the situation of one or two old scars. On the lower lip nearly opposite the comer teeth, on both sides, there are clusters of small white elevated specks, about the size of pin-heads. The vagina is of a deeper colour, and dotted with small elevated specks; there is a slight discharge.

sia

9 0 A.M. 9 Ol'.M.

103-2 104'6

!) OA.M. 72 9 �i-.M. 78

40 50

104-2 105-2

105-0 10:5-8

9 0 A.M. 9 0 P.M.

84 8 4

28 39

The eruption ou the lower lip is extending; some of the specks observed last night are now confluent, and there are several fresh spots here and there on the surface of the lip. There is a discharge from the nose, and the eyes are watery. The vagina is paler, but the discharge is more abundant. The animal eats little.

The animal does not feed, aud coughs occasionally; the cough is husky.

Diarrhoea. The animal does not feed. The nppt. lip is nearly clean. The lower lip is coated with a continuous but fissured aphthous crust; the vinder surface of the tongue presents a similar appearance. The vagina looks much the same as last night, but there is no eruption to be seen. Below the vulva and extending down between the thighs the skin is a little scurfy, and somewhat greasy to the touch.

Mucous membranes in the same condition as last night. The animal took readily some barley meal gruel, and seems livelier. Diarrhcea continues, and there are occasional muscular twitchings.

The animal is apparently worse, the discbarge from the mouth and from the nose is increased. The eyes look sunken and half closed, the tears running down the cheeks, and crusts are forming at the inner canthus.*

105-6 106-6

9 0 A.M.

9 0 r.M.

86 7fi

' 30

: 40, natural

� 26

9 0 A.M. 78

36; standing �#9632;

36, unnatural and

interrupted.

106-0 105-6

9 0 P.M.

84 ; weaker and thready

9 0 A.M.

120

!24; standing (much

', more labored than

I last night; expira

tion-very difficult)

lOl-O

* The animal died soon after two o'clock the same afternoon; the temperature a few minutes before death, was 100-4.

THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONKRS.

�

Dr. Sanderson.

� cportto Comnussionorlaquo;

Oase No. 14,�A heifer, aged '.) months; bought of Mr. F. ('rook on the 21st of January. The animal was vaccinated liy him a month before and yielded lymph for the successful vaccination of two children, From these other children have since been vaccinated.

Date.

IIoui'.

Pulslaquo;.

Kcspiration.

'rempcrature!

(Fuhr.) in Rootam. I

Kenmrks.

1866 ; Jan. 22 9 0 i'.M.

24 | standing

103'2 | The animal was inoculated with liquid discharge from the eyes of No. 12, by subcutaneous injection near the vulva. The liquid had been preserved since the 16th of January in capillary tubes.

raquo;

26 27 28

� A.M. , P.M. , A.M. , P.M. , A.M. , P.M.

0 A.M. � P.M.

0 A.M. � A.M. � P.M. � P.M.

78 72 72 70 72 82

78 84 76 78 68


	34 \| standing -	1U2-8 \|
	40 ; standing -	102-6
	28 i standing -	103-2
	44 ; standing -	102*8
	26	103-2
	36 ; standing and	102-8
	mmiEating.
	34	105-0
	701 standing	105-6
	43	105-5
	43	10G-2
	48, tranquil	106-2
	48 j standing and	106-2
	eating.

The inoculation was repeated by a seton in the neck, with lymph taken from the eyes and nose of No. 13.

The animal feeds irregularly and appears excited.

Still feeding; fasces natural.

Mucous membranes perfectly healthy.

Has not fed since last night; faiccs slimy and harder than natural.

Has fed better than yesterday ; there is a small roogh-ened spot on the right side of the lower lip as if the mucous membrane had been nibbled. On the lower

lip one or two small elevated white specks are observed. The upper gum is perfectly clean, pale, and smooth. The mucous membrane of the vagina is deeper in colour than last night and someivliat injected; it also exhibits several small white elevations.

� A.31. � P.M.

60 62

lOS-G

Has eaten very little since yesterday ; constipation

106-2

continues.

The mucous membrane of the mouth is a little redder ; the rough spot on the right side of the lower lip has enlarged, on the left side there is now a distinct aphthous patch and several small white specks here and there on the gum. The vagina is more injected and the surface is covered with creamy discharge.

Feeds badly ; constipation continues.

30 31

A.raquo;r. p.m.

A.M.

P.M.

64 64

68 ; weaker 66 ; -weak and thready.

106-

106-108-105-

interrupted

The urine is very high coloured and albuminous ; the

Feb. 1

P. 31.

the animal eats little, but drinks freely ; fa;ces still hard. The upper gum is now covered with a con�tinuous aphthous eruption which is most abundant near some previously existing scars on the mucous membrane. The whole of the lower lip and lower gum is covered with eruption, and the epithelium is becoming detached. The papillae on the cheeks are blushed, and one or two of those near the angle of the mouth are denuded at the tips. The palate looks patchy. The inner canthus of the eye and the muzzle are incrusted with discharge. The surface of the vagina is of a deep red colour, and studded with white patches, and the epithelium peeling offquot;. The discharge is not so abundant as last night. 29nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -j 105-0 The animal does not feed and has begun to scour ; the

29nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;104'8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;introduction of the thermometer into the rectum is

resisted. The lips present much the same appearance as last night, but the aphthous coating seems a little thicker ; on the margin of the upper lip near the right corner of the mouth, there are two distinct brownish coloured crusts. The papilte of the cheek are more denuded and the palate is more patchy. There are a few aphthous spots on the under surface of the tongue. 26nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - | 101-9 Diarrhoea continues ; fasces light coloured and very

offensive.

69; weak

A.M. P.M.

70 74

n ft ; n

101-5

To-night the aphthous coating on the lips is peeling off,

leaving the mucous membrane smooth j the papilla; and tongue are as last night. The discharge from the eyes and nose is still very abundant and tenacious. The vagina is of a paler hue, and there is very little dis�charge ; the mucous membrane is smooth and only one or two of the white flakes are to be seen.

� 3

A.M. I'.M.

84 ; standing 70

eating

101-2 102-0

The animal looks better and scents inclined to feed.

Diarrhoea continues; feces extremely foetid. Mucous

103-0

membranes are a little rough but of a pale pink colour and almost healthy. Xess discharge from eyes and nose. Is feeding better and looks livelier. The breathing is usually slow and interrupted, but becomes at inter�vals natural, though very rapid. Mucous membranes healthy. The breathing is still occasionally interrupted, hut not noisy.

� 4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� A.M.

691 very irre�gular.

li.l

still

102-8

gt;raquo; gt;

' 1

)raquo;

P 3

APPENDIX TO THIRD KKPORT OP

Dr. Sandenon.

Report to Commissionora,

Case No. 15.�A cow, 2 years old, in calf, presented to the Roya,! Commissioners on the 1st of February, for the purpose of experiment, by James Dumbrell, Esq., of Ditcheling, Hurstpierpoint. The animal had been vaccinated on the 12th of January by Mr. Holman, of Hurstpierpoint, and exhibited three characteristic vaccine crusts on the left side of the vulva.

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Respirations.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in liectwn.

Kemarks.


	1866.
	Feb.	1
		2
		3
		4
		5
		6

2 0 P.M.

70 72 88 90

standing

At 8 p.m. the animal was inoculated by subcutaneous injection in the perinosum with mucous discharge from the eyes of No. 14.

101 -8 101 -8 103'4 105-O 106'2

Feeding veil, and apparently healthy. Was bled this morning ; about 8 uz. of blood were taken. The animal appears dull, and feeds badly. The

standing

mucous membrane of the lower lip presents several clusters of small elevations, of a yellowish white colour. The surface of the vagina is injected and rough, and on the left side a patch can be distingiiislied.

60; standing -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lO.VS The animal does not feed, and occasionally shivers.

There are well-marked muscular twitchings when it is touched unawares. The patches in the lower lip have increased in number and extent; inside the cheek the papillaj are covered with a thick white eruption at the base, and a few of them arc abraded at the tips. The vaginal mucous membrane is rough, I red, and injected, and smeared with creamy discharge. 63 ; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;106'4 ! Not feeding; diarrhoea; almost constant twitching of

the glutcal muscles. The eruption in the mouth is extending. The discharge from the vagina is more abundant and tenacious.

103-8

Teeds sparingly; diarrhoea diminished. The under

l:: i

108, slightly #9632;weaker.

lip is covered with a continuous rough white coating, but there are no distinct abrasions ; the upper lip is i studded with small elevations; papilla; as before j I surface of vagina red and flaky. 80; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 105-6 Diarrhoea increased. The animal does not feed, and

I shivers occasionally ; straining every now and then, as if about to calve. There is an abundant slimy discharge from the vagina. The nostrils arc incrusted with discharge. Both lips arc covered with confluent concretion, fissured by cracks the general direction of which is parallel to the edges of the gums. Through these cracks the subjacent mucous membrane is seen to be highly injected. The papillelaquo; are becoming more denuded at the tips, but are still covered at the base with a thick white coating; the palate and under surface of the tongue have a patchy appearance. The chin is covered with a continuous layer of tolerably firm white material, very similar to the coating on the mucous membrane of the lips, but less friable. The vagina still looks patchy, and discharges tenacious matter. The breathing is occasionally interrupted.

- I - - - I This morning the animal was very'dull and prostrate ; | about 8 a.m. the foetal membranes ruptured, and a few labour-pains were observed. At about 11 a.m. the animal was lying with head and legs stretched out (respiration about 80, pulse imperceptible) ; the pains had ceased, and the animal seemed sinking fast. On examination the os uteri was found dilated, and the feet and head of the calf were readily felt. A mature dead male calf was at once removed without difficulty,* the removal being followed by one or two slight pains. After delivery, the cow seemed quite prostrate, and lay stretched out on the left side. About 1 ^ or,, of alcohol was administered in some water, after which the animal rallied a little. [The same dose of alcohol was administered again about two hours after, and the cow was left quiet.] 76; with an oc-] lOO'S I The animal seemed very restless during the afternoon, casional catch innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I lying down, rising, and standing, at intervals of a few

expiration whennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;| minutes. The placenta still retained. The mucous

lying, but not inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j membranes present the following appearances :�The

observed whilenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;\ coating on the lips is thicker, but is becoming dc-

standing.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i tached in flakes ; on the upper lip one or two small

spots, from which the aphthous coating is detached, look smooth and pale, as if healing ; all the abraded parts on the lower 11]) are of a, bright red colour; the under surface and margins of the tongue are thickly coated ; the papilla; are still coated at their bases, but abraded and bright red at their tips. There is an abundant discharge from the nose, with which the nostrils are incrusted ; on the margins of the nostrilraquo; there are several bright red excoriated patches, and inside the nose a distinct aphthous eruption. While the animal lies, breathing is interrupted and slow ; when she stands, this is not observed, but the breathing is much accelerated.

The animal died during the night. [The animal was dissected on the following day. In addition to the ordinary pathological appearances, an abundant eruption was observed on the udder, con�sisting principally of the usual papular elevations, partly of conical crusts of a darker colour. The preparation has been preserved.]

11 0 A.M.

88, very weak -

3 0 p.m.

8 0 A.M.

#9830; The calf was carefully dissected. It was found to be perfectly mature, and free from all trace of disease.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

Dr. Sanderson

Keport to ConimUsioiiom

Case No. 16.�A cow, 2 years old, in calf, presented to the Commissioners on the 1st of February by Mr. Dumbrell, having been vaccinated on the 19th of January from No. 15. The animal exhibited four fine vaccine crusts on the left side of the vulva.


				Temperature
Date.	Hour.	I'ulse.	Uespiration.	(Fahr.)	Remarks.
				in Rectum.
1866:
Feb. 2	2 0 P.M.	72	30	102-4
� 3	jgt;	66	20 ; standing, and ruminating.	101-8
raquo; *	..	66 ; standing -	42 ; ruminating	102-6
,. 5		72	39 ; standing -	102-8
., 6	raquo;	70 - - -	48; standing and ruminating.	105-2	Still feeds well, and exhibits no symptoms of disease.
., 7	igt;	72	74 i standing	106-4	Still feeding. The mucous membrane of the mouth is healthy. The surface of the vagina is injected, but smooth and free from discharge.
� 8	gt;raquo;	72; standing -	56	105-8	The animal eats little. Constipation observed for the first time. The lower lip presents several small elevated white patches, in size varying from that of a pin's head to that of a hemp seed. The vagina is red j but its surface is still smooth ; there is a slight creamy discharge.
raquo; 9	raquo;raquo;	84 - - -	53 - - -	106'.�	Constipation continues, but the animal feeds better. The eruption on the lower lip is extending, and upon the upper lip around the seat of an old cicatrix there are a few well marked white elevations, about the size of pins' heads. The vagina has a patchy appearance; the discharge is more abundant.
� 10	7raquo;	81, very weak -	68	102-8	The animal lies constantly, and cannot be made to rise ; it eats scarcely anything. In the afternoon there was diarrhoea. The patches on the lower lip are larger, and
					their number is increased; on the upper lip there is an
					aphthous patch about the size of a shilling occupying
					the seat of the small white elevations observed last
					night. The vagina still looks patchy, and the
					discharge is more tenacious.
� 11	gt;y	Pulsation imper�ceptible.	18	103-7	The animal seems much worse to-day, and lies on the left side with its limbs extended ; there is diarrhoea, and much mucus is passed with the faces. The respi�ration is characteristic of Cattle Plague. The inspi-ratory pause is followed by a harsh loud groan, the head being at the same time extended forwards. The eruption on the lower lip has increased, so that it extends almost from side to side ; the upper lip is studded with small separate elevations, and the patch on the seat of the old circatrix has enlarged ; the papilla; are coated and arc becoming denuded at the tips ; the under surface of the tongue is patchy. The vagina is deeply injected, and exhibits irregular bright red spots where the epithelium is detached ; there is a glairy discharge from the vulva.
� 12	8 0 A.M.	quot; quot; -	- - -	- �� -	The animal died during the night.

Note.�On the following day the carcase was carefully dissected by Mr. Duguid, whose notes show that the usual morbid changes were present. The appearance of the skin of the udder, which was somewhat unusual, is represented in Fig. 4.

F 4

i 'V'

APPENDIX TO THIRD UEPOKT OF

Dr. Sanderson.

lleiiort to CoiumiHslonoi's.

Cask No. 17.�A rctl bullock, healthy, but in poor condition, was brought from a farm at Tottenham on the 6th of February. ^rlhe skin of the neck was covered with a scurfy incrustation.

Date,

Hour,

Pulse.

Rcsjnrations.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in Uectum.

lietnarks.

1866. I Feh. � | 2 0 r.M. I 90; excitccl -

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

30 ; standing ; #9632;very restless.

1()2^,8

About 9 a.m. about half a drachm of scrum of blood taken on the previous day from No. 15 was injected into the cellular tissue of the perinaiiun.

The skin of tUe neck was dressed with sheep-dip.

7 S ; standing -80 90 72 110 ; excited -

116 ; apparently frighteiied.

39 ;nbsp; ruminating

26;nbsp; standing -

24 ;nbsp; standing -

44nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

102*8 102-0 102^,2 102-2 104-9

105-6

The animal does not feed so well as usual. The mucous membrane of the mouth is of a pale pink hue ; on the lower lip there are a few scattered white and elevated specks.

Feeds rather better. The eruption on the lower Up is slowly extending ; the spots have increased in size, but not in number. The mucous membrane is still of a pale pink colour.

The slow extension of the eruption on the lower lip con�tinues ; some of the spots first observed have become confluent, and form white elevated and fissured patches. The greater part of the membrane is rough, and appears granular ; the papilla! are more pink than natural.

Constipation. The animal still feeds, but not so well as in health. The eruption on the lower lip is pro�gressing, and forms a continuous chain in the hollow along the edge of the gum ; the gum itself and the margin of the lip look healthy ; there are several patches near the corner of the dental pad. The papillas and the palate are pinker than natural, but clean. The discharge from the right eye is running down the cheek.

The lower lip now presents a continuous aphthous coating; along its border there are three white elevated patches about the third of an inch in diameter, which involve both the mucous membrane and the skin ; the surface of the upper lip has an opaque thickened ap�pearance, and here and there there are irregular patches, some of which are denuded in the centre ; the appearance of the papilla; and palate is unaltered. There are one or two small patches on the tip of the tongue. Both eyes are discharging.

Diarrhoea. The animal still feeds, but shivers occa�sionally. The eruption on the lower lip has increased in extent, but the mucous membrane appears pale where it can be seen through fissures in the concretion with which it is coated. The lachrymal secretion is more abundant, und the nostrils discharge freely.

Fa;ces less fluid ; the animal feeds little. The white coating has peeled off the lower lip, leaving the mucous membrane of a natural pale pink colour; a few small patches of the coating remaining ; on the upper lip the coating is still thick but its colour is very pale, as if the mucous membrane were healing.

Ficces of normal consistency. About 6 ozs. of blood were taken. The mucous membrane of mouth is almost clean ; a few small spots on the upper lip remaining. The discharge from eyes and nose continues.

Mucous membrane of mouth healthy.

The animal feeds well, and appears perfectly recovered.

114

28 ; standing

105-4

� 1*

105quot; 8

90: standing - i 19

106^-0

18; normal, but interrupted when the animal is standing.

104-8

� 17

20, interrupted

103-2

,, 18

22, interrupted occasionally.

102-4

103-8

gt;

I 81

102-8 102-0

� 20 ,. 21

84 78

21 ; standing

THE CATTLK PI.AUUK 0OMM18SIONKKS.

Dr. Kamiorson.

Boport to CoinmtBsloners, Case No. 18.�A small red ami white heifer, brought from Tottenham on the 6th of February; it had been successfully '�quot;^

vucciimted by Mr. Badoook on the 2()th of January�

Date,

Ilouv.

Pulse.

Ifespivation.

Temperature

(I'-ahr.) in Beotnm.

liemarks.


	1860.
I'ob,		6

		8
		1raquo;
		11
		12

2 I'.M.

muohoxoi standing

ted

2-1

301

1(1 28)

2li

2laquo; #9632;JH;

102*0

About !� a.m. the animal was inoculated with serum from No, 15, in the sanie way as No, 17.

standing -Btundlng �

ruminating

UV2-101' 103' 103'

urn 105

(id

(V.)

Oli

Constipation. On the lower lip there are a few scat�tered white elevations j no redness around the erup�tion, and the mucous membrane generally is of a natural pale pink hue. On the muzzle there are six distinct patches of a deepcv colour than the surrounding surface ; on these patches there are white elevations which look somewhat like vesicles, but probably correspond to the cutaneous glands. On examining the mouth about six hours after, the eruption on the lower lip was found to have increased, and the elevations had become more numerous and larger. The inuzzle is moist; the spots on it as before.

105' S I The constipation is very marked, and the animal I does not feed so well. The eruption on the lower lip has extended with remarkable rapidity, its surface being thickly studded with elevated patches, many of which are almost confluent; on the upper lip there is a complete chain of small aphthous patches. The papillco and the surface of the mouth are unnaturally pink but quite smooth. The patches on the upper part of the muzzle are as last night, but are a little larger; those on the lower part, near the margin of the lip, are more elevated ; they are uniformly white and opaque and have slightly reddened margins. At the outer edge of the right nostril, where the skin is covered with hair, there is a round patch of thickened and elevated cuticle. The surface of the vagina is injected, its mucous membrane being rough and studded with small elevations ; there is a slight creamy discharge.

105 quot;O #9632; The animal shivers. Both lips are covered with con�cretion, in which are mnnerous fissures revealing the bright red mucous membrane beneath. The papilhc are coated, and the palate and under surface of the tongue have a patchy ap�pearance. At the upper part of the muzzle the spots are elevated, hard, and of a deeper colour than the surrounding skin ; those at the lower part near the margin of the lip have extended ; they arc white in colour, and on superficial observation look like vesicles, hut by scraping, a mass of soft thickened epithelium is detached from the subjacent bright red cutis. Several new patches have ap�peared at the margin of the right nostril. The eyes and nose dis�charge freely. The vagina is very red and the surface covered with tenacious mucus.

104^-O I The ficces are softer, being of almost natural eonsist-| ence ; the animal eats little, and still shivers at in�tervals. The lips are still covered with thick white fissured concre�tion. The patches on the lower part of the muzzle are extending, while those first formed are dry, cracked, and bleeding.

98'5 | Diarrhcea. The lips have the same appearance as last I night, except that on the lower lip at the necks of the incisor teeth there are some spots of almost healthy looking mem�brane. The papilla; are pale and thickly coated at the bases ; the palate is covered with white concretion, but the tongue is very slightly affected. The patches on the muzzle have assumed the ap�pearance of bright denuded spots partly covered with concretion; these spots, however, are all of the same level as the surrounding membrane, being neither elevated nor depressed. The discharge from the eyes and nose is very abundant.

- j Found dead in the stall this mominA'.

06 -

1 I

� 15

46 ; standing

54 ; standing

, 17

13530.

.50

APPKNDIX TO THIKD BKPORT OF CasE No. 1!gt;.�A red heifer, brought 1'rom Tottenham on the Ifith of February.

Dr. Sanderson.

Itoport to Coliiiuisbioiuirlaquo;.

Hour.

Pulse.

liespiration.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in Ueetum.

Jiemarks.

Date.

iseu. Feb. 6

2 I'M.

quot;2

fi8

100 ;

standing -

;)(); standing

27 ; standingnbsp; nbsp; -

20 ; standingnbsp; nbsp; -

24 to 30; standing

22 ; standingnbsp; nbsp; -

102-4

103-0 102-0 102-4 103-0 l�.Vfi 105-8

About 9 a,m, the animal ivas inoculated with serum from No. 15, in the same -way as No. 17.

38 j st

The mucous luemhrane of the inouth is of a normal pale pink colour ; on the lower lip there are several very small opaque white elevated specks. The mucous membrane of the vagina is injected and thickly studded with small opaque white elevations; slight creamy discharge.

34 ; standing

105 � 8 The animal lies almost constantly and is very unwilling

3fi

to get up. The eruption on the lower lip has con�siderably extended ; the patches are more numerous, the recent ones being small, whilst those observed last night have become larger ; on the upper gum near the extremities of the dental pad there are clusters of small elevated white specks closely set together but not confluent. There is a slight discharge from the nose. The vagina looks injected and rough, and the small elevations have much the same appearance as last night ; the discbarge is abundant and creamy.

105-0 I Still very unwilling to move. The lower lip now presents a continuous coating of a granular appear-rancc ; ou the upper lip there are some large white elevated patches which look like vesicles ; but when these are scraped a mass of soft white matter is removed, and a bare and raw surface is exposed. The papilla) are coated, and under surface of tongue patchy. The discharge from the nose continues The vagina is in the same con � dition as last night, but the discharge is less abundant.

103-8 1 Both lips are covered with a thick white concretion ; I the papilla) are thickly coated at their bases, and a few of them are denuded and bright red at their tips ; the palate and the under surface of the tongue at the tip look patchy. The vaginal mucous membrane is of a bright red colour and is covered with tenacious discharge. The mode of breathing is characteristic, although the expiration sound is slightly audible, i'ound dead this morning.

Case No. 20.�A small red bullock, hide-bound and very thin; brought from Tottenham on the 5th of February.

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Respiration.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in Rectum.

Remarks.

1866. Feb 6

2 r.M.

70 76 72

74 72 80 88

26-, standing

20 ; standing, and eating. 27 j standing -22 22 21

18; ruminating-18 ; standing #9632; 18nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

102-4

102-8

102-8 103quot; 0 103-0 103-2 102-9 lOVO 105-1

104-2

105-3

About 9 a.m. the animal was inoculated from No. 15. in the same way as No. 17.

10 11 12 13 14

On auscultation a coarse dry crackling sound is heard in respiration.

The animal still feeds and ruminates ; fbeees of normal consistency.

The same crackling sound is still heard in auscultation. The mucous membrane of the lower lip exhibits a few very small elevations nearly opposite the cornertecth.

Still Icedlaquo; well: slight constipation. The eruption on the lower lip has extended, and now forms a series of circular circumscribed patches about each as large as a millet seedi in one or two places the patches are becoming confluent, and have a depres�sion in the centre.

There is diarrhoea, but the animal still feeds. The patches on the lower Up are found to have increased in number, but are not much larger j a few of them are confluent, but most of them are still separate.

'The animal still takes its food j diarrhoea continues. The patches on the lower lip are now confluent and continuous; the whole surface of the lower lip is rough and has a nibbled appearance.

Diarrhoea and prostration : 15oz. of warm slout were administered at fi r.M., repeated at 8, and again at 11.30 the same evening.

liiere is still roughness of the raucous membrane of the lower lip ; but it is of a pale colour and appa�rently healing

Died this morning.

104-2

104-6

104-2

� 20 � 21

99' 2

VHK CATTLE PLAOUB COMMISSIONERS,

laquo;1


		lt;

		(
	#9632;

Cask So. 21.�A ewe, weighing 78 lbs., under observation before infeotion from December 20tli to December 27th 1865, tw _g _n(i ,. .

after infection from December 27th 18G5 to January 6tli 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'___

-------------------------------------------------------------------------lioport to

OjiDnatMtonen,

Date.

Hour.

False.

Bespiration.

Temperature (Fahr,)

in Itertum.

Uemarks.

1805

Dec.nbsp; nbsp;20

�nbsp; nbsp; 21

..nbsp; nbsp; 22

�nbsp; nbsp; 23

gt;.nbsp; nbsp; 24

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;25

�nbsp; nbsp; 2�

gt;.nbsp; nbsp; 27

�nbsp; nbsp; 28

raquo;raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;It

�nbsp; nbsp; 29

0nbsp; r.M.

0nbsp; l-.M.

0nbsp; I'.M.

Unbsp; I'.M,

0 P.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M.

0 I'.M.

0 A.M. 0 P.M.

(l � 1 stumling

60 1 standing

28 34 :

28 :

28 :

29 28

2i) 47 39

standing; standing

standing

103'O 103'2 lOS'S 102-3 102'6 102-4 102-8

The animal looks dull this morning.

The pulse Ue\s hard and wiry, the artery very tense. The conjunctivic appear red and injected. The mucous

membrane of the mouth feels very hot to the finger,

and is of a uniform red colour.

standing

104-103-105' 105'

�M

8 0 A,M,

8 0 P.M.

70 ; standing

ruminating' standing -

1 (15 � 2 104-5

No change observed in the raucous membranes ; it is, however, very difficult to make out the appearance of the mouth. The mouth still feels hot, and the papilla,quot; are very red ; there appear to be some spots on the mucous mem�brane of the lower lip. The faces are of normal consistence, but are covered with slimy mucus showing very distinct streaks of blood.

#9632;il

8 0 A,M,

78; thready and the artery full.

165,0

18G(1

8 U r.-M. j 60 ; standing

105-4

The eyes look very red, and the tears are flowing down the left cheek. The mucous membrane of the mouth has a red appearance, and some of the papilla; are abraded. Two abraded spots are very distinct on the lo-wer lip, one being on the right side opposite the two corner teeth, and one on the left side nearer the median line and towards tke margin of the lip ; these spots are of exactly the same character as those observed in the cattle, presenting in the centre a red irregular spot surrounded by a white elevated margin. On other parts of the lip there appear to be small white elevated rough specks, but these could not ha distinctly seen as the animal was very restless. On examination of the mucous membrane of the vagina it presented uniformly an intensely red colour, with a slight creamy discharge. An eruption was found on the skin inside the thighs and near the teats.* The animal appears very dull and does not feed, the ears droop, and the eyes arc half closed.

Jan.

8 U A.M. 8 O P.M.

32: standing

103-

Diarrhoea this morning ; the animal appears very dull

102-4

and does not eat. The eyes are less injected and the left eye looks brighter and drier. The mouth feels hot and the papilla; have much the same appearance as last night. The vagina presents a patchy surface and the discharge is more abundant. There is still purging. The diarrhcea has stopped, and the animal feeds and

ruminates. The mucous membranes seem almost healthy j the eyes look normal; the only trace of eruption any�where is a slight red colour of the surfaces which were previously abraded ; the vaginal mucous mem�brane is intensely red and is smeared with discharge. The animal seems lively and feeds well; fscces normal.

8 � A.M, 8 0 P.M.

G3 60

102-3

102

0 A.M. 0 P.M. 0 P.M. O A.M. O P.M. O P.M.

64 63 60

56 ; standing 56

standing

103-2 103-6 103-3 102-8 102-4 102-3

The mucous membranes all healthy. The animal is completely recovered.

* This eruption consisted of papules surrounded by slight redness, A drawing of its appearance has been preserved.

Case No. 22.�A ram, weighing 76 lbs.; under observation before infection from December 20th to December 30th 1865; after infection from January 1st to January 14th 1866.


					Temperature
Date.	Hour.		False.	Respiration,	(Fahr.)
					in Rectum.
1865.
Dec, 20	8 P.M. -	.	.	- . -	103-2
, 21	8 P.M. #9632;#9632;	08	.	26	103-2
raquo; 22	8 P.M. -	66	-	24 -	lO.TO
� 23	8 P.M. -	64;	standing -	26; standing -	102-4
raquo; 24	8 P.M. -	56		17 -	103-0
� 25	8 P.M. -	01	raquo;	19 ; standing -	102-0
� 26	8 P.M. -	GO		22	102-8
raquo; 27	8 P.M. -	oo		20	101-4
� as	8 P.M. -	64		21	102-8
,. 29	8 P.M. -	58	raquo;	20	102-3
� 30	8 P.M. -	60		20	103-4
� 31	8 A.M. -	-		. - .,	104-0
quot; )raquo;	8 P.M. -	71 .	standing -	25	104-6
180laquo;,
Jan. 1	8 A.31. -	04	M	26; standing -	105-0
5raquo; 1'	8 I'.M, -	72	gt;)	26	1�4-7

Remarks.

The animal looks dull ; the fieces are soft and passed in masses, and are coated with mucus of a slightly red tint. Weight taken to-night and is found to be 71 11laquo;., showing a loss of 5 lbs. since UoTember 9th,

la purging, and does not feed.

a 2

APPENDIX TO THIBD REPOBT OF

Dr, Simdcrson.

Eoport to ConmiUsiomrs,

Date.

Hour.

Pulse.

Respiration.

Temperature

(Fahr.) in licctum.

Uemarks.

1860. Jan. 2

8 A.M. 8 I'.M,

02 74

22 2;i

104-8 10.VO

The diarrhooa is worse this morning.

Diarrhoea continues. The mucous membrane of the lips is of a deeper colour than natural, and presents here and there a few very small white elevated specks of the same kind as those observed in the cattle. The animal was very restless during the examination of the mouth.

The conjunctiva is injected, and the eyes are watery, but no tears run down the cheek. The eruption in the mouth is extending; the specks are larger and more numerous, and many of them arc confluent. Diarrhoea continues, and a good deal of mucus is passed with the ftcccs.

Still purging, and docs not feed.

8 A.W. 8 Igt;.1II,

64; standing

22; sUmding

104'6 105-4

8 A.iM. 8 r.M.

GO; weak and thready. 78 ; staading

1�5-0

104-6

The eyes are still injected, and at the inner canthus there is a small quantity of dricd-up discharge. The mucous membrane of both lips is rough and is completely covered by the eruption j some of the papilla; appear denuded of epithelium at the tips; the tip of the tongue is covered with eruption; the epithelium on the lips and on tlie tip of the tongue has a sodden appearance. On examination of the scrotum and of the skin on the inside of the hip no eruption can be discovered. Is still purging; the fa;ces foetid and slimy. The animal does not feed, and looks dull j it moans occasionally, and grinds its teeth.

raquo; S

8 A.JI. 8 l-.M.

22 ; standing

103-8 104-3

The eyes and nose are clean. There is still the sodden appearance of the epithelium on the lips; purging continues, and the fajces are slimy. The animal does not feed.

,. 6

8 A.JI.

8 r.M,

78 fluttering.

140; quite re�gular and dis�tinct.

105-5

105-1

The eyes are watery, and their inner angles are incrusted #9632;with discharge. The patches inside the lips are dis�appearing, but several small elevated spots are seen on the outside. The animal is not purging so much, hut still does not feed.

!�:

7 I - A.M.

., I 8 I'.M.

120

19; unchanged in character. 22; standing -

104-0

105-4

More patches arc found on the lips ; some of these are white and look like vesicles, others are becoming dried up and crusted ; the mucous membrane of the lips is healing in the old places. The animal seems a good deal better to-night; the diarrheea has slopped, although the fajces are scarcely of normal consistence.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; S'lg A.M.

� raquo; i 8 I'.M.

98 90

105-104'

The patches on the lips are now all crusted and dry ; the mucous membrane of the mouth is assuming its natural

appearance, and the only trace

eft of the eruption is a slight redness where the patches

108 ; standing -

existed, as if the epithelium were not altogether reproduced ; the eyes are dry and clean, but the margin of the under eyelid is reddened. The animal is beginning to feed again ; the fa;ces are still soft. 20nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;104-8 The animal looks very dull this morning, and does not

feed ; diarrhoea has returned; the fteces are very fluid and foetid.

� 10

A.M. I'..M.

118; very weak and thready.

114; standing -

120 ; irregular, weak, and thready

108 ; standing; #9632;weak.

108 ; standing; very weak. 90; standing -

105-4

Anorexia and diarrhoea continue. The crusts on the lips are dry, and some of them look as if scaling oif.

2G; standing -

105-4 105-8

Constant straining while the hulb of the thermometer was in the rectum.

The animal appears very weak and is still purging, hut the marked symptoms of Rinderpest have now dis�appeared ; it eats very little.

118 P.M.

104-2

raquo; 12

.. 13

8 P.M. 8 P.M.

104-5

Very little excrement was passed to-day; while the temperature was being taken there were continued efforts to expel the thermometer.

The mm has been placed along with other sheep for the last two days, and now feeds much better, and looks more lively.

28; standing

P.M. P.M.

104-5 104-2

Cask jS'o. 23.�-A red and white heifer,* about 9 months old, admitted into the infirmary of the Royal Veterinary College on the 30th of October; inoculated on the 1st of November 18()5with mucus scraped ttom the septum iiarimn of a sheep,t which had died at or about the 12th day of Cattle Plague.

On adrnission, the animal was apparently in good health, hut two days after inoculation, that is, before any of the symptoms of Cattle Plague hud manifested themselves, it was observed to have a cough, and on applying- the ear to the flanks, coarse crepitation was heard near the posterior margins of the lungs on both sides, while the inspiration sound was elsewhere accompanied with sihulons rhorichi.

The easa agreed in all essential respects, atid particularly as regards the general progress of the symptoms, with the others which were more carefully recorded. The pulse and respiration wore noted twice a day, but the observations as to temperature and the condition of the mucous membranes

were unsatisfactory. The first increase of temperature occurred as usual in the course of the third day after inoculation. There was a further increase on the day following, after which the readings of a thermometer in the vagina were always above 105deg; Fahr. On the �th day the instrument was accidentally broken. The pulse varied during the first five days from M to 80, the greatest frequency being observed on the first day. During the last day of life, the usual acceleration before death was recorded. At first the animal breathed about 60 times in a minute, but on the third day the breathing became irregular, and on the fourth, assumed the character peculiar to Cattle Plngue, 1'he frequency of the respiratory movements was diminished to half, in consequence of the closure of the glottis during expiration, and each respi�ratory net was accompanied with the pcculinr grunt. Death occurred in the usual way about the middle of the sixth day.

* Sec Dr. Rristowe's Report, No. 17.

f This sheep (No. 41 in Dr. liristowe's Report) was inocu�lated by Professor Himonds with lachrymal discharge from tin; eye of a steer, to which latter animal, Cattle 1'lague had been communicated from other diseased sheep by natural infection.

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONERS.

Notes of Experiments by Dr. Sandekson, on tho Effect of the internal administration and subcutaneous

injection of solution of Biaulphito of Soda.

Case No. 24.�A yearling bullock, brought from Tottenham on the 13th of March; under observation before inoculation from March 13th to March 19th, after inoculation from March 20th to April 2d. The observations were made at 4 p.m. daily.

Dr. gnndorsoti.

Ki'porl to Oo'imiiBsionors.

Date.

Pulse.

Itcspimtion.

Temp.

Remarks.

1860. Mar. 14 � IS � 16 .. 17 raquo; 18 � 19

80; standing; 80; � 68

74 70

20; standing -

36; �

27; ruminating

4raquo;

SO; stttndiiif; -

101-6 102'2 102.4 102.8 102.8

One drachm of solution of bisulphite of soda (one oz. to a lb.) injected. Injecticm repeated.

Inoculation pcrlbnned by subcutaneous injection in the

nermieuin 01 aair adraclun of ilialysed lachrymal tluid, collected liy Mr. Crookes

in Cheshire. [The injection of solution of bisulphite was raquo;gain repeated in

the evening.] The injection was repented 3 times (hiring 'he day. Injection repeated 3 times as before. Ditto.

Injection repeated twice. Injection performed once. Injection repeated. Animal weighed; weight 358 lbs. Mucous membrane of mouth is of the natural

pale pink colour; but there are several raised specks on the upper gum near

the extremities. Injection continued. The upper lip is studded with elevations; the same appearance is observed on the

lower gum near the corner teeth, and here and there in the hollow of the lip.

Injection continued. The animal lies usually, and is very unwilling to move. It cats little. The upper

lip is completely coated with aphthous granulations, which are still adherent. On

the lower lip the concretions near the corner teeth are becoming confluent, but

in the hollow of tho lip the patches are still circumscribed. The papilla; are

somewhat reddened. There is much discharge of tenacious mucus from the

nostrils. Injection continued. The animal lies constantly with the head extended, and is very unwilling to rise. It

eats nothing. The lieces are soft, but scanty. Both lips are thickly coated with

granular concretion, which is readily detached; the papillae arc coated round

their bases, but denuded at their tips. About 12 oz. of blood were taken for

analysis. Injection continued. The animal is more lively and begins to feed. The faxes are still rather fluid, but

there has been no marked diarrhoea. The mucous membrane of the mouth is

almost free from concretions. Injection discuniinued. The animal lies a good deal, and is still unwilling to get up. It feeds and ruminates. The fieces are still fluid, but the animal feeds well and ruminates regularly. The

mucous membrane is of natural appearance, and there is no discharge from

the eyes or nose. The animal is still unwilling to move, but in other respects in a healthy condition,

excepting that there are subcutaneous abscesses in several of the spots in which

injection bus been performed.

No observations made.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

78 76 80 74 72 75 84


24	.	102 2
20; 3S	standing -	102-8 103-0
88	.	102-8
60	.	104-4
54	.	105-3
331 standing and feeding -		104-5
54;	standing -	105-8
GO	.	106 0

,. 27

60 60

104-8

� 30

103 0

... 31 April 1

No observations made. 32

103 0 102-6

102-0

Cask No. 25.�A yearling heifer, brought from Tottenham March 13th.

Date.

Pulse.

Bespiration.

Temp.

Remarks.

1866. Mar. IS

�nbsp; nbsp; 16

gt;.nbsp; nbsp; 17

�nbsp; nbsp; 18

�nbsp; nbsp; 19

�nbsp; nbsp; 20

raquo;nbsp; nbsp; 21

�nbsp; nbsp; 22

�nbsp; nbsp; 23

�nbsp; nbsp; 24

�nbsp; nbsp; 25

�nbsp; nbsp; 26

,,nbsp; nbsp; 27

�nbsp; nbsp; 28

�nbsp; nbsp; 29

raquo;nbsp; nbsp; 30 April 1

.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

gt;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

72; standing -

26; standing 25nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

103-0 103-8 103-2 103-0 103-0

102-4 103-3 103-1 102-8 103 0 102-6 103-4 103-2 103-0 102-6 1030 103-0 101-0 104-6

Two drachms of dilFusate of lachrymal fluid obtainedquot; from an animal alfected with Cattle Plague were injected subcutaneously in the perineum.

87 72 08 70 66 74 84

No observation.

Ditto

23; standing

24nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

No observation.

Ditto

30; standing

The animal was placed in another stable, :t being apparent, that it was infected. One ounce of the solution of bisulphite of soda was givenby the mouth in the evening.

One ounce and a half of the solution was given four times during the day.

The animal feeds as usual, and ruminates naturally. The fa-ccs are more fluid than yesterday, and of alkaline reaction. On the lower lip there is a whitish patch of granular appearance, close to the frtennm; the mucous membrane of the mouth is of natural colour. That of the vagina is slightly reddened around the clitoris.

The animal does not feed so well, but still ruminates. Fscea of natural consistence, alkaline. The lower gum and lip are studded with small white specks. There is a good deal of lachrymal discharge, and at the inner canthus of each eye there is a patch of membranous quasi diphtheritic concretion. The mucous meuibrane of the vagina is reddened, and is rough with minute granular elevations.

The animal feeds less and less, and becomes weaker and more depressed. The fn!Ces were of natural consistence in the morning, but became relaxed subse�quently. The appearances of the lips and vagina are little altered, the patches of concretion being still separate.

The animal takes no food. The diarrhtca continues; the fa-ces are not fetid, of natural colour, and alkaline reaction. On the upper lip there are several clusters of patches of concretion ; on the lower lip the concrelions are confluent and extend to the prulabium, on which there are also several separate patches, hciving depressed centres end raised margins. The papilhe are reddened, and the tongue and palate patchy. The nuicous membrane of the vagina is deeply injected, but not so much roughened.

The liecesare relaxed, pale coloured, and alkaline. The animal does not feed, but the mucous meinbranes of the month and vngllin are resuming their natural appearance. The muzzle is dry, and exhibits numerous Assures.

The animal continues to improve; it is slill weak and unable to rise, bill feeds well. The diarrlnca continues { fa-ces alkaline. Visible mucous meinbranes healtlty.

Diai-rbwa continues.

l-'a-ccs still liquid, but the animal In other respects well. The lolutim hinl been given daily Hince the '\th,_____.�___

84 72

48; standing

105-3 106-6

52; standing

105-9

32, interrupted

106-4

105-6

00 70

26, standing -

102-8

48, interrupted

No observation. Ditto

1030 102 0

G 3

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPOKT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMWISSrONERS.

Dr. Sanderson.

Uoiiort to C'ummissiouers.

Case No. 26.�A yewlins; heifer, brought from Tottenham on tile IMth of March.

Date.

Pulse.

Respiration.

Temp.

Ueinurks.

1866. Mar. 14

� 15 ., 16

.,nbsp; nbsp; 17

�nbsp; nbsp; 18

�nbsp; nbsp; 19

.,nbsp; nbsp; 20

�nbsp; nbsp; 21

�nbsp; nbsp; 80 April 1

raquo; a ., 4

84; stumling, ex

cited

24; standing -

1014

102 0 102'0

102'2

102 2 102-2 101-8 102- 2 102'2

loa-o Not re-corded. 104 C

105'�

One drachm of solution of bisulphite of soda injected.

Injection repeated. Injection repeated. Injection repeated three times during the day.

[After this date no observations laquo;ere taken until Match SOthJ.

74; stand66

26;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

18;

ruminating -30

34; standing -No observations. Ditto

� I SI | ruminating No observations. Ditto

20; standing -

72 72 72

08 �8

74 70

2laquo;

One ounce of solution of bisulphite of soda was given by the mouth. Animal weighed; weight 304 lbs.

On the lower gum, opposite the left corner tuoth, there is a small white opaque ele�vation as large as a hemp seed. An ounce a-id a half of solution were given by the mouth four times during the day, and a drat hm and a half of the same solu�tion were twice injected subcutaneously.

The animal feeds well and ruminates regularly, but lies a good deal und appears dull. The alvine evacuations are alkaline. The patch opposite the left corner tooth has extended, and several others of smaller size have appeared on the oppo�site side. The upper lip remains healthy. The internal administration and the injections of the solution were continued as yesterday.

The animal is very dull, and is unw'lling to rise, as if weak. It feeds sparingly. There are muscular twitchings. The feces ..re firm and alkaline, but the fecal masses exhibit no mucous coating. The lower lip is completely coated with gra�nular looking concretion, and there is a large patch of similar appearance on the upper gum, with smaller patches on either side, all of which are transversely furrowed. The papilla; arc reddened, and there are patches on the under surface of the tongue. There is much discharge from the eyes and nostrils.

The animal lies almost constantly. Emaciation less marked than in the other cases F.Tces slightly firm, alkaline. The mucous membrane of the mouth presents the same appearances as yesterday, but on the muzzle a chain of raised white patches are seen, which are continuous with those on the upper lip. The discharge from the eyes and nose is alkaline and more tenacious than yesterday. The (luces were pale, fluid, and fetid in the morning, but more natural in the afternoon. The animal does not feed. Both lips are thickly coated with concre�tions ; the patches extend from the upper lip to the muzzle, and from the lower to the prolabium and chin. The palate is covered almost continuously with patches, the papilla; present the usual appearances. The discharge from the eyes and nares is tenacious, abundant, and of alkaline reaction, the conjunctiva; are injected, and the eyes appear sunken.

The animal is very weak, and lies almost constantly. The faeces are fluid, pale-coloured, and fetid. The mucous membrane is pale and covered with an easily detached coating. It appears to be healing. The muzzle is very dry and exhibits several excoriations. The eyes are red and sunken. The discharge from the eyes and nares is as before. The animal died before 1 p.m. Weight after death 246 lbs. Loss of weight during the period of disease 58 lbs. jf/ie internal administration and the injections of the solution were cmtinued daily.

lOli^

22; interrupted

105-6

., 1

20; normal

104-8

32; interrupted

!) 100, imme-i diatcly after rising.

Case No. 27�A yearling heifer, brought from Tottenham on the 13th March.

Date.

Pulse.

Respiration.

Temp.

Remarks.

Hi.

1866. Mar. 14 � 15 � 16 � 17 � 18 � 19

�nbsp; nbsp; 21

�nbsp; nbsp; 30

�nbsp; nbsp; 31 April 1

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

103-2 102-2 102-8 102-8 102-5 102-8 102 C 104 O 102-6 103-2 102-6 105-4 106-4

10GO

[No further observations were made until March 30th.]

74; standing

76 69

28; standing �

16; ruminating

27; standing -

No observations.

- | 24 No observations. Ditto Ditto Ditto

32; standing -

72 80

Animal weighed ; weight 339 lbs.

Two drachms of the solution of bisulphite of soda were injected subcutaneously twice during the day.

Injections repeated. Fa-ces alkaline, slightly relaxed. The animal feeds and rumi�nates as usual. The lower lip appears redder than natural, and there are one or two small white elevated specks; but the surface is elsewhere smooth. The mucous membrane of the vagina is slightly hypera-mic, and coated with yellowish white tenacious mucus.

The animal takes about half its usual quantity of food. The fa-cal evacuations are more solid, and are alkaline. Both lips arc studded with patches of granular appearance. The papilla; are reddened at their tips, and coated at their bases � there are patches on the tongue. The vagina is rough, and thickly coated with tenacious creamy discharge.

The animal feeds sparingly. The faeces which were firmer than natural in the morning, became relaxed in the afternoon, Mucous membrane of mouth in the same state as yesterday. Vagina is not so red, but there is more discharge. Alkaline tenacious discharge from eyes and nose.

The animal feeds badly, and lies constantly. It appears to be unable to rise. Fa;ccs relaxed, of natural colour, but alkaline and fetid. Urine is clear and of neutral reaction, and contains no albumen; specific gravity, 102-4. Uoth lips and gums arc coated with white concretion of granular appearance. From the upper gum it extends to the muzzle and to the integument near the corners of the mouth. The tongue is patchy, and the papilla- are coated at their bases. The mucous membrane of the vagina is paler, and the discharge is diminished. Eyes and nose encrusted.

[At 7 a.m. next morning the temperature was 104-2deg;. The animal died before 9. Weight after death 262 lbs. Loss of weight during the period of disease 77 lbs.] The injections were repeated doily.

100-2

60]

50; standing

105-8

45 ; normal

104-4

m ;

#9632;i.

Explanation of Plates.

Fi^. 1. Pulate, papillra of check, dental pad and upper lip at the sixth day of Cattle Plague. The epithelium of the palate is exfoliated here and there in patches; some of the papillie are denuded and red, others retain their natural colour and appearance; on the dental pad, the patches of red, where the vascular layer of the mucous membrane is exposed, are edged with raised margins of thickened epithelium. The drawing was taken from an animal just dead, and accurately represents the appearances during life.

Fig. 2. Papilla of internal surface of cheek, showing similar appearances.

F'ig. 3. Skin of udder at the 6th or 7th day, showing in addition to the usual eruption, patches of redness on the teats, (See Dr. Sanderson's Report, p. 15.)

Fig. 4. Skin of udder of the cow \o. 16. The surface surrounding the teats was covered with a crimson rash, .somewhat resembling that of typhus. (See Dr. Sanderson's lieport, p. 47.)

#9632;

�'Wltt�m*''#9632;''#9632;'#9632;' -'V.

his

;gt;^:.igt;i�Squot;^ #9632;

^3^

'S*:¹'. -#9632;#9632;#9632;

?^r

. ^:

l, n

b #9632;�

;

#9632;

On tho Chemical Pathology of tho Cattle Plague.

REPORT TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

W. MARCET, M.D., F.R.S.,

I'EIJ.OW OB THK BOYAL COt.r.EOli OF PHYSICIANS, FOBUSIUjY ASSISTANT

niYSICIAN TO THE Wl�STMINSXKll HOSI'ITAI,, amp;c. lie.

Dt. Mnrcet.

Itopovt to (''omiuUgioiaors.

Pakt I.

On the 18th of October 1865 I had tho honor of being requested by Her Majesty's Cattle Plague Coin-mission to undertake an investigation of the chemical pathology of the cattle plague. 1 have accordingly ap�plied myself with all diligence to an inquiry into the chemical composition of the blood, muscular tissue, urine, milk, and bile of bovine animals suffering from tho present plague. In addition to this inquiry, I found it necessary to institute a series of investigations on tho chemistry of bovine animals in the state of health in order to obtain a standard of comparison, wherefrom to draw results, as to the morbid changes due to tho disease. It occurred to me that the most satisfactory mode of proceeding, concerning the blood, urine, and milk, would be to examine these fluids as obtained from healthy animals, which would subsequently, in suc�cession, bo made to contract the disease, when the above fluids would be again subjected to a similar examination. Thus I hoped to be able to trace so far the gradual progress of the chemical changes pro�duced by the disease.

In order to be able to carry out this mode of in�quiry, I arranged with Dr. Sanderson that he would kindly supply me with samples of blood, urine, and milk from several of his bovine animals, destined to be made to contract the disease, either by inoculation or by infection. I was to have every day samples of the urine and milk collected in the 24 hours from the animals when in health, and while in the state of disease until they died.

This plan, which was adopted, appeared to me in every respect the most likely to yield important and trustworthy results, it was, however, unavoidably attended with the following circumstances :�

1st. Some of the animals experimented upon re�covered, so that after b�ing subjected to a lengthened series of inquiries during health, it was impossible to undertake a similar investigation at tho worst stage of tho disease, or that preceding death. The inquiry was not, however, void of interest, as this circumstance was calculated to show the changes occurring during the gradual return from the morbid to the normal condition.

2nd. This method of investigation to be properly carried out .required much time, as an equal amount of labour had to be bestowed on the chemical examina�tion of the animals in health and in disease. This work I considered, however, to be indispensable, in order to obtain thoroughly reliable results.

The results I have so far obtained are embodied in tho present part * of my report; they should be con�sidered more as an indication of those to bo arrived at from u further scries of inquiries (conducted in a similar manner) with which I am engaged, than as positive facts.

My results can, however, in one case bo admitted as conclusive. 1 refer to those obtained from tho examination of the muscular tissue in health and (cattle plague) disease.

I must acknowledge tho valuable aid of my assis�tants, C. Vogt, Ph. I)., #9632;who in addition to other work connected with tho present inquiry, undertook under my supervision tho dolemiinations of urea; and Mr.

M, J. Salter of the Eoynl College of Chemistry. I may also bo allowed to state tha^ I received every attention and assistance at tho Albert Veterinary College where Dr. Sanderson's animals were kept. Diseased meat was also kindly supplied to mo from tho Royal Veterinary College, and by Mr. amp;. T. Brown, of the Veterinary Deportment of II.M.'s Privv Council Office.

I shall proceed to report under the following liead-i the particulars of my investigations :�

1st. Tho Elood.

2nd. The Muscular Tissue.

3rd. The Urine.

4th. Tho Milk.

5th. Tho Bile.*

The Blood.

The blood of a cow was analysed at four different periods, viz., twice (at an interval of two days), whilo the animal was in health, once eleven days after it had been inoculated with the plague poison and while suffering most from the disease, and once after the animal had recovered from the urgent symptoms and was rapidly improving.

The characteristic difference between tho blood. from the animal in disease and in health, will lie found in the amount of fibrin and extractive matters ; while the healthy blood contained 3-4 (Analysis No. 1) and 3-5 (Analysis No. 2) parts of fibrin in 1,000 parts, that from the diseased animal contained ()'4, or nearly twice as much fibrin. It will be interesting to observe that as the cow was recovering, the proportion of fibrin (5 parts in 1,000) was showing a gradual decrease. The proportion of' extractive matters in the blood of the diseased animal (� -6) was less than before in�oculation, viz., 13 -05,' which proportion had not yet altered at tho stage of recovery when the blood was next obtained.

The proportion of albumen was found to vary in the four analyses, but no conclusion can yet be drawn from this circumstance, as the variation of the albu�men in the two analyses of the healthy blood was greater than the difference between the average propor�tion of albumen in health and that found in disease.

I made a number of preliminary experiments, in order to ascertain which was the best mothod to be adopted for the analysis of the blood, and, finally. I proceeded as follows :�

Three quantities of blood were collected directly from the jugular vein of a cow in three weighed bottles, two of them containing copper wire bent, into a mass, or strips of sheet copper. The bottles with tho copper and blood were shaken, when the fibrin adhered very completely to the metal.

The water and residue were determined by sub�jecting to evaporation the blood contained in the bottle free from copper, and drying tho residue at 265deg; F. The incineration of this residue with spongy platinum yielded tho amount of mineral eonslituonls contained in the blood which had been dried.

The albumen was estimated by dialystng n certain qiumtity of blood for about 24 hours, mixing a part of it with water up to a known bulk and boiling it with a little chloride of ununoniiini, or by adding wntci' to a certain volume of blood, allowing it to stand till the

* The investigation of the urine, milk, and bile is not j-ctin a milficiently advaneed stage to be described in this part of my rcfort.

* Prom the time necessarily required for my investigation, I have thought it better to report occasionally the progress of thilaquo; inquiry, than to -wait to send in my report till the investigation was completed.

13630.

AITENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

I %

Pr. Marcct,

next day, and then boiling a part of this diluted blood with n littlo chloride of ammonium.* In both caseraquo; the globulos wore dissolved. Thus the albumen obtained by coagulation was not only that present in tho serum, but also the proportion of this substance which existed in the blood corpuscles.

Tho nlbumen and filter were dried, and the impure albumen detormined by Biibtmcting from the dry mass the weight of the ftltor. A correction was now re�quired for mineral matters and htematino contained in the coagulated albumen. The mineral matters were obtained by burning the dry albumen, and the haaina-tine was calculated from the quantity of colouring matter found in 100 parts of healthy ox blood, ac�cording to Berzelius and Mulder, viz. 0- 732 (Lehmann. Vol. 1. p. 305.) Any difference in the amount of colouring matter present in diseased blood could not possibly cause any material error ns to the estimation of its albumen, from the small proportion of colouring matter in blood. Both the ashes and colouring matter of the dried albumen being subtracted from it gave the weight of the pure albumen.f

Tho ftbrin after separation from tho copper wire or strips of copper to which it adhered was placed on a piece of line brass wire gauze and washed with a stream of water till colourless. This method yielded rery satisfactory results.^:

Analysis of Blood from a Cow in Health and (Cattle Plague) Disease.

Blood drawn on the 2Ath November 1865.

Analysis No. II.

In Health.

Eoport to Conmiissioncrs.


Wnter Albumen - Fibrin Mineral constituents	attci	-nbsp; nbsp; 838-8 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;138-01 3-5 8-lJ	.149-6
		988-4
Solid constituents -		- 161-2 149-6
Extractive matters		- 11-6
Average extractive m		s	13-05

Blood drawn on the 11 th December 186�.

Analysis No. III.

After Inoculation. Symptoms of the Disease somewhat urgent.

Water - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;846-2

Albumen - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;132-8)

Fibrin - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6-4 gt; 147-2

Mineral constituentsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8-0j

Solid constituents -

Extractive matters -Specific gravity of blood

993-4

153-8 147-2

6-6

1043

Blood drawn oh the 22nd November I860.

Analysis No. I,

In Health.


	Water Albumen - Fibrin Mineral constituents	-nbsp; nbsp; 8-23-li -nbsp; nbsp; \50-6) 3-4gt;161-9 7-9.1
		985-5
	Solid constituents -	- 176-4 161-9
	Extractive matters Specific gravity of blood	14T) - 1048

Blood drawn on the 20th December I860,

Analysis No. IV.

The, Animal recovering rapidly.

Water

Albumen -

Fibrin

Mineral constituents

852-3

127

7-2^ 7-9J

140-1

Solid constituents �

992-4

147-7 140-1

7-6

* This last method, after the first two or three analyses, waraquo; adopted exclusively.

t It is customary to determine the albumen in the sevum, only; bnt the result obtained falls short considerably of the whole quantity of albumen contained in a given amount of blood. For this reason I have thought it best to adopt the method 1 have described.

t As it is stated by Lehmann (Physiological Chemistry, Vol. I., p. 356), that the methods for the determination of fibrin in blood are more or less deficient in accuracy, I convinced my�self that the process I adopted was not open to this objection. In the case of each of the seven analyses (hut one) given above, two different quantities of blood were taken, and the fibrin washed for different lengths of time. The proportions of fibrin found in the six different samples of blood, and the average results of the two determinations 1'OT each case, were as follows :�

Extractive matters Specific gravity of blood

1040

The Muscular Tissue.

When a piece of fresh beef, or in other words, the muscular tissue of a cow or ox, is immersed in water, the fluid becomes charged with albumen, which lias issued from the meat into tho water ; thus, if meat be steeped into lukewarm water with the object of making broth, tho water when boiled will yield an abundant coagulum or scum, consisting of albumen ; in the process of salting meat, the brine is likewise found to contain a quantity of albumen, which has diffused * out of the meat.

Having immersed in water a piece of flesh from a cow that had died of the plague, I observed that the amount of nlbumen which diffused from it was appa�rently less than that which would have diffused from a piece of sound flesh of tho same size and weight, and it occurred to me that some similar change might also take place in tho diffusibility from flesh of potash and phosphoric acid, the two principal mineral con�stituents of its juice. As the rate of distribution of the constituents of juico of flesh through tho

Blood, analysis No. II, i.^,₍.₄ j-

.. - no.in. {laquo;:laquo;laquo;} -. .. *lt;-M^}

.. - ^Ndeg;-^VI- j^o} ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-. No.YII.{^laquo;}


	Mean.	Diircrcnce per thousand
	3-3	0-21
	0-4	0-30
	B � o	0-04
	4-8	0-13
	5-laquo;	0-18
	5-7	O-IO

Mean

0-17

raquo; Although the word quot;diffusedquot; in this case ilaquo; not laquo;cien-tifically correct, I prefer to retain it in the present report from want of a better one to expresi the exit of albumen from meat into water.

The mean difference, 0-17 per 1,000, is so small that the method employed for tho analysis appears unobjectionable, at all ctentlaquo; the reraquo;ultraquo; can be safely compared -with each other.

TIIK CATTLE PLAG�K COJtMlSSlONKUS.

�vr

muBCiilnr tisBUO, or in other words, tho laquo;littusibility of the constituents of juico of flosh out of Hosli into wntor, must not an important part in the nutrition of muscular tisstio, an inquiry Into the difflisibility of the conatituonts of ox-flesh Into water, in health and in the ouue of bovine animals which had died of the plague, could not fail to yield results of much interest, and importance in connection with the pathology of the cattle plague. I have, therefore, given this part of the subject some degree of attention.

It was necessary to begin by investigating tho diffu-sibility of phosphoric acid, albumen, and potash from healthy flesh into water, in order to obtain a standard of comparison, whereby to judge of tho changes, as to the dilfusibility of these substances from the flesh of animals that had died of the plague.

I therefore proceeded in the following way :�

3087 grains (200 grammes) of cow or ox-flesh, free from fat, and consisting, as far as possible, of one piece only, were Immersed in 8804 grains (500 cubic centi�metres) of distilled water, heated to a temperature of 98deg; F. (37deg; C), and allowed to remain undisturbed at this temperature for a period of four hours. At the same time 3087 grains (200 grammes) of flesh, as often as possible adjoining the piece of muscle used in the diffusion experiment, were finely minced, and treated in a mortar with 8804 grains (500 c. c.) of distilled water, and tho extract thus prepared was strained through calico, and filtered through paper. Both the extract aud diffusate were analyzed for phosphoric acid,* albumen, and potash.

I made three series of analyses, (see p. 58, analysis of extracts and diffusates of ox flesh) each series including the determination of the above substances in one diffu�sate and extract obtained from healthy ox flesh. The results showed that there exists very little, if any difference between the proportions of phosphoric acid, albumen, and potash in the diffusates of each series, compared with each other, and in the extracts of each series, also compared with each other; and consequently, for the healthy nutrition of flesh, its juice, whether it be the extract or the diffusate, must contain (probably however between certain limits) fixed proportions of these constituents, which are shown in the following table ;�

Extract.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DitTusate.

AVKUAQE OF TIIK

Phosphoric acid

Albumen

Potash

Thbbe Analyses.

Kxlrnct.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dlffusatu.

Of, Murcct. Uepoit to

C-otuiuUgtoiion.

9'53 1'48

I. inlaquo; 1-37

Now if the albumen diffused from flesh into water, at a rate equal to that of tho diffusion of phosphoric aold out of flesh into water, it stands to reason that the proportion of albumen to tho phosphoric acid in the diffusate would be the same as the proportion of #9632;albumen to phosphoric acid in the corresponding ex�tract. If, on the other bund, the difliisibility of albu�men was not the same as that of phosphoric acid, we would expect to find a difference between tho propor�tion of albumen and phosphoric acid in the diffusate, and the corresponding proportion in the extract. The same remark applies to potash and phosphoric acid as to their relative dift'usibility out of flosh into water.

By comparing the proportions of phosphoric acid and albumen, and phosphoric acid and potash, two by two in each analysis, the results were as follows :__ '

Analysis I. Analysis II, Analysis III.

Uiflusibility of phos-

phoric acid - - I,

Ditt'usibility of albu�men - ' -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 0402

Diffusibility of potash

0-386 1-024

0-362

Average Dijf'mibility of Phosphoric Acid, Albumen, and Potash out of�esh into water.

Phosphoric acid Albumen -Potash

0-383 1-092

Therefore the dift'usibility of albumen is less than that of phosphoric acid by the relation of �'38;3 to I., and the diffusibility of potash is nearly the same as that of phosphoric acid by the proportion of 1-092 to I.

1 shall now proceed to apply tho same mode of reasoning to the consideration of flesh of bovine ani�mals which have died of the plague. I have made three series of analyses of the diffusate and extract of diseased meat, adopting precisely the same process as in the case of the healthy flesh. The following were the proportions of phosphoric acid, albumen, and potash in the extracts and diffusates.


Phosphoric acid	- I.	I.
Albumen	- 9-53	3-65
Potash -	- 1-43 .	. 1-57

a very interesting fact in a physiological point of view, and one which it is important to consider under the present circumstances. Taking the phosphoric acid as I., we would have in each analysis�


	Ana Phosphoric acid - Albumen Potash	LYSIS I. Extract. - T, -nbsp; 9-55 -nbsp; 0-95
	Analysis II. Extract, Phosphoric acid - - I. Albumen - - . 13.65 Potash - - - 1-12
	Anai Phosphoric aciil - Albumen Potash	.YSIS III. Extract. - T -nbsp; 17-66 -nbsp; nbsp; 1-23

Diffuaale.

I. 2-36 1-28


	Analysis I.
		Extrnut.
Phosphoric	acid -	- I.
Albumen	.	- 9'32
Potash	-	-
	Analysis II.
		Extract.
Phosphoric	acid -	- I.
Albumen	#9632;	- 9-70
Potash	#9632;	- 1-37
	Analyst?	III. Extract.
Phosphoric	acid -	- I.
Albumen	.	- 9-56
Potash	-	- 1-50

Diffusate.

3-75

Diffusate.

3-07 1-37

Diffusate.

3-75 1-89

Diffusate.

3-10 1-19

Diffusate.

3-46 1-75

These relations show at a glance that while iu healthy flesh the proportions of phosphoric acid to al-bi.men in both extracts and diffusates of the three ana�lyses are nearly the same when compared respectively with each other, in the diseased flesh the proportions of phosphoric acid to albmneu in tho extracts are subject to great variations, those proportions varying f.-om 9-55 to 17-06, which will be observed to be owing, not to D decrease in tho phosphoric acid, but to a

* The phosphoric acid was determined with aeetate of Miqaioxldc of uranium,

H 2

K #9632;

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPOUT OF

Dr. Miintil.

Report to Comiuissioucrs.

larger proportion of albumen being dissolved In the extract, (heso proportione being in Analysis II. and 111., 13-65 and lV-6().

If Instead of conapoi'ing with each other the pro�portions of albumen and phosphoric acid in the extracts, wo consider Iho quunlilics of albumen in the extracts of healthy flesh together with the qnun-tides of ulbumen found in the extracts of diseased flesh (sec next column), the table will be us follows :�

Albiimon in extracts Albumen in extracts of healthy flesh.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;of diseased flesh.

Analysis 1. - 4-987 - - 6-176

II.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4-820 ' - - 8-082

III.nbsp; nbsp; - �-096 - - 9-805* showing that considerably more albumen is dissolved out in the extracts of diseased flesh, than in those of healthy flesh.

There remains to inquire into the diftusibility in llesh (or from flesh into water) of albumen and potash proportionately to that of phosphoric acid, and this will be done,'respecting diseased flesh, by arguing precisely in the same way as in the case of healthy flesh.

T have shown that in healthy flesh albumen was not so diffusible as phosphoric acid by the proportion of 0 - 383 to I.; by comparing together the propor�tions of phosphoric acid, albumen, and potash in the difFii sates, with the proportions of these substances in the extracts, two by two�I mean the phosphoric acid of the extract with that of the ditl'usate, the albumen of the extract with the diffusate, and so on for the potash�we shall have to consider the follow�ing table :�

Table showing the relative DlFFUSIBILITIES in Diseased Flesh, of Phosphoric Acid, Albu�men, and Potash.

taken by the mnscie from the blood than occurs in health, the excess becoming fixed to the muscular fibres instead of circuluting through the minute chan�nels which permeate in every direction the mus�cular tissue. Perhaps both these phenomena take place ; the fact I have fVequently observed that the diseased minced muscular tissue, after extraction with water, assumes the form of a gelatinous pulp instead of a iibrinous mass, as occurs in the case or healthy ox-flesh, favours the view of the actual solu�bility, or albuminous degeneration, of the muscular fibre in the cattle plague ; I have also very often, although not always, noticed that by squeezing and rubbing between the finger and thumb a fragment of diseased muscle, it appeared to dissolve away, while with a frngtnent of healthy muscle the fibrinous feeling of the substance could not be destroyed.

The following are the actual results obtained by submitting to analysis the extracts and diflusates of flesh healthy and diseased. I Imye thought it ad�visable to insert both series of analysis close to each other, in order to admit, of their being readily com�pared together.

Analysis of Extracts and Difpusates of Ox Flesh, healthy.

[fl

^:|:


	Analysis I.		Analysis II.		Analysis III.
	Ex�tract.	DifTu-satc, ! i	Ex�tract.	Dilfu- sate.	Kx- tract.	Diffu�sate.
Phosphoric acid Albumen Potash	0-635 #9632;I-087	0-193 O-720	0-laquo;7 4-820 0-683	0-327 1-227 0'455	0-533 B'OOU 0-802	0-238 0-824 0-417

Analysis of Extracts and Diffusates of Ox Flesh, diseased.


In Analysis	No.	I.	II.	III.
Phosphoric acid - Albumen Potash		-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I. -nbsp; 0-247 -nbsp; nbsp;1-350	I. 0-225 1-223	I. 0-175 0-968

i ^:


	Analysis I.		Analysis II.		Analysis III.
	Ex�tract.	Diffu�sate.	Ex�tract	Diffu�sate.	Ex�tract.	Diffu�sate.
Phosphoric acid Albumen Potash	0-647 6-176 o-oio	0-227 0-535 0-293	0-69S 8-082 O-CM	0-167 0-782 0-215	0.555 9-806 0-685	0-242 0-750 0-237

Therefore, in diseased flesh the diffusibility of the solnble albumen it contains compared with that of the phosphoric acid is considerably less than in healthy flesh, the numbers being 0-247, 0-225, and 0-175 in disease, instead of the average number 0-383 representing the diffusibility of albumen from flesh in health.

The diffusibility of potash from flesh compared with that of phosphoric acid, will not be found to differ much in disease and in health, the numbers being 1*350, 1*223, and 0^-968 in disease, instead of the average; number, 1'092, representing the diffusibility of potash from flesh in health.

There are consequently two results from these investigations, which appear to me possessed of much interest, and importance in their connexion with the pathology of the cattle plague :�

1st. That a given weight of diseased ox flesh con�tains a. larger quantity of soluble albumen than an equal weight, of healthy ox flcsli.

2nd. That the albumen in the flcsli of the diseased animals diffuses at a slower rate throughout this tissue than the albumen in healthy flesh.

It appears, therefore, either as if the muscular fibre itself underwent a process of solution in the water used for making the extinct, being converted into albumen, or else as if more albumen was

^J|l^

It would have been interesting to ascertain whether the quantities of kreatinc and lactic acid were the same in diseased ox-flesh as in healthy flcsli, but there is no method of analysis sufficiently reliable to admit of this inquiry being undertaken.

I have ascertained qualitatively that diseased ox flesh contains kreatinc and lactic acid, two substances known to exist in healthy flesh.

Finally, I observed that the aqueous extract of diseased flesh had an acid reaction, as occurs iu the case of the flesh of healthy animals. �

Part II.

Examination of the Urine. An arrangement at the Albert Veterinary College, for which 1 am much indebted to Dr. Sanderson, al�lowed of the whole quantity of urine voided every 24 hours to bo obtained', a circumstance necessary to enable me to make a satisfactory daily examination of the urinary secretion of the animals under observation. With the object, of collecting the urine, the floors of two of the cxpcriinent-stalls were lined with sheet lead, and slightly inclined, their outer edge being shaped into a gutter, by which means the urine voided by the animal in each stall was conveyed into a separate trough ; the floors were carefully kept clean, in order to prevent any admixture of the intestinal evacuations with the fluid which it was proposed to examine. Notwithstanding this precaution, it happened that a small quantity of the intestinal evacuation was washed into the trough. The amount of urine passed every

* These mnnbers do not represent llie -whole of the albumen contained in .')0S7 gmins of flesh, but the method of extraction #9632;being precisely the same in the case of healthy and diseased flesh, these quantities may be salely compared with each other. I have never noticed any blood to ooze out of the section of a diseased muscle,and consequently the present increase of albumen cannot be considered as due to any blood remaining, after death, ia the capillary vessels of the muscular tissae.

THIS CATTLE PLAGUE C0MMI8SI0NEIJS.

24 hours by tho animals under olswvation was noted in a register kept at the Veterinary College.

The results I have, sof'nr, obtuined from iny inquiries on this part of the subject nro disposed in the form of tables (pages 60 and 61), each of which (with the exception of the condensed table of average results) laquo;re divided into six columns, headed nn follows :�

Ist. Dates ; 2nd. Quantities (passed) in 24 hours ; 3rd. Specific gravity ; 4th, Degree of alkaline re�action ; 5th. Urea In 24 hours ; 6. Observations.

Tho dates are those on which the urine was voided.

The quantities passed in 24 hours are extracted from the register kept at the Veterinary College.

The degree of alkaline reaction is shown by the number of grains of oxalic acid ueecssaiy to neutralize one pint of the urine. It was determined with red test paper and yellow tnrmoric paper, which both gave throughout corresponding results,�tho turmeric paper censing to turn brown at the same time as the red litmus paper was no longer made blue by the urine under examination,

I discarded tho use of blue test paper, as in some cases it was discoloured by what might apparently be considered as a bleaching action of the urine.

I may be allowed to premise that T have so far found the urine of tho animals experimented upon to be alkaline, with the exception of one ease, in which it was neutral; but there may exist a source of error in this part of the inquiry which it was found very difficult, if not impossible, to obviate, owing to the ad�mixture of a small quantity of the intestinal evaeua-tions with the urine, wlicrefrom a putrefaction may have been induced, owing to #9632;which the reaction of the fluid would be modified. No doubt but that in many instances the urine smelt strongly, as from decomposition. From this circumstance, average comparative results on this part of the inquiry can only be considered as apparently calculated to give reliable information.

The urea was determined by volumetric measure�ment (according to Liebig's method), with a normal solution of nitrate of mercury ; and in order to be certain of the correctness of the process, 1 undertook the following experiment:�Having determined tho quantity of urea contained in a certain bulk of urine, I added to another measured sample of the same fluid a known weight of urea; I now determined the whole quantity of urea contained in this last fluid by adopting the method I was engaged in testing, when the result of this inquiry yielded a quantity of urea proportional to that which had been discovered in the first sample, plus that which had been added to tho second ; this would not have happened had there been any error in the mode of analysis.

The column headed quot; observations quot; needs no com�ment. I may, however, take this opportunity of stating that I hope to be able to inquire fully into the question as to the pi'esenco in or absence of albumen from the urine of animals suffering from the Cattle Plague. I have examined�

1.nbsp; The urine of a cow, known in Dr. Sanderson's register as cow No. 6. Tho experiments were begun while tho animal was in perfect health, they were con�tinued during its illness (which had been induced by inoculation), and during the first stage of the animal's recovery.

2.nbsp; The urine of the bullock, known as No. 3, before the animal had fallen ill, and during the disease (in�duced by infection), till death.

3.nbsp; The urine of a cow, known as No. 5, from tho early symptoms of the disease (induced by Infection) till death.

The tables showing my results from this part of the inquiry are headed�Examination of Urine, Tables 1. II., III., and IY. The fourth table gives at a gluucc the information contained in the three others, under the form of average, statements. This table is divided into three columns, the first being headed Specific gravity ; the second, Degree of alkaline reaction ; and the third, Urea in 24 hours. The average results obtained from the examination

of tho urine of the three animals are introduced into Dr. Maroot these three columns. In tho case, however, of cow _quot; T No. 5, the number of observations is not large enough OomnuMlonon,

to admit of the calculation of averages j the actual -----------

numbers are therefore given, showing specific gravity, ha., for the first observation�shortly after the nnlnial had fallen ill, and for the last observation�when the animal was dying,

Examination of Ukine of Cow No. 6.

This cow, destined to be inoculated with tho plague virus, was placed in one of tho stalls fitted up so as to allow of the urine being collected, and on the 21st November 1 commenced examining daily its urinary secretion ; the inquiry was continued till tho 14th December. On the 1st December the cow was in�oculated with the virus of a diseased animal, and on the 4th it showed the first sign of disease by a rise in its temperature. The symptoms continued in�creasing in urgency till the 7th December, when, according to Dr. Sanderson's observations, the animal's temperature was highest. From that day an improve�ment took place, and it rapidly recovered.

I shall now refer to Table IV., which shows the average results in the present case; to be as follows :�

Specific gravity. � The average daily speciile gravity of the urine voided from the 21st November until the 4th December, or three days after inocula�tion, when the symptoms of the disease first appeared, was 1046.

The average specific gravity of the urine voided from tho 4th December till 7th December, or during the acute stage of the disease, was 1042.

Tho average specific gravity of the urine voided from the 7th December to the 14tb December, or during the first stage of recovery, was 1039.

Therefore, in the present case the specific gravity was lower during the acute stage of the disease than in health ; during the first stage of recovery It had, however, continued to fall.

By an inspection of Table I., Examination of Urine, it will be seen that the specific gravity of the cow's urine varied from 1038 to 1051 (11 observa�tions), when the animal was in good health ; that it varied from 1039 to 1045 (four observations) during the acute stage of the disease ; and that it was found to be from 1031 to 1045 (eight observations) during the first stage of recovery.

I shall presently return to the subject of the specific gravity of the urine subjected to tho present inquiry, when it will be seen that the results obtained from the other animals correspond with those derived from cow No. (5.

Reaction.�There appears to be a discrepancy be�tween the degree of alkaline reaction in this case and in the other two, as during the acute stage of the disease my table of average statements shows for cow No. 6 an alkaline reaction more marked (198'08) than while the animal was in good health (ISS'BO), the re�action falling when the animal was recovering (171*13). This may perhaps be due to decomposition or to tho peculiar circumstances of the case, as cow No. 2, the subject of the present remarks, had been inoculated with tho Cattle Plague poison, and had not contracted tho disease by infection, while tho two other animals had not been inoculated, but had fallen ill from Infec�tion, and died.

Urea passed every 24 honrs�'Y\vi table of average results shows that there is a very obvious dltrcrcnce in the amount of urea voided by cow No. 6 during the acute stage of the disease, and In health; the average quantity passed daily during the acute stage being 2197'� grains, and while the animal was in health 1487 quot;4 grains, equal to an excess of 48 per cent, in disease. This is a very interesting result, which appears confirmed by the fact of the average quantity of urea passed daily again falling oil' to 1711 grains while the animal was recovering. As will presently be seen, a similar result was obtained in the cases of I lie two other animals.

H 3

61)

Al'I'KNDlX TO THIKl) REPORT OF

Dr. ilmvot.

Hoport to

Couimisslonciv

By rofimiug to the Tablo No. 1� Examination of Urine, it will bo oTworvod tluit (ho diseased cow No. 6 voided dally in its urine f'roia 2071 '3 to 2472 grains of iivolaquo;, but that this same animal while in health only passed every 24 hours from 94�ⁱ7 to aiOl-S grains of uron, It may also bo noticed that when recovering from thodisoa8e,tho animiars daily excretion of m-oa amounted to fi-oin 11 iU-S grains to 2295 -0 grains, which is less than during the acute stage, as might have been expected.

The determination of the minerwl constituents of this urine was undertaken on four �iflf�rent occasions, viz., twice, while the animal was in good health, once close to the pcivod when exhibiting the first symptoms of the disease, and once during the most acute stage. It is very interesting; to observe the full in the amount of mineral salts excreted in the urine in 24 hours as the disease was progressing; for while they amounted on an average to 3440 grains in health, they had dimi�nished to 2453 grains when the animal was falling ill, and to no loss than 1278 grains during the acute

UlUNE ok Cow No. 5.

The oxainination of this urine was commonced on the 18th December, by which time the animal had already contracted the disease by infection ; the inquiry was, therefore, limited to the investigation of the alterations which occurred in the condition of the urine during the progress of the disease till death ; the animal died in the night of the 21st December.

It is not possible in this case, from the small number of observations, to take average results, but the conclusions to be drawn from the individual ob�servations are similar to those obtained from the examination of the urine of bullock No. 3., viz., the specific gravity of the urine voided fell from the first day of the inquiry, when it was 1025, until death, #9632;when it was 1016 ; the final observation was made on the urine extracted from the aniinal's bladder after death, when a slight rise had taken place, the specific gravity being then 1020.

The reaction of the urine of cow No. 5 was alka�line in the five first observations, the sample last examined, or that extracted from the bladder after death, was found to be neutral. The degree of alkaline reaction diminished gradually without any intermission from 105 #9632; 18 to 52 #9632; 59, and then became neutral.

Urea passed ever;/ 24 hours.�The amount of urea excreted showed in this case, except on the third day, no decided tendency to rise as the animal became worse, but it will be observed that the average, 1605 -2, is higher than the average amount excreted by any of the other animals while in health. The daily amount of urea excreted in the present case was first 1754 - 7 grains ; two days later 2021 #9632; 75 grains ; and the next day only 1423 #9632; 55 grains.

Examination of Ukink, Table I.

e #9632;

period, or health.*

about one-third the iimonnt excreted in

TJiukk ok Bullock No. 3.

This animal was not inoculated, but took the dis�ease from exposure to infection. As in the preceding case, I examined its urine for the determination of specific gravity, reaction, and urea. The inquiry was comraenced on the 28th November ; on the 13th De�cember the temperature of the animal began rising, an indication of its having contracted the disease ; it soon became worse, and died on the 19th December.

Specific gravity. � The specific gravity of this bullock's urine whs much lower in the state of disease than it had been in health, being on nn average (.vet-Table IV. for average results) 1037, from the time the animal was first attacked till death, while it had been 1050 previous to the bullock falling ill. In health the specific gravity of the animal's urine varied (sec Examination of Urine, Table No. II.) from 1045 to 1058 (14 observations), and in the state of disease it continued falling without intermission from 1049 to 1022 (7 observations). Tliis is a very interesting fact to record.

Rcactioii.�The average degree was considerably less while the bullock was ill (141 ^S), than it had been while it was in good health (188 � 75). Before the first symptoms bad shown themselves, the alkali�nity had varied from 144-63 to 226� 15 (14 observa�tions). The first sign of the animal falling ill was shown by a rise in its temperature, oh which day the reaction of the urine was 197-22 (grains of oxalic acid to neutralize one pint of the secretion) ; this degree of reaction fell, with but one intermission, till the 18th, when it was 85-03. The urine passed from the 18th to the 19th suddenly exhibited an in�creased degree of alkalinity, marked by 100-80 ; the animal died on the 19th, and the alkalinity of the very last urine voided, had agaiu risen to 124-47.

This sudden increase in the degree of alkaline re�action of the urine just before death is difficult to account for, and may have been due to decomposition.

Urea passed every 24 hours.�The average amount of urea excreted every 24 hours by bullock No. 3 was, as in every one of the other cases, greater while the animal was labouring under the disease than while it had been in good health, viz., 1325 grains in disease, and 1177 in health, the average excess being 13 per cent. In the present instance the quantity of urea passed continued increasing, with but one intermission, from the 14th December (1129'04, on which day the first sign of infoetion was evinced by the increased tempe�rature of the animal,) till the 19tli December, when the urea contained in the 24 hours' urine amounted to 2042'31 grains.

Degree of Alk. Reaction � Grains of Oxalic acid necessary to neutralize 1 Pint Urine.

Urine of Coiv No. 6, in Health and after Inocu�lation.

#9632;


Dates.	Quantities in		Spoci�c Gravity,	Dcptrce of Alkaline	quot;Urea in 24 Observations.
	21 Hours.		Spoci�c Gravity,	Reaction.	Hours.
Morning
to
Morning.	pints, oz.				Grains.
Nov.					{	Mineral constitu-
					{	ents, 37-3 per
21 to 22	0	13	1038	120-22	1303-7-	1,000, or 3,149 grains in 24 hours.
�2 � 23	10	11	1038	127-10	1442-7	Mineral constitu�ents, 39quot;3 per
S3 � 2-1	10	17	1043	177'05	1445-B-	1,000, or 3,731 grains in 24 nouvs.
						1,000, or 3,731 grains in 24 nouvs.
t �* 25	7	4	1051	149-14	B4(l-7
25 � 2laquo;	8	0	1049	140-89	1739-2
20 � 27	7	8	1051	144-03	1011-9
27 � 28	0	M	1047	149'01	2101-3
28 � 29	laquo;	18	1046	108-05	130laquo;'7
Evening
to '
Evening.
2raquo; to 30	8	15	1047	184-07	1994-2
30 �1 Dec.	S	10	1048	103-01	1181-1 [	Inoculated 1st Dec. Mineral constitu�ents, 42'8 per
t � S	laquo;	11	1051	102-10	1889-1-1	1,000, or 2,453 grains in 24 hours.
					l	1,000, or 2,453 grains in 24 hours.
*,. 4	8	2i	1044	181-44	2071^,3-_gt;2130-8 (	Temperature ris-
4 � 0	8	10	1045	185-4S	2071^,3-_gt;2130-8 (	ing 4th Dec., 7thDce. highest
6 ., 0	8	17	1042	108-07	2110-0 f 2472-0 ;	ing 4th Dec., 7thDce. highest
laquo;�7	10	0	103raquo;	229-05	2110-0 f 2472-0 ;	temperature.
7 � 8	11	0	1031	181-44	2205-01
S� 8	t	M	1035	210-37	1924-5	Mineral constitu�ents of urine, 8th, 9th Dec, 21-8 per 1,000, or 1,278 grains in 24 hours. Tctnperature de-
laquo; gt;, 10 10 � 11	0 i	11	1030 1040	212-1raquo; ISO'*!	1907-5 1423-8	creasing, ani�mal recovering.
11 gt;. 12	lt;1	5	1046	176-32	1154-8
12 � 13	il	4	1041!	134#9632;on	1480']
13 � 1*	8	17	103laquo;	124-47	1722-2
			1038	142^,01	quot;

* The mineral constituents were determined by laquo;-ynporating to drynoss a known bulk of the urine, and incinerating the residue with raquo;pongf platinum in order to avoid any loss of plioraquo;-jilionis.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

Examination op Ubike, Taulk II.

Part III.

Dr. Maroct.

urine of Bullock No. 3, in Health and Disease.

Tim Blood.

The first part of iny report contuinod the analysis of the blood of a cow while in a sound state of health, while sufTering from tho plague, and while recovering from it. I have now to report thu analysis of three more samples of blood ; two of these were obtained from tho same cow, viz., the lirst sample was drawn (oc January 9th), in tho very earliest period of the disease, and before any other symptom was exhibited except a rise In tho animal's temperature ; and the second sample, was drawn (on the liith January), at the time the raquo;nimnl was breathing its last ; it was then laying down but not insensible. When bled the respiration was no more but a series of gasps ; the jugular vein from de�ficiency of the heart's pressure could not be opened in the usual way, but had to be incised with a knife, and the blood was emitted very slowly, instead of pouring forth in a full jet as usual, llcspiration stopped Avhile the blood was being drawn, and the lost quantity trickled out under the influence of artificial pressure on tho chest and abdomen ; but very little (perhaps two or three ounces only) could be obtained after the animal had ceased breathing.

The analysis of the sample of blood, drawn first from the animal (on January 9th), may be assumed as show�ing the composition of this fluid in the very earliest stage of tho disease ; it is as follows :�

Report to Conimis�oiiera,


Dates.	ttlmutitics in U Hours.	SpoclHo Gravity.	Dccrco of Alkalinu Seaotion.	Urea voided in 24 Houra (Grains)	Observationraquo;.
Nov.	pints, ozs.
27 to 28	�1 7	1030	149'01	raquo;30-40~:
23 � 29	4, 15	1049	188'4(l	1094-00
29 � 30	4 17	1045	179-70	1158-30
30 �1 Doc.	0 13	1047	144'(M	1200-33
2 Dec. to 4	10 6	1061	!07'74	1485-12
4 � 5	4 10	1053	1021.-.	1021-02
5 � 0 laquo;,. 7	4 3 4 17	1055 10(8	197'22 JSO'lquot;!	1087-83 1220-10	In healtli.
7 � 8	5 111	1048	19,S'08	1180-40
8,, 9	6 12i	1048	20;)'3ll	1221-80
� 10	i 10	1053	220'SO	1248-00
Hgt; � u	4 7	1053	194'fiO	1208-08
U ,. 12	i 0	1058	192'84	1306-00
12 � IS	4 8	1050	178-82	1018-22 J
13 � U	5 12	1049	197'22	1129-on
14 gt;, IS	17	1048	i68'.io	1130-89
15 � 16	3 16	1044	175-32	1172-41	In disease,
16nbsp; � 17 17nbsp; � 18	i 4 3 11	1042 UK! 1	1S7'laquo;3 85-OS	900-32 #9632; 1068-31	tempera^ ture rising 13th Dec. Died 19th Dec.
18 � 19	7 7	1024	100-SO	2042-31
19..-	�	1022	12f47	� .

Blood drawn on the 9th January 1866.

Analysis No. V.

In the earliest period of disease (first stage).

Examination op Ubinb, Table III.

Water

Albumen Fibrin

854-7 125-2quot;

4-8 VI37-8

Urine of Cow No. 5, in disease.

Mineral constituents


Sate.	Quantities in 24 Hours.	Specific Gravity.	Degree of Alkaline Ecnction.	Urea in 24 Hours.	Observation.
Dec. 17 to 18	pints, oz. 11 0	1023	103-18	1754-70
18 � 19	8 1	1020	80-42	1220-75
19 � 20	8 S	1023	*7013**	2021-75
20 � 21	7 0	1018	01-37	1423-55
Morn, to even. 21 � 21	. . -	101laquo;	52-59	(58-73 in 1 pint.)
Unno ex-quot;) tractedfrom \ bladder. )	- . .	1020	neutral	-	Dicduightof 21st Dec.

Solid constituentlaquo;


	992	5
	145-3 137-8
	7-	5

Extractive matters

Specific gravity of blood

1039

Blood drawn on the. VMh January 1866.

Analysis No. VI.

The animal dying (second stage).

Examination of Urine, Table IV.

Average Results.

Water -Albumen Fibrin -Mineral constituents

813-4

161

1-8quot;| 5-5 ^] )-2j

76-5

Speoilio Gravity.

Dcffrco of Alkaline lleactiou.

Urea in 24 Hours.

rin health

1040 1043

153'80 198-88

1487-4 2197-5

Solid constituents

989-9

186-6 176-5

101

'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fttfUFfl

^acufc0

1st

vrvit

recovered.

Durinlaquo;

103!)

1711

raquo;tat?e very.

rcco-

Bullock No. 3,

diseased by

infection,

died.

10B0 1037

188-75 141-25

1177 1325

Extractive matters #9632;

In health In disease

Specific gravity of blood

- 1048

195-18 62-69

f^omlraquo;t{'^l'^{^tgt;m:l7B^, rr0ral8,}lto 2022

Cow No. 5,) Early symp- \ diseased by f tonis )

from 1025 to 1018

The only marked difTorence found to exist between these two samples of blood is due to the proportion of water in the blood drawn first (854-7) being greater than that of the blood drawn lost (813-4), or when

infection, f died. J

to Deatli

to -11(1

ffrom 2022 I to 142raquo;

Bponilto grnvlty of nrino found in bladder, 1020.

Avcrano of tho 4 oh-

siTvations, UI0.V2 Kms.

II 4

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OP

�r. Warcct.

Report to Commissioners.

the animal -was dying. This occounta for the albumen, fibrin, mineral eonstifuonts, and extractive matters, and for the spedflo gravity, boinK higher in the gecond than in the first analysis.

In the next analysis, No. VII., the blood was taken from a diseased cow on the 25th January. The animal showed the first visible signs of disease on the morning of the 24tli Jaimni-y ; the tcnipernturo of the animal may be assnmed as having commenced rising some time previously, and consequently the cow maybe considered in the second stage of tlic disease. The coagulation of the blood commenced four minutes after being drawn, four minutes later it was gelatinous throughout, and the coagulation was complete 10 or 11 minutes after the operation.

Blood drawn on the 25th January 1866. Analysis No. VII, Second stage of disease. Water -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 787-2

Blood draim on the 14th Febmary.

Analysis No. VIII.


In health. Water -Albumen Fibrin -Mineral constituents	830-5 148-51 4*9 8-lJ	?� 161*5 Chloride of Sodium,3'07
	992-0	?� 161*5 Chloride of Sodium,3'07
Solid constituents	169'5 161-5

Extractive matters Specific gravity

8-0

1047

Blood drawn on the 2'drd February.

Analysis No. IX.

In disease (second stage).


	Albumen Fibrin -Mineral constituents	- 195-0quot; 5-7 7-8.
		995-7
	Solid constituents -	- 212-8 208-5
	Extractive matters	4-3

208-5


Water -Albumen Fibrin -Mineral constituents	-nbsp; nbsp; 811-3 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;162-91 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7-7 -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7-8J 989-7	gt;l78-4 Chloride of Sodium,4'12
Solid constituentfraquo;	- 188-7 178-4
Extractive matters	10-3
Specific gravity	�	1054

Specific gravity of blood

1059

In order to draw conclusions from this analysis, wc may compare it with the. average composition of tho two samples of healthy blood (Analysis No. I. and No. II), which is as follows :�

Water -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;831-2

At the time the second sample of blood was drawn, the heifer had refused taking food for three or four days, had been purging for two days, but mostly during the last twenty-four hours, was much inclined to lay down, respiration spasmodic, and gums red and erythematous.

The first signs of coagulation appeared three minutes after the blood had been drawn; four minutes later it assumed a thickened consistence, and was entirely coagulated eleven minutes after vente sectio.

I have precisely the same remarks to offer with reference to the comparative composition of these two samples of blood as in the former cases, viz. :� The water is less in the diseased than in the healthy blood, and there is consequently an apparent general increase of solid constituents; the fibrin, however, is higher than might bo accounted for by the reduction of the proportion of water, being 7-7 in the diseased blood and 4-9 in the healthy blood. The chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium, was determined in both those samples of blood; the difference between the two results is but slight, and merely shows that there is rather an increase than a deficiency of chlorine or chloride of sodium in diseased blood.

Examination of the IJkine.

I have two more analyses of urine to report. The results have been disposed in the, form of tables, headed Examination of Urine, Table V. and VI., which arc constructed on the same plan as those in Part II. of this report, with the difference that the column quot;degree, of alkaline reactionquot; is omitted.

I have also introduced another table, Table VII., showing the uveragc results obtained from the five analyses of urine. In this table I have not stated the degrees of alkaline reaction, which, although believed to be, correct, may be liable to error from the method adopted for the collection of the urine. This average statement will he found to contain the average ([uantitics of urine passed in health and disease, the average specific gravity in health and disease, the average amount of urea passed per 24 hours in health and disease, and the. average proportion of mineral matters, also in health and disease.

Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;144

Fibrin -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 3

Mineral constituentsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 8

1-3 quot;I

1-45 gt;] 10 J

55-75

986-95

quot;#9632;#9632;. #9632;

Solid constituentsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 168-8

155-75

Extractive matters - 13-05*

If the results of the analysis No. VII. be now con�sidered together with the average composition found for blood in health, it will be seen that tho blood from tlic animal in the second stage of disease contained less water (787-2 instead of 831-2), and consequently a greater proportion of solid coustituents(2l2-8 instead of 168- 8), than healthy blood. Tlic albnincn, which forms the hulk of tho solid constituents, is, as may be expected, increased in the blood of analysis No. VII. The fibrin is considerably higher in the blood, drawn in tho second stage of the disease (5-7 per thousand), than in healthy blood (3-45), and this excess is larger than could be accounted for by the diminution of the water. There�fore the final result of analysis No. VII. is to show that this blood, which had belonged to an animal in tlic second stage of the disease, was less watery and con�tained more fibrin than healthy blood.

The following and last scries includes the analysis of the blood of a heifer in health and disease; (lie first sample being drawn on the 14th February (Analysis No. VIII), ami tho second on tlic 23rd February (Analysis No, IX).

* As Ibis report was going to press 1 inlrodiiccd analyseraquo; Nos. VIII. ami IX,, wliich had just been completed. The com�position of this last, sample of healthy blood varies but slightly from the average of analyses Nos, I. and II, of healthy Wood ; the proportion of fibrin being, however, somewhat higher in analysis Nos. VIII. than in the average of analyseraquo; Nos. T. and II.

THE CATTLE PLAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

Examination of Uuine, Tabxb V.

Examination ov Uuine of IIeifek No, 7.

Tho average results of tho analysis oi' the urine of hoifer No, 7 mny be at onoo asoertoinod by an inspootion of Table VII,, uliovc, when it will bo observed that tho lt;|uiiii(ity of urine voided by the animiil in health (4 pints, 18 oz,) was considerably larger than in disease (3 pints, 12oz.). The speoiflc gravity of tho urlno of the henithy animal (1038) was in excess of that voided in disease (1033), 5'87 per eont. more urea was passed by tho heifer In disease tlmu in health; and the average amount of mineral constituents was found to be much less in the diseased than in tho hooltliy animai, by the proportion of no less than (raquo;O per cent. The average diminution of the specific gravity appears duo to the falling oil' of tho mineral coustituonts (from 1288 to 515), and it -would probably have been greater but for the in�creased proportion of urea.

On considering the individual results of the daily examination of the urine of heifer No. 7 it will be observed that the amount of urea contained in the urinary secretion voided from the 14tli to the 15tli January had risen suddenly (from (WST1 grains the day before) to 1704 ' 3 grains ; this is remarkable as having occurred the day previous to the animal's death, and consequently -when its vital functions maybe considered as greatly weakened.

Examination of Ukink of Heifeh No. 12.

The urine in this case was only examined on five successive days ; the animal was ill when the inquiry was commenced, and died the day after that on which the urine was last submitted to examination. From the absence of any observation as to the composition of this urine in health, it. is not possible in the present case to take average statements into consideration. By sin inspection of quot; Examination of Urine, Table VI.,quot; it will be observed that the secretion of urine dimi�nished at a very remarkable rate, falling gradually from 6 pints 12^ oz. to 1 pint 16 oz. in tho course of the last five days. In this case the specific gravity of the urine remained nearly the same throughout tho five days on which it was examined, apparently because the reduction in the excretion of the mineral consti�tuents of the urine may be considered to have kept pace with the falling oft' in quantity of the secretion. The total quantity of urea was reduced as the animal became worse, which is not in accordance with the preceding re-sulls (with the exception of the falling off of the urea in the last day of heifer No. 7's life) ; this discrepancy is, however, but apparent, for if; must be due rather to there not being water enough secreted to carry off the whole of the urea formed in the body, than to a dimi�nution in the formation of urea in the body ; this will bo readily understood if it be considered that the per�centage of urea in the urine of heifer No. 12 was fouiul to be niucli higher than in health, varying from 4*22 to 2'74, and amoiinting on an average to 3-70, while the average per-cciitage of urea in the healthy urine of heifer No. 7 was 2-00.

Before concluding this part of my report, I must explain that my attention has been directed to the detection of the presence of albumen in the urine of animals suttering from the plague. I have stated that from the impossibility of being certain that the urine collected on the floor of the stalls was entirely free from intestinal evacuations, I could not venture upon relying implicitly on the results of this inquiry, as the presence of albumen might be considered as due to small quantities of faecal matters, washed by the urine into the trough disposed to receive it. [ hud hoped to be able to devise some plan of collecting the urine voided every 24 hours by the animals under observation, which would not be open to this objection, but was prevented from thus renewing the inquiry from the time allotted to me to conclude this report.

1 have been able, in a few cases, only, to submit to exutninntion for albumen, urine which had not been collected on the floor of the atidl; these cases arc as follows :�

A. sample of urine, kindly sent mc on the 15th

Dr. Marcot.

Heport to Cnnnnissioiiers.

Urine of Heifer No. 7, in Health and Disease.


Dates.	Quimtities In		Bpeotlto Cinivity.	Urea in 21
	21 Hours.		Bpeotlto Cinivity.	Hours.
Even.
to even.
Doc.	pints,	OZ.		Rrahui,
20 to 27	4	Ill	lOM	1153'7
27 � 28	.)	10	1030	688'fl
28 � 20	i	IM	1018	084^,7
30 � 31	laquo;	10	1019	lUiD'O	Mineml constituents 16*65 norlOOOi or i:i;M Kniins in 21 hours.
31 � 1 Jan.	1(1	0	1018	12fl7'5
1 .. 2	4	IS	I0M	823'2
2 � 3	1)	10	1043	039 quot;0
8 � 4	3	Wl	103.)	(133'5
* raquo; 8	0	⁰	1028	sai-s	Mineml ronstiliieuts ii'Ti jiorlOOO, or 111)2-8 Brains in 21 hours.

6 � 7	2	18	IflB	715�laquo;
8 � 9	3	14	1051	812'0
10 � 11	7	15	lOL'li	10W3	Tempomtiue first observed to rise on the 10th Jan. nt 8 p.m.
11 � 12	3	11!	1041	OOft
12 � 13	2	17*	1015	878'4	JMinenl constituoiits S5'7 norlOOO, or SilS'l grainlaquo; in 21 hours.
IS � 14	i	I	1038	(169 �!
U � 15	3	1laquo;	1035	1764-3
15 � 10	1	#9632;A	1017	117-3	Minonvl constituoiits IS'I perlOOO, or nil-8 gminii in 21 hours.
Urine ex-
tracted from	-		1025	442'7 per pint.	Died on the loth.
bladder.

Examination of Ukine, Taiu.e VI.

Urine of Heifer, No. 12 in Disease.


	Quantities	Specific Gravity.	tTroii in	Ureiv in
Dates.	in		24	100 parts	Observations.
	24 Hours.		Hours.	Urine.
Even, to even. Jan. 12 to 13	pints, oz.		grains.
Even, to even. Jan. 12 to 13	6 125	1027	1588-3	2-74	Tomperatnrlaquo;
					lirst observed
					to increase on
					the lOtii Jraquo;u.
					8 p.m.
IS � 14	2 10	' 1031)	023-1	4 * 22
14 � 16	2 10	1023	8110'S	4-117
IS � 16	1 10	1020	525-0	4-00	Toniperatui-s falling.
16 � 17	1 10	1028	541-9	3-.10	Found dead on tho niorninfr of the IStli
					Jnn.

Examination ok �kink, Taulk VII.

Total average Results.

' Mineral Consti�tuents in 21 Hours.

Quanti�ties in 24 Hours

Specific | ^Ul,?/^l.ⁱⁿGravity.! nquot;,^

Cow, No.

In health

During acute statte.

During 1st stnge reco�very.

pints,nbsp; oz.

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;15

101laquo; Ulli

i grams.

1487-4

! 211)7-5

1711-0

grams. 3140

18115

inoculated

recovered.

1080

Bullock, No,

health

disease

rgt; 4 4 11

1031)

jour

1177-0 1325-11

S�O-O 8116-3 from

Diseased infection

diet; Iraquo;

IMS BIB

IIeifku, No 7, quot;j j _hc!l|_lh

diseased by j ^t�mH '

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 12

from 11 0

to 7 0

Avorngo of the 4 obser�vations laquo; 11

II 0

1038 1033

I'roni 1025

from Ist

1V5,-j to

2ll(l

2023 fronil

infeo.tlon, 1

to Death

101(1

2II22¹

died.

to I . 1123.

Avorogeof

tlio 4 oli-

aorviitions

1005-2

HEirEit, No. 12,) diseased by in- ,- In dise fection, died. )

13530.

1028

91-4

^;-

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OP

Dr. Mai'CTt.

Rupert to Coimnlssionors.

December from the Koyiil Veterinary College by Mr. Pritdianl, and taken from a eulf that had died of the plague that morning, contained a tolerably large quantity of albumen. The reaction of this vuine was not acid, although blue paper was somewhat discoloured by it. It turned red litmus paper blue, and turmeric paper brown.

sarily requires some time to be properly carried out, in consequence of which, the fats, casein, and mineral con�stituents could only be determined every other day, viz., live times before the animal was inoculated, and five times after it had been inoculated. On every occasion the sample analysed was taken from the milk secreted in 24 hours.

The cow was inoculated on the 1st December, but the first symptoms only showed themselves on the 4th. I shall therefore propose to consider as milk obtained from the healthy animal that drawn from the 20th November to the 3rd December, and as milk yielded by the diseased animal that obtained from the 3rd to the 12th Decem�ber. The average quantity of milk the cow gave daily before falling ill was 7 pints 3 oz., and while suffering from the disease 4 pints 13 oz. ; she consequently yielded on an average 2 pints and 10 oz. less milk while ill than she did in good health.

The average daily specific gravity of tho milk, in health�1034, was higher than that of the milk obtained from the cow when ill�1030 ; this is obviously due to the milk from the diseased cow containing more fats than that of tho healthy animal. It will be observed that from the 7tli to the 10th, when the animal was very ill, the specific gravity of the milk fell gradually from 1034 to 1026. During the same time the proportion of fats increased from between 6^-17 and 7^-04 to 10^-56.

The average proportion of fatty matters is much greater in the milk of the animal suffering from the plague, 7^,55, than in that given while in good health, 5-73.

The proportion of casein contained in the milk was nearly the same while the animal was in good health and after it had fallen ill, the average proportion for health being 7^-01 per cent., and for disease 6'84 per cent.

Finally, the milk given in health contained on an average rather more mineral salts, 0^-82 per cent., than that secreted in thei diseased state, 0^-62 per cent., the difference amounting to 20 per cent.

Consequently, the main difference between milk secreted by animals in health and by the same animals when suffering from the plague is to be found in a reduction of the total quantity of milk secreted, an increase in the proportion of fatty matters, and a slight decrease in that of the mineral constituents.

Analysis op Milk. Cow, No. 6.

The urine of hoifer No, lunT� bladder after death

7, exti'acted from the uni-was examined and found

highly albuminous.

urine taken on the 20th December from the bladder oi'ti bullock, which had died of the plague at the Albert Veterinary College, -wus found to contain a tolerably large quantity of albumen. This urine emitted an un�pleasant .smell, but reacted weakly acid.

A sample of urine obtained from the bladder of a heifer that had died of the plague on the 13th January, at the Albeit Veterinary College, was found on exami�nation to be albuminous inasmuch as it gave an abundant precipitate with nitric acid, insoluble in ether and coagulated under the influence of heat. In this case acetic acid produced a muddiness in the cold fluid, a phenomenon which I have occasionally witnessed, although difficult to explain. This urine was alkaline.

The urine of cow No. 5, exti'acted from the bladder after death, was found to be albuminous.

Although in the above cases of uiine examined for albumen after death, albumen was found, I am not prepared to assert positively that the presence of this substance in the urinary secretion was due to the disease, as it might be owing to the action of the urine on the mucous membrane of the bladder after death. I have, however, tested so frequently for albumen the urinu which had been collected in the troughs, that I feel assured this substance is at least occasionally present in the urinary secretion of animals suffering from the cattle plague ; for instance I may be allowed to state that I examined daily for albumen the urine of heifer No. 7, collected in one of the troughs. The positive presence of albumen could not be detected in the urine passed in the iirst 13 days, but on the third day after the temperature of the animal had began rising, a trace of albumen was decidedly present in it ; the next day it contained more albumen, which continued being pre�sent until the day of the animal's death, when the urine voided was still more albuminous. It is impossible to believe that the albumen was, in this case, derived from foecal matters accidentally washed into the trough, rather than admit that its presence was due to the disease.

The Milk.

I have to report the examination of the milk of cow No. 6, from the 20th November to the 12th December 1865. This cow was inoculated with tfie plague virus on the 1st December ; three days later it exhibited the first symptoms of the disease, which increased in urgency till the 7th December, and then gradually subsided.

The results arc arranged in the form of a table divided into six columns, each of which are headed as follows :�Dates, Quantities in 24 Hours, Specific Gravity, Fats, Casein, and Mineral Constituents.

The fatty matters of the milk were determined by evaporating to dryness a certain quantity of the fluid with a known weight of sulphate of lime, and then exhausting the residue with ether; the fats were ob�tained from the ethereal solution by distilling off the ether and drying the residue till it ceased to lose weight. The casein was determined in the residue, containing sulphate of lime, which had been exhausted with ether. For this purpose the sugar of milk was first removed by washing the residue with dilute alcohol, and finally the Bulphate of lime and casein were again dried und weighed together ; by subtracting from this mass the known weight of the sulphate of lime, that of the casein was obtained. The proportions of mineral constituents were ascertained by evaporating to dryness a certain bulk of the milk and incinerating the residue. The process just described is that recommended by Lehmann araquo; the best known for tho analysis of milk. It neces-

#9632;

'^i.:

hilaquo;


				In 100 Parts.
	Quantities in 24 hours.	Specific Gravity.
Dates.	Quantities in 24 hours.	Specific Gravity.	Fats.	Casein.	Mineral ^ Constituents.
	pints, oz.
20 to 21 Nov.	3 0	1032	6-52	8-12	� quot;
21 to 22	8 10	1032	�	�	�
22 to 23 �	7 9i	103laquo;	5-60	6-76	0-81
23 to 24	0 0	1034	�	�	�
24 to 25 �	6 13	1034	5-B8	6-03	0-72	4
25 to 26 �	S 16	1036	�	�	--	1
2laquo; to 27 �	7 10	1034	6^-61	6-87	0-77
28 to 29 �	7 4	1031	�	�	_
20 to 30 �	7 12	1033	�	�	--
30 to 1 Uoc.	7 10	1036	5-18	6-0il	1-03
1 to 2 �	laquo; 1	1037	�	�	�
2 to 3 �	n is	103,5	6'88	8-10	0*79 .
3 to 4 m	7 4	103laquo;	�	�	�� quot;
Bto 0 n	8 11	1033	6-17	7-99	0-68	.
0 to 7 �	rgt; a	1034	--	--	_	m
7 to 8 �	4 7	1030	7'04	6-46	0-45	Ol
8 to 0 �	2 14	1027	�	--	�	jja
9 to 10	2 8	1026	10'B7	0-96	0*68	n
10 to 11 �	4 6	1031	�	�	�	H
11 to 12 �	4 14	1032	laquo;�41	8-94	0'69 gt;

First symptoms.

The Bile.

Five samples of bile obtained from animals which had died of the plague were submitted to analysis, for the determination of the water, solid constituents, and mineral salts they contained. One analysis of the bile of a cow, slaughtered in health, was also made in order to obtain a standard for comparison. I must premise that the composition of bile is in all probability subject to variations in health, ond it is in no way remarkable that, although my results show healthy ox bile to

rnE CATTLE PLAGUE COMM SSIONERS.

contain 8*87 per cent, of solid constituonts, Lehmann (Physi�lo^iwil Chomistry, Vol. II.), .should inform us that Frorichs has found from 10 to 13 per cent, solid constituents in the biliary s�ciotion. It is only in cases where a considerable difforeneo is found between the composition of bile of bovine animals in health and disease, that the morbid state can bo considered as the cause of this change.

The following are the results of my inquiry on the composition of bile found in the gall-bladder of animals which had diod of the Cattlo Plague :�

Examination op Bin?.

quot; is in reality only observed in cholera; on this quot; point all observers coiieur.quot; There is one symptom exhibited in cholera and the cattle plague�1 am referring to the dinrrhcon�which, hy causing u drain of water from the body, is probably the cause in both cases of the dolicieney of water in tho blood.

No conclusion can bo obtained from the albumen dctorminations, as tho nniount of this substance in the blood appears to riso and fall as the water decreases or increases. In one case, only, the proportion of allm-mon was considerably above tile normal standard.

The proportion of fibrin in the blood of bovine animals sullering from the plague is invariably higher than that found in healthy blood of animals of the same tribe. 1000 parts of ox-blood in health, obtained from the external jugular vein, were found to contain 3'93 parts (average of throe analyses), of fibrin, while 1000 parts of blood from the same vein of diseased animals contained respectively in six analyses, 6� 4, 5-0,4-8, 5-5, 5-7, and 7-7 parts of fibrin, the average excess being 1-92 per thousand, or 50 per cent, of the fibrin. This increase of fibrin was very probably owing to the nature of the disease, but it has been shown that the blood of animals in a state of star�vation contains more fibrin than normally, thus accord�ing to experiments of Franz .Simon, when dealing with diseased horses, many of them meagre and half starved, the proportion of fibrin increased from 4 parts to 11 or 12 in 1000 (General Pathology by John Simon, p. 50). It might be, therefore, inferred that the increase of fibrin in cattle-plague blood was due to the animal refusing its food ; this view, however, can hardly bo entertained, if it be considered that in the, case of analysis of blood No. V., according to notes taken at the time, tho animal, when bled, showed no other sign of disease; but a rise in the temperature ; it was feeding -well and exhibited no eruption, proving that in this instance, at least, the increase of fibrin in the blood was not due to a state of inanition.

If it bo admitted that the excess of fibrin in the blood of animals suffering from the plague is due to the disease, this circumstanee would appear to show some similarity between the cattle plague and erysipelas, in which case the fibrin in the blood is known to be con�siderably increased beyond tbo normal standard.

The proportion of mineral constituents of the blood of animals suffering from the plague was found nearly the same as that of healthy blood, and consequently no inference can be deduced from this part of the inlaquo; quiry.

2laquo;rf. The Muscular Tissue.

The results given in Part I. of the present report may be summed up, as follows :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;That diseased ox-flesh contains more soluble al�bumen than healthy ox-flesh.

2.nbsp; nbsp;That tho rate of diffusion of albumen throughout diseased ox-flesh is slower than through healthy flesh.

The excess of soluble albumen may be considered either as uno to a process of solution, or albuminous degeneration, of the muscular tissue ; or to an increased supply of albumen to the muscle from the blood.

At all events, as previously stated, the results from this part of tho inquiry show that, in tho disease under our consideration, the nutrition of muscular tissue no longer takes place its it does in healtli.

'M-d. The (Trine.

The most striking result obtained from the investi�gation of the comparative composition of urine of bovine animals in health and (cattle! plague) disease is tho increase of laquo;re� which invariably occurs as one of th.! first symptoms, and about the same time (on an average 24 hours before, according to Dr. Sanderson) as the temperature of tho animal begins to rise. This secre�tion of urea becomes more and more excessive as the temperature of the animal continues rising, but when very little urine is secreted towards the termination of the, disease, tho excess in the total secretion of urea in 24 hours may begin to fall offquot;, nlthougli the per-centage proportion of ui-ea in the fluid undergoes but littlo

Dr. UuMt.

Report to Commissionon.


------	Bilo in Health.	1. Cow, No.C.	ii. hi. Hcifor, Heiter No. 13. ^Jl01101' I	IV. Heifer.	V. Hcifor.
Spociflc ffravity - g^f Water - 'a%J Solid con-q S (_ stituonts.	91-laquo;3 8-37	1015 91'Sraquo; 8-17	W2S 91'53 laquo;�72 S'il	1013 9'1-18 6^-82	91'14
Mineral matters in solid con�stituents.	l^S	no	1'0.) 1-05	1-07	no

In the case of the four heifers, the composition of the bile varied but very little, the average proportion of solid residue amounting to 5' 72 per cent., and the average proportion of mineral constituents to 1-07 per cent, of the bilo. In these four analyses the pcr-centage of solid constituents is considerably below its proportion in health, the per-centage of the mineral constituents is likewise less in the diseased than healthy bile.

If wo now consider the average proportion of mineral matters in the solid constituents of the bile from the four heifers, we shall find it amounting to 18 � 7 per cent., which is a higher proportion than that given for ox-bile either by Borzolius 12'7, by Bensch 13 15 (Lehmann, Physiologienl Chemistry), or by myself (see analysis) 15'3.

The composition of the bile of the coto that had died of the disease was found very like that of healthy bile, and consequently, out of five analyses of biliary secre�tion from diseased animals, four diifered, as stated above, with the analysis of healthy ox bile, and one exhibited no ditFerencc worth taking into consideration.

Conclusions.

The conclusions from the whole of my inquiry on the Chemical Pathology of the Cattlo Plague, may be summed up as follows :�

1st. The Blood.

Although in the first or earliest stage of the disease the water in the blood appears slightly increased, in the second or last stage it is considerably diminished, viz., 813-4; 787-2 and 811-3 instead of 831 (average of three arialysiraquo;) per 1,000 parts of blood in health.*

The falling oilquot; of the water and consequent increase of solids in the blood establishes an interesting parallel between cholera and the cattlo plague. In cholera the water in the blood is known to diminish considerably. Thus it is observed by Dr. Garrod (London Journal of Medicine, May 1849), that in his experiments he found the numbers representing the total solids in the blood of cholera patients to be 271 and 275-,'), and that the proportions of solid constituents in cholera blood obtained by Dr. Parkes (reported in the same paper) were 270-93 and 251-54, while according to Bocquerel und Kodier the maximum amount of solids in males was 240 and in females 227 parts in 1,000 of blood in health. Lehmann states (Physiological Chemistry, vol. II. p. 243), quot; A decided and absolute diminution quot; of water in the serum, and in the blood generally.

* In analyselaquo; of blood, Nos. Til. and IV., the animal having contracted the disease by inoculation, from which it finally recovered, the illness may be considered ns never hnving pro�ceeded beyond the first stage, which accounts for the water being ratlier above than below its normal proportion.

I 2

APPENDIX TO THIRD UEPOKT O*'

Dr.Msrcot. nlterntion, Tublo VII. (oxnniination of urine), oon-

Rop�iTto taining the total average results of the five series of

OommUslcnora. analyses of urine, siiows the correctness of tlie above

----------- stiitciacnt, tlio por-ccntagc increase being for�

plague cannot bo considered as solved in the present report. Had time been allowed for the continuation of these researches, I traut I would liuve been able to sot tills point at rest, having succeeded, at last, after many failures, in devising a contrivance which will allow of the collection of the urine voided in 24 hours, without its coming in contact with tlio floor of the stall ; should the presence of alhuiucn in the diseased urine be. confirmed, an inquiry as to the period of its existence therein would yield interesting results. The new method for collecting the urine would have enabled me also to determine with certainty the degree of reaction of the tu'lno voided every 24 hours. These results could not have failed to have been of much interest, probably in their connexion with tlio experiments of Dr. Ponce Jones on the reaction of urine. I had also proposed to institute a microscopical investigation of the urine, and a scries of experiments on the action of air and gasos on the blood of animals dying of the plague ; but from the limited time allowed these researches could not possibly be earned out.

Finally, I may bo allowed to state that Dr. Arthur Gamgee lias undertaken an important scries of inquiries on the chemical changes which occur in the fluids of bovine animals suffering from the cattle plague.⁸* He analysed eight samples of blood. The three first were taken from a calf in perfect health, when very ill, and after recovering; the two second from a cow suffering from the disease, and alter complete recovery ; the two next from an animal during disease and after recovery, and the last from a calf a few minutes before death.

According to these analyses the proportion of water in. the blood of diseased animals is less than in health, the proportion of librin is greater in diseased than healthy blood, the increase being couspicuons more especially in severe cases, and the solid matters of the serum are generally diminished.

The diminished proportion of water in the blood and its increase in the serum appear to show a di�minished proportion of water in the blood globules, and consequently an increase of corpuscles or of their solid constituents. If the precise relation between the proportion of water in the scrum and in the corpuscles of the blood could bo accurately ascertained, the pro�portion of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood might bo determined without difficulty, hut tins can�not be done, and hence the uncertainty of Pecquerel and Eodler's method of analysis, which has been adopted in the present case.

It is for Avant of a reliable method that I have not undertaken the determination of the corpuscles in the samples of blood I analysed.

Seven specimens of milk were analysed (five analyses reported in Professor Gamgee's book) ; in none of these (seven) cases had the disease advanced to a remarkable extent, yet in all the secretion of milk was almost entirely arrested. Dr. Gamgco states ; quot; The changes in the constitution of the milk are very uniform and very marked.quot;

quot; They appear to be the following :

quot; 1st. The amount of sugar of milk is remarkably diminished.

quot; 2nd. The amount of butter is (except perhaps at the commencement) enormously increased.

quot; 8rd. The salts arc slightly increased.

quot; 4th. The caseine appears to bo generally in�creased.quot;

In my analysis of healthy and diseased milk, ob�tained from the same animal, the falling off in disease of the quantity secreted and the increase in the amount of butter (determined as fatty matters) were also ob�served. 1 failed, however, to notice a higher propor�tion of the casein.

There is this difference in Dr. Gamgee's process and mine, that lie analysed the milk from different animals Hiilfering from the disease, comparing his results with n standard analysis of healthy milk, while

r(T

10 exeeslaquo; of urea

(Jow No. (i - -18 per cent.-

iliminishod to 15 ])or cent, during the period of re-coveiy.)

Bullock No. J! Heifer No. 7 Cow No. 5

�

��(Taking the amount of No. 7 in health as a standard

Heifer No. 12

urea secreted by heifer for comparison,)

Certain diseases in the human subject are likewise known to bo attended with an increased excretion of the urea in the urine ; thus we find it stated by Dr. E. A. Parkes (The. Composition of Urine in Health and Disease, p. 24�), that the proportion of urea in urine is increased in typhoid fever beyond the physiolo�gical standard, and descends below it in convalescence ; but tlie most interesting remark in Dr. Parkes's book, which may be considered as connected with our sabject, applies to the inrpiiries of Mr. Sidney Ringer, who in nu elaborate paper (Med.-Chir. Trans. J859) lias indicated in ague a vervelose connexion between the temperature of the body and the amount of urea excreted, the variations of the urea, and temperature observing a reinarkablo uniformity. The increased simultaneous se�cretion of urea and rise of temperature in the ease of the cattleplaguo (the temperatures have been carefully dcter-miii�d by Dr. Sanderson) establishes ti very remarkable connexion between the cattle plague and levers.

Tlio total average amount of urine secreted, in 24 lioui-;;, does not undergo a marked change in disease ; iri one case it was slightly increased, aiulin two slightly diminished.

The specific gravity of the urine is found to fall as the otiimalsquot;become worse ; this is obviously due to the mineral cotistiluents of tlie urine, the proportion of which diminishes rapidly as the symptoms increase in urgency. I am informed by Professor Duguid, of the Albert Veterinary College, for whose valuable assist�ance throughout my inquiry I cannot sufficiently ex�press my thanks, that ho has observed animals suffer�ing from the cattle plague to drink some, although very little, water after they begin to lose appetite; they gen orally lake a mouthful or two when it is offered, but never anything like the usual quantity. Therefore diseased animals continue drinking a little water, al�though they take no solid food, and this might account for (he amount of wafer being, relatively to the mineral constituents, greater in the urine of diseased than of healthy animals.

-M. The Milk

The quantity of milk secreted, so far as we can infer from one series of observations, diminishes rapidly under the influence of the disease, its specific gravity falls, and at the same time it becomes richer m fatty matters, while the proportion of casein undergoes no material change ; the mineral constituents are slightly reduced in disease.

�M. The Bile.

J have had time to make, but a limited number of ex-periine.nts on the composition of the bile of animals that had died of the cattle plague. They appear to show tlmt this secretion, in disease, contains more water than in honlth, and that the proportion of mtwem/ matters in the total solid residue, of diseased bile is greater than in the healthy secretion.

The bile of animals that had died of the diseiwo appenred particularly subject to decomposition, and even the day after death emitted a very otl'ensivo smell, nssaming a yellowish-brown colour.

Tlio question as to the presence or absence of albu-men in the mine of animals suflcring from the

* quot; The Cattle Plague,quot; by John Gamgee, p. 70.

TUE CATTLE PXiAG�E COMMISSIONERS.

1 analysed the milk from tho same animal in henlth and disonso, by this means avoiding tho error which may so easily arise from the dltfbrence in tho physio�logical condition of different animals.

Dr. Gamgeo states, respecting his Investigation of the urine, that ho could not obtain the total quantity of tho secretion passed in 24 hours, and consequently had not the opportunity of making as satisfactory an examination of this secretion us he could have wished. He found it in rinderpest to be sometimes of acid, sometimes of alkaline reaction, its density varying considerably. He observed it to contain frequently small quantities of blood and somr times renal epithe�lium ; in two cases there was a c( nsiderable deposit of bladder epithelium. The presence of albumen was detected in oyery sample of urine he examined, those samples being, I understand, extracted from tho bladder after death. He observes quot; that tho amount of urea quot; varied in various cases, but was not noticed to bo

quot; remarkably deficient 5quot; when tho specific gravity was high tho amount of urea was large. Di'. Gamgeo states that bile-colouring matter was present la many of the samples of urino ho examined, the amount quot; being so largo often as to give tho deepest green quot; colour to the urine ;quot; in one case, lie adds, that ho separated traces of bile acid.

These results, from the examination of urine, cannot well bo compared with mine, as they do not apply to the fluid voided in 24 hours. Tlic remark 1 have ottered respecting the albumen present ia tho urino I examined, extracted from the bladders of animals which had died of tho disease, refers equally to Dr. Gamgee's cases, namely, that this substance may be derived from the bladder after death, and not bo due to the disease.

Dr. Marcel.

Report to ComiuiK�i�iioi'S.

W. Mahcet.

15th March 1866,

Note.�On the Composition of the Urine of Anijiais suffering from the Cattle Piagtje.

1 have stated in my report that the question as to the presence or absence of albumen in tlie urine of animals suffering from the cuttle plague had not yet been settled, the detection of this substance in the urinary secretion ex�tracted from the bladder of the diseased animals, lifter death, being no positive indication that albumen is excreted by the kidneys, its presence in these samples of urine being possibly due to the action of the fluid on the bladder after death. I also remarked, that should the excretion of albu�men by the kidneys in the cattle plague be confirmed, it would be interesting to institute an inquiry into the period during which this process takes place. The great difficulty to overcome in this investigation was the adoption of a me�thod which would allow of the collection of the urine voided in 24 hours, without its becoming soiled with the facal mat�ters of the animals. I succeeded in attaining this object by using a leather bag, glazed inside, and so constructed as to resemble a bladder, half of which would have been turned in; the upper part of the bag was, therefore, concave, so as to adapt itself to a bullock's abdomen, and act as a funnel to collect the urine, in other respects the bag was convex, and an opening in the centre of the funnel-shaped part of this receiver allowed the urine to flow into it. l)y means of a valve, with which the aperture was supplied, the fluid was prevented from escaping li-om the bag, even when subjected to some degree of pressure. In the upper part of the bag there was an opening closing with a stopper, through which the contents of the bag could be poured out; it might hold about a gallon of liquid when full. I had two of these instruments made, in order to be able to carry on my experiments with two animals at the same time. During this inquiry the bugs, which were fastened to the animals by means of straps, answered well, although not so perfectly as could have been desired, as 1 am told that occasionally some loss of urine occurred when the animals were lying down; this, however, was not sufficient to inter�fere materially with the correctness of the results, as it should be borne in mind that the main object of these obser�vations was not to ascertain the total quantity of albumen or other constituents in the urine voided every 21 hours, and, consequently, a slight loss of fluid could really not detract from the value of the inquiry. The investigation was carried out with two one year old bullocks, which were both kindly kept for me in the stables of the Albert Veter�inary College. The bags were emptied two or three times n day, and occasionally rinsed out with water; the urine voided in 24 hours, by each animal, being collected in sepa�rate vessels. Mr. Duguid obliged me by measuring it every day, and sending me a sample of the fluid for exami�nation.

The specific gravity of the urine, its reaction, and the urea and mineral constituents it contained, were determined in the same way as previously, tho amount of chlorine in the ash was also ascertained. The examination for albu�men, although usually a very simple process, had to be done wich particular care on account of the frequent pre�cipitation of hippuric acid on testing the urine with nitric acid. This required the addition of ether to the mixture, when the hippuric acid was entirely dissolved, any albu�men present appearing as a cloud or muddiness in the fluid. In cases where it contained but a trace of albumen, the addition of other, besides causing the hippuric acid to dissolve, had the advantage of assisting in the precipitation of the substance; by agitating violently the mixture of

urine, nitric acid, and ether, and then allowing it to remain undisturbed for a minute, the ether was observed to rise to the surface, exhibiting a slight but distinct turbidity, and gradually a pellicle like a network could be distinctly visible in the ether. In order to make certain of the accuracy of the test, I took a sample of healthy hurnan urine and shook it in a test tube with nitric acid and ether, but no pellicle formed in the ether, which remained perfectly clear. I then added a large amount of water to a few drops of blood, and mixed a little of this fluid with a sample of the healthy human urine, which now yielded a faint haziness when tested with nitric acid. This was now shaken with ether in a test tube, when the ether, on rising to the surface, was observed to exhibit precisely the same kind of pellicle as the bullocks' urine when treated in a similar way.

Ukinb of Bullock No. 22. These observations were begun on the 14tli of March, the bullock being then in perfect health. On the 'Ith of April the temperature of the animal was 1'0.54deg; having r.'sen 2 degrees from the previous day, and the animal may then be considered as infected. On the 5th of April it was siill feeding, and was observed ruminating several times, faces alkaline, tendency to constipation. On the (ith it is not feeding so well, feces of normal consistence. On the 7th of April it is taking very little food and f/ettinp; weak, focccs alkaline, tendency to constipation. The next day the ani�mal was not feeding, the faeces becoming softer. Diarxhcea set in on the ,')th, fetid tieces, animal lying stretched out, rolls over occasionally, and tries to Ret up but falls, is

in health was 3 pints 5 ounces, and .') pints 6 ounces in disease; or very nearly the same in both cases, a result which agrees tolerably well with those formerly obtained.

The average daily specific gravity of the urine in health, 1,043, is a little higher than in disease, 1,038, a result in accordance with my former inquiries ; the sudden reduction of the specific gravity to 1,024 and 1,028 on the last two days is worth noticing.

The average reaction of the urine was alkaline, as on former occasions; its degree being indicated by 20-I11, which is the number of grains of oxalic acid neccssary to neutralize one pint of urine in health, and 2787 grains in disease, or rather higher in disease than in health ; this is an unexpected result, as from the falling off of the mineral constituents of the urine the reverse might have been anticipated. Moreover Dr. Bence Jones has shown (Phil. Trans, v. 1391 that during the period of fasting the urine of a healthy individual'is the most acid, and during digestion the least so. Again the urine of carnivorous animals is generally acid, and diseased bovine animals taking no food, and consequently living as it were upon their own tissues, might have been expected to pass acid urine, or at all events urine less alkaline than in health,

The urea was on an average, as in the former cases, higher in the urine voided by the diseased animals than by the animals in health, the daily amount being 76.'igrains in health and IMS'S grains in disease, equal to an increase of 20 per cent, of the urea in health, conflnnlng my former results.

� I am indobtca to rrofossor Dngntd'l Uudnoss for tho abovo

07a

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

$'�

The ])er-centage of urea was also higherin the diseased than in the healthy urine, viz., JH? and ii^,92.

The mineral constituents exhibited the same alterations as on former ocoasions, namely a reduction in the urine of the diseased animal. These cunstitucnts will he observed falling off from 4^,3l per cent, to I'SO per cent, and in the whole 24 hours urine from 1,2()8 grains to ISG'� grains. The chlorine in the diseased animal's urine fell at a more rapid rate than the total mineral constituents, the last (panraquo; tity voided, which measured 1 pint 4 oz., only containing quot;�8 grains of chlorine. This fact might have been anticipated, as 1 have shown in my report that the blood of diseased animals undergoes no loss of chlorine, and as none can he obtained from food, it is obvious there must be less and less of this substance in the animal's urine after it has refused feeding.

The linal remarks apply to the presence of albumen in this urine. J generally observed in the healthy urine a trace of this substance, inasmuch as nitric acid produced in it afaint haziness, and after shaking with ether a distinct albuminous film appeared; with acetic acid und the application of heat I could obtain a haziness only in a few cases. I need not add that the urine was invariably altered before being tested, when it liecame perfectly clear. The temperature of the animal first began distinctly to rise on the 4th of April, and on this day there was but the normal faint trace of albumen in the urine, but on the 5th or next day the urine contained a decidedly increased quantity of this substance; the proportions of albumen in the 24 hours' secretion were as follows: �

On the 6thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- O044 per cent.

7thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0-144

8thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0-246

9thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 0-440

Therefore,quot; in this case, where no albumen could acciden�tally have found its way into the urine, we find it present in abnormal quantity the day after the temperature has begun rising, its proportion increasing gradually until death ; the laot quantity of urine voided, and that taken from the bladder after death, heing very albuminous.

�EIJiE OF Uullock No. 21.

The observations on this animal�also a one year old bullock�were begun on the 14th March, the animal being then in perfect health. The first positive rise in the animal's temperature took place on the afternoon of the 31st, when it was 104deg; F., having risen l'4^Q since the morning, the animal may therefore be considered as first infected on that day; the bullock was then feeding well and ruminating, with a tendency to diarrhoea. On the 1st April the animal is still feeding and ruminating ; couyks occasionally. 2nd April, faeces becoming more solid, reaction alkaline. 3rd April, very dull, stands hanging his head under the manger, not feeding�probably not feeding well yesterday, constipation. 4th April; shivering ; not feeding; constipation. 6th April, not feeding; very dull; shivering; seems weak; lies a good deal, and very unwilling to rise; diarrhoea; faeces dark coloured. 6th April, excessive diarrhoea; fteces light coloured, very fetid, containing a large quantity of mucus and clots of blood; eats nothing; getting very weak ; shivers; coughs occasionally, when disturbed ; lies a good deal with head and legs stretched out. When lying a considerable quantity of the urine lost; legs and ears cold; mouth cold and clammy. On the morning of the 7th the animal seemed much the same as last night, feeces still of a very light colour, and fetid, but less fluid and no traces of blood. Was observed eating a little during the day; discharge from eyes and nose alkaline; very weak and unwilling to move; shivering. At 11.30 p.m. much the same; standing eating a little hay now and again. 8th April, diarrhoea continues; discharge from eyes and nose still alkaline. 9th April, animal much better; seems livelier and feeding well; diarrhoea. 10th, discharge from eyes and nose less abundant; diarrhoea continues; fajces at natural colour; eyes and nose clean. On the llth April in the morning the animal was found dead in the stall.*

In the present case, the total quantity of urine voided by the bullock in health cannot well be compared with that passed by the diseased animal, as a good deal of the fluid accidentally escaped from the bag during the animal's ill�ness. This circumstance will account for the total amount of urea excreted in 24 hours heing less during the stage of disease than it had been in health. The percentage of urea in the urine of the diseased bullock, .'l��, is considerably higher than in health, 266, and as I have shown, from former observations, that the amount of urine voided by

a diseased animol is very nearly (somewhat less) the BMne as passed by that animal when in health,- it is very obvious that the falling off in the total quantity of urea, in this special case, is due to the accidental loss of urine.

The average daily specific gravity of the urine in health was 1051, and in disease 1037, being as informer cases less in disease than in health. As happened with the bullock, No. 22, there seems in the present instance a sudden falling off in the specific gravity of the urine shortly before the animal's death.

The average daily alkalinity of the urine in disease was 2797, and in health 1991, being, as in the last case, higher in disease than in health. We observe, however, a sudden reduction of alkalinity in the urine voided from 9th to 10th April, on the day before the animal died, and that removed from its bladder after de ith was aeid.

I may take this opportunity to state, that I have on other occasions found the urine extracted from the bladder �fter death, from the present disease, to be acid.

The daily average percentage of mineral constituents in the urine voided by the diseased animal was 2T87, and by the bullock in health 3^-�56, this result being similar tp that obtained formerly, namely, that the proportion of mineral constituents in diseased urine is lower than in that of healthy animals.

With respect to the chlorine contained in the urine in the present case, it was found to fall off very rapidly from the time the animal was taken ill, undergoing a reduction (from 0'479) to 0'328 per cent, of urine the day after albumen had first appeared in abnormal quantity in the secretion. In the course of seven days its proportion diminished at the following rate:�1st, from 0'328toO'O76; 2nd, from 0-076 to 0-029; and, 3rd, from 0-029 to a mere trace. The average percentage in health being 0'580, and in disease 0-182. Should we now compare the proportions of chlorine in the present case with those found in the urine of bullock No. 22, we shall observe that the average daily percentage of this substance during disease (0-182) is much less than in No. 22 (0-398); it will also be seen that the chlorine undergoes a daily reduction much greater in No. 21 than in No. 22.

Taking into consideration the symptoms of this case, it appears very probable that animal No. 21 died actually from disease of the lungs, after having partly recovered from the cattle plague. The rapid falling off of the chlorine in the urine of this animal would be accounted for by assuming that it died from pneumonia, as it is well known that in this disease the urinary secretion loses in a great mea�sure, and in some cases entirely, its chlorine. Thus it is stated by Dr. Parkes (The Composition of Urine, p. 275), quot; The chloride of sodium is diminished or entirely absent quot; during the early period at the commencement of hepa-quot; tization (of the lungs), and reappears during, or rather quot; alter, resolution. This seems to be an almost invariable quot; occurrence ; at least very few exceptional cases have yet quot; been recorded.quot;

Faint traces of albumen, as in the preceding case, were found in the healthy urine on most days, hut two days after the temperature had first risen, the presence of a larger quantity of albumen was observed. The proportion of this substance gradually increased day by day, until about the 6th or the 7th of April, when it apparently remained sta�tionary, notwithstanding the remittance of the cattle plague symptoms, and the urine in the bladder after death was very albuminous. It is worth noticing that the amount of albumen in the urine of animal No. 21 was never nearly so great as in that of the animal No. 22, this last case being apparently a good illustration of genuine cattle plague.

IJRIXE of Heifer No. 7. I have stated in my report that the urine of heifer No. 7 had been found to contain albumen during the animal's illness. I now subjoin the table of the daily observations to which this fluid was submitted for the detection of this substance. The inquiry was commenced on the 27th of December and continued daily up to the 16th of January, when the animal died. On the 10th January its tempera�ture began to rise, and on the 13th or the 3rd day a marked trace of albumen was decidedly present in; the urine; the proportion of this substance in the urinary secretion increased gradually till death, when the urine contained much more of it, and the fluid extracted from the bladder after death was found to be verv alhuminous. The results of the investigation respecting the presence of albumen in the urine of bullocks No. 22 and 31. where the secretion was collected directly from the animals, add greatly to the importance of the inquiry for the detec�tion of albumen in urine of heifer No. 7. which was collected into a trough in connexion with the floor of the stoll wherein the animal was kept, and where

Dr. Mftroot.

Beiiorl to Commissiotiora.

1 _k

11 t

#9632;#9632;l^r

gt;

I am also Indebted to Prof. DuRutd for the above observations.

THE CATTLK PLAGUE C0MMIS8I0NEBS.

C,7h

the urine might have derived albumen from admixture with ficces. This case, taken by itself, would be of little use towards the solution of the questi�n us to t lie presence of albumen in the urine of animals sutt'ering from the cattle plague; but it now confirms, in a remarkable way, the results derived from the inquiry instituted on the two other animals. The presence of alburnen in the urine ex�tracted from the bladder of animals after death from the cattle plague, found by Dr. Gamgee, myself, and I have no doubt also by other observers, can now safely be con�sidered as due to the disease and not to a post-mortem phenomenon, thus confirming the results obtained from the two bullocks.

A sample of urine from a very young calf (fed on milk) taken directly from the animal on' the 19th April, the day before it diecl of the plague, was found to be acid, and to contain a little albumen ; the urine extracted from the bladder of this animal about an hour and a half after death was aeid, and decidedly though but slightly albu-mipous.

Aluumen in the Ukine of Heifer No. /quot;�

Date.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Observations.

,1865.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------

Dec. 20-27. Albumen doubtful or absent.

,-, 27-28. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

� 28-29. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

� 30-31. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

,, 31- 1. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

;1866.

Jan. 1- 2. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

,i 2- 3. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

,i 3- 4. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� '

.1 4- 5. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

Albumen in the UiiitfK of Heu'bii No. 7.

Date.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Obscfvations.

1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------

Jan, (i- quot;. Albumen doubtful or absent.

� 8- 9. Albumennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

� 10-11. Albumen absent. Temp, began to rise 10th Jan., 8 p.m.

� 11-12, Albumen absent.

� 12-l.'i. Trace of albumen decidedly present.

� 13-14. Albumen present.

� 14-15. Albumen �

15-l(i. Albumen present in much larger quantity. Heifer died on evening, the IGth Jan.; urine extracted from the bladder after death very albuminous.

The iinul results of this inquiry as to the presence or absence of albumen in the urine of animals suffering from the cattle plague are�

1st. That albumen is invariably present in some stage of the disease.

2nd. That it is first found in the urine within the third or fourth day after the temperature of the animal has begun rising.

3rd. That the amount of albumen present varies consi�derably from one animal to the other, but that with the same animal it increases as the disease proceeds, the urine last voided and that in the bladder after death being most albuminous.

With respect to the reaction of the urine, so far as can be concluded from the observations on bullocks Mo. 22 and 21, the secretion voided in disease is, on an average, more alkaline than in health, but some hours before the animal's death the alkaline reaction falls off rapidly, and the urine extracted from the bladder after the fatal termination may be aeid.

Dr. Marcot.

Ecport to

CommkHionciv

The annexed Tables, pp. 67 c and 67 d, show the results obtained from the daily examination of the ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Urine of Bullocks No. 22 and No. 21, collected in the bags.

I 4

Iff

07 a

APPENDIX TO THIUD KKPORT OF

Dr. JInrcct.

Kjj

#9632;

C-}

(rt

quot;f

lt;J

-M

�

Il('])ort to Commissionerraquo;.

E . S

I I

�S -5

i 1

�s a a

#9632;1


#9632;a^rt	c		nd


	�			1
B-Ld	laquo;		�1
	lt;u		s,	^
		rl	d
Jvl	�s =3		a
*lt;*	�		�	'0 to

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3?

1nbsp; nbsp; ^

��#9632;1nbsp; 2

sect;2nbsp; ^

I⁰?nbsp; i

aiquot;-^/nbsp; .Si

gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; P

.9 ^

'S O

Q � Q

m m w

I- sect;

sect; 5 I P


	o	o
		i 53
	laquo;0	??

2nbsp; nbsp;.3

2nbsp; nbsp;quot;1

#9658;Snbsp; nbsp; nbsp;IM

bnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;d


	quot;S lt;2

	o S	E
	OCM	6
	'S S
	S o

	\| d
	a-^a	i
	'raquo;

	o

;,:

o M

ill

�

'Sfi � 5 tlil^H laquo;! aSsaSAE X[iB(;i

oscosip ni aSujaAB XiiB(f

o 5

rt o

�P

9 laquo; o -� � ^ a

Ilaquo; laquo;Is

raquo;-laquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r-inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f-inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (M

o s


'/
sect;	rl	�*	Ugt;	'X)	o	s
�	Ol	*amp;*	-	c-i	d	CO
	if3	O	1^		(0	t^
to	^-laquo;				CM
t0	!	1	1 (0	cA	1	#9632;i
r�	r-l	i�t	i�i	Ct		Yl

31 I

�

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

67 f*

-a

to .

Cl ^

ture cf An by Professor Duguid.

0 0

�

raquo;0

raquo;-I 1-1

�l

i7l

K-l

a 00

122

t- eo

Cl w -^

000

�

#9632;s

gt;�

v/;

raquo;a

7 7 7

s s

#9632;^i¹

(0t

-a

quot;5

-5

�S v quot;3

raquo;

#9632;�v� laquo;1

�5

cu 01 0

�5

quot;SI

3 M

#9632;i-

�

d|i

- s ^amp;

V-i

g 1

a ja

t₀

#9632;2

sect;

quot;a

�

| I ti-² si

quot;8 0 � 53

.S -E - gt;-

#9632;s

#9632;#9632;#9632; g

a 1

�s

o o

r-|

s 1

a �5

3 ai

si i

tl 0

laquo;3

quot;5

3 0

� 0 0

S 5

E 3

c 0

quot;3

1 1

i i

^yA

ylt;

|Zi

E-h

lt;j

lt;

f~\

₍

1 1

5 a .

Oraquo;

S~\

^-gt;

g -5 a;

�l

/-N

nstitut orine) ' Urin

,�-

CO (M

10 00

(71

rl'

0 1

^-'

^v�'

^-^

^^^

^v�'

^-x

C'Sffl

I-

#9632;*

raquo;0

raquo;o

laquo;-.

I--

raquo;o

raquo;0

#9632;^

raquo;o

raquo;0

lt;i

¹__

r-H

�

l-H

�

laquo;j o

�

quot;7

1 t

' O-.

0 S laquo; S . 3

r-.

/-s

/�N

^-~\

/�\

S*\

_/^

/�N

jl Constitu hlorine) in oftheUri

(71

�

#9632;

�

#9632;

0 �

O 6

�

^�'

#9632;w

v_x

fe^�e

raquo;O

lt;U

rj fT3 H

raquo;^

(M 'S

�5 a laquo;^d

�

I-

CO 1

O Cl

in alt;

a b

#9632;2'B

oi laquo;

C-i

'#9632;f

CTJ

0 to

0 1^

t3-g

�1quot;

(?i

traquo;

t-~

I--

MS O

#9632;lt;*

�

ogt;

CO 0

f! O

rjn

Cgt;(

(71

'-0 c.

O CO

#9632;a ³

laquo;s

ifl

0 laquo;0

sect; CO

rt o

H-*

laquo;;

Cm 3

o quot;8

�gg-stniBan

Ul oSt!.

3 AB

^IPKI

�tf^.g asEDsip ui oS�joau Xirafr

fr-Sla

___-A

iquot; quot;

xf 0

�S C3 j5

laquo;)

�

(T;

0raquo;

l~-

0 0

gt;ft

o ^ fe

tfS

T¹

CO 0

'^�(

laquo;D 00

�l

Cl CO

#9632;^

-^ Cl

^ i

l-H

____

of (in

red to Pint

ne.

5 ^ S .2 ^

t.O

raquo;o

gt;0

raquo;0 t^

raquo;-

raquo;-* Cl

raquo;o

laquo;5

(X)

1-1raquo;

0 b

CO CO

raquo;^ CO

CO r-l

CO Cl

0 10

�0

CD O

00 rH

1 !sect; '^f d

#9632;laquo;*

�o

raquo;O

CO CO

t^.

CTgt; Cl

r-l

I�I

1�1

l-H

1�1

t-H

r-t

d Cl

r�l

Oi r-t

Oxa

Grain

neuti

|.#

cr.

hraquo;

-p

1(0 00

laquo;

CO -f

�5 g

-t

raquo;0

raquo;o

#9632;#

- lt;

-f r^

-f

Ttlt;

CO Cl

1�(

f-t

0 0

ecu

�jsoi out.ni

outog

�S

-Ahs,

raquo;0 10

-f

#9632;*

sect;

r-*

t-H

r-H

Iquot;

#9632;^

quot;^

�* M

#9632;^

r-l

- M

CTgt;

#9632;^

I'.

#9632;s

_ ^H

(01

#9632;VI

,-H Cl

laquo;If

cn �

�84

1 J,

#9632;A

1 1^

3 i

H r-1

gt;�lt;

��lt;

(71

Dr. l\[nroot.

U�imrt to Couttiiiiuioiieni


	(-H	TS
		d
	w	CS
	hJ
	(a	A
	-raquo;)
	H	a
	w	-0
	^5	�

	M
	*�gt;*	r-H
	Ph	.
	o	^5
	iZi
	o	w

	H	o
	lt;)	hj

	g	W
	*#9632;4*
	$	sect;
		u
		^

		S
		t)

13530.

6laquo;

APPENDIX TO THIRD EEPOKT OP

On the Pathology of tlie Cattle Plague, and on its Eolation to Human Diseases.

REPORT TO HE� MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

IIT

CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D., F.R.C.P.,

JOIKX LKOTUEEE ON MEDICINE, MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, rilYSIOIAN TO THB lONDOH rBVEB HOSPITAL, amp;0.

Df. Murnhison,

Report to ComiuissioncrB.

Tnis Eeport is founded on numerous observations of (lisonsod animals during life in the cow-slicds and knackers' yards of the metropolis, on the post-mortem examination of 33 cattle which have died of the plague,* and on an extonsivo experience of those iuunan diseases to which the Cattle Plague has been thought to be most closely allied.

A. Symptoms of the Cattle Plague.

The earliest symptoms of the disease are dulness and prostration. The animal has a dull, heavy, timid, counraquo; tennncc, and lies clown more than usual. When stand�ing, its head and ears droop, or sometimes the head is extended, as if from pain in the neck. The appetite diminislios or is capricious ; some articles of food are eaten, while others are refused. Auscultation of tho chest betrays nothing abnormal. These symptoms may last, for a few hours, or for several days, but may bo often absent or may escape detection.

The next symptoms, which, in most cases, arc the first to attract notice, as the follows :�There is an appearance of chilliness, together with general tremors and spasmodic twitchings of the muscles of tho neck ami flanks. There are alternate heats and chills of tho ears and of the roots of the horns. In many cases, but not in all, the skin is tight and hide-bound ; tho coat stares; tho head still droops ; the legs arc approxi�mated under tho body, and the back is arched ; f the animal's gait is stiff; it yawns and grinds its teeth. The temperature of the whole body is perceptibly increased; tho mouth and roots of the horns are hot, and the pulse rises to �0 or 70 or more.l The respirations arc quickened ; there is a short, husky cough, and there is groat tenderness along the spine and in the loins. At the same time tho secretion of milk (in the cow) is greatly diminished or entirely arrested. A cow may yield several quarts of milk in the morning, and in the evening almost none. Tho udder is flabby and shrivelled, and the milk thick and creamy. The diminution in the quantity of milk is often the first symptom noticed. The function of minination is also soon suspended, so that the appetite for solid food fails, hut the desire for drink is intense. Occasionally, however, the animal will continue to eat small quantities of hay until the last, but it appears to have considerable difficulty in deglutition. The bowels, for the first two or three days, are confined, and the excrement is dry. The urine is scanty and highly coloured, and sooner or later, in most cases, it contains albumen, or even blood, with epithelial and fibrin ous casts.

On the third day, sometimes earlier and sometimes later, but sometimes not at laquo;11 from first to last, diarrhoea sets in, the motions being pnlo brown or dirty yellow and relaxed. About the snme time, or earlier, a trans�parent watery discharge from the eyes, and a discharge of clear viscid mucus, hanging in long strings from the nostrils and mouth, arc observed. The conjunctiva) and the lining membrane of the mouth and nostrils arc tmdiily injected. The membrane lining tho interior of the lips and tho gums is roughened from the developraquo;

* Those observations -wore commenced early in August 1805, und have been continued down to the present time,

f This appearance is neither constant in, nor peculiar to, the Cattle Plague.

| The pulse of a healthy ox is about 40 to 55,

mont of numerous pimple-like elevations, consisting of accumulated epithelium. Similar pimples, hut of a larger size and harder, together with circumscribed erythematous patches, or the latter only, may bo ob�served on tho skin, especially on tho back of the nock and shoulders, on the udder and scrotum, on tho inside of tho thighs, and surrounding tho openings of tho mouth, nostrils, rectum, and vagina. The dyspnoea increases, and the respirations are not only quick, but interrupted in a remarkable manner by the spasmodic twitchings of tho muscles of tho chest. There is still a short husky cough, and tho pulse continues quick, but loses power.

As the disease advances, the diarrhoea gradually assumes a dysenteric character. The motions are fluid, but vary in appearance in different cases. They are pale yellow, or they are watery and almost colour�less, or they consist for tho most part of transparent viscid or opaque puriform mucus ; at other times they present tints varying from a pale chocolate to a dark reddish-brown hue, owing to the admixture of blood, and not. imfrequently they contain flakes or small masses of solid blood. They have always a peculiar sour, fetid odour. The purging is often accompanied by tenesmus and retraction of the abdomen. Tho eye�lids are swollen and encrusted with inspissated mucus. The discharge from the mouth and nostrils increases in quantity, becomes thicker and opaque, and is mixed with white flakes of aggregated epithelium scales. The rough elevations on the gums and interior of tho lips assume the form of aphthous encrustations, somo of which become detached and expose abrasions or superficial ulcerations of the subjacent membrane. Aphthae may also be observed on the membrane sur�rounding the entrance to the nostrils and on tho tongue. The breath is very offensive. The vulva becomes swollen, red, irritable, and studded with aphthous crusts, similar to those observed in tho mouth. The pimples on the skin become covered with hard crusts, beneath which there is often a small quantity of opaque fluid resembling pus; and in several cases I have noticed conical or flattened ele�vations of the cuticle, without any super-imposed crust, but containing a similar opaque yellow fluid, and in every character resembling pustules. Pctechia! arc frequently interspersed among these pustules and crusts. The pulse beats from 80 to 110, and is small and feeble, or even intermittent. The dyspnoea increases; there arc spasmodic twitchings of tho nostrils, and the respirations arc quick (36 to 60),' laboured and irregular, but the cough is less fre�quent and audible. Sonorous rales can sometimes bo heard over the chest. The animal repeatedly moans. At one time it is restless, constantly getting up and lying down again ; at another time it is in a state of stupor, with its head drooping, its eyelids closed, its eyes sunken, and not uncommonly involuntary inus-culnr twitchings of the limbraquo;. The symptoms, in fact, closely correspond with those of tho quot; typhoid state quot; of human maladies. The extremities become cold, and the prostration rapidly increases. The animal preserves the recumbent posture, or, if made to get up and walk, it staggers and falls. In cases of loss severity, however, the animals an; sometimes able to walk throughout the attack; and even in fatal cases I have known them walk steadily till within an hour or two of death. Except in very rapid cases, there is

if #9632;

, II

#9632;1,: ',

�

TO CmiE PLAQUE COMMISSIONEKS.

groat emaciation. The whole body exhnles on offen�sive, sickly odour, and, iu some cases, gas is discovered in tho subcutnneouB nroolar tissue of tlio loins and neck, imparting to it an emphyseiuatous cliaruetei', and causing it to crackle on prossuro. During this stage pregnant cows often abort.

Iu this state of extremv exhaustion the fatal event often occurs, somewhat suddenly at the last, in most of tho cases that I have had an opportunity of ob�serving, (loath has taken place from tho sixth to tho eighth day of tho disease ; but there are many instaneos in which it has happened from tho second to tho fourth day, and some where it has occurred within a few hours of the commencement of the attack,

In the animals which recover, improvemeut gone-rally commences about the seventh or eighth day; but convalescence is slow, so that complete restoration to health is not attained for several weeks. Tho en�crustations resulting from the eruption separate in the form of thick scales or scabs, together with portions of tho hair, and during this process the animals exhibit unmistakeable signs of great itchiness. Occasionally the discharge of urine is observed to be copious, and in rare cases there is slight oedema of the legs.

B. Anatomical Lesions of the Cattle Plague.*

The main anatomical characters of tho disease, according to my observations, are catarrh al or croupal inflammation of the lining membrane of the digestive canal, of the respiratory passages, and, in fact, of laquo;11 the mucous membranes ; an unusually dark colour of the blood ; ecchymoses or haemorrhages in various parts, such as beneath the skin and into its substance, beneath tho mucous and serous membranes of the stomachs and bowels, and beneath the endocardium ; an aphthous condition of the mouth, nostrils, and vulva, and a peculiar eruption on the skin. The parts which are most altered from their healthy con�dition vary considerably in different cases.

I. Digestive system.�The mucous memhrano of the digestive canal is inflamed throughout, but in some parts the inflammatory signs are more intense than in others.

The lining membrane of the mouth and pharynx is more or less reddened and coated with viscid mucus, and often presents patches of purplish discolouration. Aphthae, or red patches resulting from denudation of the epithelium or from actual ulceration are seen on tho gums, lips, palate, tongue, inner surface of cheeks, epiglottis, and aryteno-epiglottidean fold. On scraping off these aphthous encrustations the corresponding surface of the mucous membrane appears raw or superficially ulcerated. Tho aphthous crusts are com�posed of opithcliuni scales containing much granular matter in their interior, and evidently undergoing disintegration, free granules and rounded nuclear corpuscles of pretty uniform size, the latter being chiefly f'ou'id on the part of the crust nearest to the mucous membrane (see Plate XI., figs. 1 and 2). They often accumulate in masses in the hollow between the lips and gums. The mucous follicles about the fauces and at the root of the tongue are sometimes enlarged and distended with secretion. The tonsils arc also slightly enlarged, and when cut across large strings of viscid secretion can be drawn out of them.

The mucous membrane of tho (esophagus is some�times slightly reddened, but usually appears healthy.

Tho first two stomachs, the patmeh and the reti-culurn, arc always greatly distended with food, owing to the function of rumination having been suspended for some time before death, but the ingesta are pre�cisely similar to what are found in tho stomachs of healthy animals. On scraping off the thick layer of epithelium from these two stomachs, which is dono with abnormal facility, the subjacent membrane is found to bo unusually red. The omasum or third

stomach is also full of food, which is sometimes so hard anil dry that it can be almost rubbed to powder between the fingers, and so adherent to the lining mombrano that largo portions of the epithelium are often detached in attempting to separate it. These characters, however, are not peculiar to the disease, as some continental pathologista have imagined.* Tho mucous membrane of the omasum, after separation of the epithelium, is usually redder than that of the first two stomachs, and sometimes presents ecchymosed patches of a claret colour or actual eschars, similar to those to be described under the head of tho fourth sto�mach. It is in the fourth stomach, or abomasum, how�ever, that I havo found the inflammation most advanced. Here there is not only more or less intense redness with much adhesive mucus on tho surface, but tho membrane is often studded with numerous superficial erosions, like those which are so common in tho ordi�nary catarrhal inflammation of tho human stomach, Plate VII,, fig. 2, and Plate VIII,, fig. 1. On washing away the viscid mucus the membrane often appears denuded of epithelium ; it is soft and friable, and may be peeled off with ease. The gastric glands are filled with epithelium, which is unusually granular, and not unfrequently blood is found extravasated into tho interior of the glands. In addition to the general redness, which is most intense in the pyloric region, tho mucous membrane at this part often presents eircu-lar or irregular patches of a claret colour, varying in size from a mere speck to a crown piece. This appearance is due to extreme vascular injection of the parts in question, and sometimes to actual ccchy-mosis. The colour may be uniform over the patch ; but at other times it is limited to its circumference, forming a coloured rim with a central greyish-yellow portion. Occasionally these patches may be seen surrounded by a distinct fissure, and in rare cases tho membrane corresponding to the patch separates as a slough, which may bo found more or less extensively adherent. On separation of the sloughs, deep ex�cavated ulcers penetrating the mucous, and even tho entire muscular coat, may remain, as iu the remarkable case figured in Plato IX.

It is to be noted that th.cse sloughs are not pre�ceded by submucous deposit of lymph or of exudation of any sort.| The circumscribed patches of discoloura�tion, moreover, are not invariably present. They were absent in more than one-half of the cases examined by me, and tho sloughs were present in only five of 29 eases. Similar patches of discolouration and gangrene are also occasionally met with in the omasum, and oven in the rumen, but here, according to my experience, they are comparatively rare. In one case, however, I have known large ragged open�ings, through which several fingers could be passed, in the leaves of the omasum, resulting from gangrene.

The small intestine is more or less inflamed throughout, and presents the appearances of the ordi�nary muco-enteritis of cattle. The inflammation is usually most intense about the middle and at the open�ing into the ccecum, but in extreme cases the bowel is equally affected in every part. Viewed from its serous surface the inflamed bowel presents a blueish aspect, and occasionally small ecchymoses may bo seen beneath the serous membrane, but there is never any trace of peritonitis. The coats of tho bowel are attenuated and softened. The inner surface, accord -ing to tho intensity of the inflammation, presents every shade from a rose red to the deepest claret, and occasionally small patches of submucous ecchymosis. The mucous membrane is deprived in a great mea�sure of its epithelium covering, is extremely soft, and

i)t, MurchUon.

Rt] turito Commissioucrs.

* On the suppoBition that this Impaction of the third Btomaoh Wr.s tlio essential character of the disease, Cattle Plague has been designated /Aseriliirri: by some German writers ; but a similar condition is very eoinmon after death (torn iiumy dis�eases in Ituniinunts,

f In one case I found numerous abscesses, as large as hazd nuts, and filled with thick yellow pus in the walls of the fourth Btomaoh, one Of which had burst and discharged itseonlents through the raucous membrane, They appeared to be of old date,

* An alwlfact of this report appeared in the quot; Lancet quot; and quot; liriti.ih Malkal Journalquot; for August 20, 1805, and raquo;alaquo; the first published account of the anatomy of the present outbreak of Cattle Plague in Uritain founded on actual dissections,

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPOET OF

Dr. Muvchison.

lloport to Cummissiouors

is detached from the subjacent muscular coat with laquo;nusual facility. It is coated with a quantity of transparent ana viscid or of opaque and piuitorm sccrotlou ; and in rare cases, particularly those where the vascular injection is most intense, masses of blood, or of solid exudation composed mainly of epithelial stnictiiros, which may be an inch or more in diameter, and which may ho tinged with blood or bile, are found loosely attached to the surface, very often to the meinbranc covering Pcyer's patches, or floating free in the contents of the bowel, Plato III. On detaching the adherent masses of lymph, the mucous membrane benoath is found to be free from ulcoration, though deprived of its epithelium. In not one of 30 cases which I have examined have I found anything like a true ulcer extending through the mucous coat, although in several of the cases the disease had lasted from 10 to 14 days.

The lining membrane of the laiyc intestine is also inflamed, but less so than that of the small,* The inflammation is usually most advanced in the coicum. The mucous membrance is more or less reddened, the redness bein^ greatest over the prominences of the rugaa and in the rectum. Here also may bo seen patches of ecchymosis and sometimes superficial exco�riations or small ulcers. The surface is coated with a quantity of viscid mucus containing flakes of lymph and often blood. (Plato VII. flg. 1.)

The contents of the bowels are fluid, and consist of fleces mixed with inflammatory products and often with blood. In a few instances, where the inflamma�tion was most intense, 1 have found the small intes�tine fdled with a gelatinous substance closely re-semhling the whites and yolks of eggs whipped up together.

Intestinal glands.�I have failed to discover any enlargement of the solitary glands of the ileum which could be ascribed to the disease. Peyer's patches, in the early stages of the disease, arc sometimes oven less vascular than the surrounding mucous membrane, and from first to last they are much less elevated and much thinner than in a healthy animal. In the healthy ox these patches are much more prominent and developed than the corresponding parts in man ; they are raised at least one-fifth or one-sixth of an inch above the. general level of the mucous membrane (Plato I. fig. 2), and they can be felt through the coats of the bowel before it is slit open. But in animals that have suffered for six or seven days from the cattle plague, it is impossible, with closed eyes, lo indicate the situation of the patches with the finger passed even along the mucous surface (see Plate IV.), and in ca.scs where the inflammation is extreme it is sometimes hnpossiblo with the naked eye to discover any trace of them. This has happened to me on throe occasions, on each of which the bowel was twice care�fully examined throughout its entire length, two of Ibo animals being examined in conjunction with my friend Dr. A. P. Stewart. In the early stage of the disease, although the entire patch is less elevated, the com�ponent glandules arc more distinct than in health, for two reasons ; 1, because the epithelium covering, which obscures them in health, lias been mostly re�moved ; and 2, because many of them contain a minute drop of opaque yellow softened secretion like pus, which can be squeezed out on the slightest pros-sure. This fluid when submitted to microscopic exa�mination is found to contain pus corpuscles, with numerous transitional forms between them and the corpuscles found in the interior of the Pcyerian glandules of a healthy ox. (Plate X. figs. 1 and 2.) As the disease advances, the opaque yellow bodies burst, and discharge their contents, and the Peyer's patch exhibits a pitted, reticular aspect, owing to the open and empty condition of the glandules. (Plate IV.)

In tho same patch certain of the glandules may sometimes bo seen tilled with pus, and prcsonting the appearance of opaque round bodies about tho size of mustard seeds, while others are empty. (Plato II.) When the morhid process is still further advanced all trace of tho I'oyerian glands ofton disappears ; in rare cases their free surface is coated with exudation ; but in not one of UO cases have I found them to bo tho seat of ulcoration. The changes which take place in Pcyer's patches are obviously the result of the gene�ral intense inflammation of tho mucous membrane. There are no submucous deposits and none of tho lesions running through definite stages to ulceration, which I am familiar with in the typhoid or enteric fever of man.

It is right to mention, however, that in most of tho cases which I have examined, many of the soli�tary glands, and sometimes certain of tho component glandules of Peyer's patches, have been greatly en�larged, filled with a soft or firm cheesy matter, and in rare instances (in tho case of the solitary glands) even ulcerated on the surface. A drawing of an inflamed piece of bowel studded with these enlarged glands might readily bo thought to represent the lesions of enteric fever (Plate II.) Careful examina�tion, however, shows clearly that tho appearances in question arc of old standing, and quite unconnected with the disease of which the animals have died. They have a peculiarly hard feel, inconsistent with what wo find in the enlarged solitary glands in tho enteric fever of man, and when cut into thoy are found to consist of a thick firm cyst, out of which tho contents can bo scooped or squeezed as a globular mass. Both these characters distinguish them from the lesions of human enteric fever. The microscope, moreover, shows the contents to be made up of oily matter, compound granular cells and granular masses, and a few scales of cholesterine, appearances which indicate a chronic ruther than an acute affection. (Plate X. fig. (5.) But what removes all doubt from the matter is the fact that I have found precisely similar appearances (Plato X. figs. 3, 4, and 5)� usually, indeed, even more strongly marked�in the small intestine of every one of six successive healthy oxen which I have examined (Plate I. fig. 1). I remember also Professor Goodsir, of Edinburgh, de�scribing this common condition of the intestinal glands in cattle in his lectures on Comparative Ana�tomy nearly 20 years ago. The effect of tho general inflammation on these enlarged glands is to render them smaller, and in rare cases to soften their con�tents into a substance resembling thick cream.

The mescnteric glands are sometitnes slightly in�jected,, but in most cases they present no alteration of appearance or structure, and they never contain the abnormal deposit met with in the enteric fever of man. The liver is pale and rather soft, and its secreting cells in many cases contain an undue amount of oil. The bile is almost invariably thin and watery, and of a pale greenish-yellow colour.

II. Respiratory System.�The lining membrane of the nasal passages, and more particularly of the wind�pipe and bronchial tubes, invariably displays signs of inilannnation. The membrane is more or less tumid and reddened, and its surface is coated with viscid mucus, and in many cases with numerous soft mem�branous patches of yellowish exudation, some ot them an incli or more in diamoter. These flakes are easily removed from the subjacent membrane, which may present a raw or excoriated aspect, but never any appearance of submucous deposit. In some cases there is considerable oodematous swelling of the rinia-glottidis, and, very rarely, patches of ecchymosis or sphacelus are found in the interior of the larynx. The bronchial tubes are often filled up with frothy mucus and with the inflammatory products thrown off from the mucous membrane; but the lungs and pleura) exhibit no sign of inflammation, except as an occa�sional complication.* Small ccchyinoses beneath tho

4 .

jiff ':


	i -	[1 i

* Professor Sinonds found the cliicf ravages of the disease on the continent to he in the large intestineraquo; ; but this dis�crepancy only illustratelaquo; the Statement already made, to tlio effect that the parts most altered ft'om (heir normal condition vary greatly in different cases.�(See Itcport on the Cattle Vhguc,Juurn,i!/'l{oy,Ayricult, i'oc, vol. xvii, 1857.)

* Dr. Smart liua found a proportion of two-thirds of all the animals exumined in Kdinburgh to be affected with pleuro-

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONERS.

pleurae arc sometimos obsewod, and in many ensos there is more or loss Iiypostatio congestion of tiio lungs. Intoi'lobular omphysemn is oIbo a not uncom�mon appearance, and occasiomvlly is very extensive.

III.nbsp; nbsp;Cireulatinff System,�Tho heart is jmlc and flabby ; its cavities are nsnallyompty, and ecohyraosos are occasionally observed boneatli the eudooardium. There is no stniniug of the lining membrane of tho aorta. The blood in tho largo vessels is fluid and very dark ; but, when removed from tho body, it coagulates and forms a tar-like clot, which reddens on exposure to tho air. The red corpuscles some-timos present a shrivelled oronate appearance, as in human typhus, hut in many, if not most, cases they are rounded us In health.

The structure of the spleen is usually unaltered, hut occasionally it is pretornaturally soft and friable.

IV.nbsp; nbsp;Gcnito-Urinnri/ System.�The mucous mem�brane of the vulva and vagina is often red and swollen and coated with viscid mucus. That of the vulva is also studded with aphtlne. The lining membrane of the bladder, and even of the ureters and pelves of (ho kidneys, also in many cases presents signs of inflam�mation, and even patches of submucous ecchymosis. The kidneys, in the early stages, are often intensely hypersemic throughout ; but in the later stages tho cortex is usually pale, while the pyramids are con�gested. The uriuiferous tubes are gorged with finely granular eiiithelium.

V.nbsp; nbsp;Nervous Si/slem,�The pia-mater is preternatu-rally injected, and occasionally presents minute ecchy-moses (from violence in removal ?). Tho sub-arach�noid serosity, the fluid in tho ventricles, and that in the upper part of the theca vertebrnlis are increased in quantity. The brain-substance appears healthy.

VI.nbsp; nbsp;Muscular System.�The tlesh of animals slaughtered in the early stage of the disease is but little altered in appearance, and not at all altered in microscopic structure ; but in the advanced stages it is unusually dark, of a dusky purple hue, and under the microscope it occasionally presents a granular degeneration of tho muscular fibrilho, similar to what is observed in the muscles of human typhus and enteric fever.*

VII.nbsp; Integuments and Arcolar Tissue.�Tho sub�cutaneous areolar tissue of tho loins occasionally pre�sents an emphysematous appearance. It is blown up with fetid gas, and discoloured in some instances from incipient putrefaction. Tho emphysema, however, is not tho result of post-mortem decomposition, for it may bo distinguished during tho animal's life, so that tho air is probably derived from the lungs, which have been shown to bo occasionally the seat of inter-lobular emphysema. In no case have I mot with boils or abscesses of tho iutegumonts.f

But tho most remarkable and important change observed in tho skin is the eruption already referred to. It is not contluod to any particular part of tho integuments, but is most abundant on the back of tho neck and shoulders, in tho neighbourhood of the mouth, on the udder and scrotum, on the inside of the thighs, and on the in teguments surrouudiug tho anus

and tho entrance to tho vagina. Its appearance varies according to the stage of the disorder, but in many eases it may be found to consist of three distinct eleuieuts. 1, Patches of roseola or erythema ; 2. Pustules and scabs ; and 3. PotCchitB. 1. Tho patches ot roseola vary in size aud ill intensity of colour. In one remarkable specimen recently shown to mo by Professor Spooner the whole hide was covered with these patches, some of which were not larger than a pea, while others had a diameter of seven or eight inches. This roseola Is the element of the eruption which first makes its appearance, so that if tho animal, as often happens, dies within tho first three or four days of tho malady, it is tho only eruption visible. I have found it present as early as the third day. On making sections into these roseolar patches, the appearance is found to bo duo to hypenumia of the superficial layer of tho cutis. In the more advanced stages of the disorder tho epider�mis and hair-bulbs corresponding to these roseolar patches are found to bo detached with unusual faci�lity, and the former often separates in the form of a furfuracoons dosquamation. 2. The scabs are for the most part situated on tho patches of roseola. Their number varies greatly. They may be discrete or con�fluent, and in the latter case tho appearance presented by the scabs and hairs matted together is not unlike that of impetigo cupitis in the human subject. Tho scabs are occasionally found tobe mixed up withinhnite pimples or elevations of the cuticle, which vary in size and may be softened in their interior into an opaque yellowish fluid so as to form distinct pustules, the fluid being confined by a membranous elevation of tho cuticle] without any super-imposed scab. I have not yet suc�ceeded in discovering anything like a distinct vesicle with a diaphanous membrane and limpid contents preceding tho pustular stage. On detaching the scabs, tho corresponding surface of tho subjacent cutis is often found to bo depressed and superficially ul�cerated (Plate XI. fig. 3), and if the scab have separated spontaneously, its site is often marked by a minute pit or cicatrix. Between the scab and the cutis there is often a small of quantity opaque yellow fluid similar to that already described. The scabs, when submitted to microscopic examination, are seen to consist of epidermal scides, granular matter, aud globular bodies, resembling pus corpuscles in size and general appearance, aud with acetic acid exhibiting tho reaction of nuclei. (Plate XI. fig. 4.) The fluid matter found in tho pustules and beneath tho scabs is made up of epidermal colls more or less modified in form, nuclear bodies, occasionally true pus corpuscles, and granular matter. (Plato XI. flg. 5 and 6.) The scabs aud pustules are best studied in animals which survive the sixth or seventh day of tho disease. When death occurs early, they may be entirely absent. As it has boon assorted that nothing de�serving the name of pustules is ever mot with on tho skins of animals affected with rinderpest, it may bo well to state that in one case which I examined with Dr. Quain and Mr. Campbell Do Morgan. R�.S., both gentlemen were satisfied of the existence of pustules, containing true pus corpuscles, with altered epithelium, in their interior. Mr, Sibley also, who saw tho contents of one of these pustules under the microscope, recognized quot; model pus cor�puscles.quot;* It is right, however, to add that in many cases I have observed only the scabs, and nothing like the pustules here described. 3, Interspersed among the other elonieats of the eruption, pelechiai of a purplish or brownish tint, and from ono to several lines in diameter, may occasionally bo ob�served. Under tho microscope these spots are found to bo mainly duo to an infiltration of dissolved liasma-tine, but sometimes they exhibit altered blood pin-, ment in the form of brownish granules, isolated or adhering ill masses, in the superficial layer of (ho cutis. The eruption now described nccouuts for tho scars and discolouratious wliich tanners have so often

Dr. Murchlson.

Boport to

Cuiutaissionors.

linbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

pneumonia (see Beport presented to Magistrates of Edinburgh, Sept. i2th, and Med. Times und Glt;iz., 2;!i'lt;l Sept. ISti�, p, as.'j). My experience in London has been very different. I have only met with pleuro-pueumonia In one or two eases of Cattle Plaguui but I liave known animals lt;lie of plouro-pnenmonia, wliich had been erroneously thought to have Buffered from Cattle Plague.

* There is abundant evidence that the meat of rinderpest cattle, when cooked, is harmless as hninan food. (See, for example, ])r. Mortimer's quot;Account of the distemper raging quot; among the Cow-kind,quot; P/ui'os: Trims., 1745, vol. xllii. p. .WSj Dr. Brocklesby'sessay on quot;The Mortality among the Horned quot; Cattle,quot; London, 1745, p. 28 ; the Fifth Report of the Medical Oilicer of the Privy Council, 1802, p. 30; and Dr. Crisp at Path. Soe. of Lond., 17 Oct. 1805, Lancet, Oct. alst, 1805.) Its use, however, is not on this aceount to be recommended.

f The cases of Cattle Plague seen by Laynrd at Codnian-clicster in 1780 were characterized by large boils and quot;putrid quot; abscessesquot; under the skin, and in various parts of theboJj. (Kssini on the Notiirr, Causes, and Cure nfthe Contagious Da-temper among the Ifirncd Cattle in these Kingdoms, liij D, V, Zui/ard, M,b.,l'.H,S.,l(Onlt;!im,nb7,)

* A drawing of the eruption in this case is appended to Professor Varncll's Ueport,

K 3

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

Dr, Murchisoii.

Iloport to Coumiis.sionors,

noticed in tlio hides of cattlo that have died of tho plague. 1raquo; addition to the ubovo appearoaoeB on the biciii, I liavo frequently noticed solid wurty-loukiug-oxercseeiices on the touts mid udder, which have probably no couuexion with tlio disease,

V11I. General Appearances.�Tho bodies of cnttio that have died of tlio plague are usually emaciated, iuul prone to decomposition. They also omit a pecu�liar penetrating offensive odour, which may bo re�tained for hours or even days -in tho clothes of persons much in contact with (hem.

C. Pathological Relations of tue Cattle Plague to otbeb Diseases.

The whole history of tho Cattle Plague now pre�valent in Britain shows that it is identical with the rinderpest of German writers, and that it is a contagious febrile disease belonging to the same class as the human exanthemata. The foregoing descrip�tions make it clear that it is entirely distinct from the milzbnuid or carbnncular murrain on tho one hand, and from the epidemic pleuro-pneumonia or pulmonary murrain on the other. Different observers, however, have imagined that the rinderpest, or Cattlo Plague, is not merely analogous to, but intimately connected, if not identical, with certain human diseases ; and it is of tho utmost importance, not only in reference to tho Cattle Plague itselfquot;, but also as regards human pathology, to determino the truth or fallacy of those opinions. The human diseases to which Cattle Plague has been thought to ho most closely related arc typhoid or enteric fever, typhus, scarlatina, variola, erysipelas, dysentery, and influenza. It will be well to consider in detail the points of resemblance and difference between the Cattle Plague and the several human diseases now mentioned,

1. Enteric Fever.�For more than half a century many veterinary authorities in Germany have main�tained that the rinderpest is the precise counterpart or pathological equivalent of the abdominal typhus or enteric fever of man,* and this opinion found such zealous advocates in this country at the commence�ment of tho present outbreak, that for a time it may be said to have been almost a matter of popular belief. This view, however, has for the most part been ex�pressed by veterinary surgeons who have had little or no personal knowledge of the lesions of human enteric fever, or by writers who have drawn their conclusions from veterinary writings before examining for themselves the intestines of healthy and diseased cattle. Human enteric fever is characterized by de-tin ite and easily recognized anatomical lesions ; and, for my own part, I have never been able to discover any analogy whatever with them in those of rinderpest. The alterations of Peyer's patches in the latter disease are clearly tho result of the general inflammation of tho mucous membrane, and tend to obliterate the glands, instead of rendering them more prominent. Their resemblance to the lesions of enteric fever is much less than that of the condition of the corre�sponding glands in cases of cholera, small-pox, scarla�tina, pyaninia, and other blood-diseases. It is probable that the diminution in the size of Poyer's patches in rinderpest, as compared with the glands in a healthy ox, may be due in part to the length of time that has elapsed since digestion has been arrested, as it is well known that these glands arc larger and more deve�loped during tho digestive process (ban during fasting. But whatever bo the cause, nothing can be greater than the contrast between tho appearance of these glands on the tenth day of rinderpest and on the eorresponding day of human enteric fever. In the former case the glands have almost, if not entirely, disappeared ; in the latter they aro extremely pro�minent (compare Plates IV. and V.), owing to abnor�mal deposit in and around the glandules. The con�trast is even more remarkable when it is remembered that the glands In the healthy ox are so much more developed and prominent than in the healthy human

* Neue Untersuchungen �ber die pathologische Anatomie def Uinderiiest, von Joucph Unvitsch, lierlin, 1864, p, 8,

subject. Moreover, ulcemtion of Poyer's patches, consequent on tho softening and sloughing of morbid deposit, which is the rule in enteric fever (sou Plato VI.), is not found in rinderpest. There was no ulco-ration or sloughing in any one of 30 cases examined by me ; and although it is possible that, in cases of ex�treme inflammation, there may sometimes be superficial ulceration or even sloughing of tho bowel, as well as of the stomach, it is probable that masses of blood, or ex�udation coloured by ficccs and adherent to the mucous membrane have often been mistaken for sloughs. My opinion as to tho absence in rinderpest of the essential lesions of enteric fever is corroborated by Dr. A. P. Stewart, well known as an authority on every question coaneeted with human fevers, by Dr. Buchanan, my colleague at the Fever Hospital, Mr. Simon, Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Dr. Sie-vcking. Dr. C. B. Iladclirte, Dr. Burden Sanderson, Dr. Anstie, and many other physicians who have dissected tho diseased cattle, either in conjunction with me, or independently. As far as I know, a similar opinion has been expressed by every English physician who has described the lesions of the pro-vailing epizootic, and whoso opinion is the result of actual dissections. Dr. Smart, for instance, who was instructed by the magistrates of Edinburgh to inves�tigate the pathological appearances of the disease, in his official report dated Sept. 12th, 1865, writes thus :�

quot; The whole mucous lining of the bowels is unduly soft, and its epithelium imperfect. There are no true ulceratiom, and in this respect its condition differs broadly from the ulcerative typhoid of man.quot; * * * quot; There has been much discussion as to the condition of the intestinal glands. I have repeatedly had occasion during the dissections to show that they did not share to any marked extent in the altered condition of the membrane, with which they are so intimately connected. They aro loss pro�minent, and their outline is obscured by the discoloura�tion of the superjacent membrane. They arc never ulcerated, but a chronic tuberculous condition of the solitary glands is of frequent occurrence. This is commonly met with in healthy animals, and is not significant of any particular form of disease. The mesenteric glands show no lesion of structure.quot;*

Dr. Aldis, Medical Officer of Health for the parish of St. George's, Hanover Square, in the account of the morbid appearances which he found, observes :�

quot; No prominent or diseased glands were observed in the intestines, though looked for carefully, nor were there truces of ulceration.quot;-|-

Mr. F. J. Purge, also. Medical Officer of Health for tho parish of Hammersmith, who has examined a large number of the diseased cattle, thus describes what ho found in the intestines :�

quot;On examination of the softened mucous mem�brane itself I have found no ulceration.quot; * * * quot;Peyer's patches have been usually less visible than natural. Sometimes I have observed apparently an enlarged glandular body containing opaque matter, with a black spot in the centre, and of tubercular form ; but this appearance I believe to bo due to a chronic enlargement of a solitary gland.quot;J

At a meeting of tho Pathological Society on October 17th, 1865, Dr. Crisp, who has also dissected a largo number of rinderpest cattle, entirely corroborated my account of the intestinal glands. In none of his cases was there any ulceration of the small intestine, or any lesions resembling those of human enteric fever.

In the valuable report of the Medical Committeo of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association the intestinal glands arc thus described ;�

quot;Peyer's patches aro never found thickened or ulcerated ; they arc sometimes seen covered over with a layer of discoloured and softened mucous membrane, the discoloured patch extending irregu-

�V

#9632;I

* Official Report, dated Sept, 12th, 1865, p. 3 j also Med. Times and Gaz., Sept. 2.')rd, ms, p. 384.

! Tlu: Times, Sept. 14th, 1866. lir'Uish Medictit Joimml, Sept, 9th, 186S, p. 274.

#9632;

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

larly boyond their superficies, but its extent appn-rontly influencod by their presence bonenth.quot;*

TLo above nre nil the published nccounts of dissec�tions by English physicians of cattle which have succumbed to the prevailing epizootic that I have been able to discover ; and it is to bo noted that the opinion as to the absence of tho essential lesions of enteric fovcr is unanimous.

Even the descriptions of tho lesions of rinderpest given by the best veterinary writers do not, as has been stated, correspond with those of human enteric fever. Those of Professor Simonds of London, Pro�fessor Iliill of Vienna, and M. Renault of Alfort, may bo cited by way of illustration.

lt;' Pcycr's glands,quot; says Professor Simonds, quot; arc quot; not invariably diseased; but, like other follicuhir quot; openings of the digestive canal, they arc often quot; covered with layers of lymph, beneath which nicelaquo; quot; ration is occasionally observed, but more frequently quot; the surface is healthy, althongh turgid with quot; blood.quot; f

Professor Roll of Vienna describes the intestinal lesions of rinderpest as follows :�

quot; Im ersten Stadium n�mlich hat Rinderpest immer quot; die �ussern Erscheinungen eines allgemeinen intenlaquo; *' siven Katarrhs ; im 2 Stadium die betr�chtlicher quot; Exsudation, und nach Erweichung und Entfernung �' derselben eine Depression der Schleimhaut, nur *' selten aber leichte Exkoriation bemerkt. Im 3 quot; Stadium sind die Exsudations-massen mehr oder quot; weinger zerflossen und im Darmkanalo mit fl�ssigen quot; f�kalmnssen gemengt.quot; The appearances pre�sented by Pcyer's patches in tho several stages of the disease are minutely described by Roll, and his description closely corresponds with that above given as the result of my own observations, including tho minute drops of yellowish-white fluid in the interior of the component glandules. Ho also refers to croupnl exudations on the free surface of Peycr's patches, and of other parts of tho mucous membrane, which ultimately become detached, the surface of the patches then presenting an arcolar or sieve-like aspect.''^

It is to be observed, that both Professor Simonds and Professor Roll speak of exudation on the surface of tho mucous membrane, and insist on the rarity of actual ulceration.

M. Renault, late Director of tho Imperial Veterinary College at Alfort, pointed out that the condition of the intestinal glands in rinderpest was not peculiar to that disease, but was met with after death from other bovine maladies. Thus, in his official report on rinderpest to tho French Government in 1855, ho spoke of its essential lesions in the following terms :�gt;

quot; Enfm, co no sera pas non plus I'altcratioii si quot; remarquable quo nous avons trouvee, et quo sig-quot; nalaient en memo temps que nous MM. Bugdaleck quot; et Spinola, dans les glandes de Brunner, et los quot; plaques do Peyer ; car il n'est rien moins quo quot; demontre qne cette alteration ait existe dans les quot; diverses �pizooties typhoidos observecs jusqu'au-quot; jourd'hui; et d'aillcurs, il cst constant quo des quot; lesions identiquoment les memes oht souvent etu quot; trouvecs sur cos glnndes muqucuses chez les betes quot; bovines qui avaient succombe a des maladies quot; typhokles sans douto, mais qni no sont pas lo quot; typhus contagieux (rinderpest). Le rapporteur do quot; la commission, depuis son retout d'Allemagne, a eu quot; roccasion d'en observer des ens bicn reinarquables quot; dans plus d'uno circonstance, et notamment en quot; Jiiillet 1855, dansle d(;partemeiit de Seine-et-Oise.quot;sect;

* Report of tho jVTctlicnl Committee of the Norfolk Cattle FlagUO Association, Norwich, ISfii), p, 10.

f Report on the Cattle Plague, Jovrn. nf lioynl Aqricnll. Sac, vol. xvii., 1857. (The itnlics nre not in the original.)

t Lehrbnoh der Pathologie und Therapie dor Hausthicre, Wien. 18(50, p. 850 ; and Schmidt's .Tnhrb. des Gesammt. Med., 18,^r)(raquo;, No. 97, p. Ii44, It is not a little rcniiirkahle that while Kiill's writings have been referred to in this country as proving the identity of rinderpest and enteric fever, in Germany he is regarded aa the opponent of that view. (Sec Itavitsch, he, cil, p. 8.)

sect; Typhnraquo; Contagieux du Gros Retail.�Rccucil dc MM. Vk(rin.,Vec. 1855.

It is not surprising that tho same changes of tho intestinal glands should bo found in other bovine maladies as well as in rinderpest, seeing that they are constantly met with in healthy cattle.

Lastly, it may bo mentioned that Professor John Gramgee, who at first was led to the opinion that tho rinderpest was analagous to tho enteric fever of man, has entirely renounced this view since ho has had an opportunity of examining the anatomical lesions of the present epizootic.

There are other anatomical characters, however, besides those of the intestinal glands, by which rin�derpest is distinguished from enteric fever. The enlargement of the spleen, and tho deposit in the mesenteric glands, so common in enteric fever, are absent in rinderpest; and, on the other hand, the peculiar eruptions on the skin and in the mouth, tho intense catarrhnl and croupnl inflammation of the mucous membrane of the entire digestive tract, and of the mucous membranes generally, and the peculiar lesions of the tho third and fourth stomachs which characterize rinderpest, are not met with in enteric fever.

Again, not only do enteric fever and rinderpest boar no resemblance to one another in their patholo�gical anatomy, but in their clinical history, symptoms, and duration they are entirely distinct. The quot; typhoid state quot; developed in tho course of rinderpest is met with in tho advanced stage of most acute diseases, and is not peculiar to the so-called quot; typhoidquot; or enteric fever.

Further, the two diseases differ remarkably in their contagious characters. Although it is generally believed that enteric fovcr is communicable from the sick to persons in health, its power of propagation is by most conipotent observers acknowledged to bo small. A signal illustration may be mentioned. During the last four years upwards of 1,100 cases of enteric fover, and 1,450 cases which have not been examples of any form of specific fever, have been treated in the same wards of the London Fever Hospital, interspersed among one another. Not one of the patients in those wardlaquo; has contracted enteric fever, and the nurses and other attendants have enjoyed a like immunity. The history of tho pro�pagation of rinderpest shows how very different it is in this respect, and it. also shows what a powerful argument in favour of the extreme contagiousness of human enteric fovcr might be based on the supposi�tion that tho two diseases were the precise counter�parts or pathological equivalents of one another.

2.nbsp; nbsp;T)//gt;�?m.�But while many writers have insisted on the identity of the rinderpest with human enteric fever, others have maintained that it is identical with typhus. In France, indeed, the disease has long been known as the quot; typhus contagieux des betes � quot;comes.quot;* This view is mainly based on a sup�posed analogy between the two diseases in respect to their etiology, and on the fact that both diseases are eminently contagions, and that rinderpest, like typhus, has often been observed to follow in tho train of armies in the field. There can bo no doubt that rin�derpest in several ways resembles human typlms ; but when it is considered that the inflammation of all the mucous membranes, the cutaneous eruption, and the other lesions of rinderpest are not found after death from typhus, it seems that the view as to the patho�logical identity of these two diseases must also bo abandoned,

3.nbsp; Influenza.�During the present outbreak, Cattle Plague has frequently been spoken of as a form of in�fluenza. It resembles human Influenza in the catarr-hal Inflammation of tho respiratory passages, accom�panied by fever and great prostration. The other anatomical lesions of Cattle Plague, however, and particularly the cutaneous eruption, arc foreign to influenza ; but the grand point of distinction is the

Dr, Murchismi,

Boport to

Commissioners.

* See one of the best descriptions over published of the disease in the article quot; Epizootic,quot; by M. Gucrsent, in the Dkl. de.s Sciences Mid,, 1815.

K 4

74.

APl'UNDIX TO THIRD laquo;EPOHT OF

Dr. MurchUon, cxtrcmo contagiousness of ilio Cattlo Plague! There Report to ^CIU1 ^⁰ ¹¹⁰ grefttter inistalco tlinn to imagine that this

Coiniiiisaioiiers. epizootic can result i'rom imy ntmosphoi'ic infuoiice. It has been the I'asliioa to rotor the prcsont outbreak to the extreme mid proti'iicteA beat and drought of the lato sumnior jmd suitumn ; but it is worth observing that in 17'15, iu tlio autunui of quot;which year tbo disease also appeared in this coantvy, quot;the spring and sum-quot; mor were very #9632;wet, and the ground very (lamp, and quot; the autumn was very dry ami cold.quot; *

4.nbsp; Dysentcr]/,�Altbotigii dysenteric intiiinimatioii of tlio large bowel is present iu most cases of rinder�pest, this disease differs from dysentery in tho inflam�mation involving the rest of the alimentary tract, often with greater intensity, in its implicating tho respira�tory and other mucous surfaces, in tho presence of a peculiar cutjiueous eruption, anil above all in its extreme contiigiousness and capability of being propagated by inoculation.

5.nbsp; Erysipelas.�Again, several writers have spoken of i'iaderpest as an erysipelas of the mucous surfaces, and have rcconamended remedies such as the sosqui-chloride of iron, in accordance with this view of its pathology. In reference to tliis comparison, it is suili-cient to state that wo know of no form of idiopathio erysipelas in tho human subject attacking; chieily tho mucous membranes, accompanied by a pustular and scabby eruption on tlio skin, and capable of being propagated to healthy animals by inoculation.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Scarlatina is one of those diseases which are believed with some reason to have been originally derived from tlie lower animals. Several recent ob�servers have compared rinderpest to scarlet fever ; for example, Dr. Smart, in his Report of the Cattle Plague sis observed at Ediuburgli, although expressing' the opinion that the morbid appearances are peculiar,

�' fecfa cutis ? Adoo ut qnibnsdam in montcin venerit quot; cogitare, boves non lac, ut nunc res est, scd ipsis quot; pnstulis, quas variolas vocnut, interire.quot; quot;Nnia quot; nulla forsitan pars iu laquo;fFeeto bovo reperitur, qinc quot; smi) semina postis tenacins rctineat, et qnaqua-quot; versuin spargers possit, qnam cutis.quot; * The physi�cians who described the outbreak of Cattlo Plague in Britain in tho middle of last century constantly re�ferred to the pustular and scabby eruption. Dr. Mor�timer, Secretary of the Royal Society, speaks of''scabby quot; eruptions in the groins and axilla', which itch much; quot; for a cow will stund still, hold out her leg and show quot; signs of great, pleasure when a man scratches these quot; pustules or scabs for hcr.quot;^ ]gt;. Urocklesby ro-marks :�quot;Frequently one may observe pustules break quot; out on the fifth or sixth day all over the neck and quot; foreparts.quot;f And lastly, in 1758, Dr. Layoi'd writes thus :�quot; Whoever will compare tho appcar-quot; ances, progress, and fatality of the small-pox with quot; what is remarked by authors of authority, as Ra-quot; mazzini and Laneisi and other observers, relative quot; to tho contagious distemper among the horned quot; cattle, will not bo at a loss one moment to determine quot; whether tho disease be an eruptive fever like unto quot; tho small-pox, or not.quot; sect; The outbreak of Cattlo Plague, here referred to, commenced in England in 1745, and is generally said to have died out at tho end of 12 years, or about 1757, and not to have re�appeared until tho summer of 1865. But in 1769 the disease was again so prevalent and fatal as to bo referred to by II. M. George III., in his speech at the opening of Parliament in January 1770, as a great national calamity. It is a most remarkable fact that this last outbreak has been referred to by most recent medical writers || as an undoubted instance of severe variola occurring in cattle, but that Layard, who described both this outbreak and the preceding ono ill the quot; Philosophical Transactions,quot; regarded them as identical, and recommended and practised inoculation with pus taken from the skin in both. quot; It is an quot; eruptive fever,quot; he observes, quot;of the variolous quot; kind, and notwithstanding the exanthemata orpus-quot; tales may have been so frequently overlooked, yet quot; none ever recovered without more or less eruption. quot; * * * Unlike other pestilential, putrid, or malig-quot; mint fevers, it bears all the characteristic sym-quot; ptoms, progress, crisis, and event of the small-pox j quot; and, whether received by contagion or inoculation, quot; has tho same appearances, stages, and determina-quot; tion, except more favourably by inoculation, and quot; with this distinctive and decisive property, that a quot; beasthaving had the sickness, naturally or artificially, quot; never has it a second time.quot; In support of his opinion Layard quotes the following passage from a letter addressed to him by a great French authority on Epizootics, Yicq d'Azyr :�quot; II me parait, commo quot; a vous, cpio e'est toujours la meme mnladie qui a quot; rcgne depuis 1711 ; et qu'ellc a des grands rapports quot; avoc 1'eruption varideuse.quot;^ It may be added that the outbreak in 1745 is spoken of as small-pox in an able report on vaccination, drawn up in 1839 by a Connnittco of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, including Dr. haron of Cheltenham, Dr. G. Gregory and Dr. Conolly of London, Mr. Crosse of Norwich, amp;0.,** and that according to popular belief it was the remains of these severe epizootics that Dr. laquo;Tenner found in Gloucestershire, which being commu�nicated to the milkers, rendered them insusceptible of small-pox.

Many Gorman authors likewise, who of late years have described the rinderpest, allude to the frequent

111

remarks :�quot;The diseasse might not inaptly be termed

quot; an internal or mucous scarlatina. The general quot; congestive, batnon-inthuuinatory state of the mucous quot;membranes, the epithelial desquamation from tho quot; mucous surface, the increased temperature of tho quot; animal in the early stage of the disease, and the in-quot; cubation period and critical days, arc facts which quot; all tend to support this view, ivliile the condition of quot; the kidneys, the invariable presence of albumen and quot; blood cells in the urine, lend additional confirmation quot; to it.quot; But an incubative period, increased tem�perature, congested kidneys, and albuminous urine arc phenomena, not peculiar to scarlatina. Rinder�pest, moreover, although resembling scarlatina in its extreme coiitngiousncsraquo;, differs from it essentially in the following parliculars ;�1, in the absence of

s #9632;

tho characteristic phcnoniena of scarlatina, viz., the

lesions of the throat, the peculiarity of the tongue, and the speciiic rash, followed by general desquama�tion of the cuticle in large flakes ; 2, in the presence

| ;^!jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;of an eruption on the skin different from that of

scarlatina ; and 3, in tho presence of lesions of the intestinal and digestive mucous membranes which are not obser ved in scarlatina.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Variola,�The resemblance of tho Cat tic Plague to human smsill-pox has long been recognized. Up�wards of 1.50 years ago llamazzini, in his admirable liccount of tho Cattlo Plague which pervaded Italy in 1711, and which was believed to have been im�ported from Hungary, enumerated among the symp�toms quot;pustuliB quinta vel sexta die per totum corpus quot; crumpeatce, ac tuboreula variolarum speciem refer-quot; entia.quot;f Xnncisi, likewise, in his minute descrip�tion of the same outbreak, observed : quot;Semper nutem quot; pblogoses, piislubn, lit iniiuinins, hydatides, et

tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; ulccra linguam ct fauces summo cum ardoro

quot; obsidebanfciquot; and again, quot; Nonnc illnin in omnium quot; oculis poiiimt, et pcllos talie ad cm tern deposit a quot; depilalm, ct horror pilomm, ct armormn, clu-quot; ntumqne tremor, maculis denique, ct pnstulis in-

* Da liovllla Teste, Komm, 1 715, n, ISO and pp. 180 and 37

t Thilosoph. Trans., 1745, vol. xllil. p. 554.

% Essay on tlie Mortality among tlie Horned Cattle, London, 1740, p. 33.

sect; Tbilosoph. Trans., 17.^r)8, vol. 1, p. 631.

j| Keo, for example, quot; The Science and I'raetico of Medicine,quot; by \V. AUkcn, M.D., 2nd edit, 180.'!, vol. i. p. 259.

% I'liilosopb. Trans., vol. Ixx. pp. 543, 544.

** Keportof llic Section of tlie I'roviiieial Medical and .Sur�gical Asaooiation appointed toinqaire into the Htatc of Vucciim-tioa, read at Liverpool, July 25lh 1830.

* Bee quot; Oliscrv. on llic Distemper now rowing among tlie Cow-ldnd,quot; bj JJr.Jlovlinicr, Sec. U. H., 1'liilus, Tram., vol. xliii. p. S8 .

t Opera Oinnia, Oencvic, 1710, p. 778.

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONERS.

appearance of a scabby or pustular eruption (quot;das quot; Auftreten eines schuppigen oder pustul�sen Aus-quot; laquo;dilatesquot;), und ivmark that it is sometimes the most prominent symptom of the disorder.*

With those and many like observations on record it ia (surprising tiiat tho eruption should have been so long overlooked in the present epizootic. Mr. Cocly, of Aylesbury, who has done more than any individual since tho days of Joimer to advance our knowledge of vnccination, was, I believe, tho first to call attention to tho frequent mention of an eruption over the entire skin by tho physicians of last century, and to insist on the necessity for its careful examination. It is now ascertained that in most cases of Cattle Plague, not fatal within three or four days, there is an eruption on the hide in many respects resembling that of small-pox, and from tho following considerations it will appear that tho eruption is far from being tho only character in which rinderpest resembles human variola.

1. The eruption.�Small-pox is the only acute contagious exanthem in man that assumes a pustular form, The eruption in rinderpest also consists of what I think may fairly bo designated pustules and scabs. The differences between the two erup�tions may bo accounted for by differences in the skin of men and cattle, and are scarcely, if at all, greater than the differences between certain varieties of the eruption of human variola. In both cases tho eruption extends from (he skin to the interior of the mouth and nostrils ; in both the pustules and scabs are preceded or accompanied by patches of roseola (quot; roseola variolosa quot;) ; in both they are occasionally interspersed with petechiie; and in both they some�times leave behind pitted scars and discolonrations on the cntis.f

It is not contended that the eruption of rinderpest is in every respect identical with the typical eruption of human variola. First, I have never seen anything like distinct vesicles. Even in the human subject, however, wo rarely find vesicles in parts of the skin covered by hair. According to Neligan quot; when a quot; vesicular eruption occurs unon the scalp there quot; is no apparent vesicle.quot; t Professor Spooner also informs mo that tho skin of bovine animals is loss susceptible to the formation of vesicles than that of man, and that it is very difflcultto excite in it anything like vesication by means of irritants, which can bo done with comparative ease in the horse. Arguments, therefore, derived from the appearances of the cuta�neous eruption in man and other animals sect; are not strictly applicable to cattle. Secondly, the thick opaque yellow fluid found in the pustules and be�neath the scabs may contain no true pus corpuscles. Pus corpuscles, however, are not necessarily present in the contents of the ripe pustules of human variola, which may quot;consist entirely of epidermic scales, the quot; majority of normal aspect, but some filled with quot; granular matter, hiding from view the usual nu-quot; cleus.quot; || Moreover, it is now generally acknow�ledged that in epidermal suppuration the pus is derived from the pre-existing epidermal cells.If The nuclear bodies found beneath the scabs of cattle

plague resemble imperfectly developed pus corpuscles, ^Dr- Murohlson, and some of them occasionally present all the charac- Report to toristics of perfect pus corpuscles. But thirdly, as ^Cmnaiissioncriraquo;. already stated, tho brownish scabs are probably in many instances formed independently of imy thing like well developed pustules. Still, even in the absence of distinct pustules, it seems to mo that an epidermal scab, separated from the subjacent cutis by an opaque yellow fluid, which is composed of altered epidermal colls, nuclear bodies, and granular matter, and which occasionally contains true pus corpuscles, comes pro�perly under the category of a pustular eruption. The structure of the scabs, and tho pits which they often leave behind on removal, militate against tho view that they are simply a secretion of tho sebaceous glands, and suggest their analogy to the scabs and crusts of small-pox.

Lastly, although important differences unques�tionably exist between the eruption of cattlo-plagno and that of small-pox, it must not be for�gotten that the virus of variola, like all other animal poisons, may assume very different aspects, which are apt to confuse observers -who look to results rather than to the primary cause. One illus�tration, having a most important hearing on the sub�ject under discussion, may be cited. The eruption of rinderpest is believed by some observers to bo of a purely aphthous character. Now French experi�menters have recently shown that true vaccine pustules may be produced on the udder of a cow by inoculation with matter taken from an quot; aphthous quot; stomatitis quot; occurring in the horse. Children were successfully vaccinated from the eruption thus induced in the cow. The conclusion arrived nt by several eminent members of the French Academy of Medicine was that quot;tho maladie aphtheuse, m it is described quot; by several modern writers on veterinary medicine, quot; is nothing else than variola.quot;*

2.nbsp; Tho other prominent symptoms of rinderpest are also those of small-pox, viz., pyrexia, lumbiir pain, salivation and running from the nostrils, raquo;Wine flux, albuininuria and hamaturia, and the quot; typhoid state.quot; Diarrhoea is not invariably present in rinderoest, and is far from being uncommon in small-pox, particularly in certain epidemics.f At all times it is admitted to be as certain a symptom of confluent small-pox in children as salivation is in adults. In both diseases it is regarded as beneficial rather than detrimental. It is interesting to observe that the general symptoms of ovine variola arc the same as those of rinderpest. quot; The infected shoe]) separate themselves from their quot; follows, and mostly lie down in a remote coiner of quot; the field ; they exhibit a peculiar dejected condi-quot; tion, the head is held low, the ears are pendent, the quot; breathing is quick and short, the eyelids areswollen, quot; and tears trickle down the face ; the conjunctiva quot; varies in shade from a bright scarlet to a modena quot; red ; a mucous discharge flows from tho nostrils, quot; and increases in viscosity as the disease advances, quot; often becoming sanguineous in the latter stages ; quot; * * * the pulse early gives evidence of febrile quot; excitation � � laquo; * rumination is suspended, and quot; all food refused; but the patients show a great dis-quot; position to take water. The nlvinc evacuations are quot; but little changed in tho majority of cases ; in some, quot; however, diarrhecu succeeds to a torpid conditiou of quot; the bowels.quot; }

3.nbsp; Tho anatomical lesions of tho internal organs in rinderpest and unmodified small-pox life identical, viz., congestion or inflammation of the inucoiis mem�branes of the air passages and digestive canal, patches of ecchymosis and even gangrene of the stomachs and other mucous surfaces, and dark-coloured blood. Every writer on small-pox alludes to the frequent occurrence in that disease of iuflaimnation of the respiratory paslaquo; raquo;ages. quot;The condition of the larynx and trachea,quot;

* Lehrbuch der Path, und Therap. der Hausthiere, von Dr. M. P. K�ll. Wien., 1860, p. 356.

f A. detailed description of the ei'iiplt;ion will be found in a former part of this report,

| Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, 2nd ed, 1866, p, 17.

sect; 'Plie eruption of ovine vaiiola is very different from that of rlndtrpest, but also differs remarkably from that of human variola. The papules, in place of being small and acuminated, arc as large as a fourpenny piece, or even a shilling, and flnttened j and the vesicles rarely pass into pustules. According to Pro�fessor Simonds, quot; The formation of pustules ought to be regarded quot; rather as an adventitious than an essential feature of the quot; disoiisc.quot;�Simonds mi Variola Onina, Lend,, 1848, pp. 77-80. It nmst also be borne in mind that the so-ealled ovine variola is possibly a distinct species of disease from human or vaccine variola. It is very doubtful if it is possible to cominunieate it to any other animal than the sheep, while the variolation or vaccination of raquo;hoop, even when suceesslul, protects them in no -way from quot;ovine variola.quot;

|| Clinical Lectures, by Dr. T, K. Chambers, .Ird ed., p. 118.

^| Cellular Pathology, Chance's Trnnsl., p. 447.

13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; L

* (iaz. Mrd. do Paris, Nov. and Dec. 1883, and lirit, and For, Mod. Chlr. Nov., January 1804, p. iifiS,

t See quot; Klements of Practice of I'liysie,'' by Dnvkl Craigie, M.I)., is;)!;, vol. i. p. 542,

J; Shnouds, o/gt;, cil., p. 82.

7�

APPENDIX TO 'l'HIBD RBPOBT OF

.lii

Or, Mgt;'TpWson.

Report to Commissioners.

says Dr. G. Gregory, '^f in small-pox, on tlio eighth quot; day, is unique. The mucous membrane, if thou quot; inspected, appears covered with a copious, viscid, quot; puriform secretion, of a grey or brownish colour. quot; On detaching this, the membrane itself is seen quot; deeply congested with blood, thickened, pulpy, and, quot; in the worst cases, black and sloughy, exhaling a quot; most offensive odour. Those appearances may be quot; traced to the, third division of the bronchial tubes.quot;* Dr. Craigic also speaks of the interior of tho larynx being occasionally quot; covered with fragments of white quot; membranous coating.quot; f Wrisberg found in most bodies of persons dead of smull-pox the mucous mem�brane of the whole alimentary canal inflamed, in many affected by gangrene and sphacelus, so that large patches were abraded, or converted into dingy coloured eschars. Ho speaks also of the intestines as studded with numerous petechial spots, containing dissolved blood extravasatod into the cellular tissue. J In several of the autopsies of small-pox recorded by lieil, the mucous membrane of the stomach and iulestines is described as inflamed and gangrenous looking, and mottled with petechise and patches of ccchymosis. sect; Dr. Morchead also has recorded the autopsy of a case of small-pox with gastritis, where the inner surface of the stomach was coated with lymph, which could bo peeled off as a distinct layei'.|| In another case, re�corded by Dr. McPherson, quot; the colour was on the quot; eve of gangrene, and studded with small conical quot; ulcers.quot;ii Dr. Craigic describes the genito-unnary mucous membrane in small-pox as reddened and in�jected, and �cil states that it may even present patches of gangrene. Lastly, it may be added that in the bodies of several persons who have died of malignant small-pox in the London Fever Hospital, I have found the respiratory, the alimentary, and the genito-urinary mucous membranes all intensely inflamed, and studded with petocbia! and large patches of ccchymosis. The resemblance of these lesions of variola to those of rin�derpest described in a former part of this report is so obvious as to require no comment. It must be borne in mind that the remarkable patches of ccchymosis and gangrene found in the third and fourth stomachs of animals that have died of the Cattle Plague are far from being invariably present in that disease. Of the stomachs of eight animals examined by me on one day, in only one was there any trace of ulccration or gangrene. It is important to add that in sheep affected with variola ovlna the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach or ahomasum quot;is in some cases infiltrated with quot; blood and ccchymosed.quot; **

4.nbsp; nbsp;In both rinderpest and small-pox the duration of the pyrexial stage is on an average about eight days.

5.nbsp; nbsp;In both diseases a peculiar offensive odour is exhaled from the body before and after death. The perspiration and other secretions of healthy cattle smell very differently from those of man, so that wo can readily understand how the same disease may generate very different odours in the two animals. It may be mentioned that a medical correspondent in the country compared the smell of rinderpest to that of

human variola weeks boforo ho was aware of tho intimate resemblance of the two maladies. Tho remarkable fact, however, is that any peculiar odour at all is given off in the two diseases.

6.nbsp; nbsp;The two diseases resemble one another in their extreme contagiousness, and in tho facility with which tho poison is transmitted by fomites.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Both diseases can be easily propagated by in�oculation. In both cases tho inoculated disease is niihlor and less fatal than that resulting from infection.

8.nbsp; nbsp;In both diseases there is a period of incubation, which is shorter when the poison has been introduced by inoculation than when it has been received by infection.

9.nbsp; nbsp;Vaccinated persons are constantly exposed to amall-pox poison with impunity ; and with regard to rinderpest, there are numerous instances in which individual cattle or entire herds have appeared to load charmed lives in tho midst of surrounding pesti�lence. 'I'll is last fact has never been explained, but it would be readily accounted for on the supposition that rinderpest was the equivalent of small-pox, and that the cattle who have enjoyed the immunity from it had previously suffered from ordinary cow-pock.

10.nbsp; It is a mistake to imagine that variola; vaccina is of necessity a mild disease. Under ordinary cir�cumstances it undoubtedly is so. But there are many epizootics of cow-pock on record, particularly in India, where the disease was of a malignant character, and destroyed the cattle almost ns exten�sively as small-pox did the human race. Cattle in Bengal have long been subject to a malignant small�pox, and it is a significant fact that the natives designate it by the same terms as human variola, viz., hussunt, mhata, or golec. Mr. Gribson, in a quot; Sketch quot; of the Province of Guzerat,quot; published in 1838, after speaking of the great prevalence of human variola, remarks : quot; The same disease is at times very fatal quot; among cattle, they become so weak and feverish as quot; to bo unable to eat in consequence of the effect of quot; the pustular eruption on the lips, tongue, and quot; throat.quot;* English medical men in India have fre�quently noticed thai the human and bovine diseases prevail at the same time, and have come to the con�clusion that quot;variola mA mhata or (/otee owe their quot; origin to the same cause.quot; The Committee of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, in their report on vaccination already referred to, maintain that the malignant distemper among cattle, so common in India, is tho same disease as that described by Kamazzini and other Italian writers in the early part of last century ; and its resemblance to modern rin�derpest is shown further by the fact, that in the reports of small-pox in India I have frequently found statements similar to that here quoted from Mr. Monteitb, the head of a largo tannery in Sealdah, viz., that tho hides of cattle dying of the disease quot;are quot; ofle.ss value on account ofbeing marked from brands, quot; sores, amp;c.quot;f The following symptoms of mhata, as observed by Mr. G. G. Maepherson of Moorshoda-bad, in 1832, and by Mr. Lamb of Dacca in 1836, leave little doubt of their similarity to those of rinderpest. quot; The animals which wore at first affected had been quot; for a day or two previously dull anil stupid ; they quot; were afterwards seized with distressing cough, and quot; much phlegm collected in the mouth and fauces. quot; The animals had at this time apparently no inclina-quot; tion for food.quot; quot; There is a discharge of saliva quot; from the mouth ; then follows universal tremor, quot; with groat heat of tho head, chest, and body as far quot; back as the loins, while the hind quarters are cold. quot; The, whole body then becomes hoi, and the auimal quot; stiffers from intense thirst,quot; quot; Tho mouth and quot; fauces appeared to be the principal seat of the quot; disease, being in some instances one mass of nicerlaquo;

'�*':#9632;

iii

Iquot;

a¹

,,,,

^i:'

* Lectures on the Eruptive Fevers, 1843, p. 55.

\ Craigic, op. cit,, i. p. 654.

j quot; In plerisque cadavcribus villosa totius canalis alimentaris inflammata fuit, in multis gangrama ct sphacelo correpta, ut inagna villosa) frustula abrasa esscnt, aut in luridas cscharas, uti in dysenteriis, mutata. * * * In multis cadavcribus copiossc intermixta; ernnt macula! petcchiales varia; magnitudinis et coloris, sajpc fusel, sanguinem gangrtenn resolutum, et vere in ccllulosam nerveaj tunicai extravasatum eontinentes.� Wris-hcry. Comment, vol. i. p. 7 7.

sect; quot; Aperto abdomine, amplic jejuni partes fusco ct nigricantc colore notatic conspiciebantur. Gangramosiim intcstinmn te videre crcderes, nisi illnd reclusum omnino laquo;uperius, quo duo-deno ncctitur, cum spissa, viscida, et atro-viridi pulte obllta, repertum esset, quo; in transparcntibus parietibus rnaculas nigri-cantcs cxtrorsum formabat.quot;�licily Memombil. Clin. Fuse, iii. p. 121.

|| Clin. lies, on Disease in India, Ist ed., 1856, i.p. 321.

�j Report on Small-pox in Calcutta, by Dr. Duncan Stewart, 1844, p. 82.

** Sitnonds, op, rjl� p. 8lt;(.

raquo;V;

#9830; Trans, of Med. and Phys. See. of Bombay, vol i. 18S8, p, 70,

f Keport on Small-pox in Calcutta, by Duncan Stewart. M.l)., 1844, p. 107.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE OOMJnSSIONEBS.

quot; ation.quot; quot; On the fifth clay the eruption appears quot; about the udder, sometimes only a few pustules, at quot; other times they nro numerous and connuont; but

quot; the result of the attack does not seem much do-quot; pondont on the eruption. Whether tlic pustules are quot; numerous or rare, the disease is almost equally fatal, quot; and unloss measures are takon to separate tho quot; diseased from tlio healthy, it speedily runs through quot; tho whole herd, sparing few. In those who do quot; escape, after taking the infection, tho favourable quot; symptom is a spontaneous diarrhoea, in which the quot; dejections are large, watery, and offensive. When quot; the hair is rubbed off after the pustules have quot; appeared at the udders, the skin is found covered quot; with sores. Many die before the eruption makes quot; its appearance, but the fever is known by the dis-quot; charge of the saliva, amp;c.quot; * It may be argued that this disease among the cattle in India is not variola, but a different disease, quot; rinderpest.quot; That it is really small-pox is proved by the fact that human beings have frequently boon inoculated with the virus, and that the result has been either cow-pock or severe and even fatal small-pox. In 1837, Mr. Brown, a surgeon in Assam, inoculated four children with matter taken from cattle labouring under a very severe epizootic of mhata. He made use of the quot; scales or scabs taken quot; from the back or abdomen,quot; reducing them to a pulp with water. quot; In all four, vesicles in every quot; respect resembling, in their progress and when quot; mature, genuine vaccina made their appearance, quot; and went through the same regular course ; the quot; constitutional disturbance on the eighth day only quot; being more severe than I have usually seen it quot; in tho latter. From these many other native quot; children were inoculated, and no doubts of the quot; genuineness of the lymph were excited until two quot; English children were punctured from one of them, quot; and it was then found that small-pox supervened quot; in both of these cases ; and this was more than sus-quot; pected to have happened in many of the native quot; children, who had generally dispersed a few days quot; after the operation, and were not afterwards heard quot; of. One of the English children unhappily died.quot;f quot; In 1837 another series of inoculations was performed quot; (by Mr. Macpherson, in Bengal) with virus from quot; diseased cows, on which occasion an eruptive com-quot; plaint of the true variolous nature was produced.quot; The same phenomena were observed at Gowalpara by Mr. Wood. quot; In several of his cases the symptoms quot; wore so severe as to excite apprehension that the quot; disease would terminate fatally. He was so strongly quot; impressed with this fact, that he thought it would quot; be better to take human small-pox rather than cow quot; small-pox for inoculation, when the latter assumes its quot; clangorous andfatal form.quot;| This severe form of small�pox in cattle is not altogether unknown in England. One instance which occurred at a dairy in Grloucester-shire in 1825 may be cited. quot; The veterinary surgeon quot; who saw it, described it as an aggravated case of quot; cow-pox ; the whole skin, from the base of the horn quot; to the end of the tail and to tho hoofs, being covered quot; with the disease. It destroyed tho animal, and quot; spread through all the other cows in the dairy, quot; between 40 and 50 in number.quot;sect;

It is generally conceded that human variola and ordinary vaccinia are essentially the same disease. The researches of Mr. Ceely of Aylesbury and Mr. Badcock of Brighton seem to place this beyond a doubt. They have shown that when cattle are inoculated or infected with human variola the result is ordinary vaccinia, and that when men are inoculated back again with this vaccine matter, they are in future protected from sniall-pox. Here then we have the same disease assuming two very different forms-�a

mild and a severe one�in man. From the evidence above given, it would seem that the same thing occurs in cattle. Two cireuinstanees seem to contribute to make small-pox assume the mild form. 1. The introduction of the poison by inoculation instead of by infection. The knowledge of this fact was the foundation of the old practice of inoculation for small-pox. 2. The main cause, however, is the trans�mission of the poison from one species of animal to another. We know that human variola produces in tho cow ordinary vaccinia, and there are grounds for believing that the vaccinia of the cow came origin�ally from the horse. So also rinderpest, when com�municated to sheep and other animals, produces a less fatal disease than in cattle ; and the malignant small-pox of Indian cattle produces in man sometimes undoubted variola, but at other times merely ordinary vaccinia.

11.nbsp; nbsp;It is a well-known fact that of late yeanraquo; ordinary cow-pock has become so rare in this country that it has been difficult to obtain lymph direct from the cow for the purpose of human vaccination. Hence the majority of tho cattle in these kingdoms are probably less protected than formerly from the invasion of small-pox in a severe form.

12.nbsp; nbsp;The view that rinderpest is simply bovine small-pox may be objected to, on the ground that there is no proof that it has communicated small-pox to the human subject, and that, in fact, human small�pox is far loss prevalent in Britain than it was a few years ago, when there was no rinderpest. Evidence, however, of tho transmission of rinderpest to tho human subject is not altogether wanting. In the case, of which the particulars are here annexed, and for an opportunity of seeing which I am indebted to Dr. Quain, a vesicle presenting the appearances and running tho ordinary course of vaccinia was appa�rently produced in the human subject by the inocula�tion of rinderpest matter.

Mr. Hancock, aged 30, veterinary inspector of the Uxbridge district, was accidentally punctured on the back of tho band on Dec. 3rd, 1865, while superin�tending the post-mortem examination of a bullock, dead of the plague. The wound was inflicted with a knife, with which his assistant was engaged in re�moving the skin from near the scrotum. It did not bleed. On Dec. 8th, or the fifth day, a small elevated pimple could bo seen and felt at the site of the punc�ture. On Dec. 12th this pimple was converted into a distinct vesicle, and at the same time Mr. H. began to suffer from headache, pains in tho back and limbs, and acceleration of the pulse. On the following day he consulted Mr. Rayner, of Uxbridge, who found a vesicle like that of vaccinia on the ninth day, full of clear lymph, its edges elevated, its centre depressed, and of a brownish colour, and the whole surrounded by a red areola. The swelling extended for some way up the arm ; the lymphatic vessels wore inflamed ; and there was pain in the arm-pit. On Dec. 15th and 16th the constitutional symptoms increased in severity, and. his sufferings were great, from rending pains 111 the head and back. From the first Mr. Kayner had no hesitation in pronouncing tho case to be one of vaccinia, and did not fail to recognize its importance. On Dec. 18tli, or the fifteenth day, Mr. II. came to town, and saw Professor Spooner, who also recognized tho vaccine character of the vesicle, Ho then came to Dr. Quoin's, who was good enough to ask me to sec him. The constitutional symptoms bad then subsided, but. there was still a largo vesicle measuring about an inch in its long diameter, and a third of an inch across, filled with slightly turbid brownish fluid, its centre brownish and depressed, its margin puckered and irregular, and its base hard and inflamed, with a well-marked red areola about three inches in diameter, The appoarancos at once suggested to Dr. Qunin and my�self a receding vaccine vesicle. On Dec. 2()lli this opinion was stamped with the high authority of Mr. Ccely, On Jan. 1st and 2nd, 18G6, I again saw Mr. Hancock. The appearances had now changed.

Dr. Murchiion,

Kciport to Conmmsioner�.

* Trans. Mod. and I'hys. Hoc. of Calcutta.

Keport on Small-pox in Calcutta, by Duncan Stewart, M.n., 1844, p. 148.

| Bep. of Section of Prov. Med. and Surg. Assoc, already referred to, p. 18.

i Ibid,

L 2

I Jli^

AFPBKOXX TO TH11U) JJKI'OKT OF

Dr. Murchinon.

Rsport to

Coiiimissioiujrs.

There liad been no suppuration, but tlioro was ii dry, black, depressed crust, Avith a pink, olo-vatcd, translucent, vesicated margin, and a surrouncU ing reddish lialo. On Jan. 2ikI JNIr. 11. exhibited his hand at the Pathological Soeiety at the iustnnco of Dr. Quain, Avho pointed out that the appearanoes were almost identical with the declining vaccine vesicle on the temporal region figured in Pluto I. of Mr. Ceely's quot; Farther' Observations on the Viiriolai Vac-ciiiie.quot;* It is necessary to add that Mr. H. had been vaccinated in infancy, ami had one good vaccination mark on his arm.t

The unusual duration and size of the vesicle in this case wore the only points in which it differed from ordinary vaccinia, but it may bo mentioned that cases of vaccinia have been recorded by Mr. Cecly, in which tlio vesicles did not desiccate until the 17th day, and the crusts did not separate until the 24th. The appearances as well as the entire history of this case were very different from the results of an ordinary poisoned wound, but coincided with those observed after vaccination. It is to be regretted that no lymph was obtained from the vesicle sufli-ciently early to test fairly its power of propagating the disease. Some obtained on December 19tli, sixteenth day, for which I am indebted to Professor Spooncr, has been made the subject of experiment, with nega�tive results. Hitherto this remarkable case stands alone. On the supposition that Cattle Plague is small�pox, the immunity of human beings at the present day might be attributed to the protection conferred by vaccination, or by a previous attack of small-pox. But it is justly contended that a like immunity was enjoyed long before the days of Jcimcr, or even of inoculation. The authors who at the beginning of last century described the history of the Cattle Plague with such remarkable fidelity and minuteness are silent ns regards its comnninicability to man, if they do not expressly state that those pei'sons who were brought into the most intimate contact with the diseased cattle suffered nothing. It is well known, however, that great difficulty is often experienced in transmitting an acute specific disease from one species of animal to another, although it con be propagated readily cnongh amongst animals of the same species. The rinderpest itself, notwithstanding the assertions to the contrary, made when it first appeared among us,| is transmissible to sheep, goats, and deer ; yet there is more difficulty in communicating it to these animals than from cow to cow. The small-pox of sheep affords another remarkable illustration of this law. Of 250 inoculations (punctures) with the virus of sheep-pox in the human subject by Mr. Marsonand Mr. Ceely, not one succeeded. Mr. Ceely observes: quot; I ovinated 25 subjects whose ages ranged from quot; three to fifteen years, some twice and thrice over. quot; In none were there fewer than six punctures each quot; time, making not less than 180 punctures. No quot; specific disease resulted. * * * Nearly all the quot; above subjects were shortly afterwards vacciuiited quot; with current vaccine lymph, which in each case cx-quot; hibited the normal effects. I may us well add also, quot; that the same kind of ovine virus, which did not quot; succeed in children, took promptly on sheep.quot; sect;

More than this. The experiments of Mr. Ceely, Mr. Marson, and Professor Simonds, conducted on a most extensive scale, show that sheep-pox is not only not transmissible to man, but cannot be propagated to any other animal than tlio sheep. It may he said, however, that what applies to sheep does not apply to cattle, because wo know that ordinary cow-pock is easily trans�missible from the cow to man. But, first, it must bo remembered that ordinary cow-pock is transmissible to the human subject solely by means of inoculation. There is no evidence that the poison can be propa�gated through the atmosphere; and, secondly, the same remark applies to that severe and fatal disease of Indian cattle already referred to, which in its symptoms corresponds in every respect with rinder�pest, and which hits been proved by experiment to bo identical with human variola. quot;It is an extraordinary quot; fact,quot; says Mr. G-. G. Macpherson of Moorshedn-bad, writing in December' 1832, quot; and worthy of quot; remark, that while the cows were thus affected, no quot; case of variola amongst the natives in the village quot; presented itself; and although the people were quot; averse from handling or going much among the quot; cattle at the time of disease, still they all scouted quot; the idea of infection, stating that they had never quot; heard of any one contracting the disease from the quot; cow.quot; * It is, therefore, in no way surprising, oven on the supposition that rinderpest is a form of small�pox, that human beings have not suffered from it ; but it is not unreasonable to expect that inoculations of human beings, unprotected by vaccination or by a previous attack of small-pox, with the virus of rinder�pest, may now and then produce results similar to those obtained in India by Messrs. Macpherson, Brown, and Furncll, and to those recently observed in this country in the case of Mr. Hancock. It is not to be imagined, however, that such experiments will succeed, except in a small fraction of cases. The singularity of Mr. Hancock's case must be viewed in connexion with the fact that it is extremely difficult to inoculate cattle, even when unprotected by pre�vious cow-pock, with the virus of human variola. According to the most practised inoculators of this country, Mr. Cecly and Mr. Badcock (although cer�tain French experimenters appear to have been more successful), success is not attained once in fifty cases. It is a remarkable fact that ordinary cow-pock is easily transmissible from the cow to man, and from man to the cow, hut that the severe form of variola, whether in man or in the cow, seems to be trans�mitted from the one species to the other with the greatest difficulty.

These considerations are not laquo;adduced with the object of proving that rinderpest and variola arc absolutely identical, or even pathological equivalents. Apart, however, from their general interest, they unquestionably point to a very close analogy between the two diseases, and indicate the necessity for fur�ther inquiries of an experimental character, which can alone decide the matter. These inquiries ought to have the following objects :�

1.nbsp; To ascertain if cattle which have suffered from ordinary vaccinia are in any way protected from tho Cattle Plague.

2.nbsp; nbsp;To ascertain if cattle which have been success�fully vaccinated with vaccine lymph, or inoculated with the matter of human small-pox, acquire immunity from the Cattle Plague, or contract the disease in a modified form.

3.nbsp; nbsp;To ascertain if cattle which have passed through the Cattle Plague are incapable of being vaccinated cither by vaccine lymph or by the matter of human small-pox.

4.nbsp; nbsp;To ascertain if human beings inoculated with thematter of Cnttle Plague present phenomena similar to those observed in Mr. Hancock's case, and if the disease so induced be capable of propagation.

ii '

' v #9632;

1 #9632;

;,,, '

¹ s


#9632;,	*u .*	',
1	V '	,gt;#9632;

* Trans. Prov. Med. ami Burg, Assoc, vol. x., 1842.

t Tbc eruption communicatccl by co'ws during labour to veterinary mirgeons, referred to and figured by Mr. Gamgte in the first number of the quot;Edinburgh Veleriniiri/ llcviewquot; (July 1858), consisted of a number of pustules similnr to ecthyma, and had no vcseniblance to what was observed on Mr. Hancock's hand. The appearances of the vesicle, at different stages, in this ease, are represented in the figures (Plates XII. and XII].) accompanying Mr. Ceely's memorandum. Hee p. 80,

If. It has long been known in Germany that the Cattle Plague is cominanicable both by infection and inoculation to sheep, and from sheep again to cattle. See Schmidt's Jahrbuch der gesummt. Med., 1803, No. 118,p. 231, and 1864, No. 123, p. 122; olio Did. den Sc. Mdd., 1815, art quot;Epizootic,quot; p, 24. The observations recently made in this country sho-w that the disease is communicable to many other animals besides sheep.

sect; Simonds on Variola Ovina, 1848, p. 154.

Trans. Med. and I'bys, Soc. of Calcutta.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

71)

I nm happy to be able to ndd that investigations of the nature hero indicated liavo recently been com�menced in various parts of the country. Whatever be the results of thoso investigations, a question which has long agitated medical opinion will bo finally solved, and if the results turn out, as there are eomo grounds for hoping, mankind will be furnished with a certain remedy for arresting the ravages of the Cattle Plague.

is very transient. CutHo that have been successfully vae�cinated, and in which the vaccination has run its course, when brought in contact with animals sufl'eiinpr from cattle plague, or when inoculated with the virus of ctittlo plague, have contrackul the diseaso and died of it. One case in illustration may bo mentioned. Two cows sneces-fully vaccinated in the country by Mr. Acton, were brought to the Royal Veterinary College to be experimented on by Professor Vurncll. One .of tlicso cows had still three good vaccine vesicles by the side of the vulva on arrival. On January 20, one of these cows was inoculated with the virus of Cattle Plague, taken from a calf in which the disease had been induced by inoculation with diluted virus taken from a sheep affected with Cattle Plague. The other cow was shut up in a loose box with the same calf. The calf died within 24 hours. On January 25th, or the sixth day after inoculation, the inoculated cow was seized with symptoms of Cattle Plague and died on January 3()th. On January 2()th or the seventh day from exposure, the second cow was taken ill, and died on February 2nd. The obvious inference is that, notwithstanding the close analogies between the cattle plague and human small-pox, the former disease, like the so called small-pox of sheep, is uninfluenced, by ordinary vaccinia, and like it, therefore, is, in all probability a distinct species of disease from human small-pox.

C. Murchison. 30th January 1866.

Dr. MuichlBon.

Roport to

Conuiiissiuiiorii.

The foregoing remarks may be summed up as follows :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;The Cattle Plague now prevalent in Britain is the same disease as the rinderpest of German writers.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The chief symptoms of the disease are, fever with general depression, an aphthous condition of the interior of the mouth and nostrils, an eruption composed of roseolar patches, scabs, and sometimespuw-tules laquo;nd petcohia; on the skin, running from the eyes, nostrils, and mouth, suppression of milk, constipation followed by diarrhoea, albuminuria, and hasmaturia, and the ultimate development of a condition similar to the quot; typhoid state quot; of human maladies.

3.nbsp; nbsp;The chief morbid conditions found after death are, the eruptions on the skin and in the interior of the mouth, catarrhal or croupal inflammation, and even gangrene, of the mucous membranes, ecchymoses, an unusually dark colour of the blood, a peculiar odour, and great proneness to decomposition.

4.nbsp; There is no resemblanco whatever between Cattle Plague and the typhoid or enteric fever of man, in their anatomical lesions, their clinical history, or their etiology. All arguments derived from the supposed identity of these two maladies are therefore baseless.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Cattle Plnguo is equally distinct from human typhus, scarlet fever, erysipelas, influenza, or dysen�tery

6.nbsp; nbsp;Cattle Plngue belongs unquestionably to the same class of diseases as the human exanthemata, such as variola, scarlatina, and rubeola.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Small-pox is the human malady which it most closely resembles. This resemblance holds good, not merely, to a great extent, in the cutaneous eruptions of the two diseases, but in their symptoms and ana�tomical lesions, and in their extreme contagiousness and capability of propagation by inoculation.

8.nbsp; nbsp;The resemblance between rinderpest and variola is sufficiently striking to demand immediate inquiry, whether vaccination or an attack of ordinary cow-pock confers future immunity from rinderpest, or modifies its course. The result of such an experimental in�quiry can alone determine the identity or non-identity of the two diseases ; but if the reply to the inquiry be in the affirmative, a certain method of arresting the spread of the Cattle Plague will be placed in our hands.

C. Murchison. 2nd January 1866.

Notes of the History of the Cask of Mr. Henky Hancock, Veterinary Surgeon and Inspector, Uxbridge. (Drawn up by Robert Ccely, Esq.)

On the 3d December 18(i5 Mr. Henry Hancock, Veteri�nary Inspector, Uxbridge, was engaged in superintending the autopsy of a bullock recently dead of Cattle Plague. His assistant, who was performing the operation, while occupied in removing the skin from the scrotum, acci�dentally punctured the back of Mr. Hancock's hand with the point of the knife. The puncture being slight was disregarded at the time, hut was washed as soon as practicable and thought of no more. On the 8th, five days afterwards, a small, slightly-elevated, hard pimple was felt and seen on the' site of the puncture. This gradually advanced till the ninth day from the puncture, the fourth from papulation, when the enlarged pimple became distinctly vesicular. At that time there were but slight constitutional symptons. On the next day, the tenth from the receipt of the puncture, the fifth of papu�lation, and the second of vcsicnlation, he called upon Ids surgeon, Mr. Rayner, of Uxbridge, who, on seeing the hand, inquired quot; if the patient had been handling the quot; udder of a cow, for that he could recognize a cow pock quot; vesicle of the ninth day?quot; The vesicle was then dis�tended with limpid lymph, its margin elevated and rather brown, centre depressed and rather brown, and was sur�rounded with a large bright red areola. There was then considerable tumefaction, extending from the knuckles above the wrist. The absorbent vessels were visibly inflamed; they and the axillary glands were tender and painful.

The pulse, naturally slow, was accelerated. There was much pain in the back and lind)laquo;, severe and distracting head-ache, anorexia, amp;c., amp;c,, all of which symptoms con�tinued to increase during the two following quot;days. At the end of that time the diffused areola bad extended as far as the elbow.

On the 18th December, fifteen days after the puncture and ten days after papulation, the patient was seen in London by Drs. Quain and Murchison and by Professors fipooner and Simonds.

The local inflammation and the constitutional symptoms tiad then partially subsided. The vesicle contained a rather turbid brownish fluid, and there were present all the indications of a declining vaccine vesicle.

The above particulars were detailed to me by Mr. Han-cock and Mr. Rayncr, on my visit to them at Uxbridge on the 20th December. And on ray exhihiting the different phases of the vaccine vesicle on (be hand of a milker, depicted in plates .'!, 4, and f) of quot; Further Observations on the Variola! Vnccina; quot; (Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, Vol. X.), Mr. Hancock immediately recognized their exact correspondence with those which had occurred on his band.

On this day, 20th December, being the eighteenth of puncturation and the thirteenth of papulation, 1 observed manifest declining tvdema of the intcgiuneuts on the back

Supplement.

Since the date of the above Report, vaccination of cattle has been extensively tried. The experiment has shown that with lymph from a child's arm it is much easier to obtain characteristic vaccine vesicles in cattle than was generally imagined. In many instances successful vaccination seemed to confer temporary immunity from the Cattle Plague; for in certain herds the vaecinated cattle, and they alone, escaped the disease. Further ex�perience, however, has proved that this immunity, if real,

L 3

.U'l'KNDIX. TO THIBD KBPORT OF THE CATTLE PI-AUUK OOMMISKlONEliS.

Dr. Murohlson.

llcpoi't to Coimnissioii�rs.

of the hand and as fat as the elbow, with slight patches here and there of declining redness near it. The vesicle, which had been minij' days poulticed, was depressed in the centre, puckered at its margin, hut still raised on a pal�pably firm base. It certainly exhibited the appearances I have often seen, at a corresponding stage, on the loose vascular skin of the back of the hand of milkers affected with casual cow pox. A similar vesicle I have depicted in plate 5, fig. 2, in the work, above referred to.

The conclusion drawn from the appearance of the vesicle at this time was fortified ly d consideration of the history

of its development. The late appearance after the punc�ture, the tardy and gradual papulation and vesiculation, the period of the advent of the areola, its progress, extent, and period of decline, all corresponding to those phenomena resulting from the casual inoculation of the milker by the cow affected with vaccinia.

I could not, however, hut regret that lymph was not abstracted at the proper time, with a view to exclude all doubt as to its actual character.*

R.C.

* The vesicle, at different stages, is represented in Plates XII. and XIII.

t-HM

Explanation of Colouiied Duawikgs.

Plate I.

Fig. 1.�Portion of small intestine of a healthy ox, showing the enlarged condition of the solitary glands.

Fig. 2.�Portion of small intestine of a healthy ox, showing the very developed and prominent condition of a Peyer's patch.

Plate II.

Portion of small intestine of a cow on the eighth day of rinderpest. The mucous membrane is intensely in�flamed, with small patches of ecohymosis. The solitary glands are enlarged, as in Plate I., fig. 1. Peyer's patch is much less prominent than in Plate I., fig. 2, and is paler than the surrounding mucous membrane. At some parts of the patch the glandules are seen to contain a minute drop of pus, at others they are empty.

Plate IIT.

Portion of small intestine of a cow on the eighth day of rinderpest. Intense inflammation with exudation com�posed mainly of epithelial structures on mucous surface. All trace of Peyer's patches had disappeared.

Plate IV.

Peyer's patch on tenth day of rinderpest. The patch presents a flattened reticulated aspect. It is not raised above the general level of the mucous membrane, and is free from ulcerution.

Plate V.

Portion of human ileutn on tenth day of enteric fever, showing the greatly enlarged and very prominent condition of Peyer's patches and of the solitary glands.

Plate VI.

Portion of human ileum on twenty-sixth day of enteric fever, showing extensive ulceration of Peyer's patches.

Plate VII.

Fig. 1.�Coecum of a cow on eighth day of rinderpest.

Fig. 2.�Portion of fourth stomach close to pylorus of a cow on eighth day of rinderpest, showing intense redness and ecchymosis, superficial erosions, and a partially detached slough of the mucous membrane.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 1.�Portion of fourth stomach of a co\r on seventh day of rinderpest, showing intense redness and superficial erosions.

Fig. 2.�Portion of fourth stomach of a cow recovering from rinderpest�about fourteenth day. The discoloured .patches were becoming pale again, and had not proceeded to sloughing.

Plate IX.

Portion of fourth stomach of a cow affected with rinder�pest. The mucous membrane is red and inflamed, and presents numerous patches of ecchymosis and several deep excavated ulcers, the largest one extending completely through the mucous and muscular coats.

Plate XII.

Appearances presented by Mr. Hancock's hand on December 18th, or 15th day after inoculation with Cattle Plague.

Plate XIII.

Appearances presented by Mr. Hancock's hand on December 23rd, or 20th day, and on January Ist, or 28th day.


	:\|\|	8
	i	;j
		^; ''.

laquo;

r v:_;

Explanation of Plates X. and XI. are given on a separate sheet facing Plate X.

if ;i

¹ r

PLA'I

i,;¹ Mmch^.o!! Direx'

PORTION OF \IKUU WITH PETER'S PATCH AND CHRONIC BNI^ARGKMHNT OF G01,iTAH\ Ci.AM!):

()]#9632;] F'TOHTH D.K'i Of CAri'LK PhlKOUl'..

Iirn^v:-ii! \hvi?gt;lt;

^3^^^

^^^n

12 13 1

i-U^^^U^^U^UU^UWW^

PLATE ill.

PORTI Oil OF ILEUM ON EIGHTH DAY OF CATTLE PLAGUE

V Muidnson Dl]

ex'

B.BurJess^el Day^ Sonfl m ited 11.:

DT Mnrdiison TiiivC-

POt; quot;

M, SHEWING PE'jl? �� ' ON TENTH DAY )F CATTLE PlA^'JE

^.'witts ju I'j.v it- Son LtnitalJ Lit

Vv gt;:\ i

'V: m.hm, );; I'i-.Nri! v.y lt;A' , \ #9632; , #9632; � m .^rrr,

J3_____L

Jfl____U____12____U____U____15____U____12____Ifi____IS___20___21___22___22___2*___25___2�___22___28___2S___30.

:.#9632;#9632; I

f'-l

iihi

#9632;'i

#9632;

Bwii'chison Direx¹

PORTIONnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; WAH MAl'M ON TWEN'rV-OIXTH DAY 01^; KNTKRIC ;^;KVEI'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; it -.1 l^iSoi..,,,;:, .

PLATT, Vll.

�

Clt;1

�ob


	'quot;
	a	�
	*^	*lt;*
	*Lfl*	c


	�	3
	71	b-
	#9632;ff	f-;
		*lt;*
	H	O
	amp;	H,
	3	n

	�^	gt;-
		lt;;
		�
		X
		f-


		;';
		W
		?.
		o
		^
		o
		o
		El,
		�
		.,.-

		c
		lt;
		gt;:,
		o
		i-
		w

		M-

		-v*



		c
		B.
		U
		c
		z



		f-
		:::

�

III

gt;: O

sect;

I I

^-#9632;

;

#9632; '

#9632;gt;�i

#9632;n

lt;

^^quot;#9632;#9632;B

¹ '

'LAU. IX

#9632; #9658;

'I' I

EBi rfe. W iUy.v.'wi) limited

#9632;! gt;l

quot;ovim of ['oirilt;.rH sioM/vcii op cow, about eighth m oi' cattlf, i

' #9632; :.

Explanation of the MiCROsconc Drawings.

Plate X.

Plate XI.

Fig. 1.�Cells from interior of glandules of a Peyer's patch in a healthy ox.

Fig. 2a.�Cells from interior of glandules of a Peyer's patch from a cow on the seventh day of rinderpest. The corpuscles are more granular than in fig. 1.

Fig. 26.�Ditto ditto, treated with acetic acid.

Fi_K. 3.�Corpuscles from interior of an enlarged solitary gland of the ileum in a healthy ox, into which Wood has become extravasated.

Fig. 4.�From ditto ditto. The corpuscles are more granular, and there is more oily matter.

Fig. 6.�From ditto ditto. There is much oily and granular matter, and large compound granular cells and masses.

Fig. (i.�From interior of enlarged solitary gland of the ileum of a cow on the eighth day of rinderpest. The appearances are similar to those seen in fig. 6, with the addition of a crystalline scale of chulesterine.

Fig, 1.�Epithelium cells, containing much granular matter from aphthous crusts between lower jaw and lip� superficial layer.

Fig. 2.�Nuclear bodies, epithelium cells, and granular matter from aphthous crusts between lower jaw and lip� deep layer.

Fig. 3.�Diagram of perpendicular section through the skin and one of the pustules on the udder, a. Cutis. b. Epidermis, c. Cavity, containing a yellow opaque fluid, bounded above by a thin lamina of cuticle and below by a corresponding depression of the cutis. Magnified three diameters.

Fig. 4.�Epidermal cells containing granules and oil globules, and nuclear bodies composing a scab.

Fig. �. � Altered epidermal cells, nuclear bodies, true pus corpuscles, and granular matter from yellow opaque fluid contained in cavity represented in Fig. 3.

Fig. G.�The same after addition of acetic acid.

13530,*

#9632;#9632;#9632;

Fi^; ;#9632;

. amp;reg;reg;

\ i^gt;lt;^''�-^; ^ raquo;^ '^ r. /

@ vv i, #9632; reg; /

(vi)

Fi(? 3

^#9632;�^

copy; A

Fi^; 5

#9632;'l!l ^

m /

[:.#9632;}#9632; C'A'OI'a: PHAWIN^v;; M' iJONri'.MT.'^ r^''.NnT.S'; INAl, ,;,:,AM1).S 01 ill ^v' ' quot; ';

IA!T XI

Fig, 1

Fi� ^

%.#9632;--lt;:- �#9632;#9632;#9632;o Aura*

⁵ j-'jA-. ; quot;c-'.-'.^-i-

�.tt- .a;

��

/amp;.#9632;

(9,.

copy;:#9632;#9632; ^V

Fl.3. 3

1^;1K 4.

' 4]:v-^^.,lt;-; .,,v: �laquo;��

i'i(5, P

'lt;*) (dj /.

⁰ reg; ,.

\ I

! :

lt;.?;,

�/

lu, \

MlCKOt'COI'l'' PKAVVIM'.:;; OV KBIM'Tl.Ul;: oc cattu: n.AGUF

I'LATI #9632;#9632;�.I!

-v A/

#9632; #9632;

\\ 1 , AR.MIH

:i..

¹ *.

! ; . :

On i.. , ',:.#9632; ' , ;;, .i.,|;,_v

i #9632;;�#9632; '

. .,.,

#9632;; : v

On the Morbid Anatomy of the Cattle Plague.

1IEP011T TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

JOHN SYEE BRISTOWE, M.D., F.E.C.P.,

PHYSICIAN TO AKI) JOI.NT I.IiCTUHHIl ON PHYSIOtOOY AT BT. I'lIO.MAs's IIOSPITAI,

The following Report is less comploto limn I could liavo wished, but is i^s comploto ns (lie timu I have been allowed to devote to it and the opportunities Avliicli 1 luive enjoyed have permitted mo to make it. The careful post-mortem examination of an ox is a very troublesome and lengthy process, and even with abundant assistance is difficult (except under very favourable circumstances) to carry out exhaustively. These difficulties T have encountered, und they must explain the incompleteness (which I regret.) of many of the accompanying post-mortem accounts. Accu�rate microscopical examinations again dcinmul a largo devotion of time, and unfortunately most specimens sue of little value for this purpose unless they ho fresh. These two considerations will accoimt for my microscopical investigations having been loss cxten-f�vo than I could have desired. I could not hope to make them complete ; and I limited them chiefly, therefore, to those tissues in which morbid processes are most obvious and, as I think, most; important.

The post-mortem records which I have appended to my report were (with the exception of microscopi�cal and some other minute descriptions) mostly taken down from my dictation while the autopsies to which they relate were? in progress, and may be regarded, therefore, as fairly accurate reproductions of my im�pression of each case at the time of its examination. These arc mainly the basis on which my report has been written. But it is right to add that the report expresses my more mature opinions on many points on which my opinions were unformed at the time the post�mortem accounts were written ; and that such changes of opinion have resulted partly from rc-exaniiuation of specimens which I had kept, partly from the in�vestigation of specimens derived from animals which had not been dissected by myself. These remarks especially apply to my accoimt of the cutaneous eruption, which was written after a very careful re-examination of numerous specimens which I had preserved. They will explain also any other discre�pancies, apparent or real, which may be, discovered between my final report and the various post-mortem accounts.

I hope I may bo allowed hero to express my acknowledgments to the Professors at the Royal Vete�rinary College, to the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, and also to the Professors at tho Albert Veterinary College* for the opportunities and assistance which they have severally afforded me in the prosecution of my inquiries ; to the artists, Messrs. Tuson and Burgess, for the exquisite drawings which they have made in illustration of my report ; and to Messrs. Sankey, Ward, and Kayncr of St. Thomas's Hospital, who have acted ably as my assistants in the course of my investigations.

COMDITION OP SkIK.

A cutaneous eruption (Plates I. and II.) is present in a largo proportion of cases ; so frequently indeed ns to form one of the most characteristic features of

tho disoase. This eruption has a prima facie resem�blance, in the more hairy parts to the scabby stage of eczema impotiginodes, in the less hairy parts to tho erupt ion of impetigo or of modified small-pox. I have never yet, however, discovered either a true vesicle or a true pustnle, nor have I satisfied myself that true pus is ever secreted (excepting accidentally) ia this disease by any part of the skin or of the ghiiululnr tissues connected therewith. The eruption appears to me to consist in congestion (inflammatory, doubt�less.) of the capillary plexus of the true skin, and of those involutions of that plexus which are distributed upon the sebacious glands, with consequent desqiuuua-tiou and increased growth of epidermis, and super�abundant formation and discharge of sebacious matter, and tho development in variable proportions of unclear pus-like corpuscles.

The udder is the part in which the eruption is probably most characteristic, and in which it can best be studied. Here, in cases of moderate severity, Iho eruption consists of a number of spots scattered irregularly over the surface, for the most part dis�cretely, but hero and there clustered two or lliroo together. The individual spots are circular or nearly so in outline, and have a diameter varying perhaps between a quarter of au inch and a line or even half a line. But they often pass insensibly at their margins into the surrounding skin, so that their superficial extent is not always easy of accurate determination. Their elevation above the general surface varies, and varies in some measure with their diameter, but ranges mostly from one-eighth of an inch downwards. Their central, and usually by far th(|ir largest, part consists of a dirty yellowish or brownish crust. This is generally of nearly uniform character throughout, softish and greasy to the feel, and traversed connnonly by one or more flue hairs. Its upper surface is rounded or irregular in form; its margin is mostly well-defined, more or less irregularly circular or polygonal, sometimes overhangs the surrounding infe-gumonts, sometimes merges as it were into them, and very often is overlapped by an irregularly scalloped border of the superficial layer of epidermis which tho crust, in process of formation, appears lo have under�mined. Tho crust may generally be separated with oasefrom the subjacent tissues, but no distinct space or cavity is ever, so fir as I know, found between them, and no accumulation of pus or other fluid. The surface exposed by its removal is that of the true skin, which is always deeply (hough superficially congested ill Iho urea corresponding to the superficial extent of flic disease. I believe that this congestion occasionally results in extravasation of blood into (he substance of tho true skin, and occasionally leads to escape of blood in small quantities externally; but I have never recognized any actual destruction of surface by ulco-ration or any other process. In some eases tho denuded surface of skin presents no nppenrnncea beyond such as have been described. But in many cases it can he distinctly seen, in process of removing tho crust, that this is attached to tho skin by fine whitish, or yellowish, or even bright yellow rootlets, the number of which varies with flic superficial extent of tho crust (PlatoXXIII. a.). These, which arc tho much hyperfrophicd sheaths of the hairs, and measure

Dr. Ilristowp.

lloport to Ounmisaionera.

* X ought not to omit mentioning liy name Mr. Duguid, Lecturer on Physiology at the Albert College, who lias given me from time to time most important personal and othci' assis�tance.

13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M

apphndix to third iikvoht of

Dr. Brintown.

Rc|HllttO

Cominissioi\ors.

about nn piplith of an inch in longth, generally romnin attached to the crust, �ndor Kiich circumstnnccs the denuded area will bo seen perforated by one or more roundish holes, which raquo;re the dilated oriftces by which the hairs, and the ducts of their nssociatwl sebacions glands, emerge. Occasionally (and this either repre�sents n later stage of the disease, or is a peculiarity of certain cases) these orifices, while retaining their circular form and their rounded edges, become largely dilated, attaining a diameter of one-tenth, one-eighth, or even one-sixth of an inch. If a vertical section lie made through the centre of these spots, it will bo seen (as has been already pointed out) that the congestion of the tt'ue skin radiates as a rule little, if at all, beyond their limits, that it is generally quite superficial, but that it extends around and in-cludes the involved groups of sebacions follicles ; it will also be seen that these latter are hypertrophoid, and generally easy of enueleation (Plate XXII. c). In the cases in which the common orifice of the hairs and ducts has become excessively enlarged, the mass imbedded in the substance of the skin is generally I'oond enlarged in proportion ; and this mass, sur�rounded by a margin of congestion, consists as in other cases of hypertrophied sebacions glands, but comprises also, I believe, a certain proportion of the connective tissue intervening between thein, and of that which forms their common investment. It is in this situation alone that 1 have once or twice recog�nized what I believe to have been a small accumulation of pus.

Microscopic, examination shows :�first, as regards the true skin, that its redness is generally due simply to the. distension of capillaries with blood, and that there is never (so far, at least, as I have had the opportunity of observing) any development in its substance of abnormal morphological elements; second, as regards the epidermis of the diseased area, that this has become shed in various degrees, sometimes wholly, leaving the papillary surface completely bare, some�times partially, the rete inucosum remaining still adherent; and as regards the epidermis immediately bounding this area (Plato XXIII. u.), that it is often distinctly undermined, that its edge (in its whole thickness) is irregular from partial separation of its constituent epidermic scales, and split up here and there to a greater or less extent in the horizontal direction. The microscope shows further, as regards the crust, that this coiftists, in by far the largest pro�portion, of sebacions matter ; but that mixed up with it are fragments of epidermis, and here and there coherent masses of nuclear bodies somewhat resem�bling pus corpuscles. It shows also that the sebacions matter, which distends the glands connected with the diseased area, is of the same character as that which forma the greater part of the crust ; that similar sebacions matter largely distends the sebacions ducts; and that these ducts, together with the. dilated and elongated epidermic tube, which forms their common sheath, are continuous with and lost in the substance of the crust. The pus-like corpuscles to which 1 have referred are generally irregular and somewhat refrac�tive bodies, without any distinct cell-wall, and without, any positive nucleus. The. action of acetic acid is generally to dissolve their outer part more or loss eompletely, and to leave in the place of each a small aggregation of molecules. In all these respects, as well as in their tendency to cohere, thoy differ markedly from true pus. \ believe them to be derived ehiofly, together with the. sebacions matter, from the, sebacions glands, or from thoir oriflcos ; but 1 have no doubt that they are produced in some degree also by the surface of the. true skin. I may mention, as favouring this view, that aggregations of them arc generally to be met with in the, vicinity of the mouths of the sebacions ducts, and that i have often observed them forming a constituent part of crusts which have been developed on a surface still covered by an adherent epidermic, layer. 1 may hen; add also that the nidtter of the crusts often extends laterally into the crevices mid fissures which exist in the. snirounding epidermis.

On other parts of the skin, where (as on that of the udder) there are numerous sebacions glands, but where additionallyhail'S are abundantly developed, the morbid action appears to me, to bo less intense in degree, but to operate protty uniformly over a comparatively ex�tensive area. Tho nature of the morbid changes seems to me, however, to be essentially identical with that which has been already described. The surface is covered continuously with a greasy crust, which varies somewhat in thickness, and is often lumpy and irregular externnlly, giving at times tho impression that it is the result of some irapetiginous affection. It is perforated by the hairs, to which also small separated flakes of crust often adhere. On its removal the surface of tho true skin becomes exposed, either entirely bare or covered with a layer of epider�mis, and it is seen that the crust is prolonged inwards upon the hairs into the hair-sheaths and sebneious follicles, exactly as in the case previously considered. Further, the surface, of the skin is found more or less deeply congested, and the sebacions glands generally enlarged. Microscopic examination confirms the identity of process (Plato XXII. r..). Tho, crusts con�sist of sebacions matter mixed with epidermic scales and groups of nuclear bodies; they lie sometimes on the surface of the true skin, but generally on an inter�vening layer of epidermis, and they are directly con�nected, both anatomically and by constitution, with the hair-sheaths and the contents of the sebacions ducts.

On certain other parts of the skin again, as on that covering the nipples, where neither sobacious glands nor hairs exist, the process of disease is necessarily i-.omewhat different. In this situation, the surface of the true skin becomes reddened, sometimes in spots, which may be very minute, sometimes general^, thougli still it may bo irregularly; and over the site of congestion an excessive formation of epidermis takes place. The epidermis becomes thick and soft or friable, irregular and flaky on the surface, and tends, according to circumstances, to separate, at certain points, or as in chronic eczema or psoriasis, to become fissured. The fissures take chiefly the direc�tion of the natural furrows, and occasionally even penetrate the surface of the true skin. In the crusts (if they may be so termed) which present the above characters, I have failed, as might be supposed, to detect sebacions matter ; but I have detected, though in small proportions, pus-like, corpuscles. They con�sist, in fact, chiefly of loosely coherent epidermic cells studded, it may be, with a small amount of granular matter,

The above varieties of eruption appear to me, as I commenced by stating, modilications merely of one and the same morbid process�modifications determined to a great extent by tho anatomical peculiarities of the various regions involved, and ill some, measure by tho degree of intensity with which the skin aflection manifests itself. Hence, while the first variety shows itself chiefly, as I believe, in those situations in which the sebneious glands are large, as upon the udder and especially around the bases of the nipples, and upon the perinssum ; while tho second variety occurs chiefly on the more hairy parts of the skin, as, for ex�ample, about the neck and back; and while, the, third variety is chiefly observed on places like the nipples, void of sobacious glands ; occasionally, in some situa�tions, all varieties are more or less intermingled. This hitter condition is by no menus infrequent, on the mlder ; tho surface of which then assumes an irregu�larly raquo;cabby complex character, difficult to interpret without such a key as the foregoing description aims at supplying.

I may add hero, that T have observed nothing special in reference to the congestion of the skin beyond what I have already described. All parts on which exudation occurs are more or less reddened, and wherever tho disease is specially intense, there, the redness is proportionately deep, Hence, on some parts of the skin the redness is more or less uniformly diffused, on other parts it presents a spotty or patchy nrrangement. And sometimes where there are, nnme-

TllK CATOXE PLAGUE COMMISMIONKKS.

�ous more or loss discrete spots of discasu, as on tho idder, redness, though most intense in connexion with he spots themselves, extends over thu whole of tho pace intervening between them. I may add also that u some cases where there is no distinct eruption, tho kin is seen to bo laquo;lightly f'urfuracious, and perhaps i little more rosy than in health.*

OoNumoN or the Mouth, Fauces, Phauynx, Nose, and Eves.

Mouth, fauces, and pharynx,�The mucous mem-trano of the oral and phorvngeal cavities shows with #9632;cry rare oxecptions well-marked indications of disease, rhese indications are not observed indifferently over all Hirts of the mucous surfivco, but tend to predominate in sertain regions. Such are, the inside of the lips and pirns, the papillie situated within the angles of the no'.ii.h, the under surfnou of the tip of the tongue, tho idos of this organ, and that part of its dorsuni lying letwoen the cireuinvallate papilla; in front and the ipiglottis behind, the posterior part of the palate, and he pillars of the fauces. Tho anterior three-fourths if the dorsum of the tongue and the corresponding porraquo; ion of the palate are much more rarely diseased, and dways in a minor degree. The morbid conditions ibserved in the regions now under consideration have oine resemblance to that which constitutes aphtha, .nd again to those which accompany diphtheria. 1 lave never, however, recognized here the presence of my microscopic fungi, which by some observers arc ooked upon as an essontial characteristic of true phtha ; nor in my belief does the exudation in this lisease over assume those characters of a distinct false aembrane which belong to the diphtheritic membrane.

The disease in the mouth, fauces, and pharynx, like hat of the skin, consists, I believe, essentially in conges-ion of the mucous surface with increased formation and oftening and tendency to separation of epithelium, and iretematural activity of function of the mucous glands, rhe excretion of mucus indeed is peculiarly abun-lant ; and it is worthy of remark that, in the case of he tongue and palate at least, the distribution of the norbid processes has a very close quantitative affinity vith the distribution of the glands.

The appearances presented \gt;y the diseased mucous nembrane of the cavities under consideration differ ery much in different partraquo;, though in dependence olely 1 believe upon their several peculiarities of struc-ure and of anatomical arrangement. It will bo �onvenient to describe the morbid appearances of liese different parts separately.

(a) TAps and gums,�'All parts of the mucous raem-iranc of the lips and gums are liable to become affected, jut the morbid processes are generally most marked, I lelieve; on those connected with tho lower jaw. The lisease here is certainly very aptly expressed by the crni quot; aphthous.quot; (Plate III.) It begins with the ppearance of small round spots, in which the epithe-iura is opaque and yellow, a little thickened, and a ittle granular on the surface, and at the same time oinewhat softened and easy to be detached from he basement membrane ; which in the corresponding rta is more or less deeply congested. These spots oon increase in size,others appear, and contiguous pots run together, forming irregularly sinuous patches if more or less considerable extent. Hut as this ex-ension of the disease takes place the softened epithe-ium becomes detached, partly naturally, partly no loubt by violence, and tho subjacent congested surface lecomes more or loss extensively exposed. Thus, in idvanced cases, the mucous surface becomes studded vith irregular islets of excoriation, surrounded for the nost part by an irregular border of opaque softened ipithelium, and beyond this by an imperfect network if the still healthy mucous membrane, which separates he patches of disease more or less completely from lach other. Now and then little or no such excoria-ion takes place ; but the imhealthy epithelium accu-

mulates and the surface assumes consequently a nearly uniform opaque yellowish granular condition. The morbid processes above described are very apt to occur on those portions of the gum which surround the nocks of the teeth.

Exactly the same changes take placo in connoxiolaquo; with the papilhlaquo; within the angles of the mouth. These become congested ; their epithelial covering becomes opaque and thickened and softened, and flakes of it become detached. This detachment is very irregular ; sometimes a cap of epithelium comes away from the apex of a papilla, sometimes a ring from the base, but more generally irregular fragments separate indiller-ently from any part of the surface.

(fi) Tongue.�On the under surface of the lip of the tongue the disease generally appears as an irre�gularly crescentic or semicircular patch, the con�vexity of which corresponds to the anterior margin of the organ. Tho disease is generally most intense along this margin or at tho lateral portions of it, and fades away insensibly behind. It consists simply of congestion of tho surface, with an exuberant forma�tion of epithelium, which, as on tho lips, becomes opaque and yellowish and soft and oecasioually detached. Patches of tiie same kind usually stud, more or less irregularly, the sides of the tongue in their whole length.

But the part of the tongue on which the disease is generally most intense is that limited somewhat roughly, in front by the most anterior of the cireuin�vallate papillae, and behind by the epiglottis. (Plate iy.) The congestion of surface is here often extremely vivid ; and the epithelium covering it is, as elsewhere, opaque, thickened, granular, and pulpy, and apt to separate. The processes occurring in this situation are always essentially identical, but tho appearances which they produce vary a good deal. Thus in some cases little or no detachment of epithelium takes place, and the epithelium becomes consequently remarkably thick, (like that of an ordinary thickly-furred tongue,) and forms in some parts, and especially immediately in front of the epiglottis, a series of ridges, the direction and form of which are determined by the normal arrangement anil movements of the surface. In other cases the accumulation of epithelium is comparatively small, and its detachment and the consequent formation of excoriations comparatively extensive. This detachment may occur anywhere, but the chief situations of it are two lines pass�ing obliquely from behind, forwards and outwards, and corresponding, I imagine, to the posterior boun�dary of that portion of the dorsum of the tongue which during deglutition is pressed against the fauces and palate. The detachment hero occurs in irregular spots, which tend to coalesce, and often by their coalescence form patches of considerable extent. The disease, sucli as has been described on the base of the tongue, extends thence on to the pillars of the fauces and on to the soft palate, and in fact also to the con�tiguous parts of the pharynx. In the hitter situations, however, while the congestion is very often more in�tense than in the tongue, the change in the cha�racter of the epithelium is less marked.

The greater part of the dorsum of the tongue�all that in front of the circumvallate papillte�is gene�rally as nearly as possible healthy ; occasionally, how�ever, traces of disease are discoverable. These consist of a small number of irregularly scattered spots (Plate IV.), in which the epithelium appears yellow and slightly elevated. The spots are generally round or roundish, and about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. They may, however, be larger. Here as elsewhere the affected patch of epithelium is softened, and its attachments arc loosened, it can bo readily scraped away, and occasionally has become spontiineously detached ; and here as elsewhere the subjacent surface is congested, the congestion corresponding almost accurately in extent to the space which the softened epithelium occupies.

Vt. Uiistowo.

Beportto

Comuiissionui'i.

;

* For (llagranu of skin eruption, see Plate XXII, A.

APPKNDIX TO THIRD KKPOUT OF

Dr. Brlstowo.

Roport to

CouimisHionors.

terestlng. (Pluto Y.) The palate is gometimos nearly healthy ; sometiraos the disease in it is limited to the posterior part ; and in cveiy case in which the more anterior parts are involved, the morbid processes in-crease in intensity from before backwards. The disease in the palate consists in the formation of small round spots, in which the epithelium becomes a little opaque and granul�r, and separates, leaving n round depressed congested surface. The spots gradually enlarge in area ; neighbouring ones coalesce ; and thus are pro�duced irregular sinuous tracts of various and often considerable sizes. Sometimes the numbers of these patches are so groat, and (heir intercommunications so freo, that much of the surface which remains healthy survives in the form of isolated fragments. The shape of the patches of disease in the anterior half of the palate is a good deal inlluenced by the ana�tomical peculiarities of the part; and not infrequently the disease here appears to arise in connexion with the papilliform borders of the prominent ridges.

The destruction of tissue in the various regions, the morbid conditions of which have just been passed in review, rarely extends deeper than the epithelium, and beyond the production of an excoriation. Occa�sionally, however, sloughy ulcers form, and penetrate deeply into the tissues subjacent to the mucous mem�brane. I have seen one such ulcer during life on the dorsnm of the tongue, and in one case after death two or three such ulcers on either side of the tongue near its root, and one immediately in front of the epiglottis.

The congestion of the mouth, fauces, and pharynx Iraquo; generally very intense beneath the diseased patches of epithelium, and especially so in the situations in which excoriation has occurred. It is generally, too, much deeper at the base of the tongue, on the pillars of the fauces, and on the soft palate than elsewhere. The excoriated surfaces occasionally bleed ; and some-limes, towards the back of the cavity particularly, spots of subinucous extravasation may be seen. The congestion, however, excepting in connexion with the loose tissues of the soft palate and neighbouring parts, is almost always quite superficial. It rarely penetrates to the depth of half a line even at the base of the tongue. I have never recognized in the congested tissues, under the microscope, any morbid appearances other than those depending on the presence of blood.

Microscopic examination of the whitish granular exudation on the lips and gums, tip of the tongue, base of (ho tongue and fauces, shows that it consists partly of healthy epithelial scales, partly of epithelial scales which have, become granular, and partly of masses of nuclear bodies like those observed in con�nexion with the cutaneous crusts. These latter have some resemblance to pus, but cohere into masses, and are scarcely affected by acetic acid like true pus-cor�puscles ; moreover, the fluid which surrounds them coagulates under the influence of acetic acid like that of mucus. The exudation appears therefore to consist essentially of epithelium, the component ele�ments of which Lave become separated from one another (in consequence probably of the infiltration between them of some fluid effused from the subjacent surface) and of corpuscles, the formation of which is probably connected with this effusion.

In the opaque spots occurring now and then on the anterior part of the dorsum of the tongue, where the epithelium is (hick, the same changes essentially are observed. The patches of opaque softened epi�thelium arc found to consist chiefly of epithelial scales which have lost their mutual cohesion, and are sometimes more or less granular, and some-tinies (compared with those of the healthy surface around) appear plump and yellowish and refractive, us if distended with some jolly-like material. Be�sides these may often be seen, as in the former case, mas8C8 of pus-like nuclear bodies, which are to be be found generally) I believe, somewhat deeply seated. Tlie minute examination of the roof of the mouth fimiishes the most interesting results. Here a close inspection with (ho naked eye shows the presence of

numerous minute orifices (the mouths of the mucous glands), from which often beads of transparent mucus stand out, looking at first sight liko vesicles. Mixed uj) with these will mostly be seen round orifices of larger size, from which also mucus is exuding, but. of which the floors look distinctly congested ; and if a vertical section be made through them, it will bo seen that the epithelium is excavated, and the sub�jacent mucous surface congested, in an area equalling or a little exceeding that of the excavation. Between these and the largest excoriations all gradations of size may bo seen. Further careful inspection will generally show that the depth to which all the ex�coriations go is nearly uniform, that the excavated surfaces are, except at the edges perhaps, perfectly smooth and deeply congested, and that on these excoriated .surfaces, in proportion to their extent, are many minute orifices, from which, as from the healthy surface, mucus exudes. Microscopical examination reveals that in the early formation of these spots there is actually an excavation of the epithelium, (Plate XXIII. c. and d.), somotimes limited to that portion of it superficial to the papilla^ sometimes involving the papillary portion as well, and displacing or even destroying the papillaraquo;. It shows further that the epithelium of the affected part, or that immediately bounding the excavation, is, liko that in the spots on the dorsum of the tongue, sometimes granular, gene�rally yellowish and refractive, and generally too split up or tending to separate into its component scales. Somotimes there may be observed hero masses of pus-like corpuscles like those observed in other parts ; and occasionally I have met with (deeply seated) large roundish or irregular bodies, from which, under the influence of water, a delicate cell-wall rises, and which seem fdlcd with irregular masses of oleo-albuminous matter. From this description of what may be observed in the palate, it seems pretty clear :�that the, disease there, if not originating necessarily in the glands or rather in the course of their excretory ducts, is at all events remarkably influenced by these organs : that the excoriations commence generally from them as a centre : and that probably the disintegration of the epithelium is largely promoted by the action of their secretion. From the circumstance previously referred to, that in other parts of the surface of the oral cavity besides the palate, the chief seats of disease are those generally in which the mucous follicles are most abun�dant, it is not improbable that in these parts also the presence of the glands aids in determining the presence of disease, and that the glands play an important part in its subsequent, progress.

Nose, and Eyes.�The whole of the lining mem�brane of the nasal cavities furnishes abundant secretion of mucus, and is generally nearly black with con�gestion. This is deepest, I believe, on the upper surface of the soft palate. The nostrils sometimes present aphthous spots. The conjunctivte also are almost invariably congested, and there is some secretion from their surface ; but I have not met with any further change in connection with the eyes.

Condition of Ai.imentaky Canal.

Lower part of pharynx, and asophngus.�Conges�tion almost invariably extends from the pharynx along the first two or three inches of the oesophagus. The congestion here varies considerably in degree in diffe�rent cases, and occasionally exceeds the limits which have just been assigned to it. Now and then points, more or less numerous, of subinucous hamiorrhage co�exist with congestion. The mucous membrane of the rest of the tube is, so fiir as I have observed, invari�ably freo from congestion, and healthily pale. The upper congested part of the region under consideration is generally studded, sometimes thickly, with minute granular spots and excoriations ; and in a very small proportion of eases, similar morbid appearances extend throughout the whole remaining length of the tube. (Plate VI.) These seem to have precisely the same essential characters as the spots of disease in the mouth. They consist, in the first instance, of v.

TIIK CATTLI� PLAQUB OOMMISSIONTIBS.

ickoning and softening, witli opacity, of tho itholium, over ft slightly congested surface ; and tho second instance, of an excoriation resulting mi tho detachment of tho central portion of this ithollmn. I have failed to detect, under tho seroscopo, in those spots of disease, any evidence of s. The only abnormal condition, indeed, which I vo observed is in tho epithelium itself. This ap-ars to become generally highly granular, and easionally, I believe, uuiisually refractive. The spots which have just been considered vary )m almost invisible points up to a quarter of an eh in diameter. They may, however, bo larger. Tho lallest are always circular, but as they increase in ;o they become oval, and the largest arc almost linear; that the excavations in which they result present e appearance of shallow fissures. Their long ameter is always parallel with the axis of the #9632;iophngus, a peculiarity which probably depends on o direction of the mucous folds. Occasionally the epitholial lining of the oesophagus found, or becomes during the post-mortem exatnina-)n, entirely detached, in the form of a membrane, am the other Avails of the tube. This condition, iwever, is merely an accidental post-mortem change. Rumen, reticulum, and omasum.�Although the st three stomachs differ very much from one iother in their internal mechanical arrangements, ey closely resemble one another in the papil-ry character of their lining membrane and in the ick cuticular character of their epithelial investment, hey closely resemble one another also, I believe, in e nature of the morbid processes which they severally idorgo. These consist, first, in congestion ; second, subraucous exudation, and occasionally, I believe, ;travasation of blood ; and third, in tho formation of aughs, which tend after a while to separate from e surrounding tissues. The epithelial lining in ose organs, as in the oesophagus, remains often firmly tached to the surface of the mucous membrane ; ten, however, as a result chiefly of post-mortem �ocesscs, it admits of easy detachment as a more or st coherent membrane, or even sepai-ates in this rm spontaneously. It may bo added that, contrary what we have observed in the preceding portions the alimentary canal, the epithelium hero always llieres with abnormal firmness to the patches of sease, excepting (it may be) in quite their earliest age.

(laquo;.) Riemen.�The contents of tho rumen are morally abundant, and as near as may bo normal, his, from the early arrest of rumination which almost ways takes place, might bo expected. Tho mucous embrano also of this stomach is in the majority of ises quite healthy, or at most presents in places a fl'used faint rosy tinge, which, if not strictly normal, m yet scarcely bo regarded as real evidence of sease.

In some cases, however, portions of the surface �escnt congestion in a marked degree�congestion anifesting a port-wine tint, and occurring in itches with a distinct and abrupt margin. These itches are of irregular shape and size, and running igcther form congested tracts of (it may be) con-derable extent. When these occur in that region the stomach in which the papilhc are small and the )ithelium transparent, they may be easily recognized irough the epithelium ; but when they exist in those tuations in which tho papillre aro largo and the nthelium opaque with pigment, they are not readily )servnble until the epithelium has been removed, lose inspection, however, of such diseased tracts will ('ten reveal, without any such preparation of them, 10 presence here and thereof papillae distinguishable om those around them by their peculiar plumpness id redness. In all these cases the congestion extonds Ut slightly into the thickness of the parletes. In a still smaller number of cases, associated onomlly with a cortniii amount of tho congestion diich has just been described, sloughing of tho iiicoiis membrane may bo observed. This occurraquo; in

patches which vary very greatly in size, measuring Dr. Bristowlaquo;. sometimes not more than a quarter of inch in diameter, nolwrt to sometimes, it may be, eight or nine inches across ; in Coramlaslonew. patches which vary very mueh in shape, being often round or oval, often irregularly sinuous, and often altogether irregular ; in patches which vary also in their aggregation, being sometimes scattered sparsely, sometimes collected into groups, and then it may even bo more or less confluent.

The diseased patches, as they occur on tho smoother and paler portions of the mucous membrane, present a dirty brownish, perhaps slightly greenish, coherent slough, which has perfectly well-defined marginraquo;, and is gonenJly separated by a more or less com-ploto line of ulceration from the surrounding mucous membrane. (Plate VII.) The edges of the latter, im�mediately bounding the slough, arc generally tumid, sometimes also congested, but occasionally in n per�fectly normal condition. A vertical section shows that the slough involves for the most part little beyond tho mucous membrane itself, that the separation is less advanced beneath than at the edges, and that the tissues immediately subjacent to the slough present generally n slightly greenish tinge, and more or less evident traces of congestion. The patches which aro met with in the more coarsely papillary parts of tho stomach are generally easy to bo recognized, even while their epithelium remains perfect:�by their colour, which is often paler than that of the healthy tissues, and somewhat of an olive-brown tint; by the generally flabby condition of their papillse, which makes them fall together, lose at first sight their individuality, and form collectively an unnaturally smooth depressed surface ; and also by the presence, among these, chiefly at the edges, of a few scattered papilla!, which aro plump, congested, and stund out with unusual prominence. (Plate VIII.) In those cases*, in which there is slight adhesion only of the epithelium to the general surface of the mucous mem�brane, its removal renders the patches of sloughing remarkably prominent, inasmuch as those portions of it which invest them cling still to their surface, and by their depth of hue increase the contrast between the healthy and the diseased parts. The sloughs in this part of the stomach are generally larger than those in the smoother region of the organ ; and, partly perhaps because its parietes are thicker, the morbid processes extend somewhat more deeply into them. In all other respects the changes which take place here are identical with those which have been already described. The sloughs tend to separate from thcstill healthy parts by a line of demarcation, which is always more distinct at the margins than it is on tho deep aspect, and the sloughing area is further circum�scribed to some extent by a slight degree of congestion.

In one case I have seen the sloughs in this stomach more or less completely detached ; but it has not occurred to me to meet with the later process of cicatrization.

(/gt;.) Reticulum.�In reference to this compartment of the stomach there is little to be said. Its contents, like those of the rumen, appear to be generally normal; and its mucous membrane is almost without exception quite healthy. In two or three cases I have seen in it distinct patches of congestion, more or less deep, more or less circumscribed, and evidentnlly abnormal. But I have never met with disease hero passing beyond the stage of congestion.

(lt;#9632;.) Omantim.�The contents of (ho omasum are almost invariably preternaturally dry and caked; and us they are, at the same time, moulded accurately to the highly papillary surface of the folds of this stomach, it. is probably due to tho concurrence of these two conditions that the epithelial covering of the folds (when, as often occurs, its normal attach-menls arc loosened) becomes so frequently in this disease, removed with the food.

The folds of tho omasum are somotlmcs entirely healthy j sometimes they present a little diflused redness ( and very generally the larger vessels radiat�ing from their attached border contain a good deal of 3

, lt;

APl'KNDIX TO THIKD KKPOKT OS

Dr. liristowo.

Roport to

CouiimsMoiKTs,

blood. None of those chnuges, howovor, .seems uocos-savily raquo;n indioatlon of disease. In ihc inajority of ciisi'raquo;, nevertholess, the presence of disease is manifest. This coinmciioou with congestion, ihisscs oh lo gmi-gi-ene, mui, if the cuso bo suffleieutly protracted, pro�ceeds to Boparation of raquo;louyli and to ciciitriziitiou.

The congestion in the curly stage is always more or loss vivid ami circumscribed. (Plato IX.) Dometivues il iiU'ccls the papiiltraquo; alone over a deflulte space, Ihc intervening surface remaining pale \ :it other times the level surface alone is congested, the papillm retaiulng their normal condition ; sometimes it involves one side only of a fold ; at oilier limes occupies its entire thickness. More commonly, however, the congestion pervades more or less completely all the parts included within its area. The patches of congestion vary greatly in size and shape and number. Thus, some�times they are so small as to include only a single papilla, sometimes two or three contiguous papillffl only, whereas at other times they occupy an area measuring half an inch, an inch, or even more than an inch in diameter ; again, sometimes they ate round or oval, sometimes very irregular in shape; further, some�times only one or two such patches are present in a fold, sometimes a fold is thickly studded with them. When they are numerous, they may generally be dis�tinctly seen to occur specially, if not solely, along the ramifications of the larger vessels ; and they produce a^ strongly mottled condition of the fold, the patches of congestion 'being separated from one another by a net�work of healthy tissue. In this stage of the disease there is no abnormal adhesion of epithelium to the surface ; the congested membrane retains, as nearly as may be, its natural thickness and transparency ; the redness is found to be due to simple distension of the capillary (Plate XXIV. A.) and other small vessels with blood (they are, in fact, as distinctly seen under i ho microscope as if injected artificially with vermilion), and it rapidly disappears with exposure to the air.

The formation of sloughs undoubtedly supervenes on the stage of congestion ; and equally undoubtedly the situations in which the sloughs appeal- are some of those which had previously been the site of congestion alone. (Plate X.) The patches in which sloughing is taking place may be as small as the smallest of those in which congestion is observed ; that is to say, the process of slougliing may involve two or three contiguous pa�pillaquot; or even one papilla only ; very often too they vary in diameter from half an inch to an inch, hut they sometimes attain an area of three or four square inches or more, an area far larger than any which I have yet seen equalled by simple congestion. The larger patches are generally very irregular in shape ; but those of medium size are mostly round or roundish, and when they involve the free edge form the segment of an ellipse or circle. During the time of the formation of the slough, the affected patch be�comes thickened and opaquc,and the epithelium, which assumes over it a dirty greyish hue, becomes attached to it with abnormal flrmuess. This covering of epithe�lium very much conceals (he subjacent changes; yet even through this covering, (but much better of course if it he detached,) deep congestion, with more or less brownish discolouration of the papilhe and other parts of the affected patch, may be recognized. This con�gestion, deep indeed, yet somewhat muddy looking, sometimes occupies the entire surface ; but more com�monly an irregular margin of such congestion sur�rounds a central area, in which the general hue is an olive-brown. The separation, however, between the two conditions is rarely complete ; for generally,olive-brown papilla; will be seen scattered upon the congested margin,and isolated papillaj, intensely congested, may often be observed in the central disc.

After awhile the death of the part becomes com�plete, and a line of demarcation rapidly forms around it. The slough separates from (he surrounding tissues, and ultimately falls into the cavity of the omasum. If (lie slough have occurred in (lie central part of a fold it leaves a perforation, if at (he free edge a cor�responding indentation. The aniount and inimber of

sloughs which thus become detached from a single fold are sometimes very great, and the degree of ir�regularity of edge and surface thus produced is often very remarkable, The portion of the fold which forms a margin to the separating or separated slough seems to cicatrize coincidently almost with the detach�ment of the slough ; hut it remains for a while a little congested, a little tumid, and sinoother than natural. This cicatrization takes place even while (he disease is hastening to a fatal issue.*' (Plate XI.)

I have pointed out that the above affections of the omasum occur in single folds with different degrees of severity. I may add that when present in any case they by no means necessarily affect all the folds, far less affect them all equally. Sometimes the greater number of the folds are found diseased, sometimes the disease is limited to two or three of them.

There is little difference on microscopic examina�tion between the appearances observed in the sloughs of the omasum and those observed in the sloughs of the rumen. 1 believe that in both casosj but more especially in the former, actual extravasation of blood not unfroqnently takes place into the tissues ; but the opacity of the parts renders the determination of this point difficult. The point on which I feel most cer�tain, with regard to the tissues subjacent to the hase-ment membrane, is that they are obscured by an abun�dance of granular matter, sometimes more or less aseresated into masses, which is absent from the healthy parts ; and that, except for the presence of this, the tissues appear as nearly as possible.: healthy. In one of (wo cases in which I examined the epithelial covering of the sloughs in the rumen, I found it to present an abundant growth of a lowly form of vegetable fungus ; and in all the cases in which I examined the corresponding part in the diseased omasum, the same vegetable growth was discovered. (Plate XXIV. b.) I may add, that I never detected this but on the patches which were, or were tending to become, sloughy, although I looked for it carefully on other and even adjoining parts of the mucous sur�face ; and that it is not the result of post-mortem changes, for it does not increase with the length of time that the parts are kept after death. 1 have found it indeed in great abundance, an hour or two after death, on the diseased omasum of a cow slaughtered at the Metropolitan Cattle Market. The fungus consists of transparent colourless filaments, which throw off branches and buds in all directions. I have not seen any of its sporules. The diameter of its filaments varies, but seems to me to be about equal to that of the filaments of the yeast fungus. The appearance of this growth is of course an accident only of the disease, but it is an accident of sucli constant occur-rence as to be on that account of interest. Its development here is due no doubt to the facts that the sloughing surface affords an appropriate soil, and the stagnation of the contents of the stomach an appropriate opportunity, for the germination of cer�tain sporules diffused through the food, which under other circumstances would have been hurried on or destroyed by the digestive process, and have proved (in the stomachs at least) unproductive.

I have an impression that the adhesion of the epi�thelium to the surface of the sloughs may be in part, if not wholly, due to the growth of tins fungus ; for 1 should state that although I have described the fungus as originating primarily in connexion with the epi�thelium, I believe that it penetrates this, and thus after awhile involves the subjacent tissues.

The epithelial scales in connexion with the slougli�ing regions appear to me, compared with (hose of the healthy parts, opaque and granular, and in some instances distended with some refractive exudation.

#9830; The folds of the omasum occasionally present circular per-

I'onitions (Vom a lino in diameter up to an incli or two, wliieli have evidently no connexion with the disease of which the aninml lias died, 'fliese are either congenital or the result of former dieeasraquo; or accident. Their presence tends to show that perforation of the folds of the onuisuiu is not peculiar to the Oattllaquo; Plague.

THE lt; ATTI.K PtiAQUB 0UMMIS8IONER8.

Ahnmnsum.�Tho contonts of tho uhomiisum are metimos normul or nearly eo, but generally tliey emore fluid than natural, and ijarelr (hoy oorapi'iso little blood.

Tbisstoinaoh generally presents important traces of sense, but by no meana necessarily ; and sometimes appears to be perfectly healthy. Tho morbid eon-tions which are met with here consist in congestion, travnsation of blood and sloughing, and in uleeralion

exeoriation produced by tho separation or disinte-ntion of tho sloughs.

Tho congestion varies in degree und in extent, nnetimes tho redness is remarkably vivid, sometimes is so slight as to make it doubtful whether it can irly be regarded ns an abnormal condition, and it nges in different cases between these, extremes, nnetimes again tlio congestion is universal, some-nes it is most pronounced at tlio pyloric extremity, metimos in tho situntion of tho folds. � Further, tho ngostion is sometimes patchy, sometimes more or is uniform in its character. Associated with this ngestion will often be found deep red points, for o most part circular, and varying from a line in imeter downwards, which look like petechiai or flea-;es (Plate XII.). These may occur on any part of e surface, and indeed over tho whole surface, but e generally most abundant towards the pyloric tremity of the stomach, and upon and between the jeous folds. Sotnetimes very few of these spots are esent, at other times they are extremely numerous ; d then they may either be arranged discretely, or ly form groups which sometimes run together into tches. In some cases small clots, the result of laquo;norrhnge, hang from groups of these points into the vity of the stomach. Microscopic examination shows it that condition ivhich I have ascribed to congestion simply due to overloading of the minute vessels with )od ; and that that condition which I have likened

petechitc, though in part often due to the same use, is essentially the result of rupture of these ssels, and of extravasation of their contents into the ertubular tissue. Htemorrhage into the cavity

of course, a further stage or phase of the same scess.

Sloughs and excoriations are by no means un-nraon in the abomasum, and ns a rule they seem to Hind chiefly in that region of it which lies between s folds of mucous membrane and the pylorus ; ;asionally, however, they are met with upon and ;vveen the folds themselves. The, sloughs and ex-�iations may, of course, both be absent, or there ,y not be more than one or two sloughs, or onn or o excoriationraquo;, or one or (wo of both. Sometimes sy are exceedingly numerous.

The excoriations aro irregularly round or poly-ml depressions in the surface of tho mucous mem-me, varying from about, one-sixth of an inch to half

inch in diameter (Plate XIV. u.). Their surface y be smooth or a little granular, sometimes a little er, sometimes a little redder than natural. Their rgins are formed of mucous membrane, which is often dthy, with the exception that it. manifests an in-tinctly radiating plicated arrangement, and is occa-nally a little tumid and granular and congested, vertical section shows that their floor consists gene-ly of the Bubmucous tissue ; and the microscope, nonstrates that the congestion which they oeca-nally exhibit is due simply to distension of the sols with blood.

rho sloughs vary in size, like the excoriations, but ;hin wider limits, ranging between a quarter of an h and an inch or even more. In diameter. (Plate II.) The. smaller sloughs are mostly round or oval,

larger irregular in shape, and formed apparently the coalescence of two or three, smaller ones. The igh is generally of a dark yellowish brown or dish brown hue, smooth upon the surface!, some-ics laquo;oft and pulpy, sometimes condenaod and tolor-y tough. Its margin is mostly well defined, aad

mucous membrane, around it generally normal ns colour and condition ; except that, it, seems often

to have become pari lall}- detached from the. slough, and then by Its elasticity to have retreated from it suporflclally, leaving an irregular bu( rather broad Interval between them, consisting of the still adherent bni; stretched snbmucous tissue. Sometimes tho slough is so loosely attached, as to admit of ready removal ; sometimes it has already separated in part ; and this separation may have taken place eirenin-ferontially, or may even have commenced at the centre, leaving a ring only of slough still adherent. Tho slough is almost, always very superficial, involving .scarcely the whole thickness of the mucous membrane. Occasionally, however, the sloughing process extends more deeply, and implicates tho snbmucous tissue, and even more or less of the muscular pariotes.

A careful examination of the superficial sloughing ulcers in their various stages cannot, fail to convince any one that tho appearances which I have termed ex�coriations are rather to be looked upon as cicatrices, and are the result of the formation and separation of sloughs. A vertical section through the sloughs which I have described will show, as I have pointed out, that they mostly involve llie mucous membrane alone ; but it will show also that they are generally of uniform tint throughout, and that their thickness is rarely more than one-third or at most one-half of that of the healthy mucous membrane around (Plate XXIV. C. 2.). A microscopical investigation of the sloughs shows further, that, in many cases the follicles of the part have in great moasnre disappeared-�-have shed their contents probably and become shrivelled�and that their si te is occupied by a fibrillatedtissuostudded thickly with black pigmentary matter, which is partly aggregated into masses, partly more evenly ditfnsed ; it shows in some cases that, the tubes, though visible, are really empty, or nearly so, of epithelium, and that the intertubular tissue is black with diffused pigment (Plate XXIV. C. I.) ; and it shows again in some eases groups of irregular cylinders which seem filled with a refractive sepia-tinted material, broken transversely at intervals, or broken up into angular fragments, of various sizes (Plate XXV. a.). These cylinders evidently are the stomach follicles reduced in diameter, and filled with some exudation, which has either dis�placed, or infiltrated and concealed, their epithelial lining. The several appearances which have just been described may be met with associated in the same slough. There can be little doubt, I think, that they aro all due in the first instance to extravasation of blood, and in the second place to the changes which that extravasated blood itself undergoes, and to the changes which its presence induces in the tissues amongst, and into which it, is extravasated ; that in fact the congestion, the subnnicous hremorrhage, the sloughing, and the cicatrization are in successive dependence, on one. another, and that the various morbid processes, and their relation to one another, are, (allowing for diflerenco of structure) the same in the abomasum as they are in the omasum and in the rumen.

I may add here two additional facts in reference to the sloughs. One is, that sloughs occasionally form to or near the free edges of the mucous folds (Plate XIV. A.); that, in Ibis case many are apt. to be grouped together; that they .ire mostly narrow and elongated in a direction parallel with the edge ; that they commence simply ms reddish-black discolonra-tions ; that they proceed to uleeralion ; and that their microscopical characters are identical with those of sloughs in other pnrls of the stomach (Plate XXV. H.), The oilier is that in one ease, and one case alone, .1 discovered the same kind of linigns growing on the sloughs of tho abomasum that I have constantly found on those of I be omasum.

Intestines,�The contents of I he bowels vary very considerably. Occasionally, if (he iinimiil dies or is slaughtered early in the disease, the contents�espe�cially those of tho largo intestine�are very nearly normal. But generally (hey aro nnnsnally fluid. Sometimes (hey consist of liltlc else limn mucus, and are sometimes Intermixed with blood. No doubl

I)r. Kristowo,

Roport t^

Coimniss�iuiTs.

M 4

Ai'l'KNPIX TO TUllW iu;rouT OF

Dr.Brlstowe. they nro more offensive than the normal intestinal Rolmrt _t0 contents avo ; but nevertheless it does not appear to Commissioners, mc that they possess anything like that degree of fector which has been generally aseribed to them.

The morbid processes observnblo in connexion #9632;with the walls of the iiitostines are essentially identi�cal -wiili those occurring in the higher portions of the alimentary canal; they consist in congestion and extravasation of blood, but rarely in the later stages of sloughing and ulceration.

Tho congestion varies very much in extent and degree; sometimes it affects simultaneously nearly all parts oi tho intestinal canal ; sometimes it forms one or more tracts of considerable extent; sometimes it occurs in patches, and the situation and direction of these are determined often by the course of the prominent folds of mucous membrane. Tho parts most commonly thus affected are tho small intestine or some part of it, the coocuin and ascending colon, and the lower part of the rectum ; but any of these parts may, even in severe cases, be free from conges�tion, and sometimes they are all equally pale and healthy. In any part of tho intestinal tract, but espe�cially in those parts most liable to congestion, sub-mucous hannorrhage may occur in the form of petechilB and of ecchymeses, and blood may be poured out even into the intestinal canal.

Ab regards the small intestine the appearances vary very remarkably ; sometimes the whole mucous mem�brane, from the pylorus to the ileo-coccal valve, is uniformly and intensely congested, and reduced to a viscid pulp, and blood may or may not have been effused therefrom into the cavity ; sometimes such congestion is limited to the upper part of the intes�tine, sometimes to tho lower part ; and indeed, so far as I have been able to observe, all parts of tho small intestine are equally liable to undergo this change ; sometimes, again, the congestion occurs in small spots and patches, and these may be abundant and aggregated, or lew and sparse. Suhmucous Inenionliago occurs in various parts of the small intestine, but I have seen it most frequently and most remarkably in the duodenum (Plato XV.)

The coecum and ascending colon arc mostly more or less deeply congested. The congestion in this situa�tion assumes very often a definite arrangement in accordance with the direction of the prominent folds of mucous membrane ; it then takes the form of a number of broad more or less interrupted lines, run�ning for the most part in the direction of the axis of the bowel. 35ut tho congestion, especially when it is intense, is by no means thus limited. It often occurs in irregular patches of various sizes, which run more or less together ; and these are some�times intermixed with a greater or less number of minute intensely coloured points of submucous luc-morrhnge CPhitc XXVI. a.), to groups of which I have occasionally seen, as in the abomasum, small, easy to he detached clots adherent and hanging into the cavity of the bowel. On the other hand tho congestion hero is not infrequently limited to certain small areas. Thus, now and then, it. is discovered at the extreme point of the coecum only ; now and then it. occurs only at. the opposite extremity of this pouch ; now and then it is limited to the coccnm, now and then to the. ascending colon. The margins of the ileo-coBcal orifice arc nearly always deeply con�gested.

Tho remainder of tho colon and the commence�ment of the rectum are more, often free from con�gestion than any other portion of the large intestine. Nevertheless, these purls not infrequently present scattered patches of congestion, and occasionally are congested in their whole length, the congestion form�ing n more or less perfect series of broad parallel longitudinal bands. Tho last five or six inches of the rectum (Plate XVI.) are almost, always deeply in�jected, more deeply and uniformly injected as a rule, indeed, than any other part, of tho large intestine. The. congestion generally commences from above in the longitudinal windraquo; just described, but. it widens

out in its downward course, and in the part under description becomes general, though still deepest on the most prominent parts, and deepest probably of all immediately within tho anus. In this situation sub-mucous hiemorrhago and hannorrhage into the bowel not infrequently occur.

Tho anal orifice itself is not generally much congested. Its cuticular covering is often healthy, but now and then somewhat aphthous. I have onco scon prolapsus of tho rectum ; and, in connexion with this fact, I may mention that onco in a goat I found in-vagination of the last two or three inches of tho coecum.

I have stated that sloughing and ulceration rarely occur in this disease in the intestinal canal. Such is my experience hitherto ; but I should not be at all surprised to learn that those processes are more com�mon here than I have been led to suppose them. I have once or twice seen shallow ulcers, much like those of the abomasum itself, in the duodenum imme�diately below the pylorus ; and twice, linear sloughy ulcers, an inch or two long, at, the lower part of tho rectum. And I may add that, in two goats which I have examined (dead, I believe, of tho cattle plague), there have been ulcers with adherent sloughs in the cocum and ascending colon.

I have never detected any important morbid change, referrible to this disease, in Poyer's patches. No doubt they partake in some measure in tho con�gestion which pervades at times more or less exten�sive tracts of the general mucous membrane. On one occasion, too, I found many of them (thus in�volved) slightly excoriated, and covered on the surface with a thin whitish adherent exudation, which was evidently a product of the glandular follicles of the part.* No doubt, again, they occasionally show traces of old disease, or of unusual conditions, which may be mistaken for disease ; they may contain tubercles, they are not infrequently honeycombed, and now and then some of their component glandules are en�larged. But Peyer's patches, as is well known, are prone to many forms of disease ; and that, in a certain proportion of cases examined, these patches shall bo found aifected, independently of the disease which causes death, is to bo expected. Peyer's patches, again, enjoy no special immunity from the processes of disease ; and if in any malady there be a distinct tendency to affection of the general mucous mem�brane of the bowels, it would certainly seem unlikely that these patches should escape. I have found no more unhealtliiness of Peyer's patches than can be accounted for on these two considerations, and have certainly detected no changes at all resembling those which characterize typhoid or enteric fever of the human being.

Condition of the VisckR/V connected with tub Aeimentauy Canal.

Salivary glanrh.�I have not observed anything in connexion with these glands worthy of note.

Liver.�The liver, again, never�so far as I have been able to observe�presents any important patho�logical change ; certainly it presents no constant change. I do not, of course, here refer to merely accidentally associated conditions of disease, such as cirrhosis, thickening of the bile-ducts, or the presence of hydatids, conditions which are not uncommon in cattle, and which I have met with on several occa�sions. The consistence and colour of the organ generally differ but little from what they arc ob�served to bo in the state of health. The gall�bladder is always distended with bile, which varies somewhat in character, is perhaps generally thin and watery, but not to tho naked eye unhealthy.

Pancreas.�The pancreas evinces, I helicvc, no traces of disease.

Spleen,�This organ, as a rule, is neither enlarged nor materially softened. Now and then, perhaps, it

* The exudation consisted chiefly of nuclei and roimd coll-like bodies.

�nili CATTLK l'IAGUE CO�IMlSStONE�S.

somewhat move pulpy than in health j but this inngo is, I boliove, move often duo to post-mortem jcompositiou than to the direct influence of disoMO.

Condition of Rrspibatory Oegans.

The organs of respiration are almost without ox-iption gravely aiFeeted. But here, as in tho chylo-iletic system, the morbid procossea seem to affect �imnrily and most importantly the mucous membrano id the structures subjacent to it. The lung-tissue m scarcely bo stiid to be implicated, except secou-irily and by a kind of accident, as it were. yiir-passages.�The morbid conditions met with in 10 air-passagelaquo; aro chiefly, as in the alimentary canal, ingostion and submucous haamovrhflge. These in-)lvo sometimes the larynx, sometimes the trachea, mictimes tho bronchial canals, sometimes the wliolo #9632;stem of tubes at once ; and they are attended with i increased exudation of fluid from the mucousglands, vhich sometimes adheres to the surface, forming hat now and then might almost bo termed a false ombrane), and often with more or less haimorrlmgo to tho tubes themselves. The congestion is gene-lly diffused and inoro or less uniform ; the sub-ucous hamiorrhnge, always in tho form of spots. Inch are apt to be clustered, and to be determined

shape and arrangement by tho direction of tho itural furrows and markings of tho mucous mem-#9632;ane.

(laquo;.) Larynx.�The larynx is generally congested its whole extent, tho congestion being least marked those situations in which the aryteuoid cartilages e most superficial, and most marked as a rule in the #9632;aces between the aryteuoid cartilages and the epi-ottis, in the angle at which the vocal cords meet in out, and in tho parts which lie, posteriorly and later-ly, below the aryteuoid cartilages. Tho congestion iries in degree, sometimes amounting to a rosy blush ily, sometimes inducing almost complete blackness of e mucous membrane. With the congestion there is morally more.or less oedema and swelling of the bmucous tissue, especially of that connected with o epiglottis and the aryteno-epigloUideau folds, onerally, too, associated with these conditions (espe-illy when the congestion is great) there is more or 38 submucous hannorrhage. This occurs in roundish ots, varying from a lino or more in diameter dowu-irds, often slightly raised above the general surface, nerally clustered, and for the most part occupying e sites which I have pointed out as those of deepest ngestion (Plate XVII.).

The mucous surface is often partially covered th a slightly adherent layer, which is sometimes mere film, sometimes presents considerable thick-ss, but has always seemed to mo to have rather e character of inspissated mucus than of true so membrane. It consists microscopically of cor-seles somewhat resembling those of pus (mucous rpuseles probably), of epithelium more or less anular, and of granular matter ; and its removal ives the subjacent surface whole. The exudation re spoken of is always most abundant below the vocal rds and especially below the aryteuoid cartilages; t it occurs also above and in front of these struo-rcs, and sometimes upon the vocal cords themselves, imetimes, entangled to some extent with this mucus, lall clots of blood may be seen, loosely adherent to tho ngested mucous membrane. Once or twice I have )t with a rusty-coloured clot lodged in the rima )ttidis. The vocal cords, as I have stated, are sonie-nos covered, like the rest of the laryngeal surface, th a layer of exudation. But I imagine that what Ight generally be taken for this, in this particular nation, is a granular condition of the surface, the salt in great measure of excoriation ; it consists, deed in part, of those elements which I have do-ribed as constituting the more distinct form of ex-lation, but it contains also fragments of elastic sue, and its removal by scraping reveals the denuded �ucturcs forming the vocal cords. This condition vvays affects the exactly corresponding parts of both 13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;N

vocal cords�those parts of them which aro naturally Dr.Krtntowo, in closest apposition. I believe, indeed, that this ap- _R(� position of two already inflamed surfaces, attended, as CoimnMnngrg,

it doubtless must be, with a certain amount of rubbing, ------quot;

furnishes the true explanation of the phenomenon. Occasionally this condition passes on to gangrene. Once I have seen the early stage of formation of sloughs on both vocal cords in exactly corresponding situa�tions ; and once I have seen fully formed sloughs shnihirly placed, which had involved deep-seated tissues (Plate XVIII.). In the case last referred to, there was also a fully formed slough in tho angle formed behind by the approximation of the aryteuoid cartilages, a slough involving also opposite coincident areas.

In many cases where the congestion of the larynx is intense, tho Intrinsic muscles of the larynx, or some of them, or parts of them, aro black with sanguineous in�filtration.

(b.) Trachea.�Tho (rachoa is generally more or less congested. When congestion alone is present, the hue may vary through di Heren t shades of red, and is generally ofa somewhat uniform character. Sometimes, however, it presents spots and streaks in which the redress is of comparative intensity. Almost always when congestion is present there is also present a greater or loss amount of submucous hamiorrhnge (Plate XVIL). This occurs always in the form of red-black spots, over which generally tho mucous surface seems a little elevated. The more minute of these aro more or less circular ; the larger form narrow streaks, which vary generally from about a quarter of an inch in length downwards, and always take the direction of tho longitudinal lines which mark the surface of the mucous membrane. Sometimes very few of these spots arc visible, and all occur within a very limited space ; sometimes they aro excessively numerous, and form thick-set groups, which run together, and render tho whole surface of the mucous membrane almost black. All these changes of congestion and sub-mucous haanorrhagc may be general, or may be limited to certain parts. Sometimes they aro most intense in the upper part of the tube, sometimes in the lower, sometimes in the front, sometimes behind. Tho regions most commonly thus affected, however, are, I believe the upper part of tho trachea beginning from tho larynx, the region of tho trachoalis muscle behind, and then quite the lowest extremity of tho tube. But no part of the trachea, I repeat, necessarily escapes.

The mucous surface of the trachea presents sometimes only a normal degree of moisture ; sometimes it is covered with exudation which is more or less muco-purulcnt, and this towards the upper part seems to condense occasionally into a kind of membrane, con�tinuous it may bo with that occupying the lower part of the larynx. Here, too, as in the larynx, small clots of blood are found loosely attached to the surface.

Not unfrequently, when the sub-mucous extravasation of blood is considerable, the trachealis muscle (like the muscles of the larynx) is black from infiltration with blood. Sometimes this condition exists only partially, but sometimes it prevails throughout the whole length and breadth of tho muscle.

(c.) Bronchial tubes�The bronchial tubes aro liable to present any or all of those morbid changes which have been described in connexion with (he trachea, viz,, congestion, sub-inucous extravasation of blood, Immiorrhage into the tubes, and effusion of more or less unhealthy mucus ; and to present them in equal variety of intensity and of distribution (Plate XIX.). Sometimes tho bronchi arc chiefly affected, sometimes tho smaller tubes. And sometimes those of one lung are much more diseased than those of its fellow. 1 believe this latter difference to depend a good deal on tho position of the animal previous to death ; that hypostatic congestion during life increases here the intensity of morbid processes. I may add, that per�haps the most constant site of sub-mucous luemorrhago in the tubes is some part of the margins of (he orifices by which they communieato with one another.

The contents of the trachea and other air passages

;

APPENDIX TO THIRD KEPORT OF

Dr. Brlstowo.

Report to Commissioners.

vary very much. In addition to tho materials -which have been dosoribed as adheriug to the surface of

tho tubes, they sometimes contain a largo quantity of frothy ilitid, exceedingly like the froth that forms on the top of bottled stout; sometimes ft quantity of muco-purulent fluid ; and sometimes, together with these, ooagula of blood ; occasionally the ooagula are considerable, and moulded to the cavities in which they are found ; and occasionally their surface has uader-gono some change of colour.

Microscopical examination shows that tho mucus in the air passages presents the ordinary characteristics of mucus; and it shows that tluo redness of the mucous membrane is due, as the naked-eye appearances indi�cate, partly to congestion, partly to patches of sub-mucous InBinorrhago (Plate XXVI. Ji.). Beyond evidence of extravasation of blood, I have detected nothing abnormal in the condition of tho laryngeal muscles and of the trachealis.

Lungs.�Tho lungs themselves, it appears to me, are, with one important exception, generally in all essential points healthy; or at most present only such trivial deviations from health as arc of common occur�rence in diseases where respiration is impeded by mechanical causes, or is imperfect in consequence of feeble and inefficient performance of tho act. They are generally fairly crepitant; generally, too, some�what congested, especially the lung of the side on which the animal has lain. They not unfrequently present patches of pulmonary collapse ; sometimes patches, more or less extensive, of caruification. Onco or twice I believe I have met with a little pulmonary apoplexy. True pneumonia is rare, and evidently an unusual complication ; I have seen it in one case only.

The exceptional lesion to which I have above referred is interlobular emphysema (Plate XX.). This, in some degree, is found in nearly every case of cattle plague. It does not appear to mc to occur specially at any particular part of the lungs. Sometimes it is small in quantity, and separates a few lobules here and there only, and might be overlooked were it not specially sought for. More frequently it is scattered pretty abundantly throughout both organs. And occasionally it is so extensive that a coarse net�work of it divides the whole tissue of tho lungs into a scries of lobules; and the air passes even from the interlobular spaces into the subpleural tissue, forming on the surface of the lungs a series of blebs or bullas. Whenever the emphysema is at all abundant, those tracts of the interlobular tissue which radiate from tho root of the lung become widely distended with air, and their distension will generally be found to increase as they approach the root.

What is the cause of this emphysema ? Pulmonary emphysema in the human being has, as we know, almost always a mechanical origin; that is to_ say (without going into minutiraquo; which may admit of dispute) it is dependent, not on disease of the tissues of the lungs, but on obstructive diseases of the air passages�diseases attended with violent and more or less ineffective performance of the respiratory acts, and of the acts of coughing. These conditions arc present in the case of the cattle plague in a marked degree; the lung tissues themselves are healthy, but the air passages, or some parts of them, arc almost invariably advanced in disease�arc rarely, perhaps never, sound. Moreover, it is known from observa�tion during life, that animals with this disease do sutler in a high degree from difficult respiration and from cough. There can be little doubt, therefore, that the emphysema in this case also is mechanical, and a consequence of pre-existing morbid conditions of the air passages.

That the emphysema should consist, in the human being of simple rupture and dilatation of the air cells, and in the cow of extravasation of air into the inter�lobular cellular tissue, may appear at first sight discordant with this explanation. A further objection to it might perhaps be raised in tho fact that em�physema in the human being�at least marked

emphysema�is the result generally of a chronic pro�cess, while tho emphysema in tho cow arises in the course of a specially acute disease. These difficulties, however, lie on tho surface only. Tho initial pul�monary lesion�the essence of the disease�in both cases is the same, and consists in tho distension and rupture of air cells. In the human being, at least in the human adult, there is either no interlobular cellular tissue in the lung, or a trace of it only, and hence the ruptured air colls can only communicate with one another. Interlobular emphysema, therefore, is impossible. The cow, on the other hand, is remarkable for the abundance of its interlobular cellular tissue, and hence the ruptured air colls, although they may communicate with one another, are at least as liable to communicato with that interlobular tissue. But simple commuiiication between neighbouring air cells will scarcely, except it be very extensive, produce any marked change in the appearance of a lung; hence, although the foundations of human emphysema are laid doubtless in attacks of acute disease, the emphysema rarely becomes prominent until it has been developed under the influence of protracted states of disease, or of a series of successive attacks. Rupture of air cells, however, into the interlobular cellular tissue (the interspaces of which are freely continuous in all directions) admits at once of the extravasation of air into this tissue ; while every act of respiration increases the amount extravasated, and diffuses it. Thus interlobular emphysema manifests itself, and may become extensive, at quite the earliest stage of rupture of the pulmonary vesicles. I may add here that in the lungs of children (in which there is a little interlobular tissue) traces of interlobular emphysema may occasionally bo detected after death from hooping cough. I may also add that the anatomical peculi�arities of the cow's lung, to which I have attributed the peculiar characters of its emphysema, lead to similar peculiarities in the morbid processes of its pneumonia. One of the striking features in bovine pneumonia, is the distension of the interlobular spaces with lymph, just as in emphysema they are distended with air.

Condition of Circulatouy System.

Heart.� The muscular tissue of the heart is some�times softer than natural, at other times of the consist�ence of health, and, indeed, unless decomposition has taken place, has tho general aspect of that of the healthy organ. Sometimes there are a few petechial spots scattered about the external surface of the heart, more particularly at its base ; and now and then ecchy-moses are met with in the same situation. The most common and the most characteristic feature of disease, however, is the presence of eifusions of blood beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle (Plate XXI.). These are generally nearly black in colour, of irregular shape and size � often of considerable size � and may be scattered over nearly every part of the surface ; but they are most; constant and generally largest about the apices of the musculi papillares. Sometimes a few only of these are present, sometimes they are almost innumerable, rarely they are absent. 1 have never met with them in connexion with any other of the heart's cavities. The effused blood is not limited to the space between the endocavdial membrane and the muscular tissue, but infiltrates the latter to some little depth, separating the muscular fibres from one another. The muscular tissue of the parts in�volved in tho extravasations is, according to iny observations, as healthy as that of other parts. But tho muscular fibres generally are, I think, more granular, and less distinctly striped transversely than natural.

The contents of the heart's cavities vary. Some�times the ventricles arc empty, sometimes they contain a little fluid blood, sometimes coloured clots, sometimelaquo; a mixture of fluid and coagulated blood. The auricles are generally more distended. I have never yet seen a flbrinous coagnlum in the heart,

Vessels.�I have nothing special to observe in

THK OATTLM PLAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

regard to tho vessels of the body, or their oontenta, There is no reason to suppose that, the vosscils are thomselvos in any way matei'ially affected ; and their contents, liko those of tho heart, are sometimes fluid, sometimes more or less coagulated.

Blood.�Comparing the condition of tho blood of cows dead of cattle plague, with that of cows killed in health, there can bo no doubt, I think, that, that of tho former, as a rule, coagulates less quickly than that of tho latter, and that it is somewhat darker coloured. Tint whether this increased depth of colour is in any degree duo to tho special influence of tho disease of which they have died may, I think, be questioned ; inasmuch ns blood naturally assumes a dark colour in animals in which (as in these) duo aiiration has been prevented ; and inasmuch as tho dark blood of cattle plague rapidly becomes bright and arterial on exposure to air. I hiivo detected nothing abnormal in its consti�tution under tho microscope.

Li/niphatics.�Beyond the fact that the bronchial glands are sometimes distinctly enlarged and con�gested, and that similar changes, in a minor degree, arc sometimes observed in the glands of tho mesentery, 1 have no information to give with regard to tho lymphatic system.

Condition op G-enito-Uuinary Organs.

Kidneys___The kidneys present, for the most, part, a

perfectly healthy aspect. They are now and then perhaps somewhat softer and somewhat more congested than natural. I have not examined them very care�fully microscopically, but my impression is that their structures are generally normal; as normal at least as those of tho human kidney in typhus, in diphtheria, and in such like diseases.

Supra-renal Capsules healthy.

Bladder.�This is sometimes empty, but more commonly contains a certain amount of pale healthy-looking urine, and is sometimes distended with it. Its lining membrane is often in a perfectly normal condition; but is sometimes more or less congested; mid occasionally presents spots of sub-mucous hfe-morrhage.

Urethra.� The urethral canal presents at times spots and patches of congestion and sub-mucous hajmorrhagc. I have specially observed these con�ditions forming a ring a little within tho external nicatus of the female urethra.

Uterus.�The uterus is sometimes a little congested, both within and without; and congestion is specially apt to bo well-marked in the neck, where also there may be a little sub-mucous haamorrhage. Generally, however, tho organ may be said to bo not unhealthy. On two or three occasions I have found it containing n foetus. It has seemed to me then even, that there was no special degree of congestion, even in the cotyledons. The foetuses have always been soft and pale, somewhat decomposed, and free from any indication of the disease which had proved fatal to tlio parent. My impression is that the fretuses have died early in the course of the mother's illness, and have thus escaped taking it.

Ovaries.�These organs are generally healthy.

Vagina,�The upper part of this tube is now and ' then a little congested, but. is mostly pale and healthy. The chief congestion occurs (and it is very common here) between the contracted portion of tho vagina, in the neighbourhood of the external urinary moatus, and the vulva, The congestion in this situation is some�times very deep, and is often associated with points of sub-mucous hmmorrhage (Plate XXVI. c). Ooca-sionally at the time of death tho congestion has disappeared, and the hasmorrhagic points alono nro loft.

Vulva,�The lips of this orifice are also ns a rule more or less deeply congested ; sometimes too there are spots of extravasation beneath the surface of the mucous membrane. The epithelial covering of the part is very frequently more or less aphthous,

f/^Wlaquo;'.�This is genevftlly somewhat congestod throughout, and sometimes contains a little thickish milk.

Mule Organs,�Of these I have nothing particular to observe, excepting that tho mucous mombraneof the prepuce, especially near its attachment to the corona, may bo intensely congested.

Condition of otiikr Oroans and Tissues.

Nervous System,�The pia-mater of the brain is usually somewhat congested. But, with this exception, the nervous centres appear to mo to bo healthy.

Serous membranes.�These tissues for tho most part present no signs of disease�signs (that is to say) special to tho cattle plague. The arachnoid mem�brane and tho pleune have always seemed to mo healthy. The pcriciii'dium too is generally healthy, with tho exception that now and then patches of ]ia3moiTliago are met with beneath its visceral layer. Tho peritoneum lastly, is generally in a natural condi�tion. The only appearances I have observed hero which can in any way be regarded as indicative of disease, are patches of redness which are occasionally visible on the surface of the great omentum, darkness or lividity of the external aspect of the small intestines when there is deop congestion within, and once or twice patches of subserous congestion and extravasa�tion on the surface of tho ccocum.

Muscular system.�The flesh appears to me to be generally quite healthy. I have no doubt that tho specially educated eye of a butcher may detect peculiarities which would prevent him from re�garding it as first-class beef. But by persons not thus educated, I have no hesitation in saying that it would generally be considered sound and whole�some. 1 have examined it occasionally under tho microscope, and except that some of tho fibres bad now and then partially lost their transverse striation, and had become in places homogeneous and glassy, 1 have detected no departure from the healthy con�dition.* These observations do not, of course, refer to tho heart, the laryngeal muscles, and the trachealis. _ Adipose tissue.�With the exception that the fat disappears to a considerable extent during the illness of the animal, tho adipose tissue presents no change calling for remark.

Cellular tissue. Emphysema__The only point

worthy of notice, as regards the cellular tissue, is tho

Dr. Uristowfi.

Beport to

Oorrmmtuouers.

#9830;Whilst I-was engaged in writing my report, my attention was called by Dr. Femvick to his discovery of entozooa-like bodies, in the muscles of cattle, dead of the cattle plague. I had not myself up to that time observed them ; but then my mierosco-pical examinations of the muscles had only been occasional and slight. A dearth of opi)ortimities occurring about that time and subsequently, I was prevented from investigaiiug the matter for myself until the 13th January, On that day I examined two heifers which had died of the plague at the Albert Veterinary college ; and I found these entozoon-like or quot;Raincy'squot; bodies, as they are called, in some abundance in all their muscles that I tested with the microscope�in the muscles of the abdominal walls, in those of the neek, in the tongues, and especially in the substance of the hearts. The bodies were obviously�I need not describe them�those parasitic formations which Mr. Raincy described and figured some years ago in the Philosophical Transactions, and which he supposed to be an early stage of development of cysticerci cellulosa', VVhether they are really animal parasites as Mr. Rainey supposed, or vegetable parasites as others maintain, I am not now concerned to inquire; but that they could have little to do with the pro�duction of the disease with which they had thus been shown to be associated was on many grounds utterly improbable. In order, however, to test this paint I sent at once to a respectable butcher's, and boughtthree healthy and fresh bullocks'heurts,�! examined them carefully with the microscope, and discovered, ns 1 expected I should do, that quot; Rainey'squot; bodies were as abun�dant in each of them as I had previously found them in the hearts of the diseased heifers. The same results, I may add, have been arrived at independently by Dr. Cobhold. The discovery of these parasites so generally in the flesh of onimali used for food, is a matter of some interest and one that deserves investi�gation ; but obviously their connection with the cattle plague is only fortuitous ; and in their relation to that disease Ihey have no interest.

.T. S. B., Jan, Kith, lS6fi.

N 2

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPOUT OP

JDr.nristom very frequent prospneo in it of emphysema. This is luipwt to ⁿ weli-rooognized featnro of the cattlo plague ; it is

boniBiimlonew. gonorally looked for during life upon the loins 5 iiiul is voiy fVoqnently mot with in abundance ftfter death in llio cellular tissue about, tlio kidneys. Jt; is often absent, however, from both tlioso situations ; and occasionally, on the other band, it spreads over the grontor part of the body. This oinphysmna, I believe, has been regarded almost, if not quite, universally, as the- result of the disongagoment of gas in conscqnonco of some kind of decomposition of the tissues, or of certain of the tissues, of the body during life�an occurrence quite without a parallel in the diseases, even the most putrid, of the human being, I have examined the question very carefully, and am quite satisfied that this, the ordinary explanation, is entirely erroneous ; and that the general emphysema, whatever its degree, is (ns is the emphysema of the human sub�ject after wound of the lung) mechanical, and pro�duced merely by the diffusion of air through the cellnlar tissue of the system in consequence of its continuity, through the roots of the lungs, with the cellular tissue of the interlobular spaces of the lungs. The reasons which have led mo to this conclusion arc as follows:�1st., the strange singularity of the phenomenon if due to decomposition of the living tissues ; 2nd, the fact that the gas effused has no ill smell whatever, and that the tissues among which it is effused arc mostly if not. always entirely free from the odour or appearance of decomposition ; 3rd, that the emphysema is met with alone among those tissues (the muscular and cellnlar) which are probably least liable of all soft tissues to decomposition ; 4t.h, that it is not increased in any degree by post-mortem decomposition. (Post-mortem changes do indeed cause disengagement of gas in connexion with several of the viscera ; but such formations of gas occur in parts to which the real omphysema never reaches, and occur as much in cases where 110 general emphysema exists, as they do in cases whore it is abundant) ; 5th. I have ascer�tained that emphysema of the loins occurs much less frequently than omphysema of the lungs, and that it never exists independently of it; and further, that the next most frequent seat of emphysema to the lungs is the cellular tissue of the root of the lungs and of the posterior mediastinum. Indeed, I do not for a moment hesitate to assert, as the result of my obser�vations, that in all cases the emphysema begins in the cellular tissue of the interlobular spaces of the lungs, that it spreads thence to the roots of the lungs and pos�terior mediastinum, diffusing itself around the base of the pericardium, upwards along the oesophagus and tni-choainto the neck, and downwards along the oesophagus and other parts towards the abdomen ; that it subse�quently reaches the cellular tissue, about the kidneys and that of the loins ; and that its appearance in remoter regions, (as upon the face and in the thighs) is always a still later event.

The general emphysema of the cattle plague is, therefore, to bo looked upon as an accidcntonly of the disease, special to (he ox, and determined ill that animal by the anatomical pccnliarities of its lungri. It will doubtless be found to occur in some degree in other diseases of the ox, in which the air-passages are implicated.

General Remarks.

Tendency to decomposition,�There is no doubt, that animals dead of the cattle plague manifest as a rule a marked tendency to decomposition after death ; but that the tendency differs very much in different cases�decomposition taking place sometimes comparatively slowly, sometimes with great rapidity. In the latter case internal organs soon become very much altered in character ; and they arc found at the time of examination softened, congested, or pallid, or black, according to circumstances, and sometimes cm-physematous. These alterations of chnraeler have frequently been mistaken for the direct effects of disease, but they arc alterations with which, and with

their signification, eoinpotont pnthologists aro well ncquainted. They aro alterations whieli do not tuko place until after death, and I have, therefore, in grout measure, eliminated them from the foregoing account. I may, however, briefly enumerate some of tho most important of them hero :�in the heart, softening of texture and blood-staining of both the inner and outer surfaces (in one case I observed numerous gaseous bullaj studding the lining membrane of the right ventricle) ; in tho lungs, congestion and soften�ing ; in tho liver, softening with pallor, and inoro or less. blackening of some parts of tho surl'uco ; hi tho spleen and in the kidneys, softening with increased depth of hue ; in the oesophagus, rumen, roticuluin, and omasum, detachment and softening of tho epithe�lial lining ; in tho abomasum and intestines, softening of tho mucous membrane; in the blood, especially in that of the heart, liver, and spleen, the formation of bubbles of gas ; in tho pleura; and other serous mem�branes, the presence of blood-stained serum. Most other parts of the system are less rapidly or less evi�dently influenced by tho advance of decomposition ; and the muscular and cellular tissues for tho most part retain their normal aspect long after the distinct establishment of putrefaction in the internal viscera.

Associated conditions of disease.�Again, in the foregoing description, I have referred rarely and ex�ceptionally to conditions of disease, which were ob�viously associated accidentally only with the malady which caused death. Such (to enumerate them) aro tubercular disease of the larynx, tubercular disease of the lungs, cancer of the lungs, hydatids in tho lungs and liver, cirrhosis of tho liver, thickening of the hepatic duets, erectile tumours of the liver, adhesions of tho pleura. Such also possibly aro pneumonia, which I met with in one case, and recent pericarditis, which I discovered in another. But I know so little of the sequchc of cattle plague, that as regards the relation�ship to it of the latter complications, I do not venture to express any positive opinion. It is not improbable, however, that here, as in several of our own exanthe�mata, there may be a tendency in the course of the disease, or during the period of convalesence, to the supervention of inflammation of various internal organs.

Ilelative frequency with which organs and tissues are nffeeted.�To speak generally, the visible effects of the cattle plague aro manifested chiefly in connexion with the cuticular and mucous tissues. And of these, the disease seems chiefly to select the skin, and the mucous membranes of the alimentary canal and air-passages, including that of the pharynx, mouth, and nose. One or more of these tracts may occasionally escape wholly, the others being at the same time seriously diseased. But in the great majority of cases all of them become affected during the progress of tho malady; though which of the several tracts, and which particular pans of them, shall suffer most, severely, is a matter of uncertainty. Tho mouth and fauces arc generally affected, and affected simultaneously, in all those parts which I have pointed out, as chiefly liable to suffer. Of the air-passages, disease is most common in the larynx and in the trachea. And of the ali�mentary canal the parts most prone to suffer are the omasum, abomasum, small intestine, coocum and as�cending colon, and rectum. Of these, the abomasum is certainly most frequently involved. Another ap�pearance in this disease, as constant nearly ns those which have been enumerated, but far less important, is that of ecchymoses beneath the lining inembrane of the left ventricle of the heart. The genito-urimry mucous inembrane seems never to be very seriously affected ; morbid processes take place, however, more generally in tho lower part of the vagina and vulva than elsewhere ; and from the facility with which f heso parts can be investigated, their condition furnishes often a valuable aid to diagnosis. The lungs, with few exceptions, become more or less emphysematous.

It has seemed to me that in cattle plague disease of internal organs is often aggravated, and may he deter�mined, by mechanical or other accidental causes j such

#9632;#9632;

�;

THE CATTLE PI/A�UE COMMISSIONEHS.

for example as fcliat position of parts wliich allows of the blood gravitating into them, the irritation of accu�mulated oonteuts, the friction of parts against one anotlior, the traction of parts, and so on. Tims, sub-mucous lucmorrhago is constantly most marked in the bronchial tubes of tlmt side on which the animal lias lain. Thus, the parts of tho alimontary canal most frequently affected are those parts�the stomach, coecum, and rectum�in which food or fascal matter accu�mulates and rests. Thus, in tho larynx, gangrene occurs on those surfaces which tire in contact ; and thus, in the heart, sub-eudocarclial ImMuon'hagc is always tirst scon at the points of the papillary muscles, whore they are attached to the chordas toiulincai.

Rature and identity of morbid processes.�As re�gards the nature of the morbid processes occurring in this disease in the various parts of tho system, there seems to bo a remarkable similarity. The lesions dis�coverable after death are, it is true, very diverse in their superficial characters, and they have called con�sequently for minute description ; but tho differences are for tho most part modifications of result only, determined, as to any single organ, by the different degrees of intensity with which it is affected, as between various organs, partly by this condition, partly by their respective peculiarities of anatomical structure and function.

The identity of the disease in tho skin with that in tho mouth, fauces, pharynx, and even (esophagus, seems to me absolute. In both there is, in the first instance, congestion, more or less uniform, or more or loss patchy ; in both, the congestion is generally super�ficial ; and in both it may lead to extravasation of blood into the tissues, and to external hsemorrhage. In both, again, tho congestion is attended with in�creased, though morbid, functional activity of the general surface, and of the glandular involutions of that surface ; and in both the earliest morbid changes are apt to take place in connexion with these glands. Thus, as I have painted out, the exudation on the skin consists of shed epidermis, sebacious matter, and groups of nuclear bodies�products of the basement membrane, and especially of the sebacious glands. Thus, the exudation in the mouth and pharynx consists of accumulations of epithelium, of nuclear bodies, and of abundant mucus, products again of the surface of the mucous membrane and of the glands connected therewith. And thus, too, in both situations the morbid processes arc generally most marked where tho glands are most numerous and largest.

Again, there seems to me an almost perfect identity between the morbid processes as they occur in all parts of the alimentary canal below tho oesophagus. It is true that there is a greater proclivity in one part to be affected than there is in another ; that the dis�ease is more apt to take a certain course here than it is there ; that, for example, haimorrhago from the surface is more apt to occur in tho abomasum and parts below it, than in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum ; that sloughing is more common in the stomachs than it is in the bowels ; und that the slough�ing, which is generally very superficial in the aboma�sum, and leaves but slight traces, in the omasum loads to complete perforation of the folds and permanent deformity. But the essential nature of the processes which lead to these varied results is in all cases evi�dently the same. They consist, in the first place, in intense capillary congestion ; in the second place generally, in effusions of blood, sometimes into tho substance of the tissues, sometimes from the surfaco ; in the third place, in gangrene, which never ocenri-, but after congestion, and generally, I believe, aftcv escape of blood into the tissues ; and finally, in the separation of the sloughs and the cicatrization of tho excavated surface.

In the air-passages, again (and in a less degree in the genito-urinary mucous membrane), the phases of disease are identical throughout, and identical with those presented by the alimentary canal. In the air-passages, congestion and haMnorrhage, both into t'no tissues and externally, are the conditions usually ob-

served. Gangrene here Is rare ) but novorthelesa it Er. Bristowo. does occasionally take nluco.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� �;.

11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Report to

1 have dwelt specially upon tlio very close resemlaquo; Oomin�alonera.

bianco which seems to mo to exist, in tho cattle--------

plague, between the disease in the skin and that in the mouth, fauces, pharynx, ami (esophagus. I have also dwelt specially upon the identity of the morbid processes which take plnoe in the mucous iriein-hrtmes of tho stomachs ami intestines, air-passages and genito-urinary organs. It remains for mo to point out that there is nlso in reality a closo resemblance between tho diseased conditions mani�fested by the former grouj) of membranes and those manifested by tho latter, laquo;s appears from tlio fact that the mucous uieinbimicn generally exhibit, besides congestion and toncloiiiiy to ho�tnox-rhage, the same increased activity of surface and of the glandular elements connected therewith, #9632;which I have remarked upon as characterizing the affection of the skin and of the mouth. This is proved by tho abundant discharge which takes place from tho nose ; by the abundant mucous secretion which is poured out along the ali�mentary canal, from the abomasum downwards ; by the copious vaginal discharge; and by the usually large secretion of unhealthy mucus which occurs at the surfaco of the larynx and of other portions of the respiratory mucous incmljrnno.

Other lesions, which are common in tho disease, if not specific, are (with tho exception of emphysema) duo simply to haemorrhage; such arc the ecchymoscs beneath the endocardium and pericardium, and the effusions of blood into the layngeal muscles and clse-�where.

I may add here, that in all the diseased mucous surfaces, those of the mouth and alimentary canal, those of the air passages and others, T Lave almost in�variably found, and often in great abundance, large crystals which have the form and general character of crystals of triple phosphate.

Rapidity of repair in diseased tissues.�It is very curious, considering tho tendency tliero is to tho formation of sloughs, how rapidly parts heal, oven during the progress of the disease towards a fatal issue. Thus (as I have pointed out) we constantly find in the abomasum shallow depressions in the mucous membrane which are manifestly the cicatrized, or cicatrizing, excavation's 'whence sloughs have recently separated, and wo lind tlicm constantly associated with sloughs in other parts of this stomach ; again, wo not very unfreqnently find the edges of perforations of the folds of the omasum cicatrizing or healed, whilst sloughing is still in progress in other parts of tho folds. It is remarkable, too, bow rapidly, on the supervention of convalescence, the moutli and other organs regain their original healthy condition. This is due in great measure, no doubt, to the little depth to which for the most part the morbid processes extend.

Effects of internal lesions on progress and event of cattle pkujue.�Assuming tlint this disease is often fatal, as different kinds of lever constantly arc, through its more occult influences on the system, there is still little doubt tbat the serious lesions which take place in connection with the alimen�tary canal and the organraquo; of respiration are sufliciont often of themselves to insure a fatal event. The congestion, haemorrhnge, and sloughing which appear so frequently throughout the alimentary canal would assuredly, if they existed inclcpendcntly of all other disease, be occasionally sufliciently serious to cause death. The morbid condition!! of the respiratory apparatus iniHt bo still more deadly. For tho dis�eased animal suffers frequently from the combined effects of laryngitis, croup, and bronchitis, ci(llel� of which affections is highly dangerous ; and it suffers further from the effects of the pulmonary etnphysoma, which, when considerable, unwt necessarily interfere seriously with respiration, When we consider tho many risks which cattle affected with the plague thus necessarily have to incur, the deadly character of tho disease can scarcely be matter for surprise.

AFPKNDIX TO THIUD BRPORT OF

Dr. Bristowc.

Itciiort to CommiBsionors,

ICSSKNTTAI, NaTIIIIK OK CATTLK PlAOTTD.

The qucHtion now naturally arises: Whnt is the tliscnso the morbid anatomy of wliich I have desoribed ? That it is tho steppe muvrain or the rindci'iK'st�tho disonso wliich raged in this coun�try in the lust century, and constantly prevails la the steppes of Central Asia�admits of no doubt. Tho numerous accounts, published hero and abroad, though #9632;written with various degrees of fulness, and various degrees of accuracy, ngrco subs lau Lially with the ob�servations, pathological and other, which have been made upon tho present epidemic. So much is cer�tain. But what is the ijuderpcst or steppe mur�rain ? Considerations derived from tho morbid anatomy alone of tho disease indicate clearly that it is a specific disease belonging to the group of the exanthemata ; and what is known of its history and progress establishes its cxanthematous character beyond the possibility of doubt. It is (like other members of tho group) a specific disease, communi�cable by contagion, occurring, as a rule, only once in a lifetime, attended with a special cutaneous ernption, and with certain characteristic internal lesions,�lesions, however, characteristic rather by their great, extent than by any intrinsic character.

Tho exanthemata form a kind of fraternal group, the members of which are all perfectly distinct ; but of which certain members (without in any degree losing their individuality) have a closer resemblance to each other than they have to the remainder of tho group. Which, if any, of human exanthemata does the cattle plague resemble ? The disease has been called the quot; contagious typhus of horned cattle,quot; but, there is certainly little in common between these two diseases. No one, in fact, acquainted with their pathology could possibly confound them, or could have dreamt of borrowing the name from one to apply it to the other. It has lately also been assumed to be identical with typhoid or enteric fever. This assumption, however, is even more unfounded than the last, and can only have boon made in entire ignorance of facts. Typhoid fever is very slightly infectious, is attended with a #9632;very trivial eruption, and is invariably accompanied by disease of Teyer's patches and of the mesenteric glands�tho only specific internal lesions. In all these respects, and in others, it differs utterly from the cattle plague.

There are, however, two diseases of tho human being to which the cattle plague has a distinct re�semblance ; these arc diphtheria and small-pox.

Tho resemblance to diphtheria lies in the facts :� that in diphtheria, as in the cattle plague, there is inflammation of the fauces, with exudation on the sur�face; that these affections tend to pass down tho larynx and trachea into the bronchial tubes, and also along the (esophagus ; that diphtheritic exudations may form in other parts of the system of mucous membranes ; and that extravasations of blood may occur into the tissue of the heart, and in various other situations. The distinctions between the two diseases, however, are well marked, and there is no real possibility of con�founding them. They differ (to speak still only of their morbid anatomy) materially in tho character of their respective exudations on the mucous membranes, und irreconcileably In the nature of their cutaneous eruptions.

Tho resemblance between the cattle plague and small-pox in the human lieing is much more close ; ami this resemblance was recognized by physicians in I lie epidemic which prevailed in this country a century ago. At the very first post-mortem examination wliich I made of a diseased cow (at; a time when I was perfectly ignorant of the, presence of any eruption on tlie skin), the close resemblance between the, in�ternal lesions which accompany laquo;mall-pox and those #9632;which characterize tho cattle plague struck mo forcibly, and subsequent experience confirmed lliilaquo; impression. Indeed, allowing for the absence in the human being of tho first, three stomachs of the cow, the description of the internal lesions in a severe case

of small-pox might fairly puss for that of tho lesions belonging to tho cattle plague. There is the same congestion and change in the character of tho epithelium, with tendency to excoriation, in tho month and pharynx ; tho same congestion of tho larynx with formation of pseudo-false mombrano, and tendency to the extension of these conditions into tho trachea and bronchinl tubes ; tho same tendency to hramorrhage beneath or into tho mucous membrano of tho stomach (the homologue of tho abonmsum) ; tho same tendency to congestion and subnnicons extrava�sation in connexion with the mucous membrano of the bowels, especially that of tho largo intestine ; tho same tendency to similar affection of the mucous membrane of tho bladder and of associated parts; tho same tendency to haemorrhage in connexion with the investing and lining membranes of the heart; tho same unusual fluidity of blood. There is also, as I have pointed out, a prima facie resemblance between tho eruption of small-pox and that of the cattle plague ; but I am bound to confess that, so far as my present experience goes, it is adverse to their actual identity. I have failed hitherto to detect in the eruption of cattle plague either a distinct vesicle or a distinct pustule, and certainly nothing like the umbilicatcd pustule of well-marked cow-pox or variola. I have failed also to observe that equality in the development of its spots of eruption which prevails in small-pox. On the contrary, the eruption in cattle plague, even #9632;when most marked, exists at the time of death in every variety of stage; and further it is attended with an amount of affection of tho sebacious glands which in small-pox is without a parallel. My personal ac�quaintance, however, with tho minute anatomy of the eruption of small-pox, excepting with so much of it as is learnt clinically, is unfortunately limited. There may bo peculiarities about it to be revealed by minute examination, which would lead me to see between the two eruptions a closer affinity than I can yet acknow�ledge. Ono thing, however, is certain, viz., that if the cattle plague be small-pox, it is small-pox with the most characteristic feature of small-pox strangely modified. Its eruption is certainly not tho recognized typical eruption of either variola or vaccinia.* January 5th, 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; John S. Bbistowe.

* Since the ahove report was written I have, through the kind�ness of Mr. Marson, and with the assistance of my friend Mr. Wagstafl'e of St. Tliomas's hospital, had the opportunity of ex�amining post mortem four patients who had died of small-pox at the Small-pox and Vaccination hospital. An abstract of the morbid appearance observed in each case is added. Tho results of these examinations tend generally to confirm the statements which arc made in my report in reference to the resemblances and dilferenccB between cattle plague and variola. But they enable me to go more minutely into some of these points: First, as reqanh the, slim: the pustules of small-pox present, I need sea'cely say, the umbilicated form which has been always ascribed to them, they present in each case a marked uniformity of size and development, and they are distinctly pustular (or at least the matter which they contain is always distinctly covered with a thin layer of epidermis). In these respects the eruption of small-pox differs entirely from that of the cattle plague. On the other hand the contents of the variolous pustule form a more or less coherent elasiic (mucus-like') mass consist�ing of coi-pnscles much like those of cattle plague, and this is prolonged into the hair slieaths and sebacious follicles ; moreover the surface of the true skin is either not destroyed or is destroyed very superficially. In these respects there is some resem�blance between the two diseases. But I must observe further that there is a remarkable dift'ereneo between them in the re�lative degrees in which pus is produced and the sebacious glands are affected. Second, us regards the mouth and pharynx : these parts become affected in variola much as they do in cattle plague, but the affection is more markedly pustular in the former disease than in the latter, or at all events appears in the form of spots very much like in size and shape to those of the external erup�tion. Third, as regards the. air passages : the morbid processes which occur in these parts in small-pox do not conwist in mere congestion and sub-mucous hajiuorrhage, but in the development of an eruption also much like that of external parts. Fourth, as regards other internal organs: congestion and bamiorrhage. although they occur in many Ciises of small-pox, do not seem so common as they arc in the cattle plague.

Besides the abstracts of the four cases above referred to, I have added to this note the abstract of a fifth case which I ex�amined a few years ago.

THR CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKH.

9fl

SuPl'LEMENTAltV RBPOBT ON THIS SroniilD ANATOJrr

op the Cattle Plague, as it occuus in Sheep,

GoATK, AND DEER.

Gentlemen,

In the hope that I should be ablo to odd to the number of my post-mortem oxaminationsof sheop, gouts, aad deer, wiloli hud died of the cattle plague, I have delayed furnishing you with my report on the morbid anatomy of the disease as it occurs in those animals. My delay has hitherto proved fruitless, and as I see no im�mediate prospect of obtaining additional materials for my report, I feel that it is my duty to pluce in your

No. I�Elizabeth W., ait. 21. Examined Jan. 19, 186(i. Confluent. Unvaccinated. Taken ill Jan. 2. Spots Jan. 5. Died Jan. 16.

Suupack.�Covered with confluent scabbed eruption on face, head, neck, sides, and back ; elsewhere discrete and not scabbed.

Bespiuatout Ougans.�Larynx and Traehta much con�gested, covered with copious tenacious mucus ; above the vocal cords the colour of surface was rather livid, and less intensely red than lower in trachea. Extending from upper limit and decreasing downwards, were numerous patches of excoriation, some circular and the size of skin-pustules, covered also with puriform secretion ; the rest larger, more confluent, and more irregular. The smaller bronchial tubes were only deeply con�gested. No ecchymoses connected with trachea.� Pleuia healthy,�Lunge congested and oedematous.

Ciuculatoky Organs.�Heart, fyc. healthy, apparently. Blood distending larger veins, black, and semi-fluid.

Alimentauy Organs.�Palate, mucous membrane much ex�coriated in distinct shallow rather circular patches ; much dirty thickening of epidermis on tongue.�Plmtyiw, epithelium peeled off to nearly half its extent, or in some places, raised and shreddy j lower down in ccsophagus epithelium still more destroyed, and else�where covered with yellow lymph-like layer, which scraped off very readily, leaving denuded surface (this yellow covering seemed altered epithelium) ; this condition ceased abruptly at

stomach__Stomach containing tenacious mucus.�Intestines,

solitary glands very marked but not ulcerated, Beyer's patches very distinct. Ileum deeply congested throughout to within six inches of ccecum; ascending colon congested.�Liver healthy, gall bladder distended.

No. II.�William F., a;t. 25. Examined Jan. 19,186'). Con�fluent unmodified. Vaccinated, one minute cicatrix. Ill, Dec. 30. Spots, Jan. I. Died, Jan. 14.

Smu'ACE.�Covered with foul scabbed and suppurating erup�tion, especially on head ; only less on abdomen.

Respikatobt Organs.� Trachea and Larynx deeply con�gested, livid towards vocal cords ; no excoriation in distinct patches, but a general irregularity of surface within the con�gested area.�Bronchial tabes, large and small, contained a large quantity of dark matter apparently foul tenacious mueo-pus ; all much congested.�Lungs, right, adherent towards back and upper part ; both deeply congested and cedematous, bat crepitant in part.

CiRCULATouv Organs__Heart healthy.�Blood very dark,

distending larger veins, semi-fluid ; much black clot in both auricles; firmer and more decolourized in ventricles.

Alimentary Organs.� Tongue denuded of epithelium in patches at the sides j dorsum much thickened and cracked by in�crease of epithelium; islands of hypertrophicd epithelium remain�ing and presenting the appearance of papular eruption.�Palate excoriated, livid.�Pharynx, epithelium peeled off to a rather smaller extent than in I., shreddy and separated more cleanly above, but to a larger extent below, with yellow softened character in those portions remaining.�Stomach apparently healthy, but containing tenacious mwca*.�Intestines, solitary glands not marked ; Beyer's patches distinct. Ileum deeply congested in lower portion towards coeenm.�Lioer healthy, largi! j gail bladder tM.� Spleen much enlarged, soft.

Urinary Organs.�Kidneys, supra-renal capsules and bladder healthy ; urine turbid.

No. III.�Lois E., a;t. 9. Examined, Jan. 19,18G(i. Confluent. Unvaccinated, cut for cowpox in infancy, without effect. Bl, Jan. fi. Spots, Jan. 8. Died. Jan. 17.

Sum'ace.�Eruption confluent, scabbing, especially in upper parts and sidts ; surface livid.

Bespiuatory Organs.�Znry/U' und Trachea much excoriated in circumscribed and confluent patches, best marked towirds upper part, but extending even into larger and smaller bronchial tubes, some on vocal cords; deep congestion of the whole mucous tract of air passages, which contained tenacious muco-purulent secretion.�Liiiiys cedematous and congested j deep congestion, almost amounting to ecchymoses, between trachea und ccsophagus,

Cmcm.AroRv OnoAVB,�Heart, pericardium distended with fluid j no appearance of lymph ou surface; no adhi'sions uor

liaiuls such infonuatiou on the .subject us I possess, incomplete though that inforniatlon unfortunately is! The number of post-mortem examinations, which 1 have made of each of the above-named species of animals. Is far too small to allow of any generalization with regard to the distribution mid Intensity of morbid processes ooourring in them severally j but it is suill-ciently large to establish (if need were) on anatomical grounds alone, that they are each of thorn liable to be attacked with quot; cattle plague,quot; and when dead of the disease present its characteristic lesions.

I remain, Gentlemen,

Your obedient servant, 8tli Fob. 186tj.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; John S. Bristowe.

(1.) Mokbid Anatomy of Cattle Plague in

SlIEEl',

I have had the opportunity of examining eight sheep only, and from these examinations am led to believe (what has already been remarked on by other obser�vers) that the disease in those animals Is generally much milder than it is in oxen, and that the lesions discover�able after death (though of the same charaetor as those in oxen) are generally much less extensive and much less advanced.

Skin.�I have not observed any cutaneous eruption ; but have only searched specially for it in one animal.

Mouth, fauces, and -pharynx.�These parts I have generally found quite, healthy. I have once only seen some congestion at the back of the tongue and about the pillars of the fauces ; and twice, aphtha-like spots upon the dorsum or the root of the tongue. Once too I have observed similar spots on the palate. But I

Dr. Uristowo.

Eeport to

Conmiissiouers.

ecchymoscs.�/?foo(/ black, senii-fluid in large veins and auricles ; firm decolourized clots in ventricles.

Alimentauy Organs.�roHjiic as in Case l.�Fulate excori�ated in numerous sfois.�Plmrynx, mucous membrane peeling, one small spot of ulceratiou found in the pharynx close to the upper extremity.�S/omoeA apparently healthy, but its surtiiee thickly covered with tenacious mucus. Ileum congested above coeeum for some distance.�Peter's patches marked, solitary glands noi.�Liver enlarged, healthy ; gall bladder full.�Spfcelaquo; small, rather firm.

Urinary Owixm.�Kidneys greatly enlarged, pale�Bladder healthy, urine tm-hii.�Vayina congested towards ostium.

No. IV.�Henry B., ait. 17. Examined, Jan. 19, 1861!. Vac�cinated, very doubtful cicatrix. Confluent, unmodified. Ill, Jan. 5. Spots, Jan. 7. Died, Jan. 17.

SuRfACE�Eruption not quite so abundant or confluent as in

Rkspiratory OnoASB.�Larynx deeply congested, the con�gestion being traceable from mouth ; excoriation ou vocal cords ; no excoriation in lower part of trachea or bronchial tubes ; no mucus ; no marked congestion.-Zru^.v healthy.�Ze/V pleura with old adhesions below.

Cntcci.ATORY Okoams.�fleorlaquo; healthy.�.BW semi-fluid, black ; clots in ventricles large and jelly-like.

Alimentary umi.^a.�Pharynx not denuded.--Stoiac/j ap�parently healthy, bat containing sticky macaa.�Ir�eaUnea not mutemUy congested.�Xtner not large, gall bladder full.�SWeelaquo; hmUhy.�Mcsentenc glands much enlarged and prominent.

Urinary Organs.�Arlaquo;/laquo;,.^ healthy, urine tnrhid.�Bladder healthy and distended.

No. V.�Short notes of post-mortem exainiuation of a ease of small-pox which occurred in St. Thomas's Hospital in March 1859. The case was veryrapid in Us course and severe.

James M'K., aged l6.~S/iin, confluent hannon-liagic emp-tioa�Ate* if tongue, palate, fauces, amp;c., oovetei vith a thin layer of pseudo-false membrane, and congested.�iaiyna; oraquo;rf Iraehca similarly affected,�JEfroncA/a/ tubes congested, and con�taining much mnco-purulent fluid,�Zun^� congested, with pneu�monia at base of lea,�Pleura presenting petecMai and ecchy�moses of suhserous tissue.�//laquo;raquo;#9632;lt; soft and pale, pcteohlm and ecchymoses, both internally and externally ; cavities nearly em^ty.�Perimrdmmhealthy.�Peritoneum presenting sub-serous extravasations.�Xi'wr pale and soft; two or three ecchymoses on surface.�ty/cm dark and pulpy.�Ponwcaraquo; healthy.�StowocA congested and studded thickly with unbmuoous extravasations. �Smalt intestines healthy,�iar^c intestines congested and slud-ded thickly with submucous extravasations.�AVlaquo;/laquo;laquo;/.¹* pale; capsules and submucous tissue infiltrated with blood.�.B/arfder containing several ounces of bloody urine; mucous suilacc studded with vetotSAm,�Supra-renalcapiuleraquo; healthy.�J, S, B.. Jan. 22,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

APPENDIX TO THIBD BEPOKl OB¹

Dr.Brlstowo.

lU'port to CouiuussioiiiTS.

havo not met with any such affection of the lips, gums, und tip of the tongue.*

(Esopliuyus, rumen, and rcticulum.�These organs have in no onso been diseasod.

Omasum,�Tlie contents of this stomach havo ahvaj.s boon soft. The stomach itself has mostly been quite licalthy. In one instance, howovcr, the folds had sloughed extensively, tho process of sloughing having commenced apparently at tho free edges ; and in two cases, there was (what probably was an early stage of the same affection) slight circumscribed congestion of the free edges of two or three of the folds.

The ahomasiim was in every instance more or less congested, and in several' cases tho congestion was distinctly patchy. In three cases the congestion was deep, and in two of these there was some membraniibrm exudation on the surface of the mucous membrane ; in two, ihero was commencing nlceration ; and in one, sub-mucous extravasation of blood.

The small intestine presented in most cases patches of congestion. In one case the duodenum was intensely congested ; in one the ilcuin ; and in this case hajinorrhagc had taken place into the bowels. Foyer's patches were without exception healthy.

Large intestine..�The coccum, like the abonmsum, was in every case congested to some extent ; and here too the congestion was apt to be patchy. In two in�stances the congestion was deep, and in one of these there was sonic lymph-like exudation on the surface. The ascending colon was several times more or less congested ; and in one or two cases there was some congestion of the rectum. But generally the latter portion of the gut was pale and healthy. The anus was invariably healthy.

The larynx and trachea were in several cases somewhat congested. But I never met with deep con�gestion here, and never with sub-mucous extravasation of blood. They contained occasionally some frothy mucus.

Tho bronchial tubes were mostly in tho snmo con�dition ns tho upper air-passages.

The Inmjs we.ro often somewhat congested, und once presented a few patches of what looked like pul�monary apoplexy. Thcro was never any interlobultir cmpliysenm.

The heart was generally pretty healthy, but in three cases presented extravasations of blood under the lining membrane of the left ventricle, and in one case pctechiu) on the external surface. The cavities always contained coloured coagula.

The ffcnito-uritiart/ organs, and indeed all organs which 1 have not specially named, havo seemed to the naked eye perfectly health)'.

I may add that I have in no instance observed even a trace of general emphysema ; and that there is in these animals, after death from cattle plague, tho same tendency to rapid decomposition which T have shown to exist in cows which have died of the same disease.

(2.) Mouiud Anatomy of Cattle Plague in Goats.

I have only been enabled to make two post-mortem examinations of goats. That these died of the cattle plague, the history appended to tho details of the post�mortem examinations, and the lesions discovered after death, leave little room for doubt. At the same time the lesions were few and slight.

In one of the goats there was slight congestion of the larynx and other air-passages (with accumulation of much frothy mucus), slight congestion of the lungs, and petechitB at the apex of one of tho pleurae. In the same case there were pctechial spots on the outer surface of the heart, congestion of tho abomasum, deep patchy congestion of the coccum, and slight congestion of the remainder of the large intestine, including the anus. In tho other goat there was some congestion of tho ileum and of the coccum, congestion of the anus, and con�gestion of the vulva, with a granular condition of its epithelium. In both cases tho contents of the intestines wore peculiarly fluid, and in both there were superficial sloughs either of tho lips of tho ileo-cuocal orifice or of the neighbouring parts of the large intestine.

Neither of these animals presented any unhealthy condition of the lips, gums, tongue, palate, fauces, or pharynx ; and in neither of them was there any em�physema or any cutaneous atfeetion. I know, however, that goats may present the lesions of cattle plague in a more characteristic form, and that they arc liable to the specific eruption of tho disease.

(3.) Mokuiu Anatomy or Cattle Plague in Deer.

I have examined but one deer dead of cattle plague, and that was, at the same time, far advanced in tubercular disease. This animal, however, presented unmistakable symptoms of the disease during life, and unmistakable indications of it after death.

The larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes were all deeply congested; and in the larynx wore points of subinucous extravasation of blood. The abomasum presented many small superficial sloughs (Plato XXV. C.) and excoriations. The mucous membrane of tho small intestine was intensely congested, and reduced to a pulp; and there wits also deep congestion of the coccum and ascending colon. The contents of the small intestine wore tinged with blood.

Tho lungs, tho tonsils, and the bronchial and mesentcric glands were tubercular in a very high degree ; but the tubercular deposits were limited to these organs. The mouth and all parts connected with it were healthy) the skin was entirely free from eruption ; and there was no emphysema, cither pu'.-monary or general.

¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J. S. B.

* For representations of well-marked disease of the organs spolten of in the above paragraph, sec Plates XXVII. and XXVIII., which have been copied from drawings kindly lent for the purpose hy Mr. Ceely. The morbid changes which they illustrate will be seen, on comparison, to be identical with those occurring in cattle, and figured in Plates IV. and V.

Mate XXVII. represents a section of the brain, the interior of the nose, the tongue, the fauces, and the upper orifice of the larynx. The mucous membrane of the nose is deeply congested, as also is that of the larynx, and the tongue and fauces are con�gested, aphthous, and excoriated.

Plate XXVII I. represents the roof of the mouth, showing thickening of epithelium, excoriation, and congestion.

The following account of the case from which the drawings were made has been furnished by Mr. Ceely : �

quot;The sheep was a quot;wether boggett,quot; aged 10 months, the property of Mr. John Savory, of Sparham, Norfolk. It was one of a flock of 10 score, which in September last was put into pasturage adjoining that in which were cattle affected with jiindcrpest, the owner not then being aware of the suscep�tibility of sheep to that disease. A few weeks afterwards the sheep began to die, and the skins that ircre removed from the carcases were deposited in a shed adjoining healthy cattle, which soon afterwards became affected with Itinderpest.

quot; The disease continued to spread among the sheep till De�cember, at which time .02 had died, several that had been attacked had recovered, and some were still unaffected.

quot; The sheep from which the drawings were made had the following symptoms: loss of appetite, tendency to separate itself from the flock, cessation of rumination, cough, discharge from the eyes and nose, great congestion of all the visible mucous mem�branes,�haccal membrane inflamed and furred, and inside the upper and lower lips a well-marked eruption,�moaning while lying down, head and cars depressed, a peculiar shaking of the head and shoulders, offensive diarrhoea, and all the usual signraquo; of Cattle Plague.

quot; It survived about six days.

quot; Post-mortem iippenrunres. � Ilesidcs those so accurately delineated in the drawings, there was much congestion of the trachea, and also of the lungs, but no emphysema. The mucous membrane throughout the alimentary canal was highly con�gested, particularly that of the .quot;.rd and 4th stomachraquo;. The mucous folds of the rectum were intensely congested.

quot; The cutaneous eruption was well developed in this animal. The greater part of the sarface of the skin displayed B vivid red appearance, and the popular eruption of the poll, the neck, along the back, the lumbar region, and the tail, and on the thighs, was as well developed as on cattle.quot;

J.S.B,

TIIK CATTLK TLAGUIO OOMMISSIONBKS.

Details ov Post-Mortuji Examinations ok Cattle.

It was congested throughout) but the congestion was deeper m some places than others, and the surface of the mucous folds was studded with clusters of small deep red spots, in which the mucous tissue appeared slightly thickened, and somewhat granular. The spots in the centres of these groups had coalesced more or less com�pletely. At the pylono end there were several irregularly roundish, somewhat depressed patches, which wore more deeply congested than surrounding jiarts, and in which it seemed as though the mucous membrane itself (or rather Its epithelial layer) was somewhat eroded. The smalt lutesttnes presented occasional tracts of not very deep con�gestion ; but there was no ulccration ; and Pcijer's patches were healthy. The cascum and the rectum were both moro congested than natural; and the colon presented numerous longitudinal bunds of congestion, yhms slightly congested. The uterus, which was healthy, contained a half or two-tlurtls grown fiutus. This was carefully examined, but presented no traces of the disease which had been fatal to the mother ; indeed it was evident that it had been dead some days, and had probably died at an early period of the mother's illness. It was partly decomposed. The cuticle and hoofs peeled off with great facility. Tho serous cavities contained some blood-stained serum, and the viscera were all pulpy.

The vagina was healthy, or at most a little congested. The vulva was also slightly congested.

The kidneys were healthy, and their pelves pale. The urinary bladder was healthy.

The flesh of this cow was altogether healthy. A little emphysema was discovered in the region of the kidneys.�

Dr. Ilristowlaquo;.

Report to Commiiitioiiers.

(1.) A Cow, -1 or .quot;) years old.�Royal Vcterimuy Collese. �Admitted Ootober Kitli, died and examined Ootober �Otli. Said to have been attacked the day before

admission.

The posterior hiilf of thepo/ato (inoluding thosoft palate), the pillars of the fauces, the pharym, and the posterior tliircl of the tongue (including the anterior surface of the epiglottis) wore very deeply congested and other�wise unhealthy. The congestion was most intense about the central part of this region, where also it had a mottled character, caused by the surface being studded with somewhat prominent patches of increased congestion. Over those regions in which the congestion was most pronounced, the epithelium had in great measure dis�appeared; and where it had not disappeared, adhered slightly to the surface in the form of opaque granular flakes, which tended to assume a reticulated arrangement. In the fossa between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue the epithelium formed transverse ridges of eonsi-deruble thickness. Beyond the hunts of the regions just considered, that is to say, on the anterior half of the palate, on the tip, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and on the lips and ymus were numerous rounded excoriations, from half an inch in diameter downwards, from which the epithelium had disappeared, and where the exposed mucous membrane was congested.

The mucous membrane of the ccsophayus was generally pale and tolerably healthy. It was studded however, especially in its lower part, with elongated, almost linear excoriations, from half an inch in length downwards. The mucous membrane immediately around them was a little granular, and the excoriations themselves had perforated the epithelial layer, and possibly to a slight extent the subjacent membrane.

The mucous membrane of the lurymc in its whole extent was tumid and deeply congested; the congestion was patchy, and there were many large irregular spots in which the mucous membrane was elevated, granular, and almost black. In front of and below the arytenoid cartilages, and also midway between the base and apex of the epiglottideau cartilage, these appearances were well marked, and the epithelium in these situations formed opaqiie granular friable patches. Hasmovrhago had taken place from the surface, and cna-gula still adhered to it. Throughout the trachea and bronchi the mucous membrane was thickly and pretty uniformly studded with points and short vertical lines of intense, almost black, congestion, which bad a tendency to become clustered in patches of various extent. Some bloody fluid and mucus were discovered in these tubes.

Pleura; healthy. The lungs were orepitant through�out, or nearly so, and somewhat congested. There was general interlobular emphysema. The bronchial tubes con�tained a good deal of frothy mucus, and their lining meir.-brane was congested like that of the windpipe, but in a less degree.

Pericardium healthy. Heart generally healthy. Mus�cular tissue firm. The inner surface of the left ventricle was studded with numerous and large patches of sub-endoeardial extravasation. These were most munerons in the posterior aspect and in connexion with the papillary muscles. The blood infiltrated to some depth the sub�jacent muscular tissue. The other cavities were healthy.

Peritoneal surface a little redder than natural, and the surface of the great omentum was studded with a tolerable number of small congested fringe-like patches. The liver was of natural size, but somewhat pale and soft. The gall bladder was greatly distended with rather thin bile. Spleen larger than natural, and a little softened at both extremities, otherwise healthy.

The rumen contained a large quantity of unusually fluid food. The epithelium was generally less adherent than natural, and on removal the mucous membrane was found a little pinker than in health,

In the reticulum the epithelium was also less adherent than natural.

The omasum was enlarged and contained a consideraMo quantity of hard ingesta. The epithelium adhered to the food, with the cakes of which it was in almost all canes removed. Many of the folds were slightly congested; the congestion forming irregular difl'used patches of corsi-derable extent, but of little intensity.

The abomasum was dilated, and full of thin food mixed apparently with mucus. The mucous membrane was somewhat softened, and towards the pylorus mammillatcd,

13.530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;O

(2.) Cow, examined October 21, 18()5.�Royal Veterinary College.�Came from King Street, Camden Town.

Mucous membrane of lips, gums, tongue, palate, oral cavity generally, and p/mr;/raquo;^, pale, free from excoriations, and indeed, so far as could be seen, perfectly healthy, with the exception that the tonsils presented a few tracesquot; of old disease. The gams, lips, base of tongue, and soft, palate were examined with special care, and certainly manifested no traces of disease.

The left vocal cord presented, partly emlieddcd in its substance, partly free, an oval patch of tubercle, about one-third of an inch in average diameter; nnrl that por�tion of the opposite vocal cord, which had during life been in contact with this patch, was congested ; the larynx was otherwise healthy. The mucous membrane of the upper part of the trachea presented a few groups of spots and longitudinal streaks of congestion ; but the rest of the tube was merely somewhat more rosy than natural.

Pleune healthy. The anterior portions of the upper lobes of both lungs were collapsed, camified, and free from air ; and the anterior half of the middle and lower lobes of the right lung was the scat of abundant tubercular deposit. The remainder of both lungs was crepitaut, and the tissue did not appear more congested than natural. Both organs presented very extensive interlobular emphysema. This condition was observed throughout the lungs, but was (I think) most abundant in their lower portions.

The bronchial tubes generally were little or not at all con�gested, but contained a good deal of frothy mucus; but the bronchi and a few of the larger tubes immediately con�nected with them were studded pretty thickly with points and patches of congestion, in which the mucous membrane v as thickened and elevated. The larynx, trachea, and all the larger bronchial tubes contained a good deal of gruel. The bronchial (/lands were large, soft, irregularly but deeply congested, and without tubercles.

Pericardium healthy. The muscular tissue of the heart was firm, and generally healthy. The lining membrane of the left ventricle presented several patches of sub-endocar-dial extravasation. All the cavities contained large coloured clots, as did the aorta and other large vessels.

PenVoHcwm healthy. /Jiwer a little softer than natural, othere wise healthy. The gall bladder was full of not unhealthy bile. Spleen a little smaller than natural, and a little softer. Pancreas healthy.

The rumen contained a largo quantity of natural food. The epithelial lining was generally firmly adherent to the subjacent membrane, which latter (except that it was a little pinker than natural) seemed generally healthy. In the supro-anterioi' division (the smooth portion) over u surface five or six inches in diatneter, there was ft consider�able amount of disease ; the disease consisting in the. pre�sence of circumscribed dirty greyish-looking sloughs (I'lato

jUn'KMHX TO TH1KD KKPOUT OF

Dr, Biistowo.

lU'port to Co.iumssionors.

VII.) Buvrounded by a margin of tumid and congested mucous membnme ; the two being separated from one iinotlier, more or less perfectly, by an ulcerated flssureorline of fkiimroutioii. These patches woro M or 15 in nuraoer, and vnried from n qunrter of an inch to mi inch in diameter. The smaller ones were eireulur ov oval, thelwger in-egulM or sinuous, und formed evidently by the ooolesenoe of several contiguous smaller ones. The sloughs occupied the whole thickness of the muoous and sub-mucous tissues, and liud separated here und there to a slight extent from the under�lying muscular cout. The rims of thickened muoous membrane around these sloughs were generally con�gested, and increased in congestion up to the very line of uloeration which defined the sloughs, whore it was generally very vivid. In some instances the thickened membrane was pule throughout. Throughout the rest of the rumen there were also numerous diseased patches (perhaps a dozen), varying from six inches or more in diameter, to an inch. The smaller ones were circular, the larger irregular in shape. (Plate V11I.) Throughout these patches the papillse were generally flabby and soft, and had a dirty ashy colour; but scattered amongst these were a few' papillee, which were deeply congested, plump, and evidently distended with some kiml of exudation. On making vertical sections through these patches, the mucous and sub-mucous tissues were found to present numerous points of congestion ; and similar points were seen in some cases to extend into and even througli the muscular coat as well. In many places, but not uniformly, tracts of the mucous membrane included in the above patches, were found bloodless, and of an opaque yellowish tint, evidently sloughy, and in some cases becoming separated by a line of demarcation from the surrounding und subjacent tissues. The peritoneal membrane corresponding to these patches was healthy. The reticulum was healthy.

The omasum was of natural size, and contained little food, and that scarcely adherent to the raucous surface. The epithelium was almost everywhere rather firmly attached to the basement membrane. The folds of the omasum, how�ever, were diseased to an extreme degree. Many of these presented circumscribed congested patches, which varied in shape, and in area from that of a sixpence to that nearly of the palm of the hand. The central region of some of these, patches was greyish and soft and sloughy ; but in the majority of oases actual perforations existed in this situation, sloughs having become partially or wholly detached. The margins of these perforations were either irregular and shreddy, or had still attached to them at certain points sloughs (occasionally of considerable size) or were undergoing cicatrization, and presented tumid and congested, irregularly scalloped, yet smooth edges. The holes just referred to varied from an inch or two in diameter to that of a probe, and the mucous membrane around them, and more especially round those undergoing cicatrization, was smooth, devoid of epithelium, and nearly devoid of papilhc. The disease in many cases had affected only the more central portions of the folds, but in the majority had involved the free borders too. In the latter case the sloughs had disappeared and the folds were remarkably altered, presenting large irregular excavations, with rounded, tumid, congested, but generally cicatrized margins. These margins were frequently interrupted by irregular tongue-like projections of tolerably healthy tissue. It should be added that marginal excavations and perforations frequently co-existed in a fold, and combined to produce very compli�cated and strange appearances. (Plate XI.)

Abomamm. The contents pretty healthy, but more fluid than usual. The mucous membrane was perhaps redder than normal, but tenacious and for the most port healthy^ In a length of about six inches in the neighbourhood of the pylorus were several (about half a dozen) sloughy ulcers, round or oval, and varying from about half or three-quarters of an inch in diameter downwards. These con�sisted of greyish sloughs, involving the mucous and suh-mueous tissues, adherent to the imisculnr coat, but sepa�rated by a groove of uloemtion from a tumid but unoon-gested rim of mucous membrane, The free edge of one of the folds of the abonmsmn had evidently been ulcerated in a length of three or four inches, but had almost perfectly cicatrized.

Small intestines tor the most part healthy. Here and there the mucous membrane was somewhat more congested than natural, and there were two or three spots of circumserilied and rather deep congestion. Peyef'spatelieS were a little honeycombed, slate coloured, but otherwise healthy, and totally free from deposit of any kind, and from uloeration.

The large intfS�nel and the ciemm were more or less con�gested, especially the latter; hut here again there was no trace of nlceration. The lower part of the reetum was more

deeply congested than other parts of the large intestines, hut congestion was not intense even here.

Kidneys healthy. Bludiler contracted ; nmcous membrane healthy.

Uterus and vaifma perfectly normal. Vulva not con�gested.

The fiesh of this cow was quite healthy-looking, and free from nil signs of decomposition. There was a good deal of general emphysema, and a large accimmlation of gus in the cellular tissue about the kidneys.

The papillae in the central part of the dorsum of the tongue were remarkably elongated and horny, and those at the upper orifice of the omasum were converted into small curled horns, averaging half or three-quarters of an inch long.

Microscopical examination (after being in spirit). � The diseased papilla¹ of the rwnen presented the following characters:�1st. Those that were plump and congested contained distinctly in their substance a large amount of Wood (not, so fur as could he seen, extravasated), and com�pared with the healthy papillraquo; were very opaque. The epi�thelium covering them moreover was opaque and_ granular, and presented numerous filaments of a branching jointed ve�getable fungus, averaging (to speak roughly) about 1 -3000cli inch in diameter. 2nd. The papilla; that were shrivelled and limp were also very opaque and granular, hut presented no special elements different from what were seen elsewhere. The epithelium here also was opaque and granular, and presented numerous filaments of fungi.

The diseased patches of the omasum presented for the most part a somewhat adherent epithelial covering, which was found to be thickly studded with the same kind of fungous growth as has just been described. Several of the loose shreds of slough were examined, and on them the fungus was not detected ; but as far as I could make out, the epithelial covering had been lost from these shreds. The epithelium of the healthy portions of the folds was free from this growth. The substance of the sloughs of t\je omasum was opaque and very granular ; but nothing further than this condition, nothing at least noteworthy, was detected.�J. S. B.

(.'!) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined October �li, 1865.

The lips, (jams, tongue, palate, and other parts of the interior of the mouth, together with the Jauces and upper surface of the soft palate, were more or less completely covered with an opaque, yellowish, and friable layer, which could readily be detached, leaving the subjacent surface more or less deeply congested. Over the anterior three-fourths of the dorsal surface of the tongue, this deposit resembled ordinary quot; fur,quot; and was pretty firmly adherent by its under surface, the tissues beneath being natural, or nearly so, in colour; but on the lips, gums, inferior surface of tip and sides of tongue it constituted an imperfect granu�lar layer, which varied in thickness, and in some places had become detached, leaving patches only adherent. The nmcous membrane in these latter situations, whether ex�posed or covered, was found congested. The palate for the greater part of its extent presented the same characters; but over both surfaces of the soft palate, and the portion of tongue posterior to the circumvallate papilhc, including the anterior surface of the epiglottis, and the whole of the pharynx, the deposit was very abundant and thick, of an opaque, dirty, yellowish colour, granular on the surface, friable, arranged more or less in ridges or hands, and de�tachable with great facility from the subjacent mucous membrane, which was everywhere intensely congested�the congestion extending on the tongue to a depth about equal to the thickness of card-board.

The mucous membrane covering the epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, and rest of the lari/nx, was tumid and con�gested, and covered (especially anterior to the arytenoid cartilages and below them,) with a thin granular lymph-like layer, which could be very readily removed, and was very irregular ill its distribution. Besides the general red' tinge presented by the laryngeal mucous membrane, there were spots and patches of a much deeper red, almost black, colour, which were scattered over the whole sur�face, but had a tendency to he clustered, and were mo.--1; abundant on the opposed surfaces of the arytenoid car�tilages, OH the mucous membrane beneath these bodies, and over the lower angle of the epiglottidean cartilage. These patches were somewhat elevated and granular on their surface; and from some of them lia-morrhage, forming loose slightly-adherent dots, had taken place.

'nil'! CATTLK i'LAGUK COMMISSIONKUS.

Traohea redder than natural thronghouti but presenting loaroely ftny of the usual rod strealu and spots. Us whole oolibre, from one end of the tube to the other, was oooupied by uu aeeuninlntloii ol'frothy fluid (tnuoh like that which I'oi'ins on the top of stout); and raquo;dliei'lllff slightly to the snrfaee were thin patches of what appeared to be yellowish lymph.

The mucous membrane of the bronoki and larger ftroraquo;-chial lubes was more deeply congested than that of the trachea, and presented numorons more or less elusteved longitudinal streaks of seoiniiifr extravasation; and more�over was covered more extensively than that of the trachea, with soft granular exudation. The smaller bronchial tubes also presented a great deal of congestion, with abundunt luemorrhagio spots, the latter being generally most marked around the margins of their orifices. The tubes generally contained, in addition to frothy fluid] some dirty pellets of mucus and occasionally small clots of blood.

The lungs were much congested in places, and in some oedematous, but they were ercpitant throughout, and pre�sented much hiterlobalar emphysema, The bronvhiul (/lands were deeply congested. Pleura henlthy.

Pertciirdum healthy. Heor^ a little ilabhy, and presenting a few extravasations beneath the lining membrane of its left venticle.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver pale, hut otherwise normal. Spleen, healthy.

(Esophagus healthy.

The rumen contained a large quantity of normal food; its epithelial surface was \'ery easily removed, hut the organ was otherwise healthy.

The reticulum was healthy, and in the same condition as the rumen.

The omasum contained a moderate amount of food, to which the epithelium adhered. Many of the folds pre�sented large patches of diffused slight congestion, which had a tendency to be most intense in lines. In a few in�stances there were circumscribed circles of intense redness, from, half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, the centres of which were greyish and sloughy, but not yet broken down. At the outside there were not more than a dozen of these. In one instance four were found on one fold; the others existed singly.

The ahomasum contained a quantity of thin food, and was to a great extent healthy. It presented, however, oc�casional patches of slight congestion. From the pylorus upwards, for 3 or 4 inches, the mucous membrane was con�siderably congested, and in places thickly studded with dark red points. Besides this there were slight patches of deep congestion, but no tendency to ulceration. The mucous membrane was somewhat softened.

Rectum, in the lower part, intensely congested in patches, the congestion being apparently due in some instances to lucmorrhage. This appearance heeame more and more intense towards the outlet, but had nowhere led to ulcera�tion or exudation.

The vulva and vagina were also deeply congested, and presented patches of apparent extravasation. The conges�tion here, however, was not so intense as that in the rectum. There was a little granular exudation about the lips of the vulva, but no ulceration.

The kidneys, bladder, uterus, caecum, and small and large intestines (excepting the rectum), were reserved for future examination, and became lost.

The flesh of this animal was perfectly healthy-looking and sweet. No emphysema iiad been observed during life, and not being visible in superficial parts, was not specially looked for in the deeper tissues after death. It might or might not have been present in some of them.�J. S. U.

The fauces, the pltaryiia; and posterior part of the soft palate were in nearly their whole extent almost black from congestion ; the congested surface being somewhat granular, and the epithelium (which was nowhere thick) having be�come in places detached. The mucous membrane sur-lounding the exterior of the larynx (in front us well as elsewhere), was somewhat congested and tumid, but very much less so than thut of the other parts of the pharynx.

The interior of the larynx was throughout intensely con�gested ; the only parts not in this condition being those in which the arytenoid and epiglottidean cartilages were most prominent. The congestion was very deep, almost black, and more or less in patches or spots ; but there was neither deposit of lymph nor thickening or separation of epithelium.

The trachea too was deeply congested, the congestion being general, but most intense in longitudinal streaks und hands, which had a tendency to be clustered, The conges�tion occupied the whole oiroumference, more or less, of the trachea, and the whole thickness of the trachcalis muscle.

The right lung was congested throughout; i\\c left lung was comparatively pale ; hut both were generally orepitant, and both presented general interlobular emphysema in a very high degree. Here and there, there was a little consolida�tion of tissue from collapse. The mediastina were all em-physematous to a great extent, and the emphysema extended in great abundance along the trachea and oesophagus into the neck, and down the oesophagus into the abdomen.

The trachea and the bronchial tubes generally contained cylinders of nearly black blood, which were moulded to the tubes in which they lay. The tubes in the lower half of the left lung were alone free from these.

The bronchial tubes were generally of a deep red colour, which was due in part to blood-staining, and in part to patches of congestion, like those described in the trachea. The tubes in the lower part of the left lung were pale and contained frothy mucus. Pleura healthy.

T\\epericardium was liealtliy,l)iit there were a few petechiee at the base of the heart and largish sub-serous extravasa�tions about the apex,extending in lines, L' or .'lt; inches long, towards the base. The nuiscular tissue of the heart was somewhat flabby; and the cavities were nearly empty, but had probably contained some fluid or semi-fluid blood. There were abundant extravasations of blood in the left ventricle, beneath the endocardium of the papillary muscles, and of the whole circumference of the -ventricle, midway between the apex and base. The extravasations extended for a short distance into the subjacent muscular tissue. The lining membrane was smooth. The other cavities were quite healthy.

Peritoneum a little congested, with patches of congestion on the great omentuin, hut no evidence of inflammation. The cellular tissue at the posterior part of the abdomen (the lumbar region) was extraordinarily emphysematous; and the kidneys were invested in this emphysematous tissue. Liver pale and soft, and becoming decomposed. Gull bladder full of healthy-looking bile. Spleen some�what small, and a little soft, otherwise healthy.

The portion of ffisop�laquo;laquo;?laquo;laquo; immediately below the pharynx presented a few spots of congestion ; but the rest was pale and healthy, except that the epithelial layer became detached in large films.

The rumen contained a considerable quantity of healthy food, and some gas. The epithelium was soft and easily detached, but the mucous and other walls of the organ seemed healthy. The retieukm was in the same condition.

Omi.sum of natural size, with healthy contents, and healthy throughout. There was no congestion. The epi�thelium was scarcely adherent to the mucous membrane, and came away in sheets.

. The almmasmn was also of natural size, and contained very fluid contents. Its mucous membrane (which was somewhat softened), had a general light slate-coloured tint, but beyond this presented no material traces of congestion, even in the situation of the pylorus. There were no patches of redness, and no execration or ulceration. ^ The small inlestines were us nearly as possible healthy. They presented traces only of congestion in parts. Pcger s patches were quite natural. The cweum was not congested. The rectum was congested in its whole extent, but especially deeply injected, and studded with patches of extravasation, at its lower extremity. There was prolapsus of this part to the extent of two or three inches, and there bad been hamiorrhage from it, of which the traces still remained. The remainder of the large intestine presented on its mucous surface interrupted longitudinal bunds of slight congestion, but no other abnormal condition. Kidneys of natural size, pale in their cortical substance, congested 2

Dr. Urislowc. Uf'lMirl to

Conauiibslouurs,-'

#9632;'

(4.) Mr. Swbhtland's Bull, ill four days�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined October 23d, 1806; died at 7 a.m. same day.

The jmlate, in the greater part of its extent, the insides of the upper and lower lips, the gums, the under part of the tip of the tnngne, and the sides and base of this organ, were more or less deeply congested, in some parts intensely congested ; and their epithelium had become opaque, friable, and thick, and had a tendency to become detached. In some places this detachment had occurred in small round or oval patches, in some places very irregularly and exten�sively ; the gums, indeed, were almost entirely denuded. The greater part of the upper surface of the tongue was healthy, but it had been severely bitten.

100

AKPKNDIX TO THIKD KKPOUT OK

Dr. Ilmtmvc. lloport to

I'uU.li.i.-sioiUTS.

in their modiillmy, soft, and in a meamure rleoomposcd. The urinary hladder contuined from half a jiint to a pint of healthy-ooloured urine, and its mucous membrano was healthy and pale.

This hull was a fine animnl, und its muscles were firm and bealtlijr-looking through�ut. The fat was also every�where liw�thy; but tlicre was goncral and very considerable emphysema, The superfloinl cellular tissue in almost every part contaiuetl giis, mill the rousolea were gciierully separated from one another by gas. This condition was observed in the head and neck, throughout the whole trunk, and in the front and hind legs. It was less abun-dunt, however, in the hind lef{s than in the front legs, and extended a shorter distance along them. It was very marked in the back, beneath the superficial muscles, and also along the front of the neck, and within the arch formed by the lower jaw bone. The gas was quite odour�less, and the tissues in which it was found were quite sweet and free from signs of decomposition. There was a little tendency to decomposition in some of the viscera, especially in the liver and kidneys, and walls of the intes�tines, but there was no gas in the tissues of any of these organs, nor in any of the serous cavities, nor in the blood ves! ids.�J. S. B.

papillares and elsewhere beneath the endocurdium of the left ventiele.

Peritoneum for most part healthy; a few spots of conges�tion upon the great omentum. Ldver somewhat sumller than usual, firm, and rather pale. The gall dnots were in many places thickened and loaded with biliary oonoretions, Gait bludder of usual size, and full of thin bile, Spleen. somewhat small, but soft and a little deeomp�sedj appa�rently healthy.

The abomasum had generally a pale slate colour, and in some parts a faint pinkish tinge. In the nei^libourhood of the pyrolus it was mammilluted, more deeply congested than elsewhere, and studded with groups of spots of more vivid redness than surrounding parts. There was neither ulceration nor tendency to ulceration. The mucous mem�brane was little softened.

Omasum rather large, containing a good deal of normal food ; uncongested and almost healthy throughout. There were no circumscribed patches of congestion or sloughs. The epithelium came away with great facility.

The rumen contained a considerable quantity of na�tural-looking food. The organ was for the most part healthy, the epithelium coming away with tolerable readi�ness ; hut one of the larger muscular bands and two or three of its branches, had a rather deep pink colour, and the epithelium was much more firmly adherent in these situa�tions than elsewhere, indeed could scarcely be removed. On cutting into these bands the pink tinge was found to occupy their whole thickness and to have a mottled appearance,

Reticulum hcalthy-

Anal orifice healthy; but the rectum immediately above was somewhat congested. The rest of the rectum was tolerably healthy.

The small intestines, the coecum, and colon were not examined.

One of the kidneys was congested throughout, but other�wise quite healthy. The other kidney was pale in the cortical substance, though studded with a few congested patches; congested in the medulla; and soft,�somewhat decom�posed.

The urinary bladder contained a small quantity of urine-The mucous membrane presented a few congested patches, but was otherwise quite healthy. The urethra was deeply congested.

Vagina somewhat congested, but not more so at the lower orifice tiian elsewhere. At a distance of two or three inches from that orifice there were a few patches of sub-mucous extravasation. Uterus and orarie.s healthy.

The flesh and fat of this cow were everywhere quite healthy-looking; though decomposition had set in slightly in one or tsvo of the internal organs. Ho emphysema had been recognized during life; but it was carefully looked for after death, and was found very extensively in the pos�terior mediastinum, and extending thence around the heart to the anterior mediastinum; very extensively too around the trachea and oesophagus in their whole length. It was, thus, abundant in the neck anterior to the spine, from the sternum to the root of the tongue, and also downwards along the oesophagus as far as the diaphragm. A little had extended thence onto the neighbouring portion of the rumen. With this exception the abdominal cavity was quite free from emphysema. There was none whatever in the neighbourhood of the kidneys. Traces of emphysema were discovered in the sub-cutaneous cellular tissue of various parts of the trunk. The blood which was squeezed from the somewhat decomposed spleen was a little frothy; but the blood elsewhere presented no traces of gas.�J. S. B,

(5.) Cow.�Examined October 24th, 18()5. Died the same morning.�Royal Veterinary College.

The mucous membrane of the lips, gums, tongue, palate, and cavity of mouth generally, was almost perfectly healthy; but on the posterior part of the base of the tongue, from the circumvallate papillae to about halfway between these and the epiglottis, and upon the pillars of the fauces, were a good many deep red spots of an irregular stellate shape, in which the epithelium was deficient, and in which the redness was the result of congestion in the mucous tissue beneath. The congestion extended little, if at all, beyond the limits of these spots.

The mucous membrane of the (esophagus was healthy. The mucous membrane of the larynx was congested, oede-matous, and tumid. The congestion was most intense im�mediately above the vocal cords and immediately below the arytenoid cartilages. A little granular lymph or altered epithelium adhered to the mucous surface in these situa�tions, together with irregular loose flocculent masses of blood and mucus, mixed. On cutting into the tissues forming the walls of the larynx, most of the laryngeal mus�cles were found to be black, with what appeared to be extravasated blood.

The trachea was congested throughout, the congestion being in the form chiefly of black spots and streaks scat�tered over the entire surface, but especially accumulated over the region of the trachealis muscle. Clots of blood, mixed with mucus, and apparently with pus, clung to the surface of the trachea. The trachealis muscle was infil�trated in its whole extent and thickness with blood, look�ing in fact like a black eoagulum, traversed with shreds of fibre. The lower part of trachea was somewhat less con�gested than the upper part, and contained a good deal of frothy fluid.

Pleura healthy. Lungs a good deal congested, sparely crepitant, and in many places carnificd ; in the latter situa�tions the sections were dark-coloured and smooth, and the parts retained a good deal of their normal tenacity. There was abundant interlobular emphysema throughout the whole of both lungs. This condition was very marked over the bases of both lungs; where it occupied not merely the interlobular tissue, but largo tracts of the sub-pleurol tissue as well. It was also very abundant indeed in the spaces near the roots of the lungs, and about the roots. It is worthy too of remark that the emphysema was least pronounced in the non-crepitant parts of the organs. Left lung less congested than right.

The bronchial tubes were reddened throughout, especially those of the right' lung. The latter contained soft loose cylinders of mixed mucus and blood, to which their red�dening was in great measure due j but there were also, scattered throughout, spots of sub-mucous extravasation. The bronchial tubes of the left lung were much paler than those of the right) contained frothy mucus, with little or no blood j but presented a few spots of extravasation.

Pericardium healthy. There were two or three sub-serous extravasations of blood at the base of the heart.

Heart flabby, and its lining membrane blood-stained. The cavities contained a little imperfect eoagulum and fluid blood. There were a few extravasations in the musculi

(�.) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College,�Examined 26th October, lH(!�.�Died evening of October 25th.

The inside of the lips, the gmm, and the anterior half of the palate, together with the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue, were decidedly more congested than natural; and the epithelium over these parts was soft and granniar, and had become partially removed. The epi�thelium over the base of the tongue, the soft palate, and pillars of the fauces was thicker than natural, and also readily removable, but there was scarcely even ablush of con�gestion or a spot in which the epithelium had been wholly detached.

The mucous membrane of the larynx presented a blush of congestion only, and its lower part was covered with a little adherent lymph or thickened and altered epi�thelium. The trachea presented a univeraal pink tinge.

THR OATTLB l'LAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

101

which was more intense in some places than others ; and on the anterior aspect of the tube, for about two inches below the larynx, the usual streaky deep congestion was very well marked; hut it scarcely existed in any other parts of the tuhe. The muscles of the larynx ami the traohealia muscle were palo and healthy. The lower part of idle trachea and the bronchi were i'ull of frothy fluid, very like the froth of stout.

The lungs were orepitaut throughout, not congested, hut slightly (edcuiatous in parts. Both orffans presented throughout an extreme degree of intcrlohlllal� emphysema. The emphysema had extended from the lungs into the posterior mediastinum, thence into the cellular tissue of the other niediastina, and both upwards and downwards along the trachea and cesophasus ; in all of which situations it was very abundant. The bronchial tubes were pule, and con�tained only a little frothy mucus. Pleurm healthy.

T'ericardium healthy. The heart was contracted, linn, and altogether healthy-lookinfti with the exception that there were a few spots of extravasation on the musouli papillai'03 of the left ventricle. The cavities were empty.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver of natural size and colour and consistence. Gall bladder full of healthy bile. Spleen of natural size, and apparently quite healthy. The e])i-thelium about the upper half of the mophagus was granular and thickened, hut there was no eongestion. The lower half of this tube was healthy.

The omasum was healthy in the greater part of its extent, and the epithelium adhered somewhat firmly to its folds. About six of these folds were affected, and presented each one or two rings of dee)) congestion surrounding a jrreyisli-colourcd disc. The diameter of these varied from 1 to 1^ inch, and one or two involved the free edge.

The abomamm was somewhat congested throughout, and its mucous membrane was rather soft. There were a few patches of congestion near the pylorus, and two or three small round circumscribed sloughs of mucous membrane; contents healthy.

Rumen and reticnlum quite healthy j also contents.

The small intestines presented some patches of congestion here and there, but were otherwise healthy. Caiciim con�gested, especially at its blind extremity ; otherwise healthy. The lar(/e intestine, especially the ascending colon, presented numerous congested longitudinal hands, hut no other in�dications of disease. Anus and mucous membrane of reefmn immediately above it healthy. At about 3 or A inches from the anus and thence upwards the prominent folds were con�gested.

Vulva somewhat congested. Vagina healthy. Uterus healthy. Kio'nei/s somewhat congested, but on the whole healthy. Bladder contracted, healthy.

The flesh of this cow was quite healthy in appearance ; there was no general emphysema; but emphysema was observed in the axilloe, in the neck, and in the situations mentioned particularly in the report.�J. S. B.

covered with a tolerably thick but slightly adherent layer, consisting apparently of lymph mixed slightly with alimen-tary materials and bronchial exudation.

The mucous membrane of the trachea was unnaturally red throughout, and was studded, principally behind and laterally, and more at the upper than the lower part, with longitudinal streaks and spots of deep congestion or ex�travasation. It was lined throughout with a similar deposit to that observed in the larynx.

Several of the laryngeal muscles were black with extra�vasation, and the troohenlis muscle in its whole extent and thickness was softened and infiltrated with blood.

The bronchial tubes were redder than natural, but their redness seemed due to mere hlood-staining. They con�tained a moderate quantity of thin serous fluid. The lungs, and more nartieuhirly the left lung, were somewhat congested throughout, but crepitant. There was a little intcrlobular emphysema in the apices only. The upper lobe of the right lung contained a cyst about the size of a (luck's egg, containing a colourless glairy fluid. There were no hydatids. The left pleura presented a little recent lymph at its lower part, hut was otherwise healthy. The right was healthy. The pericardium was firmly adherent at the apex and was covered in the rest of its extent by a thick layer of recently deposited lymph, which formed numerous bands between the opposed surfaces. The in�terstices contained about half a pint of serum. Both the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium presented abundant sub-serous extravasations. The muscular tissue of the heart was pule and (labby. There were no ex�travasations beneath the endocardium. The cavities were empty.

The vessels of the great omentum were full of dark blood, but the peritoneum was otherwise healthy. Liver rather pale and containing numerous spots of cavernous tissue and a few fibrinous knots. Gall Madder full of healthy bile. Spleen of usual size, extremely pulpy. The o'sophayus was healthy, except in the part previously described.

The omasum was large and contained normal food. The epithelium came away with great facility, and the folds were pale and generally healthy, two only being diseased. One of them presented a single spot, the other four spots. These were round (varying from a quarter of an inch to one inch in diameter), were deeply congested, and in some parts yel�lowish and sloughy-looking. The latter parts tended' to occupy the centre of these patches, but the two conditions were more or less irregularly intermixed.

About a foot from the pylorus the abomasum presented a few circumscribed, deeply congested patches, the conges�tion having a spotted appearance. The lower three or four inches of this stomach again were rather thickly studded with patches of congestion. These consisted primarily of deep red elevated spots (apparently due to extravasation). Some of these spots were arranged quot; discretely,quot; others formed dense clusters. These clusters were irregular in size and shape, and ran more less into one another. Some of them presented^ a little yellowish discolouration, possibly from commencing gangrene ; but there was nowhere any actual breach of surface. The rest of the abomasum was tolerably healthy, and its contents were normal.

The rmneu and reticulum were healthy, except that their epithelium came away with unusual readiness. Their con. tents were normal. The anus was scarcely, if at all, red�dened. The rectum was rather deeply congested, especially the prominent folds of mucous membrane; and immediately above the anus was a longitudinal fissure or ulcer about two inches long. The kidneys were healthy, hut soft from decomposition.

The mucous membrane of the vulva was deeply congested, and was studded with what seemed to be patches of adherent lymph. The lower part of vagina was also congested, but the remainder of the tube was tolerably natural. The urinary bladder, which was healthy, contained a large quantity of urine, and presented a single patch of congestion.

This cow was examined some hours (10 or 12 perhaps) after death, and decomposition had occurred to some extent in many of the internal organs, und also to a slight extent 111 the muscular tissue. There was, however, no emphv-sema in any port of the body except the apices of the lungs.�J. 8, li.

Dr. UrUtowe

Ilvpnrt to Cummmsioiiura.

(7.) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College.�Died during the night, and examined October 26th, 1800, 2 p.m.

The insides of the lips, and the gmns were deeply con�gested, and the epithelium had separated to a consiclcrahle extent; the under surface of the tip of the tongue was also congested, and the epithelium, which formed a yellowish friable granular layer, was in many places considerably thickened, and in irregular patches and tracts detached. The sides and greater part of the dorsum of the tongue appeared to be healthy. But the posterior third of the dorsum was congested throughout; the epithelium was thickened and granular, easily separable, and in many parts entirely detached. The mucous surface beneath was generally congested, in some places very deeply congested, and even slightly bleeding. The palate was affected in a similar way in nearly its whole extent, the epithelium, however, coming away in roundish spots. The plian/iu-generally and the soft palate were similarly affected ; but the disease was altogether most advanced about the ;)t7/fli'.s-of the fauces. The mucous membrane of the upper part of the aisopitayus was studded with patches of granular ouacina exudation.

The mucous meinhrane of the larynx was deeply con�gested, somewhat oedematous, and swollen. The congestion was very intense in numerous spots, studding the lower part of the aryteno-epiglottidean folds, and in still larger spots Corresponding to the lateral and posterior parts of tile crieoid cartilages. These spots were elevated and granular, and inemorrhage had taken place from some of them, The greater part of the lining membrane of the larynx was

(S.) Calp.�Royal Veterinary College,-.'i 1st, 1866.

-Examined October

i he upper surface of the tonmie was studded with small opaque yellowish spots, in which the epitheliuni appeared to have become opaque and thickened, and at the centre often detached. The subjacent mucous surface was congested,

102

APPENDIX TO Tlllim KKVOKT OF

Dr. Bristowo.

Report to

Coumiissloncrs.

the congestion corresponding iiccunitely to the si)ot,8. The under surface und sides of the tip of the tongue were covered with tracts of thickened, soft, and granular epithe�lium, which was becoming detached, the corresponding mncous membrane being congested.

The same condition existed, but in an aggravated degree, at the more posterior part of the tongue, between the oircumvallate papilla) and the epiglottis, on the pillars of the fauces, the soft palate, the phiin/nx, and the first inch or two of the mophagus.

The interior of the larynx was perhaps generally a little more congested than natural ; and both above and below the vocal cords there were distinct layers of soft, slightly adherent lymph. The trachea was full of frothy mucus (like froth of stout). This tiibe was somewhat congested in its lower half, but not apparently inflamed. The lurycr bronchia were, perhaps, somewhat more congested than the trachea itself.

Pleura- healthy. Lungs very sparely crepitont, thickly studded throughout with patches of consolidation, some of which were pale and fleshy looking, others darker and friable, approaching in character to pulmonary apoplexy.

These consolidated portions were not soft, and were separated from one another by a net-work of crepitant tissue. There was little, if any, interlobidar emphysema.

The bronchial tubes were not materially congested, and contained a little frothy mucus only.

Pericardium healthy. Heart rather flabby, otherwise healthy.

Peritoneum healthy. Uver perfectly healthy. Spleen healthy. The upper part of the (esophagus presented a few patches of granular exudation, but the lower part was healthy.

Rumen and reticulmn healthy.

The epithelium of the omasum was perfectly adherent throughout; a few of the folds presented a little diffused redness, but otherwise the organ was health v.

There was a blush of redness over the greater part of the abomastim, hut there was no other abnormal appearance whatever.

The small intestines were healthy, except that there were two or three tracts of marked congestion. Peyer's glands were healthy.

The mucous membrane of the large intestine presented a tew patches and longitudinal streaks of congestion, but was generally healthy.

The coecum was pale and perfectly healthy. Anus and rectum healthy.

The lower part of the vagina was a little congested, and the epithelium, at the lower orifice, somewhat granular. Uterus, amp;c., healthy.

Kidneys healthy Urinary bladder healthy.

There was no general emphysema, and the �esh of the calf was healthy.�J. S. B.

to render their examination satisfactory, or to ascertain if there was any interlobular emphysema. If there was any cmphysenia, it must have been slight and partial.

I'leunc and pericardium healthy.

The heart was very flabby and soft. The cavities con�tained block ooagula, these being least abundant in the left ventricle. There were no sub-endoeardial extravasa�tions.

Peritoneum healthy, lEsophugus, rumen, and reticulum healthy.

The omasum and almmasum were both entirely free from congestion, and healthy.

Lower part of rectum deeply congested, but laquo;laquo;MS healthy.

The rest of the large intestine, including the cuicum, was healthy, excepting only an occasional patch of not intense congestion. There were one or two patches of con�gestion in i\\K small intestines, hut they also were otherwise healthy. Payer's patches were sound.

IJoer and spleen decomposed, but apparently healthy. Gu/I bladder full of normal bile. Kidneys also healthy, but decomposed. Urinary bladder, full of urine, healthy.

The viscera o{ this animal were undergoing rapid decom�position; the/laquo;raquo;/*, however, was in pretty fair condition, und there was no general emphysema, There was a tolerable amount of emphysema, however, about the roots of the lungs, and generally in the posterior mediastinum.�J. S. B.

(10.) Uow.-

-Uoyal Veterinary College.�Opened and

#9632; #9632; - #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; g .

examined November 1st, 1865, at H p.m.

There were a few aphtha-like excoriations on the gums mid the inside of the lips.

The greater part of the cavity of the mouth, including the tongue and palate, was as near as possible healthy ; but the back of the tongue, fauces, and pharynx generally were con�gested, and studded with patches of opaque epithelium, which had become removed in places.

The mucous membrane of the larynx was rather deeply congested, and presented patches of what looked like ad�herent lymph. There was, however, no marked submucous extravasation, except in that part of it below the arytencid cartilages and vocal cords. In this latter situation the condition of things exactly resembled that (afterwards to he described) in the trachea.

The trachea was lined partly with lymph, partly with small clots (which had exuded from innumerable points), and contained also small fragments of bay; this mixture of blood, lymph, and food was with diffieulty washed away from the surface, to which it was evidently adherent. The mucous lining of the trachea was congested throughout, and studded very thickly with spots and streaks of sub-mucous extravasation. These were most abundant laterally and behind, where the surface was rendered almost black in consequence. The trachealis muscle in almost its whole extent, and portions of the muscles of the larynx, were infiltrated with blood.

The right lung was to a considerable extent attached to the ribs by old adhesions; and a portion of the lung was consolidated, but not from recent pneumonia. The lungs were congested, but crepitant, and presented a good deal of interlobular emphysema. They were much decomposed.

The bronchial tubes, especially the larger ones, were con�gested and studded with extravasations, and their contents were very much like those of the trachea itself. There was some emphysema about the posterior mediastinum.

Pericardium healthy. Heart pale and flabby from de�composition ; the cavities containing large (lark-coloured clots; no extravasations beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle. The aorta and many other vessels contained cylinders of coloured clot.

Peritoneum healthy. There was a good deal of emphy�sema in the lumbar 'region, about the kidneys.

Jdver, spleen, and kidneys greatly decomposed, but not apparently unhealthy. Gall bladder full of healthy bile.

The asnphagus was healthy, but contained in its whole length regurgitated food; a large pellet of this obstructed the superior orifice of the larynx.

The folds of the omasum presented in some instances diffused congestion, and their epithelium was exceedingly soft and separable; otherwise the organ seemed healthy.

The abomastim presented some patches of diffused redness, and here and there groups of more deeply congested spots, but the congestion was nowhere very marked, and there waraquo; scarcely any near the pyloric orifice.

f9 ) Bull.�Royal Veterinary (College.�Examined October .#9632;list; 1866.

The edges of the///i of the tongue were covered with soft granular epithelium. The sides and upper surface of the root of the tongue, the pillars of the fauces, the .to// palate, and the phart/nxwere deeply congested, and studded some�what irregularly with patches of opaque thickened and soft epithelium j this was most abundant on the pillars of the fauces. Tbc epithelium of the roof of the mouth and of the lips and gums was generally in the same condition.

The larynx anil trachea were almost black with conges�tion and extravasation. The congestion in the former being nearly uniform ; in the latter having the form of abundant close-set longitudinal streaks.

In the neighbourhood of the rima glottidis was a soft, loose, rusty-coloured clot, about as large as a walnut; and the surface of the larynx and that of the trachea were covered with a soft pulpy layer, which varied in thickness and in colour from that of partially decolourized (brick red) blood to a dirty buff, This was very slightly adherent to the subjacent mucous membrane, and came away in irregular flakes and masses.

Themore congested parts of the mucous membrane, both in the larynx and in the trachea, were thickend and granular. The, trachealis muscle was infill rated with blood in the greatest part of its extent, and the muscles of the larynx were partly infiltrated in the same way.

The lungs appeared to be crepitant, but congested throughout. They were too much decomposed, however,

Humen and reticulum healthy. Lower part of deeply congested, otherwise healthy. Anns healthy. somenrhat congested.

TlIK OATTliK I'liAGUK COMMISSION lOKS.

103

The lower part raquo;f the vagina was deeply aongesteoJ! mid immediately within the lips of the vulva mere was a little submucouB extravasation; the epithelium at the outer margin was a little granular and opaque. Uterus healthy.

madder healthy; full of nrine.

Udder much oongested.

In this oow deoomposition was tukiiiff place very rapidly, and interfered with the value of appearances observed in many organs. The �esh, however, was not unhealthy-looking ; and there was no general emphysema.

The conjunctiva! were congested,�J. S. B.

throughout; and both of thein laquo;intiuned u considerable number of tnnioiirs (varying from the size of a horse bean to that of a hen's egg) wnioli appeared to me toblaquo; oanoeroua. There were slight traces of interlobnlar emphyserna. The bronchial tubes were somewhat congested und contained u (jnuntity of frothy mucus,

Pleune (except where adherent ever some of the above-mentioned growths) un� perhanliittn healthy.

Heart flabby from deoomposition j the cavities contained decomposing elots (i.e. clots with bubbles of gas). The lining membrane of the left ventricle and its papillary muscles were studded pretty thickly with extravasations,

^ Peritoneum healthy. lAver healthy. Gall bladder full of healthy bile, Spleen ami kidneys healthy.

Some of the folds of the omasum presented a diffused red�ness ; and one of them, three circular perforations from three-quarters to a quarter of an inch in diameter. The margins of these were rounded and smooth but without thickening or congestion. A neighbouring fold presented a single perforation about a line in diameter, These perfora�tions were evidently not the results of post-mortem violence, but had doubtless been produced either by nlcerntioii or the separation of a slough, and the edges had become perfectly cicatrized and healthy. Tlieomasuunviis otherwise healtliy.

Thea�onwmraquo;raquo; was generally healthy and only very slightly congested towards the pylorus. (Esophagus healthy.

The rumen and small und hrge intestines and uterine oryms were not examined.

Decomposition was taking place here rapidly, and had impaired the condition of many organs, but the flesh was generally not unhealthy, and there was no general emphy�senia. The organs were removed from the hody in my absence, but I was told by the man who removed them that there was some enijmyseina in the lumbar region, about the kidneys.�J. S. li.

Dr.nrlstowc.

Iteport to

Coinmissionori}.

(11.) Cow.�Iloyal Veterinary College.�Opened October .'ilst, ISd/i; organs examined November 1st.

The inside of the lips und the gums presented numevous irregular stellate spots, from which the epithelium hud disappeared, and corresponding to which the mucous inembranc was congested. These were most marked around the margins of the incisor teeth; a few similar patches were observed upon the anterior part ai^aepalate. The epithe�lium of the under surface of the ti]) of the tongue was softened, thick, and granular. The buck of the tongue, soft palate, pillars of fauces, and pharynx wvtc all deeply congested, and were covered with extensive; patches of thickened opaque granular epithelium, which had here and there, and espe�cially at the base of the tongue, become detached ; the con�gestion extended somewhat deeply into the tissue of the tongue.

The Inripix and trachea were almost black with congestion (Plate XVII.) and subniucons liieniorrhagc, the congestion being nearly uniform; still, however, presenting on close inspection the streaky character ordinarily observed in these cases. The interior of the larynx presented at its lower part a little adherent lymph ; and thetrachea was occupied in its whole length by extravasated blood, portions of which, mixed with mucus and apparently with lymph also, formed an irresfular layer lining the tube and adherent to its sur�face. The trachcalls muscle was throughout infiltrated with blood, and portions of the laryngeal muscles were similarly affected.

The lunc/s were deeply congested, and far advanced in decomposition. There appeared to be a little interlobulur emphysema ; but this might have been the result of decom�position. The heart was very soft and decomposed, and contained a little decomposing blood.

Its lining membrane was blood-stained, but presented no extravasations.

Pleura and pericardium healthy.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver, spleen, and kidneys soft from decomposition, but apparently healthy. (Esophagus healthy.

The other abdominal viscera were not examined.

This cow was much decomposed, but the muscular tissue did not seem unhealthy. There was no general emphysema. The organs were removed in my absence, but I was iutbrmed by the man who removed them, that he observed some emphysenia in the neck.�J. S. B,

(13.) Cow, � Iloyal Veterinary College. � Examined November 5th, ISd�.

The inner side of the lower Up und the corresponding gum were congested, and the epithelimn had come away in parts. The fungiform papilbc of the ton^we were unusually distinct; many of the circumvallate papilhe were congested and covered with thickened soft epithelium or lymph; the portion of tongue behind them, and in a less degree the soft palate, the pillars of the fauces, and the pharynoc, were congested and studded with thickened yellow Duff coloured lymph or epithelium. The parts were not de�nuded.

The larynx was generally congested, but not very deeply, and was lined above the vocal cords with an exceedingly thin film of lymph, and below this with a layer of what looked more like thick mucus. Tbc lining membrane of the upper half of the /roc/ier* was reddened, but there was no sub-mucous htemorrhage. From the middle of the trachea downwards the congestion increased and became very deep towards the lower part, especially along the trachealis muscle. The lower part of this muscle if not infiltrated with blood was at least infiltrated v/ith blood-stained serum. The lower part of the trachea contained a good deal of frothy mucus.

The limgs were considerably congested, and in a great part of their extent earnified. But there was no pneumonia and no interlobulur emphysema. 'Vhcbmnc/nal tubes were some�what congested and contained frothy fluid.

Pleune healthy. Pericardium healthy. * ,The heart was somewhat flabby, the ventricles nearly empty, the auricles containing clots. Beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle were numerous extravasa�tions of blood.

Peritoneum generally congested, but not presenting eifu. sionof serum or lymph, or any other positive evidence of in�flammation. The ouler surface of the small intestines was deeply congested throughout. TJver somewhat pale hut healthy, ihitl. bladder small, contuini ng only a little thicldah yellow bile. Spleen somewhat soft, otherwise health v. (Plate X.)

The folds of the omasmn presented a considerable number of patches of disease; in some cases several of these were on one fold, in other ceuses they occurred singly; sometimes they occupied the central portion of the folds, but were freipicntly found on the free edge. Those of medium size were, according to their position, round or semi-circular. The larger ones were a square inch or two in urea; the smaller involved one or two papilla' only. The margins of these patches were always abrupt and deeply congrslcd, nnd in those cases where the disease involved a papilla! or two only, congestion alone was present. But in othcrcascs the central portions had almost invariably assumed a dirty

(12.) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College.�Opened October 31st, 18()5.�Organs examined November 1st.

The i/ums and inside of the lower lip were a good deal congested, the epithelium was almost entirely removed, the fragments remaining being opaque and granular. On the roof of the mouth the epithelium had become detached in numerous rounded spots, the mucous membrane beneath being congested. There was some congestion about the back of the tongue and fauces, and especially about the soft palate,- and in these regions the epithelium was in some parts slightly granular and in some parts had become detached. The situations in which these changes were most marked were the portion of tongue immediately behind the ci'.Tiimvallate papillae, and the pillars of the fauces.

The larynx was congested throughout, and especially so hcnmthtiic arylenoid cartilayes; in which hitter situation there was a good deal of soft dirty yellow secretion (appa�rently lymph) slightly adherent, A little of the same kind of material was found forming a very thin layer upon the larynx above the vncnl cords. The trachea, was preter-natnrully red or rosy in its whole extent, especially below; and was studded throughout with numerous reddish black congested points and streaks from the surface of one or two of which slight baunorrlnige had taken place. The cavity of the tube was occupied in its whole length by a large quantity of thick frothy fluid. The trachenlis muscle und muscles of the larynx were free IVom lurmorrhage.

The Innrfs were congested and somewhat sparely crepitaut

104

AITKNDIX TO THIHD KKPOKT OK

Dr. Briatowe.

Report to Commissioners,

olive-brown tint, mingled with remnants of congestion. Some of the minuter patches were limited to the puiullao of one surface of a fold, and even some of the larger patches were more distinct on one side than the other. The epi�thelium adhered more firmly to these patches than to the surrounding parts. Two or three of the folds presented circular orifices about u line in diameter with perfectly pale unthiokened margins. The larger vessels in the folds of the omasum contained more blood than usual.

The abomasum was deeply and nearly uniformly congested in its upper three-fourths ; and this congested portion was studded pretty thickly tliroughout with small points of a deep claret colour. The remainder of the abomasum was but slightly congested, but it presented numerous shallow depressions of irregular shape and varying from one-third of an inch in diameter downwards, in which the mucous mem�brane appeared to have been removed and cicatrized. The central depressed portions of these patches were mostly (piite smooth, but to one or two shreds of tissue (sloughs?) adhered very slightly. The mucous membrane forming their margins was in some cases distinctly, though slightly, plicated.

The rumen was generally more congested than natural, and its smoother portion presented a very large irregular tract of a port-wine hue. The edges of the tract were somewhat sinuous, and their vicinity was studded with spots of the same character, well-defined, differing in size, and running more or less into one another. Some of them had beguu to assume a somewhat livid hue. There was no ulceration and no sloughing, nor any thickening of the mucous mem�brane. The rest of the rumen presented also numerous large tracts, in which the mucous membrane and its papilliB were somewhat deeply congested, and the latter swollen, but there was no evidence yet of sloughing. The epithelium was detached with great facility, but was somewhat more adherent to the congested patches than to other parts.

Reticulum and oesophagus healthy.

The contents of the first three stomachs were healthy. Those of the abomasum were bloody.

The small intestines, from one end to the other, were full of a kind of dark bloody mucus, which was very adherent to the surface. The mucous membrane was of a uniform dark red colour, and exceedingly pulpy, Both it and the submucons and muscular coats were deeply congested, the ramifications of the minute vessels being very distinct. There was, however, no visible inflammatory exudation or infiltration, and no disease in Peyer's patches. The half of the ccecum, nearest the commencement of the colon, was deeply congested, especially the lips of the ileo-coccal orifice. The ascending colon was deeply congested; but the rest of the large intestine, except the lower part of the rectum (which has to be described), presented only a moderate degree of congestion. The large intestines contained no blood. The anus was congested, and there was general congestion for three or four inches of the lower part of the rectum ; from this point upwards there was still congestion, but it was patchy and occupied principally the prominences of the longitudinal folds.

The margins of the vulva were deeply congested, and the epithelium was thick, white, and flaky; the congestion was continued up the vagina for three or four inches, but from that point upwards the tube was healthy. Uterus and urinary bladder healthy. Kidneys healthy.

There was no general emphysema, and none in the me�diastinum or about the kidneys. Tbraquo; flesh ot the animal was healthy-looking.

Microscopic examination.�The epithelium of the con�gested portions of the mouth was examined microscopically; and it was observed that the granular and pulpy superficial portions consisted of epithelial scales only, while the deeper and more consistent layer was made up in great measure of what seemed to he nuclei, and exactly resembled those of the epithelial scales. They were not acted on by acetic acid like pus corpuscles.

The papillte of the diseased patches of the omasum were examined, and in every case, even where the disease was limited to a single papilla, the epithelium covering them was found to be the scat of a pretty abundant growth of a low form of vegetable fungus, this eonuisting of branching tubes of various diameters, with a tendency to dilatation (production of sporeraquo;) at the apices. The epithelium of the healthy part of the mucous membrane was free from these.

The congested pulpy mucous membrane of the small intestines was seen to contain abundant blood-distended capillary and other small vessels.

A portion nf the reetus abdominis was examined and the transverse strife were seen to be perfectly distinct.�J. S. B.

(14.) HaiFBB.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined November 8th, 18()5.

The inside of the A;m, the gums, the roof of the mouth, and the sides and under surface of the tip of the tonijue were deeply congested and covered with granular epithelium, which in many places hud become removed. The same con�dition existed, only in a much more advanced degree, in the posterior half of the tnvrjue, soft palate, pillars of the fauces and pharyrm. In this latter situation the epithelium was opaque and flaky and thick, and had become separated in many parts; and upon the sides of the pharynx there were, in addition, small, round, elevated patches of very intense congestion or snhmucous ha'inorrhage.

The lining membrane of the larynx was generally con�gested, but presented, irregularly scattered over its whole surface, deep red circumscribed elevated congested spots, A little lymph or thickened epithelium covered the mu�cous membrane of the larynx, especially that of the vocal cords, (That was the impression conveyed by the appear�ance at the moment of making the post-mortem examina�tion; but a more careful subsequent examination showed that the seeming patch of lymph, covering each vocal cord, was simply the mucous membrane, which in a well-defined and nearly circular area, had become of an ashy colour, and was evidently in a very early stage of sloughing. The two parts thus affected accurately corresponded to one another in shape, and had evidently in life been applied one upon the other. In fact it seemed probable that the necrosis of the parts had been determined by pressure.) To some of the congested points small clots of blood were loosely attached. The trachea was abnormally pink throughout, and was studded, though not very thickly, with streaks and spots of submucous extravasation ; these were most abun�dant at the lower part of the tube, where they were some�what clustered. They were also abundant in the bronchi. The trachea and bronchi contained a large quantity of frothy mucus. The trachealis muscle, in its whole extent, was infiltrated with blood.

lamgs somewhat congested, but generally crepitant and not unhealthy. The bronchial tubes were congested, and studded to some extent with spots of submucous extravasa�tion, and contained frothy sanguinolent fluid. There was a little interlobular emphysema at the apex of the left lung. Pleura; healthy.

Pericardium healthy. Heart flabby and soft, presenting in its left ventricle abundant sub-endocardial extravasations. At the base of the heart, externally, there were a good many petechial spots. Cavities nearly empty.

Peritoneum somewhat congested, especially on the surface of the small intestines.

The folds of the mnasum wore generally more congested than natural, the congestion assuming partly a diffused character and partly a linear arrangement. There were, moreover, a good many circumscribed congested spots about a quarter of an inch in diameter. These appeared simply congested and not to have undergone any further changes; that is to say, there was neither thickening nor tendency to gangrene.

The abomasum was generally and deeply congested, and both upon its folds and towards its lower extremity pre�sented numerous groups of small claret-coloured spots.

The rumen presented large tracts of congestion, but no dis�tinct spots of more advanced disease; the epithelium came, away very readily. Reticulum healthy. The upper part of the ffisop/iai/Ms was congested and studded with a granular deposit; the lower part was healthy.

The upper part of the small, intestines presented numerous black points which were probably the remains of conges�tion. The ileim, in nearly its whole extent, was intensely congested; its mucous membrane was reduced to a pulp, and the contents of this part were blood-stained, if not actually mixed with blood. The ccecum was also deeply congested together with the commencement of the large intestine. The greater part of the colon, however, was healthy, together with the upper part of the rectum. The lower part of the rectum was deeply congested, and pre�sented a few sub-mucous extravasations.

Liver, spleen, kidneys, and bladder healthy.

The vulva, and lower part of the vagina, were deeply con�gested, and presented a few sub-mucous extravasations of blood. The upper part of the vagina and the uterus were healthy.

The flesh of this heifer was healthy, and there was no general emphysema.

Microscopical examination.�On examining the thickened epithelium at the back of the mouth, it was found to consist chiefly of normal epithelial scales, many scales which were granular, many mucous corpuscles (nuclei of epithelial cells ?), crystals resembling those of triple phosphate, and matter probably of extraneous origin. It seemed to mo

THE CATTLE PLAGUE 0OMMIS8IONBBS.

105

that the deeper and more adherent portions of the epithelial liiyercontained the mucous corpuscles in greatest abundance. 1 he oongestion of the tissue beneath was entirely confined to over-loading Of the minute vessels,

Tho oongested traoheu was examined, und it was dis�tinctly ascertained that the small vessels were distended vithrod blood, und generally remarkably visible, but also thftt there were abundant spots of extravusuted blood, many Of which were entirely mioroseoplo. In these hitter cuses tlie spots of extravasation formed round or oval accumula�tions of blood corpuscles, concentrated in the centre, and Sriuluully fading off at the edges.

Tim musoular tissue of the heart was much more granular than that of the voluntary muscles ; much as it is seen to bo in human beings, in many forms of disease, unattended with actual heart disease. The suh-endocardial extrai'nsa-tion was found to involve the muscular tissue to some little depth; but tho effused hlood merely occupied the interstices of the muscular fibres ; tho latter were not more granular than those of the rest of the heart's walls.

The blood corpuscles seemed perfectly natural.

The miicous membrane of the ahomasum was seen to be intensely injected�the capillary and other vessels, full of blood corpuscles, being almost as distinct as if injected with vermilion. The claret-coloured spots seemed to be only more intense spots of congestion; at least I did not recognize any extravasation.�J. S. 11.

(15.) Heifeu.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined

November 8th, I860. The inside of the lips and the under part of the tip oP tho tongue were congested and covered with granular epithelium, which had become separated in places. The root of the tonytte, the soft palate, the pillars of the fauces, the jthuryiwc, and upper two or three inches of the oesoph-tff/JiS were congested, covered with opaque, flaky, separable epithelium, which in some parts was thickened, in others bad been removed. These parts were all deeply congested. The larynx and trachea were both of them generally congested, hut presented no extravasations. The tra-cliealis muscle was healthy.

The bronchial tubes were much more deeply congested than the trachea, and presented abundant spots of sub-mucous extravasation. The air passages contained a good deal of frothy fluid. The left limg was somewhat con�gested ; but both Imiys were generally crepitant and other�wise healthy.

Pleura! healthy, pericardium healthy. The heart was generally healthy, but there were a few extravasations beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle. The cavities contained but little blood.

Peritoneum generally healthy, but that covering the small intestines was somewhat congested.

The greater part of the ahomasum was scarcely congested; hut in the lower third the congestion was deeper than elsewhere, and there were two or three circular depressed patches from which the superficial layer of mucous mein-bmne appeared to have separated. In one, within an inch of the pylorus, the muscular coat was exposed. This was oval, about one-third of an inch long, and presented well marked bevilled (funnel-like) edges.

The rumen presented several large tracts of congestion, and the epithelium came away readily, but there quot;vas no other evidence of disease, lletlculum healthy.

The folds of tho omasum presented in some eases diffused redness, in other eases they were pale, but there was no distinct evidence of disease.

The lower part of the rectum was congested, but the rest of the large intestine and the cacum were pale and healthy, 'i'lie lower part of the small intestine presented numerous tracts of intense congestion. The upper part was healthy. 'The liver, spleen, and kidneys were all healthy, but perhaps a little soften' than natural. (Esophagus healthy.

The lower part of the vagina was congested ; the upper part und the uterus were healthy. Bladder healthy.

The �sh of this heifer was healthy, and there was no general emphysema.�J. 8, U.

(16.) 11 uiFEii.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined November Hth, 18(15.

The i/TOs and lips were congested and imperfectly covered with thickened epithelium ; the under service of the tip of the tongue presented traces of the same condition ; the roof of the mouth was covered with thick yellow and almost pulpy epithelium, which could bo scraped away with case, leaving the parts beneath intensely congested. The base of the tongue, the/laquo;laquo;ccs, and the ^Ann/wa; were also congested, and studded with flakes of thickened epithelium and denuded spots.

13530nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; p

There was generally slight congestion of the luruuv, but tfie disease here was slight.

The upper three-fourths of the trachea were pink, but as nearly as possible healthy j in the lower quarter there were a few spots und stmks of sub-muooua extravasation, and I'., i ';'. V,quot;quot;⁸,''¹quot;;.',' ^thl9 ^sitquot;alaquo;on wa_S black from inlil-teation vth blood. Traces of this latter condition wore oDserved higher up in the troohea.

The bronchial tube, of the left lung seemed as nearly as

Cw!^ ^^uv^ho8e ^of'^tiie ^rilaquo;^iTfc ^wcm Guided iquot;;

thickly with points of extravasation. The tubes contained frothy hud mixed to some extent with blood.

Ihe lungs, and more especially tho right, were congested.

emphysema, and there was a little about the root of the lungs, i lem-ahealthy.pencardium healthy, ifewhealthy, but presenting one or two petechial spots on the �msc d pnpillares of the left ventricle.

iJithv⁰quot;''^ ^y-^ophagm, rumen, and reticuhm healthy. 1 he folds of the omasum presented a good deal of

S dir^^on'A^utr ^f,,quot;',^ther ^cha,ilaquo;^c- ^ti* laquo;*�

was deeply congested throughout; the folds of mucous membrane, and again the portion of it near the pvlorus! were dotted thickly with deep claret-coloured points Td m the after situation there was certainly one spot in which a small slough was separating from surrounding parts

ihe smolaquo; mterfraquo;laquo;es presented generally a good deal of congestion j this was very intense in the iW, and occupied there long tracts of mucous membrane. There were two or three points from which slight luemorrhage seemed to have taken place. But the general contents were milky

1 he mucous membrane of the eweum was studded with small patches of congestion. At the commencement of the colon the congestion assumed a linear arrangement, and this condition was continued in a slight degree throughout the remainder of this tube.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^B

#9632;n^ rectum from the anas upwards was very deeply chiX v S T'^thlS ₁^{C0I1lt;liti(gt;n} was general; above, it was foldsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Prommences of the longitudinal

Liver, kidneys, and spleen healthy. The margins of the vulva were somewhat congested, and presented a few sub-mucous extravasations. The lower part of the vaaina was also congested. The bladder was empty, and its lining membrane somewhat congested.

The/laquo;A of this cow was healthy-looking, and there was no emphysema.

Microscopical Fxaminatlon.-Vndet the microscope, the opaque sloughy material adhering to a point in the ahomasum presented the ordinary character of mucous membrane, with the exception that it was very granular and opaque, ami studded with bodies like ccanpound granule cells.�J. S. B.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;rlaquo;raquo;quot;laquo;

Dr. Brlstowo.

Import to

ConnuissiouerM.

(17.) Calf.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined

November 9th, IStio. The gums lips, and greater part of the cavitu of the mouth seemed healthy, but at the root of the tongve and about the pillars of the fauces there was a granular thickened flaky condition of epithelium. The posterior halt ot the palate presented numerous small round or oval spots from which the epithelium bad been detached; and where the subjacent mucous membrane was exposed The latter was slightly congested in these situations. In the same neighbourhood the surface was studded with minier-ous transparent heads about the size of a pin's head; these looked like vesicles, hut were really only drops of mucus protruding from the orifices of mucous glands.

Larymv and trachea of a uniform pinkish colour (but not particularly congested) and containing a large nunntitv of frothy mucus.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; j

The lungs were for the most part pale, but studded bore and there with patches of carnilication and collapse. The right lung seemed more congested than the left. They were generally crepitant.

The bronchial tubes were somewhat congested and con�tained a good deal of watery mucus. Pleura and pericardium healthy. Heart healthy throughout; free from pctechiic. Peritoneum healthy; (esophagus healthy. Rumen and reticulum healthy. Omasum perfectly healthy.

Ahomasum somewhat congested generally, but especially congested in its upper two-thirds.

The lower part of the rectum was congested, and especially so close to the anus.

The eaeum presented two or three notches of congestion, and part of tho ascending colon was also congested; but in other respects the large intestines were healthy,

106

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT QV

])r.Brilaquo;to\v�.

Boport to

i'uimiiis�iuu�iu

The lower paifc of the laquo;naKiniesAe for the length of some yards presented on its rauoous erarftioe n laquo;lurk slate-coloured tintapporentlv due to congestion; tlie remainder of the intestine wiis heulthy.

The contents throughout consisted ot u clay-coloured

gruel-like fluid.

Liver,spleen, and kidneys quite healthy ; the latter a little more congested, perhaps, than nsuiil.

The lower two-thirds of the vagina were congested, mid there was some congestion also of the upper part of this tube, hut no excoriation or other change.

Uterus healthy. The bladder contained a large quantity of apparently healthy urine, and was itself healthy.

The rectum was deeply congested along its prominent folds, and towards the anus the congestion became uni�form. There were streaks and patches of congestion throughout the eweum, and a little in the commencement of the oofon, hut otherwise the large intestines were healthy.

The small intestines were generally healthy, presenting here and there, however, slight congestion. The intestines contained throughout a thin yellowish milky fluid.

Kidneys much lobulated and somewhat congested, hut healthy. Bladder healthy.

The lower part of the vuyina, was congested, and the epithelium of the margins of the vulva was granular.

The uterus was very large and full of a bloody fluid.

The flesh of this animal was healthy looking, and the cellular tissue was free from emphysema.�J. S. B.

, and there

The flesh of the animal was perfectly healthy, ai was no emphysema.�J. S. B,

(18.) Cow,

-Royal Veterinary College. November 9th. 1865.

-Examined

(19.) Cow.�-Royal Veterinary College.� Examined November 10th, 18()5.

The inside of the lips, the gums, and the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue were congested and covered with irregular patches of granular thickened epithelium. The roof of the mouth presented to some extent a similar condition.

The root of the tongue (both on the sides and dorsum), the pillars of the fauces, the soft palate, and pharynx were all more or less congested and covered with soft opaque pulpy epithelium, which in some places had become de�tached, and by this detachment had produced (especially at the sides of the tongue) rounded excoriations. The first four or five inches of the oesophagus were studded with spots and patches of flaky epithelium, which were especially abundant at the upper part. The lower part of the wsophagus was healthy.

The larynx was not generally much congested; but there was some rather deep congestion, together with some spots of sub-mucous extravasation, both above and below the vocal cords. And in both of these latter situations there were extensive irregular patches of rather firmly adherent opaque yellowish lymph, or exuberant epithelium. The trachea, was moderately congested in its whole length, and thinly studded with huemorrhagic spots. These were most abundant in the upper part, and from many of them small black-coloured clots protruded into tlie canal of the trachea. The tube was lined throughout with a thickish layer of opaque yellow, tenacious and somewhat adherent lymph; and contained in its lower half a cylinder of blood smaller than the capacity of the tube and partly decolorized upon its surface. Trachealis muscle healthy.

The lungs presented very abundant, indeed almost uni�versal, interlobular emphysema, which extended copiously into the pulmonary subpleural tissue. The lungs were generally crepitant and pale, but the anterior edges to some extent were congested, and here and there carnifled. The bronchial tubes were filled throughout with mucus and cylinders of blood (generally not much smaller in diameter than the canals in which they lay), and were studded with spots and patches of sub-mucous extravasation. These were rare in the bronchi and large bronchial tubes, but in the smaller ones were exceedingly abundant, and running together formed tracts of reddish-black discoloura�tion. There was much emphysema in the posterior medi�astinum and about the pericardium. Pleura: healthy.

Pmcarrflaquo;wraquo;ihealthy. The heart was of firm consistence, presented a patch or two of sub-pericardial haemorrhage at its base, and a few points of sub-endocardial haemorrhage in the left ventricle. The cavities contained a small quantity of fluid blood.

Peritoneum healthy, hmer largo and firm and somewhat cirrhosed. The walls of the larger ducts were opaque and white, and dense, and fully one-sixth of an inch thick. Qall bladder large, and full of pale but healthy bile. Spleen healthy.

Rumen and reticulum healthy; epithelium firmly ad�herent. The omasum was generally healthy, and the epi�thelium firmly adherent to its surface. The free edges of some of the folds, especially those portions of them near the abomasum, were somewhat thickened, and irregularly but very shallowly scalloped out, and slightly congested. The papilla; in the neighbourhood of these parts had in great measure disappeared. The edges presented the appearance of having been destroyed by ulceration and undergone sub�sequent cicatrization. There was no other disease whatever.

The abomasum was generally, but not deeply, congested ; and in its lower fourth, the mucous membrane was studded with a consuierable number of irregularly round or oval shallow depressions from a quarter to one-tiiird of an inch in diameter, in some of which the surface was perfectly smooth. There was no discolouration about them and no actual ulceration,

The interior of the mouth, including theptihile and greater part of the tongue, were as nearly as possible healthy; but the posterior portion of the toni/ne and the fauces and pharynx generally were congested. The epithelium was a little granular, and in the first two or three inches of the (esophagus formed thickened granular Hakes studding the surface irregularly. The epithelium had come away in small irregular patches from the upper surface of the base of the tongue.

The interior of the larynx was generally congested, the congestion being especially deep above and below the avytenoid cartilages and vocal cords. In the last of these situations there had been abundant sub-mucous extravasa�tion (producing tracts of reddish black discolouration) and some little escape of blood into the cavity of the larynx.

The trachea was generally somewhat congested, especially in the posterior three-fourths of its circumference, and in a greater degree above than below. In these situations the congestion was in spots and in streaks which ran more or less into one another, but apparently rarely amounted to actual extravasation. The tube was lined throughout with a yellowish opaque mucous secretion which adhered to the surface, and was in some parts mixed with clots of blood.

The hronchi and the bronchial tubes, both large and small, contained a large quantity of coagulated blood in the form of cylinders moulded to the tubes; and the mucous lining �was thickly studded with reddish black patches and streaks of sub-mucous extravasation. These were most abundant in the smaller branches, some of which were in consequence almost uniformly black.

Both lungs were generally crepitant; and both, but more particularly the right, were congested in the greater part of their extent. There was no interlobular emphysema. Plenrrc and pericardium healthy. The surface of the back of the heart presented numerous large bruise-like markings. The heart was firm in consistence, and its cavities contained some fluid blood with small coagula. The lining mem-brane of the left ventricle presented a good many sub-serous extravasations.

Peritoneum healthy. Lker pale and somewhat decom�posed, but healthy. Gall bladder full of healthy bile. Spleen healthy. Lower part of cesophapusheaUhy,

The rumen presented slight congestion in places, and the epithelium separated with great facility. The reticulum was healthy.

The omasum presented diffused tracts of congestion, but no further indication of disease.

The ahomasnm was generally congested, especially near the pylorus ; but nowhere deeply congested. In the latter situation there were two ulcers of somewhat irregular shape and from i' an inch to f(- long, in which the mucous mem�brane seemed to have been destroyed, and in which the snbmucous coat seemed covered with a little yellow ad�herent slough. A more careful examination of these ulcers showed that the mucous membrane had not been actually removed, but altered in character, and converted into the sloughs which still adhered to the subjacent tissues, and which were partially separated by a line of demarcation from the surrounding healthy membrane. The sloughy patches consisted of mucous membrane con�densed and hardened and opaque and yellowish brown, and about one-third as thick as the healthy membrane around. Under the mioroaoope no new elements (no elements, that is to say, additional to those of the healthy membrane,) were recognized, except perhaps an increase of granular matter; but everything was yellow and everything was indistinct. Everything seemed to have undergone a kind of atrophy. My impression was that the follicles had lost their epithelium in great measure, had collapsed, and tiiat the intervals between them were occupied by the remains of some exudation, probably blood.

TITK CAT'IXIO i'l.AOUK OOUUISSIONBBS,

107

The longitudinal folds of the rectum wero congested, and the coiifjfestion was especially deep about the anus. The colon ffenovMy was free from congestion, and the ca'cum presented only irregular patches of not very deep congestion. The small intestines were as nearly hetiltliy ns possible throughout,

Kidneys somewhat congested, but healthy.

'V\\a hladder was contracted and empty j and tliero had been a little luemorrhago beneath some portions of its mucous membrane.

The lower part of the vagina was somewhat deeply con�gested, und the epithelium around its external orifice was a little granular,

The uterus was considerably enlarged.

The mammagt;, contained u good deal of milk, and wero much congested throughout. There was no appearance of eruption on the shin of the udder or of adjacent parts.

'l\o brain was somewhat congested on the surface, but otherwise quite healthy.

The, flesh of this cow was in excellent condition. There was no trace of general emphysema,�J. S. W.

There was very abundant emphysema along the posterior mediastinum, and in the tissues around the huso of the heart.

Peritoneum healthy. (Esophagus healthy.

Rumen and relicii/tim healthy,

Most of the folds of the nmusum were healthy; but about half a dozen of them wore distinctly diseased. These were studded with circumscribed patches, consisting partly of congestion and partly of slough. In most cases the slough was becoming separated, and in two or three perfo�ration had taken place. The smallest of these were about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and the largest (which occupied the free edge or its vicinity) were oval, and about nn inch long. One of the diseased folds presented two circular perforations (one a third of an inch in diameter, the other about 1;} of an inch), the margins of which were neither thickened nor congested, but perfectly smooth and healthy looking,

The abomamm was generally redder than natural, but the. congestion was very slight. One or two of the folds pre�sented a few small congested points; and on one was a minute depression, looking like the remains of a shallowulccr.

The rectum was deeply congested, especially in its lower part, in which situation the congestion was uniform.

The caecum was deeply congested in its whole extent, but congested only.

The ascending colon presented a few congested patches, but the remainder of the colon was healthy.

Almost the whole of the small intestine was intensely and uniformly congested, and adhering to the surface was a quantity of blood-stained mucus. Peyer'spatches presented in many instances a dirty greenish tint; and two or three of them presented patches apparently of adherent lymph, together with slight excoriations. The parts least congested were the last foot or two of the ileum and the commence�ment of the jejunum.

Liver congested; some of the ducts thickened; but other�wise healthy. Gall bladder full of bile. Spleen, healthy.

The surface of the kidneys presented a few circumscribed congested patches ; kidneys otherwise healthy. The urinary bladder wan nearly empty; its mucous niembranc was some�what congested.

The vulva was slightly congested, but the epithelium was not affected. The vagina was healthy. The uterus was large, and contained a partly decomposed foetus about half a foot long.

Brain healthy.

Microscopic examination.�Slony/t on larynx.�No parasitic growth discoverable ; numbers of crystalline bodies, looking much like triple phosphate ; abundance of oil, of granular looking epithelium, of indistinct corpuscles and of granular matter, together with portions of fibrous and elastic tissues.

Omasum.�A jointed fungus, consisting of branching transparent cylinders, tending to terminate in rounded and dilated extremities, and varying in thickness from about -*hs to aTio� '^rlch' ^wns discovered on the inflamed parts of the omasum. (Plate XXIV. B.) They were not seen at all on the healthy folds, and were most abundant on the parts that had sloughed; but I did not fail to find some of them in every diseased patch 1 examined. They affected the epithelium, but evidently invaded also the tissues beneath. The epithelium adhered 'much more firmly to the diseased patches than to the healthy membrane, and in fact had in many cases to he scraped off. On comparing the diseased epithelium with the healthy, it seemed to me to be infil�trated with some inllammatory exudation (lymph), which rendered the cells thicker than'in health, and obscured their nuclei. Over the simply congested patches it seemed a little more glassy looking, and a little more nebulous than in health j but over the sloughing parts it was opaque and minutely granular, The, granular character was well shown under the action of acetic acid. Very much the same kind of change was observed in the substance of the folds them�selves. The sloughing portions were exceedingly opaque; and this opacity was evidently due to the presence of abun�dant granular matter occupying and obscuring all the tissues. In the patches wherein the disease was less advanced, the minute papilla- covering the surface of Ihe membrane seemed swollen, and occupied by blood and other exudation, which, however, presented no microscopic elements. In these, under the action of acetic acid, all the elements visible in the healthy tissues were plainly distin�guishable, viz., the elastic material forming the basement membrane, the nuclei of the smooth inuscnlar fibres, and those of the vessels ramifying within them.

Peyer's patches.�'We opaque bnfl'-coloured material on the surface of Payer's patches was found to consist chiefly of nuclei and round cell-like bodies, which were probably an exudation from the granular crypts in this situation.

There wns some emphysema in the loins about the kidneys, but none about the body generally.

IJr.Bristowo.

Report to

Commissionors

(20.) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined November 21st, 1865.

The lips and gums, and greater part of the tongue, and interior of the mouth generally, were healthy. At the root of the tongue, however, and on the pillars of the fauces, the epithelium was opaque, and in some places granular, and had become here and there detached. The pharynx was somewhat congested, but otherwise healthy.

Larynx.�There was deep congestion above each vocal cord, extending somewhat on to and below the cord. Each patch of congestion was irregularly circular, about H inch in diameter, and faded away imperceptibly at the circumference. In the centre of each, and corresponding pretty nearly to the vocal cord, was an irregular pyriform patch about an inch long and half an inch broad, in which the surface was covered with a dirty buff-eoloured pulpy exudation, and in which the mucous membrane was evi�dently in process of sloughing. (Plate XVII1.) The congestion around these patches, which was generally purplish or livid, became of an intense blne-blnck in the line that immediately bounded the sloughing surfaces.

The same change had occurred in the angle of meeting of the arytenoid cartilages. Here, for the length of an inch vertically, sloughing had taken place, and this had extended into the tissues for the depth of half an inch. The slough�ing part was buff-coloured here also, and the mucous mem�brane, to some little distance around, was of a deep livid tint.

The sub-mucous tissue of the larynx corresponding to the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage (the continuation of the trachealis upwards) was infiltrated with blood. There was a small brick-red coloured clot lodged in the rima glottidis.

The upper part of the trachea was scarcelj congested, being, perhaps, a little pinker than in health; but in the lower part of the tube, the mucous membrane was uni�formly congested, and presented also a few hseniorrhagic points. In this latter situation, too, the frac/iealis [muscle was infiltrated with blood. The tube contained a large quantity of frothy mucus.

The lungs were in the greater part of their extent crepitant, and presented abundant interlobular emphysema. In the substance of the right lung was an emphyscimtous space as large as one's fist. The middle lobe of the right lung, and the anterior part of both the upper and lower lobes were solid, congested, and studded with opaque buff-coloured patches, locerable, granular, and evidently pneumonic�the pneumonia having gone on in places to suppuration. The corresponding portions of the opposite lung were similarly affected,only in a less degree ; and there was hero one large patch of pulmonary apoplexy.

The bronchial tubes were generally Congested j and those of the right lung presented spots of suh-mneous extrava�sation. They contained a good deal of mucus, together with irregular cylinders of a kind of flocculent, fibrinous material, which was probably in part decolorized eoagulnm.

flmra healthy, with the exception that the parts in thj neighbonrhood of the roots of the lungs were studded wit'.i patches of sub-serous extravasation.

Pericardium generally healthy ; but at the base there wns a good deal of congestion in the shape of Mnge-like patches. The anterior surface of right ventricle of the heart pre�sented three or four large sub-serous extravasations.

The substance of the heart, was tolerably healthy, and flic endoeardial surface was also healthy. All tb'e cavities contained large coagula, which were most abundant in the right ventricle.

P 2

108

AITENDIX TO TniUD KKPOKT OF

Dr.Brlstowc. ]

Eoport to Commissonors.

The flesh was in gooA healthy condition.

The skin of the iiildcr and teats of this cow was diseased in a very marked deRree. On the tents, the epidermis was thickened, flaky, and fissured, the fissures extending oven into the true sliin, On the udder, the eruption consisted chieiiv of a somewhat greasy thick exudation, which formed spots more or less confluent, and which on removal was found to he distinctly oontinuous with the contents of the hair sheaths anil schacions follicles, which were much increased in hulllaquo;, The snhjftoent skin was congested, and in one or two places haemorrhage had taken place slightly, and had become mixed with the material of the crusts. These latter consisted of sebacious matter, epidermis, and pus-like corpuscles, which were sometimes grouped into masses.�J. S. B.

(21) Cow, examined in the Cattle Market, December 4th, 1865.

This cow was driven to market for sale on the pretence that it was healthy, and evidently had not been long affected. The symptoms were, however, very decided, and emphysema was detected in the loins. The animal was slaughtered in the usual way shortly after it was brought, and examined an hour or two after being slaughtered.

The epithelium of the lips and gumswns slightly detached, and there was a little congestion. There was also a little similar affection of the under surface of the tip of the tongue, of the root of the organ close to the larynx, of the posterior part of the palate, and of the pillars of the fauces.

The larynx was only very slightly congested, and its lower part was invested in a thin, transparent, tenacious film of exudation, which adhered slightly to the surface.

The trachea was very slightly congested throughout; but immediately below the larynx there were a few points of sub-mucous extravasation; and thc_lower part of the tube presented some increase of congestion. The trachea contained a good deal of slightly translucent and tenacious mucus, which at the upper part formed a slightly adherent film.

Thequot; bronchial tubes were loaded with similar mucus, and their lininfr membrane, though generally pale, was studded here and there with congested points. The lunffs were pale and cropitant, and presented distinct though not advanced interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy.

Heart firmly contracted ; muscular tissue healthy ; cavities empty'; patches of sub-ondocardial hipmorrhagc in various parts of the left ventricle, but chiefly at the apices of the musculi papillares.

Peritoneum healthy. (Esophagus healthy. Lmer, spleen, kidnei/s all healthy. Grill bladder full of natural bile. Bimen and reticuhm healthy; contents healthy; epithelium adherent.

Omasum with dry, caked contents ; epithelium adherent. Some of the leaves presented circumscribed patches of congestion, circular or nearly so, and from an inch in diameter downwards. The patches were congested only, and presented no appearance of �longliing.

The abomamm was somewhat congested throughout; but the congestion was nowhere intense. The free edges of three or four of the folds presented a peculiar diseased condition. (Plate XIV. A.) This consisted in a kind of intense reddish black interstitial discolouration, distinctly circumscribed, and without any deposit on the surface, or any change sufficient to affect the natural polish of the part. Tlie diseased tracts varied from an inch to two or three inches in length, generally occupied the free edge in its whole thickness, and extended for a line or so into the substance of the fold; but a few were scattered on the face of the folds in the neighbourhood of the free edge, and involved only one surface. One or two of those occupying the free edge had broken down, and left a linear ulcer,'the margins of which consisted of the breaking-down morbid tissue.

Besides these there were, both in the vicinity of the folds and in the pylorio half of the stomach (but chiefly in the latter), numerous irregularly polygonal depressions (Hate XIV. lgt;.) from half-an-inch in diameter downwards; of which the floors were mostly smooth, but a little pinker than the contiguous healthy memhrane: and of which the margins were mostly a little tumid, granular, and studded with inimite points of congestion. One or two of these, presented slight adherent sloughs J and one was a distinct oval ulcer perforating the mucous memhrane completely.

'Vhv. small in hslines wav. cursorily examined only; they seemed to present here and there slight congestion, and to contain very fluid contents. Peyer'spatches, too, appeared healthy. The lips of the ileo-cascal orifice were tumid and deeply congested, The cmcum and ascending colon were

studded thickly and somewhat irregularly with lines and patches ov various lengths and sizes of deep congestion�of congestion that seemed indeed in many places uttended with sub-mucous haemorrhage. The remainder of the largo intestine was almost perfectly healthy; the rectum indeed was pale, The contents of the ooeoutn and early parts of the large intestine were unnaturally fluid ; but the rectum contained healthy fcecal matter.

was slight There congestion of the vulva; but the vayina was natural.

Microscopical examination,�The patches of congestion on the omasum wore found to present an abundance of the vegetable fungus discovered in former cases. (The micro�scopical examination was made an hour or two after the autopsy.) No such fungus was seen on the healthy surface.

The diseased parts of the edges of the folds of the aho-masum were found to be made up almost entirely of solid-looking cylinders, which seemed to consist of some trans-parent solid material, which had become cracked and broken up more or less into variously shaped but irregular frag�ments. (Plate XXV. n.) In some cases the cylinders were broken here and there transversely only. In other cases the fractures had taken various directions. The material constituting these cylinders had, according to the thickness of tissue examined, a pale yellowish brown tint, or a deep sepia colour, or shades of hrown intermediate between these extremes. It seemed to me that these cylinders were the remains of the glandular follicles of the part, which (with their epithelium) had undergone some kind of infiltration, probably with some of the elements of blood.

The congested edges of the small shallow ulcers were found to owe their redness to the presence of numerous minute vessels distended with blood.

The animal was in good condition and its flesh seemed healthy.

There was very abundant emphysema in the posterior mediastinum and along the (esophagus, and in the cellular tissue surrounding the upper part of the pericardium. There was also emphysema about the kidneys.�J. S. 15.

['22.) Cow, examined at the Cattle Market. December 4th, 1865.

This cow belonged to the same owner as the last, and was brought at the same time to market. It showed evidence of disease, but the symptoms were less pronounced than in the former case. It was slaughtered in the usual way, and was examined an hour or two after death.

Lips and tjmns slightly excoriated; slight excoriation of posterior part of tonyue ; other parts of oral cacity and pharynx healthy.

Larynx healthy. The trachea had a general pale pinkish tinge, but was rather more deeply congested at the upper part than elsewhere. It contained a good deal of frothy mucus.

The lunys were crepitant and presented a small quantity of interlobular emphysema; they contained also a few small hydated cysts. The bronchial tubes, which were not con�gested, contained a large quantity of frothy mucus. Pleura: healthy. Pericardium healthy.

Heart contracted, empty, and healthy, except that the apices of the musculi papillares of the left ventricle were congested; there was, however, no extravasated blood.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver, spleen, and kidneys healthy. (Esophagus nealthy. Rumen and retriculum quite healthy. Epithelium adherent, contents natural.

The omasum contained much hard, caked material between its folds. The epithelium was adherent to the folds, and these presented no circumscribed spots of congestion. Some of them, however, presented a little diffused redness.

The abomamm was unusually congested, especially in the neighbourhood of the folds and in the folds themselves. The pyloric half of the organ presented large numbers of shallow ulcers or depressions (exactly like those described in the last case). They were irregularly polygonal-�some in fact almost stellate; their floors were smooth, but redder than surrounding parts, and the margins were slightly tumid and granular and congested�the congestion being slightly spotty.

The small intestines wore only cursorily examined; and beyond the fact that those Feijer's patches which were seen were healthy, and that there was here and there slight con�gestion of the mucous membrane, and that the contents of the bowels were fluid and something like dirty pea-soup, nothing particular wan noted. The cniciim. and ascending colon pre�sented numerous spots and streaks, irregularly and pretty thickly distributed, and of various dimensions, in which the redness seemed due in part at least to hiemorrliage beneath the surface. The rest laquo;f the large intestine, including the rectum and even the anus, was pale and healthy.

TIIK OATTliX! I'LAGUK COMMISSIONBBg,

109

There was very little congestion of tlio vidvd, and tho vayma wus hciilthy.

Mivrmaomonl eocaminalinu.�The mucous moinbrano of the cu'eum und atiaendiiia colon was examined, and while it was olesrly ascertained tlmt the spots of redness were in some measure due to mere distension of the niimitc vessels with blood, it was also clearly seen that innch of it was dependent on extravasation of blood into the tissue be�tween tho follicles, In the latter case the spaces referred to were of u uniform and dcej) redness, und this laquo;mdition occupied the spaces over some definite and often consider�able area. The follicles themselves and their contents seemed healthy. The nature of the change was exactly like that observed in the abomasnin (see case 24).

'I'hcflcsk of this cow seemed in Rood condition. There was a little emphysema in the lumbar reffion, and a still larger amount in the mediastinum.�J. S. B.

(23.) Bullock condemned at the Cattle Market i slaugh-teved December 3rd; examined December 4tll, The aniiiuil was said to have had well marked sig;ns of disease, hut was in good condition.

The nouth and parts connected therewith were only very sliRlitly affected ; 00laquo;laquo; of tongue sliffhtly affected only.

The cbomasum was extremely diseased, but the disease was evidently in an early stage. (Plate XII,) The mucous surface was universally congested, and the cni);restion was more or less patchy. But the surface was everywhere studded with small points of intense redness. These varied from the size of pin-holes to half a line or a little more in diameter. They were dusted, so to speak, over the whole surface, but somewhat irregularly, so that while there were nnmcrous groups and clusters of various sizes, there were numerous intervals in laquo;'Inch they were comparatively sparse. They were not more mnnerous at the pylorus than on tho folds. From many of the groups, and especially from those in the pyloric half of the stomach, snmll dots pro�jected (clots from the size of a pea downwards) wliich could easily be scraped away, leaving the subjacent mucous surface whole, but studded with the above described points of con�gestion. There were also a few shallow ulcers here and there, to one or two of which small sloughs adhered.

The omasum was only cursorily examined; the contents were hard, and I saw no patches of congestion; but there might have been some.

Microscopical examination.�The points of conjfestion in tho abotnasnm were examined and found to consist partly of extreme loading of the vessels with blood, but very gene�rally to extravasation between the. tubules. The ramifi�cations of some of the vessels were remarkably distinct; the extravasations formed roundish patches in which the whole of the intertubular spaces were loaded with blood. The follicles seemed in all cases natural.�J. S. B.

diseased patches, which evidently formed the earlier stage of the condition just deeorlhetl. These patches varied (Vom a line or two to three-quarters of an inch or even an inch in diameter. The smaller ones were round or oval, but the larger more or less irregular inform. Their margins were neither thickened nor congested in any degree; but their surface was formed of u thin soft layer, more or less im�perfect, of a nearly black material,' which looked like a slough of tissue infiltrated with blood. In several cases the sloughs formed a uniform layer, slightly adherent to tho subjacent surface and to the' margins, but in some cases (and these were especially the smaller patches), the sloughs hud become more or less perfectly detached at the margins, and in some (and these were especially some of the larger ones) the sloughs hud partially rlisappeared�portions remaining attached to tho margins,sometimes forming irregular shreds, sometimes a distinct ring. On removal of these sloughs the subjacent surface was pale and smooth, hut depressed below the surrounding level of the mucous mem�brane. The patches were in fact distinctly shallow ulcers. Most of these and all the larger ones were situated near the pyloric orifice. I may add that one small ulcer presented an adherent slough of considerable thickness. (PlnteXIII.)

Rumen and reliculum healthy, contents healthy, epithelium somewhat soft.

The cacum presented streaks of congestion at its free extremity, and in the course of its length; and was studded (dusted, so to speak), with small hicmorrhagie points, to some of which small clots slightly adhered. The same condition of congestion with occasional haemorrhage was visible throughout a considerable portion (chietly the ascending portion) of the colon ; and the fiecal contents of this part, which were tolerably solid, were slightly though distinctly mixed with blood.

The rectum in its lower part was deeply and uniformly congested.

The lips of the ilco-coacal orifice were deeply congested and tumid.

The lower part of the small intestines presented streaks ami spots of not very intense congestion; and Peyer'spatches, of which a few were examined, seemed healthy. _ Liver, spleen, and kidneys healthy, excepting that the liver contained a few small hydated cysts.

Bladder almost empty. Mucous membrane healthy. The margins of the m�oa were congested but not deeply ; the vagina itself was as nearly as possibly healthy.

The uterus contained a fetus six weeks or two months old. The cotyledons and rest, of the organ were natural. The foetus itself was pale and somewhat soft, perhaps a little decomposed.

Microscopical examination.�A minute examination of tho sloughs in the abomasum showed that they occupied the whole thickness of the mucous membrane, which was here scarcely half the normal thickness. The sloughs were of a deep brown or blackish hue throughout ; and on micro�scopical examination, it was seen that their tubules were shrivelled and occupied by a sepia-coloured exudation, which had a tendency to break transversely and in other directions into angular masses of various sizes. The true epithelium was either absent or masked by this exudation, and no liealthy tubules were recognized. There was also much granular pigmentary matter in the tissue between the tubules.

The congestion of the cmcum was in part due to con�gested vessels, but in great part to patches of sub-mucous extravasation. The vessels were in many parts very nu�merous and distended with blood, but the congestion was not always great in the neighbourhood of the extravasations. The patches of extravasation were more or less circular, and in them the whole of the intertubular spaces were full of blood. (Plate XXVI. A..)

Thc�csh of this animal was healthy-looking, but it was perhaps rather lean. There was no emphysema in the loins or about the kidneys, hut there was a good deal in the mediastina and along the oesophagus.�J. S. B,

raquo;r.llrislowe.

Boportto

ConmiissimierB.

(24.) Cow admitted into Veterinary College, November 3()th, and examined December 4th, lyfi�.

Slight affection of the ^raquo;mlaquo; and lips; mucous membrane of back of tongue, soft palate and pillars of fames not con�gested, but covered with flakes of soft thickened epithelium.

Larynx healthy. The trachea was scarcely congested, hut towards its lower part the mucous membrane presented a few haemorrhagio points. The hnys were generally, thougli sparely, crcpitant, and presented a moderate amount of interlohular emphysema. They presented a good mony patches of collapsed tissue, and were for the most part somewhat congested. The lungs contained raquo;few small hydatid cysts. The larger vessels were loaded with blood, partly coagulated but chiefly fluid.

Tne bronchial tubes were generally pale, but presented a few cansested spots. The lower part of the trachea and the bronchial tidies throughout were loaded with a frothy flnid like scap-suds.

Plewfe healthy. Pericardium healthy. The rnuscnlar tissue of the heart was healthy; but there were scattered patches of extravasation beneath tho lining membrane of the left ventricle. The patches were largest at the apices of the. niusouli papillares.

All the cavities contained dark-coloured coagula.

(Esophcuuil healthy, Peritoneum healthy. Some of the folds of the omamm presented a little didused congestion, but with this exception tho organ was healthy. The epithelium was adherent, the contents rather hard.

The nhomasum was scarcely rodder than natural in any part, and certainly did not present any distinct patchiness of congestion. The folds presented here and there shallow depressions, not perforating the whole thickness of the nucoua membrane, but presenting well defined thin sloping edges. Similar depressions were observable hero and there throughout the pyloric half or third of the stomach; hut there were in tliis situation also tiumcro.is

(25.) IIhu'hu. Royal Veterinary College. Examined December Iflth, 18(),^r).nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inoculated.

Iiips, awns, and palate much affected.

The tip of the toni/itr, beneath and at the sides, was in u marked apbthons condition; or perhaps rather, the epithe�lium corresponding to this region was almost uniformly thickened, opaque, granular, and soft. The greater part of the dorsiun of the tongue was studded with irregularly rounded spots, in which the epithelium was thickened mill softened mid here and there, separated, and corresponding to which the subjacent surface was Invariably congested. The back of the tongue with the pillars of the funces and the p/ian/nx was intensely congested and covered more or less with opaque thick 'friable epithelium. Mere

I ' �'I

AFPE�NDIX TO THIRD REPORT OV

])r. Erlstowo.

Report to

ConmiiKsioners

mid there this had become detached) leaving excoriations ; and at several points sub-nnioous htemorrliage had occurred. The upper part of the osop�ajw also was congested, stud�ded with hesmorrhogio points, and with numerous granular patches of opaqne thickened epithelium. This latter con�dition, in the form of minute rounded spots and short longitmlinal streaks, thickly studded the rest of the ci'sophagus, which, however, was pale.

The laryntraquo; was deeply congested and presented a few points of suh-miicons hreniorrhage, which were especially abundant at the angle in which the vocal cords meet anteriorly, and below the arytenoid cartilages. Aflittle exudation of what looked like lymph adhered to thesurfneo of the vocal cords. The trnchea was congested and pre�sented spots of sub-mucous' hfcmorrhage. The tube con�tained a good deal of mueus. The trnchealis muscle was healthy. The hrnnchinl tubes were in much the same con-dition'as the trachea. The lunf/swere congested and sparely crepitant, here and there curnificd, and presented traces of emphysema. JPleurm healthy. Pericardium healthy. There were a few petechial spots on the outer surface of the heart, and patches of hiemorrhage in connexion with the musculi papillares of the left ventricle. The heart was otherwise healthy.

Feritoneim healthy.

Liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys healthy. Rumen, und rcticulnm healthy. The contents of omasum were much caked, and the folds presented an early stage of disease. Most of them were studded with spots of haemorrhage occupying their entire thickness. The smaller spots were roundish, yet somewhat irregular in shape, the larger were altogether irregular. The former varied from a line to i inch in diameter, the latter mea�sured sometimes an inch. The diseased spots presented little or no thickening of tissue; they had uniformly the deep red, almost black, colour of effused blood, and there was nowhere any tendency to gangrene. The papilla; upon these patches were for the most part quite pale. Many of the vessels of the folds were rendered distinct by still containing blood, and it was evident in many cases that the patches of congestion had occurred in the course of the vessels. The epithelium was soft and did not adhere to the congested spots. The abomasum presented a good deal of congestion, especially in the situation of the folds; and here and there were many points and patches of more intense redness, of which some were manifestly due to sub-mucous liEcmorrhage. Towards the pylorus there were many shallow excoriations. The anus and rectum were deeply congested ; there were a few points of congestion about the apex of the caecum ,� and a good deal of fine arborescent congestion scattered about this and the ascending colon: hut the con�gestion was nowhere intense, and the lips of the ileo-caecal orifice were healthy. The rectum contained blood together with other contents. The small intestines were generally healthy, as were also Fever's patches. The vulva and lower part of the vaijina were intensely congested.

The �es� of this heifer seemed healthy. There was no general emphysema.

Microscopic examhialion.�The granular exudation (?) at the tip of the tongue presented:�healthy epithelial scales; epithelial scales which seemed unnaturally granular : many nuclei surrounded by a filmy and granular imperfect enve�lope, which looked not unlike disintegrating cells, and sometimes like compound granular cells : numbers of cor�puscles almost exactly like pus corpuscles, both in size and behaviour, under the influence of acetic acid: some free granular matter : and crystals, apparently of triple phosphate. The opaque spots on the dorsum of the tongue, and the exudation at the base of the tongue and on the pharynx presented almost identical characters. It seemed to me in all cases that an exudation, consisting chiefly of cells resembling pus, and of some fluid tending to become granular, had been poured out hero and there by the mucous surface, and had infiltrated and softened the epithelium over the portions of surface thus affected. In most cases (if not all) it seemed to me that the pus-like material was most abundant on the deeper aspect of the epithelial layer. I should add, the pus-like corpuscles did not generally float free, as is mostly seen in true pus, but were generally aggregated into musses. The fluid, moreover, which was mixed with the elements of the affected tracts of epithelium, seemed to be of the nature of mucus, and coagulated under the influence of acetic acid.

The spots along the a;soplingus presented, so far at least as I observed, no pus-corpuscles, but the epithelium was extremely granular, and mucli of it seemed refractive, as though filled with some refractive exudation.

The soft film of exudation adhering to the vocul cords consisted of very granular epithelial cells, many pus-like cells aggregated more or less into masses, and abundant crystals apparently of triple phosphate.

The blood corpuscles escaping from microscopic vcsself) seemed in all cases quito natural.

The congested spots of the omasum were reserved for raicroscopie exaniimation; but by exnosiiro to air and moisture, the congestion in a short time entirely disap�peared.�J. S, Bi

(SJ�.) Heifeh. Royal Veterinary College. Examined

December 1/th, 1865.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inoculated.

laps and gums, congested, excoriated, and studded with patches of soft, opaque, thick epithelium (Plate III.). The epithelium of the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue was generally opaque and granular, and in places separating. The same condition, only in a much more ad�vanced degree, and with the addition of a good deal of congestion, existed along the sides and upper surface of the root of the tongue (Plate IV.), and throughout the whole of the 2'harynx, the sojt palate and pillars of the fauces. The upper surface or the anterior three-fourths of the tongue was studded with small opaque spots, in which the epithelium was thickened, softened, and beneath which the mucous membrane was congested. The surface of the hard palate was congested and the epithelium had become de�tached, leaving well-defined round or oval patches of exco�riation. Aphtha-like patches were abundant in the upper part of the (esophagus, and were scattered thinly throughout the rest of this tube.

Larynx a good deal congested, but there was no submu-cous extravasation; the surface presented a good deal of slightly adherent exudation. The trachea was congested throughout, but was also free from haemorrhagic points; it contained a good deal of muco-purulent fluid together with frothy mucus, the latter being very abundant in the lower part of the tube. The bronchial tubes also contained a large quantity of frothy fluid, together with a little tena�cious mucus, but they presented additionally here and there cylinders of coagulated blood ; they were but slightly con�gested. The lungs were generally crepitant and somewhat congested; presenting also a few carnified spots. Here and there there was slight but quite distinct interlohular emphysema. Pleura healthy.

At the base of the heart, especially in front, there were numerous small petechial spots. There were also numerous patches of extravasated blood on the surface of the musculi papillares of the left ventricle. The substance of the heart was rather flabby, and its cavities contained a little partly coagulated blood. Pericardiumhealthy.

PeritoneumheaMhy. Rumen and reticulum healthj ; con�tents healthy. Contents of omasum somewhat caked. Omasum itself quite healthy. The abomasum was generally nncongested; the folds however presented, thinly scattered, a considerable number of small hasmorrhagic points ; and a few similar spots were observed on other parts of the surface; and immediately above the pylorus were two oval sloughs one-third of an inch long, and above them several shallow excoriations with congested margins. Throughout the duodenum (Plate XV.) were numerous patches of irre�gular shape, from about an inch in diameter downwards, in which haemorrhage had taken place beneath the mucous raembrano. These patches were studded with smaller hut deeper red spots, which depended upon haemorrhage into the substance of the mucous membrane superficial to the more extensive extravasations. A few similar hfemorrhagic points studded the intervening portions of the mucous membrane.

The upper part of the jejunum had a dee]) slate colour, and the lower part of the small intestines presented patches of arborescent congestion. The asemdmg colon presented deep congestion along the prominent folds, but the. rest of the colon was healthy. At the extremity of the coecnm there were a few spots of congestion ; and the lips of the ileo-coecal valve were congested. A large patch (ap�parently one of 1'eycr's patches) in the colon adjoining the ileo-coecal orifice was honeycombed, and from some of the orifices a kind of cheesy matter exuded. The contents of the bowels were much like pea soup. Peyer's patches were healthy.

The rectum presented very few patches of congestion ; these occupied chiefly the prominent folds, and on close inspection were seen clearly to consist in great measure of points of sub-mucous extravasation. The laquo;whs was pale. Liver rather pale, but healthy. Gall bladder full of ap�parently healthy bile. Spleeii healthy. Kidneys healthy.

The lower half of the vagina, was congested. The con�gestion was most intense around the external ori�cc, in which situation there was a trace of aphthous condition. At the upper jiart of the congested region the redness was due entirely to the surface being studded with very minute round hicmorrlmgic points, (varying however in size,) with a few longitudinal streaks of the same nature. The muoons membrane of the bladder presented patches of congestior,

'I'HE CATTLR PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

Ill

j )

and the cavity contained a little healthy looking urine. The mucous ineinhmne of the urethra presented a circle of suh-iTiucous extravasations of hlood, which took a longitudinal direction and occupied the tuhe for ahout half an inch of its length. Uterus pule and healthy, hut the neck presented a few points of suh-mueous hKiinorrhage,

Brain and upper part of cord somewhat congested on the ' surface, hut otherwise healthy. A good deal of fluid was observed in the suharachnoid tissue of the cord.

Both the bronchiul and the mesenteric (/lands appeared to he somewhat congested.

The flesh of the animal was healthy-looking, and there was no emphysema cither in the mediastim or elsewhere. The skin of the teats was a little furfuraceons, but there was no distinct eruption. The skin of the udder was very alightly rosy.

Microscopical examination.�The patches of opaque epi�thelium on the pillars of the fauces were found, as in the former case, to consist of epitheliol cells, some granular some healthy; pus-like corpuscles mostly aggregated into coherent masses; imperfect granular cells aud nuclei; ond crystals of triple phosphate; and, again, as in the former case, it seemed to me that the pus-like cells were most abundant on the deeper aspect.

The transverse striae of the muscular fibres of the heart were somewhat in distinct, and here and there a little granular. The effusions of blood visible at the surface of the papillary muscles extended to some little depth into the substance of these bodies; but the muscular fibres in this situation did not differ from those of other parts.

The hasniorrhagic points seen in the vagina (Plate XXVI. c.) were distinctly ascertained under the microscope to be due not to congested vessels but to extravasation. In the points in fact where the extravasations were abundant, congested vessels were rare.�J. S. B.

(27.) Cow of ColonelTalbot's.�Examined December 18tli, 2 p.m.�Died December 18th, 3 a.m.� Said first to have shown symptoms of disease on the !)tli December. The lips and gums presented a characteristic aphthous condition, and were congested in all those spots from which the epithelium had separated or was separating. The pos�terior part of the palate showed the same appearance. The tip of the tony tie was healthy, but the dorsum was studded with small roundish yellow spots, in which there was thickening and softening of epithelium, which was often partially separated, and could always be removed readily, leaving the exposed area of mucous membrane deeply con�gested. The posterior part of the tongue and the pillars of the fauces were congested, and their epithelium was mostly granular and soft, and had already disappeared from numerous spots and irregular patches. The denuded parts were specially congested. The rest of the phurynx was con�gested. The upper part of the asophagvs was congested, and presented occasional aphthous spots. This tube generally, however, was healthy.

The larynx and trachea were congested in their whole extent, and presented numerous streaks and spots of in�creased redness; but there were not many haemorrhagic points, and these were chiefly in the larynx. The trachea contained a large quantity of frothy mucus, and some tenacious muco-purulent exudation, which adhered to its surface. Similar exudation adhered in greater abundance to the surface of the larynx. The bronchial tubes were congested but presented few haemorrhagio points. These contained also mueh mucus, and many of them presented clots of blood (? admitted into tubes accidentally). The Inni/i- were congested, but crepitant throughout, and presented a small amount of interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy. The muscular tissue of the heart were somewhat flabby, and its cavities were nearly empty. There was abundant extravasation beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle, most marked (as usual) on the musculi papillarcs. The lining membrane of the right ventricle was elevated in a remark�able way by beads of sub-endocardial emphysema. The blood in the vessels was generally fluid and dark coloured. Peritoneum for the most part healthy. There were, how�ever, patches of congestion on the great omentiun, and the external surface of the lower part of the small intestines was intensely congested. Liver pale and rather firm, apparently in a very early stage of cirrhosis. Gall-bladder full of thin healthy bile. Spleen natural.

The contents of the rumen were natural and abundant. The epithelium of the organ generally separated with ex�treme facility, and it was found that the surface presented numerous and extensive tracts of irregular congestion; a'.id in several places (botii in the papillary and in the smoother parts of the organ) there were numerous irregular sloughs from perhaps three-quarters of an inch in diameter down�wards. In the smoother part of the organ the sloughs

were mostly small, und the diseased patches ran innre or less into one another, forming two or three tolerably ex�tensive tracts. These consisted partly of shallow sloughs, partly of shallow ulcers left by the detachment of the sloughs, and partly of intervening tissue more or less con�gested. In the papillary part of the viscus the patches had also a tendency to run together; tliey were always grouped, but often, nevertheless, distinct. Their form here was very irregular and angular, and they were almost perfectly black in consequence, chiefly, of the adhesion of the epfthelium to their surface. The sloughs were generally separated more or less perfectly at the margins by a line of demarca�tion, hut still adhered firmly to tile subjacent tissues. These presented points of congestion, but were generally, to a depth of perhaps one-eighth of an inch, denser than the healthy tissues, and of a dirty greenish yellow tint. The reticulum was somewhat congested here and there, hut otherwise quite healthy.

The omasum was full of hard caked contents, which carried with them (on removal) the epithelial lining. Most of the folds were more or less congested; the congestion sometimes formed circular patches of various sizes, but was more often irregular in shape, and sometimes of very considerable extent. The irregular patches, more par�ticularly, had a tendency to run together, and to form by their union a mottled condition of the folds, or an irregular network of congestion, extending sometimes over nearly an entire fold. The congestion, even when extensive, was well defined. There were a few small spots of congestion not more than a line in diameter. There was no appearance of sloughing, and the epithelium did not adhere to the congested surfaces.

The ahomasum was deeply congested throughout, and was studded with patches of deeper congestion, and with petechial spots. Both these latter were most marked on, and in the neighbourhood of, the folds. Immediately below the folds, and from that situation to within half a foot of the pylorus, were numerous sloughs of mucous membrane, vary�ing generally from an inch to a quarter or one-sixth of an inch in diameter. These were of an olive-brown lint, soft and easy of removal, and occupied only the thickness of the mucous membrane itself. They were generally round or oval, but sometimes irregular in shape, and mostly at the margins were becoming or had become separated from the mucous membrane around. In some cases the inucons membrane appeared to have retreated from the slonghs (which still adhered to the sub-mucous tissue) and left between them an irregular annular interval in which the sub-mucous tissue was visible. One or two of the largest sloughs had penetrated to a considerable depth. There were also, both near the pylorus and elsewhere, numerous shallow polygonal or roundish pits, formed probably by the detachment of sloughs. The contents of this stomach were natural. The duodenum presented numerous petechial spots. The greater part of the jejunum (excepting only the last two or three yards) was uniformly and intensely'con�gested, the mucous membrane being reduced to a deep red pulp, to which sanguinolent mucus adhered. The re�mainder of the small intestiites was as nearly as possible healthy. Their contents were, generally, much like dirty pea-soup. The caicum presented but little congestion, and the ascending colon was somewhat more deeply congested, but the rest of the colon was tolerably healthy. The rectum, however, and especially its lower part, together with the anus, was intensely congested. The kidneys and the bladder were healthy. The uterus was congested, both externally and within. The upper part of the vagina was natural ; but the lower part, and the vulva, were considerably con�gested. There was no aphthous condition here.

The conjunctiva; were congested. Udder congested, con�taining some milk.

The shin of the teats and udder was examined, and found to present an abundant eruption of what looked like pustules more or less completely scabbed over, and having much resemblance to the crusted pustules of impitigo. {See description of eruption in cow 29).

The flesh of the animal was healthy, and there was no general emphysema, and none in the loins; there was, how�ever, marked decomposition.

Microscopical exavdnation.�The yellow spots on the dorsum of the tongue, consisted of cpitlielium chiefly, with some granular matter, and cells much resembling pus. These latter were most abundant on the deep surface.

The sloughs of the rumen presented a moderate quantity of adherent, but apparently natural, epithelium ; there were numerous triple phosphate crystals, but no Vegetable fungus. The sloughing portion of the tissue beneath the epithelium was rendered exceedingly dark Prom the pre�sence of abundant pigmentary matter, partly aggregated into irregular masses ; but no other elements beyond those of the healthy tissues were recognized,

Dr. llrislowo.

Deport to

CoiimiiBsiouora

112

AlTKNinX TO THIRD KKPOKT OF

Dr. Bristcwo.

Report to

Conmiission�rs,

The suvfiice of the diseased patches of the omasum dis-played nn abundance of parasitio vegetable Krowlh.

Thesloughs of the ahomasum were rninutcly exnmined ; it was seen that they occupied the entire thickness of tlie mucous membrane] which had become much reduced in thickness, hardened, und of a deep brown or black colour. Microscopic examination showed thutthe blackness was due , to the presence of'u very large quantity of pigmentary matter diffused throughout the aiseuaed tissues, but showing a marked tendency to become aggregated into small irregular groups or musses. Blood vessels wore not distinguishable, und it appeared to me that the pigmentary matter was the remains of the colouring matter ul' the blood, which hud been probably diffused among the tissues. In addition to these appearances, it was plain (on comparing the diseased with the healthy mucous membrane) that many of the glandular tubules had disappeared (had probably lost their contents, had become collapsed and shrivelled, and so un-distinguishable from other tissues) ; and that those that remained had become shrunk, and that their epithelium had become refractive and solid, and often brownish, and had a tendency to form irregular angular masses, and that their nuclei had disappeared or become invisible. (Plate XXV. A.) The appearances ifave me the impres�sion that they had been caused by luemorrhage into the tissues, with subsequent decomposition of the blood, and atrophy of the parts among which the blood hud become diffused. In the healthy portions of the mucous membrane the tubules were exceedingly distinct and abundant, and their epithelial lining, with its nuclei, was always visible, and there was no granular matter.�J. S. U.

seen that the blood-vessels were generally exceedingly distinct in all their ramifications, by reuson of being loaded with bbod-corpusdes. Hut the rounded und elongated spots were eipially well aseurtftined to consist of blood extravasatod into the tissues. (Plate XX.VI, 11.) The surface was thickly studded with crystals, apparently of triple phosphate. The diseased patches of the omasum presented an abundant growth of vegetable fungus.�J.S.B.

(2;).) Cow of Colonel Talbot's.�Examined December 18th, 18(15, ,'1 p.m. Died December 18th,at II a.m. Said to have first shown symptoms of the disease on the 15th December.

The lips und gums were slightly aphthous. The greater part of the tongue und the greater part of the palate were completely healthy; but the soft palate, pillars of the fauces, and the rest of the tongue were 'congested, had the epithelium thickened and softened, and presented nume�rous small deeply congested excoriations. (Esophagus healthy.

liaryntD and trachea very slightly congested, and nearly empty of secretion. The bronchial tubes were in the same condition as the trachea. The lunys were somewhat con�gested, crejjitant throughout, and presented distinct but not advanced interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Peri-oardium healthy. Heart nearly empty and generally healthy. There was extreme sub-endocardial extravasation in con�nexion with the left ventricle; this was most marked, and formed the largest patches, about the apices of the papillary muscles; but patches of various sizes were scattered over almost the whole surface.

Peritoneum healthy, with the exception that there was some congestion, in patches, of the great omentum. Liver pale : ducts much thickened : gall-bladder full of light-colonred bile. Spleen healthy. The rumen and reticulum contained normal but unusually fluid food. The epithe�lium was adherent, and the organs were generally healthy, except that the rumen presented irregular patches of con�gestion. The contents of the omasum were not caked, in fact were natural. The epithelium adhered to the surface of the folds, and these were generally healthy. Two or three of the smaller ones, however, presented well-defined patches of congestion at their free edges, and several of the large folds presented over a considerable surface marked tumefaction and reddening of the papilloe�the intervening spaces being pale and healthy. The abomasum also contained healthy contents. The mucous membrane was universally and intensely congested. The congestion was most intense upon and between the folds, and a little above the py�lorus ; and in these sihiations the redness was patchy, and the surface was studded thickly with petechial spots. No sloughs were visible, but there were a few shallow pits or excoriations. The small intestines were in their whole ex�tent somewhat congested. The congestion was, however, everywhere in the form of small patches, running more or less into one another, leaving between, them tracts of healthy unreddenod membrane. The contents of the bowels seemed not unnatural. The caecum contained but little feces, and was thickly studded with bands and patches of deep congestion. The ascending colon was also deeply congested, more deeply congested, in fact, than the ccecum ; and here the congestion was more or less in the form of patches, but also formed several longitudinal bands, corresponding to the prominent edges of the folds of the mucous membrane. These latter continued, without interruption, throughout the whole of the colon, but were deepest in the ascending colon and in the sigmoid flexure. The rectum and anus were but slightly congested. The contents of the large intestines were generally normal, but some, parts of it contained only whitish mucus.

Kidneys healthy. Bladder congested. Uterus con�gested, both within and without. Lower part of vagina und vulva slightly congested.

The blood of this cow was generally fluid and dark coloured.

The udder was congested. Conjuncture congested.

The flesh of the animal was healthy-looking, and there was no emphysema.

The teats and surface of the ndder presented a well-marked pustular (?) eruption.

Description of eruption.�The eruptions on the skin of the three foregoing cows were absolutely identical; the spots in all three were of the same character, and had at�tained the same degree of advancement. The only dif�ference observed was that one of thetn presented perhaps rather fewer spots than the others; but the difference in this respect was very trivial. The spots consisted of irregularly circular elevations, from about J to ^-ineh in diameter, but with not perfectly well defined margins; ge�nerally they were discrote, but oecasionally two or three ran into one another and formed a somewhat irregular patch,

(28.) Cow belonging to Colonel Talbot.� Examined

December 18th, 4 p.m.�Died December 17th, late in

the afternoon.�Said to have been attacked with the

Cattle Plague on the 9th December.

Lips and gums highly aphthous. The greater part of the tongue und palate was healthy; the posterior parts of both, however, and the pillars of the fauces, were congested, had the epithelium separated in numerous small patches, and presented elsewhere thickening and softening of epithelium. (Esophagus healthy.

The larynx and trachea were deeply congested, and pre�sented numerous hsemorrhagio points and streaks, many of which were clustered, and to some of which small clots adhered. In the larynx the spots of sub-mucous hfemorrhage were chiefly collected about the angle formed by the meeting of the vocal cords in front, and below the vocal cords. The tubes contained, besides the blood above mentioned, much mucus. The bronchial tubes were congested, and those of the left lung were, like the trachea,abundantly studded with hcemorrhagic points. The tubes contained much mucus and some clots of blood. The lungs were crepitant throughout, somewhat congested, and presented a high degree of interlobular emphysema. There was much emphysema in the mediasiina. Pleura; healthy. Perioardium healthy. Heart somewhat flabby. Ventricles containing a little fluid blood. The lining mem�brane was generally blood-stained, and that of the left ventricle presented numerous ccchymoses.

Peritoneum generally healthy. The small intestines were much congested externally. User pale : gall-duets thickened: gall bladder tail o? hih. ty/cplaquo; natural. The rumen and reticuhim were hastily and incompletely examined, but they seemed healthy and contained an abundance of food. The omasum contained dry caked contents, and the epithelium came'away with them. The folds presented numerous circumscribed patches of congestion, to some of which the epithelium was adherent, Some of them were assuming in the central area a dirty brownish tint. The ubom'isum was intensely congested throughout, and con�tained very fluid contents. The small intestines were almost from one end to the other intensely and uniformly congested ; and the mucous membrane was in many partis reduced to a red pulp. The intestines, however, contained only a thin brownish fluid, and apparently no blood. The cmctm was deeply congested, mid a tract of deep congestion was observed in the asceudinr/ colon. But the rest of the colon and the rectum were little congested, and as nearly as possible healthy. Kidiieijs somewhat congested. The genital organs and the bludiler were not examined. The udder was congested, and so laquo;'ere the conjunctiB/e.

The laquo;Atlaquo; upon the udder and teats presented a well marked and tolerably copious pustular (?) eruption. (See description in case of Cow 2'.).)

The flesh was healthy-looking, but the cellular tissue about the kidneys was highly einpliyscmatous.

The internal organs were generally a good deal de�composed.

Microscopical examiuiitton,�The mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea was examined with care, and it was

THK CATTLK 1'LAOUK COMMISSIONKRS.

113

Each spot presented, on its most prominent part, a dirty-yellowish or brownish scab, which luul generally become partially separated at the margins, and wos easily re�movable from the subjacent tissues. On removal it brought with it therofrom an opaque whitish soft layer, to which was usually attached a small circular lump, apparently of similar material (but with the roots of a hair or two em�bedded in it), whieh had penetrated into,the substance of the true skin, to the depth of about i iucli. The sur�face of the true skin, exposed by the retnoval of the scabs, was in all cases deeply congested, Imt not ulce�rated. The margins of each disensed spot were made up chiefly of undermined epidermis, with a little exudation between it and the true skin beneath, which latter, as in the more central portion, was congested. Vertical sections always showed, sometimes one, sometimes several hairs, penetrating the scabs, with their loots invested in some inflammatory exudation, anil beyond this exudation, with a margin of congestion. The scabs consisted in port of epidermic scales, in part of sebaeious matter; and the deeper-seated layer consisted partly also of epidermic and sebaeious matter, but chiefly of an aggregation of nuclear bodies, which closely resembled pus corpuscles. They were, however, more irregular in shape, and more imperfect in outline than pus corpuscles usually are. The larger portion of the material adhering to the roots of the bair was un�doubtedly the contents of the sebaeious glandss but here also was a greater or less abundance of pus-like cells. The congested surface beneath presented a great alum-dance of minute blood-vessels full of blood, hut no distinct adventitious formations. There was no depression in the centre of the scabs, and there was no ulceratiou.�J. S. B.

being most intense in the papilla.¹; one or two considerable patches of equally intense congestion were observed in the reticulum; but there were no other morbid changes. The epithelium separated with great facility. Contents of omasum somewhat dry and caked. The vessels of the folds were generally well marked from the presence of blood hi them; and in several of the folds there was mottled con�gestion�the mottlings being arranged along the branches of the injected vessels. Contents of the abomasum scanty, but not unnatural; the organ was much congested in the greater part of its extent, but presented no morbid change except this.

There was slight congestion of the lower part of the reotmn, and again a little congestion in the ascending colon, and in the proximal portion of the eweum. The lips of the ileo'caecal valve were also congested ; but the rest oi tha targe liilesliiifs was almost uniformly pale. A large patch of Peyer's glands in the colon immediately adjoin�ing the ileo-ccecal orifice, and another a yard or two down the intestine were deeply honey-combed, but there was no congestion, and evidently no recent morbid change. The small intestines, with the exception of a congested patch about the middle of the jejunum, were pale throughout. Peyer's patches were honey-combed, but pale, and otherwise healthy. The contents of the bowels was a thin fluid, like rather dark-coloured pea-soup.

Kidneys, healthy. Prepuce, especially near its attachment to the glans, congested.

Brain somewhat congested, otherwise healthy. Conjunctiva congested.

Skin..�There was no eruption upon the scrotum nor on the integuments of the chin and neighbouring parts; but the neighbourhood of the anus and the buttocks presented abundant evidence of morbid changes. The surface was covered in large irregular patches by a greasy, yellowish, scab-like layer, varying in thickness, but having an average thickness perhaps of ordinary card-board, and presenting here and there points of increased and circumscribed eleva�tion. This layer could readily be pulled off, leaving a deeply congested surface. There was no trace of cavities (such as the cavities of true eczematous or pustular eruptions) dis�cernible ; there was no space in fact between the layer above described and the. congested surface of true skin on which it lay.

The flesh seemed healthy ; and there was no general emphysema. Decomposition hud set in.

Microscopical examination.�The patches of thickened epithelium, studding the roof of the mouth, were found to consist of epithelial cells, which had lost their mutual cohesion in great measure, and at the same time had become yellowish,plump;and refractive; in some instances they were granular. The contrast between these cells and those of the healthy mucous membrane around, whieh were scale-like and firmly united to one another, was very great. In the deeper parts of the patches, especially in the parts in contact with the true mucous membrane, there were numerous cell-like bodies of very various sizes and shapes, some of which were full of molecular matter, others con�tained largish oil-globules, and other irregular solid masses breaking, or broken, up into irregular segments. Here and there also were masses of small nuclear bodies, which had some resemblance to pus cells. Similar formations to those just described were seen in smaller quantities among even the more superficial of the epithelial cells. The capillary vessels of the true mucous membrane, corresponding to these patches, were dilated and full of blood. It was uncer�tain whether there was any sub-mucous extravasation. The papilltn within the angles of the mouth presented exactly the same appearances.

The greasy layer covering the true skin in the neighbour�hood of the anus, consisted apparently of epidermic cells, (generally more or less granular) and of sebaeious matter; and here and there (but more particularly in contact with the true skin) were groups and masses of small irregular nuclear bodies, somewhat resembling pus. These were partially dissolved by acetic acid, and left after the action of this reagent a group of molecules of various sizes be�hind. The surface of the true skin (whieh was no where ulcerated) presented abundance of capillaries distended with blood, but was apparently free from extravasation of blood.�J. S. B.

Dr. Urislowe.

Boport tu Connnlsslonors

(30.) Bullock.�Albert Veterinary College.�Examined December 20, lS(i5. Died December 19,

The mucous raorahranc of the nasal fossa was swollen and deeply congested, especially behind ; but there was no aphthous condition.

The lips and gums presented a few aphthous spots and excoriations, with congestion of the subjacent membrane.

The^jlaquo;toe was somewhat congested, especially behind, and was studded with round or oval yello'iv, elevated, granular spots, from about J inch in diameter downwards. These consisted of thickened and softened epithelium, which could readily be removed, exposing a deeply congested area beneath. The epithelium from the central parts of some of these patches had already separated spontaneously. The papilla) covering the internal surface of the cheeks, especially those near the angles of the mouth, were generally deeply congested, and their epithelial covering had become softened and in part removed. This removal had taken place very irre�gularly ; sometimes a cap of epithelium had disappeared for the apex of a papilla, sometimes a ring from its base, or from mid-way between the base and apex; but more generally the epithelium had come away in irregular flakes from various ports of the surface. There was a slightly granular condition of the under surface of the tip of the tongue; and at the base of the tongue, wad on the, pillars of the fauces were scattered numerous roundish spots, partly excoriations, partly accumulations of softened granular epithelium. There wasdeep congestion of the whole of the pharynx. The ccsophar/us presented, in its upper part, a few small aphthous spots, but the greater part of its length was healthy.

Larynx congested, and its mucous membrane tumid. Trachea congested in its whole length; and in its upper half (corresponding chiefly to the situation of the traclicalis), were points of sub-mucous hiomorrhage; the tube contained a good deal of frothy mucus.

Bronchial tubes only slightly congested and containing but little secretion ; some of the smaller ones, however, leading into tracts of carnified tissue, were filled with purifonn fluid.

jMtigs genera'dy congested, the right one more par�ticularly ; and both of them (but especially the left) presented large patches of non-crepitant carnified tissue. The organs were generally crepitant and presented patches of interlobular emphysema. Pleura and pericardium healthy. Heart soft and flabby. The cavities contained dark-coloured coagula. Their lining membrane was blood�stained, but there was no endocardial ecehymosis. There was a good deal of emphysema in the meaiastinun), and decided emphysema beneath the pericardium, about the base of the heart.

Peritoneum healthy, lAver pale and soft: gallbladdtr full of healthy-looking bile. Spleen pulpy and slight'y crepitant.

Contents of rumen and reticulum abundant and natural. The mucous surface of the rmnen presented several exten�sive tracts of very decided congestion, the congestion 13530.

(31.) Cow.�Kxamined at Albert Veterinary College, De�cember 22, 1866. Died on the 21st. The epithelium covering the lips and gums was generally thickened, granular, and softened, and in a few places had become detached, The subjacent surface was more or less congested. These appearances were most marked in the gums and lip of the under jaw, and at the angles of the mouth. The papilla' in this latter situation were deeply congested and partly denuded, in irregular patches, of epi-

114

APPENDIX TO THIllD KEPOBT OF

Dr. llristowo.

Report to CommiHBioiiors.

thdiiini. At the right arigllaquo; there wa.s an excoriated aur* face of oonsidorable extent, and this was bleeding.

The ntuiei'surl'aee ol'the/'//( n/quot; llm tongue v/aa in much the same eomlilion as the lower lipj but the epithelium hail become assured in various direetions and thus exhibited a kind of stellate arrangement of excoriations.

The buck of the tongue, t\iopillars of the /'laquo;laquo;era, and the so// palate were all congested, and studded with small exco�riations, and a greater or less quantity of thickened softened cpitbtliuin. The phurynx and the posterior half of the hard palate wore shniku'ly but much more slightly affocteu. The upper half of the msophagus presented nu�merous minute circular spots, in which the epitheliuiu was opaque, thick, and soft, and many small oval excoriations. These diminished in number from above downwards, and in the lower half of the tube none were detected.

The larynx was deeply congested throughout; and there were numerous hamiorrhagic points beneath its mucous membrane, especially beneath that part of it corresponding to the ring of the crieoid. There were, too, in this latter situation, small clots adhering to the siuface, together with a film of puriform muens. The trachea was deeply con�gested throughout, especially in the course of the trachealis muscle ; and in the upper half, it presented numerous spots of sub-mncous haemorrhage. It was lined with a layer of thick dirty-looking mucus mixed with minute clots of blood. The tracliealis muscle in nearly its whole length was infil�trated with blood, and some of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx were similarly affected. The bronchial tubes were injected, and contained a good deal of bloody mucus and a few small clots. The lungs were congested (more espe�cially the right), and both were generally crepitant. 13oth presented abundant interlobular emphysema throughout. The pleura and pericardium were healthy. The heart was flabby, and somewhat decomposed ; its cavities contained soft coagula; and the musculi papillares of the left ventricle were greatly ecchymosed. The bronchial glands were some�what congested.

Peritoneum healthy. The liver was pale and much de�composed, but apparently healthy. Gall bladder very large, ami distended with very thin light-coloured hile. Spleen rather large and pulpy. The contents of the rumen were abundant and rather fluid. Its raucous membrane presented two or three tracts of deep congestion, but was otherwise healthy. The reticuhim, was healthy.

The omasum was full of hard caked contents which adhered to the surface of the folds, and on removal carried with them the epithelial lining. The larger vessels of the folds were congested ; and most of the folds presented numerous irregular but well-defined patches of deep congestion (Plate IX.), arranged chiefly in the course of their vessels, and pro�ducing a marked mottled appearance. The papillae in most of these patches were congested, as well as the surface between them. In sonic eases the papilla? alone were con�gested.

The contents of the abomasam were very fluid. The organ itself was deeply congested throughout and pre�sented a few haemorrhagic spots, and a few spots of abrasion.

The lower part of the rectum was deeply congested, and the margins of the anus were somewhat aphthous ; but the rest of the rectum and the greater part of the colon were healthy, and their contents were nearly healthy. The coecum, however, and still more the ascendiny colon, were decidedly, though not very deeply, congested ; and their contents were blood-stained. The duodenum presented numerous points of sub-mucous haemorrhage. In the jejunum were several tracts of very intense congestion, in which the mucous membrane was reduced to a pulp; and the mucous mem�brane of nearly the whole of the Hewn was in the same condition. The contents of the small intestines were fluid, and in the lower part of the ileum blood-stained. The uterus was somewhat congested within ; and the vagina was rather deeply congested in its whole extent, especially near the vulva, the margins of which latter were very distinctly aphthous. Kidneys congested and soft. The urinary bladder was somewhat congested, and presented a dis�tinct spot of sub-mucous haemorrhage. Urethra deeply congested.

The flesh of this cow seemed healthy j and there was no general emphysema, and none in the lumbar region. Udder congested.

There was an abundant rash observed (Plates I. and II.), particularly on the teats and udder, on the skin in the neighbourhood of the anus and vulva, and on that of the ehh. I examined (his carefully, and found it everywhere, of the same character; but the following description is drawn chiefly from (lie eruption on the teats and udder.

The eruption consisted of spots (roni about half a line to a quarter of an inch in diameter, and of irregular patches of still larger size, formed apparently by the coalescence of several contiguous spots. The more minute spots formed

convex elevations j ami in some of them the more piorainont portion consisted of a small solid scab-like lump which admitted of easy detach ment or enndcation, leaving 11 pit, the bottom of which consisted of the congested surface of the subjacent true skin; but in some no such scab existed, the skin was continuous over the surface, and the sole morbid change discoverable (and that on which the elevation of the spot seemed alone to depond) was a cireumscriled point of congestion and tumefaction in the substance of the true skin, sometimes occupying the surface only, sometimes extending vertically inwards to the depth of a line. In neither of the above cases could I detect betveon the opi-dermis and the true skin any fluid-holding cavity. In the latter case, indeed, nothing approaching to a cavity was ever recognized. The largerspots presented in every case a softish, greasy-feeling, yellowish-brown scab or crust, more or less irregular on the surface, varying from half a lino in thickness downwards, easy to be removed from the sub�jacent surface, with an irregularly polygonal margin, more or less separated from the surrounding healthy epiiiermis� a thin lamina of which was always prolonged more or less onto the surface of the crust. The removal of the crust exposed the surface of the true skin, which was generally deeply congested in an urea corresponding as nearly as possible with that of the superficial extent of the disease. There was no ulceration or other destruction of surface, and no accumulation of fluid on the surface of the true skin. _ Judging from the appearances presented by this case, it seemed to mo that the disease began with a point or patch of congestion, and that over this congested spot some material was exuded (consisting partly of sebaeious matter) which primarily infiltrated the substance of tlie epidermis, rendering it thick and soft and pulpy and otherwise ab�normal, and subsequently (probably) tended to accumulate on the surface of the true skin.

Microscopical examination.�The red patches in the omasum were found to be caused by excessive congestion of the capillaries and other small vessels of the part, which by accumulation of blood within them were rendered as distinct as though they had been artificially injected. (Plate XXIV. A.) No extravasation was recognized. 'The crusts on the diseased patches of skin consisted partly of normal epidermic scales, partly of granular scales, partly of granular matter and oil globules, and partly of masses of minute nuclear bodies about the size of pus corpuscles. The latter seemed to mc most abundant on the under surface. These bodies differed from ordinary pus corpuscles in the marked tendency they had to cohere into musses, in their less regular form, und in the fact that acetic acid reduced each of them merely to a minute aggregation of molecules. The congestion of the true skin was due chiefly, if not entirely to distension with blood of capillary vessels.

Many of the internal organs were much decomposed.� J. S. B.

(32.) Cow.�Slaughtered during convalescence, December 22, 1865. � Albert Veterinary College.�Examined immediately after death.

The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, and all parts connected therewith were perfectly healthy. There was no trace on the gums, or anywhere else, of congestion, excoriation, or any abnormal condition of tke epithelium.

Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes, all healthy. The latter contained a good deal of frothy mucus. Lungs pale and crepitant throughout; no trace of emphysema. Pleurae and pericardium healthy. The heart was contract�ed, and generally quite healthy. The apices of the papil�lary muscles in the left ventricle, however, were umisually dark, and presented traces of the extravasation of blood which hud doubtless at one time existed there. The cavities contained a little fluid blood. It may be added liere (hat the blood was lighter coloured than that of most animals dying of the cattle plague.

Peritoneum healthy. 1/iver quite healthy; gall blad�der containing a small quantity of healthy bile. Sjilcert healthy. Rumen and reticnlitm and omasum all healthy, and containing natural contentraquo;. The contents of the aboma-suin were also natural, but presented a (normal) soui' smell, which I had not hitherto observed in the case of diseased animals. The mucous mcinbrane was of a pinkish colour throughout, hut chiefly in the situation of the folds. In the lower half of the organ were a small rimnher of irre�gular polygonal shallow depressions, in which the mUOOUS membrane itself was deficient (cicatrized ulcers resulting from the separation of sloughs V). The smitll intestines were healthy throughout,, except that a few of the glands constituting Peycr's patchca were enlarged to thesi�Q of half a pea, and that the margin! of the ileo-coecul oriliee were congested. Large intes/ines, kidneys, and other vriuari/ organs, and organs of generiition all healthy.

The flesh of the animal seemed healthy, hut there was a deficiency of fat.

TIIR CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONKKS.

115

There were the remains (in the form of a greasy scab-like layer) of an abundant eruption upon the skin of the neck, shoulders, and some other parts,�J, S. tt.

{amp;).) Cow.�Examined December 27th, at Stronaeh's Horse Slaughtering Yard. Reported to have had disease severely for some time.

Both upper and lower lips were congested and abraded in spots and long; streaks, especially near their junction with the gums. The gums were pale, and seemed healthy. The under scirfacc of tho tip of the tongue was covered with thickened granular epithelium. The greater part of the upper surface of the organ was pale and healthy; but pos�terior to the circmnvallate papilla), the mucous surface was deeply congested, and there were numerous excoriations, together with intervening tracts of thickened and softened epithelium. At each side of the tongue, near its root, and immediately in front of the epiglottis, were several oval, well-defined, deep sloughy ulcers (from half an inch long downwards). Shreds of sloughy tissue adhered to their edges and to their floors ; and on vertical section those at the sides of the tongue were found to penetrate into the mus�cular substance of the organ. The pillars of the fauces and the so/V^K/Za^c were all deeply congested, and much in the same condition as the base of the tongue. The hard jJCilate was in an advanced state of disease (Plate V.); this was comparatively slight in the anterior half, but in the posterior half was extreme. Throughout the anterior half (but in�creasing from before backwards) were numerous small spots from which the epithelial covering had disappeared ; they were generally round or roundish, varying perhaps from a quarter of an inch in diameter downwards. Some of these, however, which involved the papillary border of the trans�verse ridges, were very irregular in form. In all these patches the subjacent mucous surface was deeply con�gested, and very generally portions of the epithelium imme�diately bounding the excoriated surface could be readily scraped away. The orifices of many apparently healthy mucous glands were observed studding the whole sur�face, and from each one a bead of transparent mucus stood out, having, at first glance, the appearance of being a vesicle. Careful examination satisfied me that the smallest patches of excoriation were sim])ly enlargements of the ducts of the glands, and that generally, if not always, these ducts formed the centres from which the diseased action radiated. In the posterior half of the palate there were also visible numerous orifices of healthy glands, and small circular excoriations, which seemed to have originated from such orifices ; but the disease was mostly far advanced; the excoriated surfaces were generally individually larger, and had run into one another, forming large tracts of ex�coriation, and leaving in many places isolated fragments of still adherent epithelium. The excoriated surfaces in this situation were smooth and deeply congested; and from them Cas from the healthy membrane) at numerous points mucus was escaping in beads into the oral cavity. In this more diseased part of the palate, the still adherent epithe�lium admitted generally of very easy removal ; and there was congestion of the mucous membrane extending even beyond the excoriations. Pharynx and nasal cavities deeply con�gested. (Esophagus healthy.

The larynx was deeply congested, and presented spots of sub-mucous hasmorrhage. The surface of the vocal cords, and of the mucous membrane occupying the posterior angle of the larynx (bounded on either side by the arytenoid cartilages) was granular, and appeared to be covered with a kind of granular exudation; this, however, could not he readily scraped away; indeed it seemed to be a part of the tissue of the larynx, for on scraping it off the fibrous structure of the cords was fully exposed. The trachea was congested throughout, but mostly in the upper part, where there were numerous streaks of sub-mucous hoomorrhage. The bronchial tabes were congested, hut more especially those on the right side. The air-passages generally con�tained frothy mucus ; but there was more in the bronchial tubes than in the trachea. The lungs were everywhere ere-pitant, and somewhat congested� the right most congested� and both presented distinct interlobular emphysema. There was abundant emphysema about the roots of the lungs, Tleure healthy.

Pericardium healthy. Heart flabby, but healthy. No sub-cndocardial extravasation. The right ventricle con�tained a large black coagulum.

Peritoneum healthy. Uver perhaps a little congested. Gall-bladder full of dark-coloured viscid bile. Spleen pale.

Rumen and reticitlum healthy. The contents of the omasum were drv; and the folds presented numerous cir�cumscribed patches of congestion, the central parts of some of which were becoming of a dirty yellowish or brownish hue. The ahomasttm was deeply congested throughout. It presented many shallow excoriated pits, and a few small sloughs of mucous membrane.

The small intestines presented a few tracts of not very deep congestion. The eweum was studded, but not thickly, witli patches of congestion. The asomding colon was in the same condition j but there were here also a few Spots of sub-mucous hieniorrhage. The lower part of the rectum was deeply and uniformly coiijfested; and a little above the amis there was a linear sloughy ulcer, about an inch and a half in length. The rest of the large intestines and the anus were healthy. The contents of the intestines were fluid and free from blood.

Kidneys healthy. Bladder full of pale urine ; healthy. Uterus somewhat congested within. Vagina and vulva as nearly as possible healthy. The lower part of the vagina was slightly congested only.

The skin of the udder was covered with a copious im�petigo-like eruption. This ooeurred both as distinct spots and in eoniluent masses. It seemed to me most abundant at the base of the nipples and on the adjacent portion of the udder. The crusts were of a dirty yellowish or brownish colour, and were generally but slightly adherent to the sub�jacent surface. A vertical section through them failed to disclose any serum- or pus-holding cavity; but showed that generally the crusts were of uniform consistence in their whole thickness ; it showed generally, too, that in the area of true skin corresponding to the centre of the crusts, there was a circular orifice with tumid congested lips, varying from one sixth of an inch downwards, by which the crust communicated with n group of sebacions glands, and occa�sionally with a hair-sheath as well. All these formed a solid mass continuous more or less distinctly with the crust ; and the area of congestion in the true skin (over which the crust was situated) was reflected under, so as to enclose, this group. The orifices appeared to be simply the common mouths of these glands, and of the hair-sheaths, much dilated.

The animal was somewhat emaciated. There was no emphysema in the loins.

Microscopical examination.�On looking at the com-menemg excoriations in the palate, it was distinctly seen that those of them at least, which took their origin in the ducts of the mucous glands, commenced by a breaking up of the epithelial layer�the cells of which became more or less granular, and more or less yellowish and refractive, while the layer itself tended to split into horizontal layers. Sometimes this breaking down had led to the formation of acavityinthe thickness of the epithelium (Plate XXIII. c.) j sometimes it had formed an irregular conical pit, wider at the free than at the attached surface (Plate XXIII. d.). In the already fully excoriated patches, it appeared to me that the papillae #9632;were still remaining, wholly or in part, and that the portions-of the gland-ducts opening upon the surface were normal.

The deep congestion of the soft palate was free, so far as I could observe, from extravasation.

The granular surface of the vocal cords consisted of epithelial scales (more or less granular), granular matter, and fragments of elastic and other tissues.

The patches on the omasum exhibited the usual fungus.

The sloughs of the abomasnm displayed chiefly an abun�dant deposit of black pigmentary matter (in a purely granular condition), in the tissue between the tubules. (Plate XXIV. c.) It was very irregularly deposited, but tended to accumulate immediately around the walls of the tubules and upon the vessels. The tubules were generally nearly empty.

The crusts on the skin were made up chiefly of sebacions matter, but contained also epidermic scales, and masses of piis-like corpuscles. These latter seemed to nie most abundant near the dilated mouths of the sebacions glands, and on the superficial portions of the crusts. At all events, they were scattered somewhat irregularly. The sebacions glands appeared to me to ho enlarged, and their ducts un�usually full of contents.'�J. S. B.

(34.) Hbii'KK.�Kxamined at the Albert Veterinary College, January 13th, IHWi.�Died night before. There was considerable ajihtbous disease of lips and gums, with congestion and excoriation. The epithelium of the posterior half of the palate was more or less thickened and softened, and much of it came away readily. Roundish ex�coriated patches already existed at the time of examination. The disease was most advanced on the soft palate. The papilla! within the angles of the mouth were congested and partially excoriated. The under surface of the lip of the tongue presented a granular and thickened condition of the epithelium. The upper surface and sides of the base of the tongue and the fauces were congested, and covered more or less with altered and thickened epithelium, and presented here and there excoriated patches. There were numerous opaque yellow spots of altered epithelium in the lower part of the pharynx, and especially on the posterior part of the larynx.

Dr. Jirislowo.

Report to Oommissionors.

�

Q 2

116

APPENDIX TO TH1KD KEPOUT OF

J)r.J!i'islo\v(i.

Boportto Comuilssiouovs

The larynx was congested and sornowhat oodematous, and pvesentt'd about the junction of the vocal cords anteriorly a few peteoMal spots. It was covered in part with n thin dim of exudation; and at the posterior part, where the urytennid cartilayes were in contact, the surface was rouKh and evidently somewhat excoriated. The trachea was a good deal oongOBted throughout, but presented no peteohliB. The lower half of the Irtwhealis muscle, however, was infiltrated with blood. The tube contained a good deal of frothy seeretiun. and adhering to its walls a good deal of tenacious mucus. The bronchial tubes were a good deal congested, and contained much secretion like that observed in the trachea, The lungs were generally crcpitant, but somewhat congested, and both of them presented distinct, but not far advanced, interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy. The heart had the appear�ance of being a little decomposed, but except that it was rather soft seemed healthy. There were no extravasations of blood into its tissue. It contained a moderate quantity of fluid blood.

Peritoneum healthy. I Acer, spleen, laquo;aamp;pancreas healthy. GaU-bhnklcr full of bile. The (esophagus (PlateVI.) presented in its upper part slight congestion and a few opaque yellowish spots and streaks. Rumen and retieuhm healthy; contents natural. Omasum healthy; contents not unusually dry. Abomasum generally but not very deeply congested. No petechitc, sloughs, or excoriations. Contents very fluid. The small mtestines presented numerous patches of not very deep congestion; contents thud and pea-soup-like. The Ciecum and ascending colon, both of them, presented rather deep congestion, occurring more or less in lines and irregular patches. The lower part of the rectum was uniformly and deeply congested (Plate XVI.). In the upper part the congestion was limited to a series of longitudinal streaks, which extended some way upwards into the colon. The rest of the larye intestines was healthy.

Kidneys healthy. Urinary bladder healthy. The other organs were not examined.

The �esh of the animal seemed natural. There was no general emphysema. The skin presented but slight traces of eruption. The skin of the udder was slightly furfura-ceous and that of the neck was covered more or less with a layer of yellowish exudation, which seemed to be composed of epidermis and of sebacious matter. I saw no isolated spot of disease.

Microscopic examination.�I discovered vast numbers of so-called quot; Rainey's bodies,quot; in the muscles of the abdominal walls, in the deep muscles of the neck, in the tongue, and especially in the substance of the heart.�J. S.u.

were no extravasations of blood, and no adherent lymph or altered epithelium.

The left lung was congested throughout, and contained less air than natural, but was crcpitant. The right lung was less congested than the left, but like it slightly though pretty uniformly crcpitant. The anterior edge of its upper lobe was collapsed and partly oarnifled. There was no inter-lobular emphysema in either lung. The bronchial tubes were somewhat congested, and contained cylinders of coagulated blood, together with a sort of frothy sanguin-olent fluid. This latter was most ubimdant on the right side. Pleurae healthy.

Perimrdium, healthy. The cavities of the heart, with the exception of the left ventricle, contained a large quantity of dark-coloured coagulum. The muscular tissue was firm and perfectly healthy. There were no sub-endocardial ex�travasations of blood.

Pcritoneam healthy. Liver healthy. Spleen healthy, and so also the kidneys. None of these organs was noticeably softened or congested.

The (Bsophagm was pale and perfectly healthy.

The epithelial lining of the rumen came away very readily, and the mucous membrane beneath presented a faint pinkish tinge. The same description applies to the reti-culum. The. folds of the omasum were generally entirely healthy; a few of them, however, (two or three only) were very slightly congested at their free margins. The abomasum was somewhat congested throughout, hut there were no patches intensely congested, and nothing approaching to inilanimation. The mucous membrane was soft. The con�tents of the stomachs seemed pretty natural.

The ca'cum. was much more deeply congested than any of the above-named parts, and the congestion was of a patchy character, but there was no exudation or breach of surface. The mucous membrane came away somewhat more readily, and was less tenacious, than natural. There were a few patches of congestion in the small intestine, and longi�tudinal bands of congestion, more or less marked, through�out the larye intestine. Peyer's patches were healthy, Anus healthy. There was a tape worm in the small bowel.

The urinary bladder contained about a quarter of a pint of healthy urine, and its mucous membrane was pale and healthy.

The flesh of this sheep (including both muscle and fat) was perfectly healthy, both in colour and consistence.

There was no trace of emphysema of the areolar tissue, and no evidence anywhere of decomposition.�J. is. �.

(3/.)�Sheep (Male).�Inoculated from Sheep. Died, and examined, October 23d, 1865. Royal Veterinary College.

Lips, cavity of mouth, tonyue, fauces, and pharynx pale, and (juite healthy; mucous membrane of larynx slightly congested. The trachea presented patches of congestion like those described in the case of the former sheep. These began at the lower part of the upper fourth of the trachea, and continued (increasing in intensity) from that point down�wards. In the upper part, the congestion occupied the anterior part of the trachea only; but below, it extended all round the tube, and was probably due, in great measure at least, to gravitation. There was no exudation on the surface. The trachea contained a little frothy fluid.

hangs, congested, but crcpitant (though sparingly so) throughout. The bronchial tubes contained a good' deal of frothy sanguinolcnt fluid, and their mucous incmhrane throughout presented the same kind of congestion as was observed in the trachea; but it was greater in degree and more uniform than in that tube. There was a general tendency in the lung tissues to decomposition ; but no interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy.

Pericardium healthy, but containing a little blood�stained scrum. All the cavities of heart, and the vessels leading therefrom, were full of dark-coloured clot. The muscular tissue of the organ was flabby; and the endo�cardium deeply bloodstained. The external surface also was bloodstained. The organ was beginning to decompose.

Peritoneum htalthy, Lker pale, flabby, and soft, the vessels containing frothy blood. The organ was decom�posed, Spleen, of natural size, but soft and of dark colour.

The (esophagus was healthy. Rumen presenting in many parts a light pink tinge. Epithelium coming away readily. Retieuhm and omasum in same condition. Abomasum, a little congested, but nowhere (not even at the pyloric extremity) deeply congested, or presenting any appearance of inflammation. There was no ulccratiou or tendency to ulcerotion in any of the stomachs.

Ceecum presenting a few points of congestion, but generally healthy. The intestines were for the most part healthy; there was here and there a small patch of con�gestion, but no general congestion, and no ulccration. Peyer's jialches were healthy. Anns healthy.

There was a tape worm in the small intestines.

(35.) Heifer.�Examined at the Albert Veterinary College, January 13th, 186(5. Died immediately before.

There was slight aphthous condition of lips and gums and of under surface of tip of tonyue. There was little con�gestion at the back of the mouth, but both on the base of the tongue, on the pillars of the fauces, and on the soft palate there were small excoriations and patches of thickened and softened epithelium. (Esophagus healthy. LamyE and trachea pale and healthy. Bronchial tubes containing but little mucus. Lungs pale and crcpitant, and free from emphysema. PleurtB and pericardium healthy. Heart nearly empty; no sub-endocardial extravasations.

Peritoneum healthy. There was no evidence of disease in the rumen, retieuhm, omasum, or abomasum. The small intestines presented occasional patches of not deep con�gestion. The targe intestines were healthy throughout. There was no distinct congestion of cither the ca'cum or the rectum, hirer, spleen, and pancreas, apparcntlv healthy. Gall-bladder full of thin bile. Kidneys healthy.' Bladder healthy, containing urine. Uterus and vagina healthy.

The �esh of the animal seemed healthy. There was no general emphysema.

The epidermis covering the udder was slightly quot;branny,quot; but I detected no othor evidence of skin disease.

Microscopic examination..�The muscles of the abdominal v:alts and of the neck, the tongue, and the heart were all thickly studded with quot; Rainey's bodies.'quot;�J. S. B.

Dktaim op Post-mortem Exajii.vatioks of Sheep, Goats, and Dkkh.

(3C.)�SllEEP (Male).--Inoculated from Ox. Died, and examined, October 2.')cl, 18(i6, at the Royal Veterinary College,

laps, cavity nf mouth, tongue, fa.nees, pharynx healthy throughout, with the exception that there were a few patches of adherent granular material on the root of tongue, immediately in front of the epiglottis.

The larynx, and the trachci in its whole extent, were deeply congested. Tile minute vessels in (he latter organ were very distinct, and presented a beautiful penniform arrangement in the intervals between the cartilages. There

XHR CATTLE PLAGUE 0OUMI88IOMEKS.

117

Kidneys, congested and soft, but not unhealthy; tlio changes observed in them being due to decomposition.

Urinary bladder healthy.

Most of the congestion and softening in the above case was duo to rapid Oeoomposition: the flesh of the animal, however, looked healthy, and did not appear to have shared appreciably in the general decomposition. There was no emphysema of the tissues of the body.�J. S, B.

(38.) Siieei' (Ewe).�Examined October 30th, 18(i5. Royal Veterinary College.

The upper part of the tongue, in a space extending from the junction of its anterior and middle thirds to the circum-vullato papilhc, was studded with opaque yellow patches of an irregularly roundish shape, in which the epithelium was thickened and softened, and from which it had in part separated. The mucous surface immediately beneath was generally distinctly congested. A few similar patches were observed on the corresponding portion of the palate. There were no further traces of disease in any part of the oral cavity or in fas fauces.

The larynx and trachea were healthy, as also were the pleura, lungs, and bronchial tubes.

Pericardium healthy. Heart also healthy, with the ex�ception that there were abundant extravasations beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle. The cavities containeel coloured clots.

PrnVoneum healthy. (Esophagus, awl first three stomachs, quite healthy. The abomasum, however, presented marked evidences of disease. Its mucous surface was studded with patches of sub-mucous extravasation or of very deep congestion. These were generally circular, or nearly so, and varied from a line to half-inch in diameter. Their colour was mostly deep red, or even nearly black, but was not uniform; each patch presenting generally several shades, as though decolourization was in progress. Their margins were generally well defltied, even abrupt, and two or three presented a distinct shallow groove in this situation; but there was in no instance actual ulceration. These patches formed three irregular groups of seven or eight each. The most important of these lay about midway between the two orifices of the stomach; another lay a little above this; and the third not far from the pylorus. The cacum presented a few bands and tracts of congestion; but the remainder of the intestines [both small and large) was as nearly as possible healthy. Liver, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, uterus, vagina, amp;c., healthy.

The flesh of the sheep was in good condition. There was no emphysema.�J. S. 15.

(3!gt;.) Sheep (Male).�Examined October 31st, 1805. Royal Veterinary College.

Month, tongue, and/aaces generally healthy. The posterior part of the tongue and the fauces were, however, a little more congested perhaps than usual; and in the former situation there was a thin layer of slightly adherent mucus. Tbc portion of larynx below the arytamoid cartilages was rather deeply congested; the rest of the organ was slightly congested. There was no deposit of lymph anywhere. The trachea was congested in its whole extent, especially in the lower part, but there was no extravasation beneath the mucous membrane, and no exudation on the surface. The trachea contained a good deal of coagulated blood and some mucus. Both lungs (but especially the right) were con�gested ; and the latter presented several patches black with congestion, uncollapsed, and apparently apoplectic. They were sparely crepitant; the right one indeed, in the greater part of its extent, contained no air. There was no pneu�monia. The bronchial /mAps (especially those of the right lung) were bloodstained, but did not appear really congested. They contained a good deal of bloody mucus.

Pleura! and pericardium healthy.

The Aearlt; contained dark coloured blood in all its cavities the lining membrane of the left ventricle was studded

(-10.) Shebp (Male).�Examined October .'J 1st, 18(i5. Royal Veterinary ('ollege.

laps, tongue, oral cavity, pharynx, and mophams perfectly healthy. Larynx and trachea perfectly healthy. There was a little congestion in the course of the trachea, but not enough to indicate the presence of any disease.

Lungs (especially the right) somewhat congested, sparely crepilant, but otherwise healthy. Bronchial tubes healthy and containing a little mucus. Pleura and pericardium healthy. Cavities of heart full of dark coloured clots; the heart itself was a little flabby. There were no sub-endo-eardial extravasations.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver somewhat pale, but otherwise healthy. Spleen rather pulpy, but of ordinary size, and healthy. Kidneys healthy. The first three stomachs were all free from congestion, and perfectly healthy.

The pylorie half of the abomasum presented numerous patches of congestion. Those varied in shape and size, and ran into one another, forming in several cases irregular tracts of considerable extent. The congestion was deep somewhat mottled, and pretty abruptly defined. The mucous membrane in some of these patches was thickened and elevated, and somewhat granular, and covered with a dirty greyish dinhtheritio exudation which was soft, and came away readily in fragments. There was not much of this congestion immediately above the pylorus, the chief changes having occurred four or five inches above this orifice.

The ccecum was deeply congested in its whole extent, but was also studded thickly with patches of more intense congestion, which had a tendency to run together, and form an irregular kind of network. These patches were for the most part elevated, and covered with a soft granular exu�dation, resembling in fact in all respects those observed in the abomasum. Anus and rectum healthy.

The small and large intestines (excepting the parts above described) were not examined.

The^esA of the sheep was in good condition, and there was no emphysema.�J. S. B.

(41.) Sheep (Male).�Examined October 31st, 18()5. Royal Veterinary College.

Lips, tongue, cavity of mouth, fauces, and pharynx all healthy. Larynx and trachea healthy; the latter beino-however, a little congested at its lowest part.

Pleura healthy. Lungs (especially right) rather con�gested, but otherwise healthy.

The bronchial tubes were somewhat congestetl, and loaded with a good deal of frothy mucus tinged with blood Pericardium healthy. Heart soft, and somewhat decom�posed; the left ventricle presented a few small sub-endo-cardial extravasations. All the cavities contained a little dark coloured clot. (Esophagus healthy.

Peritoneum healthy. The stomachs were apparently healthy I he epithelium, however, was very soft throughout; and the abomasum was uniformly a little more congested than usual.

Ihe eweum was somewhat congested, the congestion assuming a patchy character; but it was not very well marked, and the organ was in other respects healthy Anus and rectum pretty healthy.

The liver, spleen, and kidnei/s were soft from decom�position, but not otherwise unhealthy.

_ The small intestines, and the remainder of the larae mteshnes, were not opened for examination.

There was some general tendency to decomposition ; but the Jlesh was nevertheless in fair condition. There was no emphysema,�J, S. B.

(42.) Sheep (Male).�Examined November 7th, 1865. lioyal Veterinary College.

Mouth, fauces, and pharynx altogether healthy, ffi.vo-phugus healthy. Larynx healthy. Trachea somewhat con�gested. Ihe bronchial tubes contained a good deal of frothy mucus, but were healthy. Lungs somewhat con�gested, and sparely crepitant; otherwise healthy. Pleurts healthy Pericardium and heart healthy. The cavities 01 the latter contained black oongllla. There were no jietechuc. Peritoneum healthy, hirer and gall bladder healthy. Spleen and kidneys also healthy. Rumen and reticulum perfectly healthy. Abomasum somewhat conlaquo;ested in palebcs, but not distinctly nnliealthy.

A large number of the folds of the omasum were the seat of disease. The disease occupied the five edges exclusively. Sometimes a single patch existed in a fold sometimes two. They occupied the edge to the extent Of Irom :, inch to about an inch and a half, and extended thence into the folds to a depth of (Vom ball' an inch to about an inch, presenting a somewhat sinuous and irregular, but abrupt, lino of separation from the adjoinina healthy portions of the fold. The patches consisted mostly of blackened gangrenous tissue, covered with a thick lumpy adherent deposit of dirty yellowish-brown material, which

Dr. liristowo.

Keport to

Cominisbionors.

with srimll extravasations. Heart otherwise healthy.

Peritoneum healthy. Liver healthy. Kidneys 'healthy Spleen pulpy, but otberwisp healthy.

(Esophagus healthy.

'I he�rst three stomachs were perfectly healthy.

The abonutsum was generally more congested than natural; and about its central part the surface was studded \vitli a few patches of congestion, a little more intense than thot of t'ne snrmumling surface.

The ctecim presented a few spots of congestion, but was otherwise healthy, J whs and rectum healthy.

Other parts of large intestines and small intestines not examined.

The body of the animal was in an early stage of dc-rmiiposition j hut there was nothing particularly unhealthy-looking in the characler of the flesh. There was no eniphysenia.�J. S. 11.

Q 3

118

AITUNDIX TO THIUlaquo; UKl'OHT OF

Dr. Hristowc.

Report tlt;gt; OommtssioniTSi

probably consisted in jiart of food, in part of epithelium mixed probably with other exudation from the mucous membrane. Some of these were breaking down and becoming separated. There was little or no congestion of the folds ; but it seemed probable that the black discolouration, spoken of above, was, in part at least, the remains of congestion. Some of the least diseased patches had an ashy grey colour.

The ciecmn was rather deeply congested, especially in patches, and in some of these the epithelium had become granular.

The duodenum and upper part of theje/immnwere healthy, or nearly so. The lower part of the jejunum and upper part of the ileum, for a length of many yurds, were studded thickly with deep red and black snots, circular, and from a line in diameter downwards. These studded indifferently the substance of the mucous membrane and the sub-mucous tissue. The lower four yards of the ileum were intensely congestedj the mucous membrane being pulpy and dec]) red, and thickly marked with minute vessels. The contents of this portion of the bowel con�sisted almost entirely of decomposed blood, part of which was in the form of clots. The ascending colon was also con�siderably congested, but the rest of the lurr/e intestines was tolerably pale and apparently healthy.

The flcsk and fat of this sheep were in good condition, and there was no emphysema.

Under the microscope the petcchial spots in the small intestines were found to consist of injected vessels. The black spots were made up of rounded and irregular masses of black pigment.

The sloughing patches of the omasum presented large numbers of cells resembling pus cells, and much epithelium, more granular than that of the healthy parts of the folds. The tissues presented a brownish tint, more or less deep, according to the thickness of the, mass examined. Probably this was due to some modification of the colouring matter of the blood, but no distinct blood elements were recognized,

�J. s. u.

(4,'l.) Sheep (Male) exposed to infection.�Examined

November 21st, 18�5. Royal Veterinary College. The lips, tongue, palate, and rest of oral cavity, fauces, and pharynx were all perfectly healthy. Larynoc healthy. The trachea contained a large quantity of frothy mucus; and along its anterior aspect, especially towards its lower part, the smaller vessels (chieily between the trachcal rings) were much injected. Pleura healthy. Lungs somewhat congested, and containing very little air. The bronchial tubts were uncongested, but to their smallest ramifications were Adl of frothy fluid. Pericardium healthy; but there were a few petechial spots at the base of the heart. The heart itself was firm and healthy, and the cavities contained a little dark-coloured coagulum.

Peritoneum healthy. QSsophagits healthy. The contents of the rumen were rather fluid ; and the mucous membrane presented in one or two places a pink blush ; but in other respects both this and the reticulum were healthy.

The omasum was generally healthy; but the free edges of two of its folds, for a length of a quarter of an inch, and to a depth of half a line, were very distinctly congested, and slightly thickened.

The ahomasum contained a good deal of almost fluid contents ; its mucous membrane was generally somewhat pale, or presenting only faint diffused patches of congestion ; but in addition to this, most of the folds were somewhat deeply congested, and the congested patches were either covered with a little adherent granular-looking lymph, or presented slight excoriation from the detachment of this lymph ; the portions of folds most deeply congested were also thickened. The congestion varied in character, forming in some places irregular patches and rings of small size, which had coalesced more or less completely, in others forming nearly uniform tracts of some extent. The granular and excoriated condition was observed chiefly on the latter patches�the patches, that is to say, which were largest, and in which the morbid processes were most ad�vanced. The same changes were observable, though in a somewhat less degree, in the intervals between the folds. The lower part of this stomach was nearly, if not quite healthy.

The duodenum, commencing at about a couple of inches from tile pylorus, and for a distance of about half a foot, was much congested. The ramifications of the minute vessels were very distinct.

There were a few patches of congestion at the proximal extremity of the cfecum, and one or two in the ascending colon., but the rest of the large intestines was entirely healthy. The smntl /fl/ra/iraquo;.� were healthy, except that tbey presented here and there arborescent patches til'congestion. The finer was pale, and somewhat mottled and indurated ; and the ducts throughout the organ were hard and thickened.

The spleen was healthy. Kidneys rather largo and un�usually pate, especially in their cortical substance.

Urinary bladder healthy and empty,

Brain healthy.

The flesh of this sheep was perfectly healthy. There was no emphysema.�J. S. 1$.

(4-1.) Goat examined at the Albert Veterinary College, December 2d, 18(i5. Died November 29th, 1866.

There was no eruption about the udder or teats, or else�where on the skin. The udder contained a quantity of healthy-looking milk, which was healthy looking also under the microscope. The flesh of the animal looked healthy.

The interior of the lips, the gums, the tongue, and the rest of the cavity of the mouth and fauces, together with the wsophayns, were all healthy.

The larynx and trachea were a little congested, but on the whole healthy. The lower part of the trachea was the most decidedly congested part of the tube, and contained a considerable quantity of frothy mucus. The lungs contained very little air, and were soinewhat congested, especially behind; in which latter situation were a few small carnified patches. In other respects the lung tissue was healthy. The bronchial tubes contained throughout a good deal of frothy mucus, but were themselves healthy-looking. The vessels of the lungs contained much coagulum. The jdeurce were healthy, with the exception that under the parietal pleura, on the upper part of the left side, there were some patches of extravasation.

'Vhe pericardium was healthy. The heart was firm, and both its auricles and the right ventricle were distended with dark-coloared coagulum. The left ventricle contained a small quantity of similar coagulum. There were some petechial spots at the base of the heart behind, but none in connexion with the endocardium.

Peritoneum healthy. The contents of the rumen and reticulum were soinewhat dry and abundant, and the epithe�lium universally soft and easily detached. Some parts of the mucous membrane presented a faint pink tinge, but the organs seemed healthy. The omasum was perfectly healthy; the contents were soft. The folds of the abomasum were decidedly congested ; and the congestion on and about some of them was markedly patchy. There was a little congestion also immediately above the pylorus. The con�tents were very fluid.

The liver was healthy ; the gall bladder full of healthy-looking bile. Spleen pulpy, but, otherwise healthy. Kid�neys congested, but healthy-looking.

The contents of the intestines, both large and small, were like thin pea soup. The large intestines were in the greater part of their extent healthy; but towards the lower part there were a few longitudinal reddish black streaks, corre�sponding to the prominences of the longitudinal folds ; and throughout the ascending colon there were the same ap�pearances in a somewhat more marked degree. The coecum was very deeply congested; the congestion being intense, and nearly uniform, towards its blind extremity, but be�coming irregular and patchy towards its junction with the colon. The walls of the coecum were somewdiat thickened, and there were patches of congestion in connexion with the peritoneal surface of its free extremity.

There was an invagination of the coecum within itself, involving its free extremity only, to the extent of about two inches. This invagination was readily rectified; it evi�dently could not have existed long before death, nor could it have impeded in any way the passage of fa-cal matter. It may, however, have increased, though it could not have entirely produced, the congestion which was discovered in the ccecum. I suspect it had no share in producing the symptoms under which the animal laboured; but was itself the result of some irregular action in the part, induced by pre-existing disease there. The margins of the ileo-cmcal orifice were very deeply congested.

At a distance of about a couple of inches from this point, the colon presented a patch about an inch in diameter, and irregularly circular, in which the; mucous membrane was blackened) presented a honeycomb appearance, and was studded on the surface with patches which looked like adherent lymph. About a foot lower down the intestine, was a second patch, as nearly as possible identical with this in appearance.

The mucous membrane of the upper half of the small intestines was almost uniformly black. The blackness presented on close inspection a powdery appenranec, and was evidently due to the presence of some pigmentary matter in the substance of tiic mucous membrane. This appearance diminished towards the lower part of the jejumnn, and was wholly absent from the ileum. Peyer's patches were also blackened, but otherwise healthy.

There was deep congestion of the mucous membrane immcdiatclv inside the anus.

ii I

THE CATTLE rLAOUR COMMISSIONEKS.

119

The uterus contained two fictuses, probably about two months old. The uterus and its cotyledons were quite healthy. So also were the foetuses.

The vayina seemed healthy, except that the os uteri and its neighbourhood were congested. Urinary bladder empty and healthy.

The bruin was somewhat congested, especially on the surface and in the choroid plexuses, but was otherwise healthy. Spinal cord healthy.�J. S. li.

(40.) Kid. Aged o months.�Examined at the Albert Veterinary Oollego. Dec. 8rd, 18(i�.

No appearance of rush about teats or elsewhere. Flesh healthy-looking.

Lips, (/urns, tongue, and roof of mouth, fauces, and pharynv healthy. Larynx and trachea and bronchial tubes healthy. No excess of mucus. Lungs crepitant generally ; left more congested than right; and scattered on the surface of the lower lobe of this were a few small patches of earniflcation. Pleura; healthy. Pericardium and heart healthy ; no petechial spots. The cavities were full of durk-coluured coBguluin,

Peritoneum healthy. (Esophagus healthy. Rumen and reticulum full of natural and rather dry food. Epithelium soft. Surface of mucous membrane somewhat pink. The omasum contained also rather dry food in moderate quan�tity, but was itself perfectly healthy. Epithelium soft. Abomasnm pinkish, but healthy ; contents mostly fluid. Duodenum and jejunum healthy-looking, but presenting oceasioual black pigmentary deposits, which tended in some parts to assume the shape of small rings. The ileum was uniformly and rather deeply congested, from its commencement to within a foot of the coecum; but its walls were not thickened, and there was no appearance of any inflammatory change. Peyer's patches showed the con�gestion perhaps more markedly than other parts, but in other respects they were healthy.

The ileo-ctccal orifice in its whole circumference was tumid and almost black with congestion; and at one point was a small ulcerated patch, from which hung a shred of yellowish slough, about a quarter of an inch in length. The free extremity of the cacum presented a few bands of congestion, but generally the organ was natural. At about an inch from the ileo-euecal orifice, in the ascendiny colon, was an oval patch about ;{ inch in diameter, which seemed to be a Peyer's patch, but presented no marks of disease; and about a foot lower down the gut was an oval patch, about three-quarters of an inch by half an inch, in which the mucous membrane was partly tumid and deeply congested, partly excavated, and from which protruded a pulpy, yellowish, irregular slough, about a line in thick-UCSS. The rest of the colon was healthy. The termination of the rectum, immediately within the anus, was congested. The small intestines in their whole length contained a thin milky fluid, as also did the ccecum. The same kind of fluid in smaller quantity was observed in the large intes�tines. No solid feces.

Iiiver and spleen quite healthy. Gall bladder distended with healthy bile. Kidneys and supra-renal capsules healthy. Bladder empty; quite healthy. Uterus healthy. Vayina much congested in the neighbourhood of the vulva; and round the margins of the orifice the epidermis was soft, flaky, and partly separated.

Under the microscope, the milky fluid in the intestines was found to contain an abundance of intestinal epithelium, in single cells and in flakes; but there was no evidence that it consisted of gruel, on which the animal had been latterly fed.

The pigmentary matter in the small intestines was found to consist chiefly of small scattered masses of black amorphous material.

The sloughs in the large intestine presented, besides traces of cellular tissue, numerous cells or nuclei, as nearly identical in their appearance as possible with pus-cells.�J. S. B.

iVolt;lt;?.�The two goats, the post-mortems of which have, been recorded � above, were two out of several goats belonging to a eowkcepcr at Islington. He had during the previous month or two lost about .30 cows by the cattle plague; and of these, 10 or 11 \yerc new stock, which had been attacked and died quite recently, the last of the series having been removed from the shed on the 27th November. The goats had lived in the cowshed during the whole period of the prevalence of the cattle plague in it, and

seemed to have enjoyed perfectly good health. But on thu morning of the 2i)th, four of them seemed ailing, and did not tuke their food readily j in the afternoon they were decidedly worse, and refused all food. In the evening the goat died which was lirst exatninod. The others continued ill the next day, and then seemed to get better. The kid died rather suddenly on the morning of December 2nd. Immediately after the last cow had been removed, all the dung and other offensive matters were taken away, the shed was purified, and chloride of lime was employed,�the goats remaining in the shed during the whole process. But they had undergone precisely the same ordeal on former occasions.�J. S. 15.

(-16.) Deek.�Examined, December 20th, I8G5, Albert Veterinary College. Mouth, fauces, and pharynx, and the parts connected therewith, quite healthy; except that the tonsils were enlarged, and full of tubercular matter. CKsophayits healthy. The posterior part of the larynw, and especially that below the uryt;ciioid cartilages, was congested, and presented points and streaks of submucous extravasation. Trachea in its whole /length deeply congested. Bronchial tubes also deeply congested. Lungs in an advanced state of tuber�cular disease. Pleuree generally healthy, but presenting some adhesions. Pericardium heeithy. Heart healthy; no endocardial ecohymoses j the right ventricle contained' fibrmous coagula. Bronchial glands enlarged, and full of tubercular matter.

Peritoneum healthy. Liner congested, and rather firm. Gall-bladder full of bile. Spleen pulpy. Eumm and reticulum. healthy; contents natural. Omasum healthy. The ahomasum was but little congested, and the con�gestion was limited to the upper half of the organ ; but throughout the remaining half were numerous irregular shallow depressions, to some of which blackish looking sloughs adhered. In some cases these sloughs still occupied the whole of the diseased patch j in others they had become partly detached. These exactly resembled the depressions and the sloughs frequently observed in the ahomasum of oxen dead of the cattle plague. They were all, however, small; none measuring more than J inch in diameter.

The ceecum. and adjoining part of the colon were deeply congested, the congestion forming for the most part numerous longitudinal, streaks. The remainder of the larye intestine, including the rectum, was healthy Ihe duodenum, from the pylorio orifice, and the rest of small mtestines, excepting only two or three short tracts were uniformly and deeply congested; and the mucous membrane was reduced to a pulp, to the surface of which a quantity of bloody mucus adhered. Contents of small intestines fluid, and generally tinged with blood; those of the large intestines free from blood, and, except in the coecum, scanty and tolerably natural. Kidneys congested ; healthy.

There was extensive tubercular disease of themesenteric glands ; but there were no tubercles in any of the abdominal viscera.

'Nw.�esh of the animal seemed healthy. There was no emphysema, No eruption was detected on any part of the skin.

Microscopical examination .�The sloughs in the abomusum were found to involve the whole thioknes� of the mucous membrane, which at the sent of sloughing had become much reduced in thickness (I'late XXV. c.) The sloughs themselves consisted in great measure of cylindrical bodies Of a reddish-brown tint, which seemed made up of refrac�tive angular masses. Few, if any, healthy tubules were discovered in the substance of the sloughs; but, most of the cylindrical bodies above described occupied the situa�tion of tubes, and evidently were tubes in an abnormal condition. None of these brownish cylinders gave any clear indication of epithelial contents. .Sonic of them however, contained in their interior small roundish bodies' which were probably more or less altered blood cells. 1 could' not feel sure' that the tubes in which these were discovered were not altered blood vessels. There was a good deal of black giMiiubir matter scattered irregularly about the tissues, in the intervals between the diseased follicles The neotthy tubules of the honlthy mucous metnbrimc were much larger in diameter than the cylinders which have just been described.�J. S. I).

JJr. Ilristown.

Etoiiort to

i 'uinuiissioiici's

\lt;

Q 4

120

APPENDIX TO 'rillRD UEPOUT OF

(C.) in tlie upper left-hand coiner of tlic top ftpacc means tlmt the animal took the disease by Omlaglon.

Inoculatiov,

IN THIS 'I'Alll.'I.All I'oKMSCl)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;,.(/�;

x sigiiities that the organ or tissues ngttinst whloli it is placed were found to be healmy.

Dr. Bi-istowo.

Kcport to Conumssionoi's.

Cow. (1.) 6 days ill. Dlocl.

Cow. (3.) fl daylaquo; ill. Died.

Cow. (li.) 7 days ill. Died.

liL'1,1.. (4.)

ci dayraquo; ill, Died.

Cow. (5.) ill over4days. Died.

Nervovb Svstksi Eyes -Nose -

Lips ami Gcsis

iToxorn

j I'Al.ATK I'ltAliV.NX -

j (ESOI'llAGUS

I La in-nx

Aplitha-hko exeoriatioH ami fonyestion.

A few congested excoria�tions at liaek.

Aphtlia-lifce apott -

nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(

I | AplUhmisexcorhtlom} #9632; j f and coHitt'siioii.

. \)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

Apliflmns excoria-' iionsaiuleonucslion.

Aphthnuft /ion und tion.

excona

COIlffOS'

A few congested excoria�tions on pillars.

Studded with linear no-

euriaiUms.

Congestion, snbmncmis cxtravasuf-iOit-A, fjrantt' lav i'pUIu-Uttiti, lice-murrlid'je.

Tnhcrcte of meal eonls: othLTWtse x

Congestion, sithmucmts Intense congestion, extravasations, he�morrhage : lymph-like exudation.

Deep congest ion; sab-mucous extmvasations: extravasation into mus�cles of larynx; lieemor-rhage, and lymph-like exudation.

Congestion, suhmueous luemorrltage, and into trachealis. JJlood and mucus in tubes*

Spots of suhmueous ex�travasation. Blood and muciis in tubes.

Tu ac: in: a

SiiliummKS lucmorrlmrje in sputs. ISluuil ami mucus.

Slitilit congestion; n Jl-ii: spots oj'rnnjiastioji and cvtrm'ftsathn.

A little congested: im ndliercnt lilm of exu�dation : mneh frothy JUiiil.

X amorous luemorrhayic .spots, much frothy Jluitl. some macus and 'blood.

Inierlolmlar emph use-ma, congestion, sonic eedoma.

Congestion and siilnm-COUS hamorrhage, lue-iiiori'hage into tra-ehcalis. Coagnla,

Spots of suhmueous ex�travasation. Clots of blood anil nuicus.

Interlohular emphyse-ma: congested, a little collapse.

liROxcitiAi. Trin'.� #9632; Snhmmrms luenorriam The larger ones spotted

#9632;in spots.

eus.

Mucli luu- with congestion ami snbmncous hcemor-

LUNliS

rhage.

#9632; I fnterlohiilarenplnjscim:] Inicriohnlaremphjisena: \ congested.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I soinocollapao: tirberele.

Intcrlobnlar emphysema, congestion, carniflea-tion.

IlEAUT

#9632; \ iTiemorrlinficmuicflin- ! Eaaiorrhagetmlerlin-I inlt;/of left teutriele: in;/m.of left ventricle: olherwise xnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;otherwise x : cavities

Avitii lai'KC clots.

Htcmorrlmge under lin�ing nionihrane of left ventricle: flabby.

Wemorrliage under lin�ing membrane of Iqft veiUrielo: flabby.

Sttbtmiooits peteehice, and vibices over heart.

Ila-morrliagc under lining membrane iif left ventri�cle. Flabby, contents partly elot, partly fluid.

Suhseroiis extravasation at base of heart.

Pbmoakdivm #9632;

Bl.OOD Vbssbls #9632; Blood - -

Lymphatics #9632;

PEKiroxnuxt Livi�ii -

i Pali-, soft, x . G. li. full of hcaltliy bile.

Coloured elots ill anta I and largo vessels.

Bronchial glands con-ycsteil.

Rather soft, x. G. B. full of healthy bile.

Bather soft - - -

Numerous and large

patches of tissue more

or less adimnced in

slonghing:contents x.

31.

Hloughiug ulcers mid perforations: contents scanty.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^f.

Sloughy ulcers -near py�lorus and at edges of folds: contents lluid.

Uronchial glands con-gested.

Pale, soft x. G. B. full of healthy bile.

Rather small and soft -x

x Contents natural.

Natural contents.

Contents fluid.

Tale x

Small ducts thickened : gallbladder full of thin bile.

SrLiiEif - � - ; A little soft -

| Rumen ahd Ruticu

Tracts of congestion, with adhesion of epithelium to some of muscular bands, contents natural.

Contents abunctntit,

soft.

tun:.

A few patches of circum�scribed congestion and slonghing.

Patches of congestion with deeply congested points: contents fluid.

Omasum

A little diffused conges�tion i contents dry.

Congcstcil, vilh patefies and splits qf deeper congestion; licalail ex�coriations! fluid eon-tents.

Tracts of s%Iit confrcs-tion.

Somewhat conBCstcd -

Somewhat coiiBCStctl #9632;

Somewhat congested �

Contents normal. Some congestion.

Abomasum

Small Isxksiibeb

Cfficujt Colon-

Rectum

Congested here and there.

Congested

Somewhat congested -

longitudinal hands of congestion.

]}cep congestion, patch es of suhmueous extra�vasation, prolapsus.

Deeply congested.

Lower part congested.

Congested

Intense congestion' with suhiitucous

Congested

i travasation.

Anus - - - -Contents ot Dowels Kidneys -

Bladder -

SliKlit conffostion

One congested. One pale, x.

A few patches of conges�tion, a little urine : ure�thra congested.

x emiity

x half a pint of urln

Uterus axd Ova�ries.

Vaoina

Containing a slightly de-compoHdd foetus.

A litllccongested, a little submueoiis extravasa�tion on lower part.

A little congested.

Slight eonRcstlon

Deeplycongcstcd,with | patches of snbmn-} cons extravasation | aplitha) of vulva. '

Vulva

MaleOhoaxs �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - j

Musci.ks � �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^x

CellclarTi.^i'JEnbsp; nbsp; - JCmphymnu in loins

Much eniphmejna, espe�cially intoins.

Much emphysema, espe�cially in mediastina.

ICmphysema Una,

in medial'

Skin -Uddur

Somewhat decomposed.

Somewhat e'ecomposed.

Ux'¹ Oct. 20, II. V. 0,. a few hours after death.

Kx'i Oct. 21, It. V. C.

ViX' Oct. 22, B. V. C.

Kx'i Oct. 23, R. V. C, a few hours after death.

Esc¹ Oct. 2 U',. V.O., ft hours after death.

THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

121

------ Signifies that the organ or tissues against which it is placed were not examined.

Italics are meant to indicate seventy of disease.

M or m placed in the corner of any compnrtment refers to a written microscopical description,

this Tabuiah Fokm.

Dr. Uristowc.

Report to Couiim�tiioners

Cow. lt;0.) 5 days 111. Died.

Cow. (raquo;.) S days ill. Died.

Calu. (8.) Odayalll. Died.

Bull, (0,) 6 days ill. Died,

Cow. (10.) 0 days ill. Bled.

Nhrvo�b Systim Eyhs -Nose -Lirs amraquo; Gvms

TONGUIS

PAXA.TS

PlIAEYNX -

(EsoriiAauB

IiAEYNX -

Conjunctivio congested.

AjiMhons thickening ' V of epithclinm, and] I cvcorintlon: slight] 1 eovyestion.

F/pithcUmn granular in upper half.

Very slight rongestioii, a llliu of exudation.

Aphthous thickening of epithelium, ex�coriation and con-gestion.

Aphthous afTootion, with congestion and-* excoriation.

Aphthous thickening qf epithclinm; ex�coriation and con�gestion.

Aphthous exconaiions.

Congestion, excoriation, iL'e. at back.

Jgt;ecp congestion : sub. mucous haniorrhage; lucmorvliagCt lymph-like exudation: e.vira. vasation into -imtscles of larynx.

Deep congestion; �ifi-mucous extravasation, and into trachealis.

A littlo excoriation, amp;c. above,

Slijchtly congested : a httlo adherent exuda�tion.

Intense congestion; snh-mucms heemorrhage, and into muscles of larynx; ofl'usion of blood.

Intense congestion: snh-mucotts )tlt;Bmorrham, and into trachealis: ell'usion of blood and lymph.

Congested excoriations, tf-c.

largo bolus of food about orilico of larynx x.

Adherent film of lymph I congestion, and sutmu-cous haimorrhago of emry part: e.ffusion of blood into muscles.

Deep congestion : snbmu-cons cxtravasalion: hee�morrhage into trachea�lis. Ull'nsion of Mood,amp;c. into trachea.

Congested: submncous ex-travascdion. Mucus and blood in tubes.

Interlolndar emphysonm : congested.

Teachea -

Spotty oovffesHon above; gonora] #9632; igt;iiik tinge: much frothy fluid.

A littlo congested: much frothy fluid.

liEO NCHIAL Tteeb

LxlNCiS

PlEUElaquo; HEAET

Pericasdium -

Biood Vessels Biood

LYMrHATICS -

Peritoneum #9632; Liver

SriEEif

Etimen ahd Reticit-

I,[JM.

Omasum Abomasd-m -

Smail Iniebtikes

CfliCUM COLOIf

REOTtia -

Awus -

Contents ob Bowels Kidneys -Biaddek -

Uterus and Ova�ries.

Vaqina

Vulva

Male Ob�ans -

Muscles -Cellular Tissch

Skik �

Udder

A litt-lo frothy mucus.

hiterlolmlar emphysc-im: slight oedema.

Blood-stained only; a little thin serous fluid.

A trace of interlolmlar emphysema: a little congested.

A little pleuritis in loft.

Pale, flabby: cavities empty.

A little frothy mucus.

Sparely crepitant: canii-llcd spots.

Crepitant, congested: slight emphysema.

A little hasraorrhago under lining mom-bmne of left ventricle: cavities empty.

Flabby x

Flabby : cavities full of black coagula.

Eight lung attached by old adhesiom.

Decomposed x. Clots in all cavities.

Heeentporicardiiis, with submncous Juemor. rhage.

Clots in all largo vcssols-

G. B. full of healthy bile.

Pnln, containinp; a few librinous knots and many patches of ca�vernous tissue. G. B. full of healthy bile.

Very pulpy -

Decomposed, x . G. B. full of healthy bile.

Bccomposod, x. G. B, full of healthy bilo.

Contents normal -

A Jew dtscsof congestion and commencing gan�grene.

Patches of congestion: a Jew shallow sloughs; contents x.

Decomposed

Decomposed.

Contents normal -

Discs of inflammation and gangrene on two folds only: contents normal.

Numerous patches of congestion, and sonie of submncous extra�vasation ; contents natural.

Slight diffused redness only. x

Sonic difiusod redness.

Slight diffused redness -

Patches and spots of con�gestion.

Patches of congestion -

Congested at apex -

Longitudinal bands of congestion.

Congestion of prominent folds.

Two or three tracts of congestion.

Somewhat congested.

Deeply congested, x

Dccomposod.

Full of urine.

Deeply congested; a- ton. gitudinal ulcer.

Scarcely reddened -

Longitudinal streaks of congestion.

Deep congestion

x empty

x x

Somewhat congested -

A single patch of con�gestion : much urine.

Slightly congested

Decomposed x

x Full of urino -

Lower part congested

lower part congested, with suhmucous c.etravasa-tion.

Congested, aphthous.

Ileeply conncstod; aph�thous patches.

Epltlielium granular; slightly congested.

Emplilisema in medias-Una and neck.

No emphysema -

No emphysemraquo;

Emphysema about root qf lungs, and in medias-Una.

Frnphysema in mediasti�num and about kidneys.

Congested.

Ks'Oct, ai, B. V.O. Died evening before.

Dccoinposition.

Hx'^,Oct.20,R.V.C. Died same day.

Much decomposed.

Much decomposed. lix'iNov. 1,U, V,C-

Ex'gt; Oct. raquo;1, R, V. C.

Kx'iOct,31,R. V, C,

13J30.

�

122

APPENDIX TO THIRD BEPOUT OP

Dr. Bristowo.

Koport to

(JomuussioiuTS.

f(C.) in the upper left-hand corner of the top 3paco means that the animal took the disoasc by Contiujion.

Imwulation,

IN THIS TABUU.1t Vobh 4

L ( x ) signifies that tlio organ or tissue against wliioh it is placed wasjbnnd to be heulthj.

Cow, (11.) \ days ill. Dlod.

Cow. (12.) 0. 7 days ill. Died.

Cow, (13.)

Died.

Heu'eh, (14.) 5 days ill, Elect.

Heipek, (15.)

IlEU'EE. (10.)

4 days ill. Died.

5 days HI. Bled.

Nervous System Byes -Nose -Lirs and Gums

TONdUE

Palate

FnABYNX -

CEsopnAaus

LAKYNX

Aphthouso mori-ations, .

� Conoostionfixcovi-I ation, and thick-J cuing (if oj)ithe-I Hum.

Aphthous thicken-inn quot;f epitlm-limn, excoria�tion^ and con�gestion.

Aphtlmus excoria�tions, in. Thickening and ( sqflening ofepi-iltelimnj withlt; eongestion. m.

Aphlhous thicken�ing of cpitltc-I'mm, excoria�tion, and con�gestion, m.

Upper part aphthous, lower part x.

Congested: spots of extravasation : ad�herent exudation; early sloughing: small clots.

Congested, spots of extravasation: tra�chealis infiltrated with blood: mueli frothy mucus, m.

Aphthous thicken�ing of epithc-- limn, excoria--I tion, and oon-1 gestion.

Ajihthous thicken�ing of (pithe-Hum, excoria�tion, and conges�tion.

Deep congestion: mbmucous �o.*-travasationamp;nd info trachealis and htryngcul mnscles. Mood and mucus in tubes.

Much congested: ad-liercnt exudation.

Congested: lined with layer of exudation.

Congested

Slight congestion.

Congested: much frotliy lluid.

Teachea

CoiiKOsted: many points of submit-cous iKemorrliafjo; much frotliy lluid.

Conprestcd: much frotliy,mucus: tra�chealis hiJUtrated,

Lower quarter con�gested, with sub-mucous extravasa�tion, and heemo-rrhage into tra�chealis.

In right lung stud�ded with hamp;mo-rrhagic spots, and containing mucus and blood; in loft lung x.

Interlobular emphy�sema: congested, es. pecially right.

IJiioNcniAL Tubes

Coiijiosted: much frothy mucus.

Conpccsted: much frothy lluid.

Congested: mbmucous^ Congested : submv extravasations; sau- cons extravasation: guinolcut mucus. much frothy lluid.

Lungs -

Intcrlobular emphy�sema (?) : much dc-composod.

Slight interlobular emphysema: cance�rous tumours.

Some adhesions

Decomposed: extra�vasation under lin�ing m. of Uft ven�tricle: dccoiuposiiiK clots.

Congested, carnilled: no emphysema.

Congested, cropitant slight emphysema.

Some congestion x

PLEURiE HEAKT

Deoomposcd x ; some clots.

Flabby: clots in auri�cles; extriivasation beneath lining m. of left ventricle.

Plabby: extraeasa-tions under lining m. of lift ventricle ; cavitiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nearly

empty.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M

J'ctcehial spots at base of heart.

^Extravasations un�der lining^ memb.of left ventricle ; a lit-tlo blood in cavities.

Pctcchia) of papil. lary muscles of left ventricle.

Peeicakdum Blood Vessels -

KlOOD

Lymphatics Peeiton^bm -

LlVEE . . - -

Spleen

KuMEN AND UET1CU-

Decomposed x

Congested

Pale x ; gall bladder withalittlcthickisli bile.

Soft x . - #9632;

Patches ef circum�scribed congestion, with increased ad�hesion (f epithe-limn: contents x reticulum x. in

Numerous discs of congestion and eany gangrene contents x.

JPatclws andpoints of congestion; sluillow ulcers, some with adhering sloughs: contents bloody.

Jjeeplyconrestcdand bleeding,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nt.

Congested

Gall bladder full of healthy bile.

Decomposed x

Rumen somewhat congested : roticu. lum x.

Eumon congested in patches: reticulum

Diffused congestion.

Omasum

Some diffused red�ness: afewoldper-/orations,

SliRht congestion about pylorus.

Nnmcrous discs of congestion.

A little diffused red�ness.

AUOJIASUJI �

Deeply congested, nu-merous points of ckepcr congestion.

Congestion of lower third, excoriations and ulcers.

Deep congestion, points (f deeper congestion : small sloughing ulcer. M.

Deep congestion, es�pecially of ilcum: slight hamioiTluigo,

Studded with con�gested patches.

Linear congestion.

Small Ihiestinbs -

Clt;ECUM

Colon. . . -

Eectum

Anus .... Contents oi? Howelb

KIDNEY'S -

Blaudek

Uteeus and Ovaeihilaquo; Vaoina

Vulva-

Male Oeoans -Muscles -Cellulai! Tissue

Points of congestion above: deep eonges�tion of ileum, with some hcemorrhagc.

Deeply congested

Ascending colon deeply congested : rest x.

Lower part deeply congested : mbmu�cous extravasation.

Intensely congested #9632;in tower parts.

Deeply congested

Ascending c. deeply congested: rest x.

Congestion, chiefly of lower part.

Congested

Blood and mucus in small intestines.

Lower part conges�ted.

Deeply congested, especially below.

Deeply congested.

Contents of small intestines milky.

Congested

Decoinpoaod x

Congested at lower part.

Congested, aphthous

Lower part conges�ted, with submit-cous extravasation.

Congested -

Lower part conges�ted.

Lining m. congested: empty.

Lower part congested

Congested

Coiigcsted,laquo;Hiraquo;jKcoi(raquo; cxirmasation.

No oniphysoma

No emphysema

No emphysoma

No emphysema

No cmphysoina

No emphysema, ex�cept a little In pos-terior mediasti�num.

Hkin -UODBB

Miiehdccomposod Mx'i Nov. 1,11. V,C,

Much decomposed J'k'¹ Nov. 1,11,. V,C,

Ux'i Nov. 5,11.0. V.

Ux'i Nov. 8, It. V. C.

Kx'¹ Nov. 8,11, V, C.

Ex'¹ Nov. 8,11. V. C.

TIIR CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISBIONERS.

123

-------signifleB that the organ or tisguc against -which it is placed was not examimi.

Italics are meant to indicate severiti/ of aisease.

M or m placed in the cornel' of any compartment refers to a written microscopical description.

. Ik this TAJiurAii Foim.

Dr. Bristowo.

lleport to Commissionors.

Caw. (17.) 6 days 111. Died.

Cow. (18.) 6 dnys ill. Died.

Cow. (19.) 7 days ill. Died.

Cow. (20.) 11 duys ill. Died.

Cow. (21.)

Slaughtered.

Nervous Sitsteji

Eyes -

Nose .

Lips and Gums

Tonoue

Palate Phabynx -

cesophaous Lakynx

Teaciika -

\Ajgt;kthous eotuliiion^ \ with cmigcstmi.

ApWmis affection and congestion.

Drain slightly congostod

Aphtliom thickening of epithelium, with excoriation and congestion.

Aphthous affection of

I epithelium, with cou-\

( gestion and excoriaA

Hon.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

Slight aphthous con. uition.

i¹! I

Apltthous affection and congestion.

Pinkish

First few Indies apli-thous.

Congestion, mimucons Some congestion with laquo;laquo;J extravasation, luuinor- mucous hamorrliage: rhago.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; adherent exudation.

Sloughing, su/imncotis hamorrhaye; clot of blood in nma.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M,

Congested with some sub-mucous htemorrhage and into trachealis: mucus.

Congested, submucous ex�travasation; much mu�cus.

Slightly congested: ad�herent (Ihn of exuda�tion.

Slightly congested, a lit�tle suomucous extrava�sation! much mucus.

Congested points here and there: much mucus,

Pinkish, much frothy mucus.

Congested, spots of ex�travasation ; blood and mnens.

Congested, submneous hcemorrhage: blood nnd mucus In trachea.

Bkonciiial TUBE3

Congested, mucli fmthy | Congestion, snhmucous j Much submucous hcemor. mucus.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; hamorrhage; blood in rltage, especially in

tubes.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; smaller ones; blood

and mucus.

Luuas-

PlE�R-S

Heart

Pale, crepitnnt, some No eniphyseraa; deep patches of collapse.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; congestion.

Intei'lolndar emphysema: pale with some patches of collapse.

Interlohular emphysema: pneumonia,

Subserous hoomorrhago at roots of lungs.

Cavitios full of coagula.

Interlolmlar emphysema: pale.

Sub-endocardial extra�vasation in left ventri�cle', clots andJluid blood in cavities.

Subendocardial extrava�sation In loft voiitriclo: fluid blood in cavities.

Extravasations beneath lining m. of Iqft ven�tricle: empty.

Pericardium �

Blood Vessels #9632; Blood -Lymphatics Peritoiojum . Liter -

Bcchymoses on posterior surface of Iteart.

A few pctechito at base of heart.

Bcchymoses on surface of heart.

Ducts thiekened.livor other-wise x. Gall bladder full of bile.

Gall bladder full of healthy bile.

Large, indurated; imlh of duets thickened: gall bladder full of healthy bile.

Gall bladder full of nor. mal bile.

Spleen

kumen and reticu-

LUM.

Omasum Abomasum -Small Intestines -

C(I!CUM

Colon ....

Rectum

Anus . . . -Contekts op Bowels

Kidneys � Bladder -Uterus and Ovaries

Vagina Vulva -

Male Oroanh . MtrscuiH. Ciir.Lui.Aii Tissue

Skin #9632; Uddbr

Congested in tipper two-thirds.

Itumen slight congestion; reticuluni x.

Diffused tracts of con�gestion.

Slight, apparently old, atrection of edges of folds.

Slight general congestion, numerous shallow ul�cers.

Discs of congestion and of sloughing.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M,

Contents x.

Congested discs, caked contents.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Generally congested: two sloughy ulcers,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;m.

Slightly congested, a small ulcer or two.

Congested: numerous shal�low ulcers, afeio with sloughs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M,

Lower part congested

Slight congestion hero and there.

Intensely congested. Pey-er's patches excoriated, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M.

Deeply congested

Two or three patches of congestion,

A few patches lt;if conges�tion in ascending colon.

Patches of congestion

A few patches of slight congestion.

J'atehes lt;f deep conges�tion and submucous lus-morrhage,

Patches of deep conges�tion and submucous he�morrhage of ascending colon.

Pale.

Patches of eongestion in aseending colon.

Some congestion of ascend�ing colon.

Congested in lower part

Congested Clay-coloured and lluld.

Deeply congested, espe�cially beloto.

Congested

Thin yellowish milky lluld.

Deep congestion, espe�cially below.

Deep eongestion, especially below.

Congested ....

Bloody mucus in small in-tcs tines.

Deep congostlou

Fluid in greater nart of bowels, natural In rcc. turn.

Full of urine.

Enlargement of uterus, cavity full of bloody fluid: chronic disease?

Lower part congested -

Slight submucous liictn or rhago; empty.

Uterus enlarged

A. few patches of congestion on surface, olherwiso x.

Slightly congested: empty

Containing a decoiupnsing footus.

Congested above and he,. low.

Congested

Deeply congested Mow.

Congested, mueons mem. brano granular and ex. eorintcd.

Congested, cpUhelium granular.

Slightly congested

Slight congostion.

No emphysenm

No ('inpliy.Heinn

Emphysema of modias-tina.

Aliundaut cmpliNsemn qf mediaslina, awl about the kidneys.

Mmphyscma f\f medias�lina, and about kidneys.

No eruption -Congested, much milk

Scohby eruptions teals and udder.

about m.

Ex' Nov. 9, U. T. 0.

Kj'¹ Nov. 0,11, V. 0.

Ex'¹ Nov.lO.B.V.O.

W Nov. n, R. V. C.

Fj\* Deo. 4. CatlleMarkct,

11 2

124

AITENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

Dr. Bristowo.

Report to

'oliiinissiimiTS.

r (c

.) In the upper left-lmnd corner of the top space means that the animal took the disease by Contagion,

In this TA.BUiAn S

OKM^ (I.

)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Inoculation.

) signifies that the organ or tissue against which it is placed was found to be health}/.

Cow. (22.)

0. SlauKhtcrod.

Bullock. (23.) C.

Slauffhtored.

Cow. (2'i.) O.

Over 4 days ill. Died.

Heifer. (25.) 5 days ill. Died.

IlEIPER. (2(1.)

quot;� days ill. Died.

Cogt;v. (27.) 0 days ill. Died.

Cow. (28.) 8 days ill Died.

Kimrovs System

1�YE8 �

Nosh -

Lips and Gums

T�N�UK -

Palate Pkauynx -

tKsOl'HAQUS

Somewhat congested

Congested

Congested.

#9632;)SliKlit oxco-l i riation, amp;c. j

\ rmiik* /,laquo;7 f\SUgM aphthouttr ^\Migni apn'\ / ₆.₀,^i^_ow with)( #9632;;/-?-i?.laquo;^C0/quot; i f congestion, amp;c. }

J dinononty.\^)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; {)

Aphthous condi�tion, with con�gestion and ex�coriation. M. HeBmorrhagic points, and aphthous state (if upper part: aphtha of whole tube.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; m.

Congestion with spots of sub-mu�cous extravasation: adherent exudation. M. Congested: points of extravasation: much mucus.

Congested,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; with

points of submu-eous extravasation: much mucus.

Slight emphysema: congested.

Aphihous condl-(-( tion, with con-)\ gestion and ex-)

J coriation. M. K.)

Aphthous affec�tion, with con�gestion and ex coriation. m. A few aphthous spots

above.

\ f X

Aphthous affec�tion, with eon-Ocstion and ex�coriation.

Aphthous spots, es�pecially above.

LAItTNX -

Congested; adherent exudation.

1 Much congestion, I a few hcemor-rhagic spots: )#9632; much muco-purulent exuda�tion and frothy J fluid.

Congested: spots of

hamorrhage. Blood and mucus.

Slight emphysema, congested.

Much congested, with /nemor-rhagic points : much mucus and small clots.

Congested: Jicemor-rlutgic points; muens and clots.

Much emphysema: congested.

Trachea

Of a pinkish colour; much frothy inuous.

x Much frothy mucus.

Slight inter-lohular em�physema. A few hytlatids. x

Oongostion of apices of pap. muscles of loft veutriole: empty.

Slight congestion:

Hannorrliagic points belotv: much

frothy lluid. A few congested

points,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;much

frothy fluid.

Interlohular em�physema : conges�tion, collapse isomo hydatid cysts. x

IlfemorrJiage under linino m. of left ventricle,

Coagulft in cavities.

Congested; much muco-p urulent lluid

Bkoncuial

Tvues.

Slight congestion; muco - purulent lluid: some clots.

Slight emphysema and carnijication; congested.

Lungs

Pleur.;:

II KART

ffeemowhage under lining m. of left ventricle.

Heemorrhage under lining m. of left ventricle; flabby, a little coagulum. m.

Peteeheal spots at base, otherwise x

Much ecehymosis of lining m, of left ventricle. Flabby, decomposed, nearly empty.

Ecehymosis of lin�ing in. of left ventricle: flabby: a little lluid blood.

Pericakdium

Pctechiaj at l)a.se of heart, otherwise x

BliOOD VSBSBXa

Blood

Partly fluid, partly coagulated in larger vessels.

Bronchial and me-

senteric somewhat congested.

Generally dark and fluid.

Lymphatics -

PEEITONyTiUM -

Liver

A little congestion over great omen-tura, and over small intestines.

Firm, slightly cirr-

hosedt gallbladder

full of healthy bile.

Congestion and sloughs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M.

Contents x

Patches of conges�tion;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;contents caked.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; m.

Congestion, petechial spots, sloughs and ulcers.

Contents normal, m.

Congestion over small intestines.

Pale; ducts thick�ened: gall bladder full of bile. x

x (?)

Sonic hydatids

Pale but x. Gall bladder full of nor�mal bile.

Spleen Rumen and Be.

TICUL�M.

Omasum -

Contents x -

A little diffused redness: caked contents.

Congested: nu�merous shal�low ulcers.

Extreme patchy congestion and sub-mucous haemorrhage.

mfusion of blood into ca�vity,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Contents x - -

A little diffused con�gestion : contents hnrd,

Numerous sloughing ulcers.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;m.

Numerous congested spots: contents caked.

Much congestion:

luemorrhagic points: excoriations.

Contents x

Many spots of con-ffestio)i,onc or two beginning toslough Contents dry. M. Intense congestion

Atjomasum

Sloughs excoriations, petechial spots.

Slight conges�tion here and there.

Patches of con�gestion and

sub - mucous htoiiorrliaf/fi.

Patches qfcon-gestion and snh-muemts lucmarrhaqe in ascending colon. m.

Streaks of congestion hem and there.

Congestion with (in duodenum) sub-mucous extravasa�tion.

Congestion of ex�tremity and of valve.

Deep congestion of duodenum and jc-.'/laquo;laquo;mH;;ni.ni. pulpy, lie mil x

Little congestion -

Intense congestion: m. m. forming a pulp.

Deep congestion.

Small Ixtes

TIN Ed.

CtECUM

J)eep congestiomoith suo'faueous ha-

morrliage and es�cape of blood into bowel.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; m.

Deep congestion awl submucous ha-morrhago, chiefly in ascending colon.

A few points of con�gestion.

Colon

Congestion of as' cending colon.

Congestion in as�cending colon.

Honeycombed con�dition of Pcyer's glands.

Congestion j submn-

eous hamp;morrlmgc.

Contents like pea-soup.

Ascending colon rather congested.

Deep conf/cslion in ascending colon.

Uectum -

Anus -Contents Uowels.

Deep congestion qf loxocrpart.

Contents of large in-testinesprettynolid, but containing a little blood.

Congested - - -

Congested -Contents of rectum bloody.

Intense congestion -

Intense congestion -Like dirty pea-soup generally.

Contents of smiill intfls-tineslikedirty pea-soup,

V\md, not bloody.

Kidneys BliASDBR

Congested; some urine. Congestion, with sub-mucous extravasation of uretiira.

Submucous hamiorr-hage of neck, other�wise x

Congestion of lower half, with hmwrr-hagic points, m.

Congested, aphthous.

Congested.

Nearly empty.

Congested externally and within.

Lower half deeply congested.

Deeply congested.

Uteiius and

Ovaries.

Vachna #9632;

Vulva

MalmOhoans #9632;

Muscles -Cellular Tis�sue.

Skin - -Uboeb

Containing a foetus 3 months old, x

Congested below Congested - -

Slight conges-tion.

Slightly congested

J'hnpliysemain mediastina and lumbar region

Emphysema in wtff-

diaxdna.

No general eniphy-senm.

No emphysema

No general emphy�sema.

Impetigo-lihe erup�tion on udder and teats.

Congested, contain-ing BOino milk.

Emphysema about kidneys and nwdl-astinunt.

hnpetigolU'e erup�tion on udder and teats.

Congested

Skin of udder and touts I'm-fumceous and rosy.

Kx⁽¹l)n('. 4, Cat�tle.Market.

Kx'¹ Dec. 4, Cat tie Market.

Ex'raquo; Dec. 4, R.V.C,

Bilaquo; Deo, 15,11. V.Oi

Ex'']gt;ec,]7,U.V.C.

Much deeomposed.

ilx¹¹ Dec. 18, Col. Talbot.

Mueh decomposed

Kx'raquo; Dec. 18, Col, Talbot.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE OOMMISBIOMBKS.

125

-------signifies that the organ or tissue against which it is placed wa$ not examined.

Italics are meant to indicate severity of disease.

M or m placed in the corner of any compartment refers to a written microscopical description.

yin this Tabttlah Foum.

Dr. Bristowo.

Report to

Commissioners,

Cow. (29.)

Bullock, (so.) � days ill, Died.

Cow. (31.) 0 days ill. Died.

Cow. (32.) I. Convalescent, Slaughtered.

Cow.

(33.) Died.

I Heifer. (31.) ' UKIPBB. (86.) C.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I C.

(J days ill. Died, (i days ill. Died.

3daysill(?) Died.

NexivousSybtkm Eyes -Nosk -

Lips and Gums

Tonoue -

Palate -

Piiarykx -

(EsopnAOus *

Larynx -

Congested

Somewhat congested Congested

Deeply congested, tumid.

Congested

Slifiht aphihous affection, with congosHoti and excoriation.

Aphthous affec�tion, toith con�gestion and ex�coriation, M.

Aphthous affection

and excoriation, Aphthous affection

of tip and base. _Ap/ithous condition

of posterior

part. Congested, slight

aphthous condi'

tion. Aphtheo in upper half.

Deep congestion, submucous ha* morrhage, slight hcemorrhage.

Deep congestion, spots ofsub-mncouti heemorrhage and into traehealis; blood and mucus.

Deep congestion, frothy mucus and clots.

Congested, much in-terlobuJar emphy~ sema.

Aphthous con�dition, conges�tion, excoria�tion, amp;c.,dough-ing ulcers on tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Aphthous con�dition, con�gestion, exco�riation, ct'C.

Slight, hut very dis�tinct aph�thous vou-dition^vith sliyht con�gest ion and excoriation

Slightly congested

Slight aphthous con�dition of upper part.

Congested

Some spots.

aphthous

Congestion, submu�cous hcemorrhage, exudation on sur�face.

Congested, some sub�mucous luemorr' hage.

Congested: ccdo. matous: petechial spots: excoria�tion. Filmof ex�udation.

Congested: traehe�alis injittrated: much secretion.

Trachea

SliKlitly con- | gestea: littlo so- i crction.

Congested, a few spots of suhmu-cons Jiamorrhage,

BRONCItlAT.

Tubes,

Slightly congested, littlo secretion.

Much frothy fluid.

Congested

Congested: much secretion.

Sliphtly congested;

sliyht emphysema.

LUNOS #9632;

Congested, some�what carnified; slight emphysema.

Crepifcant, not con�gested, emphysema.

Slight emphysema. Slight congestiyu

Pleurae Heart

IFremowkage under lining m. of left ventricle; nearly empty.

Soft flabby; dark clots in cavities.

Hcemorrhage under Iminy in. of left ventricle: soft clots in cavities.

Traces of liat-morrhage in muse. pap. of left ventricle.

Black coagulum in right ventricle, m.

Some fluid blood.

Pericardium' #9632; Blood Vessels Blood

Lymphatics -

PEltlTONJiUM -

Liver

Spleen Rumen and Ee-

ticulum.

Omasum �

Aromasum

Generally dark and �uid.

Partly fluid, partly coagulated.

Bronchial glands rather congested.

Small patches of congestion.

Palo; ducts thick' cned: gall bladder full of pale bile, x

Trrcffular patches of con oast ion in ru�men. Contents x

Patches of conges-

Hon. Contents x

Much congested, nu�merous petechial spots; a few e.vco-riallons; contents x

Some congestion throughout.

Congestion in patches

Pale, soft; gall blad�der full of normal bile.

Pulpy, decomposed -Patches of conges�tion in rumen and reticulum; con�tents x Patchy congestion. Contents dry.

Pale, soft; gall blad�der distended with thin bile.

Pulpy

Patches of conges�tion in rumen con�tents x

Much patchy con�gestion : contents dry.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Congested, spots of submucous hce�morrhage, excoria�tions: contents fluid.

Intense congestion and pulpy soflen-ing of in, m.

Congc�ted

Gall bladder not distended,

Gall bladder full of dark bile.

G. B. full of bile.

Slight congestion #9632;with commencing sloughs.

Much congested, ci�catrices, sloughing ulcers.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Contents normal.

Much congested

Excoriations in lower hatf.

Slight congestion #9632;

Small tines.

INTEamp;

Peyer'snbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;patches

honeycombed.

Somewhat congested

Slight congestion -Patches of congestion

Patches of congestion

Patches of slight congestion.

Congestion in lines

Patohos of con* gestiou,

COJCUM

Lips of ileo-ccecal orifice congested; otherwise x

Colon

Kectum -

Anus

Contents op Bowels. ;

Kidneys -

Bladder -

Uterus and Ovaiues.

Vagina

Vulva

Male Organs-

Muscles -

Cellular Tis�sue.

Skin Uddbr

Bands of congestion'

Congestion of as' cending colon.

Lower part congested

Ascending colon con�gested.

Loivcr part con�gested.

Slightly aphthous �

Mixed with blood iu ileum andccecuin.

Congestion in 1 inos along ascending colon.

Deep congestion -

Scarcely any conges�tion.

Scarcely any conges�tion. Natural -

Deeply congested below: a slojighing ulcer.

Like thin pea-soup #9632;

Fluid

Pea-soup like.

Congested

Congested : a spot of submucous ha?-murt'hago.

Uterus a littlo con�gested.

Much congested Congested, aphthous.

Pull of urine x

CoMtalning urine.

UtcriiH congested -

Lowor part alightly congested

Slightly congested -

m.m. of prepuce con�gested,

Very slight cougos-tion.

Nooniphysema.

Little fat.

Much scabb}/ eruption on neck ant I hack

No genoral emphy�sema.

Copious eruption, m.

Nninerons noy'a quot; bodies, m

No emphysema #9632;

Numerous quot;R/ii-ney's quot; bodies.

No emphysema.

No general omphylaquo; Bomolaquo;

Impctigo-Hlce erup�tion on udder and teats.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; M.

Congested

J'Jmphysema of me�diastinum.

Congestion of, and exudation. upon skin of buttock, m.

Impel igo'like tion.

crup-

At.

Sehaceons exuda�tion on neck only.

Furfnnuiooua condi tioiii

Congested #9632;

Kx'¹ Doc. 18. Col. Talbot.

Deoomposedi

Ex-i Deo. 20, A. V. C.

Decomposed.

Kx^l1 J)cc. 22, A. V, C.

B 3

Ex'¹ Dee. 2*2, A. V. C.

Kr' Dec. 27, at Stronach's.

Ex-¹ Jan. 18, A.V.C.

Bx^d Jan. 18, A. V. 0,

126

APPENDIX TO THIRD BEPORT OF

Dr. Brlatowo.

Beiiort to CoimiilsHloiiDl'raquo;.

{ (C.) in the upper left-hand corner of the top space means that the animal took the disease (1)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;n

( x ) signifies that the organ or tissue against which it is placed wai/uvnd to be healthy.

by Contagion,

Inoculation.


	SiiBur. (30.) raquo;days ill. Died.	Skeep. (37.) 3 days ill. Died.	Sheep. (38.) 11 days ill. Died.	SiiEEr. (30.)	Sheep. (40.) laquo;daysill. Died.	Sheep. (laquo;.) (i days ill. Died.
	SiiBur. (30.) raquo;days ill. Died.	Skeep. (37.) 3 days ill. Died.	Sheep. (38.) 11 days ill. Died.	Died.	Sheep. (40.) laquo;daysill. Died.	Sheep. (laquo;.) (i days ill. Died.
Neuvous Svstui	_	_	�	�	_	_
Eyes -	�	�	�	�	�	�
Nobk -	�,	�	�	�	�	_
Lips amd Gl'ms	X	X	X	X	X	X
Tonoue-	Fow granul�r spots at rooti	X	1 r �Aphtha-like spots. �lt;	Rack part slightly congested.	X	X
Palate	X	X	I	X	X	X
Phakynx	X	X	X	Vory slight conges�tion.	X	X
CESOPHAOUS	X	X	X	X	X	X
Labtnx1	Congested.	Slight congestion.	X	Congestion, espe-cittll]/ below. Congested; much	X	X
Tkaciiea	Covffested.	Cmgesfed; a little	X	Congestion, espe-cittll]/ below. Congested; much	X	Very slightly com-
		frothy fluid.		coagulura and some mucus.		gosted.
Bronchial Tijues -	Congested i contain-	Congested ; frothy	X	Blood stained; much	X	Congested j mucli
	ing clots.	sanguinolcnt fluid.		bloody mucus.	A little mucus.	frothy mucus.
LuNoe	Congested #9632;, some collapse.	Congested.	X	Congested; some	Congested.	Congested.
	Congested #9632;, some collapse.			jyubnonary apo-
				plexy.
PI.EUB/E -	X	X	X	X	X	X
IlEAKT	X	X	Extravasations un-	Extravasations un-	Plahby x	Extravasation un-
	Cavities full of coa-	Cavities full of coa-	der lining mem�brane of left ven-	der lining racm-brnno of left ven-	Full of dark clots.	der lining mem-
	gulum.	gula.	der lining mem�brane of left ven-	der lining racm-brnno of left ven-		hrane of left ven-
			^Wc?e,otherwi8ex.	tricle, otherwise x.		tricle ; small clots,
			Cavities full of	Dark blood in all
			coagula.	cavities.
Peeicahdidm �	X	X	X	X	X	X
Biood Vessels	_	_	_	�	_	_
Blood -	�	In largo vessels coa�gulated.	�	�	�	�
Lymphatics	�	�	�	�	�	�
Peeitoneum #9632;	X	X	X	X	X	X
LlTEB	X	X	X	X	Palo, x	X
Spleen -	X	X	X	X	Pulpy, x	X
Rumen and Ueti-	X	X	X	X	X	X
c�lum.
Omasum	Slight congestion at edges of folds.	X	X	X	X	X
Abomasuji	Somewhat con-	Slightly congested.	Suh-mncous conges-	Congcstioninpalchcs.	Congestion in	Slightly congested,
	gested ; contents		tion and extrava-		patches ; exuda-	X
	X		sation; nlcers hc-(finning.		tion on surface.
Small iNTESriKES -	A few patches of	Very slight conges�tion here and	X	_	_	_
	congestion. Atapc	Very slight conges�tion here and
	worm.	there. A tape worm.
CCECUM -	Congested.	A few spots of con-	Patches qf conges-	Spots of congestion.	Cmgesiion in	Slight congestion in
		gestion.	tion.		patches; emula�tion on. surface.	patches.
Colon	Longitudinal hands of congestion.	Very slight con-gt; gestion here and-	X		*^�	~~
Rectum	Longitudinal hands ofconRestion.	there.	X	X	X	X
Akts	X	X	X	X	X	X
Contents op Bowels	-	�	~	-	�	-
Kidneys	X	X	X	X	X	X
Bladder	X \ pint of nrinc.	X	X	�	� .	�
Uterus abb Ovaries	.,	..	X	.....	..	..
Vagina -			X	..
Vulva	.,	..	X	..		..
Male Oeoanb �		_		__	_	_w
Muscles	X	X	X	X	X	X
Cei.luiah Tissue	X	x	X	X	X	X
Skin	_		_	_	�	_
Udder -	..	..	..	..	..	..
	No decomposition.	Most of the viscera were raquo;oft from rapid dccompoRl-tion. Many pnrts were blood-stftlncd from same cause; and some laquo;f the blood contained bubbleraquo; of gas.	No decomposition.	1 Slight docompositlon		Organs soft from rapid decomposi�tion.
	l!hd.,Oct.!a,ll.V.O,	Exd._gt;Oet.M₎B.V.C.	Elaquo;l.,0cU(gt;,B,.V.O,	Exd.,0ct.31,^,B.V.0.	Exa.₎Oct.81₁R.V.C.	Exd., Oct. 31, R,V.O.
	a few hours after	a fow hours after
	death.	death.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

127

�� signiflca that tho organ or tissue against which it is placed was not examined.

Italics arc meant to indicate severity of disease.

M or m placed in tho corner of any compartment refers to a written microscopical description.

this TaduiiAK Forh.

Dr. Eristowo, Report to

Coiiiinissiotii'r.s.

SBBEr. (42.) 3 days ill. Diea.

Sheep. (43.) 4 days ill. Wed.

Goat. (44.) ' 1 day ill (P). Died.

Km, ajt 5 months. ('45.) 3 or 4 days ill. Died.

DUEK. (40.)

Died.

Nkuvous Svsiuji

Byes -

Nobb

Lira and Gums

Tomouu

Palate -

rilABYNX

(ESOPHAOUS � LAEYNX

Tbacuea

JiltOHCIIIAI, Tdbes I.UIfGS -

PlTOB-B HEAET -

Brain, x

Braiu congested, cord x

Slightly congested.

Slightly congested; uuicli frothy mucus.

Tonsils tuhcrcular, otherwise x

Slightly coiiBCstod.

Somewhat congestod; much frothy mucus.

Full of frothy fluid.

Congested.

Congested. Points of extravasation.

Deeply congested.

Much frothy mucus. Soiaoyliat congested.

Much fi'otliy mucus. Somewhat congested.

A fow carnilied spots.

Deeply congested. Advanced phthisis.

Some adhesions.

Potochioo at apex of left, otherwise x

Black coagula in all

cavities.

A little dark coloured clot.

Cavities full of coagu-lum.

Cavities full of coagulura

Fibrinous coagulum, right ventricle.

pbricaedium

Blood Vessels Blood . . . .

Lymphatics - - .

Pebitoneum

Lived ....

Spleen

Rumen and Eeii. culum.

Omasum Abomasum .

Small Intestines

Ccecum . . . . Colon . . . .

Ill�CTUM . . . .

Anus . . . . Contents op Bowels

A few petcchlal spots at base.

Petechiro at base of heart, otherwise x

Bronchial and mesen-tericglands tubercular, j

Subserous lumnorrhage at apex of cajcum, otherwise x

x �.B.full of healthy bile.

Pulpy.

Contents dry.

x Contents soft.

Congestion; contents fluid.

G.B. full of healthy bile.

Palo; indurated.

Congested and firm. G.B. full of bile.

Pulpy.

Slouffhinff of/olds,

Somewhat congested in patches.

Slight eircumsoribed congestiou of edges of folds.

Patches of congestion, with exudation on surface, and excoria�tion.

Deep congestion, cf duo�denum.

Contents natural.

x Contents dryish,

x Contents fluid.

lloum congested.

Contents. x

Sloughs and excoriations. M.

Deeply congested in lower part.

in.

Congested in patches.

Upper half very black, otherwise x

Intense congestion and sqftening of mucous membrane.

Congested deeply.

A few patches of con�gestion .

A fow patches of con�gestion In ascending colon.

Patchy congestion ; In-vagluation.

Slight congestion. 1'wo sloughy excoriations.

Slight congestion.

Congested. Pea-soup like.

Sloughy ulcer at ilco- i coooal oriilce; conges�tion of ccecum.

Sloughy ulcer in ascend�ing colon.

Couffcsiion of aseendiuf/ colon.

Deep congestion of as-cending colon.

Hfemorrhaffe into small intestines.

Congested. Like gruel.

In small intostines tinged with blood; in largo, normal.

Congested, x

Kidneys Bladdeb

TJtebus and Ovaries

Pale, x

x Kmpty.

Congested. Empty, x

Two foetuses, two months old; os uteri cougestod.othorwiso x

Empty, x

Vaoina -Vulva -

Male Ouoans Muscles Oellulab Tissue Skin Uddeb .

Congested. Bpitheliimi granular.

No rash.

x Ilealthi/ milk. m.

Btd., Nov. 7, U.V.C.

M., Nov. II, R.V.C.

llxd., Doc. 2, A.V.O., throe days after death.

Bid,, Dec, it, A.V.C., one clay after death.

l{xd.,Dcc.20, A.V.C.

R 4

Description of Drawings on Plates I. to XXI, and XXVII, XXVIII.

Plate I.�Skin of the udder, showing eruption.

Plate II.�Skin of the perinreum, showing eruption.

Plate III.�Lips and gums, showing aphthous condition.

Plate IV.�Tongue and throat, showing thickening of epithelium with excoriation and congestion.

Plate V.�Roof of mouth, showing excoriations.

Plate VI.�CEsophagus with lower part of pharynx, show�ing aphthous condition.

Plate VII.�Smooth portion of rumen, or first stomach, showing sloughs in process of separation.

Plate VIII.�Papillary portion of rumen, or first stomach, showing sloughs.

Plate IX.�A fold of the omasum, or third stomach, show�ing patches of congestion.

Plate X.�A fold of the omasum, showing the formation of sloughs.

Plate XI.�A fold of the omasum, showing the separation of sloughs and cicatrization,

Plate XII.�Pyloric extremity of abomasum, or fourth stomach, showing congestion, with points of sub-mucous haemorrhage.

Plate XIII.�Pyloric extremity of abomasum, showing sloughs.

Plate XIV.�A. Fold of abomasum, showing sloughs.

B. Pyloric extremity of abomasum, showing cicatrices.

Plate XV.�Duodenum, or commencement of small in�testine, showing patches of sub-mucous hcemorrhage.

Plate XVI.�Rectum and anus, showing deep congestion.

Plate XVII.�Larynx and trachea, showing congestion with sub-mucous haemorrhage, and infiltration of trachealis muscle with blood.

Plate XVIII.�Larynx, showing slough of vocal cord and of the posterior angle.

Plate XIX.�Bronchial tubes, showing congestion and spots of sub-mucous haemorrhage.

Plate XX.�Surface of lung, showing interlobular em�physema, extending in some places into the suh-pleural tissue.

Plate XXI.�Internal surface of left ventricle of heart, showing patches of haemorrhage beneath the lining mem�brane.

Plate XXVII.�Section of head of sheep affected with Cattle Plague.

Plate XXVIII.�Roof of mouth of sheep affected with Cattle Plague.

;#9632;

Descriptions of Plates XXII. to XXVI. are on a separate sheet facing Plate XXII.

r.; i

.] .'. Dnoluwe i)ir.-ji'

ZKVA OF Tf!L', fEP.NLilMiSHEV.'IN.

MATH 111.

D'V.S.Riisu.wc Di

LIPS� GUMS, SHEWING AJWHOUS CONJJT'iON

M H lusmJcl lhyamp;Son,l.iniin\l li�;

.l. _.. ^^mmm

mmmmmm

#9632;ATK

{ L,

i')^rJ S.Brist�we.ntrex'

ROOF OF ROiri'!!, SIIMWING bXCORiAriON !^;

, li .' ,U\ iUi #9632;�

-------------------- #9632;quot;quot;#9632;-#9632;raquo;#9632;WS

liATK VI1

lt; pq C

¹ #9632;#9632;lt;*-

^5;

.'Aquot;quot;quot;',#9632;#9632;#9632;.

#9632;-^

#9632;

�

,V^: � i

;

S.BnaiowcDiraf' PAP1LLART PORTION OF RUMHN OK FIRST STOMACH,SKEWING SLOUCHS.

�B..u'?is del DiviJonlvui'.cd 1. ,

lt; x

lt;

cq E--

-1

r i;

MWamp;tMk

:Slaquo;

^zK

tev''.-...^-.' ^'quot; ^'i gt;#9632;',' ^-j-' r#9632;'�'^'w*,^quot;''

¹ laquo;n .

lt; a,

J^:'.Mkgt;

:-#9632;. c

lt;

- #9632; i

o o

c o

lt; lt; M

lt;: o

�

Q C

lt;

I I

VLATY. XI!

I quot;laquo;

C¹

plait;

raquo;

lt;

FLATH XiV

; v'.ti*raquo;�lt;-

/ //

�gt;*Mf

'J J SBi-.rtowe DireX

A FOl� OF ABOMASUK SKEW1IIC SLOUCHS

P. FYLORIC EXTRF.MITY OFABOMASUM SHEWING CICa7R;:^S

i' BurtfK! dc' \\ ''#9632;��#9632; Mmilo

' if

#9632;

LARYNX Si TJIACIIKA, SHEWING C�fiClKSTION WITH Silli MUCOUS Ha^;,M()llHilA ;�! amp; IMPII/rilATtuMOFT'RAniriAl.iS MHSCLli Wl'i'll Bi.Ono

#9632; '#9632;^,' #9632;'#9632;'#9632;' ^:''quot;

;

/ -^

I .

#9632;#9632;#9632; . llSU'Wi 1 'IK-V'

:Ai\YNgt;: i:iiF,WINC rLnl'OH ;m-'V/'f'AL ('gt;:#9632;!'P � .i' l llr' fi';'.;#9632;; moi ,v

#9632;

#9632; 'I

,M ' ,\,\

i;^:

!il

;. N 'IMAI ' ui-

#9632;: HIIJJ .''IN ;'.! .-I lOM \ oHOI

l'H H1IC #9632;quot;; '! 1 Mi ^;' '. #9632;

KV ! . Nj JtiKWiN. lNri:'UWIUKi;MrHY'-;KVIA.KrT,*:PlN(;;Ni:-..Kl'

.(,,�; .;.. ..':

#9632; .

1AT1^;, XX!

' V

,-V: \ihi

;nsLcweDii�(

iNTI-P.MAL SURFACE DFLfPT VENTRICLE

K 1 IF,ART, SHEWING PAICHKS DFHOLMCRRHAGE BENEATH THE LlNlHCtMEMBPAN

It.l^vi^l.

³nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁴nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁵nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁶nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ⁷nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁸nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ¹⁰

12 1

³ ^1A ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ^la ¹⁰ ^2Q ²¹ ²² ²³ ²⁴ ²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ ^3A

^: I

!ii

#9632;i

Description of Drawings included in Plates XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV,

and XXVI.

Plate XXII.

A.�Sections, partly diagianramtic, of diseased skin; all magnified between two and three diameters. (1, 2,) represent earliest stage; in (2) a hair-sheath and

sebacious follicle are involved. (3, 4,) represent the formation of crusts ; with the re�lations of the crusts, at their edges to the epidermis, at their deeper surface to the sebacious follicles. (3¹, 4',) represent the same crusts as seen from above. (6, 6,) represent the condition of parts, when an extensive tract of skin is simultaneously affected. These are actual copies ; (5), of an advanced state of disease on the udder; (C). of the uniform variety of the disease affecting the back. B.�Vertical section of skin, showing sebacious glands and sheaths of hairs, both continuous with the cutaneous exudation : as seen with a two-inch object-glass.

C�Crust or scab detached from skin, with group of sebacious glands and a hair: as seen with a two-inch object-glass.

Platk XXIII.

A,�Crust or seal) detached from skin, with portions of hair sheaths and ducts of sebacious glands : as seen with two-inch object-glass.

B.�Section of a portion of skin from which a crust has been removed, showing denuded condition of true skin, with undermining and splitting of surrounding epider�mis, also a tube opening on the surface of the true skin, and leading probably to sebacious glands: as seen with a two-inch object-glass.

Q₎ D.�Sections of mucous membrane of hard palate, showing destruction of epidermis and of papilllaquo;. In both cases the papillic corresponding to, and for some little dis�tance around, the excavations were deeply congested : as seen with a two-inch object-glass.

Plate XXIV. A.�Congestion of omasum, as seen with a one-inch object-glass. The figure includes one papilla and a portion of another (laquo;. a.)

B. Vegetable fungus growing from sloughs of omasum, as seen with quarter-inch object-glass. C�

(1.) Portion of slough of abomasum, showing pigmen�tary matter accumulated round stomach follicles and vessels, as seen with quarter-inch object-glass. (2.) Vertical section through slough of abomasum, mag�nified about two diameters.

Plate XXV.

A.�

(1.) Healthy stomach tubules from abomasum, acted on

by acetic acid. (2.) Portion of slough from abomasum acted on by

acetic acid, showing pigmentary matter and altered

stomach tubules. As seen with quarter-inch object-glass. B.�Altered stomach tubules from slough of fold of abomasum: as seen with quarter-inch object-glass. C� (1.) Altered stomach tubules from slough of abomasum

in deer. (2.) Blood vessels (probably) similarly altered. (3.) Healthy stomach tubules from abomasum of same

deer. As seen with quarter-inch object-glass.

Plate XXVI.

A.�Submucous haimorrhage of caecum, as seen with one-inch object-glass.

B.�Submucous haemorrhage of trachea, as seen with one-inch object-glass.

C.�Submucous hiGmorrhage of vagina, as seen with one-inch object-glass.

13030,**

1 ATK

in i ' #9632;; #9632; .inn¹

i'lATK X),

/ /

/ / ^

amp;t%^

^:sect;m^MMraquo;mm

laquo;1)

^ 1

raquo;-W^-.�:....^

rf.'¹

; AI �#9632; #9632; \!\

;

!)'�.! ^ 1'

f-.i *�lt;#9632; #9632;',!�: ,-[ .];, .lt;#9632;#9632;

#9632;

! ,

) - #9632;

gt;--! -,...

.....,J- /

^s^ry'

#9632;w-

gt; .v.|

PUV^F, XXV!

,H .-, I .'.rn.di'i iuySSon ij;.;il.''

SEKTION i'l' HlvAl' OP SKEIiP ShKVVJMG.. a L. Coni?ftsiJoii rxccmlaquo;^ amp; Vpilinif tMiuii�oii ol fcyae of Tongue � hiac-cs

o Cori^es�cn ol upper orttice oi larynx, d Congesuon o! Mii':;oiis tnetnbiAnc o( Moyc e Section Jl Brain

FLATK XX/!

Iti

' Bnstowe Dtrcx¹

HH Tuson del DiyiSDiuLiT.iitd It I

RV;l. IF MOUTH ;F iiliHEF SHEWING !�l ;#9632;:,;.^'M.

VV. V.r'LVJH ',;ONigt;KST.10N $ KXCIRIATI.'KJ

129

Microscopical Researches on the Cattle Plague. REPORT TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS,

11V

LIONEL S. BEALE, M.B., F.R.S.,

VKI.I.OW OP TU!! �OYAL COr.I.UlIK OP PIIVSICIA'NS, PHYSICIAN TO KlNfl's COI.l.lMl! HOSPITAl, AND PllOPHSSOli OV PIIYSIOI.OOY AND 01 (iENEKAI. AX� M0U11ID ANATOMY' IN KIKOt'S COLLUOU, LONDON'.

I.nbsp; Op Ckktain Changes in the Vessbm and in the ISr.ooraquo;.�Of the minute veins and capillaries of various tissues and organs, and of their contents.�Of the changes ohserved in the walls of the smallest vessels.�Of the contents of the smaller vessels.�On the alterations in the blood found in the large vessels.�Inflammatory lymph not commonly met with.�Increase of the soluble matters in the blood.

II.nbsp; Op the MicitoscoPiOAi. Ciiauacturs of the Secuetions and Dischakoes in Cattle Plakue.�Discharges from the mucous surfaces.�Fungi in the discharges.�Contents of the stomach and intestines, urine, vagina.�The milk.

III.nbsp; Of tiik Morbid Chanoes in the Tissues and Internal Okgans of the Body- in Cattle Plague.�Of the erup�tion on the skin of the udder__Of the papillto of the tongue.�Of the state of the third and fourth stomachs.�Of the villi and

glandular follicles of the small intestine.�Of the liver and kidney.�Of the mammary gland.�The brain, spinal cord, ganglia, and nerves.�Muscles. Bodies resembling Entozoa in the Muscles.�Structure of the investing membrane.�Of the contents of the entozoon like-body.�Tenacity of life.�Conclusions of previous observers.�Of the probable manner in which these bodies reach the muscles.�Of the increase oi the germinal matter in the tissues and in the blood.�Of the deatli and decay of the soft and rapidly formed cells.

IV.nbsp; Of the Nature of the Morbid Poison, or Contaoium op Cattle Plague.�Of the movements occurring in the mucus corpuscle and of its mode of multiplication.�On the changes occurring in ordinary living pas.�Pus is germinal matter, and may come from any form of germinal matter in the body.�Properties and powers of normal germinal matter, and of the pus descended from it.�Of the movements occurring in very minute particles of germinal matter.�Vaccine lymph.�No differences to be detected in the appearance of different kinds of living matter.�Of the passage of contagious matter into the blood.�Of the multiplication and reproduction of the contagious matter in the infected organism.�Concerning the possibility of the materies morbi passing into the substance of normal living germinal matter.�Conclusion.

*.' The dimensions of any object represented in the drawings can bo ascertained by measuring it upon the scale at the foot of each plate

miiKi�lied the tame number of diameters as the object itself.

This investigation is an attempt to ascertain the nature of the most fatal contagious disease yet known, �the Cattle Plague as it occurs in this country. The inquiry necessarily involves a minute examination of many of the different tissues and fluids of the body at different stages of the disease. The extent and diffi�culty of the undertaking are much increased by the necessity of investigating many general pathological changes concerning the nature of which there still exists the greatest difference of opinion. I shall there�fore have to discuss many points which arc not peculiar to this disorder alone, hut which are common to it and many other diseases, both in man and animals.

Such an inquiry must needs be imperfect, but if some of the facts ascertained in its course should only suggest new lines of still more minute research and load to more thorough investigation, one important object of all scientific work will have been gained. I have not had time to institute comparisons between till the textures in Cattle Plague and the cor-responding tissues of healthy animals prepared in precisely the same manner, but it is clear that besides this, careful comparative researches should have been made concerning the changes which affect the same tissues in the lung disease and other maladies to which cattle are liable, especially at this time.

In prosecuting to a useful conclusion an investigation of this kind, perhaps the greatest difficulty which the observer has to overcome is the almost unconquer�able tendency to form an opinion as to the nature of the affection before the facts ascertained render it reasonable or safe for hin to do so. Moreover, the very fearful fatality of the disease, the consequent anxiety of the public, and the constant succession of new views upon the subject, tend seriously to hurry the observer to a hasty conclusion of some kind and interfere with that laborious, steady, long continued, thoughtful investigation, and dispassionate contempla�tion of its results, which are so essential to the successful prosecution of any diflicult and involved scieutilic inquiry. Nor can I hope that the iniiuito details upon which alone the value of any conclusions mrived at intiroly depends will be of general interest, while they may tire the patience of many, and perhaps even irritate those who are most painfully interested.

Upon the whole I think I shall render what I have to say most easily intelligible and least uninteresting, if I commence witii the consideration of the most striking morbid changes observed in animals which

have died of the Plague, and then work backwards as Dr. B*ale. it were, with the view of ascertaining their relation Boportto and the mode of their production, and at last make an Comimasionors. attempt, imperfect though it must needs be, to explain the phenomena and recount the order of their occur-rence from the time when the animal received the poison to its death.

As the general pathological changes observed by the unaided eye have been very fully and carefully recorded by Dr. Brlstowe and others, I shall restrict myself, as far as possible, to the microscopical inves�tigation of the diseased textures and secretions.

It may be desirable for mo to state that all my specimens have been prepared in the same manner, according to the principles already laid down in former memoirs.* In very many the vessels have been minutely injected with transparent Prussian blue fluid.

The magnifying powers employed vary from the two-inch, magnifying about twenty-nine diameters to the one-fiftieth recently made for me by Messrs. Powell and Lealand, which magnifies upwards of two thousand five hundred diameters. The illustrations were all drawn on the wood blocks by myself, according to scale, so that, with the aid of the scales of measurement appended to each plate, the exact dimen�sions of any object can he easily ascertained. The engravings have been made linder my immediate super�intendence by Miss Powell or by �lrMIarf. One of my pupils, Mr. Nettleship, has assisted me in many ways, and has enabled me to go over a greater extent of ground in a limited time than would have been possible without his assistance.

Of the morbid changes observed in animals that have died of the Cuttle Plague, as it occurs in this country, the one which appears to me the most re�markable is a highly congested stale of the capillary vessels of many different textures and organs. It is almost invariably observed, and is often of very great intensity. Sometimes where congestion is not scon aller death, changcamay bo deinoiisiraled in the vessels themselves and in the tissues, which I shiili show nllbrd evidence of congestion, or at lea.^t sUignation

#9830; See papers In the quot; Philosophical Transacdons,quot; quot; Micro�scopical Journal,quot; and the quot; Arcliivos of Modlcinlaquo;,quot; from 18�7 to IS�'l. A detailed description of the method of preparation, iuelnding the mode of Injecting followed, will be I'ouud lu quot;How to Work with the Microscope,quot; 3rd Edition,

' . |

130

APPKNP1X TO THIKO i?KPORT OP

Dr. Heule.

Ili'port to OuimniSHionoii

of tlio blood, luiving oxistcil at nn oarlier period of the (lifeii.sc. Not imfrequently, onroful examinntion of the affected textures revenle vessels lilled with mi almost colourloss fluid, which hns resulted I'roiu oliangoB hflving taken place in complotoly stagnant blood.

But as this congested .state is by no means anifovm in all the diflcrcut textures, or of equal degree in every part of the same tissue, while the oapilliu'ies of some organs (those between the urluifenuis tubules of the kidney, those of the lobules of the liver, those of the mammary, and probably some other glands), nro not as much congested as they are often found in healthy animals killed suddenly, it cannot bo referred to any general impediment in the circulation, or re�garded ns a consequence of congested lungs, a weak heart, or some morbid affection of the nerve-centres which regulate and control the organs of circulation.

On the other hand, patches varying imich in size, but distinctly separated from one another by nncon-gested, or only slightly congested, portions of tissue, may be observed here and there of an intensely dark red colour from the extreme congestion of the smallest capillaries and veins, and frequently these patches are more or less circular in form, as if the congestion had commenced at a point and spread from this outwards in every direction. This fact would seem to indicate that the congestion had commenced at several different points in the affected tissues ; that, in fact, thorovvoro several distinct foci of congestion in the same tissue, while the changes that have taken place in the tissues and blood-vessels corresponding to certain of these patches prove conclusively that they wore not all pro�duced at the same time, but wer,' developed one after the other at varying intervals.

Congestion, however, is by no means the only morbid change constantly observed in Cattle Plague. An increased secretion from the surfaces of most of the uuioous membranes is always present, and careful observation has convinced me that the masses of ger�minal matter (usually termed nuclei) of almost all the textures of the body arc invariably larger than in health ; and in some textures the proportion of ger�minal matter to the formed material is two or three times as great as in the healthy state. But the increased discharge from the mucous surfaces, and the increased formation of germinal matter, are probably due to the pouring out of an increased amount of soluble nutrient material from the congested capillaries. In fact, from whatever point of view I commence to discuss the nature of this terrible disease, I am led back to the contemplation of the congested state of the vessels, and from the fact that these congestions appear to commence in many different spots, and in the smallest veins or capillaries, I am led to the opinion that various symptoms occurring during life, and the mor�bid changes seen in many textures after death, are the direct result of these congest ions, or arc due to the altered state of the nutrient fluids supplied to the tissues consequent upon the generally deranged state of the circulation which must very soon ensue. F think that whatever causes these local congestions in the capillaries is the cause of Cattle Plague.

I propose, therefore, to describe in the first place; what. 1 have observed in connexion with the con�gested'vessels and their contents ; secondly, to refer to the alterations in the character of some important secretions ; thirdly, I shall briefly describe some of the morbid changes which have occurred in certain solid organs and tissues ; and lastly, I shall offer some remarks upon the probable nature of the morbid poison of Cattle Plague, and endeavour to account for its action.

I.�Or cku'I'ain Chanoes in the Vkssbi.s anigt; in the Blood.

Of the mitmU' veins ami capillaries nf various tissues and organs, and of tlicir contents.�Of the contents of tlie smaller vessels.�On the alterations in the blood found in the iar((e vessels.� Inflammatory lymph not commonly met with.�Increase of the soluble matters in the blood.

Of ihi; Minute. Veins mid CupiUuries of Varhua Tissues und Organs, and of their Contents___The

veins and capillaries of the mucous membrane of the eonjunetiva, nares, mouth, larynx, trachea, and bron�chial tubes contain much blood. In almost all case those of the fourth stomach and intestine am intensely congested. The capillaries and veins of the tongue, epiglottis, and fauces are in the same state, and those of some of the air cells of the lung are so sketched with blood that the intervals butwoeu adjacent capillaries are almost obliterated, and the external surfaces of contiguous vessels are almost in contact. There is also a highly congested state of the mucous membrane of the vagina and genital organs, but the capilkriei of the mammary glands, which I have examined, were not greatly distended with blood ; indeed, 1 think there must have been much less blood in the glands than in their healthy, active, and secreting condition.

If, however, a mucous surface appears, at the time of the death of the animal, perfectly pale, we must not, therefore, infer that its vessels have not been distended with blood in the course of the disease. In many in�stances, changes have taken place in the blood, the red corpuscles having been disintegrated, and its dark red colouring matter having disappeared. In many tissues which were almost devoid of colour, the capillaries were still found to be much enlarged and filled with an almost colourloss mass, consisting of a few smooth cir�cular corpuscles, probably altered red blood corpuscles, much granular matter, and several masses of myelin. In other instances, the capillaries appeared to have almost wasted, so that it was very difficult even to detect their remains. Prom the observations I have made it appears to me probable that all these different states have resulted from the occurrence of changes after the vessels had become distended with blood, and circulation in them had completely ceased.

The capillary vessels of the voluntary muscles of the body generally are found injected after death, and in some cases the rupture of the capillary walls has occurred, and extravasated blood is found in the inter-muscular connective tissue. Extravasation is also met with in various parts of the respiratory and alimentary mucous membrane. In some of the smallest capillaries of muscle I have seen two rows of red blood corpuscles (Plate I., Fig. 1). The capillaries of many of the small arteries, vasa vasorum, are congested, and those dis�tributed to the involuntary muscular coats of the intestine may often be traced in consequence of con�taining blood, but they often contrast remarkably with the vessels of the inueous membrane, which are intensely congested.

I have carefully examined the vessels of the brain, spinal cord, posterior roots of the nerves, and those of the sympathetic ganglia in one case only. Although in parts of all these organs capillaries containing blood could be found, it could not be said that any remark�able congestion existed ; indeed, I have seen specimens of brain and spinal cord taken from slaughtered unimnls, the vessels of which contained more blood than those in question.

The smaller vessels of the choroid plexuses were all distended, but not to an extreme extent. In some, red blood corpuscles could be seen, but in others the fluid was nearly colourloss, and exhibited the charac�ters which will be described presently.

It is interesting to notice that the congested condi�tion so remarkable in most of the viscera of the abdomen and thorax was not observed in the liver and kidney. With regard to the liver, I have noticed that the smaller branches of the hepatic veins contained much less blood than I have often seen in the livers of slaughtered animals. The small quantity of blood in the liver is probably explained by the congested state of the capillaries of the intestine, and 1 think that in an advanced stage of the disease scarcely any blood passes through the intestinal capillaries towards the portal vein, and it is probable that very little blood is transmitted to the liver at all.

The vessels in the cortical portion of the kidney of animals that have died contain scarcely any blood, and although blood is often found in those of the pyrnmids, there seems to he even less than is met with in the kidneys of many animals killed by the

THFi CIA'ITLB PLAGUK OOMMISSIONSliS.

131

butcher. The pi-csoncL' of iilbiim�ii inid casls of the uriniferoue tubes in the urine vender it probable that a congested stato of the renal vessels existed some time before death, but as the disease advances, uo doubt the proportion of arterial blood oiroulftting becomes loss, and towards the close probably very little blood traverses the renal arteries.

The Malpighian bodies were for tho most part somewhat larger than in tho healthy stale, and tho increased size was found to be duo to tho distension of the loops of capillaries. In Fig. 7, I have represented one of these loops containing a number of white blood corpuscles, numerous small masses of germinal matter and granules, tho nature of which will bo discussed in another part of this memoir.

It is perhaps worthy of notice that the capillaries of the Malpighian bodies in one of the Iddnoys I examined were very much thickened, a change which would indicate that the subject of the disease had not been in a perf'ctly healthy state for some time previous to its death. 1 have also observed very decided thick�ening of the capillaries of tlie muscles and other parts, and I would remark hero, incidentally, that in several of the organs of many cases of Cattle Plngno, 1 have seen evidence of chronic disease, though not of a fatal character.

T shall now endeavour to give a brief general description of the changes in the structure of the walls of the smallest arteries, veins, and capillaries, and of the contents of these small vessels as demonstrated by r. iciweopical examination with the aid of very high magnifying powers. Although I shall select favour�able examples for illustrating the morbid appearances which have taken place in the vessels in tho course of the disease, 1 may observe that similar changes, more, or less distinct, have been demonstrated in the vessels of many different textures, and what I shall state under this head will apply to the vessels of all the tissues and organs affected.

Of the changes observed in the walls of the smallest vessels.�The small arteries are usually contracted, but I think not more so than is commonly observed in animals which have been killed when in a state of health. There is reason to think that during the earlier periods of the disease the coats of the smaller arteries are in a stato of relaxation, so that the blood propelled by the feebly acting heart flows very slowly along the somewhat flaccid and yielding tubes. This state of relaxation, due perhaps to paralysis of tho nerves which supply their contractile cosits, or to changes in the nerve centres from which these nerves arise, is at length succeeded by a stato of flrm con�traction of tho muscular fibres, which persists till some time after death. The general outline of the smallest arteries, veins, and capillaries is often very uneven, and considerable bulgingsare not unfrequently observed, and in some few instances these might almost bo called divcrticula from the vessel. The diameter of the capillaries varies very greatly within a short distance (Plato I., Fig. 4 ; Plate III., Figs. 32, 36). The coats are sometimes granular, instead of being perfectly transparent, and occasionally, oil-globules and myelin particles may bo detected in the membrane. It is not uncommon to find small oval masses of very minute oil-globules with germinal matter (nucleus) in the centre, just external to the capillary vessels and small arteries, Fig. 2, a. Not unfrequently I have observed wasting of the capillary vessels, so that it was not possible to follow tboni in certain parts of their course. This was particularly the case in some parts of tho surface of the inucoiis membrane of the fourth stomach in spots where shallow depressions, looking, to the unaided eye, something like superficial ulcers, wore; observed. See Plate HI., Fig. 32.

But the most striking, as well as the most constant, change observed in connexion with the small blood�vessels in various tissues and organs was the increase in the size of the masses of (terminal matter in. their walls, and this was especially manifest in tho small veins niul capillaries. I have often seen a mass olquot;

germinal matter connected with the vessels, composed Dr.Beivlc. of smaller masses, as yet not perfbetly separated from Ro^rtto one another, occupying as much as live or six times Oommtaatoneri!

the space taken up by the germinal matter in tho ........ '

normal state, Fig, 4.

The increase is very distinct in the germinal matter of the capillaries and smaller veins, Figs. 2 and 4, and it also aneots the arteries,�(he masses of germinal mutter (nuclei) of the muscular-fibre cells, as well as those of tho epithelium lining the arterial cavity being very much enlarged, Fig. 3.

A similar change, as will be more fully described further on, affects the germinal matter of the connec�tive tissue, the so-called connective tissue corpuscles, as well as that of the fat cells, or adipose vesicles (see page 144), often seen in great number close to tho smaller vessels, and that of the gland colls as well as the tissues of the body generally.

The nerves distributed to tho coats of the smaller arteries and veins, and those seen near the capillaries, do not exhibit degeneration, nor have I been able to detect any structural changes in the fibres of the nerves. The masses of germinal matter (nuclei) arc much enlarged. But although no alteration in struc�ture, with the exception of the increase in size of the masses of germinal matter already alluded to as existing in all tissues, can be observed in the nerve-fibres, it seems scarcely possible that the highly con�gested condition of the capillaries, and the altered state of nutrition consequent upon this, could long exist without giving rise to serious functional dis�turbance of the nerves which lie just external to them ; indeed, it is probable that the delicate fibres external to the capillaries after a time become com�pletely paralysed, partly in consequence of the pressure of distended vessels, and partly from the action of tho altered fluid with which they are bathed.

Perhaps all anatomists and physiologists are not aware of the exceeding number and highly elaborate arrangompnt of nerves and ganglia lying immediately beneath the mucous membrane, and between tho layers of the muscular coat, throughout the small intestine. The first of these microscopic plexuses and ganglia was described by Meissner in 1857, and tho last by Auerbach, in 1862,* but they appear to bo more numerous and of far higher functional importance than would be supposed from the descriptions and drawings given. In the ruminants the ganglia are exceedingly numerous, and 1 have appended drawings from tho intestine of the ox (Figs. 5 and 6, Plate I.), from which some idea may be formed of the vast num�ber of nerves and ganglia existing in the first of the situations above indicated. The animal from which these specimens were taken did not die of Cattle Plague.

In the Cattle Plague these beautiful ganglia parti�cipate in the change affecting all the tissues which suffer from impeded circulation of the blood. The masses of germinal matter of the ganglion cells and nerves have increased considerably in size in conse�quence of the more abundant supply of nutrient material. As a consequence their action would be diminished, and at length probably suspended. It is very probable that the complete paralysis of the afferent and efferent nerves of these ganglia which preside over the vessels (and probably to a great extent influence the action of tho muscular coat of the intestine itself, and certainly the muscular fibres of the mucous membrane), occurs in bad cases of Cattle Plague, and if such paralysis were to continue even for a short period of lime, it would alone afford suth-clent explanation of the fatal result.

Of the Contents of the Smaller Vessels.�As 1 have before stated, some of the small vessels of a tissue taken from an animal destroyed by Cattle Plague arc distended with blood, in which the red corpuscles can bo distinctly seen (Fig. 8), while others are filled with an almost colourless, or slightly yellowish, fluid,

#9632;

i i

* (',. Meissner uebcr die Nerven der Darmwand. Zeitschrift f�i'. rat. Med. viii. 1837, S. ;)fi4. L. Auerbach, Lieber einen #9632; Mexiia niycnU'i'icus, BreslaUj 18fii.

kS 2

132

AiTKNIHX TU Till HD RBPOBT OK

Dr. Donlo.

Report to Couuimsionors,

evldontly resulting from diongea having ooourred in blood ; indeed, in many oases it is possible, by the oharaoter of the contents (Figs. 8, 9), to distinguish the vessels in which the blood became stagnant at an early period of the attack from those which beeiimo congested much later in the disease, perhaps only very shortly before death.

In those vessels which contain blood the serum is invariably of a reddish colour, from the solution of red blood corpuscles, and in many cases the adjacent con-noctivo or other (issue is slightly tinged by it.

The red corptiseles vary in character according to the time which has elapsed since stagnation occurred. In many instances I have observed nothing unusual in their appearance. Occasionally they arc contracted and irregul�r in form, with a dark outline and refracting highly, but most commonly the red cor�puscles. Keen in the interior of the capillary vessels, are pale, perfectly circular in outline, with a very smooth and even surface, and so very transparent that many of them may, without great care, bo passed over entirely. In some small veins I have seen very large red blood corpuscles, which were found to measure twice the diameter of the ordinary corpuscles, and sometimes stellate corpuscles and dark red angular particles may bo observed (Figs. 8 and 11, at n).

In all cases the white blood corpuscles, or masses of germinal matter closely resembling these, are con�siderably increased in number, and are very large. Sometimes a capillary vessel appears tobe occupied with these corpuscles and their descendants only (Fig. 9).

The small veins and capillaries are often filled with an almost colourless fluid, containing much granular matter, amongst which the remains of undoubted red blood corpuscles and small angular masses of red colouring matter may be discerned. In this fluid oil globules and curiously shaped masses of myel'm are almost constantly met with. Besides the white blood corpuscles, very numerous and often exceedingly minute masses of germinal matter are present, which possess the same refracting power as the material of which the smooth, and probably youngest, white blood corpuscles consist. These are readily distinguished from the inyeliu corpuscles and oil globules (Plate III. Figs. 37, 40), by being readily coloured with the carmine fluid ; they are well seen, and are perhaps most numerous, in the small veins and capillaries of the fourth stomach and small intcsline, (Plato I, Fig. 8, quot;below *, Plate III. Figs. 31, 35, 36), those of the pia mater, the choroid plexuses, and the capillaries of the Malpighian body of the kidney. Fig. 7, but I have seen them in tbo capillaries of almost all the tissues and organs affected in Cattle Plague.

The germinal matter of the epithelium lining the smaller arteries and veins is considerably increased, and in some cases to such an extent as to form small eleva�tions, projecting from the lining membrane into the interior of the vessel. In many instances I have seen spherical and oval collections of germinal matter in small arteries, veinraquo;, and capillaries, which would seriously interfere with the free passage of the blood. The arteries are not dilated behind the situation of these masses, nor for the, most part arc the capillaries which open into the smaller veins which arc obstructed. The vessels arc not shrunken and contracted, but they are. not generally dilated and distended with a con�siderable quantity of blood. It seems probable that (ho circulation is carried on through the adjacent vessels which still remain pervious, without those in which obstruction has occurred being subjected to any greatly increased pressure. The weak contraction of the heart may bo insnllicicnt to cause distension of die vessels in front of the obstructed portion ; but in places where the capillary congestion is very consider�able, and espeeially in the transparent sub-mucous aroolar tissue corresponding to the congested patches of mucous membrane, which presents great advantages for the. minute examination of vessels, 1 have discovered actual plugs in the smaller arteries, and in many in�stances a lidle spherieal mass has completely occluded a vesaol scurcely larger than u capillary, just at the point at which it diverges from the small arterial trunk.

In Fig. 3, I have represented a good example of this. The, mass hero was nearly spherical, and com�posed of several small masses of germinal matter, which had evidently resulted from the growth and division of one, or at most a very few, masses.

Although 1 have detected in many cases musses of material which would produce complete ohstruction, I do not think that this physical explanation will account for the congestion in all, or even in the majority of instances in which it occurs.

Let mo now consider the nature of the me�chanical obstruction where it undoubtedly exists. It would perhaps be concluded that it consisted entirely of librin, or that fibrin hail coagulated around one or many minute foreign particles, which had gained entrance into the blood, and that thus a mass was formed which was too largo to traverse the smaller vessels. But at least, in many instances, the plug is composed of germinal matter, as is positively proved by an examination of specimens properly prepared with carmine fluid. Nor am I able to decide with any certainty concerning the nature or origin of these, masses of germinal matter, but will venture to offer the following suggestions, although I hope to be able to study the question more fully.

1.nbsp; nbsp;They may be inuch enlarged white blood cor�puscles.

2.nbsp; nbsp;They may result from the adhesion of one or more white blood corpuscles to foreign particles in the blood, and their subsequent growth.

3.nbsp; nbsp;They may result from the growth and multipli�cation of masses of germinal matter not existing in the blood, normally, the. germs of which have entered from without.*

4.nbsp; nbsp;They may have grown from the interior of larger vessels and have been detached from little elevations which bad formed upon the lining mem�brane.

These and many other hypotheses that might be advanced cannot, however, be fairly discussed until several other matters have been carefully considered.

The obstruction to the capillary circulation which exists without any distinct mechanical impediment to the onward course of the blood being demonstrable, may be accounted for in many ways. It may ho due to physical or chemical changes in the blood itself, to an altered state of the white blood corpuscles, to the increased action of the masses of germinal matter of the capillaries and their projection into the interior of the vessel, and to other circumstances. But extended investigations in this direction are yet required.

But although there is room for much speculation and difference of opinion concerning the precise way in which the congestion of the capillaries is brought about in these cases, there can be very little doubt as to the serious results occasioned. Not only must the composition of the entire blood be soon very much altered and the nutrition of every texture in the body impaired, but the portion of tissue receiving its nutrient fluid from the affected vessels must seriously suffer, and at length die. The blood probably becomes stagnant in the vessels of the mucous membranes corresponding to each small patch of morbid change (p. 139), while the circulation in the neighbouring vessels is by no means perfectly carried on, and perhaps there is some tendency in the blood to stagnate in these in the same manner. If the animal lives long enough the portions of tissue in which the circulation has quite stopped die and slowly become separated from the rest. If the obstruction occurred very gradually, a slow, moro or less circumscribed texture-wasting, instead of sudden death, would result, and such wasting of the tissue is actually observed, as will be described further on. Jn

* The foreign particles might be minute germs of low nninml or vegetable parasites which had gained access to the interior of the vascular system, around which fibrin bad coagulated, or the obstruction might result from the multiplication of such particles without precipitation of fibrin j or the products re-fiiilliuir (Vom changes occurring in these particles or produced in the blood by them, might precede the precipitation of the fibrin, or the adhesion and multiplication of white blood corpuscleraquo;.

Till; CATi'IiB PLAGUK COUMISSIONISBS.

133

these cases there is no notive inflammation in tho im-mediato neighbourhood of tho patch, probably beoause the Btate of the blood in the Hystem generally has become much altered, while the heart's action has become weak, and the depressed condition of tho nervous powers would tend still further to nfFect tho action of tho heart and arterial walls.

On the Alterations in the Blood found in the large Vessels.�I have examined the blood as obtninod from a vein during life in many cases of Cattle Plague, but have not observed in it anything peculiar to this disease alone, Plate I. Fig. 8. Tho red corpuscles vary in size and refractive power as in healthy blood, and although in many cases a vast number of the corpuscles are small, contracted, highly refracting, and exhibit a well-marked .stellate character, it is scarcely necessary to point out that those characters are not peculiar to Cattle Plague or even to diseased blood, for they have been observed in health. They arc no doubt duo mainly to alterations that have occurred in the density of the liquor sanguinis, the consequence of tho altered con�ditions under which the circulation has been carried on hi severe cases of Cattle Plague, and may be met with in many conditions of the system, differing from one another essentially in their nature.

The red blood corpuscles vary in size, perhaps to a greater degree than in the healthy state. Some very large ones are represented in Fig. 11., and these were present in considerable number. This may be duo to the slow circulation through the vessels and the very imperfect oxidation that must necessarily occur in the later stages of tho disease.

The white blood corpuscles, although much more numerous in tho blood stagnant in the small veins and capillaries at the iime of death, do not appear in con�stantly increased numbers in blood drawn from a large vein during life. Upon an average the white cor�puscles themselves are somewhat larger than in the healthy state, and some are very much increased in size. The minute granules present in the substance of the white corpuscles are very numerous, and in some instances I have seen minute oil-globules in the outer part of tho white corpuscles.

The examination of the blood from a largo vessel during life cannot of course enable us to form any notion of the important changes taking place in the fluid in tho capillary vessels at the same time. Even though very important chemical alterations had oc�curred in the blood as it passed through the capil�laries, little impression might have been made upon the general mass when these small portions became mi xed with it. A ny largo wdiite corpuscles, or masses of germinal matter not present in the normal blood, would necessarily be stopped in tho capillaries, and although they might have boon formed in great number we should not detect them in the blood in tho largo vessels. The most serious and fatal alterations might indeed occur in the circulating blood without any very obvious changes being observable in that which is drawn from a vein during life, or taken from the heart or largo vessels after death. As has been already stated, the white blood corpuscles, or corpuscles which cannot bo distinguished from them, are found in grout number in all capillaries in which the blood has been stagnant for some time, and a vast number of minute masses of germinal matter, tho origin of which is doubtful, arc also present. Tho discussion of the nature and origin, and siguifieanco of these particles involves the consider�ation of many questions not directly connected with the Cattle Plague. I propose, therefore, to consider this part of the Inquiry in the sequel.

But although the extreme changes which have taken place in the blood in the smaller vessels cannot possibly have proceeded to the same extent in tho whole mass of the blood, since the death of the animal would result long before any such degree, of change had been reached, there is important evidence of alte�rations in the general mass of tho blood having occurred in many cases of Cattle Plague. In tho very centre of a black clot taken after dentil from the aorta, 1 found largo collections of very simple vegetable

organisms, as represented in Fig. II, and nlthough I cannot assert positively that theso wore present during life, it is almost certain that thoy existed before, but perhaps not long before, death occurred. I have seen precisely the same specios of organism upon every mucous surface I have examined, and in the secretions from tho nose and eyes similar bodies lire very abundant, I do not, however, regard the ilcvolopment of these organisms as a eauso of death, or of the disease which destroyed life.

Their production is an evidence that important changes have taken place in the blood during life, for these organisms would not live and multiply in healthy circulating blood. The germs of .such vegetable or�ganisms probably exist in every part of the body even in health, but they increase and mnltiply only when tho composition of tho fluids becomes very much altered. The conditions favonrablo to their duvelop-ment in the blood are incompatible with tho life of man or the higher animals.

In�nmmatorii lymph not comntonli/ met with.� All observers concur in stating tlnit it is not common to meet with plastic exudations upon the surfaces of the membranes or in the substance of tho tissues in cases of Cattle Plague, and although inflammatory products are sometimes observed, theyarc sosmnll in quantity and so irregular in their occunonce, that it is quite certain that no analogy exists between Cattle. Plague and tho diseases characterised by such exudations, as pneumonia, pleurisy, acute rheumatism, ifec.

Although much that occurs in levers is also met with in inflammations, it must be admitted that the abvuidant effusion of inflammatory lymph and tho formation ofpus in the latter arc points of diBtiuctiou. 3t is not, 1 think, ditlicult to explain why local capillary congestions such as arc met with in Cattle Plague should not bo associated with the pouring out of large quantities of lymph from the capillaries and its coagulation ami accumulation upon free surfaces or in tho surroutiding tissue.

In inlhumnation tho circulation ni the capillaries would only bo very gradually brought to a stand-still. As the vessels became move and more stretched, liquor sanguinis and small particles of germinal matter allied to the white, blood corpuscles wonlcl readily pass through the very thin walls. Those |iaiticlcs, like the masses of the germinal matter of tho tissues, would con�tinue to grow and multiply so that by the time com�plete stagnation bad taken place n vast lumber of spherical masses of germinal matter', derived partly from tho white blood corpuscles and partly from the germinal matter of the capillaries and of the tissues, would result. These might conlintic to increase at the expense, of the surrounding tissues ftncl fluids until the soft mass of rapidly growing gcnninnl matter known as pus, is produced.

But in these local capillary congestions the case is very different. The capillary probably becomes completely obstructed liefere time has been allowed for tho escape of much liquor sanguinis and corpus�cles derived from the white blood corpuscles. The material in the blood which gives rise to the obstruc�tion probably takes up tho surronruling matter more readily than tho wdiite blood corpuscle-:, and increases at the, expense; of the adjacent, pabulum of every kind. And again it has been shown thai, in Cattle, Plague cxtrorao distension of the capillaries is by no means constant where there is complete stagnation of the circulation. All this points to a. something in the, blood as the cause of the local congestion. A morbid state of the blood, induced by the pnsaoge into it of some living matter, seems to ho llie first change in fevers, while, as is well known, ordinary acute inflam�mation may occur from an injury witlioul any marked change being induced in the blood in the first instance. Let some of the, small arteries distributed to n limited portion of tissue bo a little dilated for a time, ashy partial paralysis of their nerves, and some of the pbc-nomenaof inflammation may bo brought about, nlthough the blood which circulates through I In; capillaries is in a perfectly normal and beult by slate.

Increase of the soluble matters in the hlood.�The

Dr. KcMe.

lloport to

CoiniiiiMsiouors.

134

APPIONDIX TO THIRD IMIPOBT OF

Dr. Tioalc.

Ru^ort (u Comraquo;inHRionnrs.

soluble matters (in boiling water) of the blood mv m-creasnd in proportion In Cnttlo Plague, and in many it not 111 all fevers, and they transude through the walls of the vessels more readily than in the healthy state. It is probable that the Imperfect oxidation necessarily occurring in the blood is connected with the production of this increased proportion of solulile materials. Thus the nutrition of the tissues becomes altered, and the #9632;Torminnl ma I tor (nuclei) being supplied with an in�creased proportion of soluble nutrient material increases in mnouul. In fevers generally the same fact is observed in nil the tissues, and it is invariable in local Inflamma�tions. Indeed in this increased growth of germinal matter there is a close analogy between fever and the essential phenomena of inflammation,

The blood serum in all the cases of Cattle Plague 1 have examined has exhibited a dark colour ; and even the very thin stratum subjected to examination by the higher powers invariably exhibits a reddish brown tin^e, which is not seen in the serum of healthy blood when examined in precisely the same way.

In two specimens of health}' ox blood the amounts of solid and soluble matter in 100 parts were as follows :�

I.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;II.

Solid matter -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .19-87 20'63

Substances soluble in boiling water 1-33 1-11

The solid matter contained in I. 6-69, and in II. 5-38 per cent, of substances solnhle in boiling water.

Three specimens of blood taken during life from animals suffering from the Cattle Plague, gave the following per-centage :�

in size, but those of the tissues lying external to ihe capillaries participate in the change, and in some eases the proportion which (he germinal matter bears to the formed material of the tissue is three or four times greater than in the healthy state.* The alterations in the composition of the blood and the morbid changes occurring in the various tissues and organs of the body are probably consequent upon the altered state of the circulation in the capillary vessels.

It is probable that when the circumstances which give rise to the retardation and cessation of the circu�lation of the blood in the capillaries shall have been fully made out, a satisfactory explanation of the phenomena of the Cattle Plague will bo arrived at, and the quot;causequot; of the disease discovered.

II.�Of the Micboscopicai. Chabacters of the Secretions and Dischaboes in Cattle Plaque.

Disoharges from theiaucous surfaces.�Fungi in the discharges.

�Contents of the stonmch and intestines.�Urine.�Vagina.� The milk.

I hoped to have been able to describe seriatim, and illustrate, by drawings, the microscopical appearances I have observed in the various secretions and solid textures in Cattle Plague, but. the time allowed for the completion of my researches being so short, I shall only attempt to give a brief sketch of some of the changes which appear to me of the greatest impor�tance.

Discharges from the mucous surfaces.�The dis�charges from the mucous surfaces, as from the nose, the conjunctiva, the mouth, bronchial tubes, and vagina, are all characterised by the presence of a vast number of epithelial particles varying in age, and consequently in the degree of their development.

The oldest cells are often partially disintegrated, and not unfrequently detached in considerable flakes or collections. The formed material forming the outer part of these cells is often granular, and the structure invaded and partially disintegrated by numerous fungi. Amongst these old cells too, are often found numerous minute masses of germinal matter (nuclear particles), which have probably made their way from the deeper part of the epithelial layer, if not from the blood ; and, in some instances at least, it is the rapid multipli�cation of these which has led to the superficial cells being detached in flakes or collections.

Very many immature cells are also observed, and from the great number of small cells with diverticula, buds, or offsets, I have no doubt that these culls were undergoing rapid increase. In all these secretions a cer�tain number of spherical granular masses of germinal matter, which might perhaps be termed pus cor�puscles, are present.

In some cases movements may be observed in the particles of germinal matter of the same nature as those which take place in the mucus and pus corpus�cle, in the young epithelial particles, the white blood, chyle, and lymph corpuscle, and other forms of living or germinal matter. These movements I have spoken of as vital movements, because they are peculiar to living tilings, and cease with life. Sec p. 147.

In one specimen of nasal mucus I have seen a few corpuscles moving actively like small anweha (Plate V. Fig. 71), but I could not ascertain whether these were, actual anucba!, or living particles from the organism of the animal. Nor, I think, is it probable that by future research wo shall be able to demonstrate characters which will enable us to distinguish with any certainty different kinds of germinal or living matter from one another. This question will be further considered in the sequel.

Besides the spherical masses of germinal matter above referred to are numerous small masses of germinal matter, some of which may he offsets from the before-mentioned young and rapidly growing epithelial particles, or of the cells descended from these like pus corpuscles, but it is very doubtful if all have this origin.

* This part of the subject is more fully dlBCDHcd in page HI.

I Solid matternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 23-1

Substances soluble in 1 2-Q\

II.

22-78

2-22

III.

24-88

1-81

boiling waternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- J

The solid mutter contained,

respectively, 12-62,

9-72, and 7-22 per cent of soluble substances.

So that not only is the per-centage of solid matters greatly increased in the blood of Cattle Plague as com�pared with that of health, but the extractives and other matters soluble in boiling water are present in increased proportion.

It would be very desirable to ascertain if a greater proportion of soluble matters would pass through a dialysei- from the blood of cases of Cattle Plague than from healthy blood ; the fact of the tissues being in�filtrated with the serous portion of the blood renders it probable that this would be the case, but I have not been able to try the experiment.

Neither the changes in the composition of the blood above referred to, nor the increased tendency of the lluid constituents to permeate the walls of the vessels, are however peculiar to Cattle Plague. These and other changes are common to a number of diseases which, although depending upon different morbid poisons, possess many characters in common and are all characterised by a greater development of animal heat, probably dependent upon increased nutrition and growth of the germinal matter of the tissues generally, consequent upon the transudation through the capillary walls of a greater amount of soluble nutrient matters than occurs in the healthy state.

I would venture to sum up the main facts and argu�ments advanced in the foregoing section as follows. In various tissues in cases of Cattle, Plague there are patches of local congest ion, sometimes accompanied with extravasation of blood. The differenl patches of congestion are not formed at the same time, but suc�cessively. The congestion is due to changes occurring within the capillaries. In some instances an impediment which acts mechanically can be seen in the vessels, but this is not invariably the case. The blood contains a greater proportion of substances soluble in boiling water than exists in the healthy state ; and it is pro�bable that certain of the soluble nutrient constituents are altered in composition and pass through the walls of the distended vessels more readily than in health. Not only arc the masses of germinal matter {nuclei) of the capillaries, arteries, and veins, invariably increased

TUK OATTLB l'LA�DB COViMtSSIONERH,

135

From Hio lacl. that many of tlio most minute par�ticles of germinal matter in the discharges m'o not an-ft-equently found associated with shreds of fibrin, I consider it probable that thoy are derived from the capillary vessels below the epithelial surface. Blood corpuscles are not unf'roqucntly met with amongst the colls,�a fnct which renders it almost certain that this opinion is correct. And from the circumstanco that such particles are often found in small collections, I argue that they must have increased in number after they had escaped from the vessel. Hence, it is ])ossil)lo that such minute particles, although most easily passed over and apparently the lenst important elements of the souretion, are really those which give to it its specific powers, and that in these particles, and in these only, the contagious property resides ; but this subject will be further considered.

Fungi in the discharges,�In the discharges from tlr raucous surfaces, fungi are almost invarinbly pre�sent, and in cases in which the discharge has remained for some time upon the mucous surface they are very numerous, and more than one species is certainly present. From the circumstance that these fungi are found in greatest number associated with the oldest epithelial particles, I argue that they are derived from without, and grow und multiply In these discharges as they would in any animal fluids in a state of incipient decomposition if left exposed to the air. Crystals of umnioninoo-magnesian or triple phosphate are frequently present, and result from the decomposi�tion of the fluid portion of the secretion. Ihave also seen crystals of triple phosphate embedded in the very substance of the epithelial particles, showing that the decomposition of the fluid, even in the interstices of these, had already taken place.

Fungi are not usually found in connexion with the cells from the deepest layers, but I have seen bacteria in very bad cases shortly before death in considerable numbers. That these however are not essential, and that they result from the development of germs derived from without, coming in contact with tiie discharges already in a state of incipient decomposi�tion, seems proved by the fnct that specimens of the secretions in which fhey usually abound, and in which all the essential morbid characters are remarkably distinct, may be obtained, which are altogether free from bacteria and fimgi, while if these very specimens be kept for some hours at the temperature of the body, bacteria make their appearance in very groat num�bers.*

Contents of the Stomuehs and Intestines.�1 am not able to give a comprehensive report of the results of the examination of the contents of the stomachs and intestines of animals dead of the Cattle Plague.

[ have examined the contents of the small in�testine, and have observed that many of the epithelial coverings of the villi arc detached, and some of the cells disintegrated. It is certain that this change takes place before death occurs. The oval mass of germinal matter in these cells was much larger than in health. Numerous masses of germinal matter of doubtful nature, fat, and niyelin particles, bacteria fungi; and vegetable cells, spiral vessels, 8co., derived from the food, wore found In great number, but my observations are incomplete.

(Trine.�I have not instituted n special examination

of the in iuo, because I folt sure this would be fully investigated by other observerraquo;.

Vaghifi.�The mucous discharge from the vagina is often very viscid, and more or less opaque from the number of epithelial particles in it. Many of the epithelial cells exhibit a very beautiful structure, and have evidently gr-wn very rapidly. The exact modo of growth by the process of budding can bo under�stood from an examination of many of the younger cells, Plate II. Fi;. s. 12 mul 13, laquo; ; and from the form and mode of connection with one another of more ad�vanced cells, there can be little doubt concerning the niamier of their production. The specimen from which Figure IS was copied was obtained from a cow oiily twenty-i uir hours after she was taken ill, and therefore the chai. .;es arc not much advanced. The per�fectly round bodies near a and b are sporules of fungi, which are always very numerous in the vaginal secre�tion, and in this specimen there were at least two differ�ent forms, which are figured. In this discharge small masses of germinal matter have been also observed, some of these are represented in Plato \^r. Fig. 67, as they appeared under the j\j ; and the difference in appearance between these bodies and bacteria can bo estimated by comparing a with the other particles in the figure.

The Milk.�Ihave examined the secretion removed from the udder in many cases, and at different periods of the disease. The microscopical appearances in extreme cases are very distinct, and arc easily de�scribed. The oil globules, instead of being free and distinct from one another, appear for the most part to have run together, forming masses of considerable size ; and sometimes there are small elongated bodies of a considerable degree of hardness consisting of firm fatty matter, composed of the modified milk fat. Fig. 14,6. The most remarkable change ill the micro�scopical characters of the milk consists in the pre�sence of numerous granular masses of germinal matter, more or less spherical in form. These have been referred to by every one who has written on Cattle Plague, and have been usually looked upon us pus corpuscles.

Many of these bodies contain distinct oil globules, and some could not bo distinguished from the ordinary colostrum corpuscles, Fig. 14, a. In fact there can be no doubt that these are the cells in which under normal circumstances the elements of the milk would have been produced, but like the cells of other glands they increase in number without their characteristic secretion being formed, und being detached from the follicles of the gland become mixed with the small quantity of secre�tion previously produced. In extreme cases the whole field of the microscope is occupied with the cells and smaller masses of germinal matter, probably detached from them when they had escaped from the glan�dular follicles. In Fig. 14 I have represented some of the principal forms of these cells. At a is a mass consisting almost entirely of oil globules, but having a distinct nucleus ; and above this are smaller cells with si very few oil globules. In some of the pale and delicately granular cells in other parts of this figure a few oil globules may be seen ; but besides these, and often where oil globules arc entirely absent, are numerous minute spherical and oval particles pos�sessing high refracting power. I shall discuss the nature of these, bodies in the sequel, but it is de�sirable to refer to their general character in this place. The minute spherical and oval particles in question are in the substance of the germinal matter of the masses us represented in Pig, 14. Those particles are porhnps of the same nature as those often present in tlio'White blood corpuscles and pus corpuscles, Plate V. Fig. 7ii, which they resemble in refracting power. Their general appoamnco under the ^ is represented in Fig. 15, [ have sometimes thought that these bodies might be of the nature of fungi, but all the evidence I have hitherto been able to obtain is opposeil to this view. I set aside some Cattle Plague milk in order that it might begin to decompose. Upon exuminiug the uuid lluid after three or four days, numerous very

Dr.Bcftlo.

lloport to Otnumuuilanon,

* In these experiments I have employed a small glass tube, one end of which is covered by very thin membrimc. This in so arranged that the membrane jnst touches the surface of some distilled water in a little dish or capsule; the whole being placed in a small hot-ftir oven maintained at a temperature of 100deg; F. In this way I was enabled to keep the secretions freely exposed to the air, whilst evaporation was compensated for by the gradual Imbibition of lluidfrom below through the pores of the uieuibrane I have succeeded in preserving mucus-eorpusclcs, and masses of germinal matter from the higher organisms, alive for a consi�derably time longer than they would have lived at the ordinary temperature of the uir. I am still engaged in various experimentraquo; conducted according to this plan, by which one is enabled to imitate very closely sonic conditions under which cliaagus go on in the body of the living auiniul.

S 4

136

APPENDIX TO THIKD REPORT OF

raquo;r. iteaio. minute filatnentous fungi wcro developed, but none

Ro~tto of thofilamontsBtiu-ted from or wore connected with,

Commissioners. fa₀ bodies in qiu'stion, neither tliil tho pai'ticlos from

which they sprnng, or the particles of wliich tlio

filaments were composed, resemble thorn in refractive

power.

It is ovident that these minute, highly iwactlug particles are not gnuuilcs of inorganic mutter, or of ratty miitci-iiil, for they are intensely colouved by cui-mine. Tlieiu can, therefore, be no doubt that llioy consist of living genuinul matter of some hind, and from their arrangement in collections it is reasonable to conclude that they increose in number by multiplica�tion, ami that huge colloctions probably result from

tho gevmination of a very fow, or oven from one single body j ami I have reason to think that they increase in number although omhedded in tho substance of tho germinal matter of the coll. I have scon movements occur in tho latter and the particles carried from ono part of the mass to another. It is probable that in many caselaquo; the particles originate in tho germinal matter itself.

Mr. Nettleshlp has examined for me 28 different specimens of milk from animals sutlbring from Cattle Plague. Sine of the most Important are published in the following Table, with two analyses of London milk for comparison, and the general results arrived at by him are appended,

Case l(i. Case 17. iCnse 17. (Case IS.¹ Case 19.'Case 20. Case 21.1 Case 22.

Nov. 3 18laquo;.^rgt;.

iVov. 4 1865.

Nov. 4 186J.

Nov. 14. 186S.

Nov. 14 1865.

Nov. 18 ; Nov. 18 18C5. I 18t)5.

-|-

48 hours | 24 hours before | before death. I death.

1 hom-alter death.

48 hours | 48 hours

before | before 1 death. , death.

Conval- !

eseeut. I

Water

Solid Matterraquo;

88 #9632; 11

7quot; siruii

2.'! 10-04

87-85 12-U)

79-85 82-01 20-15 17-01)

60-2raquo; 111-71

(15-13 34-87

SO-45 13-55

78 T, 21-4�

80-93 07-03 13-07 32-37

100-00 100-00 100-00

100-00 j 100-00 i 100-00 ! lOO'OO 100-00 | 100-00 I 100-00 ; 100-00

Consisting of Oil Sugar and extrac

live Jlattci's.

Casein -Albumen

Ash

2-74 4-33

2-8 4 �02

2-81 �-43

8-65nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4-93

1-91 | 4-85 'including' ! albumen. 8'3 i 6-16 Trace \ � 0-7 , 1-33

8-09 | 21-71 i raquo;�11 I 2-5

2-57 3-07

7-05 1-16

5-80 1-34

11-44

7-5

3-02

�-19 �-90

3-02 ; 0-87 I 0-54 j

3-4 Trace 0-45

8-18

0-5

1-�04

10-38 0-15 0-13


5-05	11-84 1	5-39
1-25	0-99 1	1-25
0-41	0-30	0-25

11-15 0-54 0-55

31-18 1-19 Toss.

11-23

11-25 1-21

Excess.

12-5

10-50 17-27 | 19-88 0-59nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-18 I 0-17

Loss. Excess, , Excess.

34-87

13-55 ; 24-4

14.12

1-05

Excess.

Volume of Ctciuh after 24 lionrs.

Specific Gravity the Milk.

103

1028

1020

102

1032

1031nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

1031

1040

1027

Specific Gravity.-�In 28 determinations, the average specific gravity was 1026, the highest being 1040, the lowest 1018. The specific gravity of healthy milk is about 10lt;i0, but is liable to vary to the extent of several thonsfmdths. Of the 28 specimens, 11 were between 1027 and 1033, which arc within healthy limits, 14 were below 1027, three only were above 1033.

The specific gravity does not seem to bear any definite relation to the quantity of milk which can be drawn from the gland in 24 hours ; from this it would seem that the total quantity of solids excreted in the milk iloes not remain constant. Thus, in one case, the quantity given in 24 hours was 8 pints, and the specific, gravity = 1023 ; another cow gave half a pint, having specific gravity = 1020 ; while a third gave the same quantity, of specific! gravity = 1035.

The separation of the milk into cream and skim milk was effected as follows :�The milk was put into a test tube mid left for 24 hours, and the relative volume of the cream noted at the end of that time. The, extent of the separation varied very much; in most cases it laquo;'as very distinct, and the more definite the line between cream and skim, the more watery and whey-Ukc was the hitter, In two cases, however, there was no separation into two parts at all, and it is notable that one, of these contained a, large quantity of pus, while tho other had scmcely any pus corpuscles. Generully Bpoaldng, those specimens which contained the largest quantity of pus also gave tho largest volume of cream, and separated into two parts most distinctly. Kometimes, when the quantity of pns was excessive, the quot; c-remn quot;sank to the bottom in the form of a thiek-viscid mass. There is no constant relation between the volume of cream which rises and the specific gravity of the milk ; llius, two speeimens having the specific gravity respectively = 1018 and

1040, both gave half their bulk of cream. Two specimens having specific gravity of 1020 and 1032, both gave one-third cream. Of two others, both having the specific gravity = 1029, one gave one-half cream, the other one-seventh. The last instance shows that in some cases the relative specific gravity of the cream sind skim must vary, although the average of the two may he the same ; and this again points to diffe�rences in chemical composition, which are, in fact, found to occur ; thus, of two specimens having specific gravity = 1031, one gave half its bulk of cream, and contained 8 per cent, of oil, while the other gave one-eleventh of cream, and contained only 2^per cent, of oil. Neither does the specific gravity always vary directly as the total per-centage of solid matters, inas�much as the relative proportions of oil and casein vary considerably, so that though the total proportion of solids may bo the same in two cases, the relative amounts of these two constituents will produce varia�tions in specific gravity. For instance, a specimen containing about 20 per cent, of solids has specific gravity = 1031, while another contains about 21-^ per cent, of solids with specific, gravity = 1040, a difference in specific! gravity more, than would be expected from the slight change in per-centage of solids.

It may be as well to notice that idl tho specimens of milk (with the exception of three or four which are not characterised by any extreme of specific gravity) were taken from cows at the Koyal Veterinary College, which tverc all fed in about the same, way, so that tho disturbing dement of varying diet is not admitted.

in one case which recovered, six different specimens of the milk wore examined at intervals of two or three days. The following Table gives the results. The first observation was made when the cow had been ill about five clays.

TIIK CATTLK 1'LAGUK COMAII6SIONElt3,

i;j7

Dato.

8opt. 11

gt;. 18 . 19

i Quantity #9632; of Milk Iraquo; tSpccilic 21 liours. iGrnvlty.

Proportion of

Cmun.

Mtoroscopicnl oharaotortii

III.�Of the Moiiiuo Cii.wriES in ttii; Tisscrs

AND I.Vl'r.K.VAL OltQAK� Of TUK BODY IN CaTTI.B

Plague,

Of the eruption on tho nkin of the udder.�Of tho pairillai of the tonguo.�Of tho state of tho third and fourth stoinucns.�Of

the villi and glandular follicles of the small intestine.�Of the liver und kidney.'�Of the iimiiiinai-y gland.�The brain, spinal eord, ganglia, and nerves.� llnscles.�Bodies resembling en-tozoa.�Of the contents of Hie entozoon-llke bodies.�Uf the structure of the Investing niotnbmne,�Tenacity of life.�Conlaquo; elusions of previous observers.�Of the probable manner in which these bodies reach the muscles.�Of the increase of the germinal matter in the tissues and in the blood.�Of the death and decay of the soft and rapidly formed cells.

A unifonn plan bus been followed in the preparation of all the tissues and organs submitted to microscopical examiualion.

After hnviug been soaked in the. carmine fluid for a sufficient length of time (varying from three to twclvo hours), the tissue was trnnsfeiTed to glycerine, tlio strength of which was gradually increased, and then soaked in strong glycerine, containing a little free acetic acid, until it regained its original volume. Very thin sections were then made and examined in tho strongest glycerine, containing ten drops of acetic acid to tho ounce. The germinal matter of those tissues which were injected was afterwards stained by immersion in the carmine fluid, and tho specimen treated in tho same manner as before. The process is given in detail in quot; How to Work with tho Microscope,quot; 3rd edition, as well as in the new edition of the quot;Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man,quot; byTodd, Bowman, and Beide, page 57.

The skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs and tissues of the body in Cattle Plague exhibit certain general morbid changes, and participate to a greater or less extent in the alterations which have been already described as occurring in the small arteries, veins, and capillaries.

I have assured myself, by special investigations upon the papilla; of the tongue and those of the skin of the inamina;, that the nerve fibres of these organs are not destroyed, and that there is no indication of any struc�tural morbid change which wotdd lead to the inference that the peripheral nervous tissue was the special texture attacked in Cattle Plague, while a careful und patient examination of tho nervous centres in one case proved that they also were free' from disease, as far as could bo ascertained by the mode of investigation adopted. The numerous facts recorded in this memoir ngreo with the results of general observation, in tending to show that Cattle Plague, only influences the nervous tissuo as it affects other textures of the body, and that the disease cannot therefore be looked upon as essentially it nervous affection.

Of the Eruption on the Shin of the Udder.�I have examined many specimens of the eruption in various stages, but I have, not soon one elevation to which I should apply the term quot; vesicle quot; or quot; pustule.quot; Tho central part of the slightly conical projection is softer than the adjacent derm, but it does not contain fluid, nor have I ever seen one as much raised from tho general surface as the vesicles and pustules familiar to Its in the diseases of the lumiaii skin.

The elevation which was most highly developed of all those 1 have seen, and which presented tho nearest approach to fi pustule, is represented in section in Plato II., Fig. Hi ; a, murks the soflened central portion, parts of which are represented in Figs. 18 and 19. A minute exnminalhm of vertical sections of the cuticle and cutis through the centre of this well marked elevation or papule bus enabled me to demonlaquo; sirate several points of interest which I shall describo its briefly as possible.

The swelling und elevation above the general level of the skin are due principally to a circumscribed increase in bulk of a portion of the derma, but partly to thickening and upraising of the snperliei.d ctiticular layers. The swelling in the trim skin la in grout measure due to tho presence of mimerousmimilo particles of ger�minal matter, wich have ovidently multiplied rapidly, and havuumdo their way amongst, the fibres of white fibrous

J!r. Ilealo.

Itoport to

Cuinmissionera.

3 pints

1023 1023

A Rood (l^iil of pus and Bomogranulor colos�trum oolls : skhn.vory watory,

Moro pus: fowcr co-losti'iim (tells.

Still nioi'o jms; laquo;fill fowor �oiostruin oolls,

A very hwfro quantity of pus. mul no colos�trum cells. Oil ^lo-luilcs of milk very minute.

Mucll loss cream, nml the creitni contains not more than half as much pus as on tho S^nd.so that the total (pmntlly of ima cells thrown olf cannot exceed ^ of (ho (Hian-tity formed on tho 22nd. Oil globules larger.

A few pus corpuscles: no Krnnular cells. 0\{ globules of normal size.

#9632;i pints

8 pinLs Oiiints

No n'oimi risea, 'f ho bulk on lie milk sinks to tho bottom in-stentl of rlsliig; us erc'iim. i

S pints

tliiints

This case is interesting on account of tho sudden and great increase in the pns-liko cells, quot;which took place during conviiloscenco, and which as .suddenly disappeared. It shows also a .steady increase in (jiecific gravity during recovery, while the quantity of milk secreted also increased, so that tho total solids discharged in the millv must have increased very con-�iderably between Sept. 14 and Sept. 28.

In one case only (in which the disease was well marked and terminated in death) did the milk con�tain no pus-like cells, or colostrum cells, at all, and its oil globules were of normal size.

In many speciinciis the size of the oil globules is either greater or loss than in healthy milk ; this is not always well marked, but in certain cases tho difference is extreme.

Sometimes the oil glohnlcs of diseased milk have a tolerably uniform size, while in other cases they vary very much in the same specimen.

With regard to the chemical analysis: the appear�ance of the quot; sugar and extractive matters quot; varied a good deal: generally after drying at 212deg; Farh. it became quite hard and of brownish colour ; in two specimens, howevov, in turned nearly black, and though it ceased to lose weight at 212deg; Farh., yet remained sticky and moist. The colour of the oil also varied consideiubly.

In one case {quot;case 17 quot;) the milk was analyzed on two successive days (Nov. o and Nov. 4), and though tho total per-centage of solids did not vary much (17 per cent, on Nov. .']., 19| on Nov. 4), yet the relative proportions of the oil, sugar, and casein in the two is seen to differ considerably on the two days, but tho specific gravity remains nearly the same.

There arc a few general characters to be noticed by the unaided senses in diseased milk.

The colour is often darker than natural, and has a brownish tint in addition to the yellow colour of rich milk ; in one or two cases the milk was abnormally while, and looked almost like chalk. When the proraquo; portion of cream is large, the skim is generally pro�portionally watery in appearance, so that there must bo a greater than ordinary difference between the specific gravity of (he skim and cream in such cases ; in one such instance the cream had specific gravity = 1022,-tlio skim = 1027.

When diseased milk becomes sour it has almost always a smell quite different Prom the odour of tho Iitctlc or butyric acid fermentations ; it is a very dis�agreeable animal smell, something like that of an unhealthy ulcer. The reaction of diseased milk for scvernl hours aflor it hus left the body is slightly alkaline, like healthy milk. Milk containing pua docs not generally froth so much as healthy milk when shaken.

138

APPENDIX TO XU1BD UEPOUT OF

l)t: Jieule.

Beport to

OoimuissimuT-i.

tiasuo, which nrc completoly Invottoil wltli fchera, 1]^. 18 mul l'J.iind llicy eoiigregato to form �onsidorable mu.-isi'.s in tho Liitorvnls, Tue fllnous bundlos nrc in this way slightly sennratoil fi'om one naotlior, ' After the germinnl or nueleiu' particles Imvo nuiltipliod to it great oxtt'iit, it is probable that mimy cetwo to exist, and wo at dcatli resolved into oil globuleraquo;, myelin pavtlcles, nnd nlbmninousmattor, while others coiuiiui� to multiply ; some of these, 1 think, griuhuilly ninke their way without any extensive clostruotion or tissue, quite to the, sni'fivco, causing tlic cpitlielium to be dctaelied from the pnpillre, and continuing to iimlti|ily among the cuticulftt' rolls nndglaml-polls, and socrctiou from the seliaeeous follicles, Fig. 2t).

At the same time ih conaoquence of thu nltered eculaquo; ditions tho llbrous tissue undorgoos chnngo in con-sistouce, and the, affected portion becomoa very soft md perfectly transparent, and seems to bo taken up by the growing germinal matter; much of it tints slowly disappears, and its place becomes occupied by an amorphous mass of minute musses of germinal matter varying much in form, and products resulting i'roni the death and decay of sonic of these particles. .1 have seen the elongated nuclei of the bundles of the white fibrous tissue scarcely altered, so that it is not probable that the germinal matter i'onnd in such Mist quantity originates in theso. The connective tissno corpuscles of the indefinite connective tissue appear to have increased in size, and in many sections tlieir germinal matter cannot bo laquo;listingiiished from the surrounding particles. The giaimlar masses may have originated in these bodies, ov may have been derived from corpuscles which passed through the vascular walls at tin earlier period of the, disease. It seems to me probable tlint. much, though by no means all, of the germinal mutter seen in such quantity in the substance of the skin is derived from the hitter source.

The little arteries in the cutis could be distinctly seen, but they were contracted. Most of the ciipillnries contained solid matter, and wore impervious to injection, but the course of almost all could be traced.

The small veins in the subcutaneous arcoliir tissue corresponding to the seat of the eruption wore filled with small masses of gciininol matter, which were evidently undergoing rapid multiplication at the time of death.

The papilla: corresponding to the seat of the eruption were examined, and the most important morbid changes discerned were as follows :-�

1.nbsp; The capillaries, though often not much distended, could in every case be traced most distinctly, us they were occupied with masses of germinal matter and granules ; even the most minute vessels were quite distinct. Figs. 22 and 27.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The connective tissue corpuscles near the free surface of the papilla; were much enlarged, and their processes all contained minute particles of germinal matter, Fig. 21, by which their mode of ramification and their numerous anastomoses might in some in�stances be traced with the utmost distinctness.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Numerous minute masses of germinal matter were seen between the outer wall of tho vessel and the surface of the papilla, and hen; and there those reached to the free surface, and cauio into contact with the deepest cuticular cells. Fig. 21.

From a careful examination of many specimens, I conclude that the minute particles of germinal matter scon in such great number just external to the capillary originate as follows ;�.

1.nbsp; nbsp;From the, division and subdivision of the germinal matter of the connective tissue, corpuscles,

2.nbsp; From particles of germinal mutter which passed . through the capillary walls from tho blood.

And since it is certain that particles which might give rise, to them exist in the capillaries while, the con�nective tissue corpuscles are much enlarged, and their processes contain germinnl matter, it is probable that the minute particles (Fig. 25) which are seen in such iiniuense numbers, to the multiplication of which (lie bicrease in bulk and elevation of I he. dennii, and its softening (pustule':') must be attributed, are derived from both these sources.

The cuticle, which is the seat of the eruption, ex�hibits at various points, but principally about its middle layers, where the cells are flattened and are parallel to �ho free surface, Fig. 20laquo;, several deep excavations, Fig. 20laquo;, arising fiom tho destruction of tho cuticular tissue by the growth of nuraerona small particles, which occupy the cavities which they have, as it were, scooped out, Figs, 20, 2'2, 26.

The process of excavation in many instances has gone, to such an extent as to have completely destroyed all tho normal tissue ; it affects the deepest layers, and extends down to the thin layer of connective tissue, which alone separates the capillary of the papilla from tho cells of the deepest layers of tho cuticle,

The cells of the middle and more superficial layers of the cuticle arc uHecled by the particles of germinal matter, which appear to multiply in the intervals between the cells and invade tlicm from the surface, so that many cells may bo found like that represented in Fig, 26 at h, in which the ordinary nucleus is still seen occupying the centre, while in the outer part of the cuticular substance are small masses of germinal matter (contagions material ?),

As in the case of mucous membrane, the epithelhil particles of the deep layers of the cuticle have been supplied with an increased amount of nutrient pabulum, and rapid growth has been taking place in conscqueiice. Fig. 23.

The process which I have described as occurring in the cuticle, when an ordinary blister is applied* has been going on here, and the cells have enormously in�creased in nuinber, while there has not been time for the production of formed material. In the substance or interior of what would be called the pustule I have, found no corpuscles which I could call pus, smd although germinal matter in the, deep layers of the cuticle multiplies and gives rise to many rounded masses, which arc no doubt direct descendants from the deep cells of tho cuticle, those bear a small pro�portion to the smaller particles of germinal matter already referred to. I have never been able to obtain actual lymph or pus from the elevation, or from any form of the eruption I have met with. The tissue in the centre of the papule is softened, yet by no means lluid, nor so soft as thick viscid mucus.

I feel satisfied that the change in tho majority of cases first affects the layer of cuticle immediately above the summits of the papillrc. It is probable that this arises from the escape of tho active innterial from the summits of the papillae, and its spreading horizontally in different directions between the parallel flattened cells, as shown in Fig. 20. Having reached the parallel layers of the, cuticle the particles rapidly multiplying would pass horizontally between the layers, and these would then become partially detached in flakes. Tig. 22, under h, Fig 2Qh. If the detached cuticle corres�ponding to the eruption bo examined from its deep aspect and the depressions for the piipilhn he brought into focus, the collections of luinnte particles of rapidly multiplying germinal matter (contagious material?) will be seen without difficulty. The quot;scabquot; consists partly of the most superficial layers of the detached and upraised cuticle, partly of sebaceous matter, which has been secreted by the glands, and caused to mingle with the disintegrated epitheliuni from the surface of the cuticle, but principally of the minute particles of living germinal matter already referred to, and figured in Plate, II., Figs. 25, 26.

Minute spherical particles, wliicli I have no doubt are sporulcs of fungi derived fmni without, are also to lie seen in mimy cases amongst the superficial cuticular cells ; these arc represented in 24.

Considering how extremely niinute many of the particles of germinal matter in the substance of tho cntis and amongst the cuticular cells arc, that they occur in collections, that they may be traced from the surface, through the, irregular excavations in the cuticle quile, to tho surface of the piipillm, that minute particles of germinal matter may ho seen in the sub-

Lcoturelaquo; atthu Itoyid College of riiysicians, 1861,

TlIK CATTtE PLASUE COaiMISSIONERS.

139

stonoo of tho connootivo tissue of the ijapilltD thoin-solves, that tho capillaries of tho impilliu ara filli'd with solid matter, that in thi.s inatorinl tiro numorous mnssus of {j;ormiuul matter, and that slnvds of fihniic are very froquontly obsorvocl in the colioctionH of ger�minal particles above reforrad to, occupying tho spaces in tho cuticle.; it is at any rate not improbablo that tho germs from which these minuto germinal particles have been derived have passed through tho walls of tlie vcssols from the blood.

From what has been slated, it appears certain that tho mosses of genninnl matter ontoring into the formation of tho eruption have the folloAving sources ;�#9632;

1. The germinal matter of the normal cuticular epithelium. 2. Minute genus of fungi derived from without. 3. Tho germinal matter of tho cells of the sebaceous glands. 4. Germinal matter from the blood, which may have boon derived, from a, that of tho white blood corpuscles, ami b, the special gorminnl matter Entering the blood from without, which constitutes the contagious poison. It is probable that some of the germinal particles may also be derived from 5, tho fconneotive tissue corpuscules ; and 6, from the germinal matter of tho capillary vessels.

Of the Papilla of the. Tongue.�I have made preparations of the papillcc of tho tongue of animals dead of cattle plague, and instituted a careful comparison between these and papilla; from the tongue of the healthy animal prepared in precisely the same manner. The capillaries, nerves, and connective tissue corpuscles, are beautifully displayed in both specimens. The nuclei arc all much enlarged and the processes of the con�nective tissue corpuscles arc wider and much more prominent in the Cattle Plague than in the healthy spooimen. Compare Figs. 29 and 30, Plate III.

Tho capillaries of the papilhe contain granular matter, and many have began to shrink, probably after having been considerably distended with blood. In a great number the contents exhibited the same charac�ters as described on page 139.

Many of the capillaries were obstructed, so that it would not have been possible to force injection into them.

The nerves of the papillas and the mucous membrane were perfectly healthy, except that their nuclei were enlarged.

Tho superficial cells of epithelium were much altered, and many appeared disintegrated. ' Amongst them nu�merous small granular corpuscles resembling those seen ia tho scabs on the skin wore observed, audnumerous Vegetable growths were almost constantly met with.

Lungs.�Although the congested patches in the lungs are very general, there are indications of complete obstruction to the circulation only in few spots. I have succeeded in completely injecting many of th ; capillaries which were extremely distended with blood. Many exhibit distinct divorticula, as reprosontod in Fig. 28, Plate III,, and in some, corpuscles resembling white blood corpuscles wore very numerous. Here and there some capillaries were found, in which the blood was stagnant.

The masses of germinal matter connected with the capillary walls were largo and in some cases had divided and subdivided into small portions. In the interior of some of the capillaries small particles of germinal matter were seen, but in no case have, I observed in the vessels of the lungs morbid changes advanced to the same extent, as in many other vessels.

An extremely etnphysomatous condition of the lungs is one of the! morbid changes most constantly observed in Cattle Plague. I am unable to give a satisfactory explanation of this change, but it seems probable that it. may depend upon impodimcnl to the free egress of the air from the air cells of the lungs resulting Iron the congested state of the capillaries of the smallesl bronchial tubes, the tumid condition of the tnucous UKMnbrane, and the accumulated secretion upon Its surface. The altered blood would also exert a delete�rious influence upon the alferent nerves concerned in exciting the reflex respiratory movements, which, as is woll known, soon become exceedingly feeble, and remain so until death occurs,

The einphysenmtous condition usually extends to the areolar tissue between tho lobulels ; the bands of white librous (issue and (he cords of yellow elastic tissue being beautifully distinct in the highly stretehed texluiv.

The distended air cells pivseutcd iiolliiug remarkable. There was no evidence of degeneratinn in the pulmo�nary membrane, no attenuated, granular, nnd otherwise altered capillary vessels, such as are observed in eases of chronic omphysoma in the human subject. The colls in the air cells were larger and more numorous than in health, and blood corpuscles and granular matter wore prosont, Plato III., Fig. 38. The, epithelial cells, how�ever, contained many inimUe globules of myelin, Plato III., Figs. 37, 40.

Of the State of the Third and Fourth Slornachs.� The omasum or manyplies which I examined, although from a very bad case of disease, did not exhibit very prominent morbid appearances. Tho vessels in part were congested, but the Prussian blue fluid penetrated tho capillaries readily, though not equally, some being stretehed to tho utmost, while others were exceedingly narrow, and only contained a narrow line of injection. Many exliibitcd dilatations, and in those inimodiutely beneath the epithelial surface numerous little divorticula were observed in the thickness of the wall of the capil�lary. These reached the under surface of tho epithelial investment.

The Fourth Stomach.�It would be a more repetition to describe the general changes which have taken place in the vessels, connective tissue, and epithelial surface of the fourth stomach or reed, bu( I propose to refer briefly to the alterations which have occurred in the seat of tho superficial depressions upon the surface of the mucous membrane, looking something like superficial ulcers, but in which there is no true ulceration. Tho appear�ance seems to be duo to a general shiinking of all the textures entering into the formation of the mucous membrane. This shrinking I attribute to the supply of nutrient pabulum having been for some time diminished, and at length cut off, in consequence of the blood having stagnated in the vessels at an earlier period of the disease.

I have preparations in which (he gastric glands cor�responding to these depressions are much reduced in volume, and their cells shrunken and few in number, while in other parts of the same stomach the glands are well developed, and the cells larger than in health. The vessels corresponding to these patches have already undergone important changes, and of some nothing but mere, lines remain. Their outline is irregular, exhi�biting hero a bulging and there a constriction, while the contents are perfectly pale and granular without a trace of the red colouring matter of the blood, Plate III., Figs. 32, 34, The normal epithelium upon the surface of ihe mucous membrane has been removed, and only a liitie granular matter with a few small cells can be discerned. The submueous areolar tissue is contracted, nnd exhibits :i granular appearance. In its substance arc numerous small masses of germinal matter, oil-globules, and myclin particles, The vessels and connective tissue in which (bey lie arc represented in Fig. 32. The deep vessels of (he mucous membrane arc also shown in the drawing, as well as the openings of some of the gastric glands with their contninocl cells, A portion of one of the hirgcr vessels is figured in 34, and in 33 a portion of one of the smallest capitlnries with minuto particles of gcnniiuii matter, the nature of which is doubtful, in its interior.

Of the Villi and glandular Follicles of the Simill Intestine,�The villi, like other pails of tho mucous membrane of tho small intestine, are highly injected. The granular cells in the suhstnncc of the villiifl are large and \cry numerous, und the mass of genniiial mattci'(nucleus) of tho columnar cells is much larger (hini in cells in a normal state. In many cases (ho colunmar cells arc completely removed. Amongst (hem, parlicnlaily at their al (ached surface, and upon (he snii'uee of the villi on which they lie, arc nimierous small masses of germinal matter, for the most, part of ft spherical form, but amongst these are many more

Dr. Jloalo.

llejiort to CVnunlssioiiors.

140

Ari'KNJHX TO TIIIUD BBFOBT OP

Dr. Itoatc.

Itoport tu

ommissiuiuTO.'

miuuto moBsos jippiirontly of the same climwtev, and multitudoa of those uru i'ouiul among the contents of tho small intentlno.

The colls of tin) folllclos of the small intoatlno nro onlai'gocl, and tholv niiclol are much larger thtvn natural.

The mucus on tlie surface of the duodonum vns of n palo brown colour. It woa viscid, and contained numerous spherical granular masseraquo;, small granular particles of gorniiiml matter, altered blood corpuscles, brownish bodies, apparently collections of altered blood corpuscles, nmnorons vegetable organisms like �kwo figured in Plato III. Fig.31.

It is very interesting to examino cnrofully a specimen of the mucous momhrano of the small intestine which has been successfully injected with the Prussian blue fluid injection. The colouring matter can be traced to the exact point where the capillary is obstructed by the altered blood in its interior, so that it seems beyond question that the obstruction, which soon becomes com�plete, must have arisen from changes occurring in the blood in the narrowest part of the capillary channels.

In the specimens subjected to examination I fool quite sure that a vast number of the villi were actually disorganized at the time of death, and that under no sapposuble circumstnncea could the circulation have been re-established in many of the capillary vessels. When such an extent of the surface concerned in the absorption of nutrient matters is destroyed all hope from treatment is over, and it is obvious that when a large number of the villi are destroyed the death of the animal cannot be averted.

In no tissue in the body is the obstruction more complete oc dithised over a wider extent than in the Stomach and small intestine, and in the instances of disease which I have examined the obstructed capil�laries in the intestines were more numerous than in the stomach.

This complete obstruction of the capillary circulation in spots over a considerable tract of mucous membrane is n matter of the greatest interest in connexion with the very fatal character of Cattle Plague. One would have concluded that all remedial measures would have been useless as soon as these local congestions had occurred in considerable number.

In the connective tissue beneath the altered patches of mucous membrane of the fourth stomach, and very commonly in the submucous arcolar tissue of the greater part of the small intestine, are numerous sperical and oval masses of a reddish brown colour. Many of these appear to be composed of smaller masses, and are as much as the �W of an inch in diameter, ond some are still larger than this. The surface is perfectly smooth. Several arc sometimes seen in the course of what was evidently once a capillary vessel, but many are often situated just external to capillaries. I think these bodies are collections of red blood cor�puscles much altered, but I am not certain that all are of this nature, some look very like vegetable organisms. I have soon them in the substance of the solitary glands and also in the villi, in cases of Cattle Plague.

I have some beautiful preparations showing portions of Foyer's patches. The vessels of these individual glands are not so much altered as those of the villi immediately over them. Nerve fibres can in many instances be soon ramifying over the gland. The glands contain numerous little spherical particles of germinal matter, but they are not larger than in the normal state. I feel quite sure that the morbid changes essential to and characteristic of the intestine in this disease do not comracnco in or mainly affect these glands.

Of the Liver and Kidney.�Neither the nuclei of the liver cells nor those of the walls of the hepatic vessels and connective tissue seem to be enlarged to the same extent as the nuclei in other textures, I have sections of liver which I might not be able to distinguish from sections from perfectly healthy animals.

The vessels of the kidney were not much congested in the specimen 1 examined. Artificial injection for

the most part ran well, but the small vessels of some of the Malpighian bodies were completely obstructed, so that in sections from an injeeted specimen several Malpighian bodies were not injeeted at all.

in many instances the Mulpighian bodies of tho unin-jeeted kidney of an animal killed by Cattle Plague were larger than those from a healthy kidney. It was found that twenty-five healthy Malpighian botUos in the Cattle Plague kidney measured nearly one-third more in diameter than the samenumbov in a heallhy kidney, but it must not be forgotten that in healthy slaughtered animals a little variation is observed in the diameter of the Malpighian bodies, so thnt I am not disposed to attribute much importance to this observation.

In such a condition as Cattle Plague, where it seems obstruction to the flow of blood commences in the capillary vessels in consequence probably of some change in the blood itself, one would not expect to find the capillaries of the liver or the iiitertulmlar capillaries of the kidney congested. The stagnant state of tho blood in the capillaries of the intestine would impede the onward flow of blood towards the portal vein, and the liver would therefore contain less blood than in the normal state.

The blood flowing to the kidney through the renal artery being impeded in the first set of capillaries which it had to traverse, namely, those of the Malpighian body, would only roach the intertubular capillaries in small quantities. The Malpighian capillaries would at first be highly congested. The congestion would then, to some extent, be relieved by the escape of blood, serum, and corpuscles, which would pass into the urine. When the circulation ceased changes would ensue in the clot resembling those occurring in other vessels. In Plate I, Fig. 7, a loop of capillnrios of a Malpighian body with its contents is represented magnified 7O0 diameters. The small jiarticles repre�sented in the interior of the vessel omongst the white blood corpuscles were coloured by the carmine fluid, and I believe them to be particles of the contagious material which are growing and multiplying rapidly.

Of the Mammary Gland.�I have examined two or three mammary glands, but have made out nothing specially bearing upon the nature of the disease. Some beautiful specimens have been prepared, and the vessels minutely injected, but as I have never been able to obtain a cow's nddlt;3r taken from an animal in perfect health, and giving plenty of milk, no comparison can be made. There wore no morbid changes in the mammary glands which I examined worthy of being re�corded. The activity of circulation through the vessels of the gland becomes diminished at an early period of tho disease, probably from contraction of the small arteries induced through tho influence of the nerves ; we should not, therefore, expect to find the changes proceeding to tho same degree in the capil�laries of this organ as in those of other tissues, espe�cially those of the surfaces from which morbid materials are ordinarily eliminated.

The Brain, Spinal Cord, Ganglia, lt;md Nerves, have been minutely examined in one instance, and, with the exception of the nuclei being very large and distinct, little has boon noticed. Many of the vessels of the pia mater, and most of those of the ehoroid plexuses contained blood, and in many of the small veins and capillaries the changes observed in the contents of other vessels had also taken place (see page 132),

Muscles.�The general appearance of the voluntary muscles of the system in Cattle Plague is variable, and in some parts of the same animal muscular tissue, may be discovered which could not be distinguished by the unaided eye from the beef of animals slaughtered in health. In other situations, portions of muscular tissue may bo seen which are almost blade from the effusion of blood between the elomcntiiry fibres, while in some places tho flesh is almost colourless, and so soft and rotten that it may be readily broken down witli the slightest pressure, Such difiFercnces would bo an�ticipated in any disease characterized by local ob�structions in tho capillary circulation, ond the difleronce of the appearances of the muscukr tissue in dilferent

TITK CATTLK 1'LA.GUK COMMI8SI0NBKS.

141

animals, and in diiferont parts of tho saino caroase, depend upon tho altered oharootei¹ of the fluid which

has transiulcd from tho blood vessels, the degree of de-rangement of tho caplllaiy circulation, and tho period of time these altorod cireiiinstances have lasted.

It is imposslblo that deranged oapillary circulation, such ns nncloubtodly exists in Cuttle Plaguo, whatever tho cause of its prailuctiou may be, could long persist without giving' rise to alterations in the appearance of tho innsonlar fibres. In some muscles the olomontuiy fibres appear softened, translucent, and wax like, colour-loss, and almost destitute of transverse markings, tho nuclei having disappeared ; whilst in otborraquo; the tissue is harder, though more brittle than usual, and the trans�verse stria) are nnusually distinct. I have also noticed tho tendency to tnmsverso cleavage and splitting of tho elomontary fibre into Bowman's discs to be much greater than in healthy muscle. It is not uncommon to meet with elementary fibres tho sarcous material of which has divided transversely within tho tubo of sarcolemnia into a number of segments, often separated from one another by considerable intervals. In fheso cases it looks ns if the contractile material bad been suddenly ruptured at short intervals, in consequence possibly of the extreme violence of contractions siinnl-tanoonsly induced in it at short intervals throughout the entire length of tho elementary fibre. Tho ap�pearances above referred to exactly resemble those delineated long ago by Bowman in muscular fibres from cases of tetanus. In other elementary fibres the (ton-tractile material scorns to have been split up into com�paratively small portions, which are transparent, tho edges being often rounded and smooth ; transverse mark�ings are only to bo seen indistinctly bore and there, and all trace of definite structure has been lost. I have also seen fibres the contractile tissue of which appeared perfectly granular, and in some cases numerous minute oil globules were present. It would not have been possible, however, to have distinguished some of the elementary musci�ar fibres from some very bad cases of Cattle Plague from those of perfectly healthy animals.

Tho masses of germinal matter of the voluntary muscles, like those of all other tissues, are considerably enlarged in eases of Cattle Plague. And in many elementary fibres the increase is very great indeed, those belonging to the sarcous tissue being globose, exhibiting distinct protrusions or diverticula in various parts, and in many cases three or four large masses resulting from the separation and growth of such pro�trusions, buds, or offsets, take the [dace of ono of the normal spindle-shaped nuclear bodies, Plate III., Fig. 42. The masses of germinal matter connected with the sarcolemma, and those belonging to the nerves, capillaries, and intermusculur connective tissue, have all increased in size. These changes depend no doubt upon the increased transudation of nutrient fluid from the blood, and vary in intensity in different parts, according to tho degree of impeded circulation.

But as tho appearances above described, and many others of a loss important character which might be dwelt upon, are in all probability but the result of the altered composition of the blood, the altered state of tho circulation, and the local capillary congestions, and probably uro by no means peculiar to Cattle Plague, it is not desirable to treat of them at length.

Bodies resembling Entozoa in Muscles.�But tho most remarkable circumstance which I have observed in connexion with the muscular system of animals destroyed by Cuttle Plague is the occurrence of a number of very distinct spindle-shaped bodies, each embedded in I ho sarcous tissue of fin elementary fibre. I have also, but in a few instances only, seen similar bodies lying free amongst the elementary muscular fibres. They have been found in considerable number in the muscles of every animal dead of Cattle Plaguo In which I have sought 1'oi'tliem, with one exception,* and in all the different muscles examined from a single carcase

many have been found. They arc commonly met with in largo numbers in tho muscular fibres of tho heart,*

but they attain a more perfectly developed form and a much larger size in tho muscles of the system, These bodies are exceedingly distinct ; they vary nuudiin size, the snmllest being not more than the j,,¹,,,/ of an inch in length, and the largest as much as tho \ . They invariably exhibit certain common characters. There is little difficulty in finding them if only very small pieces of muscular tissue be subjected to examination, but being very transparent they are easily hidden from view if surrounded by several elementary muscular iibres, und thus they may escape detection. They vary in number, and I should think that in some eases I have seen them as numerous as one to at tbo most twenty muscular fibres, while in others perhaps they may not be found in greater number than in tho proportion of one to a hundred muscular fibres, Tho smallest are oval, but as they grow they become spindle-shaped, and iisnnlly one end is pointed, vvhilo tho opposite extremity is more or less rounded, Plate IV., Pigs. 49, ��. In some there are slight projections from dilibront parts of the surface as if there were tendency to the formation of segments or lateral pores, Figs. 03, 54 ; but in tho larger ones the outline appears perfectly uniform. In all there is a distinct investing membrane of a peculiar structure, varying in thickness in bodies of different sizes, the outer surface of which is in contact with the sarcous tissue, or with the sar�colemma, save in the few instances in which tho bodies are free. Even when the peculiar bodies lie embedded in the sarcous tissues, being surrounded on all sides by a thin layer of it, the transverse markings of the con�tractile material arc perfectly distinct, Figs. oO at a and 65. Themasses of germinal matter of the affected tissue are not larger than those of adjacent muscular fibres. There is no evidence of granular, fatty, amyloid, or other form of degeneration. And whatever these peculiar bodies may eventually be proved to be, it is certain that they grow within the contractile material, and by their growth excite no irritation. The muscular tissue in contact with them seems, as it were, slowly to make way for their increased growth without tho occurrence of inflammation, or any other morbid change.

Structure of the Invcstiur/ Membrane.�Not tho least interesting point, in connexion with these ciirioua bodies is the investijig membrane, und it is very desi�rable to draw the attention of helminthologists to its anatomical characters.

The tissue, is very transparent, and varies somewhat in thickness in different parts. It appears to exhibit delicate transverse markings, but upon careful exami�nation it is found that these are caused by the linear arrangement, of minute hair-like fibres. These processes of the investing membrane were described by Mr. Uaineyin his paper in the Phil. Trans, for 1857.f Ho says they increase in size and distinctness as tho animal grows larger. quot;They have not the sharp and well quot; defined outline of true cilia, nor are they pointed quot; like setre, or curled like cirri.quot; In a specimen in my possession, however, the bodies In question are certainly pointed, and the whole appearance under a power of 1,000 diameters, is such as would result if tho investment consisted of very delicate transparent conical hairs, terminating outwards in pointed processes. After lying in water for some time the projecting fllatncnta exhihiled the usual characteristics of cilia, and would no doubt, have been tet'ined cilia by any naturalist. The structure of this membrane is so beautiful and delicate that it might, be employed us a test object for estimating the defining power of object glasses.

The peculiar structure of tho external investment covering or sheath will be. understood by reference to Figs. 49 to 54, and I shall not here enter Into a moro

Ur. llealo.

Boport to CummiHsiouerii.

� The exception was :m nndonbted ciiso of Cattle Plague, the post mortem examination of which wns witnessed by frofewor Urown, of the Veterinary Department of the l'rivy Council,

* Attention was drawn liy Or. Fenwiok to the existence of these bodies in the nuiseles of animals (lend of Cattle Flogue, in a letter to tho quot;Timesquot; of Jan. 3vd, 18('gt;(i.

t On the structure and development of the cysticei'cus celln-losie, as louud In the mtuoles of the pig.�1'hil. Trans, vol. 147.

142

APPENDIX TO THIRD URPORT OF

Dr. Beule.

Hojort to CommissumiTs.

miimtc (l�scviption of it. I regard it ns n peculiar formation, and foel (julto certain that the nppoai'ances do not result from ivny modiflcatiou ocenvring in the loyei' lt;gt;!' BarcoiiH matter whicli was in immediate contact witii tlio body imder consideration daring its Increase in size.

Of Ike Contcnls of the JSntozoon-like Bod//.�Tho contents of those Bpindlo-slmped bogs, cysts, or in�vestments without doulit form tho most importnnt part of the mass und are well worthy of the. most attentive con�sideration. When examined by a low power, tho matter oecnpying tho cavity appeal's granular, and there are distinct indications of the mass being subdivided into smaller portions, the divisions Leing most distinct trans�versely. I do not think there arc; distinct septa, but the appearance is such as would result if oaoh of a number of masses of germinal matter in tho interior of u cavity with extensile walls were to divide and sub�divide into numerous masses, eaeb capable, of further growth and subdivision. The appearance is given in Pigs. -19 and 55,

The entire contents of every one of these bodies I have seen exhibit the same, characters. There, is no indication of alimentary canal, ovary, secreting gland, or other organ. It is therefore only necessary to call attention to the small individual particles of an aggre�gation of whicli each of the peculiar bodies in question entirely and invariably consists.

When perfectly mature each individual little corpuscle is curved, one extremity being rounded, while the other is almost sharp, as represented in Plate V., Fig, 62, atJ. These, particles arc for the most part of an oval form, or spindle-shaped. They laquo;re flattened, and apparently consist of a transparent material, which exhibits hero and there spots differing in refraction from the rest of the, mass. These are irregularly disseminated through tho substance, and give to it a granular appearance when it is examined by low powers, hut under the influence of high magnifying powers the appearance is such as to render it doubtful, if, at least in all cases, these are actual granules distinct from tho general mass. Figs. 50, 62, (53, and 64.

The bodies approximate to one another very closely in dimensions, hut it is difficult to find two of precisely tho same figure, and it seems to mo most probable that they change in form when the}' escape into the, sur�rounding fluid by tho rupture of the sac. Figs. 50, 60, 62. A general idea of the characters of these little bodies when examined under different magnifying powers may bo formed by reference to Plates IV. and V., especially Figs. 48, 53, 49, 50, 62, 63, from specimens magnified respectively 2;, 130, 215, VoO, 1,800, and 2,800 diameters.

In their general appearance those bodies so closely resemble the nuclei of tissues that under low powers one might easily be mistaken for the other. But upon careful examination by the highest powers it will he found that the outline is sharper, that the general mass is more uniform, while tlie differences in form are greater than arc observed in muscle nuclei. Moreover these bodies are often seen in such groat, number (fifty, or a hundred, or more, being iu the field at, ono time,) that they cannot be mistaken for nuclei. They are also smaller than the nuclei of muscle, and very much smaller than the greatly enlarged muscular nuclei soon in the muscles of animals destroyed by Cattle Plague.

Upon the whole it seems to me, almost certain that each of those little bodies is capable of giving rise lo others like itself, by division and subdivision, and these to more in the same way. To what extent this process is capable of being carried 1 can form no idea. The spindle-shaped elongated cysts in which these, particles grow and multiply sometimes reach a very great length. In n specimen of muscle I received from Dr. Ende, of Norwich, I found two as much as the quarter of an inch in length, and yet so narrow that the muscular fibres in which they lay still exhibited their normal diameter. Up to a certain size, however, as the bodies increase, in length they also increase in width, and I have seen some twice, the diameter of an ordinary musculnr fibre. In some of the largest of these the

walls were, not so thick as in many smallor ones which have fallen under my notice, From the facility with which the, contents of many of these, bodies escape, very slight pressure of the thin glass being often suflicient to rupture the cyst. Fig. 53, 1 think it probable that after the aggregate mass had attained a sir-e somewhat larger than those delineated in my drawings, it might hurst, in which case hundreds of thousands of the small oval bodies would be sot free among the vessels and nerves, and connective tissue lying between the, elementary muscular fibres. But tliis is only a supposition, and I have no data enabling mo to determine what would become of these particles if sot free. Tho death of the animal always seems to occur before this catastrophe happens, There is, however, another mode of escape for the bodies con�tained in those spindle-shaped cysts which is possible. Although I have never seen a distinct pore or aperture in any part of the cyst, it seems not improbable that an orifice might, bo formed at one or other extremity, or at a point of the body whore the external wall is thinner than in other ports. In this way the escape of tlicse, bodies from their parent cyst a few at a time would ho effected, while the process of inultiplication still going on within would not bo interfered with. But whether the individual masses are able to migrate from ono part of the body to another, or after having been produced in enormous number within the cyst, they are destined to remain dormant until by the death of their host opportunity for a far more distant migration is provided ; or whether, as is perhaps upon the whole least probable, from tho collection already described a true entozoon is evolved, must bo deter�mined by future research.

Tenacity of Life.�The little bodies in question are very tenacious of life, and they are not permeated by the carmine fluid till long after every mass of germinal matter (nucleus) of the muscles, vessels, and nerves have been deeply coloured,�a fact which shows that at any rate these bodies are quite, distinct from the muscle, nuclei, and have not descended from thorn. After remaining for many hours in the cannine fluid they take the colour like every other kind of living matter, and several specimens exhibited one spot darker than other parts.

I have tried some experiments in the hope of causing those bodies to multiply, but my attempts have hitherto failed. 1 placed pieces of muscle in which the entozoa-liko bodies were very numerous in artificial digestive fluid prepared from tho pig's stomach, and also in a fluid prepared from the fourth stomach of the ox, at a temperature of 100deg; F. for 24 hours. Although many of the bodies had considerably increased in size there was no evidence of movement or of the formation of buds, und I think that the increase in size may, per�haps, have boon due to imbibition merely, Fig. 64. They were not much altered in general appearance or refractive power, while, the, nuclei of the tissues wore very much changed by the digestive fluid. The smooth and delicately granular appearance of the latter was removed, and numerous small oil globules bad formed in them.

I placed another portion of the same muscle in fresh alkaline serum from ox blood at a temperature of 100deg;, and another in some of the same serum, rendered slightly acid by the addition of acetic acid. Many of the little oval particles had escaped from their cysts, but after the lapse of 24 hours had undergone no appre�ciable change. In water the bodies may remain for several days without undergoing much change. It is therefore necessary to perform many other expoiimonts with the, view of ascertaining the nature and origin of those, peculiar bodies. Some which have suggested themselves are already in progress, and if any results are obtained they shall bo communicated.

Conclusion of previous Observers, � Professor Ricbold states that these peculiar entozoon-like bodies were first discovered by Miescher In the muscles of a mouse in 1843. llessling* found them In the muscular

* Slebold and Kiilliker's Zeitschrift Hand. v. p. 197.

TIIK C.Vn'LK IT.AOUK COMMISSIONRIl�.

143

fibres of the kciu't of tlio sheop iiml ox. Thoy hiivo but�i also found in the door by Biebold ontl BischofK Tbcy hove been scon in tlio imiaclos of the mouso and rat. 'i'lio latter obsoi'veiquot; found them in nil ilio inusclo.s of n nit in 1840, In 185.') llmiioy* found and flgurod similnr bodies in tho muscles of the pig, und inioirod that tlioy roprosentod tliu early period of development of tbo cysticercus cellulosa of that animal, but lutef writers, und especially Louckart and Cobbold, do not considuv tho evidencu upon wlilch this inferenco rests ut nil uonclusivo.f

Tlio form of tho body and the pueulinr structure of the external investing membrane, would loud one to regard tho bodies as some speeies of onto�oou in an ini-porfect stngo of development, but from tho ohm-actor of tho contents it is possible that some zoologists might consider them more closely allied to the gregarinto or psorospermioB. There is, I think, no doubt tluit these bodies are of an animal nature, but I am not aware of any grogariniform botly exhibiting either tho form or considerable size or general characters of those in question. There is, I think, no character that renders it at all probable that they belong to the vegetable kingdom.

The nature of these very peculiar and striking bodies has not yet been made out, and although it is probable that they imiy have nothing whatever to do with tho Cattle Plague tho constancy of their occurrence in very large numbers in the muscles of animals that have died of this disease is remarkable. Moreover, as there can be no doubt that minute bodies, capable of rapid multi�plication far less thou those forming the contents of the spindle-shaped cysts, would be competent to give rise to very serious symptoms if they passed from tho intestinal canal into tlio vascular system, it seems of the utmost importance that the natural history of these bodies, whatever their nature may be, should be traced out.

Of the probable Manner in which these Bmlks reach the Muscles.-�From the foregoing observations it seems almost certain that these bodies are special organisms derived from organisms of a like kind, and that they did not originate within the body of the animal they inhabit.

Although I have not yet succeeded in demonstrating the earliest changes occurring in the mass soon after its entrance into the muscular fibre, its position in the central part of the sarcous tissue in many instances, its increase in length and breadth as proved by the dif�ferent dimensions of the specimens observed, and tho small size of many of them, lender it almost certain that a very small mass must have originally made its way into the sarcous tissue, while the demonstration of a fissure leading from the external surface of the fibre to its central axis, where the organism is situated. Fig. 54 at a, seems almost conclusive upon this point. It is almost impossible to resist the inference that a minute germ, perhaps less than the , ro^th of an inch in its smallest diameter, makes its way through the sarcolemma into the sarcous tissue, and grows there, ultimately giving rise to the body described and figured.

The smallest I have been able to demonstrate with absolute certainty are represented in Figs. 57 and 58. The one delineated in Fig. 58 is only the ^Vtr ⁰^ '^lninch in length, and is probably very young. In Fig. GO, one not more than the jj^ of an inch in length has already attained its peculiar form, and the little bodies within, new loss than the - ₀'₀� of an inch in diameter, arc multiplying by division.

Tho diificulty of observing the earliest changes Inking place in such a minute mass in the centre of an elemen�tary fibre must necessarily be much increased by the circumstance of tho multiplication of the muscular nuclei themselves in many of those cases in which the bodies in question are observed. I have indeed seen many spc-

* quot;On the Structure and development of tho cysticerciis collu-losffi. us found in the muscles of the piR.quot; by George Uainey, M.R.O.8.�Phil Trims, vol. 147, p. Ill, 1887.

f For a fall account of the literature of this subject tho readet is referred to a paper by Dr. Cobbold in the Lonoet for January 27tt), IBOfi, which has been reprinted by Professor Gr.mgee in his large work on the Cattle 1'lague.

cimens which 1 might have fairly adduced as tho earliest stage of the inlramiisciilai' existence of the organism, but have reiWiiueil from figuring these because I could not positively allirm that thoy were not collections of throe, foil!, or bull'a doison nuiscuhii' luielui,

All the ovidonco yet obtained is indeed strongly in favour of tlio view that one of tho very large bodies flgurod is developed from a very mi mile mass, resem�bling If not identical in nalnre with the little bodies forming the contents of tho spindle-shaped cysts. Tbo largest of these are not more tliau the. ��'��th of an inch in length, und therefore not larger I ban a white blood corpuscle. But in the smallest cysts, and in the pointed extremity of the largest, it is common to find particles far more minute tlmii these. Looking at the character of these bodies, and bearing in mind wdmt is known to occur in the multiplication ol'masses of germinal matter generally, (see quot; The Structure of the Tissues,quot; and my lectures recently published in the quot; Medical Times quot;and quot;Gazette,quot;) it is reasonable to infer that these bodies may be developed from particles of extreme minute�ness, so small that they would readily pass into or out of a capillary through its wall, and it is very probable that the stage of existence which we know of imiy be preceded by one in the blood, in which these particlert certainly are less than the nrffrnquot;)''¹ of an inch in diameter, and undergoing rapid multiplication. Seeing that these bodies grow and innltiply in immediate contact with tho muscular tissue without exciting inflammation, or leading to any marked degeneration, it is not un�reasonable to assume that they, or smaller particles from which they are derived, might circulate in the blood without destroying the life of the white blood corpuscles, and without necessarily causing coagulation of the fibrin,

Tho most minute particles represented in Fig. 56 are probably particles which might have grown, and assumed the form of those represented in Figs. 43 to 48.

From a consideration of the facts already adduced the following hypothesis might suggest itself to the reader. Germinal particles of minute size, capable of being easily transported by air, suspended in fluids, or carried by the smallest insects, reach the mucous surfaces of the animal, where, meeting with nutrient matter, they soon increase and multiply ; some pass through the vascular walls into the blood. Multiplying in those parts of tho vascular system where the circulation is the slowest they might soon give rise to congestion, and otherwise derange the circulation, and affect local nutrition. Many might escape through the vascular walls, and growing and multiplying, seriously disturb the nu�trition of the epithelium, ami gradually lead to com�plete disorganization of tho epithelial surface, and tbo tissue upon which the epithelium rests. Some, gaining access to the particular tissue in which they arc destined to pass another phase of their development, the interior of a muscular fibre, might there attain the character of the bodies described. Still, in an immature condition, they may await the opportunity for another migration, after which perhaps they assume their fully developed form.

It will, however, be asked if there is any evidence from which an opinion can at once be formed concern�ing the relation of these bodies to the Cattle Plague.

1.nbsp; nbsp;Are they the cause of the disease?

2.nbsp; nbsp;If not the direct cause of the disease, can thoy so derange the. health of the animal as to predispose it to take the affection ?

3.nbsp; nbsp;Is their presence in Cattle Plague merely acci�dental?

The first question may be answered in the negative, but in the present state of our knowledge it, is, I fear, impossible to reply positively to the second and third questions, The great number of the cntozoon-liko bodies in the pig and sheep, and tho fact of their having been found in many other animals, is certainly strongly against the view that they arc. specially con�nected in any way with the Cattle Plague, and it is almost certain that thoy do not grow and multiply so rapidly as to attain the sizo and reach the very largo number actually round in the muscles in the course of a fort night.

l.'im

Dr, Doalu.

Iloport to

I,¹

#9632;

144

ArrKNDIX TO THIRD KKPOKT OF

Dr.ncaio.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;It soems possible lliiit sudi bodies when present in

#9632;j_h~_i _to great nnmber in the muscles of tiie systom might give

ComnSmorB. rise to derangomont of tiie iioalth, antl perhaps prodispoamp;o

--------the animal to attacks of acute disoaso, not laquo;mly by

exciting fever during their migration fiom one part of the body to another, but by interfering in many other ways with the general nutritive operations. Nor is tiie general stale of health and bodily vigour of oui' flocks and herds such that we should dismiss the stiikiiif-' facts advanced with reference to those bodies with little notice. They may have a more im-portont bearing upon some of the affections of cuttle than would appear probable, upon first consideration,

The fads concerning these worm-like bodies may be summed up as follows :�

1.nbsp; That in almost all, if not in all, animals dying of Cattle Plague, entozoa or ontozoou-like bodies exist in considerable number in the voluntary muscles of the system and in the heart.

2.nbsp; nbsp;They are occasionally found, but in comparatively small numbers, in animals apparently in perfect health when killed.

3.nbsp; These or closely allied species have been known for more than 20 years, but their nature has not yet been determined. They have been found in the ox, sheep, deer, pig, rat, mouse, and perhaps other animals.

4.nbsp; In the muscles of a calf killed by Cattle Plague, under six months of age, these bodies wore found in immense numbers,

5.nbsp; nbsp;They vary in length from loss than liio -^�Vfr of an inch to at least a quarter of an inch in length. They arc, for the most part, embedded in the contractile material of the elementary muscular fibre, but they arc occasionally found free.

6.nbsp; They are for the most part spindle-shaped, and the external investment or envelope exhibits a very delicate and peculiar structure, being completely covered with delicate hair-like processes.

7.nbsp; The mass within appears granular to low powers, and exhibits a division into numerous segments, but it is found to consist entirely of minute bodies resembling one another, possessing very definite characters, less than the -jnnre'h of an inch in their longest diameter, and of peculiar form, being oval, flattened, the body slightly curved laterally, with one extremity blunt, and the other rather abruptly pointed.

8.nbsp; The entire worm-like mass increases in size as these small bodies multiply in number, probably by division and subdivision, within the cyst.

Of the increase of the germinal matter in the tisskes and in the blood.�Thu increased formation of germinal matter in the cells upon the surface of the skin and mucous membranes results from the increased proportion of nutrient material transmitted to them consequent upon the congested state of the vessels, and the slow movement of the blood through them. In the same way, I believe, the increased formation of mucus corpuscles, which consist entirely of germinal matter, upon the surfaces of the air passages is to be explained. In both cases not only is there an increased formation of germinal matter upon the surface, bquot;t all the glandular follicles of the mucous membrane par�ticipate in the increased action, and in every follicle an increased formation of the, gland cells occurs, and these often escape from the orifice in considerable num�bers. At least, two different kinds of anatomical (dements will, therefore, bo found upon the, surface of the mucous membrane, upon which glandular follicles

open :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;The epithelial cells formed upon the surface ; and,

2.nbsp; nbsp;The cells formed within the glandular follicles. And both elements will be found to exhibit modifica�tions in character, the proportion of germinal matter to the formed material being invariably greater than in health. Sometimes the pouring out from the follicles of viscid matter, consisting almost entirely of spherical masses of germinal matter, will increase to such an extent as to spread over the free surface of the epithe�lial investment, of the mucous membrane, and extend for some, distance, around the orillce of the gland. In some instances where congalablo material, with or

without blood corpuscles, escapes from the vessels into the glandular follicles, this may, aft�r issuing from the mouth of the follicles, spread over the surface and form a firm false membrane, which may be removed in thin flakes, like that which is formed in some cases of diphtheria.

So that on the free surface of any mucous incm-brnno, the vessels of which tiro highly congested, tllOl'O may bo masses of germinal matter having a very different origin. 1. Particles formed from the cpi-tliclium of the surface. 2. Prom that, of the glandular follicle. lt;'S. Prom the blood. It will bo important to bear this in mind if an attempt bo made to determine which arc the actual contagious elements in the secre�tions found upon (he mucous and other surfaces in Cuttle Plague.

The increase of the germinal matter in connexion with the vessels, nerves, connective tissues, and, in short, all the textures of the body observed so geno-rnlly in animals which have died of the Cattle Plague, is probably due to the supply of an increased quantity of nutritive pabulum, and this is brought about by�1. The thinning of the vascular walls resulting from the distension of the vessels and the increased transuda-tiou of soluble matters ; and 2. The increased propor�tion of soluble mutters existing in the blood conso-qucnt upon alterations previously induced in that fluid.

Just as the locally increased supply of nutritive pabulum to the mucous and cutaneous surfaces causes an increased formation of epithelium, in which the proportion of germinal matter to the formed material produced, is far greater than in the normal condition, so in internal parts similar phenomena give rise to corresponding results, and the germinal matter of all tlic textures is found increased in proportion.* Even the masses of germinal matter (nuclei) of the adiposo vesicles are considerably increased in size. In one specimen the diameter of these nueloi was nearly three times that of nuclei of adipose tissue taken from tko healthy ox. The increase is general throughout the body, but in those spots in which the circulation has been the slowest, and the transndation of nutrient pabulum the greatest in proportion to the space to be nourished, the increase is so remarkable that the texture quite loses its normal appearance, and instead of the usual anatomical elements being slowly produced, spherical masses of germinal matter varying in size, some of which would bo termed quot;granules quot; others quot;free nucleiquot; others quot; spherical or gramdar corpus�clesquot; or perhaps even quot;pas corpuscles,quot; result.

The, germinal matter of which the white blood corpuscles are composed participate in the, increased nutrition which affects the germinal matter of tho vessels and tissues of the body. They increase in size, and, in the smaller vessels, considerably in number. These alterations are probably to be demonstrated in all fevers and diseases allied to Cattle Plague. This increase, in the germinal matter of the white blood corpuscles continues after the circulation has been brought to a complete! standstill, and, as already remarked, in some cases the contents of small veins seem to be almost composed of small masses of germinal matter Plate I. Fig. 9. It may be remarked that under circumstances favourable to their growth, and especially when the movement of the blood is slow, the white, blood corpuscles absorb nutriment and in�crease considerably in size. Thus wo have a general change brought about by abnormal conditions exactly resembling that which occurs in certain parts of the organism in a normal state, for example. In tho spleea pulp, where a number of cells like very large while blood corpuscles arc always being formed.

As is well known, a clot in the interior of a vessel may undergo what lias been termed softening. But this so-called softening really consists in the multipli�cation of the masses of genninid matter constituting the white blood corpuscles, or particles sniiillcr than

* Soemy lectures delivered nt the Iloyal College of I'liysicinns in 13(11, and those on the suhjects of Nutrition and Inllummution in the Medien! Times and Quzette, 1804.

TUE (UTTLK PI.AGUK COMMIS.SIONEUS.

145

these which are to bodctoctcd by tho aid of very high magnifying powers. Those masses of living gorminal matter live ut the expense of tho softened fibrin und other constituents of tho blood clot, whioh they appropriate, and thus a substance closely allied to pun, consisting of masses of living germinal matter, may 1)0 produced under certain circunistunces from a clot of blood or fibrin, the pus-like corpuscles being, in fact, the direct descendants of the germinal matter of tho blood.

Of the tlculk and decay of the soft and rapidly formed veils.�But the modified epithelial and other cells resulting are, as would be supposed, softer in consistence, more spherical iu form, and far less regular in their airaugement; than the normal colls. Although they no doubt continue to increase rapidly so long as they uro freely supplied with pabulum, those which arc gradually removed further and further from the vascular surface are prevented from multi�plying, and therefore tend to puss into rapid decay, like all other quickly formed structures. Some of their constituents become decomposed, and fat, and numerous myelin particles, result. This change is very common in the cells upon all the mucous membranes in Cattle Plague, and some examples aro represented in Plato III. Pigs. 37, 40. The soft cells also form a nidus for tho multiplication of countless vegetable germs which aro seen in immense numbers amongst the softened and altered epithelial particles which accumulate in such great number on the mucous surfaces ; several are represented in Plate 11. Figs. 13, 17, and Plato III. Fig. 81. It must not be supposed that these vegetable organisms, growing and multiplying so rapidly in and amongst the decaying epithelium, aro peculiar to this or to any other form of disease. As is well known, they are commonly found at all periods of life upon the older cells of epithelium of the mouth, pharynx, and other parts, and they arc present in immense numbers amongst tho old cuticular epithelial cells in any disease in which these are softened by per�spiration. They make their appearance in all internal parts of the body when any soft material begins to pass into decay. I have found them oven between tho larninai of libiin #9632;which had been deposited in an ancurismal sac. It is probable, therefore, that the germs of these vegetable organisms may even exist in the blood, and in the tissues in a state of health, but they aro so exceedingly minute that they cannot be distinguished with certainty by the means of in�vestigation at present at our disposal. Considering the general character of the morbid changes occurring in Cattle Plague, it is not surprising that low vegetable organisms should bo found amongst the epithelium upon the surface of the mucous membranes of tho nose, mouth, eyes, larger and smaller bronchi, biliary ducts, ureters, vagina, amp;c. ; nor is it remarkable that they should exist in the blood itself shortly before death in severe cases of the disease Pinto I., Fig. 11. There seems, however, to be little evidence in favour of the view that such organisms really constitute the materies morhi, contayinm, or actual morbific agent.

It may be fairly asked if the increased nutrition of tho germinal matter and its consequences above referred to, constitute the essence of the disease, and if the germinal mutter which is thus produced in such increased proportion establishes in a healthy animal morbid changes resembling those of the infected beast. This question cannot be fully discussed here, but must bo deferred till some collateral matterraquo; have been disposed of. But it may be well to remark that the increase of the germinal matter in probably a con�sequence of a condition established by the action of the specific morbid poison, but the germinal matter now referred to is not the poison itself. Local and general inflammations, specific and non-specific, as well as fevers, contagions and non-contagious, slight and severe, are all accompanied by increase of the germinal matter, and I do not believe that this phenomenon in Cat lie Plague has any inoro speciul relation to the Cause of the disease, than the increased temperature. Just as in an acute iuilamnuitum resulting from an in-

jury, for example, tho Increase of germinal matter is duo to (ho altered state of things brought about by tho iajuiy, so, 1 believe, this phenomenon, as it occurs in Cal tic Plague, is due to a state of things consequent upon and established by the materies morbi. In the iiijurtj tho disturbance is local, and originates from without, but may lead to general internal changes. In the disease the disturbance influences tho composition of tho entire mass of the blood, and very soon gives rise to wide-spread local derangement, tho particular seat of most intense action depending on a variety of eircnmslnnees which cannot be discussed In this place.

It will have been remarked that the changes which I hnvo demonstrated in connexion with the germinal matter of the tissues generally, in fevers, precisely re-semhie those observed locally in in�ammacions. In fact, the local plienomemi of inflammation precisely cor-respond up to a certain stage with the general phe-nomena of fever. Tho former may reach a degree to which tho hitter cannot attain, because, as it is scarcely necessary to observe, the death of the man or animal must occur long before general suppuration could bo brought about.

It is remarkable that while this increase in the gor-miiiiil mutter is taking place, the temperature rises sonic degrees above the normal standard, and I think that the elevation of temperature in this disease, as well as in fevers and inflammations generally, can scarcely be due to increased oxidation, for both respiration and circulation tire often seriously impeded, but attribute it rather to thoquot;'phenomena occurring during the increase of the germinal matter and connected with this increase. If this be so, it is probable that an increase of germinal matter is invariably associated with the development of bent.

Professor Gamgee has proved that in Cattle Plague the temperature rises usually as much as five or six degrees.* This increase in the temperature is not dependent upon increased frequency of the pulse, and according to Professor Gamgee is one of the earliest and most constant and reliable signs of the disease ; an opinion which receives support from what lias recently been learnt from a careful study of tho temperature in fevers affecting the human subject.

I desire now to direct attention to the highly im�portant influences exerted by the masses of germinal matter in the capillary vessels, with the view of show�ing how their enlargement must cause serious de�rangement in the circulation and the nutrition of the tissues, and for tho purpose of inquiring to what extent this change may enable us to account for some of the symptoms manifested during life.

In the first place it may be remarked, that even in health Ihe germinal matter of the capillary walls projects somewhat into their interior in such a manner that Ihe red corpuscles must one after another come into contact with it, especially when the stream of blood is small and the calibre of the capillary contracted. These red blood corpuscles may impart oxygen to the masses of germinal matter in the capillaries, and carry away carbonic acid ; they would also tend to give or carry off heat, as tho case might be, and thus would equalize (ho temperature of various parts. As has been before stated, in fevers and oilier con�ditions where the temperature of the body rises several degrees above the normal standard within a very short period of time, the masses of germinal matter are increased in size, while, on the other hand, theactivity of Ihe oxidising process, to which alone the development of heat is usually attributed, is greatly diminished. This is parlicularly observed in the formation of a common abscess, where, as has been dislinelly proved by Simoii, there is an increased local production of'heat.f

It. is, I Ibiiik, probable that the alteration in the calibre of the capillary vessels several times alluded to, is due in the first instance to Ihe Influence exerted

Dr. Bmle.

Koiwrt to Coiuiuiiiaiouors

*quot; The Cattle Plaauo,quot; by .lohn Qamgee, Frinoipnl of tho

Altert Veterinary College, amp;lt;!., 1800. j Aiiicle quot; liilliiinmation,quot; Holmes' Surgery, vol. I, 42, note.

146

APPKNDIX TO THIRD KEPORT OP

Dr. Beslo.

Hei uirt tu

Cuuniiissioiii'vs.

by the onlavged nuclei counoctod with their walls, Plato III., Fig. 41. As thoK� become enlarged from increased nutrition, they must form a serious iinpedi-ment to the free passage of the blood.

From the above observations it appears that the Cattle Plague must bo regarded us a fever, in which, in consequence of certain alterations taking place in the blood, the germinal matter of the vessels and of the tissues of the body generally becomes supplied with an increased proportion of nutritive pabulum, This is associated at first with increased development of heat, #9632;which probably still further favours the increased rate of growth of the germinal matter.

Until some days before the death of the animal the circulation through most of the minute vessels must have been carried on, but- much more slowly than in the healthy state. The dilatation of the capillaries would necessarily permit the transudation through their walls of a greater quantity of nutrient material than under the normal conditions. The high specific gravity of the blood, the small quantity of solid matter contained in it, the draining away of albumen in the urine, and the free secretion from the surfaces of many mucous membranes, prove that soluble matters pass away from the blood. It is, 1 think, probable that the increased production of soluble materials in the blood of a nature unfavourable for elimination by the various excreting glands, is due to the imperfect oxidation. If these soluble matters were not soon appropriated by living germinal matters, they would soon pass into a state of decom�position. A minute examination of those tissues in which the congestion of the vessels is most remark�able shows that the germinal matter has absorbed a greater quantity of nutrient material than usual, as each mass is found to have increased considerably in size.

As the disease advances the circulation becomes more feeble, the blood stagnates in the capillaries, the temperature falls, respiration and oxidation become still further diminished, and death seems to bo due, immediately, rather to the enfeebled circulation than to the distribution of poisoned blood to the nervous centres.

We have now to endeavour to ascertain how the changes in the blood leading to the increased formation of nutritive pabulum which permeates too readily the vascular walls is brought about, and this involves the consideration of the nature and mode of increase of the contagium, materies morhi, or special contagious material of Cattle Plague.

IV.�Of the Nature of the Mokuid Poison�Con�tagium, of Cattle Plague.

Of the movements occurring' in the mucus corpuscle, and of its multiplication.�On the changes occurring in ordinary living-pus__I'us is germinal matter, and may come from any form of

germinal matter in the body.�Properties and powers of normal germinal matter, and of the pus descended from it.� Of the movements occurring in very minute particles of germinal

matter__Vaccine lymph.�Ko differenccH to he delected in the

appearance of different kinds of living matter.�Of the passage of contagious matter into the blood.�Of the multiplication and reproduction of the contagious matter in the infected organism,� Concerning the possibility of the materies morbi passing into the substance of the normal living germinal matter.�Conclusion.

I now come to consider the probable nature of the actual materies morbi or contagium * of Cattle Plague, and In order to keep the discussion within reasonable limils I shall only permit myself to refer briefly to a few of the many collateral questions which bciuquot; more or less directly upon it, and shall, as far as possible, restrict myself to the consideration of new observations arrived at in the course of my own investigations.

There can be no doubt that the materiell morhi or contagium is so light that- it may be wafted long dis�tances by currents of air. It is quot;volatilequot; in the

sense of being quot; liy/it as air,quot; quot; swift as wind.quot; But if by the term quot;volatilequot; it is meant that the poison may bo raised in vapour and condoiwetl again as a solid, like camphor, or carbonate of ammonia, or as a fluid, like alcohol, ether, or chlorofonn, 1 respectfully submit that the contagium of Cattle Plague, does not possess this property. Important evidence has been obtained in favour of the view that it is living matter of some kind, and no living matter can assume the form of vapour.

Althougli there are undoubtedly many facts which might bo urged in favour of the view that the cow-tagiutn of this or other contagious diseases, really consists of germs of low animal or vegetable organisms which are capable of living parusitieidly for a time in the organisms of man and the higher animals, there are so many broad facts opposed to the general ap�plication of this doctrine, that I shall content myself by referring back to what lias been said upon the subject in the first part, of my report,pag6 132. Of course fever may be excited by the entrance ol' such living bodies into the circulation (or possibly by their death, as Dr. Laycock thinks), mid derangements in the composition of the blood may result accordingly, jnst as fever and altered chemical composition of the blood may result from a general or local injury. But the question to be considered is not whether such changes w/a//be brought about by animal or vegetable germs, but if all fevers, and amongst them Cattle Plague, can bo proved to be due to this cause.

We have such ]jositivo evidence, that, under certain circumstances in the organisms of man and animals, quot; poisons quot; may originate, grow, and multiply, and then pass from the infected organism to others, and give rise in them to changes exactly resembling those in that organism from which they were derived, that 1 shall restrict myself as far as possible to the consideration of the probable mode of origin and multiplication of the subtle contagium. or contagious iioison.

Even in health living textures may be transplanted from one part ofquot; the body to another, and from one individual to another. Not only so, but there are textures in man which appear to be capable of living in connexion with the organism of some of the lower animals. In all these cases, however, the transference must be effected quickly, or the death of the living germinal matter of the detached tissue will occur be�fore it is brought into relation with its new nutriment.

It is however otherwise with germinal matter which has been growing and increasing rapidly for some time. This may be removed and kept sepa�rate from the surface upon which it grew for a con�siderable time without losing its vitality. And it will readily grow upon surfaces prepared or not by previous changes for its reception in various parts of the same organism, or in connexion with corre�sponding surfaces or parts of different organisms.

We may consider, in the first place, the changes occurring in the germinal matter constituting a living mucus corpuscle, and the mode of origin and multipli�cation of pus. 1 have elsewhere advanced numerous facts which lead to the conclusion that mucus and pus corpuscles, like the matter of which the so called quot; nucleus quot; of all cells is composed, consist of living germinal matter, originally derived from the living germinal matter of normal textures which has been exposed to conditions favourable to its rapid increase.

We have sufficient evidence to show that living germinal matter allied to pus, developed under special conditions, possesses different properties, and gives rise to phenomena different from those produced by ordinary pus when transferred to other organisms. The, facts known with regard to pimilent ophthalmia, gonorrhcoa and purulent infection, as it sometimes occurs in the wards of our hospitals, puerperal fever, and syphilis, are amply sullicient to prove this ; and I imagine no one will doubt that in all these eases the actual poison which is transferred from one organism to another is derived not, only from the infected organism, but, at least, in certain instiiiices from the infected part which Is the seat of the local change.

#9830; This word quot; contagium quot; has been applied by Mr. Himon to the matter which is supposed to pass from one organism to another, and which possesses the contagious properly, und, being short and expressive, 1 think it should be generally adopted.

TII10 CATTLK l'LAGUK COMMISSIONKKS.

147

Of the movements occurring in the mums cor�puscle, and of its mode of multiplication.� In papers already published I have discussed tlilaquo; nature of the movements occurring in various kinds of living matter, but it is necessary to allude in this place to those of mucus and pus. In the mucus corpuscle, easily obtained from the mucus of the throat, the moving power resides in a very transparent mnterial, which has been called thoquot; basis substance.quot; This material or basis substance, although it appears when examined under ordinary magnifying powers perfectly clear, transparent, and structureless, is not, however, a fluid, or solution. It exhibits indications of being itself composed of very minute spherical particles which are free to move upon each other. These minute spherical particles of living matter can only ho seen with the aid of a power of 3,000 diameters, and by dint of great, care in the illumination, and even then not very positively. I believe that the motor power resides in these particles, and that it is a movement dependent not upon any ordinary force or chemical change, but to some peculiar power as�sociated with living matter only, and I therefore call these movements vital.

Not only do protrusions occur at the circumference of n mass of living matter forming little projections, which have been termed, I think wrongly, quot;budsquot; and quot;excrescences,'quot; but those projections become detached. From the circumference of one mass many small portions may separate, or the whole moss may divide into two or more portions of equal size, or differing from each other in dimensions. The nature of the alterations of form occurring in a living mucus corpuscle will be understood by reference to Fig. 66 Plate V. It is in this simple manner that the mucus corpuscles increase and multiply, so that if a very few be freely supplied with nutrient pabulum, a vast number may result within a very short time. In some cases the so-called quot;nucleusquot; also divides, but in many instances the nucleus remains behind in the largest mass, while new nuclei make their appearance in the small particles. It is certain that the quot; nucleus quot; is not essential to the process, and that a quot; nucleus quot; may make its appearance as a new centre in a small portion of germinal matter after it has been detached from the parent mass. Nor are the minute particles so frequently found embedded in the substance of living germinal matter and figured in 10, 15, 6(5, 67,71, 73, necessarily concerned either with tho movements of the transparent quot; basis substaucequot; or with itlaquo; growth and subdivision. The phenomena occur when no such particles are present.*

On the Changes occurring in ordinary living Pus.� I propose now to bring forward evidence which seems to me conclusive as to the mode of growth and multipli�cation of pus corpuscles, and which, I think, goes far to show how living particles, so minute that they may be transferred considerable distances without loss of vitality, may be produced. I shall venture to employ the facts brought forward in this section in explanation of the phenomena observed in connexion with the more subtle matcries morhi, or coutagium of con�tagious fevers.

Pus is not formed by the aggregation of particles in the disintegrating tissues, as some suppose, but it really consists, as I showed in the first course of lectures I gave at the. College of Physicians in 1861, of living matter. There is certainly no true cell-wall in the case of ordinary pus, and this is proved by the fact that protrusions of the matter of which pus

* It is probable that careful observatimm upon tliif. transpar�ent livinp moviiifi n'aterlal will teacb us inucli concerning tlir nature of life. I think that the snhjoct merits far more at�tention not only from physicists, chemists, and physiologists,luit from philosophers, than it has hitherto received. I c'o not think ihat what will be learned from the study will favour the notions now most popular, but that is no reason why it sliculd be any longer wholly neglected by those who profess to carry their inquiries to the utmost possible limits. Is it possible that sonic of those who profess to be most liberal in soicncc are feaiiui lest inquiry should be pursued B little fUTthcr than is favoar-able to their own particular view ?

corpnsclos consists, may occur upon every part of tho surfiico, and not only so, but some of these protruded portions, after moving a considerable distance away from the mass, become disconnected from it and thus new pus corpuscles arc produced. It is In this way that the very rapid multiplication of pus corpuscles is offocted. In pus from the bladder movements even more iictivo than those in the mucus corpuscle are very easily observed, and when fresh in consequence of the alterations in form, not a single spherical cor�puscle can bo found. See Fig. 65, Plate V., repre�senting some of the many dillerenl, forms of pus cor�puscles present in a very small quantity of pus. Every corpuscle exhibits a great number of thesc protrnsions, and every protrusion might be detached mid form a free pus corpuscle. I have known these movements continue in warm weather in pus corpuscles in urine containing little of the ordinary urinary con-stitnents, for forty-eight hours or more after tho urine had left the bladder. Tho very phenomena which take place upon the surface of the mucous membrane of tho bladder may in fact be watched for hours under tho microscope, and there are, few things more, beau�tiful or more instructive. When the corpuscles die, and their death occurs when they are acted upon by any fluid which is not adapted for their nutrition, the movements above described cease, and they invariahly assume the spherical form.

Not only may active movements be observed in tho masses of germinal matter above referred to, which have resulted from healthy germinal matter being supplied with a greater amount of nutrient pabulum than under normal circumstances, but they may be seen to occur in the. white blood corpuscles, lymph and chyle corpuscles, as well as the connective tissue corpuscles, and the nuclei of various cells, and, there is reason to believe, with greater or less activity, in every kind of living germinal matter in nature. Such movements are not peculiar to the amoeba, al�though from the circumstance that they were first observed in this creature, they have been termed amabiform. Some writers appear to have considered that there was some special relation between all such moving masses of matter and aiiKeba;. Tho move-monts of the amoeba, like the movements of pus, mucus, amp;c., arc vital niovemeuts. The conditions required for the maintenance of life being more com�plex in tho case of some forms of germinal matter than in others, wo should conclude that such move�ments would only continue for a considerable period of time in particles after their removal from their natural habitat, in the lowest and most degraded forms, and this is actually the case. Some crea�tures are capable of supporting life under a great variety of conditions, although comparatively slight alterations would be fatal to others.

A mass of any soft living, germinal matter, when suspended in fluid in active movement invariahly as�sumes the spherical form, and retains it for a short time after the movement has ceased, but if placed under favourable conditions it absorbs nutriment and soon exhibits vt'to/molaquo;mmlt;laquo;, grows and multiplies. The amoeba in water, tho white blood corpuscles in the liquor sanguinis, arc both spherical while the surrounding fluid is in active movement, but after they have been at rest for a short time they exhibit their characteristic and very wonderful movements.

Other changes may also occur in the pus corpuscle ; supposing it to bo subjected to influences unfavourable to this rapid growth, the material upon the surfiico may he precipitated, and thus a very thin layer of semi-transparent insoluble mnterial may he formed, which is rightly termed 'cell-wall,' Changes may then take place in the, mass of the pus corpuscle itself ; it may bo resolved into oil-globules, and the ninny alterations which laquo;re familiar to observers may be readily noticed in pus corpuscles which are subjected to disintegrating processes or to the influence, of fluids not adapted to their nutrition.

Pm is Germinal Matter, and mag come from any funn of Germinal Matter in the Body.�It seems

Dc. I!laquo;de,

lie

(Joll: II

port to issionun.

148

AITKNDIX TO THIRD UUI'OUT OF

Dr. Itaalo.

Bejiort lo Comimshiumrs.

probable that pus mny bo formed from the germinal or living matter of any tissue, not, as has heen stated by quot;Virchow and others, from epithelium and con-neetivo tissues only. Many kinds of pus have been described iiceording to the different localities in which it has boon found, and the dirtcront conditions under -which it has been produced ; but in all eases pus possesses certain general oharactors which show con�clusively that it is living germinal matter. It in not possible to disliiiguish many pus corpuscles from lymph corpuscles, white blood corpuscles, and many other masses of germinal matter ; indeed if the developing brain of an embryo be examined at an early period, it #9632;will bo found that this important structure consists of nothing more than a number of spherical cells which could not, by any means wo are yet acquainted witii, be distinguished from many forms of pus corpuscles. If we carefully reflect upon many observed facts, we shall be compelled to admit that masses of germinal matter which resemble one another in every character wo can ascertain, differ nevertheless remarkably in power, as is proved by the results of their living. Few recent writers seem to have fully recognized the re�markable truth that living things may agree in physical and chemical characters, but differ widely in power ; that wide difference in vital power may be associated even with similarity of composition. It need scarcely be said that physical and chemical properties do not determine the./onM living matter is to assume.

Properties and Powers of Normal Germinal Matter, and of the Pus descended from it.�I will next venture to offer some remarks upon the proper�ties or powers of germinal matter. Although much of what I shall say will necessarily be rather speculative, the interest of the matter seems to mo so great that I cannot pass it entirely over. The germinal matter of tissue, being supplied with an increased quantity of pabulum, may give rise to pus, as I have stated, but pus differs in power from the germinal matter from which it was derived. It cannot, as far as we know, acquire the properties which the original germinal matter possessed. My meaning will be rendered clearer if I adduce an example. The germinal matter of cuticular epithelium may give rise to the peculiar hard material of which the so-called walls of the epithelial cell consist, and this same germinal matter of epithelium, if freely supplied with. pabulum, may give rise to pus. It seeems to mc therefore that germ�inal matter may lose formative power, and become degraded, and cannot acquire it or regain it when lost. There is as it were no return to a high position for living matter which has once suffered degradation, nor can degraded germinal matter produce descendants with exalted power.

It must not, however, be supposed that degradation in formative power implies diminished vitality. It is a mistake to conclude, us some have done, that disease is necessarily associated with diminished vitality. If, in speaking of the various degrees of vitality, we refer to the rate of increase of germinal matter, we do have in most diseases increased vital activity. In inflammation, as compared with henlth, there is greatly increased vital activity; that is, more lifeless matter Ijccoincs living within a corresponding period of time.

It would seem as if the formative or developmental endowments of germinal matter wore diminished or completely destroyed by its rapid multiplication, ko that a mass of germinal matter, which in the course of a considerable time undergoing comparatively slow change, would give rise to dcscemlants which might be concerned In the development of the highest and most complex tissues, if placed under conditions favour-ablo to its too rapid growth would absorb much more nutrient matter in a given time, and produce descend�ants much more quickly. But although this rapid multiplication might continue, not one of the resulting masses would give rise to the formation of charac�teristic normal tissue. Too rapid increase is associated with degradation in power, and in man and the higher animals, and plants, if textures grow too quickly, the

perfection of the tissues formed is marred and the period of their endnrance is of necessity reduced.

Ordinary pus, then, may readily bo produced if the nutrition of the germinal matter of a normal (issue he modified and increased. Under certain specilic con-ditions which we are not yet acqinunted with, pus. With peculiar and specific propcrlics or powers, is formed, and this last exhibits a far greater vital activity and is less easily destroyed than the first.

Iho various facts and nrguinents advanced in this report render it, I think, probable that the mnteriolaquo; niorbi or oontagium of contagions diseases, like pus, is generated in the organism under certain .special conditions. Like pus, 1 think it lias originally descended from the germinal matter of the organism. So virulent is the poison, and such is its power of living under varying conditions, that having once sprung into existence, it is almost impossible to ex�tirpate it. If, however, it were possible to destroy nil the existing particles of any specific form of contagious germinal matter, it is reasonable to conclude that no new living matter with the samo peculiar properties or powers would be reproduced, unless the very same complex conditions which were present at its orhdu recurred.

Of the Movements occurring in very minute Parti�cles of living Germinal Matter.�Although there is no difficulty in demonstrating the vital movements in a mucus corpuscle, white [blood corpuscle, or pus cor�puscle, and thus establishing the vital state of these bodies, it is otherwise in the case of excessively minute particles of the ^^th of an inch in diameter or less. And wc know that if the contagium exist in the form of living particles, these must bo less than this and yet capable of retaining their active and peculiar properties.

Still, as the existence of movement in small par�ticles or their actual division and sub-division, will alone prove that they are of the same nature as the pus corpucle and other forms of living matter forming masses of considerable size, it is desirable to record the facts I have been able to demonstrate, though they may not bo very positive or strongly in favour of the view which upon the whole seems to mo most worthy of acceptance.

I have seen most distinct movements in exceedingly minute particles of living pus as represented in Plate V., Fig. 74, and I have no doubt whatever that the particles I saw had been detached from an ordinary pus corpuscle, although I did not witness their actual separation.

I have been exceedingly careful to avoid mistaking the very slow rotation (rolling over and over) which commonly affects such minute particles suspended in fluid, for an actual change of form. And I con�fess in many instances I have been unable to satisfy myself if the apparent alteration in outline observed in a minute particle under very high magnifying powers, was duo to its presenting in succession diffe�rent surfaces to the eye, or to a veritable alteration in its form. In the particles of pus which I have figured, I am, however, quite certain that the change in form was of the nature I have described. I believe I have seen similar alterations in the particles in vaccine lymph, but from the perpetual vibration of these I cannot at present feel perfectly confident.

That such particles as those figured are sufficiently light to bo carried by currents of nir is sufficiently proved by the fact that the scales of the wings of lepidopterons and other insects, and starch corpuscles, each of which weighs more than a hundred times ns much, are supported by the currents of ai r in our ordinary rooms, deposited upon shelves, and even carried for long distances. A careful examination of tho parlaquo; tides suspended in the nir, as seen in a sunbeam, renders all further observations upon this point super�fluous.

It appears, therefore, that tho most minute par�ticles detached from a living pus-corpuscle exhibit movements resembling those observed in the entire corpuscle, but actual proof that such minute par-

THE CATTLE rtAGUU COMMISSXONISKS.

149

ticlt'B #9632;fl'ould, under favourable circumstances, Incrense in size and beooino undoubted pun oorpuBclos is want-ingi it is quito possible that certain conditions would bo favourable to the division and subdivision of tlieso very minute particles, and nufavourable to their iiicroase to the ordinary dimonsiona of tlie pus coipusdo, and that Bomewnat dltferonl con�ditions -would determine their inorenso in size, tlio prooesa of division mid subdivision still contiuuing, Lut oocurring much movo slowly.

1 liavc been able to watch tlin movempnts of some extremely minute aracobsa which multiplied freely without first reaching the size of the ordinary iiuli-vidunls,

In Fig. 71, Plato V., I have represented the appear�ance, under a magnifying power of 5,000 din meters, of some of the most minute mnoebco I have been able to discover. Several of these were less than the -pshns of on inch in diameter, and yet were in a state of most sictivo movement. The alteration in form was very rapid, anil tlio different tintraquo; in different parts of the moving mass resulting from alterations in thickness were most distinctly observed. These bodies might, in fact, bo described as consisting of minute portions of very transparent material, c.x.liibitiiig the most active movements in every direction, in every part, and capable of absorbing nutrient materials from the surrounding medium. A portion which was at one moment at the lowest point of the mass would pass in an instant to the highest portion. In those move�ments, one part seemed as it were to pass through other parts, while the whole mass moved now in one, now in another direction. Movements in different parts of the mass occurred in directions different to that in which the whole was moving.

Many of the lower and simpler forms of life, as is well known, grow and multiply as imperfect forms, and attain, under altered conditions, a higher and altered state of existence, during which the process of multiplication is more limited. So, it appears possible that the exceedingly minute living particles which, I imagine, constitute the quot; contaginmquot; of contagious diseiises, may be the degraded offspring of germinal matter which originally possessed comparatively exalted formative powers.

Vaccine Lymph.�If a little vaccine lymph bo ex�amined under very high magnifying powers a multi�tude of very iniuuto particles are observed and these exhibit the most active molecular movements. These particles have often been termed debris and have been regarded as quite unimportant elements of the lymph. To them, however, I believe the active pro�perties of the lymph are entirely and solely duo. And I should be no more inclined, in the absence of the most conclusive evidence, to regard the fluid portion of the vaccine lymph as the active material than I should lie to assume that the fluid in which the spermatozoa were suspended was the fertilizing agent and that the spermatozoa themselves were merely epithelial debris and quite unimportant, or that the fluid in which the yeast fungi or bacteria were growing, was the active agent in exciting fer�mentation, while the actually growing, moving, and multiplying particles were perfectly passive. The germinal particles in all cases are without doubt the active agents, and it seems to me as much opposed to the facts of the case to maintain that the matcrics morbi of Cattle Plague and other contagious fevers is a material that can be dissolved in fluid and procipated and reformed, as it would bo to regard any living organism as a result of the concentration of an albuminous solution and capable of resolution and precipitation.

The little particles represented in Plato V., Fig. 69, could not be distinguished from the minute particles of pus or other forms of living germinal matter, and 1 think they consist of n peculiar kind of living matter, the smallest particle of which, when supplied with its proper pabulum, will grow and multiply, giving rise to millions of little particles like Itself each having siniilur pvoperlies and powers,

I consider it as almost certain that the material of which these partlcloa are composed bus the power of forming matter like itself from pabulum around it, which differs from it in properties and composition! They may pass from the organism on which they grew to another, and will grow and multiply there if tboy meet with the proper pabulum. The only condition in which matter is known to exhibit these powers of self-multiplication la the living state.

The circumstance that vaccine lynipli retains its activity if kept in it tube for several weeks seems conclusive as to the possibility of the particles re. taiuing their vitality for a considerable time after they have been removed from the surface upon which they grew,�the arguments advanced as proving that the active power resides in the particles and not in the fluid, being admitted. It is no more difficult to explain the fact that such living particles may be dried without losing their power than that an amoeba or rotifer should exhibit the same peculiarity. As this property is observed itraquo; connexion with many of the lower forms of life, we might almost nuticipato that the living matter from the highest organisms, if re�duced to a degraded condition, would retain its vitality under circumstances which would certainly cause its death in the normal state. Since it has been rendered almost certain that the active powers of vaccine lymph reside in the minute particles of living germinal matter, and it has been proved that these may be dried (imperfectly) without loss of power, it is surely not too much to conclude that the inaterics morbi of other and allied contagious diseases is pro�bably composed of living particles which have the same property of living for some time in a state of partial desiccation.

Ao Differences to he defected in the Appenrnticc of different Kinds of livincj Matter.�I have; shown that even with the aid of the highest powers of the micro�scope, no differences can be discerned between germinal matter from the cell or elementary part of the highest organism at any ago or period of development, and germinal matter of which the lowest, simplest being in existence is composed. A minute particle of tbo germinal matter of an amoeba could not be distin-guished from a portion of a pus or mucus corpuscle, or white blood' corpuscle, amp;c.; compare Figs. 67, 69, 71, 74.

It will probably strike many as very remarkable, that the highest magnifying powers hitherto placed at our disposal, serve but to convince us that a minute particle of the germinal matter of the most malignant tumour, or the most rapidly growing pus-corpuscle, resembles in every particular that can be ascertained, a minute particle of healthy, living, germinal matter from the blood or from any tissue, and it, is proved beyond a doubt by tbo same means of inquiry, that the living particles of germinal matter in vaccine lymph cannot be distinguished from those present in normal lymph or chyle.

In short, that no differences exist in colour, form, density, chemical composition, or movements, between living particles having (ho most diverse properties and giving rise to the production of the most different substances (formed material). I think we shall find ourselvcd compelled bjr the necessities of the case to refer the production of these different substances to what iniist bo termed a difference in power, to which we may attribute the different relations of the. elements, which must be brouglit about immediately before their combination to form the different com�pounds occurs.

Of the passage of the. contagious matter into the hlnod.�I approlicnd that it will be generally conceded that living contagious poisons capable of reproduction produce their peculiar influence upon the organism through the blood,�in fact that they pass into this fluid, grow and multiply there, give rise, to changes In its composition, and Imlircctly affect the action of different organs and tissues of the body. It bus been but too frequently proved that if, in enrtnin states of (lie blood, purtlcKM of living matter allied to pus bo

Dr. Bmlo, Koporl to

t'o:iiluls^liMlcri.

#9632;

150

APPENDIX TO T1UU1) liKPOKT OF

Dr. nenle.

Ueport to CummissiouorB.

introduced, they fjivo rise to chonges -whieli often very rapidly dostroy life, And it is probable that hy the fomrntion, maltlplication, and (loath of certain livinraquo;; pnvticleraquo;, (in oltered slatci of blood nnfiivourablo, to the nutrition of other and higher forms of living matter is eugendered.

In some instances it is probable that the living ger�minal matter makes its way in the first instance into the lymphatic vessels, grows and iiiidtiplies there, giving rise to abscess in the glands ; the blood in some cases being also aifected, in others escaping altogether.

It is at least doubtful if the growth and multiplica�tion of every kind of these living partielos #9632;will take place in perfectly healthy blood, if they be introduced. Numerous facts which will occur to every practitioner render it far more probable that, at least in the case of the great majority of contagious fevers,�a certain state of blood must exist before the contagious poison can grow and multiply in its peculiar way, although we have not yet discovered in what particulnrs this state of blood differs from the healthy state. At any rate it is a condition not associated with a large number of red blood corpuscles, or with a highly active state of the oxidising processes�in short, with a well-developed organism and a vigorous constitution ; nor is it brought about by living in the open air, a proper supply of wholesome food and water, and careful attention to various matters which practical experience and physiology have shown to be efflcacious in keeping the organism in health.* To enter fully into this part of the question would, however, be out of place in this report.

Admitting, then, that the active poisonous matter of contagious diseases generally consists of living matter, and that this living matter enters the blood, let us inquire how the living particles may pass into the vascular system where there is no inoculation, no solution of continuity, as far as can be ascertained, in the vascular walls. We may explain the fact, that of a number of persons equally exposed to the influence of a contagious poison, some will contract the disease while others will escape, by supposing that in the latter case the living particles are prevented from passing through the vascular walls, or, coining into contact with the blood, that they do not grow and multiply, but be�come destroyed, and the substances resulting from their destruction excreted, and ut once removed from the body.

How, then, do the living particles pass through the vascular walls and enter the blood ; and what are the circumstances that would favour or interfere with their

when fully distended with blood, as in the early stages of inflammation, particles of living matter, probably derived from the white blood corpuscles, make their way through the walls with some of the serum, und grow and multiply in their now position external to the vessels.* An quot;exudation,quot; therefore, does not consist of mere fluid, but contains particles of living growing matter, which pass with the fluid through the capillary walls from the blood. These particles become the spherical granular colls which are often seen external to the vessels in inflammation. Each absorbs nutriment, and just ns in the case of all other kinds of living matter grows, and divides, and subdivides. This view concerning the origin of many of the corpuscles in exudation is supported by the fact that in pneumonia, and in some other conditions in which the capillary distension is very great, blood corpuscles, which are much larger than the particles of living matter just referred to, pass through the capillary walls without the vessels being torn across. And every one who has made very minute injections is familial' with the fact that minute longitudinal rents or fissures may bo made quite wide enough for a red blood corpuscle to pass through edgeways without destruction of the vascular tube. It is, therefore, certain that particles of minute size may pass tlu'ough capillary walls without the occurrence of actual rupture.

jS'ow the state of things referred to above�a soft, moist state of the mucous surfaces, a dilated condition of the capillaries, combined with a weak, flaccid state of their walls, which would follow long-continued congestion, and which is intimately connected with a weak heart's action and feeble condition of the nervous system,�are those which would facilitate the passage of such living germs as I am supposing, and is it not probable that these are the very conditions which exist in the organism about to be the victim of a contagious fever ? In such cases the composition of the blood is altered, and its fluid constituents manifest a tendency to permeate the vascular walls more readily than in a perfectly healthy state. This state of blood would doubtless affect the nervous centres presiding over the contraction of the arterial walls and regulating the flow of blood through them, thereby influencing tho nutrition of the part, and in this way a relaxed state of the arterial walls and a congested state of capillary vessels might be induced, or, already existing, might be increased. It is this low and but too often ill-defined weak state of health that wo should endeavour to detect by most careful observation, and at once treat. Nay, it seems to me almost certain that every serious contagious and non-contagious acute disease dangerous to life to which we are subject is preceded by a condition of system which in many particulars is a departure from health. If this can bo altered, the liability to the supervention of the acute attack no longer exists, it is in the direction of anticipating the occurrence of actual serious, well-marked disease that those most earnest in advancing medicine may reason�ably hope to do useful work. And it seems certain, that the more minutely we investigate, the more likely shall we be to learn how to discover and to appreciate that slight departure from tho healthy state which precedes, and often by some considerable time, the deve�lopment of many of the most serious and most fatal maladies.

Of the Multiplication and Reproduction of the Contagious Material in the infected organistraquo;.�Vi'ovo the observations already advanced concerning the size of the smallest active particles capable of growing and multiplying, it will be inferred that the quantity of material capable of giving rise to a contagious disease is wonderfully small, and that within the organism this minute portion of matter multiplies a million-fold. One or more particles having entered the blood would of course circulate with that fluid. It, is possible that the particles would multiply to son',; extent while actually circulating ; but it is probable

passage known,

? Thin-walled capillary vessels, araquo; is well come very near to the surface in many parts of

the body. Those of parts of the mucous membrane of the. nose, mouth, and conjunctiva, even in a state of perfect health, are covered with a very thin layer of protective epithelium, while those of the air cells of the lung arc practically speaking bare. In many morbid states the epithelial covering of the mucous membranes enumerated above is very soft, and sometimes is reduced to a thin layer of a soft pulpy mucus, in which any foreign par�ticles would very readily become embedded. It is reasonable to suppose that the contagious germs would find in this soft mucus a nidus favourable for their reception, and at the same time soluble materials adapted for their nutrition. They would grow and multiply, and probably minute off-sets from them would soon (iiid their way to the external surface of the capillary walls.

I have shown that there is strong reason for con�cluding that when the capillaries are much stretched, as

* Experience and observation seem to indicate that more may be done in the way of enabling persons to resist the influence of contagious living poisons tlian by destroying tlic poisons tliem-sclvcs. Our experience of the Cattle I'laguc may appear to be against tliis view, since robust, liealtliy animals are attacked and destroyed, but I am by no means convinced that we are yet able to distinguish with certainty a thoroughly healthy, vigorous animal or man. 11 is quite certain that different men and beasts exhibit the greatest differences with regard to the power of resisting the invasion of disease.

* On the Germinal Matter of the Blood, with Remarks on the Kormation of Fibrin.�Trans. Mic. Soc, Dec. 18(i;l.

THE CATTLK l'LAGUK OOMUI�SXUKIiUS.

151

that ninny of thorn would fail to triivorno the capillary yesBols, being obstmotocl by the masses of goiminal matter which project into their interior and in which, or in the white blood oorpusoleg, they might oven become embedded. The conditions to which they m'o exposed in the oapillaty vessels wonlil ho moio favourable to their rapid multiplication than tlio.se present in the �ircnlating blood, and they would therefore grow and incroiiso eonsidorubly in tiiis situation.

Wo have now to inquire more precisely into the ciroumstances under which the wonderful incioaso of the poison is brought about. There are two #9632;views essentially different from one nnothor, which may be supported by different arguments. 1. It might be main�tained that the contagious material actually passing into certain portions of the living germinal matter of the organism might excite in these new actions, and cause liiem to divide and sub-divide very actively, and com-municato to them the same properties which the original particle possessed, somewhat in the manner in which the wonderftil powers existing in connexion with the germinal matter of the spermatozoon are communicated to that of the ovum and affect to some extent every one of the multitudes of masses resulting from its division.

2. The contagious particle or particles having gained access to the fluids of the uninfected organism may absorb nutrient matter, grow and multiply, giving rise to a progeny exactly like themselves in every par�ticular.

In the first case the actual living matter of a healthy organism is caused to take upon itself a new and peculiar action in consequence of the influence of another kind of germinal matter upon it. In the second the contagious material simply grows and multiplies at the expense of the pabulum.

It is open to discussion which of these two views is supported by the greatest nuniher and most pregnant facts. I incline strongly to accept the latter as the more probable of the two.

It may, however, be fairly asked, if, when a pus cor�puscle from the surface of the conjunctiva of a person Buffering from purulent ophthalmia, or when a particle of gonon'Loeal pus comes into contact with an uninfected conjunctiva and grows and multiplies, establishing a similar morbid condition to that in operation upon the surface where it grew, the multitudes of resulting pus corpuscles arc the direct descendants of the pus corpuscle or are derived from the germinal matter of the colls of the conjunctiva which are modified in consequence of its action upon them ?

It seems to me probable that the corpuscles capable of exciting a new action upon an unaffected surface are the direct descendants from the original corpuscles which excited that action. Not only so, but I. believe they take the nutrient material which was destined for the nutrition of the normal colls, and live at their expense. Just as in the case of cancer, the adventitious tupidly growing germinal matter takes the nutriment destined for the normal tissue, and even feeds upon the latter in consequence of its [lowers of growth being much more active,

It is most probable, I think, that in the case of the specific pus corpuscles growing upon a mucous surface the germinal matter of the normal cells may increase and multiply too. Indeed, in some instances I am sure that this is the case. So that there are two distinct processes going on; 1, the multiplication of the specific corpuscles, and 2, the nmltiplieation of the germinal matter of the normal cells modified in consequence of the altered circumstances to which they are exposed. And it. therefore follows that not every one of the pus-like bodies formed is capable of exciting the specific action, but the specific bodies outstrip in the rate of their multiplication, to so great an extent, the masses resulting from the normal germinal mutter, I hat the number of descendants of the latter would be comparatively insignificant and would soon be com�pletely overwhelmed by the former.

Upon the whole, then, I venture to think that the millions of contagious particles produced in the organ-

ism in an eminently contagious disease, are all the direct descendants of the very few, or perhaps even single particle lirsl introduced ; just as the inilllons of bacteria and fungi developed in certain decomposing organic matters in the course of a few hours may have been produced from one or at most a very few particles. And that although in the secretions upon the mucous surfaces, and in internal parts, there may he many masses of germinal matter resulting from the increased access of pabulum already many times referred to, these latter do not form the active elements of the contagious material or contagium.

Coneerning the possibilit// of the particles of contagium passing into the substance of nomtnl living germinal matter.�It is true that in the sub�stance of many masses of germinal matter found in the secretions and discharges of animals dying from Cattle Plague, and of many other diseases, some minute par�ticles which would ordinarily be termed granules, which refract the light very highly, and probably have been often mistakun for minute oil globules, may ho invariably observed in great number. The nature of these particles is not known. They are however met with in almost all kinds of living matter with which I am acquainted, and different kindraquo; are observed. In Fig. 71 at a. some are seen in a very minute amoeba. In Fig. 15 some are seen in masses of germinal matter from the milk. It seems to me probable that some of these particles have originated in the germinal matter itself, while others have passed into it from without.

Now it is certain that such particles are very nume�rous, and are commonly found in masses of germinal matter so situated as to render their entrance from without, not only possible, but probable. The fact of the amoeba opening itself as it wore, and then en�closing upon foreign particles, and embedding them in its very substance, is well known. Nor is this a phe�nomenon peculiar to the amoeba, but it. is possessed by other kinds of germinal matter. And now that the supposed importance and even the actual existence in many cases of the cell-wall have been disproved, and the active, spontaneous movements which used to be called amc�biform, because it was supposed they were peculiar to the amoeba, have been proved to be common to living matter in general, it is probable that this and other properties, equally characteristic of all kinds of matter in a living state, will be admitted.

It must then he regarded as at least possible that particles of contagions living matter less than the i Wcretr of an inch in diameter might pass into the substance of a white blood, lymph, or chyle corpuscle, and thus cm-bedded, the particle might be carried to all parts of the system. The matter itself might increase and multiply in the corpuscle, destroying it and living at its expense until the new coUection attained a size larger than that of the corpuscle. Or, the foreign living particles in the white blood corpuscle might interfere with its division and sub-division, and the germinal matter of the cor�puscle itself, attain a size larger than ordinary. Or the presence of the bodies supposed might cause the death of some of the particles of germinal matter and the forma�tion of oil globules and other substances which might go on accumulating until the white corpuscle became too huge to traverse the smaller capillaries. The phe�nomena above referred to, would not only seriously interfere with the growth and nutrition of the white blood corpuscles, hut would prevent the material under�going conversion into rod blood corpuscles. And in consequence of the diminution in number of the red blood corpuscles, and the reduction of the total quantity of blood in the system, various secondary phenomeua would follow.

Hut in whatever way the minute particles of germinal matter supposed to be included in the white blood cor�puscle might cause their enlargement or interfere with their function, impediment to the free circulation of the blood in the capillaries must be induced. The minuto particles now stationaiy woidd rapidly increase and nuiltiply, and some might make their way through the vascular walls towards the surface or into the sur-rouudiug textures.

Dr. Ileale.

Reiiurt to

ComuiisMonoi's.

U 4

152

APPENDIX TO THIRD HEPOnT OP

Dr. llcitlc. Uoport to

Cumrnissioiicrs.

Tho minute pnrtioles embeddeJ in tlio germinal mutter somBtimcs so closely i'esemblo minuto vegetable germs that in somo caselaquo; it is difficult to believe they are. not of this niitiiiv, and have gained ueeess from without. In other caselaquo; th�so particles are of the nature of nuolooli, mul have originated in the germi�nal matter Itself, while I tun t|iiito certain that some of the iniiuito highly rofracting particles embedded in the white Wood corpuscles, pas corpuscles, and some other masses of germinal matter, result from changes occurring in the germinal mutter itself, and arc closely allied to fibrin.* I am, however, not able without further investigation to pursue this part of the inquiry.

Without, therefore, pretending to be able to identify the actual matencs morbi of the Cattle Plague, or to distinguish it positi-vely from the other forms of germinal matter present in the fluids, on tho different free surfaces, and in the tissues in such vast numbers, I think the facts anil arguments advanced in this paper tend to prove ; first, that it is germinal matter ; secondly, that the partielos are not directly descended from any form of germinal mutter of the organism of tho infected animal, but that they have resulted from the multi�plication of particles introduced from without ; thirdly, that it is capable of growing and multiplying in the blood ; fourthly, that tho particles are so minute that they readily pass through the walls of the capillaries, and multiply freely in the interstices between tho tissue elements or epithelial cells ; and lastly, that these particles are capable of living under many different conditions

__that they live and grow at the expense of various

tissue elements, and retain their vitality, although the germinal matter of the normal textures after growing and multiplying to a great extent has ceased to exist.

The reader will naturally ask which of all the particles seen in the secretions from tho nose and eyes, intestines, vagina, amp;c., are the particles of con-tagium, for it has been proved that in all these the contagions property resides. Ho will probably have gathered from the statements made that I regard some of the most minute particles present to be alone the active agents, while the epithelial particles themselves, the fungi and bacteria, arc probably as passive as the oil globules or crystals of triple phosphate commonly mot with. Particles which 1 believe to be contagious are represented in Figs. 21, 25, 26, 33, 8S, 3(5, 67, and the granular matter amongst the bundles of fibrous tissue, represented in Figs. 18 and 19, I think consists entirely of particles, the smallest of which would induce the Cattle Plague, if introduced into tho blood of an uninfocted animal. Pigs. 7, 8, 33, 83, 36, represent particles of the supposed quot; fw/i(M/laquo;lt;raquo;tquot; or active con�tagious matter in tho vessels. It would, 1 think, be quite possible to devise experiments which would determine positively which is the real contagious matter. The real contagious material has passed unnoticed and has really formed part of what has been called debris and granular matter. 15y the carmine fluid wo can however distinguish particles of germinal matter from fat granules, mycliu particles, and other debris. Nor are observations and experiments upon this most interesting question concerning the nature of contagium limited to Cattle Plague. Although this disease allords in very many ways advantages for study far greater than many other contagious maladies, and deserves on many grounds the most thorough and extended seicntilic investigation, it is probable that many of the questions of the greatest general interest may be successfully worked out by studying other con�tagious maladies aflecling man or animals.

Of the particles oj Contagium.�It lias been proved experimentally that from the breath of the diseased animal and from the air in the neighbourhood, matter can be obtained which possesses contagious properties. I have endeavoured to ascertain if such particles as I suppose to constitute the contayium could be actually demonstrated by microscopical investigation with the

� See my paper quot; On the Germinal Matter of the Blood ; with laquo;marks on the l'oTmation of Fibrin.quot; Trans. Mic. Soc. JJec.1803.

aid of tho highest powers. Mr. Crookea has for some time past been investigating this part of tho subject, and has obtained some very interesting and important experimental results, lie has bad the kindness to give mo a tube in which a piece of wool had been placed and exposed to the breath of a diseased animal and fully impregnated with contagious matter, and auotber tube through which the breath of an animal dying from the disease had been passed. 1 moistened the wool and the tube with perfectly pure glycerine and sub�jected this to examination with tho ^�Ib.

Although in each case I have seen particles resem�bling those already many times referred to in my report, I cannot attach much importance to these two isolated observations, or look upon them as trustworthy, for in the first place the number of minute particles of various kinds present makes it difficult to identify with any confidence the supposed particles of eontagium ; secondly, as there are undoubted sporules of fungi, I could not prove that the very minute particles which 1 should bo inclined to regard as tho contagium had not been developed from these ; thirdly, it is desirable never to place much reliance upon only one or two observations of this character.

At the same time it is only right to state that tho piece of wool in one of the tubes through which the air had been first filtered exhibited a much greater number of minuto particles, resembling those which I regard as particles of contagium, than were obtained from the second piece of wool at the other end of the same tube by which the air was subjected to a second filtration. I do think, however, it might be possible to determine the question from this experimental side. The microscopical part of the investigation presents so many practical difficulties that I should not like to enter upon it without performing in the first instance a great many preliminary experiments, so as to ascer�tain by experience the most convenient and delicate methods of examination.

In conclusion, I will attempt to account for the phenomena which succeed one another, in what I believe to be the order of their occurrence in a case of Cattle Plague, from the time when the con�tagious poison enters the body to tho death of the animal.

With regard to the nature of the contagium itself evidence has been adduced fo show that it consists of very minute particles of matter in a living state, each capable of growing and multiplying rapidly when placed under favourable conditions ; that the rate of growth and multiplication of these minute par�ticles far exceeds that at which the normal germinal matter of the blood and tissues multiplies, and that they appropriate the pabulum of tho tissues, and even grow at their expense.

Let me suppose that some of the living particles of contagium derived from an infected animal, so light tliat they may have been wafted long distances by currents of air, but yet capable of effectually resisting the influence of the external conditions to which they may have been exposed in their transit, reach an uninfected animal. Coming into contact with the soft and moist mucous surfaces, and finding a nidus suitable for their lodgment, and pabulum fit for their nutrition, they grow and multiply.

It is at least doubtful if such living particles could take the further course about to be described, if the organism wore in a perfectly healthy state. Uut in the present state of our physiological knowledge of man and domestic animals it is difficult or impossible to distinguish the state in which there is a susceptibility or predisposition to take a contagious malady, from conditions of system which, not necessarily charac�terised by robust health, are nevertheless, consistent with work, activity, and longevity. In fact wo do not possess, at the present time, sufficiently exact data to enable us to appraise with anything approaching to correctness and certainty the value of individual life.

In an animal about to be infected with Cattle Plague it appears probable that, the minute living particles

�IHK CAirKK l'LAGUE COMMISSION Kits.

153

having reached tho smfaco of the mucousi membrane, perhaps already rondorod suitable for their imtrition by previous morbid changes, gradually multiply amongst the soft epithelial particles until some of those produced reach tbo walls of tlio capillaries almost immediately boueath. It is possible that some of them rany be drawn down the windpipe during inspiration, or even into the air colllaquo; of the lung. In the latter case they would gain a very ready access to the surface of the capillary wall.

Wo may suppeso that at the time tho particles eomo into contact with the vascular -wall tho capillaries happen to bo distended, and consequently their walls so thin as to permit, small particles to pass through them. Such a state would obviously favour the entrance of minute particles into the blood. One can con�ceive them gradually extending like particles of an atneeba, and slowly insinuating themselves through tbo capillary wall, or they might become embedded in the germinal matter of tho capillaries, and in this way gain access to tho blood. Having reached the interior of the vascular system, tbey would circulate with tho blood, and for a time would give rise to no symptoms whatever ; but in consequence of possessing highly active powers of growth they would grow and multiply, increasing at a greater rate in proportion as their numbers increased. They would soon derange tho normal changes going on in the blood ; many would probably soon become adherent to the wall as tbey traversed the more minute capillary vessels, and growing and multiplying in Ibis situation would seriously impede the circulation of the blood, portly perhaps acting mechanically, partly by deranging the nutritive changes occurring in tho vessels and in the tissues external to them. Derangement of nervous action would soon follow, and upon sensitive surfaces impaired or per�verted sensation, and in the voluntary muscules feeble and irregular contractions would result, while the movements of tho involuntary muscular fibre which give rise to rumination would cease to l.e excited, and various phenomena consequent upon the cessation of this important process would follow. Perhaps rigors, partly the result of direct, partly of reflex, action, might occur about this time.

The heart's action increasing in frequency during the early period of tho disease would perhaps slightly retard the tendency to the capillary stagnation ; but the causes which led to tho original congestion continuing, the impediment would gradually increase, and the capillaries would become more dilated. Increased exudation, and here and there lucmorrhage, would occur ; the germinal matter of tho capillary vessels and small veins, and that of the tissues external to these absorbing the transuded fluid would increase considerably in amount, and it is probable that this change is intiinnt.cly connected with the increased development of bout, which almost constantly occurs at this stage of the disease.

The circulation now becoming weaker, while the accumulation in the capillary vessels still continued, complete stagnation of the blood in certain of tho capillaries would occur, and the number of foci would gradually increase. Tho blood in tho vessels first affected would lose its colouring matter, while its white corpuscles and the living particles of con�tagious material would increase and multiply. Per�haps from being surcharged with materials requiring excretion, or perhaps in consequence of these not being in a proper state for elimination, the blood does not flow freely through tho vessels of the various excreting organs, liver, lungs, and kidneys, and the action of other secreting glands soon ceases from the same circumstance. As the capillary congestion extended from the point at which it commenced as from a centre, and as tho centres of congestion themselves in the various tissues increased in number, alterations in the che�mical composition of the muss of the blood still circu�lating in the system must result, und this would still further add to the mischief.

After the blood has remained stagnant in tho vessels for a short time, it undergoes change in colour,

18030.

and tlio dark red appearance at first seen passes through various shades until a dusky greenish hue familiar to all who have observed tho post mortem appearances results.

In a severe ease the patches of capillary congestion increase in number from day to day, and arc much more numerous in some parts of the body than in others. In this disease the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal seems to bo specially affected, and in many cases the changes resulting from tho stagnation of the blood loud tu complete disorganization of tho tissue. There is uo iullainmation, but death of a portion of the tissue may occur from complete cessation of the circulation in the vessels which supply it. In the majority of cases, howover, the animal dies before the morbid changes have reached this degree ; but it is common enough to find a shrinking and wasting of a portion of the mucous membrane corresponding to the congested vessels, as, for example, in the fourth stomach. In the small intestine the effects of the stagnation of blood in tho capillaries are often complete destruction of a number of the villi, a morbid change which would alone cause the death of the animal.

The congested state, however, is not confined to the mucous membranes of the gums, mouth, air tubes, and almost the whole tract of the alimentary canal. It affects also the capillaries of the skin, inducing first a red rash, commonly distinct upon tho almost naked skin of tbo udder, but by no means limited to this part of the body, and in many cases leading to morbid changes in the cntis and cuticle constituting tho erup�tion.

In consequence probably of tho alteration effected in the mass of the blood by the occurrence of the local congestions, and partly perhaps from the congestion in the capillaries of the mucous membrane of the bron�chial tubes and the lungs themselves, partly in con�sequence of impaired muscuhir and nervous action, the process of respiration becomes seriously interfered with. A remarkably emplivsematous condition of lung, which in some cases extends to the areolar tissue of tho body, results.

It need scarcely bo said that many of these changes act and react upon one another. The heart's action gradually becoming more and more feeble, fails to propel the now seriously altered blood, even through those capillaries which still remain pervious, the temperature falls several degrees, und the action of the great nervous centres becomes more and more feeble and at length ceases.

Perhaps the extreme degree of congestion resulting from changes induced by the enormous multiplication and accumulation of the miuuto particles of contagiiim in many capillaries of tho skin and mucous membranes may bo an indication of a tendency to its elimination from these points ; and it seems not improbable that if a sufficient proportion of the blood could be kept circu�lating in the majority of the capillary vessels, while at the same time, time was allowed for the elimi�nation of the poison from these surfaces, and especially if the free action of the excreting organs could be encouraged, by which tho materials in tho blood re�sulting from tho action of the Contagiiim in that fluid would be at once eliminated, the life of the animal might be much prolonged or saved. But when stag�nation of the blood has actually occurred in a great number of spots in different parts of the body, more especially if in consequence of this and the contact of irritating materials resulting from decomposition of tho food, disorganization of the villi Iins actually taken place, recovery would seem to ho impossible. And even if the recovery of an animal after a severe attack of fever could ho brought about by great care, practi�cally this would be useless, because the expense of a long convalescence and tho nourishment requisite to restore him to his previous weight would exceed the value of the beast.

The particles of contagiiim, which hnvegreally mul�tiplied in tho stagnant fluid within the capulnrics, readily make their way through the capillary walls, probably with a small quantity of scrum, and become

Dr. Deiile.

Itonort to

C�iiimissionora.

154

APFBKDZX TO THIRD REPORT OF THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONRRS.

Dr. Uonlo.

Report to

('(mimissiunor;

mingled' with the colls, laquo;fee, which aro being dotachod from the surface ; while in the case of the cuticle, where these cells iom a firm investment, the particles of contagium multiply and cause portions to be de�tached in flakes. From every part of the alimentary canal as well as from the skin and probably from the glands connected with those surfaces, the pouring out of the living particles of contagium proceeds, and con�tinues till death occurs. These retain their vitality for a long time after death, and it appeal's probable that they are not at once destroyed, even when the decomposition of tho surrounding organic matters has commenced.

In the fourth section of my report, I have made use of many facts obtained in the course of other in�quiries, and the observations on the pus corpuscle and the movements of living matter were advanced in the lectures I delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, in 1861 and 1866.

If any apology were needed for the introduction of

spoculotivo notions in this report upon the Cattle Flague, I would venture to remark that 1 found it im�possible to prosecute my inquiries and discuss the various questions which presented themselves for solution without resorting to hypothesis, and I think that one method by which we are likely to succeed in gaining real information upon the essential nature and mode of propagation of contagious diseases, as well as upon other complox physiological and pathological questions, is by testing the validity of various hypo�theses which obtrude themselves upon the mind of the observer, one after another, as the inquiry slowly proceeds stop by stop.

I have to regret that my report contains some repetition, and that I have been precluded from con�densing it into a mucli smaller space. These great faults would have been corrected had I been able to devote more time to its preparation.

Lionel S. Beale.

MINUTE TESSELS AND THEIR CONTENTS.�CATTLE PLAGUK.

VLATE I.

Pia a.

Fig. t.

Capillaries mul small vein dts-tondod with blood corpusclus. Cattl� Plague, x wo.

Small vein from samo situation us tho artery reprelaquo; Bentod in Fig. a. Tho masses of germinal matter of tho vcssol aro muoh enlarged, and tho conneotivo tissue-oorpusoles outside the vessel aro muoh iiicrousetl in size and are undergoing division, x 700.

Small artery from connective tissue beneath depression or mucous membrane of fourth stomach. Cattle Plague, a. Small cells with immorous oil globules) �, a large mass of ger�minal matter obstructing capillary. x 70�.

Capillary from same situation as the artery and vein rejtrn senli'd in Figs. '1 and .quot;i. The masses of genninal mutter of Mit

......in___ _..................i, ..............i .....i .......i:,.:,i:.........i ....i.

Portions of two ganglia with connecting nerve trunks. Same specimen

as in Fig. 0, but more highly magnified, x 21j.

Pig. �.

capillary are very much enlarged, and arc dividing and sub�dividing to form new masses, x 700.

Fia.'.

Capillary loop from Malpiffhian body of kidney. Cattle Plague. Containing numerous while blood corpuscles and many minute particles of germinal matter (contagium':). x 7U0.

flamrliaand connecting bundles of nerve fibres in tho connective tissue beneath mucous membraue. Small intestine, young bull, x 20.

Via. 9.

Fig. 11.

^^^^

Very small masses nfger-luiiml matter, interior of small vein as in Fig.2. x^,.

Via. 10.

#9632;^

lt;'.'

O 'J

#9632;.

From central pnrt of a dark red clot taken from aorta -Cattle Plague -within 'Jt hours alter death, ff, Largest red blood corpuscles and llioso of average si/.e; some were slellati¹; /1, vogetftblo organisms, line-teriaV c, while hlnod corpns-oh's, exhibiting active uiovc-nienls. x 7()0.

Blood jtresscd from intestinal capillaries into a small moKuntorlo vein. Cattle Plnguolaquo; Thosortim was reddish, (t. Part of white blond corpuscle in outline; ft, minule particles of germinal inatler in Immonse nnmlier in all parts of the field. Tho sninoth round botltos are young red corpuscles. Tho angular corpuscles, c, are old and altered red blood corpuscles, x .₍^,_(J.

While and red blood enrpuscles from a branch of the pulmonary vein. A niinutity of dclicnle gni-imfar (genninni) inattor is scimi around the lower part of the white corpnsclo. x 1,800

',� of an inch.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; t x 20 = 2 iueh objeci irlass.

,� �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1__1nbsp; nbsp;x 130 ^ i Inch ' iln.

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 x 21quot;) -#9632;#9632; 1 inchnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ix 701) #9632; /j inch do.

_i x 2^00 #9632; f₀ inch ulijcct glass.

Ti. 8, IV, Dec. 1860.

�th.

SKCUKTIONS AM) TISSC KS,�CATTLK 1raquo;LA(1UK.

PLATE II.

Phi, U,

Pia. is.

Via. 12.

Somo quot;f tlio sumllmt hmissos of Kurmlnal luattor in milk, x 2,8iio.

rm. ilaquo;.

Bpltholial colls multtnlytng

in mucus of vajrhm. Largo frrowinRinaflsos, liko that ro-proHoiitod in tluraquo; uppov part of tho llgurc, vory numerous.

x 213.

Vortical section Ihrough thocenti.....fn well-

marked papula (pusiiilc'r) (Vom the udder of n cow, seilt by Mr. Cooly, January i Uli IKUO, upiui wiiicli tlio eruption ami msculuiil rash wore well marked. TUere were nlso tiumoroutt scabraquo;) a is the oentral Boftcued portion of tho papule. Natural size.

^lilk. a. Colostrum corpuscle with kcc-uiiiml mattproudoilglobuloBj 6,oily inattor foruiiutf oyliiiclrloal musses; r, Rrowliig gerraquo; uiiuiil iimttci'.tlioso-callodpuslik� corpuscles ul Hie milk, x 700.

Fio. 13.

IMucus from vn.irinn, growing Jiuil multiplying rapidly, a,Bporulcsof fimgl; amp;,small sponiles of fungi; c, corpuscles and unsliko cells, The manner in which the rapid multipUeation of imperlbctiy fonned cpilliclial cells takes nlnco is represented at fl. Observe the concentric layers of tho imperfectly hawleuod formed material, x 700.

Fig. 17. a

^ cP � j ₀ ^ v Vcpotnhlo prrowtha in

� ^ ;,- ^, ' the unicns of tillaquo; frail

^ , * v. ^.^^' v- bladder, which were very

^ quot; ''#9632;::*'*S-^'\. mmuTous. llclow a_t a

^M^if^l ^lt;'fl'' r wycliraquo;corpuscle. xi,80().

I'm. 20.

A portion of* Pig. is. magiii�ed 70O. Tho

masses of gonninal matter (i'nulnirimirr) canlK'sci'ii dividuiKand BubdiviUiUKinto now portions which are Krowinlaquo; rnpidly nnu invading the buiKllcsof white lihivus tissue. AVcalso Fig. 25.

Fibrous tissup of the eoriuni or tmo skin from tho softened part of the papule, raquo;, tMpr. 16. Tho IntervalH between tho Ubres arc occupied with perlaquo; miiiiil matter, quot;contagimuquot; growing and multi�plying rapidly, x 215.

Fk;

^^^i

'#9632;V'X

#9632;'V,

^vv^�

Outline rlrawinpr, Hhowing bow tho pormiiml matter may puss froni thoeaplllaries and icnrh tluit pai-L*of the cuticle where the cells are anungod parallel, a, whence it grows Imn/en-tally in various directions, and strips oil' the miperftciti] layers of tho cuticlu.

Section tbronglt cuticle and cutis in the sent of the eruption, showing at a a papilla, the cuticle over which is still in n healthy state, gt;vhilo that above the papllhc at /j is nnderyreing lt;lisiii-le^ration caused h_#v t lie frrowth raquo;ml niullipllca-tlon of irenninal malter ainnligthe cut IcullU' cells, as shown by the dark patches, x Ktu.

I'm. laquo;3,

One of the loops of vessels in n papilla of tho mamma beneath the eruption, x 730.

Pm.20.

Yonnir cut ieularcells ami niasses of gei'iiilual matter growing and )uu]liplyilig under scab. 700.

Fio.-Jr..

Kid.21.

Pm.s

��-,',','#9632;#9632;gt;/ -?raquo;' A V.-r¹/ #9632;*.

Mluuto sponiles of fungi amongst the snnet'fleial enlieulaL' ('ills: ci'iiplina. x LWHI.

/)raquo;?''gt;quot;�'' #9632; *\'ijnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Miuule pnrlielosof germinal

#9632;i!':?';?^.^'--* i-inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; mailer iTOiitaglmn?) from the

ttipamp;n quot;#9632;o\quot;)^, Vf. gt;*'xnbsp; nbsp; lil'i'iuis tissue of tlio skin, be-

^('h'i'V �/'#9632;#9632;*'#9632;;' '\nbsp; iK'ntli tlm eruplicm (t'lg, III).

Papilla' from '-icncalli I lie erup�tion. The elitiele is inllcll lllol-u easily detached from lile clltis tlliln in lienllh. x 131).

Cnlicnlar cells uucler senli. Bruptlnil oil

mamma, showing linw Hi......Ms nro Invaded

by ilia growth and innltlpllentloii of the nilimta piirlicles of germinal matter (con-

tic-'ium?). x 7110.

,,,'�� of au Inch. ! i x 21.quot;

I x 700.

i x 1,800 - ,', inch olijectitlass, ____,______! x 2,SiiU.

I-. S. 1!., Dec. I80S,

'J'lSSUKS.�CATTLE VLMi U K.

VLATE III,

Flo. 21raquo;.

FlO. 80.

Capilljir.v of lunB sliowinj? lUvorttoulAi Throo white blood uorpunolos rimj bcou in tho iutorbr, x 700,

Counootivo tissuraquo; oorpnscleB. Suv-

fttce of liculthy m ncims mein bmno ovev

epigluttisjust bfiicath tliui'ititticliiiiu.

x 701).

Fia. 32.

KnlarftoO oonnoctlvo tissuo covpuBlaquo; oil's, Suri'ju'c of iiuicfius inombmuo over cpinlditis (?iiiil(i Plague�Just bonoalu cplthoUuui, x ma.

Fio. SI,

I'io. SI).

Vio. Hi.

A small por�tion of ono or tho simiHost vcsscIh represented in Fig. S2, showing particles of ftlaquo;'-minal matter colourod deep red by carmino.

^00mk^

Mnsslaquo;s of gopminul matter and vegetablo oiganismH (bac�teria P) in activo movomenti from sui't'acc of villus. x 2,800.

Surface of nm tons nioinbmiio of fourth stomncli, corresponding to a thin depressed circular spot likoanulcci* : a,superficial capillary vessols vary�ing very imch in Uiamotcr, lillctl with granular umttev and min uto pm'tiflcs of f^erminnl itisitteiquot;. Thi! orlflces of several itastrioglandaa.ro seen in tlicsi)acos bounded by tlic iressels, und tho deeper vessels also delineated uu a lower piano, x 350.

Portion of one of tho larger vessels on the sui'-ftice of the mucous meiii-brnno ropresontod In Pig.S�,

containing masses of ger-minal matter, x 1,600.

Fig. 3C.

Fig. ijg.

Capillary vessels from tho suvfaeo of a villus con�taining largo masses of germinal matter, x tod.

Portion of a. capillary fmnitlm surface of a villus. Small intestine : from a. very badcasoof CnttloPIaguo. Tlii! vessels woro covered with lanco and ainail masses of germinal matter, and contaiticd masses of the sauio cluiractcrs in their interior, x 2,800.

Fin. 42.

Fm. 37.

Fio.30.

Fin. 11.

ii^JS?ⁱ

-,.

raquo;

iMivssc^of germinal

innttlaquo;'!' I'nnn tho ux-lonuil wini'at'o of a villus. K 701).

Very small laquo;nils with niyclin par-tidcH in external portion i from nir-oolUoftholung. x 1,809.

Fio. 38.

rnpillnry. lii'liimof

('ill , BhOWltlg I'll lill'UI'd

imoliii in llii'wdl In pro-jcctliiff Into tlio Into-Vioi'ol the vessel. x 70raquo;.

From tlio iiir-c,' Smrli ci^iIm worn very niiraoroiiai Jllood corpiis�io.s nnil gi'anulcs. x 7(11).

Jlyolin pnrtii'li's from tha extanml li'irlion igt;r ccIIh in air-cells of tho liiiii?.

I'ortion of musicla Hliowlng tinraquo; cnlarac* mi'iit iiml iiiiiliiplii'.'iliini of tho nuclei in tlio cimli'iictili' nmtorlnl. Tills is a vi'ry oommnn niipearonnn in the inusolcH of anl. mau aaad of tlio Cattlo llaguo. k 7oo.

, of an iiii'li.

130, x tlBi

x 700.

x 1,800.

. ' x 2,801).

Iquot;.,. S. laquo;., Nov., Dec. 1805.

WOUM-LTKE BODIES FROM THE MUSCLES.�CATTLE PLAGUE.

PLATE IV.

Csaws

Fin. III.

Pm.fiO.

Flfl, 61,

rilia-likoprot'ossi's Ing wliolu Biirhi�o voTopo of worm-lilu

x 700.

cover-of oii-body.

Cortion of ouo of tho worm-Uku UuiUoH, ruptuvcil,slmu'-iti!.-: sli'iuttiu'o of wall niltl fHtuipo of litllr IkuHcs IVom its intcnoi'. a, Muscnlni' t issiii', in whirli ii is Olli-beUtlud, x tod.

Cilia-like prtK'L'ssi's iu';: tlio WllOlo raquo;111

tlio extcviml hive

of tho wonu-iiko

x 1,(HK).

.mvor-fnco �f

Stllicilt

body.

Worm-liko liodlea of diflbront si/.ps. From tlie musoles of tlio system. Cattlo I'Iukho, x an. 'i'ho Inraost, Fif!. ^B. quot;� is nliout the #9632;ft; tlio smnllost, Filaquo;. 'IB, loss than the T^ofan inch in lougth.

I'Mi,

¹ lllif'i

Fin. 47.

Fig. 4S.

10 Inohea,

St-., h

Worm-like body from eleinenfjiiy muscular fibre. Tra-pezius: slnnviiiR escape of its cuntcnts llirousli lateral poies or lissures. x 130.

Fm. at. Mi '. il'lll'll^'ffj ', ,1 IIquot;

10 ine'lies. \

Worra-Uke liodics from oloniontary mnscnlar llnrcs from the voluntary iims-cloraquo;. Cattle Flngtin, x 25. Fig. -18 is morp Iiiglily raogiiitled iquot; Fig. lit, tlio portions marked o, 4, c, bi'ing alouc re�presented.

Fin. 55.

Lower or rounded extremity of onn of tlie wonn-liko luxlies,showing liowclesely it is surrounded lraquo;y t!ic sarcous tissuo of the muscle, x 215.

The npiier, inidillc, and lowest portions of the same worm-like hotly as that represented in Filaquo;.-is, hut magniflod 2i6 diameters. The division of the eontents into oolleeth mis, appa�rently the result of seinneutatioiMif the mass at aaearlier period, was very distinct.

Portionof upper extremity of one of tlie worm-like bodies, embeddod in luuaculni' (ihre, showing the lissnre, rr. hy which it gniliod access to Iheinterior of Hie libre at an early period of its development, i, muscle nuclei, x 215.

Fio. hu.

Fin. (U.

Fio. 57.

Fid

^B�

Very yonng wortn-liko body, from ii muscular fibro of tlio heart of a row. Cattle Plague. x 7uo, laquo;, Musolo imdeuraquo;.

Pm.

Porllon of

wiinn-Iikfi otiihodilod i nicrilnry inimculnr HIh-c, whlcli hns hi'cti iiroki'iil i'iins-vurocly. x 21 quot;i.

\^rory younK worm-like hoily in olu-mentary imisei.lar llhre of too li'K. x 31quot;).

Tiihnlnr BpACO in tlio contral part of mi eletnentory muscular Ulm, oxtondinff IVom oun ox-irciuity of a yomiK worm-llko liody, showiiig nn oarty stnflo of dnvclopmont of tho houios foinul within tboerivulopo. x^sttiraquo;. I rcirunl tlin pactlclos inarkod a ;is raquo; yoiimr htniri^ of tho botlios ropitmoutou tu Pig. 08 at h.

JkJLsamp;tJamp;^� �'

Portion of worm-like body in eleineiilary niusculnr lllire from ( rape/,iiis. The envelope eontaii very few of (he little bodies III interior, x 315.

tliu led

l(s

Vory ynunn worm-llko borty Ulldon^omK (U'vi'lopiu'Mit in nil oloitioutary itiusciilar llhro, llcnrt of cow. Cattlo PlnKUo* x 700,


	fan Inch.	' i x 20, i i x 180, i .i x 21.;.

x 700.

#9632;,','1)0,

L. 1! , Nov., Deo. 1809,

LIVING MATTER�AMOWA, MUCUS, PUS, VACCINE LYMPH.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PLATE V.

Fia.fla

rin.ilt.

a.nbsp; Portion of mcmbrano with hair-Hko nrooosaoa distended with lluid mul Kiibjoctod to strong proslaquo; B�rolaquo;

b.nbsp; nbsp;Two of tlio snmll bodies in their fully Uo-vclopod stiit(; from the interior of a very long worm-liko cyst, x 1,800.

Bodies from interior of sac after snaking in di-gestive Iluld at J00^Q lor �21 hours, x 7i)�.

Individual bodies from tho interior of tho wonu-liko sac. x 2,800.

Fl�. 00.

FlO. 60

quot;Mo .

Mucus-oorpusole. From the nmens

of the thront of man in health.

Showing tho differont forms assumocl

by the living mass within a minute.

x 2,800.

^ti

Fig. 67.

Partielos from the vaginal mucus of a cow. Cattlo Plague a, Baotorlum amongst these, b, A mass of gormimil matter containing minute particles like fungi. These arc seen in the white blood and pus corpuscles, amp;o. x 2,800.

Pus corpuscles, exhibiting very active movements, from a case of chronic inflammation of the bladder. Man. Showing alterations in form due to (vital?) movements, x 1,800.

Fin. 08.

Fig. 09.

Fm. 70.

'N^,.^'

Free nucleus (Vom a salivary corpuscle. Man, Showing chnnges taking place in refraction of dif�ferent parts of the mass. Slow movements were observed while the shaded portions altered in position, x 2,800.

pus corpuscles in puscles when set

Particles from vaccine lymph, exhibiting very iictivo moveim nts. x 5,000.

Diasrratmtic flgure, showing formation of an epithelial cell, and multiplication of cor free.

PlO,

Pig

7;j.

Fifi. 71.

(.. \ lt;9 ,.....'#9632;#9632;lt;-#9632;#9632;;

O V,

ShI

* #9632; ?

Portion of a living pus cnrpii^cle from tin; bladder. The portion mnrked b moved out in four seconds, wjim then retracted, and Hie other portion was extended in about tho same lime, rt, iJiicteria. x 2,800.

Very minute ninnobro from water con-tainiiiKiiIitlledead animal matter. The smallest free particles exhibiting very active movements were less than the ,,.',,. of an inch in diameter, x 5,000.

A portion of a pus corpuscle from I he bladder of mnn,tlm third day after tho urine eonhtining it hail been passed. The vital miivements hud long eoaflotl, raquo;ml it was very trnnsparoni like the one llgiired iu Fig. O.'i. \\\ a. Lillle imrticles were oscillaliug in nil dlreetlons. One of these was seen to take Hie cotirse itidi-caled by the dotted lined In the fraction of a second, x 2,800.

PlO. 1\.

Dill'i'-i'iit fonn.H nsfluniod by tho hihihi ininntfi mnsH of KcmiinAl inattui¹ lt;ir ims iroin iliu blnddoi*,durtng llvo bccoiicIs, x 11800.

i,,¹,,,, of an inch, i

' x 700,

x 1,801).

x 2,^00,

L. S. li,, Xnv., Doc. 180;

#9632;^^^quot;

; I

155

On Disinfection and Disinfectants.

EEPOET TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

11. ANGUS SMITH, Ph. D., F.RS., amp;c.

PAET I.

Wlien I was requested by the Eoyal Cattle Plague Commission to undertake experiments on disiiifection, no directions were given me, mid no advice, further than the remark made by Dr. Lyon Playf'air, that it would be well to make the report as practical as possible. I quite concurred in the propriety of this suggestion; but people have very diilerent ideas concerning the moaning of the word practical. Chemists generally look on all experimental work as practical, but men in business may consider it to mean that which has been proved to be valuable, or otherwise, by very large operations; and some extend its use to such results as can be performed only by a very large portion of the community. Practical in this sense none of the experiments can be, and, as many sub�stances have been tried, it was impossible to operate on such a scale as a farmer may be supposed to re�quire for his own use except in a few cases. The experiments are therefore, like all others, intended to regulate our practice, and to direct the formation of principles.

The word infection has from early times been used in relation to disease only, although it means also the power by which one body acts in its own peculiar method on another, and more properly the action itself. An old writer, Mr. Place, in a book called quot; A Hypothetical Notion of the Plague,quot; says,�

quot;The manner of the pestilential matters' operation is called ' contagion,' or ' infection,' and, by a me-tonomy, putting the cause for the oft'eet, we usually call the matter itself so, as having the virtue of contagious operation in it.quot; He continues,�

quot; Infectious or contagious virtue and operation, then, is an assimilating quality and conversive force in the matter to change the nature of things by turn�ing them into its own. When by immediate contact one body alters tiie properties and changes the natural inward form and constitution and disposi�tion of another, and works it to conformity to itself, draws it into its own likeness, impressing its own character upon it, and communicating to it its own form and figure,�matter that has this virtue of operation is called infective or contagious, and the matter that is violently drawn and forced by it out of its form is said to ho infected.quot;

This is remarkably similar to the expressions used by Liebig, in his work on quot;Agricultural Chemistry,quot;* whore he says :�

'^,: But if it is true, as we have just shown it to bo, that mechanical motion is suilicient to cause a change of condition in many bodies, it cannot bo doubted that a body in the act of conibinatiou or decom�position is capable of imparting tho same condition of motion or activity in which its atoms laquo;re to certain other bodies; or, in other words, to enable other bodies with which it is in contact to enter into com�binations or suffer decompositions.quot; We see here the maturer mind of tho modern man of science.

To a chemist, then, infection is the process by which a chemical action is transferred through one body lo another, whether by the agency of organic

hodies or otherwise. When a putrid substance, comes Dr. Angus Smith

in contact with a sound substance, and communicates

Report to

Conunissionera.

putrefaction to the latter, it is a process of infection somewhat similar to the communication of disease by the contiguity of a diseased to a healthy person. Tho communication may be supposed to be made by chemical compounds, organic, but not organized.

A physiologist and microscopist is inclined to give organized form to the agents of his mind, and nature seems to be inclined to suit this class of men as well as the chemist, and for this reason we are led into the great discussion on the cause of fermentation and putrefaction, ending in the late inquiries into tho probability of spontaneous generation. I certainly fancied that I was giving good service by proving the presence of organic and oxidizable matter in the air by the use of permanganate of potash, but the results obtained by M. Pasteur regarding the exist�ence of organized substances, as we may call them, or germs, is a step so definite, clear, and important, that we must at once begin as on a new foundation, and date theories of many diseases and also of disinfec�tion and cure from this era. I do not mean to say that the idea was utterly unknown to the world. I may quote Bishop Berkeley as saying the truth in wider terms than those used, as far as I know, by Pasteur, but he must stand in relation to the Frenchman as Mr. Place did to Baron Liebig, clear-sighted, thought�ful, ever great, but unable to reach the great aim of scientilic inquiry, the experimentum crucis.

The words in Siris are (par. 140) : quot; Nothing ferments, vegetates, or putrefies without air, which operates with all the virtues of the bodies included in it, that is, of all nature. raquo; * * The air, therefore, is an active mass of numberless different principles, the general sources of corruption and generation ; on the one hand, dividing, abrading, and carrying off the particles of bodies, that is, cor�rupting or dissolving them ; on the other, producing new ones into being, destroying and bestowing forms without intermission.quot;

And in paragraph 141 he says :� quot; The seeds of things seem to be latent in the air, ready to pair, and produce their kind whenever they light on a proper matrix. The extremely small seeds of ferns, mosses, mushrooms, and some other plants are concealed and wafted about in the air, every part whereof seems replete with seeds of one kind or other. The whole atmosphere seems alive. There is everywhere acid to corrode, and seed to engender. Iron will rust and mould will grow in all places.quot;

The tendency of inquiry in modern times has been to establish a very ancient belief, that decomposing substances, animal and vegetable, produce disease, and are ultimately connected with infection and contagion. This result may bo said to bo tho summary of all that has been done by the General Board of Health and Sanitary Commissioners of lulo years. It is true that some persons object to these conclusions) and there are even many who have attempted to prove that the gases from decomposing substances were beneficial to health. Tho fancies or raquo;upcrstitions of the population have somewhat as�sisted this latter retrograde idea, und we find some delighting in putrid canals and rivers, others laquo;dniir-2 i-

* Page 229, first Edition, I'lajfuir's Translation.

156

Al'l'ENUIX TO THIKD BBffOBT OF

Dr. Angus .Smith.

Report to Cominisslonors.

ing the gases from brick-kilns, and others, again, those from accumulations of farmyard manure. The pressure of experience, however, is so strong that these ideas will probably soon vanish. It has often hoen asked�Will a sewer produce cholera, or plague, or cattle disease ? We cannot say so, or that every kind of disease may be produced from such accumulations of organic matter. The great epidemics that have passed over Europe seem always to have come from some extraneous source, to act as if planted by some seed, and not to have risen up spontaneously here. Without attempting to examine this matter carefully, the result would seem to be, that whilst the decompo�sition of organized beings after death produces gases and vapours that are opposed to health, these gases or vapours are incapable of originating, although they may be capable of feeding, some of those diseases, such as cholera or plague, which have been observed at all times to come from a warmer climate. There must, however, be some first origin of these diseases, and we cannot prove that the first origin might not take place in our climate, although it seems pro-hable that it requh'es a warmer sun and a richer #9632;vegetation than is to he found in the north. This, however, is sufficiently made out�that, when these diseases do come amongst us, they take root with most effect in those places where decomposing matter is found. If we were to suppose a seed of disease planted in a rich, fertile soil of decomposing matter, wo should give a pretty fair description of the foster�ing effect of impurity on disease. It would in fact appear as if the putrid matter itself took the disease, aad transferred it to the living. There seems to be nothing entirely opposed to this view of the case. The question, however, is and has always been� What is the nature of that substance which may be said to form the seed or germ of the disease ? Chemists have been inclined to consider it a substance in process of decay, as the quotation from Liebig already given shows. Physiologists and microscopists have been more inclined to consider it as an organised substance. When Gay Lussac passed a bubble of air into the juice of grapes, and found that fermentation began at once, it was believed that the oxygen was the prime mover, and that, when once begun, the action did not cease. When, however, Dusch and Schroeder found that flesh did not decompose if the air was previously passed through a good filter of cotton wool, some difttculty was thrown on the subject. It would appear as if oxygen were not the only agent in the atmosphere causing decomposition. The investigations of M, Pasteur, who found the subject in this uncertain condition, have advanced it so far that we may now with certainty reason in the belief that organized substances are really found in great abundance in the atmosphere, and that they are the cause of some hitherto entirely mysterious phenomena, putrefaction included. His object was first to inquire into the possibility of spontaneous generation, and he found that carefully filtered air allowed no organisms to appear in vegetable solutions. He found that near the usual surface of the ground these organisms were so numerous that whenever a vessel containing vege�table matter fit for their growth was opened for a very short time they were found to enter, that in collars and damp and quiet places, where there was no air or dust floating about, these organisms were fewer, aud that, as he ascended the sides of the Alps and the Jura, they diminished in number, A com�mission of the French Academy confirmed his results. If we examine previous inquiries into the compounds resulting from the decomposition of organic substances, wc shall find nothing which is at all calculated to bring out such an intelligible rational view of the origin of many diseases, and also of some phases of putrefaction. Chemists, when they have examined products of the latter action have found sulphuretted hydrogen, carhurctted hydrogen, hydrogen, carbonic acid, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, and numerous uncertain bodies having no activity, and utterly incapable of producing

those prodigious results that are found when that force begins to work which produces plague, small�pox, or black death.

Sulphuretted hydrogen, itself one of the most deadly of gases, has not been known to produce instantly any disease. It cannot in fact bo said in any way to be similar to an infection. It may lower the tone of health, and it does so, and it may gradually diminish vitality to such an extent that disease ensues ; or, if it is in very great quantity, it may kill as suddenly as a cannon shot; but it never can for a moment be compared with the infectious matter of smallpox or of scarlet fever. Chemists much in a laboratory are exposed to it daily ; sometimes in con�siderable quantities, and the result lias been as stated. The same may bo said more or less of all substances found by chemists as the result of putre�fying matter. It is not here asserted that these gases are not unwholesome, for their unwholesome-ncss is more or loss, beginning with sulphuretted hydrogen, which is already said to be so deadly; but it is extremely important to distinguish them from those hitherto and still mysterious substances which convey infection. The question is quite open. Is the cause of disease an organic substance in the process of decomposition conveying that decomposition to another body, or is it an organised germ ? Suppose wo take the first view of the case, we may review the products of decomposition obtained from blood, as that fluid has a pretty uniform composition, taken from the same animals, and it is more easily examined.

The two great theories may be called Liebig's and Pasteur's; the first, Liebig's, dealing with organic decomposing matter ready to communicate its action by its own activity. That this idea has a sound scientific basis will to a great extent be admitted, I am disposed to think it quite undeniable at present. The second, that of Pasteur's, leads to organized bodies or germs, and although he also has not first originated the idea, the clearest proof and expression is due to him. He does seem to have retained firm hold of a part of the battle ground gained from chemistry. There is probably a point where the organic and organized touch so nearly as to be diffi�cult to distinguish ; but here the distinction between the two is very real, and the point of contact is still to be sought.

In speaking of the opinions of these two dis�tinguished men, I may say that I intend to use these ideas, as stated, without attempting to make them responsible for more. I fear I shall not be able for a while to read fully the entire papers of M, Pasteur, as the latest have not arrived at our library here j but once given the proof of the existence of germs' the possible results are endless, and I speak with the full belief that both the theories are true, and that some infections may be wandering about organized or at least as germs, and others as chemical compounds' with or without definite forms or powers of producinsr them.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^fo

I am afraid of moving out of the sphere of the chemist, and hope I do not go too far when I suppose a class of diseases caused, 1 st, by gases, not putrid hut injurious, easily diffused into the air, and more or less soluble in water ; und, by vapours, heavy and capable of falling, especially in cold air, capable also of being taken up in the moisture of fogs ; 3rd, by putrid or decomposing substances and ferments ; and 4th, by organized bodies in various stages and fer�ments. Disinfection is the destruction of one or all. The composition of gases arising from putrid matter does not seem to be uniform, but to depend on several conditions, one of which is the supply of oxygen. Daltou found the marsh gas from the floating island at Derwentwater to contain

Carbonic acid - - - 6 Pure marsh gasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 47

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 47

100

No trace of oxygen appeared in it.

THE CATTLE 1'LAOUE COJWMISSIOKEUS.

157

Bunson found tho gas from a poml in the Marburg Botanic Gardens to contain, after lie had removed the carbonic acid,�

Marsh gasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 48 � 5

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- SI'S

Had Dalton removed tho cju'1)oiiic acid ho would have had SO nitrogen und 50 carbonio acid. Tho two analyses closely approach.

In Staffordshire Howard obtained�

Pure marsh gas -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 99 � 6

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0^-3

Nitrogen* -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - O'l

from tho air; but if obtained so, how did tho air enter ? it must have penetrated info spots from which it had no power of returning without great mechanical efforts ; it must have boon by an act of difFusion, tho oxygen being continually taken up and the nitrogen loft alone ; but can wo imagine this to take place in tho coal beds, even if wo do imagine it at the bottom of a pond ; 2d, the nitrogen must come from the organic compounds. In this case, we may suppose or not a supply of oxygen. If we sup�pose no continuous supply of oxygen, wo have tho carbonic acid formed by the carbon seizing the oxygen of the organic matter, and this no doubt it does in the case of the blood. The amount of carbonic acid which can be formed in this way is easily found. There is, however, the oxygen of the water, and in the case of the blood gas there are no hydrogen com�pounds to correspond j blood decomposes at a high temperature independently of the external air.

[If it were allowed to decompose slowly with a supply of oxygen such as it might obtain by diffusive action through porous substances, the decomposition would be attended probably with more nitrogen, just as the marsh gas from rather clear pools has more nitrogen. The oxygen in this way becomes a means of breaking up the nitrogen compounds. If there is little oxygen tho nitrogen goes to make ammonia.

There is, however, another explanation. When there is little putrid matter, the action is not so rapid, so that perhaps this will give rise to a more complete separation of nitrogen. This would also agree with tho results from the analyses of the coal-pit gases. We find, however, as the result, that when the putrid matter is abundant, and the decomposition violent, there is less nitrogen ; when there is less putrid matter the decomposition is slower, and there is more nitrogen.

Wo must not forget, however, that some substances have so little nitrogen that they can at best give out little. This cannot be the result with the cereal vegetation. Is it so in marshes generally ?

Does pure woody fibre give out marsh gas ? If so, is nitrogen mixed with this gas ? If it is, then the air must bo the source. Or is it only a somewhat azotized substance that can decompose and give out marsh gas ? The fact that some marsh gas is obtained almost free of nitrogen is against this. The other fact, that, nitrogen is so generally in connection with marsh gas, may show that azotised bodies do putrefy most readily, even when surrounded with great excess of other bodies. This is the case, and may bo the explanation.]]

At any rate purer ponds give out more nitrogen ; impure bubbling filthy matter gives out little. This may bo used as a kind of test of the state of waters.

Besides these gases, and others, known and unknown, which have been examined, there is a foetid matter, and also a substance containing nitrogen and carbon, and evidently of an organic origin. This substance was retained by an alkali. When the putrid gas lias passed through cotton wool, a substance is retained of an excessively disagreeable smell, more so than any other portion in liquid or in gas. We are not certain that the substance could not communicate its putrid state to other bodies without the intervention of organisms, although wo quite know that the larger results of putrefaction, namely, the gases mentioned, are quite incapable of this communication. If, how�ever, tho communication to bodies at a distance takes place by means of a chemical substance, that substance must have some definite shape and size. If it were u mere gas, it would instantly expand on coming in contact with tho air, and become so divided as to cease to have any influence. If it were a vapour, such as water, or any of the acids or fats which pass off along with the gases, the same infinite attenuation would take place when mixed with the air, and thia extremely fine division would, as far as we know, entirely prevent any action. In other words, the power would be diminished in exact proportion to the amount of air with which the gas wan diluted. In

Dr, Angtii Smith.

Uoport to Comiuis�ionorfl.

lOO-O*

Dr. Letheby made many analyses of gases from decomposing sewage, and found in his report on sewers and sewage gases from 13 to 84 per cent, of marsh gas, and above 3 per cent, of sulphuretted hydrogen in some places.

From the Marburg Botanic Garden the diiferenee in winter and summer is given. (Jahresb., vol. 4, p. 849, table.)

In suminer. In winter. Marsh gas - - 76-61nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 47-37

Carbonic acid - 5-36nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3-10

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 18-03nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 49-39

Oxygen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0-17

Analyses of gas from coal pits varies also exces�sively. Bischof gives the following table :�

Bischof.

Th. Graham.

Marsh gas defiant gas Oxygen gas Nitrogen

83-08 1-98

91-36

632

3. 79-10 16-11

- 14-94 2-32 4-79

The specimens here given of gaaes from marshes or ponds may be supposed to have been formed in a similar way.

The gases which I obtained from putrefying blood were as follow :�

Carbonic acid -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 97-09

Sulphuretted hydrogen - l^-93 Hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0-1804

Carbonic oxide -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-O'l 396

Carburetted hydrogen - 0-0729 Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2-5171

The unabsorbod gases of themselves are� Carbonic oxide -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4-8

Marsh gas -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 2 � 5

Hydrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 6-2

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 86-5

The amount of these last gases was so small that I am quite willing to suppose some errors in one or two.

The analysis of the gas arising from the sewage matter at the bottom of the Medlock is�

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 5-35

Carbonic acid - - - S - 84 Marsh gasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 88-81

The matter here was extremely putrid, and tho water over it putrid also, and therefore free, or nearly so, of oxygen. It is curious that in this ease the amount of nitrogen is so small, resembling more the mixture from some of the coal beds. In cases where the water is extremely clear above tho turf, at tho roots of which the marsh gas forms, as, for example, at the floating island of Dcrwentwater, the nitrogen is much greater.

These analyses show that the nitrogen diminishes when there is an excess of putrid matter, and in�creases with an excess of purer water than the mass which is decomposing, The blood was putrefied as free from air as possible. There are two modes of explaining (he difference in the amount of marsh gas : 1st, there being less air admitted, tho amount of nitrogen was necessarily less if this gas was obtained

Jahresb. ; Licbig and Ko]ip, vol. 4,

X 3

168

APPENDIX TO THIBD RBPOBT OP

i)r AnguiBmithl ovcler that a .subsUuice should act liko yoast, it must

disinfection can be valuable. It is desired also to picture clearly the condition of the question.

The word quot; disinfection quot; is not older, I believe, than the last century ; it is applied to the removal of all disagreeable gases and odours, as well as to the decomposition of bodies which produce them. It includes also the term quot;deodorising.quot;

Properly speaking, the prevention of decomposition, and the destruction of foul odours, when formed, require separate names. The flrst is performed by antiseptics, or bodies which prevent putrefaction ; the second may be supposed to be, the part played by disinfectants, which remove the putrefactive condition when begun. In ancient times, the use of antiseptics was studied to a greater extent than at present, and some of the most important proofs that we can obtain of their success are to be found in the habits of early Egypt. We there find that or�ganic matter of the kind capable of decomposing in the manner most dangerous to health can he preserved for amp;,000 years without any-injurious influences. We have not till lately understood the value of drainage as a disinfectant, nor have we till this century been equal to ancient Rome in the knowledge', of the method of sewering towns and preventing injury from sewage gases ; whilst for some ages all Europe seems to have lost that ac�quaintance which the ancients had gained, after so much fatal experience, concerning the dangers of close habitations and filthy streets and houses. It is curious to observe how slowly we proved the value of sulphurous acid or burnt sulphur as a disinfec�tant, although Ulysses seems before historic times to have used it as a common method of purification where dead bodies were found lying. It is equally curious to find ourselves, after very laborious che�mical researches, discovering the substance which we have called creasote (carbolic acid) although its preparation is explained by Pliny, and its use for preserving bodies, for preventing the skin diseases of cattle, and for removing toothache, is very clearly explained.

Fire, water, washing with alkalis, use of perfumes, and combustion of aromatic substances, seem all to have been used in early times. Boyle seems to have revived the study in the 17th century, showing the influences of heat and of cold. Sir John Pringle made a careful examination, and published his expe�riments, of septic and antiseptic substances, with remarks relating to their use, in the Theory of Medi�cine, in 1750. quot; Animal fluids,quot; he observes, quot; will remain long without putridity if kept from the air.quot; Alum was found by him to prevent, but not to remove, putrefaction ; and he adds, that astringent mineral acids and ardent spirits not only absorbed the matter from the putroscont substance, but like�wise crisped up its fibres, and thereby rendered it so hard and durable that no change of combination will take place for many years. After this, in 1773, Guyton Morveau proposed fumigation with muriatic acid vapours, and made great advance; and Dr. Cai-michael Smyth obtained a reward from the English Government for his discovery of the use of nitrous fumes as a means of fumigation. In 1791, Fourcroy first brought forward chlorine gas as a fumigating agent and disinfectant, which was introduced into England by Dr. Cruikshanks. Berzelius says that animal liquids may be long prevented from decay by occasionally heating to 100deg; centigrade, in order to remove the oxygen absorbed ; another says, 00 cen-trigradc, or 140deg; Fahrenheit. Sweeney preserved meat in water by first boiling out the air, cooling it, covering it with a stratum of oil to keep out air, and adding iron filings to absorb what might have been allowed to enter. Meat remained sweet in this way for several months. Leuch added a covering of oil also, but used unboiled water and sulphur instead of iron filings. Moat was preserved in this way for two months. Dr. Henry showed that at u, tem�perature of about 140deg; Fahrenheit vaccine matter had eiuirely lost its peculiar properties, lie kepi up the

Report to Coiuiuiwionen,

at least have parts to ducompose ; hut iu the state of

! \

division, attained by gases mixing with groat volumes of air,, tho limit of sisso seems ho neurly approached that the idea of parts separatLng, and so communicating their habit of separation iu this state of division, is agaijiBt our conception, which rather represents thorn as having arrived at atomic division, or at least that of the undivided molecule. But if wo examine the action of sulphuric uoid, water, and zinc, we lind that the pfirticles of acid and water which are lifted into the air by the eHervosconce float about the apartment, and are carried, to (ft considerable distance. They are globular bodies visible to the naked eye, purely chem^cali and not. organized substances, i We might suppose bodies to arise from putrid matter in a similar way, and by thin means wo can picture to ourselves the conveyance of substances in a state of decom�position, phintedraquo; alaquo; germs would be, upon fresh matter ready..to yield to its attacks, but not germs in any true sensepf the word. We can imagine that even one of these particles; cpuld be carried over an immense district of ground, and deposit itself on some spot, favourable or otherwise to its action. This at present is.a fair siibject of inquiry.; yf.a cannot say whether it really takes place or not, but it is hard to think otherwise, yuch substances like particles of floating pusiave,retained¹ by Wool.. , .#9632;; , ., , Ljet;US, howeyer,: take the other view of the ques�tion, tiiat the disease is propagated by organic germs. They may be tpssed about, but their diffusion in the chemical sense into the atmosphere is impossible ; they have a distinct,.definite sjzei; must be carried iorward by the atmosphere, and will; occasionally deposit themselves. If they float about very much in the atmosphere, both they and the chemical particles mentioned will become dried up. In that case activity riii.^ht be destroyed, but less so in the case of the germ. If the germ were deposited in a place where there was abundant matter in which it could grow, to pro�duce either a further advance of itself, or multiples of itself, it is easy to imagine that that place would become infected. If the germ fell upon a spot in which there was none of this matter capable of repro�ducing it, the germ would cease to be a conveyer of infection ; and so we can explain to ourselves why one. place becomes capable of fostering disease and another not. This view does, in fact, seefti to,explain many of the apparent vagaries, if we may so speak, of cholera and of plague. These diseases stare up strangely, often in places where they would be least expected. Germs may be conveyed as the wind or other agents may choose to move, and houseraquo;, where persons are in all respects cleanly in their habits, may be occasionally subjects of their attack. But this does not contradict the great rule which seems everywhere observed, that they should settle down in places where is found such natural food as animal and especially decomposing animal and vegetable matter and close dwellings always provide, unless when the germs grow better in living animals.

These two explanations are not mere fancies. It may be affirraed that both methods are productive of decomposition in bodies and also of disease, We require no change in our reasoning to explain all diseases by them. We extend only the known to the less known and the unknown.

There aeeins no reason to limit 'the number of infectious diseases, till the number of chemical sub�stances transferring decomposition is limited also, and until the number of germs, and the list of their transformations, is Anally completed and made known to us.

Natural disturbances on a great scale cannot be denied a wonderful influence, but on them we cannot operate.' Disinfection, on which I am deputed to write, can be applied only to organic bodies, and the substances which they use for their multiplication or the retention of their activity. I am reviewing phenomena so as to explain why chemistry has work to do here, and to enable us to understand why

TUB CKTVUV, J'hAdVK COMHISSIONKIIS.

159

temperature for khree hoars; If heatod for llii'ea hours at 120deg; Fnlivenhoit it laquo;till rotuinotl its vaccinu properties. Dr. Henry nl.so showed tlmt the vAntiion of fever patients wove disinfoctorl hy �xjiosure foi-ono hour to a temperature of 2(X)⁰ Fahronhetfc. Mere drying is known to nri'cst decay. It is an old sayingraquo; that bodies, unless dissolved, do not net on each other. The power of cold to arrest the movement! of particles, chemical as well as mcehanical, is well ascertained.

The history of disinfection before the rise of modern chemistry is extremely interesting. Even modern chemists-may learn much from the practice of the ancients, but for our present purpose I tnusfc be contented with these few allusions.

Since writing the above a paper lias been sent me describing what is called the Danish method of fumi�gation by the use of muriatic acid. Common salt may bo used, by pouring vitriol on it without heat, but nitric acid may also be used, it is said, which, however, makes a great alteration. It is well to give Guyton Morveau his full due. The Chnnccllor of* the Legion of Honour writing to him in the name of the Emperor Napoleon iu 1805 says, quot; Europe quot; and America know that since 1773 you have em-quot; ployed your discovery of the application of quot; muriatic acid fumes to arrest the effects of con-quot; tagious and direful diseases.quot; He obtained for it the brevet of an officer of the Legion of Honour. This is in the preface to the quot; Traite des Moyens do quot; desinfecter l'Air de prevenir la Contagion, et d'eu laquo; HiTcier lesProgres.quot; 1805,

Nitric acid on salt produces chlorine and nitrous gases. These latter ought never to be used where men are, and no doubt the lower animals will bo similarly endangered.

Present Practice of DisiNriscTiOK.

The art of disinfection is so little practised, and the theory so little developed, that we can scarcely fix upon any generally recognised modes of procedure. Perhaps, of all substances, that most used in England and best known is chloride of lime ; and certainly it is a very powerful agent. In France, chloride of potash (soda), eau de Javelle, is most nsed in private houses, and chloride of zinc for the disinfection of cesspools. The latter is otherwise called (Sir William) Burnet's Disinfecting Fluid. In Germany, I believe, salts of iron are more used, when anything is used. With us, chloride of lime is sometimes used at rail�way stations, and sometimes in private houses, when the public becomes alarmed. For stables, cowhouses, and middens, no disinfectant is used as a rule, nlthougli some have for many years employed in such cases M^i:Dougairs Disinfecting Powder. Earth, charcoal, and sulphate of lime have all been employed in such cases, but perhaps of these charcoal is the only one which has been used to a great extent, and that chiefly for the ventilation of sewers, and the purifica�tion of air passing into the lungs through a respi�rator. This use has arisen from the investigations of Dr. Stenhouse, who first showed the power which charcoal exercised in compelling the oxidation, as it were, of organic vapours and gases, which were known to bo greatly absorbed into its pores. Chloride of manganese and chloride of iron have both been pro�posed as disinfectants for sewage; but I nm not at all aware that they have ever been used to any great extent, although their power of disinfecting is. known to be great. Soot, ashes, charcoal, animal oharcool, and peat charcoal have all been proposed, and some of them are used, according to convenieiico. Thora seem, in fact, to be few substances In mturo in�capable of acting partially as disinfectants, the putrid matters themselves excopted.

Many as the propositions have been it \i remark�able how objections have risen ngninst nil. As iraquo; natural in this country, water has been conlaquo;dored to bo the only substance which may bo relied upon as a, perfect disinfectant. Although it is difRcnlt, even in

this country, to obtain a sllffiuiont ahiount-of water Dr.AnirusSmith. to purify our towns, and absolutely impossible to j^�J. obtain sufficient to wash away tlio impurity without commiisionen. rmliing tlio process of purification itself oflTensive; engineers, consulted on the subject^ seem to have insisted that the same abundance of water should bo used even in the hottest climate, and the use of disinfectants has boon discouraged abroad as well as at homo. Permanganate of potash, or Condy's Dis�infecting Fluid, being one of the most elegant and rapid of disinfectants, is gaining access into^ private houses. If it were equally antiseptic, it would prohably establish itself in such a manner as to make the selection of substances less difficult than it now is, As the matter stands, we have a large collection of facts, very many proposals, and a very irregular practice. In this state of things it is proposed to emiaine the action of the principal substances, and to choose for ourselves such as seem most fitted for our purpose, leaving the matter still open, it must bo ronfessed, for abundant difference of practice.

Action of Disinfectants. General.

Many substances prevent the decay and putre�faction of organic matter. These ai'o antiseptics, and they have also been called disinfectants. Flesh is preserved for a long time in spirits, and appliances of various kinds have been used for the preservation of bodies. These purposes have not been so much required in modern times ; but the knowledge of the nuwholcsomo nature of gases from putrefying matter haraquo; spread so much of late years that the use of some agent to prevent decomposition has been very much sought, and many disinfectants have been proposed. Animal matter, which chiefly is found to bo dangerous, is, in fact, the fasces or dejecta of human beings and of cattle. It might be supposed that these substances had already oeen decomposed ; but such is not the case. The decomposition is very imper�fect, and when they are allowed to stand, putrefac�tion sets in, closely allied to, perhaps exactly the same, as that which takes place in other animal matters, such as blood, or in a mixture of flesh and water. When these substances decompose, the result is, as far as we know, nearly the same as the decom�position of the entire animal body. We arc not able to tell the difference between the products of putre�faction from our cesspools and those from our grave�yards. The problem, then, of preserving meat, or of preserving the entire animal from corruption, and the problem of preserving sewage and, faeces from decomposition, become entirely one and the same. VYo are required to do for the faices that which the Egyptians did for their dead bodies, until they shall be thrown upon the ground, and mixed with the soil and become the food of plants. As instances of the action of antiseptics, see the results of various modes of treatment of the dead. In most cases when coffins have been opened, either there has been only a small amount of ash remaining, or if the form has been preserved entire it has fallen suddenly to a minute heap of fine ash the moment it has been shaken or acccd upon by the wind. The reason of that no doubt is that air has gradually entered by minute poreraquo;, although very slowly, the carbon has been retnoved in the form of carbonic acid, and the oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen would soon follow. Tlie fine ash or dust is the phosphate of lime, which is not hardened, as in burnt bones, and has no support. When, however, antiseptics have been used, the whole seems to have been preserved, as in the case of the mummies of Egypt. Some substancos, like the metallic salts and mineral acids, generally combine with the flesh or with portions of it, and by Dialing a permanent compound prevent the action of nir. Some substances, such as charcoal, condense the oxygen within their pores, and assist the dc-Htrnetion of the animal matter. Others, like por-rmtignnato of potash, give out the oxygen, which

160

APPENDIX TO THIiaraquo; REPOKT OF

Dr.Angruraquo; Smith, they contain in largo quantitios, and thus hasten tho Report to formation of carbonic acid. Some of them, like

ComniUrionorn. chloride of lime, give out oxygon and other gases �in this case chlorine, amp;c. ; and some of them, like sulphurous acid, act by taking oxygen from the substance to bo disinfected, so that there is a sur�prising variety In tho modes of action. Of these substances, however, we might say there are two classes ; those which act upon tho solids and liquids, and those which nro volatile and act upon the air. Let us suppose one, either of the particles or germs of -which we spoke, to come into a stable and fall upon some material ready to supply it with food, it will grow ; but suppose that material should have been treated with a chemical substance, say chloride, tho germ would itself bo poisoned and growth would cease. Let us suppose, however, that same germ, instead of lying upon a disinfected substance, had entered into tho lungs of the animal. Tho question may be. Can it be taken up into the vital system ? We know that when some germs enter into tho corner even of alarge vessel containing blood, putrefaction goes on from beginning to end. We can readily imagine a similar result in an animal, for, although the effect may not be properly called putrefaction, still it is a disease somewhat analogous in its nature. The dis�infection of tho manure, or of the cow-house or stable, in such a case, would have no effect upon the animal, if the disinfectant itself were not volatile, except in a secondary manner, by preventing the atmosphere from being filled with the volatile sub�stances from the manure. The use of such, solid disinfectants would therefore be valuable, but limited. If, however, the disinfectant were capable of acting first upon the solid manure and liquid itself, and then, rising up into the atmosphere, pervading every corner of the apartment, tho result we might expect to be very much more important, that is if tho disinfectant should be found to be capable of destroying the vitality of thosa germs themselves. When also this disinfectant continually entered into the lungs, mouth, or skin along with the atmosphere, we might look to that as a still further precaution.

It is now many years since Mr. McDougall and I proposed the use of mixed carbolates and .sulphites. Ina pamphlet which he wrote upon the subject he has shown that the dung heaps from those cowhouses and stables where his powders had been used had not become hot, as other heaps of manure became, showing that they did not take up oxygen, and that they were not decomposing. He showed also that the crowd of flies which continually hums about dung heaps in warm weather was entirely absent, and that tho cattle in the stables were much more at rest from their absence. Having examined by the microscope land which has been treated with manure disinfected by similar means, I have found it entirely free f/om any animalcular life ; and, in a paper upon the pro�duction of malaria, I showed that by simply keeping the ordinary soil of our fields in contact with stag�nant water, or, in other words, without changing the water, an enormous development of animalcular life took place, with common putrefaction, if the soil were what is called rich. This I assumed to re�semble a production of artificial malaria. When these animalcules were treated with a solution used for disinfecting tho sewage on land at Carlisle, and containing in part tar acids, they almost instantly died. Therefore the land thus treated is on an entirely different condition from every other soil ; it is incapable of nourishing even the smallest, class of living creatures, much less the larger form of grubs and worms, whilst it is a very rich soil for grass. I may quote a few words from the paper referred to :� quot; Now I am not prepared to say that all unhealthy districts actually contain a. 'arge amount of matter, either putrefying or forming into animalcular life, but it certainly is the characteristic of what seemed to mo to be tho soil most, blamed ; there may bo some, as already slated, where other causes arise. This state of soil in that of nil our lower lands ; the

ditch water swarms with life j muddy wot lands present it in every drop of water ; whilst in our high hills, purified by barrenness and disinfeeting peat, we have hunger and health. I do not say that there is a necossury connexion between malaria and animal�cules, but as there is a connexion between them and the state of tho air in our own county, it is probable that tho inquiry may bo extended profitably to mala�rious districts. Infusoria and even larger animals indicate the presence of matter which may putrefy, but it is even probable that they may prevent its injurious action on the atmosphere.quot;

For these reasons I proposed at tho time to intro�duce the microscope, as to some extent an instrument for ascertaining the sanitary condition of the country. To what extent it may be used is a matter which must be afterwards learnt. I proposed the use of disinfectants also over malarious grounds, believing that in many cases they could be used so extensively as to influence the climate, and especially in such places as railway cuttings in India, where our engineers are at work suffering severely from malaria, which is still worse when the ground is turned up. For tho same reason I proposed that instead of using disinfecting materials for the treatment of sewage after it had left the towns, it should be disinfected during its passage through the towns, so that the inhabitants might have the advantage of the disinfection.

In the use of disinfectants it is necessary to distin�guish between those which may be used for occasional purposes and during great epidemics, and those which may be constantly used. It will be important for the farmer to use those which have a beneficial effect upon his manure, and which retain all its fertilizing properties, and, besides, it is necessary that they should be agreeable to the cattle, and that they should be agreeable also to the senses of those who are going about. Chloride of lime, which has been so very much used, has scarcely all those properties. It destroys ammonia, a most valuable agent in manure, and it destroys also urea and uric acid, whilst it often destroys more permanent compounds than these. When it has ceased to act, it leaves a chloride of calcium, a substance which imbibes water with great greediness, and it therefore is disagreeable in a stable or cowhouse, where it is rather necessary that a dry substance should be used which will imbibe the moisture. Cattle also seemed to have a great dislike to the smell of chloride of lime. Its action upon the atmosphere is scarcely sufficient. The chlorine is not sufficiently volatile unless means are used to dis�engage it. It would therefore be an expensive and destructive disinfectant for manure. The use of char�coal is subject to similar objections ; it is destructive of animal matter; it absorbs the gases which arise during decomposition; but it destroys the organic compounds, and forms more simple compounds in their places j and it is incapable of acting to any great extent, unless it covers the substance to be disinfected. Not being volatile, it has no influence upon the air at a distance from the place where it is laid, or has, at most, a very slight influence, by purify�ing such parts as circulate and rest a while on it and leave it.

I have not made a formal division of disinfectants, nor have I attempted to separate them from pre�servatives, antiseptics, and deodorants. It seemed to mo that to make any change on the present rather loose mode of expression would bo scarcely advau-tagious until the true action of many of them was ascertained. Some antiseptics act evidently by com�bining, some by oxydizing, some apparently by removing one element necessary to the usual decom�position, and ho disarranging proceedings, whilst some are simply, so far as we can sec, coh/tic, that is, restraining. This is a word which I introduced some time ago to express that quality, whatever it be, by which the evident inclination to move is arrested, and is in distinction to that used by Berzelius catalytic, which is the inclination to break up. (Tho word cohjtic is derived from the verb KaMu and adjective

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEUS.

161

KtlKvTIKOt,

The act then -will bo called colysis

Oil of horso radish.

� juniper.

� lavender,

� lemons.

� mustard,

� onions.

� orange peel.

� pepper.

� peppermint.

� rosemary.

� rue.

� thyme.

� valerian. Ozone.

Pyroligneous acid. Turpentine.

In this class there is no difficulty or hesitation ; every experiment is clear and distinct, and can bu repeated easily. The object of the inquiry was to find those substances which, in a volatile condition, prevented putrefaction in an atmosphere which could easily be breathed. It was made by pouring into bottles of about 900 cubic centimetres volume�equal to about a pint and a half�from 5 to 9 drops of these volatile substances. Over this was suspended a piece of meat about three inches in length and about three fourths of an inch in diameter. It was not brought in contact with the substance ; the cork was put loosely in the bottle, which was opened generally every day, no attempt being made to keep out the atmosphere.

These experiments arc very satisfactory, and if our theories of floating active organic substances be correct, the question as to the possibility of their destruction or infection in this manner seems to be settled, so far as this treatment goes. But to this also something is wanting. It is desired to know at what distance that flesh may bo suspended with safety, as it was clear, in all cases where there was visible action on the meat, that it was most violent at the lowest part, where it was nearer the liquid. In the best case of preservation there seemed no difference, as the flesh was unaltered throughout, to all appearance, except where difference of colour, as already mentioned, was produced. The slightest alteration took place with cresylic acid ; it seemed to be quite suited to excite the appetite. It appeared cooked. It was overdosed even with this small quantity. When aniline and coal naphtha were used the pieces of meat were perfectly preserved from putrefaction, but had an appearance scarcely resembling flesh.

Dr.AiiKiuSmith,

Ri'liort to C'omuiiiMioiior�.

Experiments relating to the preservation of organic bodies.

The mclhod of inquiry pursued for this report -was the following :�

It was first determined to find tliosc substances which prevented solid organic bodies from decom�position. This was done, bearing in mind the facts alluded to, that decomposition takes place after con�tact with an atmosphere of a particular kind. In the purest air oxidation will take place, and carbonic acid will bo formed from flesh and blood ; but when that air contains substances that ferment or otherwise cause decomposition, how are these substances to be removed ? Wo cannot filter them out practically on a largo scale ; can we destroy them, or render them ineffective by means that are within our every day control ?

No. 1.

Meat was treated witli the vapours of the following substances :

Acetic acid. Alcohols:

Methylic (wood spirit).

Ethylic (common spirit of wine).

Amylic (fusel oil).

Phenic (carbolic acid).

Cresylic (cresylio acid).

Wood kreasoto. Aniline.

Binoxide of hydrogen. Bromine. Camphor. Gum Asafoetida. Heavy oil of tar. Iodine.

M'Dougall's powder. Naphtha. Naphthaline. Nitro-benzole. Oil of aniseed.

,, bergamot.

� bitter almonds.

� bitter fennel.

� cinnamon.

� cumin.

� garlic,

� hop.

Uksui.ts of ExrERiMEOTS made in order to ascertain the Influence of Vola.tile Substances in preventing

P�rKEFACTlOIraquo;'.

The Experiments were made on Pieces of Lean Flesh (Beef), all cut from the same Piece. The Beef was exposed to the Vapour of the various Substances by suspending it in Bottles at the Bottom of which a small Quantity of the Substance was placed. The smell in all cases so that one could easily breathe, with Phosphorus cxecpted.

1865,

186laquo;.

Nov. 2nth, after 0 days

Dec, 6tli, after 12 days.

Dee.lOth, after 17 days.

Dee. inth, after 22 days.

Dee, 26th, after M days.

Jan. mh, after 51 days.

I'MomIi�nloiio -

With phosphorus hi water

Putrid and

whitened, Not had, but

whitened.

Bed smell

Flesh hegimiinff to ho bad, al-(hongh the bottle is full of o'/one.

Diminishing size; black.

Very small, black and hard; wa- I tery solution | clear, eontain- j iiiK aeid and : ammonia,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

Nraquo;phtlmllno Cresylic Carbolic (phonic)

13530,.

f alcohol 1 #9632;laoW. -;

faloohol) �(.acid �/

lUther bad, not

whitened. Very sweet, i

Hcare oly altered

in colour. Fresh, a Uttlc

whitened.

Quite sweet �, sliKlitly wliitcncd

Vreahi 'a little darkened.

As on 5th Dee.

As on 5th Dec, - Still flaquo; sli

Quite I'resh, Quito fresh.

As on 6th Dec, #9632;

More smell than eresyllc acid.

Still fresh

102

Al'PENDIX TO TIIIKD BEPOUT OF

laquo;1


1	ise.¹),					1866.
				i
	Nov. 29th, Dee. 5th,		Dec. 10th.	Dec. 15th,	Dec. 20th,	Jan.13th,
1	alter 1) dayraquo;. after 12 days. after 17 days.			after 22 days.	after 33 days.	after 61 days.
Cool naphtha �	Fresh; a trace	Swoet, and rod	As on 6th Dec.;	No bad smell, but slimy and	Decomposing; soft and oily.
	of discoloration.	natural colour;	slhniticss in*	No bad smell, but slimy and	Decomposing; soft and oily.
		slightslimiucss	creased.	red, as if dis.	looking.
		below where		intergrating.
		nearest tho
		naphtha.
Canadian potroloum (orudo)	Putrid; colour darkened.
Anillno #9632; �	Uncertain; slight	No putridity;	As on 6th Bee. .	As on 6th Dec.	Not putrid, soft	Not putrid, soft
	whitening.	colour dark, not pleasant to look at; smell of aniline, also unplcasaut.		unpleasant smell.	and deliquescent.	and dcliquosceat.
Nitro-benzolo	Sweet; very slightly coloured.	Bad, black.
Turpontino �	SliKht decay; colour good, especially be�low nearest turpentine.
Kreasote.....	Very sweet; slightly dark�ened on some places. Fresh; very	Fresh, dark	Blacker .	More blackening	Fresh	Still fresh, but a little dark, cned.
Wood naphtha	Very sweet; slightly dark�ened on some places. Fresh; very	No putridity;	Whiter, but	As on 10th Dec.	Fresh and white	Fresh and white
	much whitened.	llesh very light and dry.	othenviso, as on 5th Bee.
Pyroligncons acid	Sweet; very white.	Fresh, white -	As on Sth Doe. �	Mouldy, but no putrid smell.
Acetic acid (pure)	No smell; colour	Fresh, but very	Very black	Very black, slimy	As on 15th Dec.	Not putrid, but unpleasant to look at.
	dark.	dark colour.		below; pleasant
				acid smell.
Camphor ....	Bad; slightly darkened.
Oil of cinnamon	llather bad; whitened.
Oil of mustard	Fresh; colour greyish white.	Fresh; very white	Fresh; colour greenish yellow.	As on 10th Dec.	Fresh	Frosh.
Oil of hcrgainot	Slight decay; slight darkening.
Oil of hitter almonds	Fresh; good co�lour. Beghuiing to	Fresh	Fresh	Fresh	Fresh	Fresh.
Oil of pepper	Fresh; good co�lour. Beghuiing to	Bad; slimy	Like had fish.
	decay; a little
	whitened.
Oil of cumin -	Fresh; colour good. Fresh; colour	Bad; slimy.
Oil of lavender - - .	Fresh; colour good. Fresh; colour	.	Bad.
	good.
Oil of hops -	Fresh ; colour a little dark.	Bad.
Oil of thyme -	Bad; colour light�ened ; surface soft.
Oil of rue . . . -	Good; colour a little light (bad siucllofrue).	Not putrid, but slimy.	Breadfully blotohcct.
Oil of rosemary	Fresh; colour good, a little light. Very fresh; co-	Going bad.
Oil of juniper . . . -	Fresh; colour good, a little light. Very fresh; co-	Going bad.
	lour good.
Oil of orange peel	Beginning to decay; colour fair.
Oil of peppermint	Very fresh; co�lour pretty good.	Not very bad smell, but very slimy.
Oil of lemons	Bad; colour bad ; surface becom�ing soft.
Oil of valerian	Doubtful; a little dark.	No bad smell, but slimy.
Oil of aniseed	Bad; colour not much changed.	Going bad.
Fusel oil {amylic ether) -	Sweet; very slight�ly whitened.	Sweet; good co�lour.	As on 5th Bee. -	As on 5th Dec. -	As before -	Still fresh.
Essenee of pine apples {butyric	Sweet; slightly	Fresh, a little	As on 5tli Dec. -	Mouldy, but no
ether).	whitened.	dark.		bad smell.
Gum asafootida . . -	Not so putrid as llosh alono; co-
	lour not bad.

Comparative Order, and Position in each Okder, which the following Substances occupy in respect to their power

of Preserving Meat, (1 highest power.)


1.	2.	3.	4.	6.	C.	7.	8.	0.	10.
Oresylieaoid.	Carbolic acid.	Oil of mustard.	Wood naplitha. Oil of bitter	Acetic acid.	Coal naphtha.		Oil of juniper	Turpentine.	Oil of cinnamon,
Fusel oil.	Kreasote.		Wood naplitha. Oil of bitter	Fyroligncous			Aniline.	Oil of lavender.	Oil of thyme.
			almonds.	acid.			Oil of pep-	Oil of valerian.	Oil of orange pool.
	I'rcsorve equal	y long with the first, but colour		Ess. of pine			permint. Oil of rue,	Phosphorus and water. Oil of cumin.	Oil of bcrgamot.
		not so good.		apples.			permint. Oil of rue,	Phosphorus and water. Oil of cumin.	Oil of pepper. Naphthaline nlfro;
								Oil of rosemary	hem.ole camphor.
								Oil of hops.	Oil of lemons.
			.						Oilofaniaecd.
									Oum asafoetida.
									Crude Canadian
									petroleum.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE C0MM1SSIONEBS,

103

Tho results of those oxperirnonts is, that fusel oil, methylated spirits, carbolic or phenylio alcohol, cresylic alcohol, oil of mustard, and oil of bitter almonds, with pyrolignoous acid, preserve tho meat fresh, that- if, with a pleasant odour. Aniline pro-vents true putrefaction, or that of the usual kind, but .seems to begin another. Acetic acid seems to have an action too powerful. Several preserve for some days, and retire from tho conflict. Time seems to have no influence on some of thorn, but the best of the pieces are preserved mainly by one class of substuuees only, and these turn out to be alcohols. Mustard oil preserves well, but it threatens to harden the flesh, and tho colour is much changed Oil of bitter almonds seems to preserve well, but tho flesh is losing its firmness, whilst, in the ease of the alcohols, there seems to be no drawback. It is curious indeed if this should turn out to be a property of this scries of bodies. The composition is here added in order to show that they stand to each other as homologous compounds.

In the natural order, so to speak, the cresylic and carbolic compounds would bo called acids, because acidity is the more sensible quality ; but by their composition they take the place of alcohols. We have then disinfectants which form a chemical series :� Alcohol:

Methyl ic -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- C₂ H^ 0₂, or C H, O

Ethylic -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- C, H₆ 0₂, or C₂ H₆ O

Amylic -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- Co IT₁₂ 0,,, or C₆ H₁₂ O

Carbolic (phonylic) C₁₃ Ho 0₂, or Co 11,, 0 Cresylic -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - C_u II₈ 0₂, or C₇ II₈ 0

and wood kreasote, which, I suppose, is a mixture of tho latter two.

The exact order of these substances as disinfectants had not been made out, but it seems to have some relation to the order now given. Cresylic alcohol seems to preserve meat best under certain conditions, to be pointed out afterwards. Amylic preserves remarkably well, but tho two evidently act in a different way. I am not here preserving meat for food ; I am speaking of the preservation of animal substances, and mean to apply those results t� manures and to living animals first. The use of amylic alcohol in the above method as a preserver of flesh might pro�bably be very hurtful, as the use of too much cresylic or carbolic would be.

These vapours completely prevent the action of the air, and of tho bodies, organic and organized, that the air may bring with them. If tho diseases attacking us or our cattle resemble such bodies, they will also bo rendered innocent by tho use of these vapours.

A very serious question, however, arises : If the disease is slain, is the living being preserved ? The action on living creatures is more difficult in many cases than that on dead. It is more difficult to act by oxidizers and some other agents on fresh meat than on corrupted, although, if wo consider tho blood as living and the skin as dead, the reverse is the case.

However, the practical question is, can the larger animals live in an atmosphere so filled with these vapours that meat will not decompose ? If this is answered in the affirmative a great deal is gained. I may say all is gained. It may probably turn out that the resistance will be sufficient for some of the putrid matter or the germs, and in this case the disease they brought would be warded off, whilst it might be

insulllcient in other more violent cases This is the Dr.AnguiBnWh. point to be practically ascertained. Wo must re- Beportto member, however, that it is simply a question of Commtojoaaw.

strength,�who will boar most, the disease or the dis�eased. These oolytlc agents are so powerful that they can arrest the life as well as the corruption. Experience, however, is in favour of tho vigour of life. I have heard of no one being injured by breathing air scented by carbolic and cresylic acids all day for a long time together, and 1 have myself breathed them night and day in a mild state. Very strong they must never be breathed, and nevei' touched as liquids, as, although mild at first to the taste, they remove the skin. The above experiments were all made at a temperature varying with the season.

I am sorry I have not yet obtained the extreme limits or the smallest amount of cresylic vapour for a certain quantity of material or a given volume of air. This will require some lime.

Our ancient and admired disinfectants must now learn to retire on great emergencies. Kue, rosemary, lavender, and pennyroyal may still be used to prevent attacks on our clothes,,or to scent the wardrobes; but when the preservation of matter for a long time is the question, they must be left aside. They are like the mild precautions of a time of peace.

Those substances which have preserved the flesh and not destroyed the fibre will preserve also the putresciblo matter in manures, and prevent it sending impurities into the air. This is ascertained beyond doubt. Tho vapour at a low temperature destroys the substances causing putrefaction. That also is ascertained. We require only to use it until we ascertain if it will destroy every kind of substance that causes every kind of putrefaction. If every kind is not destroyed, how many kinds ? Probably the pus, ferment, or germs will be preserved as soon as the vapour touches it, and will remain as unchanged and as innocent as a mummy until washed into the earth, and destroyed by air, water, and vegetation.

No. 2.

The efficiency of strong gases and volatile substances in preventing putrefaction.

In order to gain information on this point, pieces of meat about, an inch broad and thick, and about three inches long, were placed in bottles containing the following gaseous and volatile bodies :�

Sulphurous acid.

Protoxide of nitrogen.

Hyponitrous acid.

Hyponitric acid.

Ether.

Heavy oil of tar.

MeDougall's powder. The chlorine was prepared from chlorate of potash and hydrochloric acid; the sulphurous acid from sulphite of soda and sulphuric acid ; the hyponitric acid from copper and strong nitric acid ; the hypo-nitrous acid from copper and weak nitric acid; the hydrochloric acid from common salt and sulphuric acid; the ammonia from lime and sulphate of am�monia ; and the protoxide of nitrogen from nitrate of ammonia.

Tho gases were passed into the bottles for a con�siderable time, which were then closed up by corks covered with paraflm, the meal being suspended inside by a string. They were kepi in the laboratory at a temperature of 60deg; to 70deg; F.

Y 2

164

AFFENDIX TO TIIIBD RFFOBT OP

Taiu.k showing tlio effects of Gusos, amp;e., on Flosli.

Time laquo;lupsed since the fastening up of the Bottles.

Or, Angus Smith.

Hoport to

CdlJiuiissioiii'i's.


j	7 Days.	14 raquo;ays. In appearance	28 Days.
1 i	7 Days.	14 raquo;ays. In appearance	In appearance
Chlorine #9632; - -	Pleached and hardened a little.	Unchanged. No chlorine in the	Unchanged ; meat red inside;
	The bottle smelt only slightly	bottle.	only bleached on the surface.
I	of chlorine. Quite good.
Uroinine - - -	quot;Whitish yellow in colour.	Unchanged, Faint smell of	Slightly pinkish in colour;
	Slight smell of hydrobromic	hydrobromic acid.	faint smell of hydrobromic
	neid. tiuite good.		acid. Quite good.
Iodine - - ' -	Park yellow ; dried. A. little	Unchanged	Orange red, white inside; no
	iodine in the hottle. Quite good. Darkened ; no smell of hydro-		smell of iodine. Quite good.
Hydrochloric acid -		Unchanged; no hydrochloric	Unchanged.
	chloric acid. Quite good.	acid present,
Ammonia - - - -	Darkened; the meat smelt of	Unchanged; no ammonia pre-	Uachanged.
	ammonia, hut the hottle did	sent.
	not. Quite good.
Protoxide of nitrogen -	Sweet fresh smell; a little	Become mouldy ; a fine red	Meat bad ; lighter in colour.
	1 ighter in colour. Quite good.	colour.
Hyponiirous acid	Light yellow, from a little	Unchanged. On taking the	Unchanged.
	hyponitric acid. Quite good.	cork out, no hyponitric acid
	llyponitrous acid still in the	was formed, showing an ab-
	hottle.	sence of llyponitrous acid.
Hyponitric ackl -	light yellow and dried. No red fumes in the bottle. Quite good.	Unchanged - - - -	Unchanged.
Carlionic acid -	Smell had and meat slimy.
Sulphurous acid - - -	Not quite so red. Quite good.	Smell of sulphurous acid. Quite	Unnatural pink colour ; smell
	smelling of sulphurous acid.	good.	of sulphurous acid. Quite good. Unchanged ; faint ethereal
Ether ....	Not quite so red, but quite	unchanged j ether vapour pre-	of sulphurous acid. Quite good. Unchanged ; faint ethereal
	good.	sent in the bottle.	smell.
Heavy oil of tar	Putrid and slimy.
Peroxide of hydrogen -	Putrid, slimy, and mouldy.
McDougall's powder -	Putrid and slimy.

In these experiments we find that the powerful gases described are absorbed by the meat, and probably, as in the presence of tlio vapours of phos�phorus, ammoniacal salts arc formed, and, in the presence of water, solutions of certain portions of the nutritive matter, as in licbig's extract of flesh. It seems to mc, however, that a greater amount of gas is required in their ease than in the case of the organic acids in No. 1. The gas required to be stronger, by #9632;which words is meant that it had more effect on the senses. I believe also that in actual weight the amount was greater ; but this has not been proved.

The ether scarcely belongs to this set, but it is interesting to observe its effect, showing that the alcoholic series is not the only one which has a disinfecting power. It may be that it is the base which has the power, and that the hydrates only share it.

All the strong acids have completely destroyed the natural appearance of the flesh, and rendered it very unpleasant to the sight, but as preventives of putre�faction they are perfect. The least unpleasant is that in sulphurous field ; it is, however, of unflcshlikc pink.

Nitric acid or any nitrous gases must, be avoided where animals are. The senses do not perceive all the danger of this gas, and men leave it qintc well to become ill in a lew hours, and not to recover. Mu�riatic and sulphuric acids act otherwise. The senses are alarmed, and avoid then) even where there is not sufficient to bring danger to the health, certainly none immediately; and, even when there is none prospectively, so far as we know.

Protoxide of nitrogen, of all substances tried, allowed mould to come most rapidly, and the quality was peculiar, but 1 am not acquainted with those bodies so us to describe Ihem. It seemed to invite the mould, In all cases of mould the beginning was nearest to the cork, evidently finding entrance by the air.

McDougall's powder was tried here simply to see if it gave off carbolic acid enough to prevent putre�faction ; it is found not to do so. This 1 find encouraging, as it has been extremely successful

for some purposes without doing so ; it shows that we have power in reserve by using more tar acids, and acting more violently on the air, and thus pro-venting still more pertinaceous substances from intrusion than those usually dealt with.

No. III.

Disinfection in water.

The method in which the inquiry was made was as follows :�It was first determined to treat blood With small and constantly increasing quantities of the several disinfectants, in order to reach the point ofquot; perfect disinfection.

As it was impossible to obtain uniformity without removing the clot of the blood, the serum only was employed, and, as it was found inconveniently thick, it was mixed with twice its volume of water. It was believed that the gases escaping in this condition would be a measure of the amount and quality of the decomposition. The first experiments are made, but, as it will easily be seen, a very long scries is requisite to arrive at the desired results. It would be impos�sible to finish these inquiries for the present report, but, as they already stand, a considerable amount of information is to be obtained. It is already seen which are by far the best disinfectants, but it is not clear to what extent the decomposition of organic matter proceeds along with the appearance of sulphu�retted hydrogen. It is quite possible that that gas may diminish the amount of organic decomposition. It evidently arises from the sulphates, and is not a measure of organic matter, although itself bad enough. The rapid evolution of sulphuretted hy�drogen was considered as one indication of imperfect disinfection ; but with the sulphates this did not tell well. It may be that it is sufficient, and sulphuretted hydrogen may bo considered as itself a sufficiently offensive gas, but, bad as it undoubtedly is, it cannot lie considered as a nest for the growth of these organic substances or organized germs which we are supposing to be, still more insidious. It was therefore desired to separate the sulphuretted hydrogen f.'om the organic compounds for this purpose. The mix-

TUE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEBS.

1G5

turo, after standing a suitable time, wan di.stillcil in jmrt, and the first products of llio distillation were treated with load and with permanguniite of potasli. By these means wo found the comparative amount of organic matter, and the results seemed to bo regul�r. Fresh blood, for example, when distilled in this manner, destroyed only i'^J₀tlis of a cubic centimetre of cha�meleon ; after standing 48 hours it destroyed 2-^ths; so that the rate of docomposition seemed to be mea�sured iu this manner. This method was not begun at first, or it might have been pursued further than it has been. It promises good results. quot;Perfect it cannot be called as yet, as a more careful examination of tho substances in this distillate is required. It must be examined whether this peculiar substance, giving a rod (raquo;lour with nitric acid, is a good measure of the impurity, or whether tho salts obtained by acids and by chloride of platinum are something more than mere salts of ammonia. When carbolic acid is used, the first test is rather difficult, as this substance gives a reddish brown colour, obscuring the charac�teristic pink alluded to. The carbolic acid interferes also with the permanganate test, so that this is available only in the other cases.

Another method of trying the progress of disinfec�tion was tho passage of air through the liquid, and from that into permanganate of potash without dis�tillation. Similar results were obtained in this manner, and it seems to bo quite as good as distil�lation, whilst it is very much more rapid. One experiment may, in fact, be performed in five or ten minutes. This method has also one fault, viz., that it does not separate the organic matter from the sulphuretted hydrogen, but gives a gross result. These difllculties prevent us, without a great deal more labour, requiring very much time, from detailing with exactness the proportionate amount of decompo�sition in every case; but the great and broad results are certainly dear, and I shall therefore depend for the present upon them only, so far as this class of experiments is concerned. The peculiar pink colour in tho nitric acid may turn out the best tost; only one case has occurred whore it could be proved absent.

Experimentraquo; on the action of Disinfectants in Water.

Blood unmixed with any antiseptic had a very bad smell after being kept 12 days. Lead paper held over it was immediately browned very strongly. It gave no fumes with strong hydrochloric acid, thus showing the absence of free ammonia. Quantity of gas collected, Go cub. cent.; rate of evolution per week, 38 c. c. Permanganate of potash solution completely discolourized by 0*0025 cubic feet of air after it had passed through the blood. The pcrmanganute solution wasO'l cc. of a strong solution, diluted with 5 c. c. of water. Tho strong solution was standardized by iron wire dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and was found to contain 0'00048 grammes of active oxygen per cubic centimetre. On analysis, the gas proved to have the following composition in 100 parts:�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 69'00 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 6'()8 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 24-32 �

Ur.AngimSmitli,

Ucpoi't to Ouinmissionors.

llottlo I.

100-00

To ascertain whether the gas given oil' had a con�stant composition, blood untreated was kept for flvo weeks or more, and 65 c. e. of the gas were taken at tho end of that period for analysis. The result is as follows :�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 86-72 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - l,'i'28 �

Nitroeren

100-00

Blood treated with u'^g- its weight of carbolic acid smelt bad ; lead paper browned after being exposed a short time ; no fumes given with hydro�chloric acid. Ihe time it was kept 17 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 26' 76 c. c. The permanganate of potash test required 0'003 cubic feet of air to decolorise it. The com�position of the gas proved on analysis to be as follows :#9632;�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 69'89 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 6'80 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 23'SI

Bottle 2. Carbolic Acid; Proportion of di�infcctaut _T�,

100-00

The disinfecting agents

were the following ;�

Arsenious acid.

Carbolic acid.

Charcoal (animal).

Chlorate of potash.

Chloride of aluminum.

Chloride of lime.

Chloride of lime and sul�phuric acid.

Chloride of sodium.

Chloride of zinc.

Corrosive sublimate.

Crcsylic acid.

Heavy oil of tar.

Lime.

used in these experiments

McDougall's powder.

Nitrate of iron.

Nitrate of lead.

Perchloride of iron.

Sulphate of alumina.

Sulphate of copper.

Protosulpliate of iron.

Sulphite of soda.

Sulphite of soda and car�bolic acid.

Sulphite of soda and cre-sylic acid.

Sulphite of soda and sul�phuric acid.

Blood treated with |-_�J_�T)- its weight of carbolic acid :�smell, very bad; lead paper browned imme�diately ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 24 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 c. c; rate of evolution per week 18*96 c. c. The permanganate of potash tost required 0'0025 cubic feet of air to decolorise it.

Analysis of gas :�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 29'02 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 7*31 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . o;}^,67 �

Bottle 3. Carbolic Acid; proportion of disinfectant

100-00

Blood treated with _T0'_iyo its weight of crcsylic acid: #9632;�-smell, bad ; lead paper browned immediately ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 17 days. Quantity of gas collected 68 e. c. ; rate of evolution per week 28c.c. The permanganate test required 0*0025 cubic feet of air to decolorise it. Analysis of the gas :�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 6(5�99 per cent.

Sulpha ret ted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 3 �96 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 29'05 �

Bottle t. Crcsylic Acid; proportion of diyinlcctant x^s\

In order to investigate their action, bottles of about 1,800 cubic centimetres (about I-Jquart) capa�city were filled with filtered blood, which had been diluted with twice its weight of water, and treated with tho disinfectants named above in proportion to tho weight of the blood of x^ms ^an^ upwards ; the bottles were then placed in pans of water kept at a temperature of 80deg; to 8(5deg; V., and tubes arranged so as to collect the gases which wore given off as decom�position proceeded.

Tho nature of the gas was in each case determined by analysis, and also its action on permanganate of potash ; the rate nt which it was evolved was also noted by observing the time it required to till bottles of a certain capacity with gas, and calculating from this tho number of cubic centimetres given off per week, liuusen's method was employed.

100'OO

Blood treated with chloride of lime:�smell, very Bottle 5.

bad j lend paper darkly browned immediately i nonbsp; Ch'ofldpofLlmci

pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�.! i j Li rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.i ,�,#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i . , - ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;proportion ol

fumes willi hydrochloric acid. Time kept I.) days,nbsp; disinfoctnnt .�'��.

Qnantily of gas collected 65cc. ; rate of evolution

per week 30quot; 33 c. c. Tho permanganate test required

160

APPENDIX TO THIUD REPOET OF

Dr. Angus Siuhlr

Beport to Counntuionon

O'OO� cubic foot of air lt;o deoolorlse it. AimlysiK of (he gas ;� Carbouio addnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 78*61 per cent.

Sulpbnrettod hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4^,20 �

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 17-if) �

100-00

of gas collected 85 c. c. ; rate ofnbsp; evolution per week

59-�c. e. The pcrmangnnato tostnbsp; required 0^,0025 cubic foci of air to decolorise it. Analysis of the gus :

Carbonic acid -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; 82 - 72 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4-30 �

Nitrogen - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; 12-98 �

100 00

Bottle (). chloride of Limo and oqulvalont of

Sulpliui'ii' Acid ; Proportion of disinlVdimt vn'di..

Dlood treated vmh chloride of limo, and an oquiva-lent of sulphuric acid ;�smell, very had ; lend paper strongly browned directly ; no fumes with hydro�chloric iieid. Time kepi 12 daj-s. Quantity of gas collected65 c. C; rate of evolution per week 37'9c.c. The permanganate test required 0'0026 cubic feet of ail' to decolorise it.

Analysis of the gas :�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 45 quot;22 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4�(54 �

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 49*74 .,

Blood treated with sulphite of soda and an equiva- Botticii lent of sulphuric acid :�smell very bad ; lead paper Suipi�toofsodraquo; browned immediately ; no fumes with hydrochloric Sl'sXEquot;¹�* acid. Time kept 42 days. Quantity of gas collected raquo;jirt; proportion 00 c. c. ; rate 01 evolution per week 10 c. c. Thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�v,,

permanganate tost required 0-0025 cubic feet of air to decolorise

The gas was lost in this case.

Blood treated with arsenious acid :�smell slightly Bottioiz. disagreeable ; after five minutes' exposure moistened Arsenlousaotd lead paper was faintly browned at the edges ; no Stainteotent. fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 20 days. Quantity of gus collected 4-7 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 1-64 c. e. The permanganate test required 0 015 cubic ft. of air to decolorise the solution.

The quantity of gas was too small for analysis.

Blood treated with McDougall's powder:�smell Bottle 13. very bad ; lead paper browned immediately ; no ^McJj^ous^al^^sfumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 6 days, fion oTdisin^gt;-^POrQuantity of gas collected 90 c. c. ; rate of evolution f^cctant dra�per week 105 c. c. The permanganate solution required O-0025 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. Analysis of the gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 70-56 percent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4-74 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 24-70 �

99 �60

1!oU1c7. LUilorido at zinc proportion of

disinfoetant ₁₀'�

lilood treated with y-g-gu its weight of chloride of zinc :�smell, as good as that of fresh blood ; moistened lead paper exposed for five minutes not affected the least ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 22 days. Quantity of gas collected 4' 5 c. c.; rate of evolution per week 1 quot;43 0.0. The perman�ganate solution was not affected in the slightest degree by O'loO cubic feet of air after it had passed through the blood.

The quantity of the gas was too small for analysis.

Blood treated with peichloride of iron :�smell, like that of fresh blood ; no action on lead paper ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 7 days. Quantity of gas collected 70 c. c.; rate of evolution per week 70 c. c. The permanganate solution was not affected the slightest, after passing 0'225 cnbic feet of air through. Analysis of the gas ;�

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot; 1 17 � laquo;4

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot;

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 82-36

Bottle 8. I'erchloride of iron ; proportion of disinfectant

100-00

Blood treated with corrosive sublimate or bichloride Bottiou. of incrcury :�smell almost as good as that of fresh 2¹�^cJi!?^rido ⁰_^f

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; rnCKmy ; nro*

blood; lead paper moistened and exposed for five portion of disiu-rninutes not affected in the least; no fumes withnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �^nr-

hydrochloric acid. Time kept 20 days. Quantity of gas collected 13 c, c. ; rate of evolution- per week 4-5 c. c. Permanganate solution decolorized by 0-035 cubic ft. of air.

Not sufficient gas for analysis.

Blood treated with sulphate of copper :�smell suiiSato of⁶' slightly disagreeable ; lead paper, after five minutes' copper; pro; exposure faintly browned at the edges ; no fumes with jbSJJJJquot; ⁰]^d�quot;' hydrochloric acid. Time kept 20 days. Quantity of gas collected 9 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 3-15 c. lt;!. Permanganate solution decolorised by 0-006 cubic ft. of air.

Not sufficient gas for analysis.

Blood treated with sulphate of alumina ;�smell Bottlerlaquo;, bad ; lead paper browned immediately ; no fumes with mina^OTopor-'' hydrochloric acid. Time kept 24 days. Quantity of tion of disiu-gas collected 80 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week ^fectaquot;^t quot;^,vquot;-23-3 c. c. Permanganate solution decolorised after passing O-0025 cubic, ft. of air through.

Analysis of gas

100-00

Bottle 9. Common salt; proportion of laquo;lisinfectiint nl

Blood treated with common salt:�smell not good ; lead paper browned, but not much so ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 18 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 25'2 c. c. The permanganate test not tried. Analysis of tlie gas, 1st time :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 84' 26 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 4-62 �

Nitrosen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 11-12 �

100-00

2d analysis 8 days after the former one, and 26 days after the sealing up of the bottle : Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 94 - 93 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2^,53 �

Nitrogen

- quot; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2-64 �

3d analysis, after 49 days : Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen

100-10

Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen Hydrogen -Marsh gas

-nbsp; nbsp; 39-58

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;9-63

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;50-79

per cent.

81-07 per cent, 1-92 � 17-01 �

100-00

nouicio.

Sulphite of laquo;odn; proportion of dislnfcdnnt i.'ffa

Blood treated with sulphite of soda:�smell bad; lead paper browned immediately ; no fuincs with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 10 days. Quantity

Blood treated with sulphate of iron :�smell bod, of Bottle 17. sulphuretted hydrogen; lead paper browned immedllaquo; nroporUsn of⁰quot;

ately; no fumes with hydrochloric acid, 21 days. Quantity of gas collected 70 c.

Time kept laquo;UrinfiJOtont tA. C : rate of

TUB OATTLB I'LAQUE COMMI8SIONKUS.

167

evolution per week 23 quot;3 c. c. Tho permanganate Holution decolorised by 0^-0O2.'5 cubilaquo; ft. of air. Analysis of gas;

Ciirbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 89*53 per cent.

Sulphuretted liydrogounbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 10'47 �

IMood ironted with common salt or chloride of Dr. Angus Smith.

sodium:�had a smell of sulphuretted hydrogen ; lead Be��rfto

paper browned immediately ; no fumes with hydro- Commissionorraquo;.

chloric oftld. Time kept 12 days. Quantity of gas liotieii.

collected 69 c. c.; rate of evolution nor week 40-25 c. e. Common sultj minbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;in /-./w. - proportion of

ihe purmanganate test solution required 0-O�2.gt;'ahanructimi j,¹,,.. cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. This bottle was also subjected to an undue increase of temperature. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 85-21 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 7-11 �

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 7-68 �

100'00

Bottle 18. Kitratc of iron;

S roportion of isinfectaut toV.v

Blood treated with nitrate of iron :�smell rather bad; lead paper browned after a short exposure ; no fumes with hydrochloric ucid. Time kept 21 days. Quantity of gas collected 70 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 23'3 c. c. The permanganate solution required 0-0075 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acid -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-62-37 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 7-02 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 30-61 �

100-00

Blood treated with _a J^ its weight of McDongall's _MoDougSrt powder ;�had a strong Siiiell of sulphuretted hydro- powder; propor-gen ; lead paper very strongly browned immediately, tantrlo. ' ⁿ ⁰' Time kept 8 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 e. e.; rate of evolution per week 57 c. c. nearly. The per�manganate test solution required 0-0025 cubic ft. of air to deuoloriso it. Analysis of the gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 82-16 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 10-40 �

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 7-44 �

100-00

^ Bottle 19.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Blood treated with chlorate of potash :�smell, bad ;

asii?proportion lead paper browned after a short exposure ; no fumes of disinfectant _wi_tj_l hydroclorie acid. Time kept 19 days, Quan�tity of gas collected 85 e. e.; rate of evolution per week 31'See. Permanganate of potash solution required 0-0025 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acid -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 61-83 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 1-77 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 36-40 �

100'00

Blood treated with,

Bottlelaquo;. McDouKall's powder; propor�tion of disinfec�tant �-Lt.

jirtr ⁰f i'^s weight of McDongall's powder :�smelt strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen ; lead paper immediately browned very strongly, '.rime kept 8 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week nearly 57 c. c. The per�manganate solution required 0-0025 cubic ft. of ail-to decolorise it. This bottle was subjoctcd to tho same rise of temperature mentioned before. Analysis of the gas :

100-00

Bottle 20. Lime; iiropor-tion of disin�fectant TaSii'

Blood treated with lime :�smell, very bad; lead paper immediately browned ; no fumes with hydro�chloric acid. Time kept 10 days. Quantity of gas collected 100 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 70 c. e. The permanganate solution requires O'O025 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 75 79 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 5-10 �

Nitrosen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 19-11

Carbonic acid

76-66 per cent. 16-38 � 6-96

Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen

100 00

Blood treated with JUr of its weisrht of carbolic Bottic�laquo;.

( irnolic 'u'ui �

acid :�smell, bad ; lead paper immediately browned ; proportion ofquot; with hydrochloric aciil no fumes. Time kept 8 days. laquo;quot;laquo;Moctant fa Quantity of gas collected 69 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 60-3 c. c. The permanganate test solution required 0-0025 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. This bottle was subjected to the rise of temperature. Analysis of the gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 64-42 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4-52 �

Nitrogen -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 31-06 �

100-00

Bottle 21. Nitrate of lead i proportion of disinfectant tsV�

Blood treated with riifcrato of lead:�smell, very bad ; lead paper immediately browned ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 11 days. Quan�tity of gas collected 80 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 51 c. c. The permanganate solution required 0-0025 cubic ft. of air to decolorise it. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 87-84 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 4-72 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 7-44 �

100-00

Blood ' treated with iodide of potassium :�smell. Bottle;!?. rather bad ; load paper browned ; no fumes with JfumfA^quot; hydrochloric acid. Time kept 7 days. Quantity of'^tioquot;⁰'f^cli8'n^fcc-gas collected, and rate of evolution per week, 78 o. c. 'quot;quot;'' The permanganate test solution required O'OOS cubic ft. of air to decolorise it.

Crcsyilcacid²and Blood treated with equal weights of cresylic acid sulphite of soda; and sulphite of soda :�had a smell of sulphuretted Sfsmfcctaquot;quot;^,, hydrogen ; lead paper browned immediately ; no ofcachoroftHe fumes with hydrochloric acid. Time kept 9 days.

Analysis of the gas Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen liydrogou Marsh gas

42-97 per cent. 10-59 � 34-45 �

4-29 �

7-70 �

mixture s�j.

Quantity of gas collected 95 c. c. ; rate of evolution per week 73 � 5 c. c. The permanganate test solution required 0-002.5 cubic ft. of air to decoloriso it. In this and a few other cases the tempet-ature of the water-bath rose 20deg; P. at least above the correct point, and so considerably affected the rate of evo�lution of tho gas. Analysis of gas :

Carbonic acidnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 57 85 per cent.

Sulphuretted hydrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 6.66 �

Nitrogennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 35-49 �

100-00

Blood treated with cresylic acid and sulphite of Bottloffl. soda :�smell, like that of cresylic acid, and slightly Hui^'iioofsoda'¹of sulphuretted hydrogen ; lead paper l)rowned after iJ.f of raquo;raquo;di. three or four minutes exposure. Time kept 18 days. Quantity of gas collected 65 c. c. ; rate per week 25-2c. c. ; no fumes with hydrochloric acid. The Y4

laquo;i

168

AITENDIX TO THIRD REPOKT OF

i Dr.AiiKus Smith. P^ennang^onato tost eolutiou required of nir to decolorise it.

0-005 cubic ft.

manganate solution. The gas given off was lost by the tubes becoming stopped up and the cork being forced out of the bottle by the pressure within. 200 c. e. wore distilled, and 50 c. c. of the distillate required 0-3 c. c. of permanganate to give a pink tinge, with acid 1-5 c. c. No reaction with acetate of lead, a faint pink with nitric acid.

Blood treated with picric acid, smell, when cold Picric acid, none, when warm like fresh blood. Lead paper ai^iX'tant* moistened and exposed five minutes, showed no tracenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ifo.

of sulphuretted hydrogen. No fumes with hydro�chloric acid. Time kept 22 days. Quantity of gas evolved 10 c. c, rate per week 3-2 c. o. The per�manganate solution was not the least affected by 0-150 c. ft. of air. Not sufficient gas for analysis. 200 c. c. being distilled gave a distillate, 50 c. c. of which required -Sec. of permanganate, and with acid

4nbsp; c. c. to colour it. No reaction with acetate of lead, a straw colour with nitric, acid.

Blood treated with cresylic acid smelt slightly of Ocsylic noid.

that disinfectant. Time kept 22 days. No fumes with I'rai'fMon of . -. . i . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..iiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i dismloctant

hyurochloricaeid; no reaction with load paper exposednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; vJ�

5nbsp; nbsp;minutes moist. The permanganate test required -275 c. ft. of air to decolorise it. Quantity of gas evolved 12 c. c, rate per week 3-8 c. c. The distillation process is not applicable here.

Report to Couunissionors.

Amilysin of tlio gas :

71-02 per ecut. 10-00 � 18-98 �

Carbonic neid Sulphuretted hydrogoo Nitroffcn -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

100-00

Ooramon Bfllt Proportion of

(Usiut'oetuiit

Blood treated with common suit kept 14 duys, .sinplt. of Bulphnrotted hydrogen Lead paper wns browned after a sbort exposure. Quantity of gas given off Co c. c., rate of evolution per week 32-5 c. c. The pormauganate test required 0 0025 c. ft. of nir to discolorise it. No fumes with H Cl. On distillii-tion, 200 c. c, were taken, and 50 c. c. of the distillate required 7-5 c. c. of permanganate without acid niul 13 c. c. after adding acid. A white precipitate with acetate of lead, and a splendid crimson colour was produced with nitric acid.

Blood treated with -j^ chlorate of potash. Smell, rather bad, but faint only, No fumes with hydro�chloric acid. Lead paper moistened and exposed iive minutes failed to show any trace of sulphuretted hydro�gen 0-070 c. ft. of air faintly altered the tint of the per-

Ohtorato of

S iotusli. Proportion of ilisiiifvctaiit


�	Substances with which the Jllood was treated, and Quantity in proportion to the Wei_Kht of the Blood.	Smell after keeping.	Action of Gas evolved on Lead Paper.	Reaction of Gas with Bydro-cliloricAcid.	Time kept at a Tempera�ture of from 80deg; to 86deg; P.	Quantity of Gas col�lected.	Rate of Evolution per Week.	Quantity of Air passed through the Blood, and afterwards Permanganate of Potash, n quired to decolorise the Permanganate Solu- tion. in terms of a Cubic Foot.
1	Blood and water	ExcecdinRly had	Strongly browned di�rectly.	None	12 days	Cub. Cts. laquo;6	fCub.Cts. 38	0-0025
2	Carbolic acid	Bad	Browned itaftera short exposure.	None	17 raquo;	65	26-76	0-003
3	Carbolic acid	Very bad	Browned it direclly	None	---	-	�	0-0025
#9632;i	Cresylic acid	Bad	Browned it directly	None	17 days	68	28	0-0025
5	Chloride of lime	Very bad	Browned it directly	None	15 �	66	30-33	0-(K)5
6	Chlorkio of lime, with an equivalent of sul�phuric acid.	Very bad	Strongly browned it di�rectly.	None	12 �	65	37-9	0-0025
7 8	Clilo'ri'de of zinc -PerciiToridc of iron -	As good as that of fresh blood. Like fresh blood	The paper belnp; moist�ened and exposed live minutes, it was not the least atfoctcd. No action on lead paper	None None	22 � 7 � -	4^gt;6 70	1-43 70	0-16 cubic ft. had no ctfect on the colour. 0-225 had no effeet on the colour.
9	Common salt	Rather bad	Browned it, but not much.	None	18 �	laquo;5	25-27	Not tried.
10	Sulphite of soda	Bad	Browned immediately -	None	10 �	85	59-6	0-0025
11	Sulphite of soda, and an equivalent of sul�phuric acid.	---	---		---	�	�	�
12 13	Arscnibus acid -^idlougall'a powder #9632;	Slightly disa�greeable. Very bad	Moistened lead paper, after 5 minutes ex�posure, was faintly browned at the odges. Browned it directly	None None	20 � 6 �	4-7 90	1-64 106	0-016 0-0025
U 15 16	Corrosive sublimate -Sulphiito of copper -Sul'phnle of alumina -	Almost as good as that of fresh blood. Faint smell of US. Bad - -	Paper nioistencd,an(l ex�posed 5 minutes, not affected the least. After 5 minutes expo�sure, faintly browned at the edfes. Browned directly	None None None	20 � 20 � 24 ,.	13 U 80	4'5 3-15 23-3	0-0035 o-ooa 0-0026
17	Sulphate of iro	Bad -	Browned directly	None	21 �	70	23-3	0-0025
1laquo;	Nitrate of iron	Rather bad	Browned after a short exposure.	None	21 �	70	23-3	0-0076
11)	Clil'or'a'tc of potash �	Bad	Browned after a short exposure.	None	1raquo; ,.	85	31'3	0-0025
�JO	U,V� Limo	Very bad	Browned it direetly	None	10 �	100	70	0-0026
21	Nitrate of lead #9632;	Very bad	Browned it directly	None	11 �	80	15	0-0025
22	Cresylic acid and sul�phite of sodraquo; mix�ture.	Bad �	Browned it directly -	None	8 �	raquo;6	73-8	laquo;�0026

#9632;

THE CATTLE IMMOUl� 0O5IMI.SS1OXEUS.

IG!)


	QuniilK.v	laquo;ntoof 1
	ofGns	Bvolution
	ool.	pov
	lectad.	Wook.

Qiinntity of Air

passed through the

liloud, and afterwards

i'onunnganato of

t'otawli, required to

decolorise tlio I'ei'iiiaiiganato Solu�tion, in terms of a Cnbie Foot.

Dr. Aiigus Smith

Report to Cuiumissioiieru.

Bubstanoos wttli which the Rloodma

�'oatcil, mul Quantity in proportion to tiio WolRhtoftlioIliood.

Smell after keeping.

llcactton i Tiino.kcpt Action ol'Gasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(ifQnswitli ivliiTcniiiura-

^olvotl on Lciwl Papoi'. I Hydralaquo; | too of from ohiorloAoiaJ 80^oto8fl^o V.

21! 84 2r,

� #9632;⁵quot;ⁱgt; Coininon Knit

Smell of IIS.

Brownod il laquo;lli-fctly

Uono

12 ilivys

: Cull. C'ts. t'ul), Cts.

laquo;i 68 ItE

li!l

37-7 I

0-OO8S

laquo;�(1025 0^,0l)2li 0-(I026

#9632;��3 I)-laquo;03

Tic!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

Mraquo;Uongair.s imvilcr - | StrmiK smoll of ; Urowucil voiy strongly Kono I IIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; laquo;lircctly.

3*1!

JI''I)�iicnirs iiowler - ! StraiiB smell ol' i Vjry strongjj lirownal Kono

67 67

ii s;

directly. Itvowiicd iiniiioiliEiti'ly

Lead paper browned Lead paper brovnod

None

Cui'liolio lurid, or phoulo ISad

alkohol.

lodule of potnssiiuu #9632;

Crosylilaquo; noid anil sul-phito of soda.

Rathor liad U.S. a little

None

It will be seen by comparing the results shown in the table, that nrsenions acid, corrosive sublinmte, sulphate of copper, aiitl chloride of zilie arc tlic most iictivo agents. To compare these with each other, the blood treated with them was in each case dis�tilled, 200 c. e. heilig the qunntity taten for the purpose, and 50 c. c. allowed to come over. One li alf the distillate was treated with permanganate of potash till a peramnont red tinge was cominunicatetl to the liquid, and the amount required in each case to produce this was considered to he an cstiniate of the relative quantity of organic matter in the distilled portion, or, in other words, the qunntity of volatile organic matter in the blood. The other half of the distillate was trcateil with acetate of lead, to ascertain the amount of sulplraretted hydrogen, if any, present. For the sake of comparison with the other cjqieri-ments, fresh blood warm from the animal, and blood kept 48 hours, were subjected to the same treatment, laquo;also decidedly putrid blood which had been trcatcc 1 with lime.

It will be noticed that these distillations give no account of the sulphuretted hydrogen present ; for blood smelling extremely bad after being kept 11 days with nnrff of lime, and giving unmistakeable ovulenco of much sulphuretted hydrogen both to the nose anrl lead paper, yielded only a slight quantity in the dis�tillation, not so much, in fact, as blood kept only 48 hours, and not smelling disagreeable at all. During; the distillation, however, the blood treated with lime smelt extremely had. On adding to the distillates si drop or two of nitric acid, and heating, a, fine xcd colour was the result; the residue of the (listillatiou

gave it also, but not so deeply. On treating with ether the residue after distillation of the blood treated with lime, the ether being separated ami evaporated on a watch glass, the peculiar fatty smell which was noticed in the distilled liquids and residues accom�panied an oil. On adding a drop of nitric acid, and applying heat, the red colour was produced with much intensity. Some of the blood kept 48 hours was shaken with other, but the liquid left on evaporation possessed no smell, and yielded no colour with nitric acid.

In order more completely to compare the before-mentioned disinfectants, other data are given in the following table, additional to those in the preceding one. In these experiments, chloride of zinc is the most etlicacious of the substances tried in one respect, and in another corrosive sublimate, then come arse-nious acid and sulphate of copper; but the chloride of zinc far surpasses the others, as tried by the air test in conjunction with permanganate of potash. The phonylic and cresylic alcohols, which experience has shown to be generally so active in the prevention of putrefaction, are not sufficiently constant when a largo quantity of water is present. It may be re�marked that the permanganate and air test is very severe, but, notwithstanding, the blood treated by chloride of zinc failed to affect the colour, which was indeed very delicate in tint. The peculiar oil which gives the red colour with nitric acid was, however, found in the blood treated with chloride of zinc. The absence of this is very difficult to attain. It will be seen, afterwards, that it was attained by means of chloride of iron, which must, of other metals, contest with chloride of zinc.


	After Distillation			State of the Hlood before Distillation.
	Quantity of licriuaiiganate of						Quantity of air

	required to give a pink tinge to Succor the distilled blood.	acetate of icatl.	Smell,	evolved on lead paper.	1'inie	kept.	the pennanganate test solution after being passed tliroiiRli the blood.
1'resh blood warm	O'O c. e.	Slight hlack precipi-
from thj animal.		tate.
Blood kept 48 hours	2-a c. c.	Slight hlack precipi-	- � . .	.	#9632;15 hours.
		tate.					Cub. ft.
Hlood treated with	Mc.o.	Slight hlack prceipi-	Vcrv slightly	Moistened lead panel*,	20 day.	�	0-015
arson ious acid.		tntc.	disagreeable.	after being exposed
Tf�nr				live minutes, faintly browned at the edges.
Corrosive sublimate	0'2 e. c.	White, preeipitatenot	Almost as good	Moistened lead paper	�20 �	.	0-035
vfm		earbomite, solllblo in acetic aeld.	as tluit of l'i'esh blood.	not alVectod at all
Snlpliato of copper	O'Oc.c.			exposure.
	Total amount after	Slight black prccipl-tnto, with a white	Sllglitly of sul.	Paper moistened ami	20 �	.	0*1)01!
	ocklitving	Slight black prccipl-tnto, with a white	plmrottod hy-	exposed llvemiiniles
	8'3c.o.	one ; acetic aeld dis-	ilrogan,	lliintly tinged at the
Chloride of zinc -	0'4c.c.	solved the white,		edges.
lA.	Total nniouiit after	#9632;\Vliitv-brown prcdipi-	Asproixl ns tlint	Paper nioislenrd and	M .,	.	0'lfte. ft. had not tho
	aoidifying	tBte;nccticacilt;l(lis-	of fresh blood.	exposed ilve ininntcs			faintest ell'eet on tlio
	O'flc. c.	solved the nrlltte, and loft a lirownisli		not at, all affected.			colour.
Lime	12'Sc.c.	liquid.					Cnb. ft.
nAni	Total amount after acklitying 15'2 c. c.	Wlilly-lirowii precipl-t�te; acetlcaeUi dis�solved the white, and left a t-.irblil	Vei.-v bad �	Brovnod lead paper iinniedlalely.	10 �		o-(in25
		brown liquid.

13530.

170

APPENDIX TO THIKI) RKPORT OF

Igt;r. AiiKUHtiuiitli.

Uuport to

Ooiuiuiiudouvi'raquo;.

Gaseh uvolvotl with vaiioii.s Disinfoctants acting in Wateu.

00,

II g

C. H.

Quantity of Gas eollcctod.

Kjraquo;to per 'Week.

Blood, nlono ......

lilooil, lllOMO .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

illo�d,clisinfucti'il by JlcDongull s iJowilcr ,�'��

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;MoDougaU's powdor jkv

_ttnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;UoDougnli'B powder laquo;|n

_ltnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Common salt vi,',,,,, 1st portion-

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;mnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;quot; 2lt;l portion

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;i ii 5d portion

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;carboiioacid ,�',.,�

8(1-74 (11)-00 70 Till 84-1(1 7(1-(ill 81-211 lit-113 81-117 211-02 (19-81) (It-42 57-85

71-02

#9632;15-22

IS-28 0-68

1*J4 10-10

ki-as

1-(12

t-ia

7-31

igt;-so

#9632;t-52 8-11(1

10-oo

4-01

�1-20 3-IIU (11 -fllO

4^,7a

.-.�in

1-77

7-11

10-47 11'113 10-89


.
2t-;l3	.	.
*#9632;n-M*	.	.
7-it	.	.
li-90	-	-
U-l-2	.	-
a-M	.	#9632;
17-01	.	.
(13-117	.
23-31	-	-
31-00	�	.
35-48	quot;	-
18-08	-	-
49-74	-	-
WIS	.	_
20'05	.	^
82'Sfl	#9632;	.
12-98	.	.
7 #9632;11	.	.
19-11	.	.
;iO-d.o	-	-
7T.8	,	.
30-61	quot;	-
60-7laquo;	.	.
31-15	4'20	7-70
ll-tt8	-	-
470	.	_
11-57	.	-
it evolve(	1 for analysis
quot;	'quot;

36 days, 2(10 cubic cent.

52 cubic oout 38 105nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

a6-2

31-3

18-90 20-7 00-3 73-6

25-2

37-9

30-3 28-0 70

59-5

61nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

31-3 40-26 23-3

23-3nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

23-3 78 1-8

6-4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

23 1quot;4 1-0 4-6 3-1

12 0

s 8 18

2li 49 21

�S

115 110

i;,-)

(15 115 ISO

laquo;6 69

Blood treated with

orosytio arid and sulphite of

sodll ni¹!,,,. crosylio acid and sulphlto of

soda xij,. ohloriaeof lime and sulphurio

acid _1(J^J_�S

chloriddoflimc !;'�,,

crcsylic acid y�s

chloride of iron L,¹^^

sulphite of sotla r,',,^

nitrate of lea� ,,^1,

lime to¹laquo;,)

ohlorato of potash _Tli_dli -

conimon salt _r;J₍r

nitrate of iron _u\^

sulphate of iron T-iiVicT

snlphiite of alumina -,-,*��

iodide of potassium ii�r�

suiphito of soda and ciirbolic acid.

chloride of iron , r,W

phen.vl alkohol .Jo

n�ns chloride of zinc -arsenious acid bichloride of mercury sulphate of copper

lil �99 1

17 72 #9632;84 #9632;79

#9632;8raquo; #9632;21 #9632;37

#9632;s;i

#9632;5S #9632;117 #9632;110

11 1(1 19 '12 21 21 21 7 IS

42 21 22 20 20 20

laquo;5 08

85 80 100 86

(19

70 70 80 7S 69

325

69 4-5 4-7

85-311 0-91 51-17 'f20

*Tho bottles marked tluis wore by accident subjeetcd loan iiicrcaso oftempex-atui-e to the extent of 20deg; P. or more, thus causing an acceleration in the rale of evolution. The hydrogen and hydruc-arhons v/erotoo small in amount to be estimated and stand as nitrogen.

It seems well to avoid in all cases the uslaquo; of much liquid. When, liquids are used in great quantities, disinfection becomes difficult. Blood, as it flows from the animal, is preserved untainted by a sinall amount of plienie acid; if diluted with water, a very largo amount is wanted, continually requiring renewal. This is an objection to all very deliquescent sub�stances, but when water cannot be avoided, the last four in the above table arc clearly the best. It is, on the other hand, a point greatly in favour of all solid disinfectants which absorb water. It is in favour of charcoal, although, as already stated, there arc other points against it, not forgoting its colour. It is in favour of lime, and it is also strongly in favoui¹ of a disinfecting powder, when it is used in dry places where there is no more water than it can readily absorb. For the same reason, such washing as will leave a place for some time damp is to bo avoided when it is desired lo disinfect.

IV.

Disinfection of Sewage.

Amount of chameleon solution required for oxidation, per 1.0(10 parts of water. Water of a sewage river -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13

After iliumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

After alum and lime waternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

After lime alone -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

After perchloritle of iron -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10

After perchloride of iron

and lime water -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

This water may be purified in an instant ft-oin nearly all its organic and certainly from all its putrid matter by the use of metallic and lime salts. That treated became clear and blight. The same water did not in a fortnight become moderately clear by stand�ing alone. At. the same time, however, oxidation took place so rapidly that the organic matter was reduced from nine to live, and the ammonia disap�peared entirely. In exposed water especially when not very cold organic mal lor will not exist. The water is constantly absorbing oxygen, and it nets like an infinitely divided and porous body. Every particle, perhaps every atom, of organic matter, is exposed to nir, and purification goes on at a rapid pace. The amouul of solid matter destroyed by

water in this way is very great. This constitutes one of the great dangers of water into which organic matter is flowing, whether that water bo stagnant or in motion. Stagnant water has, however, more chance to have organic matter in it, and is more fre�quently dangerous; besides, the putrefaction it under�goes is less wholesome, because being less turned over it is less supplied with air. If a crust is formed on the surface, the supply of air is still more diminished. The more the supply of water in proportion to the organic matter the purer are the gases evolved. But unless the supply of water is excessive, it is better to have none at all, as the decomposition is checked, or entirely prevented, according to the dryness. The golden mean is not found in what is usually called a moderate supply of water.

The third method was an attempt to find how much of some of the most important substances was neces�sary to remove putrefaction already formed, a few minutes only being allowed for the operation.

On the Removal of Smells, and the relative Values of different Disinfectants for that Purpose.

A bottle of blood freed from clot and diluted with twice its volume of water, which .had been treated with lu'inj ifraquo; weight of sulphite of soda, having become putrid, Avas considered suitable for the pur�pose. Five bottles, which constituted Ihe first series, containing each 100 c. C. of this matter, were treated with perchloride of iron, chloride of zinc, McDougall's powder, cresylic and phenylic alcohol. The second series contained chloride of zinc, common salt, per�chloride of iron, McDougall's powder, cresylic alcohol, and chloride of lime. The disinfectant was in each case added until the disagreeable smell was removed ; (he liquid was then distilled, and the quantity of per�manganate of potash requisite to colour the distillate pink, was taken as the relative quantity of organic matter present. In the liquid distilled from the cresylic and phenylic alcohols this test is not of any value, because the quantity of those substances which distil over themselves decolorise the perman�ganate; this is also the case with McDougall's powder. The accompanying table shows the results obtained, though in truth they nre of themselves not worth

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMHI8SIOMEB8.

171

much; thi.s muoh, howovor, was determined lgt;y them, thntoreBT�o alcohol is morn powerftil than the phenylic, and a mixture of it with stilphite of soda better than either sabstanoe by itself. Large qmuitilios of per-ohloride of iron, and the chlorideB of zinc and sodium, failed to remove all smoll, though the smell remainiug was not that of putrid matter. A third series of ox-

porlmenb), considered an improvemout on those just Dr.Angulaquo;Smith,

described, was carried out: 10 grammes each of the

Rejxn't to

CominiM�JonorH

following substances were added to 100 c. c. of a putrid mixture of blood and two parts water ; tlio mixture was then distilled, and tlio distillate was tested with purmauganate of potash, as in the former case, and acetate of lead.

FIRST SBBIES OF EXl'EKIMENTS.


		Quantity of
		permanganate of
	Quantity required	potash required to		Reaction with
Disinfectants used.	to take away	give a pink, tinge.		Acetate of	Smell of the Distillate.
	the smell.	Without acid.	With acid.	Lead.
	Grammes.
Cresylio alcohol or acid	3	50	190	No colour -	Like fresh blood.
Phenylic alcohol	5	270	�	No colour -	Faint fatty smell mixed with that of phenylic alcohol.
Perchloride of iron -	12-25	o	5	No colour -	Like acroleine.
Chloride of zinc - - -	13	15	55	Paint shade of brown.	Fatty smell.
McDougall's powder -	10	60 430 1		No colour	Faint fainty smell.
		SECOND SERIES.
	Grammes.
Cresylio acid Chloride of lime	3	110	�	No brown colour -	Faint smell of animal oil.
Cresylio acid Chloride of lime	7* 5	40	50	No brown colour -	Smell like burnt horn.
Perchloride of iron	12-25	5	5	No brown colour -	Smell like cow dang.
MeOougall's powder	10	85	90	No brown colour -	Smell like sewage.
Chloride of zinc -	40	120	120	Faintly brown	Very bad smell.
Common salt - -	32	130	160	Faintly hrown	Very bad smell.
Ocsylic alcohol and sulphite	2 of the cresylic	100	125	No colom- -	Fatty smell only.
of soda.	alcoholic; about 1 o grammes of
	sulphite of soda.

THIRD SERIES OF EXPEEIMENTS.


#9632;	Quantity of
Disinfectants used, in the proportion of 10 grammes	permanganate required.		Re-action with acetate of lead.	He-action with nitric acid.	Smell of the distillate.
to 100 cubic centimetres of	1 �r. ,		Re-action with acetate of lead.	He-action with nitric acid.	Smell of the distillate.
putrid matter.	Without : With
	acid. acid.
	Cubic cents.	Cubic cents.
Terchloride of iron	0-5	1-0	None . . -	Straw coloui-	Bad.
Chloride of lime	6-2	7* 8	None - -	Straw colom-	Pungent smell from a peculiar compound formed from the chloride of lime and am�monia, putridity gone.
McDougall's powder* -	�	17-5	None - - -	Bright rose eolour	Bad.
Common salt -	21-0	24 � 5	Light brown	Dnll rose colour -	Bad.
Chloride of zinc - - -	27-5	28-4	None	Dark rose colour,	Disgusting.
				quickly fading.

* The McDougall's powder gave a distillate so very alkaline from ammonia set free that acid was added at once the permanganate could not have been tried.

Permanganate of potash, Condy's fluid, completely removes the smell at once. Peroxide of hydrogen removes all the unpleasant smell, and adds a very agreeable scent.

otherwise

From these experiments it is clear that even the most powerful antiseptics arc far from being well fitted for removing putrid smells, when added in a strong state. Acids mid acid metallic sails, such as cldorides of zinc and iron, send out a very disagvoeablo fatty acid, which seems to bo the same that comes over with ammonia when the putrid matter is dis�tilled. For this reason elicmicals sncli as these ought never to be poured on strong or slightly diluted putrid matter, in order to produce an immediate effect. They do, however, produce an effect after�wards.

Cresylic and phenylic alcohols have no such violent effect in sending out fumes, and here they stand Ixist, except, the mixture with sulphite of soda and chlorine, which destroys. It is 16 years since 1

first tried a mixture of sulphite of soda and carbolic acid, and found that with one only complete disinfec�tion conld not ho obtained. Mr. Daniel Stone in�formed me that he used the two mixed as antiseptics before that time. Along with JVTr. McDongall, the experiments were continued, and the ivsnlt was, McDougall's disinCeeting powder, which slid holds ils ground, wilh a comniuation of qualities not pos�sessed hy any other substance, if he added more car�bolic acid (or carholate of lime). It is easy to surpass it in any one of its qualities separately by some sub�stance, but to surpass it in all would then, that is if more carbolic acid were, in it, require the combined action of several substances, always supposing much water not lo be present. On account of Ibis small amount of carbolic acid, it is not put in the list of

Z 2

17^

APPENDIX TO '1'HIllD HEl'OltT 01'

Dr. Aukus BluttUi

Report to

CommlssiomTs.

shIisUuicus lor fVunigatioo anil prevention of cattle dkoaso. Its most fitting uso ilaquo; tor preventing decom-posltlou iu manures.

Chloride lt;gt;1' iron tolls here much better thun ol�oride of zinc, I think this must depend on the state of saturation.

Chloride of lime noted bettor than any of the salts hero given. It has nmny exoclleut qntilitics; it never gives out n Ibul smell under nny circumstances, and may bo used cither on solid or watery im�purities. The peculiar pungent smell spoken of as given out by it comes from the destruction of the ammonia. This suit is elsewhere spoken of. Com�mon salt has little power in removing putrid matter ; its influence is colytic only.

Of these substances I would of course prefer per�oxide of hydrogen, if it -wore, not out of the question as regards price, noxt pennanganato of potash, for removing the smell ; but it would be needful after�wards to add another agent to keep the putrefaction from returning.

In cowhouses, and even in families, those last two substances are expensive, and in the first not even to be thought of. What would we choose next ? To remove a smell rapidly, chloride of lime-is doeidedly the most ready. People cannot -well have every disinfectant at their disposal; and are they to usopcr-chloride of iron only, which hero comes out so well ? If the prevention of decomposition were all that was wanted, this might be done, although it is by no means pleasant to cover the floor of cowhouses with liquids when they are already too wet; but the fact that the iron salt is not volatile, and does not act on the air, is a decided objection to its sole use.

By the mixture of sulphites and tar acids wo obviate this objection, but we, again, are subject to the formation of sulphuretted hydrogen if we allow the presence of much water.

Wo see then that il is a very complicated problem. Disinfection is not u magic net performed by a Hinall piece of some substance which removes all evils at once. There arc many evils in various conditionlaquo;, and each must be attacked in its own peculiar mode.

VI.

ExncniMKNTS to determine the Amount of each of the following Substances necessary to prevent the evolution of Sulphuretted Hydrogen.

Substances.�Arranged in Groups.

Acids and Alcohols.

Mixtures, amp;c.

Salts.

Carbolic. Oesylic.

Hydrochloric.

Nitric. Sulphuric.

Lime.

McDougall's powder.

Alum.

Bichromate

^: Sulphite of soda and

nitric acid. | Heavy oil of tar; soda

potash.

Chloride of alumi�nium. Chloride of lime.

solution. ; Heavy oil of tar; water I Sulphite of soda.

solution.

These experiments were made on u mixture of equal parts of nearly fresh blood and water. 400 c, c. were put into a bottle capable of containing about 1,000 c. c, or about 14 ounces, were put into wide-mouthed bottles which could hold about 36.

Three experiments were tried with each, using 1 per cent., 21 per cent., and 5 per cent, of the dis�infectant. Each bottle, properly labelled, was kept four days at a temperature varying from o0^oto 60deg; F, (10deg; to 15� 5 centigrade), after which it was kept in a water bath which ranged from 80deg; to 86deg; F. (26-6deg; to 30deg; centigrade). The contents were examined daily.

Second Da v.

Substance used.

Quantity. ] Temperature.

()dour.

HS.

Carbolic add

Grammes. 0 �01 quot;

0-0l'5 O-O�

⁰ Fahr.

From SO to 60

Slight odour of blood

Ho.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do,

Very faint odour

f Slight odour of blood

�^ Very faint odournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- . �

I Ho. do.

f Odour of stale blood #9632;{nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do. do,

[ Do, do.

Slight odour of blood Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

Do,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

Odour of stale blood Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

{ Strong odour of stale blood Slight odour of stale blood Od our of stale blood

j Slight odour of blood and tar i Odour of blood und tar [ Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

f Odour of stale blood inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do. -

[ Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

Slight odour of blood Very slight odour of blood Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

f Sour odour

#9632;^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do.

[ Odour of fermenting sugar

None, Ho.

Do,

Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do,

Do.

Do. Do,

Do. Do. Do,

Do.

Do. Do.

Do. Do,

Do,

Do, Do,

Do.

Do. Do. Do,

Do. Do. Do.

Oesylic acid

0-01

O'oas

0-05

0-01

0-025 0-05

Between

SO and 00.

Hydrochloric acid (Sp.gr. 1-03.)

Between

Nitric acid

(Sp.gr. 1-08.)

Between

:�' fl 51) and 60.

0-U5 J

Sulphuric acid

(Sp.gr. 1-17.)

o-oi 0'025

o-os

O-Ol

(I-023 0-05

o-oi

0-025 O-O!)

0-01

0-025 0-1)5

0-01 0 - 025 0*08

0-01 quot;I 0-025 \

o-or. J

Between .50 and 00.

McDougall's powder

Between 50 and 60.

Heavy oil of tar (Soda solution.)

Between 50 and 60.

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution.)

Between 50 and CO.

Between 50 and 60.

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia (Alum.)

Uieluoinate of potash

Between

50 and 60,

THIS OAITLK PLAGUl'; COMMISSIOMOUS.

173

Substance used,

Quantity, Temperature,

Odour.

II S.

Dr. Aliens Smith.

Iti'jiort to

I'uiiiliiissioiiri'.s.

Chloride of alumiuum

O-OI

O'O�quot;raquo; i- Between

0-0.') I SO and CO.

Slight odour of stale blood Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

J)o.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

Do, Do,

Do.

Do. Do. Do,

Do. Do, Do,

Chloride of lime

O-Ol I,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r Slight odour of stale Wood

0-025 vnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Betweennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt; Slight odour

O-OS Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 50 and CO.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; [. Very faint odour -

O-OI Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;f Slight odour

0-025 \nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Betweennbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;\nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do.

0-or, Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 50 and GO.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; |_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - -

Sulphite of soda

II S. on last column means sulphuretted hydrogen.

Fourth Day,

Substance used.

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; !nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;!

| Quantity. Temperature.

Odour.

11 S.

Csibolic acid

I 0-0^,quot;)l^! ^B(!tquot;^,c� |J

1 o-oj j; ^5�aDdfi,,� it

' Slight odour of stale blood

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

. Very faint odour of stale blood

.None. Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do.

Do.

Do. Do.

Do;

Do. Do,

Large. Little.

Large.

None. Do. Do.

Do.

Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do.

Do, Do. Do,

Do. Do,

Do.

Do, Do, Do.

Do, Do, Do,

Do, Do. Do.

Cresylic acid

0-01 quot;] 0-025 I 0-05 J

Betwein 50 and 60.

j f Slight odour of stale blood #9632;I Slight odour -

Do.

Hydrochloric acid (Sp.gr. 1-03.)

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01 quot;I

o-�25 y

0-05 J

0-01 I 0-025 K 0-05 J

0-01 I 0-025 I 0-05 J

0-01 1

0.025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01 I 0-025 )#9632; 0-05 J

0-01 1 0-025 K 0-05 J

0-01 1 0-025 \ 0-05 J

O-fll I 0-025 I 005 j

0-01 I 0-025 )#9632; C-05 J

-oetwoiii 80 an 3'j.

Slight odour of stale blood Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

f Bather pntrescent odour lt; Slight pntrescent odour [ Odour of stale blood

Nitric acid

(Sp.gr. 1-08.)

Between 50 and GO.

Sulphuric acid

(Sp.gr. 1 17)

Between

80 and 8laquo;.

(Tarm-yard manure ; -I Warm blood manure [ Wann stale blood odour

[quot; Slight odour of stale blood lt; Very slight odour of stale blood I Xo odout but that of the blood

McDougall's powder

quot;I

( I

#9632;

quot;I #9632;{j

-{ �{ �{

Between 50 and 60.

Heavy oil of tar

(Soda solution.)

Between 50 and 60.

Slight odour of stale blood and tar Faint odour of tar -Do. -

f Slight putresccnt odour and tar Slight pntrescent tar odour

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

Sour blood and tar odour

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

Slight odour mixed with tar

Iquot; I'utresccnt odour -lt; Slight pntrescent odour -[ Very slight pntrescent odour

I'utresccnt odour Do. - -Do.

f Odour of stale blood inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do. - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

[Slight odour

Very slight odour of blood

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

Very slight odour

Slight odour of blood Do. do. Do. do.

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution.)

Between

50 and GO.

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia (Alum.)

Between 50 and 60.

Bichro.nate of potash

Uetween 50 and 60.

Chloride of aluminum

Between 50 and 60,

Chloride of iime

Between 50 and 60.

Sulphite of soda

Between 50 and 80,

7,:.

174

APPKNDJX: TO rraiBD IIKPOKT OF

Dr. Angus Smith.

Roport to Commissioiu'i's.

Fiith Day.

Quantity,

remperatiu-e.


	Odour.	IIS.
	' Warm slightly pufrescent blood - Do. do. . Acetaceons odour ...	None. Do, Do,
	T Warm stale blood odour lt; Odour of oresyllc acid ... L Do. do. -	Do. Do. Do.
	1quot; Warm slight pulrescent odour lt; Warm stale blood odour . raquo; \|_Putrescent odour - . . -	Do, Do, Do.
	quot; Slight sour odour - . _ � Faint odour of warm blood Do. do. -	Do, Do. Do.
	T Odour of warm stale blood lt; Odour of warm blood and carbolic acid - L Odour of a little carbolic acid	Do. Do. Do.
	' Faintly putrescent . - . -� Tar odour - - - _ Do. - - -	Do. Do. Do.
	quot; Putrescent - - . . � Strong odour of warm stale blood Do. do. ' Tar, and slight colour of warm blood #9632; Tar odour - - - . Do. - ...	Trace. None. Do. Do. Do. Do.
	f Strong odour of stale warm blood i Do. do. [ Very faint odour of warm blood -	Do, Do, Do,
	quot; Putrescent odour - - . -Do. . . . Do. ....	Do. Do. Do.
	quot; Odour of warm stale blood � Slight odour of warm stale blood Do. do.	Do. Do. Do.
	' Strong odour of stale blood Do. do. Very slight odour	Do. Do. Do.
	' Strong odour of stale blood - Slight odour of stale blood Faint odour of stale blood	Do, Do, Do.

Substance used.

darbolic acid

Gram nies, O'Ol O'Oli� 0'05

O'Ol

0-025

0'05

⁰ Fahl'.

Botween

80 and 8(i.

�resylic acid

Between 80 and 86.

Hydrochloric acid (Sp.gr. 1-03.)

0-025 I Between 0-06 J I ⁸⁰raquo;^8laquo;.

INitric acid -

(Sp. gr. 1 -08.)

O-Ol

0-025

0'05

O-OI

U-025 0-05

0-01 0 025 0-05

0-01

0-025

0'05

O-Ol

0'025

0'05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025 0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

O-OI

0-025

0-05

o-oi 1

0-025 \ 0-05 J i

Between 80 and 86.

Snlplmric acid

(Sp.gr, 1-17.)

Between

80 aud 86.

Between 80 and 86.

HIcDougall's powder

31 savy oil of tar

(Soda solution.)

Between 30 and 86.

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution).

Between 80 and 86.

Between SO and 60.

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia �

Between 80 and 86.

^Bichromate of potash -

Between 50 and 60.

Chloride of aluminum

Between 80 and 86.

Chloride of lime

Between 80 and 86.

Sulphate of soda

O'Ol

0-025

0-05

Between 80 and 86.

SlXTIL Dat.


Substance used.	Quantity.	Temperature.	Odour.	IIS,
Carbolic acid- Cresylic acid Hydrochloric acid (Sp.gr. 1-03.) Nitric acid ..... (Sp.gr. 1-08,) Sulphuric acid .... (Sp.gr. 1-17.) NcDoiigall's powder � Heavy oil of tar -(Soda solution.)	Grammes. 0-01 ' 0-025 0-05 0-01 ' 0-025 0'05 J 0-01 0-025 0-05 0-01 ] 0'026 #9632; O'Ofi J O'Ol 0-025 0-05 O'Ol ] 0'025 I O-O.'i J 0-01 ] 0-025 I 0-05	⁰ Fahr. Between 80 and 86. Between 80 and 86, Between 80 and 80. ISetwecn 80 and 86. Between SO and 86.	1quot; Warm blood slightly putrescent i Do, do, [ Vinegar odour - . . . _ r Odour of warm stale blood - i Odour of cresylic acid .... L Do, do, .... 'Strong odour of hops .... #9632;nbsp; nbsp;Same odour, but in a less degree - . No odour but heat of blood ... ' Acid putrescent odour ... Same odour ; not so bad - - - . , Slight putrescent odour ... ' Slight putrescent odour .... #9632;nbsp; nbsp;Peculiar sharp acid odour - - . Tar odour ......	None, Do. Do, Do. Do, Do. Faint trace, None, Do. Large qt antity. Trace, None, Do, Do, Do.

THE CATTLE PliAGUK COMMISSIONKKS.

175

Substance used.

Quantity. , Temperature.

Odour.

HS.

Dr.Angus Smith.

lliipurfc to C'�iiuuissi�nora.

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution.)

Grammes,

o-oi

0-025 0-05

0-1

0-25

0-5

O'Ol

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025

0-05

⁰ Fahr.

Between

80 and 80.

rp, \ v, LB

culiar ueid putresecnt odoui-int acid, sewage odour trescent odour

Distinctevidence.

Trace.

None.

Do. Do. Do.

Considerable.

Distinct. None.

Do. Do. Do.

Distinct. Very large. Small quantity.

Distinct Trace.

None.

Do. Do. Do.

Between

50 and CO.

C Very faint putrescent odour -

lt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

I Tar odour - - - .

r Putrescent odour

�j Acid putrescent odour -

[ Very faint putrescent odour

f Garlic odournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - . -

�lt; Acid putrescent odour (_ Odour of musty cheese -

{ I'utrescent odour Putrescent acid odour -Faint putrescent odour

{ Putrescent odour - - -Very slight putrescent odour Acid odour - - - -

f Slight putrescent odour inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

[_ Very faint putrescent odour

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia (Alum.)

Bichromate of potash

Between 80 and 80.

Between 80 and 8(j.

Between 80 and 80.

Between

80 and 80.

Between

80 and 80.

Chloride of aluminum Chloride of lime -Sulphite of soda

Skventii Day.


Substances used.	Quantity.	Temperature.	Odour.	ITS.
Carbolic acid - - _ - #9632;	Grammes. 0-01 � 0-025 0-05	quot;Fahr. Between 80 and 80.	r Warm stale blood ... lt; Do. do. . . L Sour odour, and carbolic acid	None. Little. Very dis�tinct.
Crcsylic acid	0-01 0-025 #9632; 0-05	Between 80 and 80.	f Warm stale blood ... lt; Odonv of crcsylic acid - - , Do, do.	None. Do. A little.
Hydrochloric acid - - - 1 (Sp.gr. 1-03.) \|	0-01 0-025 0-05
Nitric acid . . . -(Sp.gr. 1-08.)	0-01 ] 0-025 i-0-05 J	Between 80 and 80.	' Odour of hops - ... � Acid, slight putrescent odour _ Faint putrescent odour - - .	None. Do. Do.
Sulphuric acid .... (Sp.gr. 1-17.)	0-01 0-025 0-05
McDougall's powder - ...	0-01 quot; 0-025 � 0-05	Between 80 and 80.	' Putrescent acid odour . - . . Faint putrescent acid odour	Large. None.
Heavy oil of tar - - - - f (Soda solution.) \|	0-01 ' 0-025 #9632; 0-05 J	Between 80 and 80.	' Slight putrescent odour - . - Tar odour .... Do. .....	None. Do. Distinct.
Heavy oil of tar - (Water solution.) 1	0-01 T 0-025 0-05 1 0-01 ( 0-025 0-05 _	Between 80 and 80.	quot;Putrescent odour - . . _ Odour of warm stale blood ... #9632; Odour of tar - . _ _ Do...... Do. --...	Trace. None. Do. Do. Do.
Sulphate of alumina and ammonia -(Alum.)	0-01 ' 0-025 � 0-05	Between 80 and 80.	#9632; W arm stale blood - . . . /	Small Quantity.
Bichromate of potash - � -lt;	0-01 ' 0-025 0-05	Between 80 and 80.	' Strong garlic odour � Strong sour odour - - - , . Strong odour - - . .	None. Do. Do.
Chloride of alumiuum	o-oi #9632; 0 025 #9632; 0-05	Between 80 and 80,	- Faint putrescent odour	Trace.
Chloride of lime -	0-01 ' 0-025 . o-or. J	Between 80 and 80.	/ Warm stale blood odour - ' I'utrescent oilour - ...	None. Trace.
8ulphitc of soda - . . . J	0-111 ] 0 025 I 0-05 J	Between 80 and 80.	quot; Warm stale blood - . - - Do. do. . ... . Very little odour ....	None. Do. Do.

Z 4

17laquo;

APPENDIX TO T11IUD KlOrORT OF

llr. Aliens KdiUIi.

Report to

CommissioiiorK.

Eighth Day.

Substance used.

Quantity.

Temperature.

Odour.

HS.

'Carbolic acid

;nbsp; uritiniiies.

rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; O'�l #9632;)

Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-025 }

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-05 J

rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o-oi I

.Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-025 1-

|nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-05 J

⁰ Fahr.

Between 80 and 80.

Odour of warm stale blood

Trace.

Distinct.

Barge.

Distinct.

None.

Large.

Large. Do.

Do.

None. Do. Do.

Very large. Large. Do.

Do.

do.

Soul- odour and carbolic acid

Cresylio acid

Between 80 and 80.

[quot; Odour of warm stale blood lt; Odour of crcsylic acid Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bo. do.

Hydrocliloric acid -(Sp.gr. 1-03.)

0-01 i 0-025 y 0-05 J

O'Ol

0-02.' 0-05

Between

80 and 8laquo;.

Sulphuretted hydrogen -Disgusting odour - -Musty sulphuretted hydrogen odour

Odour of hops -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Sour peculiar odour Spicy odoui-

Nitric acid

(8p.gr. 1-08.)

Between 80 and 80.

Sulphuric acid

rSp.gr. 1-17.)

0-01 I 0-025 I 0-05 J

Between 80 and 86.

I [quot; Sulphuretted hydrogen odour

I lt; Spicy sulphuretted hydrogen odour

: [ -Putrcscent sulphuretted odour -

McDongall's powder

! o-oi

I 0-025

i 0-05

Between 80 and 86.

Decayed turnips

quot; Slight putrescent odour A sour tar odour

Distinct.

Trace. Do.

Heavy oil of tar

(Soda solution.)

J laquo;;quot;1 L Betreu f

1 o.Z⁵!\ ^80aquot; it

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution.)

0-01 0-025 0-05 I 0-01 ( 0-025 I 0-05 J

Between 80 and 86.

Putrescent odour Odour of warm stale blood Odour of tar and warm blood Odour of tar -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Do.

Trace. None.

Do.

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia (Alum.)

J mV Between |f

Odour of warm stale blood

Distinct.

None. Do. Do.

I 0-01 0-025

i 0-05

Between

80 and 86.

{ Garlic odour. Less than on 7th day Slight sour odour Slight odour of hops

Bichromate of potash

Chloride of aluminum

(quot;j 0-01 1

A quot;-025 [

jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0-05 J

Between 80 and 86.

Slight putrescent odour -

Distinct.

Chloride of lime

0-01

0-025

0-05

0-01

0-025 0-05

Between

80 and 86.

Sour warm stale blood odouf i l Sour putrescent odour

f Odour of warm stale blood i Faint sour putrescent odour '� I Slightly of -warm blood

Trace. Do.

None. Do. Do.

{Sulphite of soda

Between 80 and 86.

Tenth Day.

Substance used.

Quantity.

Temperature.

Odour.

IIS.

Carbolic acid

Grammes. 0-01 0-025 0*06

⁰ Fahr.

Between 80 and 86.

f Slightly putrescent warm blood -

J.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; do.

|_ Spicy odournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

f Warm stale blood

i Sour odour mixed with crcsylic acid

[Fojtid IIS odour -

Trace. 1 Distinct. Large.

Distinct.

Do. Very large.

Crcsylic acid

0-01 I 0-025 I 0-05 J

0-01

0-025

0-08

o-oi 1

0-025 y. 0-05 J

Between 80 and 86.

Hydrochloric acid -(Sp. gr. I -03.)

Large.

Do.

Little.

Nitric ncid

(Sp. gr. 1-08.;

Between 80 and 86.

f Mild spicy odour #9632;lt; Strong spicy odour Ll'eculiar faint spicy odour

Sulphuric ncid

0-01

0-025

0-05

THE CA.TTLR 1'LAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

177

Substance used.

Quantity. Temperature.

Odour.

US.

Dr. AngusSmitli

llcport to Comuiisslonera.


	-	Trace. Distinct, Very very large.
	-	None. Do.
	quot;	I.argo.
	_	None. Distinct.
	i that	Large. None. A little. Do.
	-	Trace. Distinct. Very large.
	-	None. Do. Do.
	-	A little. Distinct,
	:'	Slight. Distinct. Do,
	-	Distinct. quot;Very large. Do.

McDougall's powder

Grammes. O'Ol

O'oas

O'Oj

O'Ol

0-025 0'05

0-01 0'025

o-oraquo;

O'Ol 0-025

0'05

^u Fahr.

Between 80 und 86,

{ Slight odour of carbolic acid 1'ntrescent odour of carbolic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen

Heavy oil of tar

(Soda solution.)

netween f Slight odour of warm stale blood 80 and 80 1 ^'''quot;quot;K quot;dour of warm stale blood [ Tar and stale blood odour

Heavy oil of tar

(Water solution.)

Betweeu 80 and 80.

Sour warm stale blood odour Sour sewage odour Odour of warm stale blood Warm stale blood odour -The same, but slightly putrescent The same, putrescent odour mixed with that of tar.

{ Warm stale blood odour -Putrescent odour Sour putrescent warm stale blood i

jquot; Slight garlic odonr I #9632;lt; Strong sour spicy odour [nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;do.

Sulphate of alumina and ammonia -(Alum.)

O'Ol

0'025

0'05

O'Ol

0'025 O'O

O'Ol

0'()25 �'05

O'Ol I 0'02:j \ 0'05 I

O'Ol

0'()2S O-Oquot;)

Uetween 80 and 8G.

Bichromate of potash

Between 80 and 86.

Chloride of aluminum

Between

SO and SG.

Sour warm blood odour Sour odour

f Sour warm blood odour lt; Sour odour [ Sour fishy odour -

[quot; Farmyard manure -! Sour warm stale blood LFoetid wann blood odour

Chloride of lime

Between 80 and 8C.

Sulphite of soda

Between 80 and 86.

In this series of cxpeiimonts where sulphuretted hydrogen and smell are chiefly considered carbolic alcohol seems to take precedence of cresylie when there are large quantities used, but the cresylie has certainly the advantage with small quantities.

Another curious result frequently before found perplexing is made hero clear. The greater the amount of these acids used the greater the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen when there is much water. They appear to oxidise at the expense of sulphur compounds. If so this may be the real secret of their antiseptic power, that the moment they touch such compounds they put the molecules in a state of tension which prevents the ordinary decomposition, but in time and under water they produce another. They must be used with discrimination.

Hydrochloric and sulphuric acids failed; they seem to enter into combinations early, and to lose their character.

Nitric acid, on the contrary, stands very high.

Bichromate of potash also stands remarkably high. So far as sulphuretted hydrogen goes, it is really the first, and the smaller quantity as good as the larger.

The soluble matter of the heavy oil of tar in soda, which is equal to carbolic and cresylie acid in soda, produced least alteration with 1 per cent., but if 5 was used a change was produced. The same re�marks will hold good here as were made on the tar acids.

The watery solution of heavy oil of tar was not so efficient as the soda solution.

Chloride of lime stands well if too much is not used. Here we arc again reminded of the evil of on excess, just as we wero reminded of it when using chloride of zinc, where that most efftcicnt disinfectant was made to stand as the very lowest in the scale in some circumstances.

I remember going with Mr. Ellerman to try his fluid, which was at that time chloride of iron only. It was poured on some very disagreeable substances in a town's yard in Manchester, but at the moment the disinfectant touched them the smell became over�powering. Mr. Ellcrman was much disconcerted. 13530,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; A

Sulphite of soda turns out well until the sulphurous acid begins to decompose. A similar thingquot; occurs with sulphates and MeDongall's powder.

VII.

T/te Action of Air.

Air is well known to be one of the greatest dis�infectants. If a room is unwholesome, or if it is close, let the air blow for some time into it, and it is pure. If the air blows violently over a district infected with disease, the disease is in many cases removed. It may be remarked that the mere filling of a room with fresh air is not sufficient to render it pure ; it seems quite necessary that the air should play about, and that the room should bo filled and refilled frequently. If the whole oxygon of the air acted with equal power one would scarcely expect this result. It is explained, however, by supposing that one portion, and that very small, of the oxygen of the atmosphere is very active, and it is sufficient if even a very small portion of that comes in contact with the surfaces in the room which require to bo cleansed, by having that organic matter with which they become plastered oxidised and destroyed ; an equally efficient destruction of impurity is offected ou furniture by the ordinary process of rubbing, hut cannot be performed upon walls, books, and pictures, and in various corners not easily accessible. The effect may also bo explained by supposing the unwholesome matter to bo in the form of fine particles, germs, or otherwise, which would require to be removed as dust would be, and which the rapid and mechanical action of the wind would gradually sweep away. The accumulation of carbonic acid from breathing, and from the combustion of gas and candles in a room, is prejudicial; but the products are very rapidly removed, simply by refilling the room once with fresh nil'. It is not so with that matter which may be called organic. Although, as a general rule, this metliod of cleaning a house by sweeping, washing, and abundant ailing is decidedly the wholesomest and host, and may be considered to bo the standard method, there

178

APPENDIX TO TIIIItD UKPOKT OF

Dr. Angus Smitli.

Report to

OomiuUsioiLLtrs.

arc cases in which It proves itself insuffioiont,-whou, for example, thti exlerual nir is uuwholesomo, either by being infected by the omouations from marshos, or, let us suppose, from nir oontainlng germs capable of producing any other disease. The otherwise wholesome ami refreshing entrance of uir may bring in vapours or particles of n, most deadly kind. In such cases it seems natural that the ancient practice Of fumigation should be used, the only method by which these accompaniments of the air can be reached. If the air be really the vehicle of any disease, it seems natural to suppose that fumigation, or the use of gases or volatile substances, should bo the ordy mode of effecting a cure, or, at least, a prevention, and until these opinions shall have been proved entirely futile it seems as if we should be compelled to resort to this practice. For these reasons it seemed to mo rational to compare these experiments in which meat and blood are preserved fresh with the operation and prevention of cattle plague and similar disenses. Those chemical agents which cause putrefaction in the one case will be destroyed by fumigation, aad in the other those germs which cause the growth of fungoid substances are destroyed, or, at least, rendered incapable of taking root. If the germs which cause, if they do cause, plague, arc at all similar, they will be similarly affected. The expe�rience of mankind is in favour of fumigation; it seems as if all that was required was a more com�plete method of effecting the object than has hitherto been found. Whether any substance of which we have now the command would be found complete in all eases is to be tried, or whether it is practicable to use several in such a way as to make them com�pletely operative, considering the habits of farmers and tiie circumstances under which the operations about farms must be effected.

VIII.

The Action of Water.

The action of water in removing deleterious sub�stances is partly mechanical ; as such it is a valuable agent; it lifts or makes lighter particles not easily leached, and the impure matter is diffused through the liquid, to be oxidized without necessarily evapo�rating. Without it, it, seems impossible to produce absolute parity of surface in most, cases. When it is saturated, however, it begins to give off vapours into the atmosphere, and, as wafer may be said to be equal to a porous body having an unlimited surface, its activity is very great. It absorbs oxygen rapidly, oxydises the organic matter, sends forth carbonic acid, and along with it many vapours into the atmo�sphere, and intensifies the operation to such an extent that bodies which would have lain in a mass for years undecomposed are, when mixed with water in a moving stream, completely rendered invisible in a few days. This has been found in a remarkable case in which the sewage of a large town, moving slowly after being mixed with an immense excess of water, has been found utterly to disappear, so that not the slightest trace of soluble matter of an organic origin could bo found in it. Even the deposit gra�dually diminishing had censed to be offensive, the ammonia, which was nearly a grain per gallon to begin with, could not at last be discovered, whilst the evaporation seems to have gone on in warmish weather at the rate of one grain per square foot daily. Although, therefore, water is a wonderful agent of purification, it is also an agent for the contrary, because it causes a very rapid and effervescing decomposition of organic matter, and, if in cnonnous quantities, it scuds out impure as well as pure gases into the atmosphere. It is for that reason, apparently, that wet cesspools have been found so dangerous, and that stagnant, pools are also dreaded, and for the same reason (lie omrincers of the Board of Trade long ago determined to remove (he water of waterclosets out of the (own as rapidly as possible, in order to prevent decomposition, and to throw it upon the land

if possible at once. This seems to be a wise arrange�ment ; but, if WO are to judge from the experiment alluded to, it seems also quite impossible to carry the sewage to a great distance, when the water with which it is mixed is beyond a certain amount, because the destruction of the material is excessively rapid. So in experiments upon blood we find that whilst one tenth per cent, of a disinfectant is sufficient to preserve it unaffected for any length of time hitherto tried, five per cent, seems required when water is added to the blood in large quantities. The true reason of this is not very clear. It would seem as if the disinfectant either lasted only a certain time, or attacked only a limited portion of the blood, whilst the second portion by degrees assumed that condition in which it could decompose, and required to bo treated separately, and so by degrees more and more of the blood underwent a change. The action of water in disinfecting the soil is similar, but it is aided by the porous substances with which it is surrounded, and the soil itself is a remarkable agent of purification. It seems scarcely to be doubted that whea rain washes the air it also renders it more wholesome in many respects. The unwholesome matter is washed into the ground, and it there disappears ; all noxious ingredients, however, are not removed by the soil, and the existence of soil with entozoa and numerous undesirable living creatures is a suilicient proof that the soil is imperfect as a disinfectant, or, at least, incapable of reaching many of the cases which art is compelled to attempt. Indeed the soil in many places is itself the origin of emanations of the most dangerous kind, instead of being a source of purification. We cannot, therefore, rely upon it in extreme cases, even if it were possible to subject the atmosphere in which cattle lived to its influence, which can only bo done very partially indeed. For these reasons it is de�sirable to disinfect the soil itself where disease exists. I have already said that the soil on the meadows at Carlisle was remarkable from its want of infusoria and life generally; and Mr. MeDougall, who has grazed animals on it for several years, informs me that foot rot has not once appeared, although it was common before he adopted his mode of applying disinfectants. Yet his disinfectant for the land is by no means ex�cessively strong, and comes nearer to the mild agents called by Berkeley tar water. But by constant use tliis has been found enough, although not enough if tried for a rapid result. It is better to act on the principle of applying the disinfectant to prevent putrefaction. Some persons, not understanding it, have allowed the sewage matter to putrefy first, andj as we may sec from these experiments, it is very ditheult then to obtain great purity.

In air and water wo have in reality the action of oxygen ; but we may have concentrated oxygen, and we may have; oxygen in an active state. If concen�trated oxygen is put into a vessel with blood, it is absorbed quietly, without true putrefaction and without any effervescence. It. retards for a while the progress of putrefaction, but its ultimate effect is said to be rather to hasten it when contact with the air is re�newed. This examination is not completed. Active oxygen, or ozone, has a very distinct power in prevent�ing putrefaction. If it is formed by the action of sulphuric acid upon permanganate of potash, the putrefaction is long delayed; but in order to succeed completely it requires to bo pretty well concentrated. How much must be present is not yet ascertained, but decidedly an amount inconveniently large in practice is required. When phosphorus is used to form oeone, putrefaction is completely prevented ; but how much is owing to the active oxygen, and how much to the phosphoric vapour, remains a question. The mixture is so very powerful that in passing it through caout�chouc tubes they were very rapidly eaten through. It is capable of destroying any organic substance which is put in connection with it. Tried at one time in a solution of sugar, it was found that the color was certainly removed and the sugar also. When the phosphoric vapours were removed, there

i '

THE CATTLE rLAGUi; COMMISSIONKUS.

17raquo;

was still active oxygen, which, howevor, had not tlieso violent effects. In contact with flesh it will bo soon from Table I. that this vapour prevents any putrefaction or faugas, attrnets water in great abund�ance, and destroys the flesh, micl that at the bottom of the bottle is found amp; mixture chiefly containing phos�phate of ammonia (not carefully examined), whilst the flesh has been in n short time almost entirely consumed. The oxtraordinaiy power of this vapour in destroying organio matter must no doubt render it one of the best disinfectants ; wo can suppose neither germs nor decomposing organio bodies to remain un-affoctod in its presence. Whether it can be applied to a very groat extent or not may be a question ; and whether it is not accompanied with certain dangerous properties is also to bo considered. Wo know that those who work ^vitli phosphorus are sometimes affected with a peculiar disease, which attacks the teetli and jiuv bone, apparently much in the same manner as the flesh in the experiment alluded to, for it seems not to have the power of attacking sound matter, but Logins at deeayod teeth, making its way to an unlimited extent to the bone. A large maker of matchos in Germany, who employed about a thou�sand people, informed me that by taking care to employ none who had unsound teeth, or any pregnant women, ho was able entirely to prevent the disease from entering his workshop. Because of their ac�tivity I have been rather afraid of recommending these vapours, spoken of by Dr. Moffat with great praise, although he has used them to a large extent, I believe, and hasfound no evil effect from them. I have not used them for ventilation, and can only speak of the experience of others, which, however, has been on a scale sufficiently large to demand attention. I should rather refer to him for a practical method of treating large establishments with these vapours.

vSchoonbein's belief that turpentine and other volatile oils produced a similarly active oxygon was the cause of the trials mentioned in the same Table, and the result will bo seen to have been that a sufficient amount of oxiygen to prevent pu�trefaction was not generated. The use of oxygen concentrated in salts, such as permanganate of potash or mineral chameleon, lias been largely adopted under the name of Condy's fluid. It lias already been said that this is a very rapidly oxydising agent, destroying impure substances instantaneously, and preventing emanations of a disagreeable kind. Unfortunately it does not act long, and although not decomposed so rapidly by fresh organic matter as by putrid, it still is decomposed, and the result is that an immense waste takes place. It cannot be left alone, to act only on impure and to leave the pure matter alone; but if frequently used it will destroy impure matter with great certainty, and leave no smell of any kind behind it, as there is no very volatile vapour formed. It is, however, only capable of being used in a liquid state, and the use of largo amounts of water is not in all cases to bo recom�mended, and frequently to ho carefully avoided. It is also incapable of acting on the air of a whole apartment, as it is not volatile; it can, however, act upon the air like other liquids and solids, by pro-venting the rise of vapours into it, although not by obstructing them or destroying those germs which we have supposed to exist. The use of peroxide of hydrogen, sold in a diluted state hy Messrs. Garden and Robins, 1laquo; another form of concentrated oxygen, and is one of the most powerful and beautiful of dis�infectants. A comparative value is given in a Table (No. 2.) The result, with peroxide of hydrogen, is very strange, an it not only destroys the smell of very putrid blood bat frequently communicates to it an odour aromatic and agreeable. It is continually giving off a little active oxygen, but the vapour over it is not suffieicnt to act as a disiiifectnnt.

It promises some day to he a very valuable agent, but how far it may be usod at present, even if it could be sold at a very moderate price, it is perhaps ImpoSquot; siblc to say. The disinfection would be very complete

A a

with it; hut we do not know well the effect on human Dr. Angus Smith

Imngs of even a limited amount of active oxygon. A few experiments will bo very valuable, to show what

Boport to

Coinmissionors

the meaning of a moderate amount is, and what of an immoderate. 1 may go so fur as to say that the amount of active oxygen given off is not sufficient to prevent moat- from putrefying when hung in a bottle with peroxide of hydrogen at the bottom ; or, in other words, it does not destroy germs. .In all probability, therefore, there is not enough to affect animals injuri�ously. It is very much too expensive to be used on a large scale, and does not destroy more matter than Condy's fluid, although it does it more elegantly. Whoever cheapens it will do good to society.

IX.

Experiments were made to find what substances are most active in destoying living organisms and germs, without coming in actual contact with them.

The following were tried :� Phenylic and cresylic alcohol. Aniylic alcohol and wood spirit. Heavy oil of tar and chloride of lime.

Mouldy paste was exposed to the vapour arising from the substance ; each arrangement being placed far enough from its next one so that the mould in one could not be affected by the substance in another.

The chloride of lime was the most destructive ; phenylic, cresylic, and amylic alcohols, and wood spirit acted as colytics preventing all action and growth ; if any of these four latter bodies is to be preferred it is wood spirit ; the heavy oil of tar caused least change. On the third day the chloride of lime had destroyed it, but the others seemed not to have gone farther than to arrest all change at once, leaving the mould to die.

The mould by itself hail grown to great luxuriance during the same time. See also remarks on soil.

Ozone.

Schcinbein's singular discoveries and patient in�quiries have had a groat effect on our views of elementary substances, and even of matter itself, although he himself has mainly viewed the great part played by oxygen in nature. So difficult has lie been to follow, that some have preferred to call him an enthusiast whom reason had ceased to guide ; but where he has been iie has left marks so clear that no man can doubt that ho has made genuine voyages of discovery, although there may bo still some un�certainty about the map to be drawn. The discovery of the action of powerful oxidizing agents in the air, whether to be called ozone or not;, is a remarkable event. It was at once the experimental proof of the existence of Influences which scientific men had been disposed to deny, because they could not see their possibility, and a beginning of new inquiries.

The test given by Sch�nbein for ozone has been iodide of potassium and starch. Ozone sets iodine free, and that body, with search, forms a blue colour. When paper is soaked in the mixture it becomes an ozonometer, and the depth of the blue colour is a measure of the amount of ozone. Air, which is to the senses very pleasant, gives the blue colour ; air of close places does not give it. Perhaps no one has watched the changes more carefully than Dr. Moffatfc of Ilawardcu, and his results certainly seem to indicate a very wholesome purifying oxydizing body in tho air, as Sch�nbein explained it. For practical purposes, it matters little if this is pure ozone or only peroxide of hydrogen, or even an oxide of nitrogen, or other thing. Its existence docs not seem to be an absolute proof of the wliolesonieness of an atmosphere, but it seems to he found always in atmospheres proved to be wholesome. In a smoky town it is never found, although the atmosphere is invariably acid, and this seems to be a sufficient proof 2

180

APPENDIX TO TIIIKD UKPOUT OF

fir. Angus Smith, that mero acidity is not tlio cause of llto phenomeuon. But it may bo said (hat it is nitrous acid boforo it is

septics. Their constant use lias no doubt a bonoficial influence in cases whore the evils to bo avoided are not very great ; but they have failed in bad cases, as we here find they fail to preserve tho meat when the tar acids and similar substances showed no signs of failure. 1 look at their action as a proof of tho groat accuracy and the remarkable delicacy of observation to bo i'ound in popular beliefs. Ages of men with acute senses havo been able to find the existence of qualities which wo are apt at present to overlook, having an easier mode of observation in our hands, namely, chemical experiment, in which the senses being so much aided do not demand exalted delicacy.

It may bo seen that few of tho 33 substances hitherto tried in this way produced indications on ozone paper. Compare Table I. with Table following this.

Ncno of those which can bo received as perfumes or even light oils have produced sufficient vapour at tho ordinary temperature to preserve, for a long time, meat standing immediately over them. Some, how�ever, havo preserved it longer than others. It was an interesting question. Did those which preserved it longest produce most ozone ? It is quite clear that the amount of preservation was not in propor�tion to the amount of ozone. Turpentine is a bad preserver ; oil of mustard produces no ozone and is a very active preserver. Even oil of orange peel, which, of all others, produces most ozone or active oxygen is comparatively a bad preserver. Although not for this inquiry of practical value, it was interesting to inquire if when no ozone was at all produced, some other influence affected the blue-ness of the starch paper. In the same bottles were put pieces of blue litmus paper and after some days the result was observed. It will be seen that in five or six cases the blue had become red. In fact an acid was produced and not only ozone. In one or two cases the paper may have appeared to be rather bleached, which may have indicated ozone ; but in tho most de�cided cases, such as the oil of orange peel, the paper was first of an intense red and afterwards white. In older to examine this more carefully rod papers were put in the same position, and in some cases a blue colour seems to have been produced. This certainly is against the exclusive ozone theory of these reactions. There is room for more inquiry here ; but it seemed to me well to see if the ozone to be gained were really a great power or only a trifling one. I think that, so far as these oils are concerned, it is trifling in all and non-existent in other cases.

Expkrimunts were made to ascertain if ozone was formed during the evaporation of the foliowing substances, with the results marked opposite each ; the quantity of ozone formed is repre�sented in arbitrary numbers, 1-10, according to the intensity of coior imparted to paper prepared with iodide of potassium and starch.

Bcport to Conimissiouoi's.

acted on by tho sulphurous acid of smoky (owns ; if

bo, the test for the acid is much more dimoult to bo obtained than that for ozouo. The so-called oaouo indications are found on the seashore in ton minutes in a line breeze ; but for acid by no moans without great labour. Peroxydo of hydrogen gives the same indications, and even the oxygen coming from it, and the air above the liquid, act in a similar way. ^ May there not be peroxide of hydrogen in tho atmosphere ? 1ms been asked. It is abundantly clear that there is a subtle something existing in the atmosphere. Half a mile from Manchester it is found in abundance; but lot tho wind blow at any speed it is never observed in tho town. It must bo removed from the air in a few seconds. I have tried for it daily for months to�gether and have never found it in the town. Indeed, so subtle is it, that it seems to scent Manchester at a distance ; it refuses to approach as if the influences of the city -were sufficiently powerful to pass out against a breeze, or to have planted themselves firmly enough on the surrounding laud to affect the air in tho immediate vicinity of the city. The difficulty still exists that the blue colour is produced by many methods. This subject is under examination by a committee of the French Academy.

It is absurd to speak of town air being unaffected by manufactures. I have explained to myself the results given, as I suppose others have done, by sup�posing the sulphurous acid to take up the active oxygen. At any rate in cities producing much smoke we arc deprived of this body�ozone. Is it for good or for evil ? The answer is clear enough,�that it must be hurtful. But this is not the only reply. The substances bringing this evil may also bo bringing certain advantages.

The sulphurous acid of the coal smoke is disin�fectant, but we know at least that it destroys the so-called ozone condition of the air ; still if good It is so trifling that we hear of no disease which it drives from our towns, although it is probable that by a larger amount of sulphur some diseases might be removed. We lose the oxidizing influence of the strange now body which again destroys the sulphurous acid, which is expected to disinfect, leaving chiefly sulphuric acid, a weaker disinfectant; the result then is, that wc really lose one of the valuable qualities of tho air, whilst we receive none sufficient to compensate for it, but on the contrary, have dilute vitriol to breathe, so to speak. The mere smoke of coal, with its sulphur and its carbon compounds, has always been allowed to go too free from accusation.

Ozone is said by Schonbein to be produced by the evaporation of turpentine and many oils, as well as by many organic substances, which arc believed to be in a state of oxidation. Apparently, the filthiest places have the means within themselves of producing ozone and clearing the atmosphere of their own im�purities. I do not pretend to have gono over the whole range of ozone literature for the purpose of this paper, and have no time to make references needful for an exact revision of the subject ; but the action of turpen�tine, citron oil, and other volatile substances, could not be overlooked when they wore supposed to be connected with oxidation,�a function of ozone. This oxidation seemed to be a clue to the facts and traditions regard�ing perfumes of all kinds used in nil ages to prevent disease especially infectious, and to remove moths, mildews, and all those attacks to which clothes and food are subject. For this reason the following oils and volatile substances were tried. All who have road of ancient plagues will remember the frequent use of myrrh, camphor, vinegar, and numberless balsams and perfumes ; and those who have attended to our own country habits will know of numerous other substances. The result of the examination scenis to bo that (hose substances are antiseptic, but not to such a powerful degree as others to be mentioned ; they are, however, agreeable at the same time, which is not the case with any of the most powerful anti-


	After 18	After 24	After 48	After 72
	Hours.	Hours.	Hours.	Hours.
Naphthalino	None.	None.	None.	Nouo
Cres.vlic acid -	1)0.	Do.	2	2
Ooroollo acid (pure)	Do.	Do.	None.	1
Oonl naphtha	Do.	Do.	Do.	?
Canadian petroleum	Bo.	Do.	Do.	1
(crude).
Aniline - - -	1)0.	Do.	?	1
Nitro-bom.olc	no.	Do.	None.	None.
Tnrpcntino	A little.	Increased.	7	1)
Krcasoto -	None.	None.	None.	None.
Wood naplithn	Do.	Do.	Do.	Do.
I'.vroligncous acid	1)0.	Do.	Do.	Do.
Acetic add (pare)	Do.	Do.	Do.	Do.
Camphor . - - -	Do.	Do.	Do.	Do.
Oil of cinnamon -	Do.	Do.	1	1
Oil of mustard	Do.	Do.	None.	None.
Oil of borgainot -	f	f	1	1
Oil of bitter almonds #9632;	None.	None.	None.	1
Oil of popper	Do.	Do.	1	1
Oil of cumin �	Do.	Do.	2	2
()11 of lavender -	Do.	Do.	2	2
Oil of bops	Do.	Do.	None.	i
Oil oftiiyme -	Do.	Do.	Do.	1
Oil Of mo �	Do.	Do.	Do.	2
Oil of rosemary	Do.	Do.	P	2
Oil of.innipor	ConHidorablo.	Increased.	ti	R
Oil of orange peel	Do.	Much colour.	II	10
Oil of peppermint Oil of lemons -	None.	None.	No ic.	None
Oil of peppermint Oil of lemons -	Do.	Do.	Do.	i
Oil of valerian	Do.	Do.	Do.	None.
Oil of aniseed -	Do.	Do.	Do.	1
Fusel oil (amylic alcohol)	Do.	Do.	Do.	None.
ma. pine apple (butyric ether). Gum asafu'tida	Do.	Do.	Do.	Do.
ma. pine apple (butyric ether). Gum asafu'tida	Do.	Do.	Do.	Do.

lt;.

IHK CATTLE PLAGUK COMMISSION KRS.

181

Kxi'KiUMKNTs made to nscertaiu the action of the vapour of the following substances on litmus.

Poti'oloum is a very poor disinfeotant comimml to Dr. Angus smith. ttu.'aoiilfi. Probably t lie potroleuin has a little either vivjiortto

of OiU'bollo fiold 01' an laquo;liied COUiPOUnd, to which it Commissioners.

owes nil itH (llglnfecting power. Tur oillaquo;, whlok most resemble petroleum, have also a weak disinfecting power ; and when the cm-bolic, amp;c. nolds twa washed out there is no disinfecting power remaining.

XI.

Additional experiments were made on disinfection on a larger scale. Boxes containing each a hundred�weight of human excrement, were kept in a warm building, and treated with


	After ii	After 1	After 7
	Dayraquo;,	Buys.	Buys.
Naiitlmliuo	Very bluelaquo;	_	Rod.
Ovoamp;ylio ooid - - -	Blue.	Red.	�
Ciirbolic nuid (pure)	Rod.		�
Coal nuphtlia	Blue.	--	Blue.
Canartiuu petroleum	Bo.	�	Do.
(crude). Anillue		_	lied.
Nitro-benzob	Red.	Rod.	Bo. uhnost white.
Turpontlno	Do.	Very blue.	�
Krcusoto	�	�	Red.
AVo�d iinphthn	Very blue.	�	Bluo.
IVroliniinous acid -	Bed.	lied.	Red.
Acetic acid (pure)	Do.	1)0.	Do.
Cnmphor -	liluc.	�	�
Oil of cinnaiuon	Very blue.	�	�
Oil of mustard	Itluo.	�	Blue.
Oil of bergamot	Bo.	�	Do.
Oil of bitter almouds	Slightly red.	Hod.	lied.
Oil of pepper	Blue.	�	Blue.
Oil of cumin - . -	�	�	�
Oil of iMvoudcr �	Blue.	�	�
Oil of hops	_.	�*#9632;	Slightly blquot;raquo;
Oil of thyme	�	�	Bo.
Oil of ruo	�#9632;	�	Bluo,
Oil of rosemary -	�	�	�
Oil of juniper		�	�
Oil of orange peel	lied.	Rod.	Red.
Oil of peppermint �	�	Blue.	Blue.
Oiloflonious	Rod.	�	�
Oil of valerian	�	Blue.	Uliio?
Oil of aniseed	Blue.		Slightly bluo
Fusel oil (amyiic idcoliol)	Bo.	�	Bluo.
Ess. pine apple (butyric ether). Gum asafootida -	Bo.	�	�
Ess. pine apple (butyric ether). Gum asafootida -	�	Blue.	Slightly blue

Carbolic acid,

Cresylio acid,

Coniraou salt.

Chloride of zinc,

Perchloride of iron.

A mixture of ecpial parts of crcsylic acid and sul�phite of soda, Heavy oil of tar, McDougiill's powder.

Chloride of aluminum,

A change was first noticed in the mutter on the seventh day after adding the disinfectants, in the case of the first six boxes; the others were first looked at on the tenth day.

These experiments were made at the Eureka Mnnuro Company at Hyde, where a peculiar mode of col�lecting the refuse of the town is adopted.

The remarkable power of coimnon salt, is to be observed here :�


	On tlu 7th day.	On the 17th day.	On the 27th day.	On the 34th day.
Carbolic acid	No decomposition. A	As before - . -	Pungoid growth on the	Not much sulphuretted
Quantity used, 2oz. by	sickly smell.		surface; no sulphuret-	hydrogen but ammonia
raeasurc.			ted hydrogen and no ammonia given off.	is evolved.
Cresylie acid	The same - - -	Decomposition com-	Pungoid growth. A	Ammonia and a little
Quantity 2 oz. by mea-		mencing.	little ammonia and	sulphuretted hydrogen
sure.			sulphuretted hydrogea.	evolved.
Common Salt	Very little decomposi-	Decomposing slowly ;	Pungoid growth. A	Ammonia evolved, but no
2 olaquo;. by weight.	tion and a slight smell.	a slight smell of sul�phuretted hydrogen.	little gas evolved. No mnraonia or sulphu�retted hydrogen.	sulphuretted hydrogen.
Chloride of zinc -	Decomposition and a	Little decomposition, and	No sulphuretted hydro-	The same.
8 oz. by measure of a	little smell.	the peculiar sour smell	gem, a little ammonia.
50 per cent, solution.		noticed when putrid blood was treated with chloride of zinc or iron.
Perchloride of iron	Decomposition and a	Black colour from sul-	No sulphm etted hydro-	Ammonia and very much
8 oz. by measure of a	stronger smell.	phide of iron j the	gen, a little ammonia.	sulphuretted hydrogeu
solution containing 20		same peculiar smell.		evolved.
per cent.
McDougall's Powder -	Deeomposition'aud am-	Fungoid growth on the	Pungoid growth. Much	Much ammonia and sul-
1 lb.	moniacal smell.	surface. No sickly smell, a little ammonia	gas evolved. Sulphu�retted hydrogen, but	phuretted hydrogen.
		disengaged.	no amiiionia.
	On the 10th day.	On the 17tli day.
Chloride of aluminum -	Decomposition and very	Very much ammonia
4 oz. measure of a 50	bad smell. Pungoid	and sulphuretted hy-
per cent, solution.	growth.	drogen.
Heavy oil of tar -	Pungoid growth. Tarry	Much sulphuretted hy-
2 fluid ounces.	smell. Sulphuretted �much gas evolved.	drogen and ammonia.
Sulphite of soda and crc-	Fungoid growth. Rather	The same as above.
sylic acid.	a sickly smell. Sul-
0 oz. of a mixture with	phuretted hydrogen
water, containing ^th	evolved.
of each substance.

XII.

AmuDcniEN't'.

Substances best suited for preventing deeotnposition.

Acid metallic salts seem so wellqualifled for this ivhen ^oater is present that they may he said to stand lirst.

Of these again chloride of zinc stands so high that it may be called the first. The chloride of mercury

and sulphate of copper are perhaps superior, but are too expensive for general use. Chloride of iron stands high.

Common raquo;alt stands very high in this test, mid as it can lai had for n small price it will no doubt be more used. It seems to have been forgotten that the substance which preserved sound organic matter would also preserve refuse.

Aa 3

182

APPENDIX TO TIIIKD KEPOBT OF

Dr.AiiKusSmiiu. Sulpluites ave readily docomposed and give out Rlaquo;portto sulphuretted hydrogenj but when thei-o is muoh water,

CoumiissioHcis. _u8 j_u nowiige, sulpluito of alumina acts as an excellent (lisinfectimt, and if succeeded by lime removes almost all traces of matter oxldizablo by the oxygen in chameleon.

Sulpbitos are exoollent disinfectants, and remove the most offensive part of the smell rapidly. If, however, they laquo;re allowed to stand long in water they docompose, and give out sulphuretted hydrogen. It is quite a mistake to say that sulphurous aciil does not act when combined. Its salts' arc best used along with the tnr acids. The substances disinfected ought to bo removed in at least three days, and better if every day. They cannot ho used for preserving from decomposition for any great length of time when water is present.

Chloride; of lime, has not a good preserving power, but a great destructive power.

The tar acids, otherwise carbolic alcohol and cresylic alcohol or acid, are excellent disinfectants in all cases, but are not equal in water to the metallic chlorides mentioned.

Disinfection where there is little moisture.

In this case the tar acids do not seem to have any rivals, so little is sufficient for the purpose. Dry sulphites mixed with them are an improvement, but of themselves they have a marvellous power of pre�venting decomposition.

The use of fusel oil, he, has been mentioned. For particulars isee the Tables.

It has been asked if carbolic acid prevents the activity of infected matter ; will it. also destroy it ? This is not proved to be the case instantly. Petteukofer (in quot; Allgemeine Zeitung,quot; February 4t.h, 1866) says that carbolic acid preserves inert the ferment cells, but when it is removed they beeomo active. It seems true that the disinfectant must be used continuously, and the impure matter must be cleared away continuously, whilst soon in time, and especially in the earth, the infectious matter will die. We must put it out of the position where it will be dangerous. It is difficult to use enough of any disinfectant to destroy poison where life must be preserved, and impossible to do so instantly where the i¹⁰'laquo;⁰'! is strong. But these acids render fermenting matter inert, and this is the great object to be first attained. (Experiments since made lead me to believe that Pettcnkofcr must have used very weak acid.)

For disinfection when putrefaction has advanced, and the smell is to he removed.

There is perhaps nothing superior or even equal to chloride of lime in this case, unless we except peroxide of hydrogen and permanganate of potash, which arc expensive.

If, however, it is not desired to destroy the manure or to leave the mixture moist, it is necessary to try something else, viz.,

A mixture of sulphites is good for this purpose with tar acids, but the action is not so rapid or violent as with chloride of lime.

Disinfection of the Air.

This is done hy�

Muriatic acid. Chlorine, Sulphurous acid. The tar acids chiefly. The first is made by pouring vitriol on common salt until the space is filled with a distinct smell of the rising vapourlaquo;

The second by pouring muriatic acid on black oxide of manganese, or on chlorate of potash, or on chloride of lime. The first plan is probably the cheapest, A very faint trace ought to he kept in the atmosphere, but it ought to he constant at first, and when the cattle arc absent it may be used in groat excess. Sulphurous acid is made by burning sulphur. The tnr acids arc most manageable, and require

only to bo laid down, when they evaporate gradually and fill the air.

Sulphurous acid and tar acids can bo used together if desired, but sulphur cannot be used with dilorine or chloride of limo.

Solid substances containing little moist mattor and little organic matter are disinfected by very weak solutions.

Bones dried, but musty, were disinfected by 1 of cresylic acid or of chloride of lime to 1,000 of water. They stood about a day. With 1 per cent, the action is in a few minutes.

One per cent, of chloride of lime in water is not enough for flesh and such solid matters. Five per cent, is abundant. Stronger solutions are not wanted, except when great haste is required in very had cases.

The following may bo proposed :�.

Tar acids and chlorides of lime arc chiefly re�commended, as the smell shows that they are present; but when substances require to be kept long, especially if very moist, chloride of zinc is most efficient.

1.nbsp; Diy cattle skins�May be disinfected with

cresylic or carbolic acids, 2 oz. being mixed with 1 gallon of water, and poured over so as to wet them, or sprinkled with chloride of lime (sol. A.)

2.nbsp; Dry horn tips�Should be moistened with a

solution of 2 lbs. of common salt to the gallon of water, having mixed with it about 3 ozs. of cresylic or carbolic acids, or be washed with a solution of chloride of lime containing 1 lb. of the same in 2 gallons of water.

3.nbsp; Salted and dry cattle gut�If salted, without

disinfection.

4.nbsp; Melted tallow in casks�Washed with the

common salt and carbolic acid solution men�tioned above (sol. A.), or with disinfecting soap.

5.nbsp; Cows' hair�Cresylic or carbolic acid in the

proportion of 1 oz. to the cwt. should be diflfused through the material.

6.nbsp; Pigs' bristles�The same as cows' hair.

7.nbsp; Sheep's wool in bags�The same; or may be

washed in the sol. A., or McDougall's sheep dip may be used, which is known not to injure the wool.

8.nbsp; Whole horns�Should be washed with sol. A,

or sprinkled with chloride of lime, i lb. to the cwt.

9.nbsp; nbsp;Hoofs�The same.

10.nbsp; Melted tallow in skins�Should be moistened

outside with sol. A, or washed with disin�fecting soap.

11.nbsp; Fresh bones�Very difficult to treat. The

mode less likely to injure for subsequent purposes is heating to 200deg; F., but if this cannot be done, washing with a solution of one part of cresylic or carbolic acid in 100 parts of water will produce little injury in the subsequent manufacture, and will disinfect.

12.nbsp; Fresh skins�Should have common salt

spread over them for 12 hours, and after�wards be washed with water containing 2 oz. of carbolic or cresylic acid to the gallon, or laid in. a solution of chloride of lime, ^ lb. to the gallon of water for 10 minutes, or in a solution with 2 lbs. to the gallon for a few seconds, or with ^ lb. lo the gallon and 3 oz. of muriatic acid,

13.nbsp; nbsp;Fresh guts�Should be treated with suit in

the state of powder, together with carbolic or cresylic acid, the latter being in the propor�tion of 2 oz. to the cwt.

14.nbsp; nbsp;Raw flesh�Should be salted, and treated with

the carbolic or cresylic acid solution, if not to bo used for food, or the acids may be used without water.

THE CATTLE PLAGUK COJOIISSIONIUIS.

isa

15.nbsp; Raw shocp skina�Should bu treated with

McDougall's sheep dip, if there be wool ou thom, or perhaps soap and oarbolio aoid.

For the following articles an addition oi' carbolic aoid might bo reoommendod in bad cases.

16.nbsp; nbsp;Waggons�Should bo washed with solution

of carbolic, acid or with disinfecting soap, or with soda und carbolic acid. Platforms�The same.

17.nbsp; Articles used at places where the disease is

known to have existed�The same.

18.nbsp; nbsp;Ships�The same, or instead of this soap,

tar acid and caustic soda, which mixture may be made stronger than the soap.

19.nbsp; Peus�Treated as cowsheds.

Treatment of Dead Cattle to he preserved for Manure.

About twenty years ago a young surgeon from the Isle of Man, named Cookson, adopted a plan of preserving swine in America, by injecting the blood vessels with brine. It was carried out for a time by Messrs. Thomas and Frank Jewsbury of Manchester. The operation could bo performed in a few minutes on a whole animal. Dr. Morgan of Dublin has renewed tho method with improvements, and it may be seen carried out in that city, both on human beings aud tho lower animals. The success of this is complete. He adds, potash salts, nitrate of potash, and phosphorous acid, chiefly.

quot; The animal is killed by a blow on the head, piercing the brain, and causing instantaneous death. The chest is then at once opened, and the heart exposed. An incision is made into the right side of it, either the right ventricle or auricle,�and directly another into the left side (the left ventricle) ; the blood from the right side (venous), and from the left (arterial), immediately rushes out. When it has ceased flowing, a pipe is introduced into the incision in the left ventrical,�and so into the aorta, or great vessel leading through the body, i.e., the trunk of the cir�culatory troo, and is there firmly retained. This pipe can be connected by a coupling with a stop-cock fixed to a flexible tubing, 20 to 25 feet long, and this tubing communicates with a tank raised the height of the length of the tube, into which brine and a little nitre is put when well strained, (about one gallon to tho hundredweight). The stop-cock is connected to tho pipe in the aorta, and the fluid let on ; it will rush out at the incision in the right side of the heart, after traversing all the circulatory organs, in four or five seconds in sheep, swine, and such like,�and in nine or twelve seconds in oxen, and in two minutes or so in the latter, and proportionately less in the former, will have run through�thereby clearing tho vessels and capillaries, and preparing for the second stage, which is performed simply by closing the incision in the right side with a strong sliding forceps, and thereby rendering the circulatory system perfect, as originally, but with the vessels free and ready to receive the preservative fluid.quot;

Lut altlioiigh I speak of these things us recent, the method is in principle older. We have apparently only to enter Dr. Morgan's dissecting room, where numerous bodies lie, entirely without odour, to be con�vinced that the process is effective, and may in many cases be carried out. Mr. Stone, of Manchester, says it has been adopted at the Manchester School of Medi�cine for a longer time, so far as the mechanism is concerned.

The same process may be practised on condemned cattle.

A workman can learn the process rapidly, a move-able pump could be used as the instrument for injecting tho preserving fluid. A stronger than Dr. Morgan's mny be used. The mere mechanical method of treat�ment, is to my mind a wasteful destruction of matter, most valuable as manure. By this simple mode of disinfecting, we may obtain, at least, something worth preserving amongst the ruins of our cattle. The outside should be treated as hides are, and the blood

runoff' into the nearest land and disinfected. Rather Dr.Anguiflinttli, than bury such an amount of precious phosphates and iieimrt to

Ooimnissioiiors

ammonia, it might bo sufftciont to saturate the animal with muriatic acid, the very eflieient, cheap, and pene�trating disinfectant of GuytonMorveau, more valuable probably for this purpose (ban for fumigation. The carcase could (hen be taken, to be converted into manure, without fear of communioatiug disease,

XIII.

Disinfection to pretent Cattle Plague. Summary of reasoning.

It is Relieved that the infectious matter of the plague travels in tho atmosphere chiefly, and consists of minute particles.

They are organic and active.

Certain vapours and gases destroy the activity of all organic substances.

Some gases destroy the substances themselves.

Tho great power which certain vapours have, as .sliown in Table I., leads us to believe tho matter of the Cattle 1'laguo will bo prevented from change, exactly as other matter is prevented.

Mould and fungoid matter generally is either de stroyed, or prevented from growing by the same vapours, showing that it yields as other organic matter.

Infusorial animals, animalcules found in putrefying liquids, and in the soil, yield in a similar way, showing that they make no exception.

Matter that lias begun to putrefy is caused to cease, and becomes fresh to all appearance. It may be considered as absolutely certain, that all organic substances, whether of the nature of plague, or any other disease, will be arrested in their course of activity by the same substances.

Dead matter has been spoken of. The question may now be asked, will these vapours arrest changes in living matter ? They will; and living beings must raquo;11 succumb under their powerful influence.

Tho next question is which will resist most, the living beingor the dead one ? The living animal has a power of resistance to decay that dead animal matter has not. Suppose the dead matter has a resistance of two, ami the living matter a resistance of three, dead matter will decay ami become diseased before living beings will yield.

But will living animals resist the destructive infliioncc of disinfectants to a greater extent than dead matter? I believe we may answer, yes distinctly; at least for a certain time. Flesh will absorb carbolic aoid and become so saturated that when roasted it will ccaso to smell like flesh. I am informed that men working in equally strong vapour are not injured. OF course it is not desired that the vapour should be present except when danger threatens.

Inbsp; have it from good authority, that no foot rot is found on ground treated with carbolic acid and lime, although previously it existed aud exists still on the next fields.

Tho chlorine which so rapidly destroyed fungoid substances had no injurious effect on men, at least during any similar length of time. Tho solutions which killed the infusory animals suddenly might bo taken, by man with ease.

All disinfectants, like medicines, are poisonous ill great quantities. It is believed that there is an amount which will destroy the germs of disease and not destroy life. If the life is very weak it. may yield before the disease. If the disease has made great advances it will require more to destroy it than even a strong life can bear.

It it believed that the rudiments of larger experi�ments may bo found here in great numbers.

IInbsp;is probably easier to poison the plague by chemical means than to stamp it out by mechanism. Disin-fectiou may be driven to the utmost ; better to kill an animal by a good disinfectant, than to let it dio putrid ami ready to kill others.

184

APPENDIX TO T1I111D UEPOUT OF

Dr, Angus Snittli.

Iloirort to Cnmmissioiim.

Praelicdl application,

Aooovding *o the principles laid down the air imist be treated, and where there is no disease there is only ft secondiuy use in treating any thing besides the air.

Severnl cowhouses have been treated with enrbolic acid with very oxcellont results. The mode hns boon first to remove from the floor the mass of mnnuro which too often adheres to it ; secondly, to sprinkle tlio lloor with strong carbolic or cresylic acid. Next to wash the walls, beams, and rafters, and all that is visible in the cowhouse with lime, in which is put some carbolic acid, 1 to 50 of the water used, or with strong enrbolic acid alone. Next to make a solution, containing 1 of carbolic or cresylic acid to 100 of water, or perhaps still better 60 'of water, and to water the yard and fold until the whole place smells strongly of the acid. Only a few farms have been treated in this way so fur as I know, but in each it has been successful.

It may be well to give the cattle a little of the weak solution of carbolic acid, but this has not been so fully tried as the external use. The washing of the mouth and entire animal with the weak solution may be attended with good results, especially in the early stage of disease ; but I know nothing of cure, and speak only hopefully of prevention. The animals seem to have an instinct for disinfection, and lick sub�stances touched with this acid. They must not be al�lowed to drink it, as when strong, as already said, it blisters the skin and especially the mouth and tongue.

We may use other methods. The first and fourth may even be used together, but not with the second.

2d. Chlorine may be used to fill the atmosphere as completely as carbolic ncid was used. It is a refresh�ing gas in minute quantities, and good accounts of cases of Cattle Plague prevention by it have been heard of.

An excellent way to make it is to mix about 1 lb. or more, according to the size of the space, of chloride of lime with 1^ lb. of potash alum, or of alum cake well pounded. Ammonia alum will not do. The chlorine is given off gradually. Another plan, recom�mended by Mr. Stone of Manchester, is to throw a crystal of chlorate of potash into a dish of muriatic acid when it gradually dissolves and gives off chlorine. (I would add some others uggestions sent by Mr. Stone, but I believe ho will make his own ideas public.) The amount must be regulated by the sense of smell. There must bo a distinct odour in the cowhouses. A difficulty occurs hero. Carbolic acid and cresylic acid can be used in-doors and out of doors, and it is difficult to remove the smell ; this chlorine fumigation is not so easily transferred, and it is not clear how to fumigate well the yard and the fold as well as the large masses of manure lying in the fold with any vapours but those first mentioned. For very impure places muriatic acid and black oxide of manganese may bo used.

3rd. Muriatic acid may bo used to fumigate. There is much to be said in its favour. It is not so hurtful as it appears to be, it is a little irritating at first. It is best made by throwing common salt on vitriol. The same difficulty occurs as with chlorine, it is not easy to fumigate the yard with it.

4th. Sulphurous acid is made by burning sulphur. This is an easy matter. After all the senses must regulate the amount both for the cattle and those employed about them. Sulphur may be thrown on a shovel full of coals; or Mr. Stone's method for chlorine may be imitated, and crystals of sulphite of soda thrown into weak muriatic acid.

In revising this, I may add, it may be considered ns proved that tar acids have a powerful effect in resisting the commencement of the disease. Even then, how�ever, persons must be careful not to go direct from an infected animal to touch a sound one.

Conclusion to Part T.

ftlaquo; a chemist drive forward, ns fittquot; ns seemraquo; to nie rational, the chemical theory. Speaking of the cause of infection I treat it oidy ns represented by a substance, with form, size, and other qualities. I do not protend to bo entirely ignorant that there nre theories of disease quite inconsistent with this idea. Unt the department assigned to me is disinfection, and even if I could tell anything of tho more mysterious, and perhaps principal causes, I would still think it wiso to study the subject of this paper. It is only when these infectious agencies approach us that we can attack them ; we cannot attack them in the sun, or the planets ; and whether the cause be in the stars, or whether diseases migrate like mankind from Central Asia, or are thrown down in ready formed germs, like meteorites from spneo, or grow at our own unwashed back doors, the same destruction of the agen t immediate to us must take place by cleansing, or some other mode of disinfecting. Mere cleanliness is nil the disinfection wanted in ordinary cases, but when epi�demics arise it is quite insufficient. If our theory is true, disinfection becomes then as needful as food.

It will bo to our advantage to extend the use of disinfectants, and to study them more carefully. In most cases they have been used in the form of perfumes, and frequently to mask the odour of the unwashed; for such a purpose of course, their use is detrimental and not innocent. All disinfectants maybe viewed as medicine, and not as food. No man can breathe the vapours of any of these agents with such good effect as the pure air. They are more or less destructive of the chemical changes in organized bodies, including mankind. We have a fair hope of safety from tho attacks of in�fected matter if it is destroyed by certain substances more readily than the living animal is destroyed. After a time it may be found that one body, say amylic alcohol, will destroy one disease, and cresylic alcohol another, whilst iodine will be required for a third. Here we make no such distinctions, but treat them, perhaps too violently, in a mass.

Hitherto, disinfection has been, and it still is, au obscure art, but I believe it destined to take a much higher place. The peculiar power, which I have called colytic, seems to point to an action by which the direction of the forces in compounds is changed, and may lead to some interesting scientific investigations.

I look on the abundant use of tar acids as a success for prevention, and am inclined to think that with strong animals, chlorine and two or three of the powerful gases might act as a cure when used as fumigators only�that being the readiest way. Chlorine must then be made stronger, by using muri�atic acid and black oxide of manganese, or chloride of lime and muriatic acid.

At this point of my inquiry I found myself unable to proceed, because of other duties, and requested the Commission to seek tho aid of Mr. Crookcs, F.R.S., to finish the inquiry on the use of disinfectants, treating the animals themselves.

It might have been better if I had begun on the living animal at once ; but I was anxious to build up the whole structure of disinfection by new experiments �too great a work, and I must leave the fragments for the present.

Note.�It has been supposed that I had an interest in McDougall's powder ; my connection ceased before it brought any return. I never was partner. I had the pleasure of doing much with Mr. MoDougall towards showing the use of carbolic acid, and my experience then gained caused me to be consulted in the present case. Mr. MoDougall and I took different courses, and he has, I believe, done much good service j but he has not explained to me his other patents fully; they were taken out quite unknown to me, and his soap was first shown me by one of the Cattle Plague Commissioners. The soap seems to me to contain carbolic acid and soda j if so, I can spy that it is a very excellent mixture. I am perfectly free and able to speak, without bias on the subject.

I protend to no knowledge s

required of a speak ns a chemist, nnd

man who treats disease. I

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

18b

PART II.

This port oonslsta of u few experiments of which my notes are given, ami some holt;gt;'uii by Mr. Crookes. After having given up to Mr, Gi'ookestho subject of

ilisinfcctiou araquo; applied to tho cattle tlioniKolvcs, I found that I could by moans of assistants carry out a few experiments that had been proposed, and for which Mr. Crookes would not bo able to find time at first, although ho has originated in tho short tirao several methods of inquiry. Ho first collected tho moisture of tho air and tho breath of the cows, and so on. Reasoning as I did, it seemed to mo that chlorine was more suited to cure than carbolic acid was, although the latter was better fitted for pre�vention. It was needful to travel over a good deal of ground daily to obtain cattle. I shall not detail the experiments. There were no actual cures performed on sick cattle, although the stock became less affected where chlorine was used. Many of tho cattle wore better for a while, but the life seemed to sink before the disease could be attacked with sufficient power. Mr. Stone, of Manchester, lias attended more to the use of this gfis.

One of the first proposals I made was tho use of oxygen gas, but, like many others, it lias not proved practical. One difficulty is in compolling tho cow to breathe it. I fixed a funnel over one nostril, and con�nected the end with a bag of the gas, which was kept under pressure. This is the only disinfectant which gave an instant relief to the cow. The breathing is very difficult and short, and is accompanied by a sound not unlike a grunt. With the use of oxygon for a few minutes this is remedied, and tho breathing become!laquo; calm, and pleasant apparently to the animal. I find it difficult and laborious to keep up the supply, and the carriage of such a bulky article as oxygon was not to bo frequently undertaken. One cubic foot, however, had a great effect. Considering tho circumstances, it docs not seem possible to make oxygen in such abundance as to render it a useful agent in this plague. It is, however, right to record the facts here. I was ex�pecting a different result. I expected an excitement which would have enabled the animal to triumph over some of the difficulties connected with its breathing. The breath was analyzed before and after oxygen, and the results are given below. Finding that a ready cure was not obtained, I tried tho use of oxygen in the stomach, giving per-oxide of hydrogen. This was at least found to be no specilic. Two cows were treated with above a quart. They seemed worse rather than better. A calf only slightly unwell was rapidly cured, in the opinion of the people around, but fell] back in a day. When the disease has gone far the promise of advantage is not great, considering too the high price of the remedy.

When cows are violently purged, it is generally said that cure is hopeless. They are sometimes cured by the use of carbolic acid, a table-spoonful being added to some gruel.

Mr. Crookes brought mo a microscopic slide, having on it a piece of glycerine, against which tho air of an infected cowhouse had been directed foi' some time. It was examined by Mr. Dancer and myself with the aid of a high power, somewhat above 2,000. Specks and films woro found upon it, but it was not possible for US to detect any known form, and there could not bo expected to exist in such a state any active living things.

Mr. Crookes also brought mo somo cotton through which air from an infected place hud passed. It was examined at the same time. Taking the cotton in mass nothing decided was scon ; but when it was washed some of the separate dims woro coated over with small nearly round bodies, presenting no structure, or at least only feeble traces of it, and perhaps to be called cells. I had not sent gun-cotton, as I intended, to Mr, Crookes, fearing tho rules of the post ; otherwise there would have been more certainty that the bodies spoken of did not

la.wo,

exist previously on tho cotton. However, Mr. Dancer, Dr.Angua Smith, who has examined cotton with tho microscope u,.^ to oftenor than most persons, oven of those experienced Commteioiiern. in the subject, had novor observed a similar ap�pearance.

The liquid had also a number of similar bodies floating in it.

It was then that Mr. Crookes sent a liquid which ho had condensed from tho air of an infected cow�shed at a space a little above the head of a diseased cow. It was also examined, and it presented similar indications of very numerous small bodies. !Not being a professed microseopist I shall not attempt a description, but add that they clearly belonged to the organic world, and were not in all cases mere debris. We found also one body a good deal larger than tho rest ; it resembled somewhat a parameeium, although clearly not one.

We found no motion whatever, and only this latter substance could be adduced as an absolute proof of anything organized being present. Next day 1 ex�amined the same liquid; and, whether from the fact of time being given for development or from other causes, there was a very abundant motion. There were at least six specimens in the field at a time, of a body resembling the cuglena, although smaller than I have seen it. When these minute bodies occur it is clear that more may exist, and germs in this early stage are too indefinite to bo described. The existence of vital sparks in tho organic substances in the air alluded to is all I wish to assert, confirming by a different method the observations of others. It might, of course, be said that since the bottle was opened at Mr. Dancer's the air at that place may have com�municated them. I answer that, before it was opened, a good glass could detect floating matter, some of it, however, as the microscope proved, inde�finite enough.

Finding this, and fearing that the long time needful to collect liquid from the atmosphere might expose it also to much dust, I used a bottle of about 100 cubic inches dimensions, and putting with it a very little water, not above five cub. centimetres, I pumped out tho air of the bottle, allowing the air of the place to enter. This was done six times for each sample, the water shaken each time, and tho result examined. This was done with the same bottle that was used in my early experiments with perman�ganate, and by the same method, except that water instead of that salt was used. At first considerable numbers of moving particles were found ; but it was needful to examine tho water used, and bore occurred a difficulty, It was not until we had carefully treated with chemicals and then distilled the water again and again that wo could trust it. Particles seem to rise with the, vapour, and if so why not with the evaporating water of impure places.

Having kept an assistant at the work for a week, and having myself examined the air of three cow�houses, I came to the conclusion that the air of cowhouses and stables is to be recognised as con�taining more particles than the air of the street in which my laboratory is, and of the room in which I sit, and that it, contains uiinulo bodies, which sometimes move, if not at first, yet after a time, even if the bottle has not been opened in the. interval. There is found in reality a considerable mass of debris with hairs or tine (litres, which even tho eye, or at least a good pocket lens, can deled. After making about two dozen trials, we, have not been able to obtain it otherwise. ICven in the quiet office at the laboratory there seemed some indica�tions,

I found similar indications in a cowhouso with healthy cows; so I do not pretend to have distin�guished the poison of Cattle Flagno in these forms ; but it is clear (hut where these exist (hero may bo room for any ferment or i'omites of disease ; and I do not, doubt that one class is the. poison itself in its earliest stage. It would be interesting to develope it farther. 1 have recorded elsewhere that I condensed thu

11 b

186

ArPKNDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

Dr. Angus Smith, liquid from the ah* of a flower garden, and fonnd In

Before oxyyen was Inhaled. Carbonic Acid. Oxygen,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Nitrogen.

0-41nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20-44nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-15

O-OOnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20-48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;78-92

After oxygen was inhaled.

Oxygen.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Nitrogen.

Bojiort to

CoimmsMoiuTs.

it, or imagined I found, tlio smoll of flowers. I do

not remember that I looked mach to the Kolid or floating ]iiu'ticlcs, thinking them to bo blown 1'rom the ground, but it does not aflbct the result, whether they be found constantly in tho air or nro ruised by the action of currents.

Mr. Crookes, when pursuing Ms inquiries in York�shire mid Cheshire, colleefod specimens of cows'breath. Ho has already described his modo of taking them. I beliovo ho brought seven, and as in inquiries on tho air of mines I had always been accustomed first to uso tho microscopo, this was the course taken. Finding that in nearly all cases there was much moisture, and that nothing could bo seen without very high powers, tho uso of which the thick glass did not permit, I cut tho tubes open with a diamond, and examined the liquid and deposit within. In this examination I was not successful in finding anything remarkable. Tho tubes have always some impurity in them; dust from the workshops. Having examined about 400 of them on a previous occasion, I knew what to expect. There was on one of these tubes sent by Mr. Crookes a branching crystal, but it did not appear after a day or two. Probably a rise in temperature had evapo�rated or dissolved it.

Not wishing to destroy more tubes, the air within was examined for carbonic acid and oxygen, when the amounts were found to bo nearly as in common air.

This showed that it would be needful to examine the breath of a healthy cow, when it was found to contain a considerable amount of carbonic acid.

Finding this, it seemed needful to examine further, and to see that the mode of taking the breath was in all cases the same, and done by tho same person. Mr. Hartley, my assistant, put a funnel over tho nostril of the cow ; to tho funnel was attached a strong caoutchouc tube, with a slit cut longitudinally. This acted as a valve. When tho cow inhaled, the valve shut, and so no fresh air could enter tho tube ; but when it exhaled some of tho breath went through the opening, and some forward to the collecting tube. The breath came out in gusts, which prevented much mixture of air; but even by this mode it was only by averages that we could obtain certainty. Still it will bo seen that the breaths of the diseased cows contain uniformly a very small amount of carbonic acid.

The blood docs not appear to take up the oxygen supplied to it in its usvial amount. The consequence is, that there is a demand for more oxygen. This may cause the quick snorting breath. This may also be the reason why pure oxygen calms the breathing. It was expected that (ho amount of carbonic acid would Increase by the use of oxygen. It will be seen 'that there was a slight increase even after Inhaling only a cubic foot of oxygen, of which at least we may cal�culate one half as lost.

Carbonic acid and oxygon in the breath of cows. Breath of diseased Cows.

0-57 0-6G

20-28 20-25

79 � 1 ;gt; 79 - 09

Wo must compare these results with the averages of� Breath from healthy cows.

Carbonic Acid. Oxygen.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Nitrogen.

3-09nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;17-8(inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-05

2-66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;18-52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;78-81

1-91nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19-02nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-07

0-80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 20-28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;78-92

1'37nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19-51nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-12

1-32nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19-49nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-19

0-77nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 20-01nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79-22

There seems a little falling off in carbonic acid in some cases. All these cattle were exposed to disease, and some may have had it unknown to ns. Tho results are remarkable ; but this, like every other part of these notes, only shows where interesting inquiries lie and no more.

It is probable that nature, to make up for tho want of oxidation, increases the number of respirations. There seems also another provision made. Gas col�lects under the skin, and sometimes to a great extent. It was examined, ami found to contain

Carbonic

Oxygen. Nitrogen.

Acid.

From the bind leg - 1 r 78

Necknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - - - 11-04

Neck -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 13-00


	3-51	84-71
	5-77	82-59
	3-91	83-09

with traces of hydrocarbons.

This result shows oxygen

to be absorbed without

an equivalent of carbonic acid being given out. There might be putrefaction here as hydrocarbons show themselves, and nitrogen may be supposed to bo eliminated. Many ideas will follow on this. I shall only remark, that hero work is doing which the lunn-s have neglected to do.

I may give in addition here the analyses of air from a cowshed, the first being sent by Mr. Crookes.

Carbonic �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �.,

Taken 2 feet from 3 cows ill

Prom Mobberley

ground, '

Acid.

0-18

0-08 0-34 0-37

Oxygen. Nitrogen.

20-87

20-79 20-55 20-52 20-70 20-78 20-75 20-82 20-74 20-74

78-95

79-13 79-11 79-11

Previous analyses, 1803

#9632;{E

Stables, 1803

I would continue flic subject, but as tho volume is to be published I think it well to let these experi�ments be entered as part of an inquiry, confirming, it is believed, views given.

R. Angus Smith.

A'�te.�My proposal for examining all the cases of disinfec�tion within a large circuit, reporting on each, and taking the average number of successes of various plans, not being agreed to, I may here give my reasons for it. I found that disinfectants were used, and I may say they are still used, as amulets. A court of several thousand feet, with cowhouses adjoining, has been Supposed to be disinfected by the use of a piece of canvass 10 inches sqnare, dipped in carbolic acid, and hung on a wall. A cowhouse which I visited is treated by a cross marked on the wall in tar at the head of the cow. Such are some eases where disinfection lias failed to produce an effect. The same with chlorine. A bottle is set in a comer, bat no one can smell the gas.

Mr. Iliggin of Mobberley has had entire immunity from the plague with the daily internal administration of sulphite of soda; whilst a neighbour considers that it produces weakness, a result not observed on Mr. Iliggin's cattle.

I am told by Mr. Lowe of Manchester of cases where contact produced disease in a shod of healthy cows treated with carbolic acid; whereas the air had no bud ett'ecton the others. The case was this:�a man who had been in an infected cowhouse came into a shed and touched one of the healthy cows; it became ill i none of the others became ill. This would indicate the extent to which carbolic acid could be relied on, and protecthn so far is a great deal.

Specimens. Sent by Mr. Crookes

Carbonic Acid.

ro-ir)


	Oxygen.	Nitroge
	2n-(i;i	79-2-i
	20'64	7!raquo; �40
	19-20	79-4!)
	20-13	79-25
	20* 66	78-95
	20-20	78-90
	20-28	79-15
	20-1!raquo;	79-27
	20-44	79-15
	20-48	78-92
	111-laquo;)	78-91
	19-7raquo;	79-08
	20-28	78-89
	19-02	78-90

I � 25 0^,62 ()-,^r)2 From Mr. Holland's farm j 0-76

at Mobberley, Cheshire

' 0-67

1 et day of distinct disease

3dnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

4thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

0'.^r)'t 0'41 O'GO l-4il W3 O'S.'i 1-42

In Ibis last case a rise of carbonic acid is found, am must be accounted for if possible.

THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEES.

187

On the Application, of Disinfectants in arresting the Spread of the Cattle Plague.

Mr. Onokos.

Report to Couumsslonors*

REPORT TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONEKS,

11V

WILLIAM CEOOKES, F.R.S.

PART I.

TnEOUKTrOAL CONSIDEBA.TIOKS AS TO TUB PROPA�GATION or tiih Cattle Plague.

1.nbsp; Previous to my receiving instructions from the lloynl Counnissioii for inquiring into tlio origin and naturo of tlio Cattle Plague, I had devoted considerable attention to tho investigation of tho iipplieabilify of disinfectants to the prevention or euro of this ))OMtileiicc, ever sinco its first appearance in England, and had tried numerous experiments both in the laboratory and also 011 a largo scale in farm�yards. I was therefore not unprepared to commence at once the practical operations which it was con�sidered desirable to carry out.

2.nbsp; As to the bare fact of the infectious* nature of tlio Cattle Plague all are raquo;greed. That contamination of some kind is communicated from a diseased to a healthy animal is obvious to every one ; but when wo inquire by what agency the disease is carried, the answers are of the most confiictiug kind. Something, evidently a material substance, passes from one beast to another ; but what is this something ? Is it a solid, a liquid, or a gas ; living or dead ; au animal or a vegetable germ; a poison, virus, or ferment ? Each of these views has found advocates, and in favour of each something may bo said.

3.nbsp; nbsp;There are weighty reasons for deciding that tho infecting matter is neither a gas, nor even a volatile liquid. The almost infinite attenuation which a gas undergoes owing to its rapid diffusion into the atmo�sphere, would render its supposed noxious influence imperceptible a few yards from the focus of infection. Moreover, the infection is capable of being carried considerable distances in clothing or running water, and in a variety of ways incompatible with tlio beha�viour of gases. For those reasons, and many others unnecessary to adduce here, it seems clear that tho disease must be communicated by the agency of solid, non-volatile particles.

4.nbsp; nbsp;The specific disease-producing particles must moreover be organized, and possess vitality ; they must partake of the nature of virus rather than of poisou.\ No poison yet known to chemists can approach, even in a faint degree, tlio tremendous energy of the active agent of infections diseases. A poison may be organic, but it is not organized. It may kill with far greater rapidity than the virus of infection, but, unlike this virus, it cannot multiply itself hi tlio animal economy to such an extent as to endow within a few hours every portion of its juices with the power of producing similar results. A virus, on the contrary, renders the liquids of an infected animal as virulent as the original germ. Strychnine may be regarded as the typo of a poison, and vaccine matter as the type of a virus.

5.nbsp; nbsp; Many considerations tend to show that the virus of Cattle Plague is a body similar to vaccine lymph, and consists of germinal matter, or living cells, possessing physiological individuality, which if not exposed to extremes of heat, cold, or dryness, aro

capable of preserving their activity for a certain time outside the living organism, of adhering to material objects, and of being carried from one place to another by currents of air; each, when introduced into the blood, requires a certain time (known as tho period of incubation) during which tlio septic germs ilevelope and multiply, until they have so far poisoned the blood that tho ordinary symptoms of disease become manifest.

Tho blood poisoning thus sot up may legitimately bo called quot; fermentation;quot; it is a decomposition caused by the act of nutrition of tlio living cell, where�by it reproduces in incalculable numbers the specific septic germs which have given it birth. These gradually infest tho blood and other animal liquids, and as tlio disease progresses are discharged from the skin, throat, glands, amp;c.; the breath, perspiration, and excreta of tho animals forming vehicles for the distribution of tho virus. By quot; living quot; cells, is not meant living, in the sense in which an animal, or even a low form of infusoria lives ; but living as a seed, or as vaccine matter, even when dried, may be living, inasmuch as it still possesses reproductive vitality.

6.nbsp; It is by no means certain that the multiplication of these individual cells is the immediate cause of the blood poisoning. The analogy of tho action of virus on the blood, to that of yeast on sugar, renders it moro probable that this is not the fact. In the case of the best known ferment�yeast�its cells multiply by feeding upon tho sugar in the liquid; alcohol and carbonic acid being their excretions. It is therefore probable that during the multiplication of the virus cells, they, in a similar manner, impoverish and weaken tlio blood, by feeding upon some element in it, whilst at the same time they excrete a poison to which tho symptoms of tlip disease may be immediately due.

7.nbsp; The foregoing view differs from tlio prevalent notion that the virus of contagion consists of decom�posing organic matter, declining from a complex towards a more simple chemical constitution, and during its degradation inducing decomposition in tho neighbouring particles of matter. This chemical theory at first sight appears very plausible; but it fails to satisfy one necessary condition of the present, case. It is possible to imagine that the force set free in the declension of n complex chemical molecule to a moro simple form will be siiflicieut to raise a neighbouring molecule to a structure almost as complicated as the ori�ginal ; but according to this view the ferment would be constantly diminishing, whereas in reality it constantly increases in bulk. Tho hypothesis is therefore insuf�ficient to explain the prodigious procreative power of the original particle. This power belongs only to the nature of an organized germ, capable of producing multiples of itself by a process of nutrition and .sub�division. Thus tho lino of demarcation between organic poison and organized virus appears to be very clearly defined.

Tliis necessarily brief outline of tho theoretical views which have governed ine in tho present inves�tigation will, it is hoped, be clearer and more intel�ligible after perusing tho experimental proofs which follow. They have- been corroborated by numerous small laboratory experiments, as well as by practical operations at different farm houses.

8.nbsp; nbsp;Whether this theory thus briefly .sketched bo adopted or not, or whether it; be regarded as a pro�visional scientific artifice, it certainly includes and explains a far greater number of the plienomemi of pestilence than any other hitherto propounded. More�over, it is the theory sanctioned by the most Influential of those medical philosophers who have the best right

* 1 have throughout this report used tlio word quot; infectious quot; in pvefevence to quot;contagions.quot; The limitation to Actual contact involved in the word contagious, and the popular opinions which the use of these words foster, that some diseases lire infectious and not contagions, whilst others may be contagions though not infections, hn|ily a fill' more profound knowledge of the way in which discuses are transmitted than we yet possess. I therefore prefer the wider term infectious,as heing more applicable to our present knowledge 011 the subject.

f 'The words virus and jioison are generally regarded as Bynonymous, II would be more convenient, and would tend to promote accuracy of tliouglit, were the distinction here made, generally adopted.

188

APPENDIX TO THIED REIOBT OF

Mr Crookcs.

Keport to

CommissioiK'i's.

to bo heard on this subject;, and notably by the distin-gulshod RegiBtiw-GoneTOl, Dr. Fmr, who by t�o ddoptlon ol the word zymotie, in his classification of cllseasos, has implied his adhesion to this theory.

9. Boarlng upon tho oommunlcabUity of this dlseaso aro 'other questions, which hitherto have not received a, a satisfactory settlement. How does tho virus travel ? What amount of resistance to ordinary conditions of moisture and time does its vitality confer upon it? Will it propagate and nmltiply, outside the animal body, muler favoumhle conditions of warmth and moisture ? And can wc find any chemical disinfectant or antiseptic which will readily destroy it ?

Tho extremd comraunioabillty of the pestdence may arise either from the eminently diffusible character of the virus-cells, or from their persistent vitality, or from both conditions combined. It is proved that tho mutcrks morbi will adhere to clothing, and can be carried ti considerable distance in it; that the breath, perspiration, and evacuations of tho diseased animal aro loaded with virus-cells ; and that the secretions from the mouth, nose, and eyes aro in a similar condition. It follows, therefore, that the sheds, in which diseased animals have stood, become impregnated with the virus, ready to settle on the clothes of every one who enters; that ponds, streams, and even wells may become con�taminated through foul soakago; that a road, over which diseased cattle have been driven, may be poisoned aloiiR its whole distance by tho evacuations and other discharges from the animals; whilst their very breath, earned by the wind, may plant the seeds of infection in all the healthy farms by which the road passes.

There is no difficulty in admitting that the infection may travel for a certain limited distance through the air, and it is even likely that it may bo carried longer distances by fogs, or heavy vapours, or by the gases of putrid decomposition; but it appears in the highest degree improbable that the germs should be able to retain their vitality for any length of time in tho atmosphere.

10.nbsp; nbsp;Sufficient data do not at present exist to decide whether tho germs can propagate themselves apart from the animal. Viewing them as of the nature of a ferment, it is not impossible that they may live and multiply in other warm liquids besides the blood ; but tho most reasonable supposition seems to be that the presence of decaying organic; matter, or tho gaseous emanations from putrefying dunghills, preserves, or may oven revive, tho expiring vitality of germs brought by men, dogs, birds, vermin, or perhaps tho wind; whilst the same causes which foster the virus-cells,�dirt, overcrowding, constant rebreathing of their own and tho adjacent animals' breath, an insufficient supply of fresh air, the presence of ammonia and other gases of putrefaction, together with inappropriate food,�may establish a deteriorated state of body, which causes the animals to fall ready victims at tho first approach of the plague.

The existence of these unfavourable conditions may account for the fact that on some farms tho disease assinnes a character so virulent that no remedy or preservative is of any avail against it, every head of cattle being swept off one after another, each attack being fatal within three days (15. 79. 80). In the words of a writer in the Edinburgh Review, quot; a single quot; spark of infected matter accidentally thrown into tlio quot; animal economy, thus reduced as it were to a touch-quot; wood state, fires the mass, which burns until it is quot; consumed.quot;

PART II.

On Disinfectants oenkkai.ly.

11.nbsp; There appears as yet but faint hope_of finding a cure for the disease, and oven wore medical science to supply that great boon, it would bo of little use unless supplemented with vigorous disinfecting mea�sures | otherwise it would bo like attempting to put out a fire, fed on all sides with inflammable materials. Disinfection must, therefore, he tlio first consideration, und should be carried as far OS possible short of endangering the health of the sound animals by tlio ngonts employed. Disinfectants and antiseptics have necessarily n powerful ucliou on vital phenomena; and

in some cases it irmy happen tlmt an animal's vital powers aro so diminishod by tlio disoaso that it will not have strength left to bear tho remedial trentnicMit; hut even in this case loss harm will be done by its tine than if the animal had boon allowed to clio of Cattle Pia giro.

12.nbsp; Disinfection, in the witlest sense of the term, includes deodorhsation, and moans tho neutiulization or destruction of all substances, arising from putrefying organic matter, or emanating from diseased uninials, eitlior injurious to kealtli or oflbiisive to the sense of smell.

Tho putrefactive products of animal and vegetable matter are found to consist of boiiic or nil of the following gases und vapours:� Sulphuretted hydrogen, Phosphuretted hydrogen, Ammonia,

Phosphorus- and nitrogen-hascs of complex; con�stitution, Acetic, butyric, vnlorinnic, amp;c., acids, Carburetted hydrogen. Hydrogen, Carbonic oxide, Carbonic acid. Nitrogen, Various organized animal and vegetable products

of little or no activity, and The special virus of infection. (The latter in an infected district.)

13.nbsp; In a more restricted sense, tho term quot;disinfec�tants quot; is used to express those agents wliich destroy orgunic or offensive matter ly oxidation or analogous action ; whilst under the term quot; antiseptics quot; are classed those agents wliieli prevent chemical change by destroying the tendency to putrefy. Tho latter are termed, by Dr. Angus Smith, colytics, from xwlvu, I arrest.

14.nbsp; nbsp;Oxidizing disinfectants are by far the best known and most popular, inasmuch as tlicy appeal directly to popular prejudice, by destroying the foul odours which aro the usual accoinpanhiients of infec�tion, whilst antiseptics have little or no action on those gases. 1 hope to succeed in showing that this fallacious mode of estimating the relative value of disinfectants and antiseptics, is one which docs great injustice to tho latter.

15.nbsp; Cleanliness, ventilation, and good drainage have been spoken of as comprising all that is required to preserve cattle from the plague. This is not correct. Duo attention to these points will certainly tend to preserve the animals in better health, and will render them more fitted to sustain the exhausting action of the disease; but ventilation, cleanliness, and drainage are unavailing against tho importation of the germs of disease from adjacent herds. These measures are of value as they remove what might otherwise become nurseries for infection. A germ from without, falling on to a clean dry stall, is likely soon to die ; bat if it meet with moisture and dirt, its vitality may bo fostered, and the chance of its coming in contact with a healthy animid so much tho more increased (10.). Cleanliness, drainage, and ventilation, are admirable adjuncts to disinfection, but it is not safe to trust to them alone to ward off tho plague. Ven�tilation, by allowing a greater nuinbei' of cubic; feet of air per minute to pass over tho animals, may be in fact the means of conveying the infection to them. A moderately ventilated shed, in which antiseptics are freely employed, has been proved to he a place far safer for cattle, than an open field ; attliougk when the animals have caught the disease, the mortality appears to be less when they are turned out into an open field than when thoy are kept in sheds.

IS. Dr. Angus Smith, by his exhaustive exami�nation of disinfectants, has rendered it imnccessary for me to search amongst tho mimerons eluss of pos�sibly useful bodies for those likely to ho of practical value. His results I accept in the full conviction that they are correct; and 1 proceed to Invostigato tho respective merits of the comparatively smull nuinber of nacnts available for disinfection.

TUE CATTLE TLAG�E C�MMlSSIONEUS,

189

17.nbsp; nbsp;At the outset it ia nccossavy to stiiklaquo; off at once u whole laquo;^Iuhs of vnluubllaquo; agents, wUoh will not meet the reqairemonta of tlie onse. It appeal's to Imvo boon Batisfaotorily proved that the iufootions muttor passes oif mainly from theluiigsof diBonsod lu�uml.s, and tlmt it attacks healthy ones through tlio same channel. It is suspended in the ou'witli fogs, vapour, and fraquo;tuseoiis prodaots of deoompositlon, suttling on rafters raquo;ud in crevices whence mechanical purifloatlon would be unlikely to dislodge It. Partaking in this manner of tlio physical properties of a vapour, or of lino duat, it Ls clearly hopeless to attempt to combat the virus hy non-volatile solid or liquid disinfectants.

18.nbsp; nbsp;For this reason charcoal, chloride of zinc (Sir William Burnett's disinfecting fluid), solutions of metallic salts, und other sinnilar substances are of very limited use. Moreover, chloride of zinc (and this is probably true of the other metallic chlorides) has been proved to possess no efficacy in destroy lug specilio infective emanations. What is wanted is a -volatile and liiiuid disinfectant, which after first acting on the excreta, the floors, walls, and stalls of the shed, will, by its quality of gaseous diffusion, rise into the air, enter the lungs of the animals, pervade the whole building, and attack the hidden germs of infection, which otherwise would escape. In addition to this the agent must do its work with as little inconve�nience as possible to the cattle and their attendants.

19.nbsp; nbsp;Some disinfectants, however suitable in other respects, are too expensive, unsafe, or injurious to health, to bo used : such are bromine, iodine, per-oxide of hydrogen, hypo-nitric acid, and bypo-nitrous acid.

20.nbsp; The value of excessive heat as a disinfectant is -very great, but it is available only in a limited number of cases. It acts in two ways. Heat, to the boiling point of water, continued for half an hour or more, acts as an antiseptic, perfectly destroying the #9632;vitality of all germs of contagion, or virus cells. In this way clothing and similar substances are conveniently disinfected. IIeat,.pushcd to destruction in the presence of air, acts as a disinfectant, by promoting oxidation. Tlio disinfecting value of the combustion of infected substances is too well known to require further notice.

21.nbsp; nbsp;Hydrochloric acid gas (evolved from salt and oil of vitriol) is most irritating to the respiratory organs, and is very inferior in its action to both sulphurous acid and chlorine. Besides, when evolved in whitowashed sheds, it unites with the lime on the walls, forming a highly del'uiuescent compound, chloride of calcium, which keeps them permanently dam)). The employment of a dangerously corrosive body like oil of vitriol should also be avoided.

22.nbsp; nbsp;Oil of tar can also be removed from the list, its value entirely depending upon the small amount of the tar acids it contains (34.). To the same class petroleum belongs. This body has been used with considerable success in Wallachia by M. fitienne K. Teron, who in an interesting pamphlet, which lie lias taken great pains to draw up, and forward to this country, (in the hope that it may prove as useful hero as it has been on his estate,) lias given full details of the moans ho employed to extinguish {koufj'er) the disease, and then keep it from his farms, in 1864.

Every animal which showed the least signs of disease was at once killed. He then caused all parts of the sheds, which could have been in contact with the animals, to be washed with petroleum, and the bodies of the cattle were afterwards rubbed over with a cloth soaked in the same material. The farm servants had orders to wash their hands, boots, ha., in a mixture of petroleum and water, and to sprinkle their clothes with the mixture, whilst a little petroleum was added to the animals' food and drink. Their excrements were frequently removed, and the floor sprinkled with petroleum. No dogs were admitted on any pretence.

For live days these precautions were rigidly ob�served, when they were somewhat relaxed. They were attended with complete success, and there is little doubt that, carried out as rigidly ill this country, the same good results would ensue. A copy of M. Veron's pamphlet was forwarded to me, and many experiments have been nmde in conaoquonco.

Petroleum depends for its value upon a small quantity (1 or 2 per cent.) of either carbolic acid, or a substance allied to it, and Dr. Angus Smith has shown that when this substance is removed by appropriate means, the purified potruioum has no nntisoptio value. This being the ease, no experiments on the large scale were tried with petroleum, as they would necessarily be similar, but inferior in their results, to those of the tar acids.

23.nbsp; nbsp;The choice is therefore limited to the oxidizing disinfectants�chlorine and ozone, und the antiseptics �sulphurous and the tar acids. These are repre�sentative bodies, and numerous trials have been made with them before coming to a conclusion as to their respective merits; the results being embodied in the following pages.

24.nbsp; lam bound to admit that the conclusion to which I have been forced to come, is quite opposed to my preconceived ideas on the subject. I started with a strong bias in favour of chlorine and ozone, but the irresistible force of the arguments derived from my experiments has caused mo to niter my opinion.

Oxidizing Disinfectants.

25.nbsp; nbsp;At first sight nothing appears more perfect than the action of a powerfullyoxidlzing disinfectant, like chlorine or ozone, upon noxious vapours and septic genus. In presence of an excess of either of these agents, all organic impurity is at once burnt up, and reduced to its simplest combinations ; and could we always rely upon the presence of a sufficient amount of either of these bodies, no other purifier would be needed. But in practical work on a farm these disinfectants are always very inadequate, except perhaps for half an hour or so during the day; at other times, the oxidizing agent has presented to it far more noxious material than it can by possibility conquer, and being governed in its combinations by definite laws of chemical affinity, the sulphuretted anil carburetted hydrogen, the nitrogen- anil phosphorus-bases, amp;e., would all have to bo burnt up before the oxidizing agent could touch the germs of infection ; whilst the continued renewal of the gases of putrefaction, would be perpetually shielding the infectious matter from destruction.

It is here that the great objection lies to disinfectants which net by oxidation. If we arrange in a series, (as set forth in par. 12,) tho possible substances which may be met with in an infected shod, and gradually mix with them chlorine, or ozonized air, wc lind that those vapours having strong and foetid odours, and which stand at the commencement of the list, are tho first to go; whilst the actual virus of the disease�the organized particles which have no odour whatever�are tho last to be attacked. But in using disinfectants of this class, the only tost of efficiency which a workman would employ, is the sense of smell, and I have on several occasions known it happen that a deodorised shed, to all outward appearances diainfoctod, was still in reality saturated with infection, It so happens, that the stinking gases of decomposition are of little or no danger in the atmosphere, whilst tho deadly virus-cells of infectious diseases are inappreciable to the sense of smell. Mere deodorisation is therefore no protection whatever.

The following experiment tends to illustrate, if not to prove this: Cheese mites were put into water mixed with strongly smelling cheese and sulphuretted hy�drogen. Aqueous solution of chlorine was gradually dropped into the mixture from a burette. The smell of sulphuretted hydrogen was tho first to go, then some smell of cheese, but it required a considerable quantity of chlorine to kill the. mites. Exactly the same experi�ment was now repeated, only leaving out the sulpliu-rctted hydrogen and cheese. The chlorine now had nothing to divert; its energy from the cheese mites, which were consequently killed before one fourth the quantity of chlorine used in tho first instance had been added.

Again, oxidizing disinfectants possess little if any continuous action. What they attack is destroyed perfectly, but what they leave has no special resistance to decomposition conferred upon it. Tlicy remove the products of decomposition, but they do not take avvny tho power of further putrefaction, b 3

Ml'. Cmokus,

Ui'liurt tu

Comiiusskmns

190

APPENDIX TO THIUT) UEPOHT OF

Mr. Crookcs.

In addition to tlioso general faults possessed by oxidizing disinfcctinits, tlic following special objec-lions may be urged against chlorine and ozone.

26.nbsp; nbsp;Chlorine,�This agent requires to bo liberated In the gaseous slate by a chemical process. This at the outset is an objection, for experience shows that farm labourers are not lit persons to bo trusted with the per�formance of a chemical experiment involving the uso of corrosive acids. The smell of chlorine is very irri�tating to the lungs of diseased or convalescent animals; and instances have como to my knowledge in which permanent injury has resulted from its employments Moreover the cattle dislike it much. Its action is more energetic upon the valuable constituents of the manure than upon septic germs*: it rapidly attacks ammoniacal compounds, the urea and hippuric acid, and considerably reduces the manurial value of farm-yard stuff, If much ammonia is present in the shed, chlo�ride of nitrogen is likely to be formed, the vapour of which, oven in minute quantities, is painfully distress�ing to the eyes of cattle and their attendants. Another great objection is that gaseous chlorine, being absorbed by the whitewash, soon forms chloride of calcium (21. 28.), the deliquescence of which will make the walls of the building permanently damp, and titted to foster the vitality of virus-cells, should they fall upon them.

27.nbsp; nbsp;A plan of fumigation by chlorine has recently been recommended which appears to possess another disadvantage. It is based upon the decomposition of chlorate of potash by hydrochloric acid. This reaction does not evolve pure chlorine, but a gas called eucblorinc (supposed to be a mixture of chlorine and chloric oxide). The properties of this gas nro different from those of chlorine, and nothing is known about its special value as a disinfectant. It is danger�ously explosive, the act of transferring it from one vessel to another, or even the warmth of the hand, being sometimes sufficient to shatter the vessel to pieces with a loud report.

28.nbsp; nbsp;If commercial chloride of lime is used as the source of chlorine, there is the additional disadvantage that the compound into which it changes�chloride of calcium�is, as before-mentioned (21. 2().), very deli�quescent, and will leave the floors, walls, and especially the woodwork washed with it, permanently damp; whilst, if thrown in the solid state on the floor, it rapidly attracts moisture, and becomes unpleasantly wet. It also communicates a disagreeable odour to the bands when it is touched. It is one of the things most easily adulterated, and it woidd bo scarcely possible to supply an ordinary consumer with a test, by which he could ascertain its strength and purity.

29.nbsp; nbsp;Ozone.�This powerful agent attacks all kinds of organic matter with intense energy. But as in the case of chlorine, the specific substance which wo most want to destroy, would be nearly the last to go ; and, as it would be almost impossible to generate ozone in quantity in an infected shed, its energies would in most cases be spent in doing useless work. When much ozone is present in the air it acts hurtfully on the respiratory organs.

Owing to the extremely poisonous nature of phos�phorus, and its ready inflammability, danger would arise from the production of ozone by the slow com�bustion of this element. In the hands of ordinary Farm servants serious accidents from lire would be constantly occurring.

AnttsepHos,

30.nbsp; nbsp;Oxidizing disinfectants produce their effect by actually destroying infecting substances. Antiseptics act simply by destroying their activity. The former act more energetically upon dead than living organic matter, Antiseptics attack first the opposite end of

* I fincl it recorded in the quot; Medical Beoordquot; for March I�th ISfi�, that Dr. J, 1'. Loines, of New York, as the result of a series of experiments, lias come to the conclusion that chlorine, in quantity nufflcient to be irrespivable, has no effect upon the infecting property of the vaccine crust; ami, reasoning t'roin this analogy, lie is of opinion that the same is the case with the virus of variola.

the scale, and destroy vitality; they exert little or no action on the foul smelling and coinpamtively hurndess gases of decomposition, but they act with intense energy on the inodorous germs of infection which these gases may cany into the atmosphere along with tliem.

if, therefore, the theory with which 1 started bo correct; if the matter which conveys infection from one animal to another be of the nature of au organized germ; if it owe its tremendous powers of destruction to the presence in it of vitality,�then antiseptics are the only agents lifted to deal with this speciiil case ; for they leave almost untouched the crowd of simply odorous gases, and seek out and destroy the one thing to be feared. When I treat of carbolic acid, ample proof of the correctness of this view will be given.

31.nbsp; nbsp;Sulphur Fumigation,�Of all disintboting pro�cesses, this is, perhaps, the oldest. Its action was well known in the days of Homer, for we read that Ulysses employed it to remove the smell of dead bodies.* It is recorded by Ovid \ that the shepherds of Italy yearly purified their flocks and herds with burning sulphur, and passages in other writers show that they averted disease from them by this means.

Professor Graham, Master of the Mint, says, that of gaseous disinfectants quot; sulphurous acid gas (obtained quot; by burning sulphur) is preferable, on theoretical quot; grounds, to chlorine. No agent checks so effectually quot; the first developnient of animal and vegetable life. quot; All animal odours and emanations are immediately quot; and most effectually destroyed by it.quot;

The value of sulphurous acid in arresting the progress of the Cattle Plague, has been proved beyond a doubt by the experiments of Dr. Dewar, and my own results entirely confirm his. When, however, used by itself, it can bo employed only very sparingly in sheds, when cattle are in them; it is very stifling, and its powerful deoxidizing action would retard the conversion of the peroxide of iron into protoxide by the act of respiration�a result equivalent to that pro�duced by breathing an atmosphere containing loss than its normal amount of oxygen, which has been shown by Dr. Angus SmithJ to be incompatible with health. For this reason I prefer to use it only as an additional precaution, relying principally upon other agents. Sulphurous acid acts in many cases through its affinity for oxygen, but it possesses also great anti�septic powers of its own, so that a slight exposure to it is sufficient to destroy the vitality of germs. The following experiment proves this :�

A mixture of sugar syrup and yeast was kept in a warm room until it became in a state of active fer�mentation. An aqueous solution of sulphurous acid was added, when the fermentation instantly ceased. When examined under the microscope after treat�ment with sulphurous acid, no apparent change was observed in the appearance of the yeast cells.

32.nbsp; nbsp;When sulphurous acid is produced in a white�washed shed, it unites with the lime on the walls, forming non-deliquescent sulphite of lime, one of the

* Horn. Of/., XXII., 481.

Ulysses. Ohre Sc'tiov, yp'/ju, kcikuv ukoi;, oiVt Slaquo; //.oi nvp,

'Ofpa Oiei!�lt;rci} fMyapov.....

4!)3. HveyKtlf S' apa vvp ilt;al 6'ljiov aiitap 'OSvove^ U� Siffle/Wcv jj.tyaptjv xa.) ZS/Aa koi miiK'/jV. 0 old woman bring brimstone, the relief of evils, aad bring me fire, in order that I may ftenlgate with brimstone the house .... And then she brought fire anil brimstone, and Ulysses well fuiiiigated with brhustone the house and the court, and the hall.

f Ovul, Fast., IV., 736, amp;e.

Pastor, oves satums ad prima crepuscnlii lustra.

Uda prins gnargat, virgaqne verrat limmiin. Prondilms, et Axis decoreutur ovilia ramis;

Kt tegat oniiitas longa corona fores. Ciernlci flaut vivo de siilfiire fuini; Tnctacpie fuinanti sulfure balet ovis. () shephei'd purify the fndtfiil sheep at the earliest dawn j lot the moist boitgn first sprinkle and sweep the ground. Lot the sheepfolds be decorated with foliage and IioiikIis fixed, mid let a lengthy wreath ornament the doors. Let there be blue smoke of OUming sulphur, und let the (-heep bleat at being touched with the snlphnr.

% quot;Ueport on the Air of Mines,quot; by R. Angus Smith, 1'ii. ]gt;., IMl.S., being part of the Appendix to the Beport of the Itoyai Mines Comminion, J.oiuiou, isni.

Beport to

Commissioners.

THE CATTLE PLAGUK COMMISSION KRS.

191

valimhlo [tigredients in MoDongall's disinfecting pow�der j its good effect therefoi'e does not coiiso as soon as the atmosphere is free Irom its odour.

The gaseous acid has a great affinity for wftter ; Uio natural moisture always present in oiothing, or ou the wood-work and other parts of cowsheds most likely to retain infection, is able to absorb the gns in quan�tity sufficient to form n solution in contact with which virus-oells cannot exist. When absorbed in this manner it is only very slowly evolved,�a fact which has been noticed by all who have boon in sheds whilst undergoing this mode of purification,�the fumes of the burning sulphur being said to quot; liang about quot; the clothes for a considerable time. Articles of clothing, boots, tools, sacks, cloths, baskets, pails, ropes, and any other portable article which may require disinfection, are conveniently purified by allowing them to remain in a close shod whilst it is undergoing sulphur fumigation.

Sulphurous acid, in addition to its antiseptic quali�ties, is a deodoriser of considerable energy. It destroys the powerful odour of most of the offensive gases named in paragraph 12. It attacks and oxidizes sulphuretted hydrogen, entirely destroying it; it neutralizes the strong smell of ammonia and other alkaline buses, converting them into sulphites, but without destroying their manurial value or losing its antiseptic properties. In this respect it differs in an important inanuor from chlorine.

The use of sulphurous acid is open to ono or two objections. When absorbed on clothing or damp quot;wood-work, it gradually oxidizes into sulphuric acid. In cowsheds this is not of much consequence, as there is always sufficient ammonia present to neutralize it; but if repeatedly formed on clothing, it will bleach the articles, and ultimately make them rotten. When neutralised with lime or ammonia, or other bases, the antiseptic value of the sulphurous acid is not impaired, but it is tied down to one spot, and prevented from acting in the atmosphere. When the sulphites thus formed arc allowed to remain in contact with wet organic matter, they gradually decompose with evolu�tion of sulphuretted hydrogen; bnt this decomposition is stopped at once by an additional fumigation with sulphur, and if the sheds arc cleaned out every day it will never occur. Sulphites have been used with success by Professor Polli and Dr. De Ricci, both as prophylactics, and as curative agents, in diseases caused by blood poisoning : in Dr. Do liicci's words they neutralise the zymotic principle�the ferment�with�out being injurious to life.

33. The Tar Acids {cnrhoUr, and cresylic acids).� These two bodies arc so commonly known under the immo of acids, that 1 shall continue so to designate them, although by chemists they are more generally classed with the alcohols. They iiavc great slini-larily, and only within the last few months have they boon met with separately in commerce, having hitherto been both called carbolic acid. Creosote, (laquo;fea? r�^ttv, to preserve flesh,) prepared from coal tar, one of the most powerful antiseptics known, was thought to be impure carbolic acid, until 1804, when Professor Wiiliamnon and Mr. Fairlie, in an investigation of it, discovered that it was a! mix! are of carbolic and Cl'osylic acids. It was then taken for granted I hat llcieheubiich's creosote, from wood tor, had a similar composition, until Hlnsiwotz, in 1858, showed that this creosote was a different body from carbolic or cresylio acids. Finally Dr. Hugo iMiiller, in 18()4, discovered that true creosote, and its analogue guaiacol, belonged to a different class of bodies, and consisted of melhyl-oxy-phenic and melhyl-oxy-eresylic acids. No experiments on the large scale have yet been tried with true creosote, as I have only been aware within (he last few weeks that this compound could be obtained in qminlity.

Pure carbolic acid is a white crystalline solid, melting at34deg; C. and distilling at ISO⁶ C; n (race of water or oily Impurity renders it liquid, and for disin�fecting purposes it is always supplied in this form, to avoid the extra expense and trouble needed lor the separation of the last truces of impurity ; cresylio

acid is liquid, it boils at 203deg; ('., and closely re�sembles carbolic acid in odour and other properties. Before the eommoncemont of these inquiries it was thought to be of little or no value as a disinfectant, but Dr. Angus Smith has lately shown Unit it rivals, if it does not surpass, carbolic acid in antiseptic properties. For the present purpose of Cattle Plague disinfection it is immaterial which acid is used, and to avoid unnecessary repetition I shall use the term carbolic acid to express either acid, or the commercial mixture of (ho two acids.

34.nbsp; From time immemorial carbolic acid, creosote, or bodies containing them, have been used as antiseptics. Passages in Pliny road by the light of chemical science, show that the Egyptians used for embalming their mummies a compound made from pitch, which must have contained largo quantities of creosote. Carbolic acid is tho active agent in tar, which oither in its ordinary state, or burnt as a fumigator, lias always hold high rank amongst disinfectants. Pitch and tar were the most popular medicines in use against the Cattle Plague when it visited this island in tho last century; the animals being preserved against contagion by having their noses and jaws rubbed with tar, whilst the cowhouses were disinfected by burning pitch and tar in them (in which process a certain quantity of the vapours of carbolic, acid would escape combustion). The almost universal custom of burning gum resins and odoriferous woods in connection with religious ceremonies may have originally arisen from the disinfecting powers of the creosote in the smoke. Tho well-known efficacy of smoke in preserving meat is entirely duo to the pre�sence in it of this agent.

Pitch oil, oil of tar, and similar products, owe their value entirely to carbolic acid (22.). This body may in fact bo called the active principle of tar, just as quinine is tho active principle of bark, or morphia of opium, and it has the great advantage of being easily prepared in any country where coal or wood can be obtained.

35.nbsp; nbsp;Sulphurous acid probably owes some of ils antiseptic value, to its affinity for oxygen, whereby the oxidation of the matter under treatment is retarded. It has been suggested that the value of carbolic acid is duo to a similar property, and that it acts merely by preventing oxidation. It being important to a thorough understanding of its action that this point should be settled, the followbig experiments were made :�

I.nbsp; Lumps of metallic sodium were cut with a sharp

knife : tho progress of the oxidation could bo readily followed by the change of colour of the surface. The experiment was tried several times in an atmosphere strongly charged with the vapour of pure carbolic, acid and of cresylio acid ; comparative experiments being made at the same time in pure air. No difference in the rate or amount of oxidation could be detected.

II.nbsp; A colourless solution of subchlorido of copper

in ammonia was prepared and divided into two parts; one being mixed with a little carbolic acid. On pouring them throngli the air Into fiat white dishes, no difference in the progress of oxidation conid be detected.

III.nbsp; A mixture of pyrogallic acid and solution of potash was shaken up in a large stoppered bottle. It was then opened under water, and the amount of absorption of the atmospheric oxygen noted. The same experiment was repealed after the addition of carbolic, acid to the potash solution. The same quantities were used and the agitation was continued for the same time. On again opening (he bottle under water the absorption was found lo be the same as before.

IV.nbsp; The last experiment was repented, substituting crystals of sulphate of iron for pyrogallic acid. The result showed equally that tho presence of carbolic acid exerted no retarding Influence on the oxidation.

V.nbsp; nbsp;Iron filings were shaken up in water with the

same result. 4

Mr. Crooko*

BtOport to ConmuBsioaore

192

APPENDIX TO THIHD REPORT OF

Mr. OrookoBi

VI.nbsp; nbsp;A. quot; philosophical lamp quot; was modo by ar�ranging a platinum Bpiral ovor tho wick of a spirit, lamp, containing alcohol mixed with u little oilier ; on lighting,and thou blowing it out, the platinum continued to glow brightly. Pieces of solid carbolic acid wore thou care�fully placed in thu cup of the brass wick holder, surrounding, but not in contact with, the wick. The boat soon melted the acid and raised its vapour round the platinum spiral, but without occasioning any alteration in the brightness of its glow.

VII.nbsp; Lead pyropborns was poured into two long and narrow jars of air, one of which had its interior moistened with liquid carbolic acid. Not the slightest appreciable difference could bo detected between the rapidity of oxidation in the two jars.

VIII.nbsp; Paper moistened with sulphate of manganese solution, and dried, was dipped into caustic ammonia, both with and without carbolic acid. No difference whatever could be detected in tho rate of its darkening.

These experiments prove conclusively that the tar acids have no special power of retiuding oxidation.

36. Other experiments were then instituted in the endeavour to understand more clearly the mode of action of carbolic acid.

IX.nbsp; raquo;Some meat was bung up in the air till the odour of putrefaction was strong. It was then divided into two pieces ; one was soaked for half an hour in chloride of lime solution, and was then washed and hung up again; the offensive smell had entirely gone. The other piece of meat was soaked in a solution of carbolic acid containing one per cent, of the acid; it was then dried and bung up. The surface of the meat was whitened, its offensive odour was not removed, tbough it was masked by the carbolic acid. In two days' time the bad odour had quite gone, and was replaced by a pure but faint smell of carbolic acid. In a few weeks' time tho pieces of meat were examined again. The one which had been deodorised with chloride of lime now smelt as offensively as it did at first, whilst the piece treated with carbolic acid had simply dried up, and bad no offensive odour whatever. It was then bung up for another month and examined ; no change bad taken place.

X.nbsp; A piece of fresh meat was soaked in a one per

cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid for one hour; it was then wrapped in paper and hung np in a sitting-room in which there was a fire almost daily; at the end of ten weeks it was examined. It had dried up to about one-fonrtb of its original size, but looked and smelt perfectly good and fresh, a very faint odour of carbolic acid being all that was perceptible. It was soaked for 24 hours in water, and then stewed with appropriate condiments and eaten ; it was perfectly sweet, and scarcely distinguish�able from fresh meat, except by possessing a very faint flavour of carbolic acid, not strong enough to be unpleasant, XL Animal membranes in tho forms of gut, skin, and bladder, were perfectly preserved if im�mersed direct ill aqueous solution containing 1 per (rent, of carbolic acid; but if previously moistened with water, and then immersed in dilute carbolic acid, the preservation of tho skins was not so complete. XII. Animal size and glue, mixed, in the form of solution, with small quantities of carbolic acid, wore perfectly preserved from change even in hot weather. These are important cxperinients. They point out in a striking manner the dillcrcnn! between mere deo�dorizers and antiseptics. Hitherto attention bus been almost entirely confined to the deodori/.alion of gases arising from putrescence. The cdect lias been com-biitcd, whilst the removal of the cause has received

scarcely any attention. Chloride of lime, one of the strongest of tho class of deodorizers, acts, as has been shown, only on the gases of existing putrefaction, but it has no influence over tho future. Carbolic acid, on tho other hand, lias scarcely any action on fuotid gases; but it attacks tho cause which produces thoni, and, at the same time, puts the organic matter in such a state that it never re-acquires its tendency to putrefy. 37. It became now a matter of considerable interest to ascertain in what way carbolic acid acted in arresting decomposition, and tho following experiments were made with the object of clearing up this point:� XIII. Albumen was mixed with four times its bulk of water, and a one per cent, solution of pure carbolic acid was added to it. No change took place for the first few minutes, but after a little time a white cloudiness was formed, which gradually collected together into a coagulum. On separating this, and exposing it frooly to tho air, it entirely resisted putrefactive decom�position. Tho solution strained from the coagulum still contained carbolic acid and uncoagulated albumen. X.IV. The same experiment was repeated with pure ensylic acid. This acid has still less aflinity for alt i aen, the mixed solutions remaining clear for nearly half an hour. It is evident, therefore, that the tar acids do not owe their special action to their coagulating powers on albumen, for the last two experiments show, contrary to tho generally received opinion, that their affinity for this body is but slight.

XV.nbsp; A few drops of carbolic acid, added to half a pint of sugar syrup and yeast in full action, immediately put a stop to the fermentation.

XVI.nbsp; Fresh brewer's yeast was washed with a solu�tion of one per cent, of carbolic acid, and then with water. Its power of inducing fermentation in a solution of sugar was entirely destroyed, although no perceptible change in the appear�ance of tho yeast cells could be detected under the microscope. This oxporimont was repeated several times, and always with the same result, although when the yeast was simply washed in water it readily induced fermentation.

The odour of carbolic acid adhered most perti�naciously to the yeast, and by no ordinary amount of washing and exposure to the air could it be removed.

XVII.nbsp; nbsp;Strychnine was added to a mixture of yeast and sugar solution in full fermentation. No visible effect was produced, the evolution of carbonic acid continuing as brisk as before.

The above experiments, some of which were per�formed by my friend Mr. Spiller, prove conclusively that carbolic acid has a special action on tho fer�mentation induced by organized matter; it not only arrests it instantly when in progess, but it prevents the development of future fermentation.

38. The action of tho tar acids was now examined on certain chemical bodies, which are supposed to act by fermentation, in order to sec if they were influenced in the same manner:

XVIII.nbsp; A solution of diastase (infusion of malt) was mixed with thick starch paste, and a one per (rent, solution of carbolic acid. On gently beating for a short time, the starch was con�verted into dextrine, as completely as if no carbolic acid had been present.

XIX.nbsp; nbsp; Amygdalin was mixed with synaptase (emulsion of sweet almonds) in the presence of carbolic acid. Tho formation of tho essential oil took place with apparently the same readiness as if carbolic acid had been absent.*

The foregoing results show that carbolic acid has no action on purely chemical ferments. These consist of delinite nitrogenous compounds acting simply by chemical affinity, and therefore ought not to be classed with true ferments, which are living bodies. It, there�fore, appears that carbolic; acid acts by attacking

* These last two experiments are confirmatory of a statement in Dr. Lonwlre's work quot; Sur 1'Aoidlaquo; phtnique.quot;

Reuort to

UuillllllsMnn.TS.

THE CAXTLl� PLAGUK COMMISSIONKUS.

193

vitality in somo mysforimis wny, and whovo an ofTaot i.s tnersly due to bo-oivI1oi1 catalytlo forco, it oxoi'ta no intoi'fbi'lng notion,

3i). Tim action of carbolic acid on vitality was then tostctl in other ways :�

3CIX. Clicoso mitos wore iiniucrsod in water, whore

thoy lived for several hours. A low drops of

n solution of carbolic acid containing one per

cent, added to tlie liquid, killed them instantly.

XXI. An aqneons solution of carbolic ucid was

added to water in which a small flsh was swiai-

mlng. It proved fatal in a few minutes.

XXlf. A very minute quantity of a weak solution of

carbolic! acid was added, under the microscope,

to water containing various infusoria, Hack as

bacteria, vibrios, spirilla, ainucbiea, monads,

euglenteo, paramecia, rotifora, and vorticdlte.

Tlio acid proved instantly fatal, arresting the

movements of the animalcules at once.

The.su animalcules arc the almost invariable nocom-

panliaonts of putrefactive fermentation. The above

experiment has been tried with putrid blood, sour

p:iHlo, and decayed cheese, and in every instance the

dostmctiori of vitality and the arrest of putrefaction

have been simultaneous.

XXIII. Caterpillars, beetles, crickets, tlcas, moths, and gnats were covered with a glass, the inside of which was smeared with carbolic acid. The vapour proved quickly fatal. It allays tho paiu caused by tho stings of bees, wasps, hornets, and gnats, if applied pure, or in strong solution, to the wounded part. I find it recorded by Dr. Lemairo, and other ob�servers, that carbolic acid vapour will also kill flies, ants and their eggs, lice, bugs, tics, acari, mosquitoes, aphides, butterflies, earwigs, wood-lice, cockchafers, centipedes, and other insects of this size ; its vapour, however, docs not appear to bo strong enough to act injuriously on animals larger than mice. When such animals are killed with it, their bodies dry up in the air, and resist putrefaction for somo time.

40.nbsp; nbsp;From the intense aversion shown by all insects to the odour of carbolic acid, it is probable that the plentiful use of this agent would effectually preserve cattle from those terrible scourges met with in certain parts of Africa, tho zimb and tsetse fly. The effects following the bito of the latter have been described to me ns being almost identical with the symptoms of Cattle Plague.

M. Xucien Biard, in speaking of the invasions of tho large ants of Mexico, says that when one of their battalions threatens his house, he sprinkles a little carbolic, acid in front of it. The army immediately makes a detour to avoid the obstacle.

AVhcn an animal is killed by tho injection of a saturated aqueous solution of carbolic ucid into its veins, circulation is instantly arrested, tho blood is not coagulated, and no alteration, either in the shape or the iippearanee of the globules, is detected under the microscope. The only apparent change consists in the immobility of the globules.

41.nbsp; nbsp;In the quot; Annales de Chimie et de Physiquequot; for October last, there is a letter from M. Bcchamp to M, Dumas, in which it is said that creosote appears to bo tho agent which most strongly opposes tho develop-ment of organic ferments, but that it docs not interfere with the living ferments or animalcules when they are once developed. This assertion is in direct opposition to all my experiments, about the accuracy of which I have no doubt whatever, having submitted them to repeated tests. The powerful action which carbolic acid exerts on tho phenomena of life is tho most remarkable property which it possesses. It may be looklaquo;! upon us the test proper for distinguishiug vital from purely physical phenomena, and in most cases its action is characterised by the certainty and del'mitcncss of ii chemical re-agent. In the presence of carbolic acid the development of embryotic. life is impossible, and before its powerful iullueucc all minute forms of animal life must inevitably perish.

42.nbsp; nbsp;It may be considered as delinilely proved that the vapour of carbolic ucid, in tho atmosphere, exerts

1.3530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;C.

a spoeini selective power on nil miimlc organisms pos��ssiug life. If the contagioufl mnttov of Cattle 1 luguo is possessed of organic vitality, m must bo now admitted, it will bo destroyed, boyoud the possi�bility of revival, when brought into contact with the vapour. French experimentalists have repeatedly tested tho influence of carbolio acid on viicoino lymph. They have employed lymph both pure, and mixed with a trace of carbolic acid. The vaccination with pure lymph was followed by the usual results, but ill no single instance was any cll'ect produced by tho lymph containing carbolic acid.

43.nbsp; nbsp;The following experiment feuds to show a similarity between the action of vaccine virus and that of the Cattle Plague :�

XXIV. Tho air from a (dose, liighly infected shod (57.) containing animals in the lust stage of the disease, was drawn through glass tubes eon-taiuing tufts of cotton wool, in the expectation that somo of the virus-cells, supposed to be floating about in the atmosphere, would bo arrested by the wool.

Tho suction was continued for tea minutes. One piece of the infected wool was then ex�posed for half an hour to the vapour of carbolic acid. Two apparently healthy calves were selected, and an incision being made beneath the skin, those pieces of wool -were respec�tively inserted in each. The animal thus inoculated with the infected wool, which had � been exposed to carbolic acid, remained per�fectly well, but tho other animal took tho disease and died in a few days. I place this upon record, although I do not attach much importance to it, as the experiment was made at a farm where the plague was raging ; and it is quite possible that the calf which died, did not take tho disease from the wool. Unfortunately time would not permit mo to verity this experiment so us to place its results beyond doubt. It is likewise desirable to inoculate with the virus itself, collected from the eyes, amp;c. of diseased animals, mixed with different quantities of carbolic acid. There can be little doubt that the issue would prove satisfactory.

44.nbsp; I first employed carbolic acid on a large scale early in December last. Considerable experience suggested to me the best way of proceeding, and I consider that tho results have proved that my views were correct. A detailed account of the various experiments is given in the next Part.

I had two objects in view : firstly, to apply the energetic disinfecting powers of sulpliuious acid for the purpose of purifying the cattle sliods two or three times a week ; and secondly, to trust, to carbolic acid as a permanent means of protecting the animals from extraneous infection. Sulphur fumigation and carbolic acid agree very well together, and somewhat assist each other's action ; whereas oxidizing disin�fectants, used either with carbolic acid or sulphurous acid, are inoperative; the energies whicb should be directed to the destruction of infection being exhausted in neutralizing each other. When dealing with such an overwhelming amount of putrefying and putrosciblo organic matter as is met with in a farm-yard, it is of paramount importance to economize ns much as pos�sible the disinfectant. I have already shown that chlorine and ozono are very wasteful agents. As it is our chief aim to destroy the activity of Cattle Plague virus, (the destruction of ordinary farm-yard odours being of secondary importance,)oven sulphurous acid is open to objection on the score of waste ; but carbolic acid goes direct to tho root, of the evil, and acts solely where it; is most required, witliout touching the Innocuous dunghill stenches Owing to the power possessed by carbolic acid of tUTCsting mid prevent�ing decomposition, it checks the evohiliou of these offensive odours, and, by retaining the nitrogenous compounds In the manure, it, greatly increases its value. At the same time it, slops tho development in the mannre of minute, animal organisms, and it has been observed that flies never congregate, uliont dunghills whoro carbolic acid has been habitually used (I�0,),

Mr. Crookcs.

Itopui't to

roiumissimicrs.

194

APPENDIX TO THIBD REPORT OF

Mr. Crook traquo;.

whilst the liquid moiiuro which oozes from them ist witiiout smell, in stobloa ami ooArsheds this property is of very gruat iinportunce, both iih rcgoi'ds the comfort and licaltli of (lie animals, especially liming Iho hot suiuinw months.

45.nbsp; Anothoi' ndvantiigo of carbolic noid, over almost all oliici' clisinf eeting agents, consists in the fact that its vapour is never injiiiions or unplensant to cattle. ladeod, they seem to like it; (hoy lick (ho woodwork of their s(alls, id'tor it has been sprinkled with the undi�luted acid {69.), and will readily drink water in which the acid has been dissolved. If applied to their mouths in its undiluted state, I am told that it will produce temporary blistering ; but such blisters are entirely free from danger, and heal very rapidly. From its action on the lunnau skin, if carelessly used, I have no doubt that inconvemence to the cattle might arise; but although carbolic acid has been used freely by me, and by many farm servants under my directions, in the treatment of several hundred animals, I have not had a single instance of this action brought under my personal notice.

It undiluted carbolic acid is allowed to remain on the hands, it will act as a mild caustic. This inconvenienco is, however, very slight, and may be avoided with ordinary care. I have had my hands repeatedly covered with carbolic acid during the last four months, without experiencing any painful eifect. Ample warning of the approach of blistering is given by a preliminary smarting, and if this is attended to, and the acid rubbed or washed off, no further annoy�ance is felt. Sweet oil rubbed over will remove the last traces of the acid.

46.nbsp; Finding tbat medical and scicntitic writers were unanimous in the opinion that small internal doses of carbolic aeid were attended with no injurious effect, I have recommended the addition of small quantities both to the food and water given to the whole of the stock, sick or healthy, on the farm. This has a two-fold action. The water given to cattle is seldom very pure, and carbolic acid will neutralize any virus of infection which may happen to have found its way into it. Moreover, after drinking aqueous carbolic acid, the breath smells of it for some hours. Now it is very probable that the germs of infection enter the animal system through the mouth (17.), and by thus loading the breath with the antidote, it is reasonable to suppose that these germs would he destroyed before they had an opportunity of doing harm. The vapour of the acid, diti'used through the air, will kill large insects; it is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that it will much more readily destroy microscopic germs when brought into contact with its vapour during respiration. Besides, it is not unlikely that after the system has become habituated to repeated doses of carbolic acid, it will acquire additional power of resisting the iirst attack of disease.

Since this investigation was undertaken, I have made a collection of cases, illustrating the good effect of carbolic aeid, in arresting the spread of the Cattle Plague, in various parts of England and the Continent. I will not, however, enter into particulars, but confine myself to those cases which have come under my own immediate knowledge.* T have not yet met with a �single instance in which (he plague has spread on a farm where this acid has been freely used.

O/i, tlu: Adulterations of Carbolic Acid, and their Detection. 47. The official recommendationraquo; (,W.) have natu�rally brought into (lie market many substitutions for carbolic acid, in which (he valuable agent is diluted with cheap inert bodies, whilst the price charged, in

* It inny, however, l:e of interest to slato tlint carbolic acid wan the principal substance used in the Jardiii d'Aoelinuitalion, in the liois do Boulogne, to prevent the spread of the disease amongst the animals in that establishment. According to the

Journal of the Society of Arts for April t.'ith isiKi, more than

twenty pounds of this acid were used daily, in washing the walls and mangers, and in sprinkling the floors of the Stahles and mclosiires, and it is to itraquo; constant use that the arrest of the malady is generally atlribatcd.

some cases, is higher than that of the genuine article. Specimens of two such substitutions, called eresylino and earboline, were forwarded to tiro Iloyal Cattlo Plague Commission for approval, quot; us being more quot; certain disinfectants than most of the carbolic acids quot; now being sold to the public, many of which contain quot; but a very small per centago of that acid.quot; It was stated that the preparations contained over 60 per cent, of carbolic acid, and were misciblo with water. As it was possible from these and other reputed advantages, that the preparations might be of considerable value, they were forwarded to mo for examination. Cresyliuo consists of alkaline water, and tar oils boiling above 370deg; C, therefore containing little or no carbolic, or crcsylic acids. Carbolino is a dilute solution of caustic, soda, containing 4^-1 percent, of carbolic aeid. The price of these preparations is higher than (hat ordinarily charged for good commercial carbolic and crcsylic acids.

Other creosote samples from different makers were found to contain respectively 4-5, 2-6, 5 � 9, and 4 � 2 per cent, of carbolic acid, the rest being tar oils. In other instances, articles have been sold as com�mercially pure carbolic acid, which were found to contain from 30 to �O per cent. Frequently a very fretid sulphur compound is allowed to remain. This should be avoided, as although the antiseptic powers of the liquid arc great, the offensive odour which it diffuses round the noighbourhood is excessively nauseous.

48.nbsp; It is by no means difficult to detect the adul�terations referred to above. Commercial carbolic acid is soluble in from 20 to 70 parts of water, or in twice its bulk of a solution of caustic soda, while oil of tar is nearly insoluble; but if tho amount of carbolic acid bo increased some remains undissolved.

To apply the tests :�1, Put a teaspoonful of the car�bolic acid in a bottle, pour on it half a pint of warm water, and shako the bottle at intervals for half an hour, when the amount of oily residue will show the impurity. Or, dissolve one part of caustic soda in 10 parts of warm water, and shake it up with five parts of the carbolic acid. As before, the residue will indicate the amount of impurity.

These tests will show whether tar oils have been used as adulterants; but to ascertain whether the liquid consists of a mere solution of carbolic acid in water or alkali, or whether it contains sulpho-carbolic or sulpho-cresylic acids, another test must bo used, based upon the solubility of these, and tho insolu�bility of carbolic acid, in a small quantity of water. In this case proceed as follows :��2, Put a wine-glassful of the liquid to be tested in a bottle, and pour on it half a pint of warm water. If the greater part dissolves, it is an adulterated article. Test the liquid in the bottle with litmus paper; if strongly acid it will show the probable presence of sulpho-acids, whilst if alkaline it will show that caustic soda has been probably used as a solvent.

These tests arc not given as having any pretensions to scientific accuracy, but as affording persons who are desirous of vising carbolic acid, and are willing to pay a fair price, a rough and ready moans of seeing if they are being imposed upon.

If greater accuracy in the tests arc required, re�course should also be had to distillation with a ther�mometer,�carbolic acid boils at 184deg; C, crcsylic at 203deg; C, whilst xylic acid (96.), which may possibly be present, and has great antiseptic value, boils at 220deg;C. lleichenbach's pure creosote (33.) boils at 219deg; C.

PART III.

DlSlNKKCTINO EXPEUIMENXraquo; ON THE FAKJr.

49.nbsp; For all practical purposes infection may bo considered as radiating from a focus, and following the same law as other radiant forces. At the centre, which may be a diseased animal, an infected shed, or farm, the danger is at its maximum, and it decreases in intensity inversely as the square of the distance from the focus increases. A certain amount of resisting power is unquestionubly conferred on an

lloport to Coiuiuissionuni.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE C0MMIS8I0NBES.

195

animnl by carbolic ivcid, mul it in important to know how near cuttle ho protected, enn appraaoh an infected oeutro, und Ktill remain siit'o. The simplest experi-nout, mid the ouo most likely to Buoceed, is to eiuioavour to protect n healthy farm f'roiu tlic maicli of the closely investing plague (51, 52. 6�. 67.). Here the resisting power is at its maximum, whilst the intensity of the infection is at its minimum. Next, in order of severity, is tho tost of stopping the plague when it has invaded a farm (58. CO. 08. 72.). A yot .severer test is the attempt; to prevent the com-iiuinication of tho plague to a healthy animal when kept by itself in an infected shed, or to protect a healthy animal placed by the side of u diseased one (54. 59. 65.). Lastly, in order of severity, is tho attempt to counteraet inoculation, and to destroy tho virus when it is actually present in tho system of the animal (77. to 96.). Viewed in one light, this latter experiment belongs to medical science, a subject which is out of my province, but, in another light, it is merely the last link in tho chain of experiments on disinfection, and as such clearly within tho domain of a chemist.

It was to test the value of disinfection, under the various circumstances here referred to, that I was authorized to proceed to infected districts and cany out practical operations at farmhouses.

Plan of Disinfection recommended.

50,nbsp; nbsp;I have not thought it necessary to give any de�tailed recommendations, concerning the best method of utilizing the valuable antiseptic properties of carbolic and sulphurous acid, since the official recora-meadatioas for disinfection, issued by the Koyal Commission on February 23d, are very explicit on that point. With a few alterations, suggested by wider experience, they will agree perfectly with my plan of proceeding.

Experiments at Jllrs. CarmichaeVs Fanraquo;.

51.nbsp; nbsp;This farm is situated about three miles from Thirsk in Yorkshire. In November last I first beard that the disease had attacked several farms in the neighbourhood. I at once sent down a supply of carbolic acid, with minute instructions for its em-ployment. Hearing shortly afterwards that the disease was rapidly spreading round the farm, I went down to Thirsk, personally to instruct the farm ser�vants in properly carrying out my plan. I found the disease was making terrible ravages on adjoin�ing farms ; tho death wave had rolled across the country up to these herds, and judging from the viru�lence the disease had already manifested, there could be little doubt that Mrs. Carmichael's farm would speedily be attacked. I found 25 bends of cattle on the farm, all in perfect, hcnlth. The cow sheds wore well cleaned out, whitewashed with lime and carbolic acid, fumigated with sulphur, and thoroughly sprinkled over the floors, walls, and rafters with carbolic acid. The manure in tho fold yard was watered with a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid, and the open sheds were also well sprinkled with the undiluted acid. Tlic horns, legs, feet, tails, he, of the cattle were painted over with the aqueous solution, by means of a brush, every night and morning, the clothes of tho men were also sprinkled with the liquid, and they were told occasionally to dip their hands in it. Pieces of carpet, matting, sacks, amp;o, were hung up iu the sheds, and were kept wetted with carbolic acid.* Instructions were left for the whitewashing to be done every fortnight, the fumigation with sulphur twice a week, and the other operations daily.

On visiting this farm a second time, 1 found that my instructions had been carefully carried out, and although nearly every other farm in the neighbour�hood was severely visited with tho disease, this was unattacked. This exemption is the more remarkable, as on an adjoining farm, held by a near relative, many cattle died; and during the whole of the time there was frequent communication between the two families.

quot; l''()r Home of those practical hirifo t am indebted to my friend, J'rofessor A. II. Churcli, who was, I believe, the first to imblicly recommend the employment of carbolic acid us a prcventivo against tho Cattle I'lngnc,

Up to tho date of this report, Mrs. Carmichael's form has kept free from the plague, and is now, I believe, the only ouo that has escaped for some miles round. Owing partly to tho vigorous carrying out of the late Act, and partly to (hero being fewer animals tor the disease to attack, tho plague is now leaving the neighbourhood.

Experiments at Sir G. WomhweWs Farms, New-bttrgh, near Thirsk,

52.nbsp; On the 17th of February I superintended the thorough disinfection of Sir (J. VVombwell's lloine farm, and left full written instructions with his bailiff. This farm, and one about a mile oiY, belonging to Mr. Boston, were the only farms in that neigh�bourhood free from the disease. On the same day I superintended the disinfection of Mr. Eastou's farm. My instructions have been carefully carried out, and notwithstanding the ravages of the disease all round, it has kept off these two farms.

Experiments at Mr. Daniel's.

53.nbsp; This is a very large farm at Oulston, 10 miles from Thirsk. When I first arrived there 1 found the disease raging violently ; out of a herd of 60 on the 1st February, 45 only remained by the middle of the month, and fresh cases of illness wore being-reported daily. Owing to the extent, and very incon�venient arrangement of the premises, I felt that it would not be a fair trial to attempt to stop (ho plague on this farm, as the buildings were already saturated with infection, and all tho details required for an aeenrato experiment could not bo properly carried out. Permission was asked, and freely given, to try certain other experiments here.

54.nbsp; A shed was selected some distance from any other building, which had been used as a hospital for the cattle as they fell sick : several had died in it, and it then contained a diseased animal almost moribund ; no system of disinfection had been adopted, and the stench was very bad. Tho sick beast having been removed and tethered to an outside wall, tho litter was cleared away, and tho floor washed with a two per cent, solution of carbolic acid. The walls, roof, and raf'ters were (hen whitewashed with freshly burnt lime, a pint of carbolic acid being added to each pailful of whitewash. The floor, after cleaning, was thoroughly sprinkled with undiluted carbolic acid, and the wood-work and inside of (ho door rubbed with a cloth dipped in tho same. The ven-tilating holes were then stopped up with hay, and the door being kept shut, one pound of stick sulphur was burnt on a shovel full of red hot cinders placed in tho middle of the floor. After two hours, on opening the place, il was foiuul full of a (hick white vapour, which disappeared in the courseof half an hour. In the meantime Mr, Hain, veterinary surgeon of Thirsk, (to whom I am under many obli�gations for valuable advice and assistance in the course of these experiments,) had procured n. healthy two-year old bullock from a farm about two miles distant from any infection. The diseased animal, formerly occupying the shed, was then tied to a slake at the end of the shed, whilst, the healthy animal was fastened up near the door. Directions were left to continue treating the sick beast as hitherto, and to give the healthy one fresh hay and water, mixed with one ounce of carbolic, acid per diem. The shed was to be well sprinkled daily with car�bolic acid, all over tho floor and walls, as high as could conveniently bo reached, and to be fumigated with sulphur onco a week, and whitewashed every fortnight, as long as (lie experiment lasted. Tho farm was visited every day for a week, and on leaving I gave full written instructions to Mr. Daniel, who promised to atlend personally to the experiment. Mr. llniu also promised to ride over two or three times a week, and report progress.

55.nbsp; nbsp;In a few days it become evident that tho experiment would be much more severe (ban had been intended. The mm) of tho shed, 15 feet by 9 feel, was insnfflcient to prevent the animals touch-ing occnsionally ; the hind quarters of the healthy

c 2

Mr. C'rookoraquo;,

lU'iiort to ConniiiHsiotioi'fcl,

196

AITENDIX TO THIRD ItEPORT OF

Mr. Ci'ookoraquo;,

Uoport to Commifsioiurs,

beast wore soiled with tho liquid nlvino disohtu-ges from tho disonsed 011c, mid on ouo occnHiou the former -wns Been to liek u part so tmiciivod. Actual iuoeulation, therefore, might bo conaiderod to Imvo taken place, wid tho question now became, how great u power of resisting the infection would the carbolic atmosphere, which (lie animal was breathing- day and night, confer upon it. Absolute Immunity was scarcely to l)e hoped for, and all that now remained wns to see how long the moans employed would enable tho animal to withstand the disease.

56.nbsp; Tho animals were put together on tho 15th of February. On tho 21st tho diseased one died in tho shed ; its body was removed, and replaced the next day by another sick animal. For a month tho experi�ment progressed satisfactorily, when the healthy animal showed signs of illness, but in a very mild form, and in a fow days recovered.

This experiment, although not so satisfactory as if the animal had entirely resisted infection, is, so far as it goes, very striking and valuable. Allowing nine days for the period of incubation, it shows that the antiseptic powers of sulphurous and carbolic acids ensured absolute immunity for nearly three weeks, and ilnally, when tho animal did succumb to this very severe test, deprived the disease of its malignant character. Tho relative position of the animals in the shod was unfortunate. Tho healthy animal being close to the door, tho man who looked after tho diseased animal and brought it food was obliged to pass close to it daily. Also tho filth and droppings from the diseased animals had to be passed out daily close to the healthy one, and tho dead bodies were likewise dragged out the same way. Actual contact between the healthy animal and infected mailer must there�fore have repeatedly taken place. Considering tho crucial severity of this trial, it is a very encouraging fact to have warded off an attack for so long a lime.

57.nbsp; nbsp;On the 15tb of February I selected, at tho same farm, another small shed containing three animals in the last stage of the disease, and in which several had previously died in rapid succession. The place had not been cleaned out for some time, and was pervaded by tho characteristic stench of the disease. In this shed I spent the greater part of the day, collecting specimens for future examination.

a.nbsp; nbsp;Several tubes of air from different parts of the shed, and from the nostrils of a dying cow, were collected and sealed up before the blow-pipe.

b.nbsp; Tufts of cotton wool having been pressed into glass tubes, air from the cow's nostrils and from different parts of the shed were sucked through them severally for ten minutes.

c.nbsp; nbsp;A very clean flask was filled with ice, a clean cup suspended beneath it, and the whole hung up to a beam in the centre of the shed, just out of reach of the animals. The moisture, condensing on the out�side of the flask, dropped into the cup, and was pre�served in a clean stoppered bottle. It took 30 hours to collect a quarter of an ounce of liquid.

d.nbsp; The air of the shed was likewise examined by shaking it, in a bottle of known capacity, with a standard solution of permanganate of potash ; but as no two determinations were obtained at all near to each other, nothing was shown by those experiments, except that air taken from close to the animals' mouths was more charged with organic matter than that taken from other parts of the shed.

The tubes of air, cotton wool, and condensed vapour were forwarded to Dr. Angus Smith, who kindly undertook their examination.*

Mr. Bainbridge's Farm.

58.nbsp; nbsp;This farm is likewise at Oulston, close to Mr. Daniel's, where the disease was spreading with tho greatest virulence. It had broken out hero a few days before I arrived. The original stock constated of 41 fine healthy beasts. The, farm-bnildings were kept beautifully clean, no pains or expciiHC had been spared to keep the herd in good health, and Mr. Bain* bridge was willing to adopt any means likely to save his stock. In the four days between the first

* See Ur, Adkus Smith's Report, i'art II,

outbreak and my visit, three animals had died, ono was ill, and another suspected. DiBlnfeotion was Immediately ooinmencodby white-washing and sprink�ling with carbolic acid, and burning sulphur, sub�stantially in tho way reeonnnonded in the Official lieconimoudations. In eflecting this, I was ably seconded by Mr. Uainbridge, and his very intelligent foreman, Mr. Ilardcastlo, both being unremitting in their endeavours to carry out the experiment in a satisfactory manner.

Some little delay occurring in procuring a sufficient supply of carbolic acid, tho whole of tho buildings could not bo thoroughly done until nearly a week later. Then, after tho animals already diseased had died, the plague left tho farm, and, up to the present date, no further attack has taken place.

59.nbsp; nbsp;The hospital shed, to which Mr. Bainbridge's cattle had been removed when they exhibited signs of illness, and in which three had died, being in a field a. quarter of a mile away from any other building, was well adapted for experimental purposes. Permission being freely given to make what uso I liked of it, I had it thoroughly cleaned, and disinfected with carbolic acid, whitewash, and sulphur, in tho manner already described (54.). A two-year-old bullock, from a farm a mile distant from any disease, was put into ono of the stalls, and in the adjoining stall a diseased heifer was tied, in such a manner that actual contact was im�possible. When, a few days after, this died, there being no other case to substitute for it, the healthy beast was kept by itself. Sprinkling with carbolic acid, sulphur fumigation, and whitewashing were strictly carried out, and for nine days the experi�mental bullock remained healthy. It then showed signs of disease, and died on tho 13th day.

Miss Barrnhy's Farm, Dishforlh.

60.nbsp; nbsp;The experiments here have been condacted with greater accuracy than was possible at other places, and the results consequently are more striking. On February the 2()tli I accompanied Or. Byott, of Thirsk, to this farm, where the disease had broken out amongst a valuable herd of pedigree short horns. The animals appeared to bo tended as carefully as if they had been hunters. The buildings were scrupulously clean, tho only fault being their close proximity, which rendered a proper separation of the diseased from tho healthy impossible. The only available part of the premises, where the graves could be dug, was also too near the houses, and many of tho carcases bad to be dragged close by the doors where healthy beasts were confined. A very valuable largo red bull, owing to the position of his house, was especially in danger. To attend to the sick beasts, certain men had been told off, and were even provided with a special sleeping apartment in the house, and no communication whatever was permitted them with the other farm servants.

I took some carbolic acid with me, and at once in�structed the farm servants in its use, and directed the preparation of whitewash and fumigation with sulphur. Not having sufficient acid to disinfect the whole ot the premises, a largo supply was ordered, and attention was chiefly directed to the houses containing the healthy stock, more especially to that of the largo red bull.

61.nbsp; nbsp;The virulence of the disease may be judged of by the following tabular statement:�

Total number of beasts 32. Jan. 24.�A severe case: recovered. Fob. 2.�One animal attacked: died on tho 3d. � 7.�One animal attacked: died on the llth. � 13.�Six ill.

.. 15___Nine ill.

� 20.�Visited Dishforth. � 23.�Five ill. Seven dead. Fob, 25.�Four killed by order of inspector. Three ill. Two new cases. ,, 26.�Two killed.

� 27.�The whole of tho premises were tho�roughly disinfected with cat'bolio acid and sulphnr according to written in�structions. (i2. From tins date the disease suddenly slipped. Two young bulls and two cows, ill before the disiu-

T1IK CATTLK 1'LAGUK COMMISSIONEUS.

li)7

fecting oporaiions hod commcucod, weiHJ snbscqncntly killed by order of tho inspootoi'; but no fresh caso oecurred, although tho disooso coutinuod to attack nolglibouring fanus ns severely aa before.

(Jli. Dr. Ityott, who spared no trouble to luivc tlieso exporiments properly carried out, und to whom I am greatly indobtod for his kiudnoss in suporintonding (hem during my nbaonco, lias kept mo constmitly in�formed of the results, At tho dato of this report all the animals are looking remarkably well and healthy ; not one fresh attack having taken plaee since the 27lh of February, when disinfection was cifeetually commenced.

The convaloscent cows are now intermixed with those which have escaped tho disease, and of tho latter, two about to calve arc tied up in the house where three animals bad died, sonic also arc kept in houses from which diseased animalraquo; were removed.

The largo red bull, which now occupies a shed wherein were formerly a diseased cow and heifer, is thriving, although both the sick animals had to pass the open end of his shed on their removal from tho other houses, and tho dead were convoyed by tho same road to their burial. All this time the disease keeps in tho village, fresh outbreaks are reported frequently, and on some farms nearly every head of cattle is swept off.

Dr. Eyott having examined the milk, and found it free from taint, two of the convalescent cows arc now supplying tho family daily with milk, cream, and butter.

The man who was principally employed with tho diseased animals, is now attending to the lambing of the ewes ; as yet they arc all well, and show no signs of illness.

64.nbsp; nbsp; Dr. Eyott writes, under date March 27th, quot; There can bo no doubt of the value of tho plan quot; of disinfection, after what I have observed in quot; such a severely plague-smitten place as Dishforth, quot; not only in the protection of cattle, but also of quot; sheep,�ns ewes at lambing time would be most quot; susceptible. But the plan of disinfection may bo quot; brought into disrepute by being cither improperly quot; or insufficiently applied. For instance, hearing quot; that a, fanner in whom I took some interest had got quot; the disease amongst bis cattle, I called on him, and quot; found several ill, and some already dead. I recom-quot; mended tho plan of disinfection as a protection quot; to the healthy animals in another fold, and as a quot; beginning gave him a gallon of carbolic acid. quot; A week after I visited him, and found that several quot; animals had been killed, and others were ill, wailing quot; the executioner. Ho said he had tried everything, quot; but particularly tho treatment of Mr. Worms, and quot; had used the disinfectant plan. On inquiry, I found quot; that not more than half a pint of the carbolic acid quot; bad been used, out of the gallon I gave him, and yet quot; he said he had tried tho plan, and had given out quot; that it had failed 1quot;

65.nbsp; An opportunity was afforded at this farm of try�ing a somewhat important experiment. A shed in which two cows had died, was disinfected (54.), and a short�horn cow�a prize beast�which had calved about a week, and had just shown signs of disease, was shut up in it. As the yield of milk had not stopped, a healthy calf was put in the same house, anil allowed to suck the diseased cow during tho wholo time she lived; tho oidy precaution taken being to keep tho atmo�sphere of the bouse strongly smelling of carbolic acid. This experiment was unfortunately cut short by (he inspector insisting on the slaughter of the cow, although she had then almost recovered from the disease. This happened during my absence, notwith�standing the energetic remonstrances of Dr. Byott, who explained that it would interrupt a valuable experiment, and that 1 was empowered to reserve infected animals for such purposes. Since tho cow was killed, (March 3d) the calf has remained well and lively ill the same house, and has been fed with milk from another cow which was recovering from the disease. It is much to be. regretted that this experiment, was not allowed to bo properly carried out, but, incomplete, though it be, it is of great value,

especially when viewed in ennjiinction with tho other operations on tho same farm.

31/: Spence's, Snieilln/, near Manchester,

66.nbsp; nbsp;I arrived here in December last, and iustructod the attendants in tho management of tho disinfecting plan with carbolic acid and sulphur. It lias hern regularly carried out ever since. In January hist the disease lirst appeared in tho inunediate neigh�bourhood, and carried oft' about, a dozen entile from a farm, the sheds of which were not more than .000 yards from Mr. Spence's cows. A short time after, 30 beasts, 750 yards oil' on another side, were at�tacked, and the whole were swept oft' in rapid succession. A month ago, (he disease appeared amongst 22 in another direction, not iiiore than 50 yards off, and the whole of these also died. Mr. Spence's cattle still keep well, and as the disease is leaving the neighbourhood, there is every pro�bability that they will remain healthy.

Mr. Thornton's Farm.

67.nbsp; nbsp;This is situated at Clayton Bridge, near Man�chester. The stork consists of 10 milch cows, and tho shed containing them bus been regularly disin�fected with carbolic acid since Christmas. jNo caso of illness has oecurred, although on the adjoining farms the disease has been rather severe for some months.

Mr. Lorvc's, Smcthwiclt. Hall, Brereton, Cheshire.

68.nbsp; nbsp;This farm is in the centre of one of the most affected localities in England. The stock consists of 73 animals ; 45 milch cows, kept in houses which have, been regularly disinfected since December last ; and 15 two-year-old heifers, and 13 yearling calves, kept in iields and open sheds. To these latter, no disin�fectant whatever has been used, owing to the impos�sibility of applying it satisfactorily to animals in the open air.

69.nbsp; nbsp;The disease prevailed very severely all round, but no case oecurred at Mr. Lowe's farm until Fe�bruary, -when one of the 45 milch coavs showed signs of illness. Immediate investigation was made, and it was found that one of the cowmen, on the previous day, had attended a post-mortem examination of some diseasedquot; beasts, and having come directly to Mr. Lowe's houses, afterwards had milked some of tho cows. The man was of course discharged instantly. The succeeding day, February 20th, the first cow that the man had milked, on the day of the post mortem, refused her food, and all the symptoms of the plague rapidly appeared. Two others in the same house were afterwards attacked, one of which recovered almost immediately ; the other was killed as a matter of precaution. A fourth caso then occurred in another shed. On inquiry, 1 found that the first, third, and fourth cows were those which had been milked by the discharged man. Tho second case, occurring in the same shed with tho first and third, was evi�dently either developed from them, or was a caso of infection brought, from the culvcs mentioned below (70.). Those four cases are all that have occurred amongst the 45 milch cows in the disinfected sheds. Up to the present date the rest, are perfectly well. Their health, indeed, seems to be improved by the carbolic acid. The cows arc very fond of it, and lick it from (lie woodwork or walls whenever they have an opportunity.

70.nbsp; Previous to his discharge, and on the morning ofthat day, the snme man was employed in preparing food for, and feeding, the unprotected 15 heifers and 13 calves. A few days after, the disease developed itself amongst them, and in a fortnight they were all dead.

71.nbsp; A crucial experiment has, therefore, been tried at this liirm on the grandest scale. It. was, indeed, supplied by accident, but it. is none the less satisfac�tory and decisive. Although it far surpasses in magnitude any trial which an experimentalist dare institute, it fulfils every condition which could bo demanded by the most rigid investigator. A farm is chosen in (lie very hotbed of Cattle Plague. The cattle on it are divided into two lots; 45 being placed

c 8

Mr. Croohes.

Rep Coiinui

irl to

uriouors.

198

APPENDIX TO THIBD EEPOUT OF

Mr. Crookos.

lloport lo Comimssionors.

in disinfcctotl houseraquo;, and 28 in undisiuiectod opou slicds. Tho disenso is brought into euch lot, 01^ tho same day, 1)/ diroot inoculation of the virus. Of the disinfected unimals, only those actually inoculated fall a prey, whilst of those which aro not protected liy disinfection, the -whole aro rapidly swept oft'.

It is scarcely possible to say anything which will add to iho satisfactory nature of these results : but 1 may mention, that, of the ten farms immediately aurrounding Mr. Lowe's, seven have lost the whole of their stock (amounting to 215), whilst on the re�maining throe tho plague is gradually spreading through the herdraquo;.

Mr. TollemacMs Farms, Cheshire. 72. On tho 28th of February I visited Peckforton Castle, at tho courteous invitation of J. Tollemachc, Esq., M.P. for South Cheshire. Owing to the long continued severity of the disease in this part of tho county, the only available farm, on which I could try the value of the disinfection plan, was tho Home farm at the foot of the Castle Hill. I attribute tho immunity which this farm has hitherto enjoyed, to the protection afibxded by the height and well-wooded character of the rock guarding it on one side, and also to the care and strict isolation to which tho cattle aro subjected. About 10 milch cows are kept in one house, and an equal number of cattle in a field and in. open sheds. At the time of my arrival, Mr. Tollemache considered that his herds were in im�minent danger, the disease existing all round, and vapidly advancing towards his farm in three direc�tions ; a row of small cottages, each having one cow, formed a train connecting a diseased farm, about half a mile off, with the Homo farm. Adjoining Mr. Tollemache's farm, and forming in fact part of the same establishment, aro some cattle belonging to Mr. Smith, tho sheds of which are within 50 yards of Mr. Tollemache's sheds. Attention was first directed to the house containing Mr. Tollemache's best milch cows, which was thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed, fumigated with sulphur, and freely sprinkled with carbolic acid. Sacking soaked in the acid was hung up in different parts of the shed, and tho water supplied to the cattle was likewise impregnated with it.

73.nbsp; Beyond sprinkling carbolic acid about the sheds, no disinfection was attempted with the other cattle, it being considered difficult to guard them from infection, so long as they lay out in fields and open sheds (68.).

The small cottages were then visited, llieir cow�houses were whitewashed, sulphured, and treated with carbolic acid in the usual way. A sufficient supply of the acid was left at each cottage, with full instructions for its use. Nothing was done to the cow-houses of Mr. Smith, who professed little faith in disinfection.

74.nbsp; nbsp;The disease still advanced steadily towards tho Home farm, and on the l?th of March one of Mr. Smith's cows was attacked: she was not removed, but kept in the snrne house with tho healthy ones. Then, for the first time, carbolic acid was used in die shed, but in very sparing and Insufficient quantities. The disease spread, and at tho present date five have died and three recovered.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�,, m n

75.nbsp; Up to the 26th of March the whole of Mr. lolle-mnche's cattle remained in health. On that day, however, a young bull, lying in the open yard (one of tho lot which had not been disinfected), was thought to show symptoms of illness ; it was put into n shed by itself, and on the 28th it died of the plugue. No otlior case of disease has since occurred nmongst the cattlo lying in the partially disinfected, open quot;sheds, ami ns a month has elapsed since this bull died, the period of incubation has long passed, mid it is certain that no germs of plague from that source aro lurking in the systems of the remaining animals.

On 7th of April one of the milch cows was taken ill in the disinfected shed j however she recovered in few days, and is now amongst the other cows and gives ns imicli milk as before. This case is easily

accounted for, as since tho 12th of March tho milch cows have boon exposed to sovoral easos of disease within 50 yards on one side of them at Mr. Smith's (72)., whilst at tho latter end of March, a bull actually died of tho plague within a few yards of their shed. Notwithstanding tho care which doubtless was taken to avoid coinmunieatiug infec�tion from the sick to tho healthy animals, tho virus may easily havo been carried to one of the inileh cows whilst they were being driven across tho yard to water, as was done once or twice a day.

76.nbsp; nbsp;Even tho wonderful disinfecting powers of carbolic acid aro probably put to too severe a test, when it is expected to preserve cattle from taking tho disease brought to them in so direct a manner as was tho case on this farm ; but it may be considered as almost proved (56. 69. 75.), that when tho plague does enter a shed which for some time past has been properly disinfected with carbolic acid and sulphur fumigation it loses much of its virulence and is de�prived of its infectious character.

All the cows at the small cottages, which have been disinfected since the beginning of March, remain healthy, although they arc now quite surrounded with the disease, and are even more exposed to the danger of infection than arc those at the Homo farm.

PAET IV.

Experiments on the Injection of Antiseptics into the Blood of diseased Anisials,

77.nbsp; Although perhaps there is no actual cure as yet known for the Cattle Plague, any more than for smallpox and similar diseases, yet on theoretical grounds it appeared not improbable that good might bo done by injecting various antiseptics into the blood (49,). If the disease depend on a change in tho blood, analogous to fermentation (8.), induced by tho presence of certain virus-cells, it appeared likely that suck antiseptics as sulphite and bisulphite of soda, or carbolic acid and its homologues, might stop this action, if they were introduced in adequate quantity, without acting injuriously on tho health of the animal. Professor Polli, Dr. De Ricci, Dr. M'Dowall, Dr. Waters, and others, havo advantageously used sulphites and bisulphites as prophylactics and cures in zymotic diseases. Viewing the matter solely from a chemical point of view, it appeared feasible that, ns I had successfully attacked the floating germs of the disease by atmospheric disinfectants, so I might neutralise the virus in the blood by tho introduction into it of appropriate antiseptics. Tho experiments have been tried upon too limited a number of animals to be worth much. I, however, put all these trials on record, as the results may prove of some service io others who may bo enabled to continue them.

78. Tho first experiments were performed on tho Slid of March at Mr. Findlow's, Wardle Hall, Cheshire, on two heifers in calf, just taken ill. The temperature of the animals per rectum was, No. 1. 106deg;'2 Fahr., No. 2. 106deg;'1 Fahr. The jugular vein having been opened with a fleamby Mr. Dunn, veterinary surgeon, (to whose assistance in these experiments I am much indebted), the flow Avas stopped by pressing the finger on the distal part of the vein, whilst I inserted the nozzle of an injection syringe (specially made for this purpose) into tho vein, pointing towards tho heart. The liquid injected consisted of half an ounce of sul�phite of soda dissolved in three ounces of water. Tho temperature of the liquid and syringe was as near as possible 100deg; Fabr., and the act of injection was per�formed very slowly ; particular care being taken to avoid injecting air into the vein. The vein was then fastened up by the surgeon. Two or three men were necessary to hold the animals, as they struggled sonie-Avhat, but as soon as the operation was over they seemed as well as before, and suffered no incon�venience from it. The next day tho animals were certainly no worse than they were on the previous day, and their temperature bad diminished. No. 1, being 10laquo;deg; Fabr., and No. 2. 104deg;'laquo; Fahr.

7Sgt;. Tho good ellect of the injection now seemed exhausted, the heifers rapidly got worse and in a few

Supplement to Eepokt of Experiments at Mr. Lowe's Fakm, Smethwick Hall, Chesiiiue.

(Paragraphs 68 to 71.)

Accident has carried this grand experiment a step further, with the most striking results. A few weeks ago, the remainder of Mr. Lowe's 45 disinfected animals were turned out to grass, and at the same time were removed from the protecting influenco of the carbolic acid. Within a few days the Plague attacked and killed the whole of them. The complete proof of the value of carbolic disinfection which has been afforded at this farm is cheaply purchased at the loss of all Mr. Lowe's stock.

W. C.

May Uth, 1866.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

199

days died. Tho disease had visited this farm very soveroly, only 16 cattlo having boon saved out of 107.

Mr. Singleton's Farm, The Jtooliery.

80. Tho disease on this farm whs also very virulent. Of an original stock of about 60 not one of those attacked had recovered. At my first visit over 40 had been buried, and tho rest wore going rapidly. I was anxious to try the ett'ect of iiijecting- sulphite of soda, and for this purpose, on the 2ml of March, Mr. Sin�gleton kindly placed at my disposal four two-year-old heifers which had shown first symptoms of illness that jnorning. The experiments at Mr. Tindlow's having shown that tho injection of half an ounce of sulphite of soda Into tho blood of an animal would do no harm, but would possibly do good (as in each case it was followed by a diminution of temperature), I dctor-mlned to incroaso tho doso ; three quarters of an ounce of sulphite of soda dissolved in three ounces of wann water were accordingly injected into the jugular vein of each of these animals, their temperatures before the operation being :�

No. 3. - 10o-2 Fahr. No. 5. - 104'0 Fahr. � 4. - 104-2 �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� 6. - 102-6 �

On visiting them the next day they were reported to be a little better, an improvement corroborated by the thermometer, which registered as follows :�

83.nbsp; Two things are clearly shown by this table. Mr.Orookes. In tho first place, the course of tho disease was de-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �-cidodly checked. In Mr. Singleton's painfully acquired comuHssloiicra.

cxperionco of the effect of tho plague, such an occur------------

fence as this had not happened before. In almost

every case the course of the disease had been remark�ably uniform. An animal was observed to show signs of illness one morning, the next day it was worse, and on tho third or fourth day it invariably died. Now Mr. Singleton himself pronounced each animal treated by injection better the next day, and a reference to the table shows that the thermometer confirmed this decision. Moreover, the amount of this decrease of teinperatui-o bears a relation to the quantity of antiseptic used. Thus, when \ an ounce of sulphite was injected, tho average fall of tempe�rature in the next 24 hours was 0-7�^o F. With 4^s quot;1quot; an ounce, the fall in 24 hours was 1-7⁰ F. With one ounce, the fall was 2deg; F., whilst with \ an ounce of bisulphate of soda, tho fall in the same time was 3-6⁰F.

84.nbsp; In the second place, not only did tho injection effect a temporary good for 24 hours, but it caused the animals to survive longer. On this farm, when an animal was taken ill, death ensued generally within four days. But on referring to the table (82) it is seen that No. 3 (which had received the smallest quantity of antiseptic) lived one day longer than usual. No. 6 (which had received a little more anti�septic injection) lived two days longer than usual ; whilst Nos. 7 and 8 (which had received the largest quantity of antiseptics) lived four days beyond the usual time. In all probability, if time had allowed further experiments, so as to find how large a doso of sulphite or bisulphite of soda could bo borne in safety by the animals, and especially if they bad been kept in disinfected sheds, and received careful nursing and appropriate medical treatment during the progress ,of the trials,�some, if not all of the cattle under experiment, would have been permanently cured.

Injection of Carbolic Acid.

85.nbsp; This was tried at first very carefully, and in dilute solution ;.the extraordinarily energetic action exerted by it on vital phenomena, rendering it not unlikely that its direct addition to the blood of an animal already weakened by the disease, would be rapidly fatal. The first experiment was tried at Mr. Fenna's, near Beeston. Three ounces of a so�lution of carbolic acid, containing one per cent., were very slowly and cautiously injected into tho jugular vein of a heifer (No. 9) just beginning to show signs of the disease. It appeared no worse for the operation. The next day it seemed about the same; but Mr. Fenna, having in tho meantime ob�tained some medicine reputed to bo infallible, was unwilling to allow me to continue the experiment.

86.nbsp; At this farm I was fortunate enough to find a severe case of tho plague in a small, well-closed shed. The peculiar odour attending the disease was most offensive. I spent several hours in this shed ex�amining tiic atmosphere, and collecting specimens as formerly at Mr. Dauicl's (49 a. h.) Infected air was also drawn over microscopic slides moistened with glycerine. The specimens here obtained wore for�warded to Dr. Lionel Beide for microscopic examina�tion.

87.nbsp; I was courteously allowed to make several trials of carbolic injection at Mr. Dutton's farm, near Peck-fortou ; tho experiments took place ou tho 18th of March, and five cows were subjected to the treatment. Emboldened by the previous result (85.), i worked on this occasion with a solution of pure carbolic acid containing four per cent. The first cow (No. 10.) was injected with 1A ounces ot'liquid, containing 26_:j grains of tho pure acid. It is probable that this injection was rather too rapidly performed, for the animal appeared distressed by it, and trembled all over ; in about tbreo minutes, however, she quite recovered the temporary ill effects.

No. 3. - 102-8 Fahr. � 4. - 103-7 �

No. 5. - 101-9 Fahr. � 6. - 100-8 �

Tho promising symptoms, however, did not last; Nos. 4 and 5 died on March the 4th, and on the 5th the surviving animals were worse. The injection, as in the former cases, resulted only in temporary good. (79.)

Another calf, No. 7, taken ill that morning, its temperature being 106deg;, was then injected with one ounce of sulphite of soda. In this case it was intended to inject it with another ounce the next day.

81.nbsp; Sulphite of soda producing no injurious action when added to the blood (even if it did but little good), it was determined to try bisulphite of soda, on calf No. 8, its temperature just before tho operation being 104deg;.

On the 6th of March I found No. 3 dying; No. 6 about the same as the day before, and Nos. 7 and 8 decidedly better. Their temperatures were :�

No. 3. - 98-5 Fahr. No. 7. - 104-0 Fahr. � 6. - 102-4 �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � 8. - 100-4 �

No. 3 died the same day. Nos. 6 and 7 had each one ounce of sulphite of soda injected into the jugular vein on the other side of the neck; and No. 8 had half an ounce of bisulphite of soda again injected into it.

1 was now obliged to leave this part of the country for some days, and, ou my return, I found all my patients dead.

82.nbsp; The following is a tabular statement of the pro�gress of these cases :�

Tahlh showing Kesults- of injecting Sulphite and Bisulphite of Soda into the blood of Animals suffering from Cattlo Plague.

Substnnco injcctoil.

III

2d Day.

!id Day.

4th Day.

5th Day,

f loH.ofsul-quot;) X liliitoofj-(. soda. J ; o/,. ditto -

\ o/.. ditto -J oz. ditto -I oz. ditto -

} oz. ditto -

deg;F.

lOO'O

10V8

102-8

103-7 101-raquo;

100-8

, lOt'Oi V\ \ oz.ofhi.f } siilphitof (, of soda ) lOO'il J' oz. 01 bi-

Biilphito

of soda.

⁰\gt;.

100'2

100-1 105-2 104'2

lOt'O

Died,

Died.

101'2

Died,

Died. : OS'S | died i this day

102-4! 1 oz. of silllaquo; pliitc of raquo;oda

Dind

on laquo;tli

day.

' Diml

ondth

L day,

t Died

on (illi

L day.

1 oz. ditto - i lOO'O

(#9632;; nz. of hi-')

\ Bitlplifto f IM'O

(. ol'noda. )\

Oc 4

200

APl'KNDIX TO THIRD REPOKT OF

Mr. Crookos.

lluiiort to

(\miiiiis-iimrr,s.

It nppeared ovldont Hint if harm woro to follow tho injection of carbolic ncid the mischiovous cfl'oct would b� iunuodiiito; but that If the fluid could pass through the heart, without exei'tiug its paralysing action on that organ, and could get into tho circulation, no prosont ill effects need bo anticipated. I theroforo determined to push theso experiments as far as pos�sible, increasing the quantity of carbolic acid until it produced a fatal result.

88.nbsp; Tho next operation was on cow No. 11, In which llirco ounces of solution (containing 82^ grains of pure carbolic acid) were very slowly injected. No bad effect followed.

89.nbsp; Increasing tho dose, cow No. 12 had injected into her vein, 4^ ounces of solution (equal to 78J grains of carbolic acid) ; this also was followed by no immediate ill effect.

90.nbsp; Cow No. 13 was then treated with six ounces of solution (containing 10� grains of pure carbolic acid) in two portions of throe ounces each ; live minutes interval elapsing between each injection. The iirst three ounces produced a slight trembling, but not so severe as in the case of cow No. 10 ; as she seemed better in a few minutes, the second dose of three ounces was injected. This proved too nuicli, or was pumped in too hurriedly ; for almost before I had finished, the animul trembled violently, its eyes pro�jected, its breathing became laborious, it fell down and expired.

The result could scarcely bo attributed to the accidental injection of air into the vein, for tiie distress began with tho injection of the first syringe-full, and was only Increased by the second ; nor is it likely that this accident would happen twice con�secutively. I was particularly careful on this point, and the construction of the instrument rendered such an occurrence scarcely possible with ordinary precau�tion. It is probable that the injection was performed too rapidly, or that tho vital powers were lower than usual.

91.nbsp; In the case of the remaining animal. No. 14, I decided to inject as large a dose as it would bear, stopping the operation at the first sign of trembling, and deiivering the liquid very gradually. Tho first syringe-full caused no bad symptom, and I had just finished injecting the second dose when trembling commenced. It was rather violent for a short time, but soon went off, and in five minutes the animal appeared as well as before. This cow, therefore, bore without inconvenience, the injection of six ounces of a four per cent, solution, containing 105 grains of pure carbolic acid.

Careful observations with tho thermometer were taken before each operation. There were no more diseased beasts on the farm, or I should have carried my experiments still further.

92.nbsp; nbsp;On visiting the fiirm the next day, I was told that all the animals seemed bettor, and on testing them with the thermometer (93.), that statement was contirmed. I gave directions that eacli animal was to bo drenched with half a wine-glassful (one ounce) of carbolic acid in a quart of warm water every inorn-inquot;'; but in other respects they might be treated, as Mr. Tomlinson, a skilful cow doctor, should direct.

Business now calling mo to London, I was unable to watch the further progress of these cases ; this is to be regretted, as a series of dally thermoinetric observations would have been of great value in suggesting further experiments. I had, however, frequent accounts sent me. Cow No. 14 continued to improve slowly, until convalescent. She is now quite well. Nos. 10, 11, and 12 remained in apparently the same state for four days; they then changed for tho worse and died. It is not improbable, that, had I been able to inject a further quantity of carbolic acid, during the, four days in which they were thus hovering between recovery and relapse, it would have turned tho scale, and some of them, at all events, would be now alive und well.

93. Tho following tablo gives tho thormomctrlc observations !�-

TAJUiB showing llosults of injecting Carbolic Acid into the JJlood of Animals suffering from tho Cattle Plague.


No.	(drains of Onrbolio Ada in- jootodi	Tmnpora-tiiro uoforo Injection.	2dDny.	MDay.
10 11 12 11	201 C2i 78} 103	o V, 105'.l 103'8 IDfS 103-7	103-8 102-8 ion	liottor. Better. Better. Better.	DiedonOthday' Dii-aonOtlulay. DledonOtlulay. Rocovored.

94. If future experiments prove that injection of carbolic acid, or other antiseptic, will do good, it is an operation very easily performed (78.). I have injected fivo animals, and taken thormomctric observations, within an hour. Sulphite or bisulphite of soda appa�rently occasion some pain, as the animals struggle very much. With carbolic acid, I found them tolerably quiet.

9�. I have calculated the proportion which the car�bolic acid bore to the whole quantity of blood in those operations. Taking the total amount of blood in the animal at 150 pounds, there were injected into�

No. 10, one part carbolic acid in 40,000 of blood. �11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20,000 �

� 12nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13,300 �

� 14nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10,000 �

It is worth mentioning, incidentally, that in tho case of cow No. 14 (which recovered), tho proportion of carbolic acid, injected into tho blood, would have been enough to keep from decomposition tho whole quantity of that liquid for a considerable time. In Nos. 10, 11, and 12 the proportion of carbolic acid would probably not have been sufficient for that purpose.

96.1 am informed by Dr. Calvert, that cresylic acid has much less coagulating power on albumen than car�bolic acid, and my own experiments (37) entirely confirm this statement. I have now in preparation in my laboratory a quantity of cresylic acid in a state of purity, to be employed as an injection, if further opportunities of prosecuting these inquiries be afibrded me. Xylic acid, the member of the same series, above cresylic acid, is also under preparation. This is also a powerful antiseptic, and it is possible that further investigation may show that this body possesses othfll valuable properties.

Conchtsion.

97.nbsp; In concluding the report of my experiments, I cannot avoid expressing regret that they arc not move complete. Ilad more time been at my disposal, I hoped to have been able to settle certain important questions, relating to tho laws of infection, which are necessarily only imperfectly treated in this report.

Experiments of this kind necessarily occupy nuich time. Weeks have been spent in tho fruitless endeavour to find appropriate spots, whero satis�factory experiments could bo performed ; and when all has been arranged, longer time has elapsed before any result could be established, during which period the experiments required unremitting watchfulness, to guard against the manifold sources of error.

98.nbsp; Were time and opportunity allowed me for pro�secuting these researches, I would point out tho following experiments, as being likely to yield valuable results:�

a, Contlnuo the examination of the action of car�bolic and cresylic acids on insects, animalcules, at i d m i croscopic an imal and vegetable organ isms, and exlend it to xylic acid and other powerful antiseptics of this class, such as eugenic, acid, methyl-oxy-phenk', and methyl-oxy-cresylic acids, amp;c. (88. 39. 40.).

XHB OATTMS PLAGUE OOMMISSIONBRS.

201

b.nbsp; Try various methods of readily disinfecting

sheds, cattle trucks, amp;c. It is probable that the liquid pulvorisors, as used for the inhala�tion of medicated liquids, would vapidly difl'uso carbolic acid, pure or in solution, wherever its action was needed. The employment of this instrument will also give the means of employing non-volatile disinfectants, such as per�manganate of potash, per-chlorido of iron, and other metallic salts, for purposes of atmospheric disinfection.

c.nbsp; Examine the atmosphere from different parts of

infected sheds, with standard solutions of permanganate of potash, and estimate quanti�tatively the organic matter therein contained (57. d.).

d.nbsp; Draw infected air through gun cotton, and

afterwards dissolve the latter in ether, or other appropriate solvent, and examine the residue under the microscope (57. b. 86.).

e.nbsp; Collect the exhaled breath from diseased animals,

and cause healthy animals to breathe it. (This experiment must be carefully arranged, so as to avoid communicating infection by other means than through the lungs.)

/. Draw infected air from sheds, and the breath of diseased animals, through spiral glass tubes, artificially cooled with ice, or by Krohne and Seseman's ether spray apparatus, as used for local anassthesia. Examine the condensed liquid chemically and microscopically (57. c).

g. With the condensed liquid obtained in the last experiment, inoculate healthy animals, both before and after mixing with it carbolic acid or other antiseptics.

/(. With the liquid collected from the eyes and nostrils of diseased animals, inoculate healthy animals ; both before and after mixing with it various quantities of carbolic acid or other antiseptics (42).

i. Inoculate healthy animals with infected cotton wool, obtained as in experiment d. Repeat this, after exposing the infected wool to the vapour of various antiseptics (43. 57. b.). j. Try if the infection is produced through the stomach by adding to the food infected liquids.

k. Try if the infectious matter is on the skin, by washing a portion of it, and inoculating a healthy beast with the liquid.

Z. Condense the volatile matter of the fieces of diseased animals, and try if the infection is present in it.

m. Examine the gas which collects under the skin in cases of emphysema, chemically, micro�scopically, and in relation to its power of com�municating infection.

n. Continue the experiments on injecting antisep�tics into the blood of diseased animals (77. to 96.). In this manner, try the action of sulphites, bisulphites, hypophosphites, and the substances mentioned in experiment a. The injections can be repeated several times on the same animal, by tying in the vein, a tube furnished with a stopcock.

o. Repeat, several times, the experiment of placing together in the same shed a healthy and a plague-stricken animal, and endeavour by any method which promises best to save the diseased animal from death, and avert the pestilence from the healthy one. Previous experiments (56. 65.) show that the favourable solution of this problem is far from unlikelylaquo;

p. Try the preventive; and curative effect, once or ot'tener in 24 hours, of submitting the animal for a certain time in a small chamber tilled with strong disinfecting or antiseptic vapour, so that the whole current of the blood and

substance of tho tissues may be speedily and

strongly impregnated with it (46.).

q. Repeat some or all of the foregoing oxporU

ments on sheep ; and try any fresh experiments

which may bo suggested in tho course of the

inquiry.

Experiments g, h, and i will show beyond a doubt

whether the vii'iis of Cattle Plague is destroyed by

carbolic acid. Valuable information would bo gained

by occasionally pushing the experiments n and p to

a fatal issue. It is probable that tho carcase of a

diseased boast, killed by cither of these expcrlni�nts

will bo found to bo eilieiently disinfected ; and should

this prove to bo tho case, the administration of a fatal

doso of disinfectant will usefully replace the poleaxe.

Mr. Oi'ookcii

lloport to CommLsFiioners,

99.nbsp; In dealing with tho Cattle Plague it is possible to try testing experiments of a nature wholly inad�missible where human beings are concerned ; and thus it is feasible to suppose that from the lessons derived from this pestilence wo might obtain insight, into moans of preventing, or even curing, zymotic diseases. Thus the theoretical views, the experiments, and results recorded in the preceding pages, Jpossess an interest beyond the immediate sphere of Cattle Plague. They point forcibly to tho possible prevention quot;and cure of all zymotic diseases which attack the human race, and thus possess a far wider and more momen�tous signiflcance, than if they related only to cattle. Every argument brought forward, every experiment detailed, and every result obtained in tho course of this investigation, apply with overwhelming force to such visitations as typhus and typhoid fever, smallpox, diphtheria, and to that terrible scourge which for pome time past has been threatening our shores.

100.nbsp; The free use of tho disinfecting agents here pointed out might not only save the country from the ravages of this pestilence, but it would ameliorate the physical condition of the people. Although foul sewage and putrefying animal matter are probably insufficient to generate the first septic germ of zymotic disease, there can be no question that when such diseases do attack a population they spread with the greatest virulence wherever such putrescent materials abound. Highly important results might be expected to follow the general use of antiseptics, whether applied to farm buildings, where large quantities of manure are produced, or to sewage, whatever its destination,� whether allowed to fester in cesspools, pollute our rivers, or return to the soil. In tracts of land to which sewage, disinfected with carbolic acid, has been applied, the sheep are free from foot rot, the potatoes from disease. Obnoxious insects, such as turnip-fly, gnats, and dung-flics, are absent; and grubs, lame, and the lower forms of animal life, and infusoria (the invariable accompaniments of putrefying matter) disappear; whilst vegetation becomes remarkably healthy and luxuriant. It is also highly probable that those imperceptible, but injurious emanations from the soil, known'as malaria, would bo destroyed, for Dr. Angus Smith* has conclusively proved, that the putrefactive decomposition in soils, which produces malaria, does not take place in presence of very minute quantities of carbolic acid ; and Dr. M'Culloch has shown that the unhealthiness of many parts of England may be traced to such exhalations. It therefore may lie expected that, by extending the sphere of operation of these preventive appliances, we may not only diminish the loss of much valuable property and much sustenance of the people, but oven diminish tho risk and extend tho term of the natural life of man.

April 25th, 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Wtu.iAM Ckookks.

* (quot;'ii the Froduotion and Prevention of Milana, hy Dr. U. Angivi Smith, F.U.S.�jrenioirs of the hiterary und PhllosophloiU Society of Manchester, vol. i., 1861.

13530.

202

APX'ENDIX TO THIRD KEPOKT Ol?

I'rofossors Ynraell and

I'ritchard.

Koport to

Comiuisbioners,

On the Treatment of the Cattle Plague. EEPOET TO HEE MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

GEOEGE VARNELL,

PllOTEBSOIl OB A.KATOM1', WITH i'UYaiOLOHy, JtOYAl, ViirliMNAlty COLlKCIli, LONDOraquo;;

AND

WILLIAM PRITCHARD,

ASSISTASr I'KOX'ESBOB AS1) UEJIONSXUAl'OU 01 ANATOMY, KOYAL VKTEUiNAHY COLLEOE, I.0NJ)OH,

The time allotted to us by the Royal Commission for preparing this Report lias been found far too limited to admit of our elucidating all the points we contemplated investigating at the onset of our inquiry, for as we progressed modes of procedure other than those employed suggested tliemselves.

The treatment also as applicable to all other known diseases in cattle seemed, and indeed has proved, of but little, if any, avail in this affection.

The symptoms of Cattle Plague vary in intensity and in regularity, nevertheless those that are present in every instance arc singularly typical of this peculiar disease. It is comparatively easy, therefore, to form a diagnosis, and with reference to a prognosis, although we are .able to predict in a very large majority of cases what will be the result, our ability to do so is not through a deduction drawn from a knowledge of the pathology of the disease, but from our experience of its almost uniform fatality.

As regards the treatment of those cases we had the charge of, it has been, ns a rule, unsuccessful, even more so judging from (lie reports wo have seen and heard than that resorted to hy many practitioners in the country. That these gentlemen have been more successful than ourselves we believe is possibly true to some extent, and may be accounted for in two, or perhaps in three ways. In the first place, the cases we treated have been sent to us hy inspectors from different parts of the metropolis, and as a rule the malady had far advanced before our patients arrived. In the second place the disease had thoroughly de�clared itself in the animals forwarded to us before they were removed from their sheds. In this con�dition they were carted a considerable distance to the college, and on arriving there they were often so much exhausted that some of them died very shortly after. In the third place the atmospheric and other influences existing in the country would no doubt favour the recovery of many animals that would succumb to the disease if placed in a more confined situation.

The recovery of plague-stricken animals, whether submitted to our treatment or to that of others, whether living in town or in the country, has not in our estimation been due to medicine, except, perhaps, to a very slight extent.

Opinions with reference to the nature of the disease passed through many pliuscs from the period when it first broke out in this country to the present time. It was called Rinderpest by some; an appellation which in a very common sense is perhaps true, if fully explained, but, nevertheless a term which did not give the slightest clue to the pathology of the disease. I5y some the malady was considered typhoid, by others typhus in its nature, and we thought for a time that there were strong grounds for the correct�ness of these views. Morbid anatomy, however, did not sanction the adoption of either term to the full extent of its pathological signification. We at first based our mode of treatment on the assumption that the disease was cither typhoid or typhus, but the results of such treatment were in every instance unsatisfactory, so that we wore eventually induced to think that the disease, as far as its nature was concerned, was neither the one nor the other. At this stage of the investigation we had reasons for viewing the disease in quite another aspect; circum-

stances occurred which induced us to look npon tl aflliction as exanthematous in ita nature, but ti notion had not its full weight with us until it w confirmed by Mr. R. Ceely, M.R.C.S., of Aylesbui whoso opinion on eruptive fevers is of the greate value. As the terms Rinderpest and Cattle Plague d not indicate in any manner whatever the mode treatment to be pursued, and as tradition only i formed us that such affections were incurable, a were deprived of even the light of experience guide us as to what course wo should take. After time, however, having got some idea of the class disease to which we conceive the one in questii belongs, we were enabled to take more rational viei us to the course we should pursue. We are confide even now that we have not discovered a cure f the affection, but we hope, as the character of t disease is more intimately understood, that prevent! measures will be attempted with a far better chan of success than hitherto.

Relieving that we have an eruptive fever of highly contagious and malignant nature to contei with, and feeling persuaded that such affections mu run their course, all we can do is to facilitate tllaquo; doing so with as little interruption to the health the animal affected as possible. To effect this ei drugs are found to be of but little use ; still they a not to be wholly discarded. We have asked t question, what is the quot; Rinderpestquot; of the steppes Russia 'i It may perhaps be a modified form of t. same disease as, or even identical with, the one whl now exists in England. We cannot assert that it not so, only so far as we are unable to find, from t descriptions given of it, that it possesses those peculi characteristics we have observed it to possess in tl country. They certainly do not correspond wi those described in the Report drawn up by Profess Simonds and Mr. Ernes on their return from t continent in 1857, whither they had been for t purpose of investigating the nature of Cattle Plagv It is possible, however, that had those gentlem remained longer in the country where this disen then existed, and had they enjoyed the same faciliti for investigating it that we have had of the one n( existing in cattle in this country, they would ha discovered and described a disease bearing a strong resemblance to the latter as regards the symptoms, pc mortem appearances, and also the capability of its beii communicated with ease to other animals, such sheep and goats, than they have done. The ve name quot; Rinderpest,quot; by which a disease in Russia designated, is calculated rather to mislead than assist in directing the mind to its true pathology.

In the present outbreak, although the disease highly malignant, and almost alwsiys fatal, yet assumes a milder form in some few districts than others, or even in the same districts at one time th at, another, and that such really happens wo raquo;h be able to show as we proceed with our Report, some districts we have hoard of comparatively lar per-centages being saved; but those persons und whose care the animals were placed candidly stat that the recoveries were not to ho referred to t effects of medicine, but to the eases being mild ones,

We have not been able to determine whether tl disease is more prevalent, on high table lands than low districts. For a time wo thought the form

THE CATTLE TLAG�E COMMISSIONEKS.

203

locality favoured an exemption from the malady, but

wo have sinco hud reason to think that such i.s not tlie case; the returns, however, to the Privy Council would determine thin question.

Varieties of Breeds.�Particular breeds of cattle laquo;how no immunity from this disease. We have observed it in the Alderncy, the Brittany, the Dutch, the Italian, und the English ; the latter in our opinion are less able to beur up against its attacks than any one of the others, and the higher the iinimal is bred the sooner it succumbs. Wo cannot assert that the Dutch are less liable to be attacked by the disease than other breeds, but ns a, rule wo have found that they live longer, and more of them recover than of the other varieties.

Age seems to have no effect in rendering 1111 animal less susceptible ; cattle at all ages seem equally liable to an attack. If there is any difference in this respect we are inclined to think that weakly yearlings are most predisposed to bo affected.

Sex, as far as we have been able to detect, has no influence in producing a greater predisposition to be affected in one kind than in another.

Previously to the 20th of October 1865, the date of our being appointed by the Royal Commission to investigate and report on the symptoms, progress, treatment, both curative and preventive, of the Cattle Plague, we had treated about 20 cases in the College infirmary, and similar success attended our efforts, then as now, so that experience seems to be no avail in discovering a remedy.

The suggestions for the treatment of Cattle Plague have been as varied in kind as tliey were numerous in quantity, but whether they have emanated from veterinary surgeons, or from practitioners of human medicine, they have proved equally inefficient.

Information received from the Country.

In October 1865 wo visited the farm of Capel Cure, Esq., Blake Hall, Essex, for the purpose of examining his herd of cattle, among which the plague had broken out. This gentleman had already lost one; the rest we examined, and found that many of them exhibited well marked symptoms of the disease. One of the worst we caused to be killed, for the purpose of exa�mining its viscera., the morbid appearances of which fully confirmed the opinion wo had formed. Those that were ill were being treated by a farrier, who informed us of the nature of his treatment, and cer�tainly a more heterogeneous compound than that which he prescribed cannot be imagined. He candidly stated quot;that he was doubtful if anything would do quot; the beast any good, but he was anxious to do some-quot; thing.quot;

The great losses of cattle, and afterwards of sheep, sustained by R. Harvey, Esq., M.P., on his estate near Norwich, are proofs as positive of the highly oonta-goous nature of the disease as could possibly be ad�duced, nor have we seen a better opportunity of studying the symptoms of the disease on a large scale than we had at, Crown Point (Mr. Harvey's Park) during last October. Here we saw sheep affected with the plague in all its stages, from the first signs of sickening with an attack to dissolution. Some animals would be observed in the very early stages of the affection, lingering behind the remainder of the apparent healthy flock. Such of them as acted in this way were not disposed to cat, and seemed unable to keep pace with the rest. Others affected with the malady in a more advanced stage would be found lying one here and another there, having been left by their associates ; these, if disturbed, would rise and attempt to follow on, but before reaching their com�panions would fall from exhaustion, Then, if such animals were more closely examined, they would be found to have a slight discharge from their eyes, the lids of which would bo reddened, (heir cars would hang down, and their breathing would be, disturbed. Others in a more advanced stage would be, found in some secluded spot, us if intentionally selected, where�in to finish their loathsome existence undisturbed.

Del

In such instances the symptoms would indlcato their hopeless condition; their breathing would be much affected, the reapiration being performed with a dis�tressing moan accompanied with a peculiar gnmt; and they would bo covered with blue flesh-flies. The odour from their bodies and from tho copious fuical discharges wore extremely offensive, the latter fre�quently covered with a bloody mucous, and tho visi-ablo nuicoiis membrane of their eyes, nostrils and mouth of a dark purplish red aspect. In addition to this desolating scene, might bo observed at some distant part of tho park the dead cart going its round collecting tho carcases of those that had but recently died, to convey them to the burial place, where already about eight hundred had been within a very short time deposited in deep pits.

We made several post-mortem examinations, and the nature of the morbid parts left no doubt on our minds with respect lo the disease from which they had died being identical with that affecting cattle, and termed Cattle Plague.

The grass on Mr. Harvey's park was unusually dry as well ns very much blighted, and we were told that there was a scanty supply of water. To these cir�cumstances some people attributed the disease in the sheep, but in this opinion we did not concur, and certainly our experience on the following two days strengthened our non-concurrence with this assertion.

The day after we had inspected Mr. Harvey's sheep wc visited a farm near Colchester, Essex. There we also obtained conclusive evidence of tho contagious nature of the disease, and also of its being transmitted from cattle to sheep, and the converse. Tho pro�prietor of this farm bought some sheep in Colchester Market, which soon afterwards proved to be a part of an infected flock. These soon conveyed the disease to his cattle, all of which, with the exception of one, filed. Twenty-two well marked cases of the disease among his sheep were shown us. One of them that had but just died, and one that we had destroyed, were examined post-mortem, as we did also a heifer that died during the night, and the morbid appearance of the viscera of both sheep and heifer satisfied us that they died from Cattle Plague.

The food these sheep were being fed upon was quite different from that upon which Mr. Harvey's sheep had been partaking of. In this instance they were folded upon young green turnips, quite free from mildew; they had also some bran, and a small quantity of oil cake daily.

The day following wc inspected the sheep on another farm about twelve miles from Colchester, where wo found a number of very strong two-year old ewes. Many of these were labouring under the disease (Cattle, Plague); some were actually dying, and two had died early in the morning. We examined the carcases of two which fully confirmed our statement. Wc were informed that these ewes had caught the disease from some bullock that had died of the Cattle Plague on some, farm, previously to I ho sheep being attacked. The food of these ewes was quite succulent in its nature, and they bad free access to water. We consider the experience wo gained on this farm vain-able, inasmuch as it proves that older sheep than Mr. Harvey's (which were only quot; hoggetsquot;), even if well fed, nro not exempt, and it is a third proof that sheep can contract (he disease from cattle.

On tho 11th of November wo visited Aylesbury, ami through the kindness of Robert Ceely, Esq., M.R.C.S., and Mr. Lepper, M.R.C.V.S., we were enabled to see several very interesting cases of Cattle Plague. Some of them presented symptoms of a pecu�liar nature, such as we had not before witnessed, und which to a very great extent influenced our future mode of proceeding. These peculiarities bad been previously noticed both by Mr. Ceelcy and Mr. Lepper. The former gentleman attached considerable importance to tliem. They consisted in the skin being covered widi crusts or scabs, tho result of an eruption,

Tho first case we saw at Aylesbury was a white short-horn cow, which was under the charge of Mr. o

Professors Varncll and Prttobard.

Uoport to Commissioners.

204

APrENDIX TO THIBD REPORT OP

T'rofpssors Varuoli ami Pi'itclmi'il.

llt'porl (o CouaratsBlouEtre

Lepper, who Informed us that sho had boeu affected in n mild degree, and thot tho eruption un her skin made its appenvanconfew days after showaa attacked, (Jri making n careful examination wo found many crusts more especially on the udder teats, insiilo tho thighs and to n less extent on other parts of the skin. In many places on tho teats the crusts had f�llen oflf, but tho places where they had been were indicated by light rings with slightly depressed centres.

Tho next case of Gattlo Plague wo saw was ono out

quot; cannot bo asserted that they nro not somewhafc quot; injured, those who buy them do so with an amount quot; of caution.quot; In confirmation of tho above stato-ments wa may mention that wo have soon tho sumo spots on tho skins taken from eattlo that have died in our infirmary, but not until our attention was directed to them through tho above media.

On tho 30th of November wo were informed by the inspector's assistant of the Watford district that some cows, tho property of Mr. White of Elckmans-worth, had had the disease in a very mild form, but that after they were first attacked nn eruption broke out on the necks, legs, and thighs, and that these parts were now covered with scales or crusts; others of Mr. White's cows that had not this eruption died of tho Cattlo Plague. Mr. Ceely visited Mr. White's farm, and examined the cows alluded to by the in�spector's assistant, and found, as had boon stated, that the cows necks and legs were covered with crusts.

December 11th. � We aro informed by Mr. Ceely that he had some pieces of skin sent him by Mr. Gooch and Mr. Leamon of Reaphara, Norfolk, which showed patches of roseola ; also a piece of partly tanned skin which distinctly showed marks of previous vesicles.

December 23d.�A red and white calf died from the Cattlo Plague in the college infirmary, and on examining its skin it was found to bo covered with an intense rash. When the hair was removed by scalding, the surface resembled the skin of man affected with intense erysipelas. Eruption on the skin must be looked upon as one of the most important features of tho disease, it being the key to the true pathology of the affection, and at once establishes it as ono of the varieties of eruptive fevers which expe�rience has proved to be of the most malignant kind.

An experiment was carried out by the Norwich medical committee on the estate of R. Harvey, Esq., by placing twenty freshly purchased healthy sheep with eighty of Mr. Harvey's original stock, a part of which was diseased at the time. In a very short period thirty per cent of the latter and fifteen per cent of the former died of tho disease. Others also were ill when wo saw them, namely, on the 4th of November, showing to the satisfaction of the com�mittee that the disease is highly contagious.

On tho 20th of November we visited Norwich for the third time. On arriving there we were informed by Messrs. Wells and Smith, veterinary surgeons, that some homoeopathic practitioners had undertaken the treatment of some cattle affected witli the plague, and that they were appointed by the committee to ascertain the nature of the proceedings of tho homoeo�paths, and to select animals for them to treat. A large number of cases were shown them, but only eight were accepted as fair specimens upon which to test their treatment. Through the kindness of Messrs. Wells and Smith we were enabled to see these animals. They were undoubtedly decided cases of plague, and we formed the opinion that they would all prove fatal, which we subsequently heard was a correct one. All the cases we saw in the vicinity of Norwich on this occasion were of a very malig�nant type.

On the 25th of November we wrote to Mr. Ship�ley, M.R.C.V.S., of Yarmouth, Norfolk, for his opinion of the vrluo of treatment, knowing from former correspondence that he had treated a great many cases. His reply is as follows :

12, Soufhtown, Great Yarmouth, Dear Sirs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;November 28, 1865.

In answer to your letter, I beg to inform you that I have treated or caused to be treated cighty-nino cases of Cattle Plague, but I am sorry to say with but little success, in fact, none, so far as medi�cine is concerned, for out of this number I find only twelve have recovered, and these I feel convinced would have done so by careful nursing without the aid of medicine. I have tried various remedies, amongst which arc carbonate of ammonia, hydro-

Jiero only,

veral that had a fatal tennimitiou. The cow referred to had had tho disease in a mild form and Mr. Leppor thought sho would have re�

covered. Many parts of her skin were covered with irregular crusts, those on her udder being the most perfect in form.

About ono mile from Aylesbury wo wore shown four calves which were labouring under the disease : ono was dying; the others were mild cases, and wo have been since informed that they recovered. The eruption on the skin of these calves was more extensive than we had hitherto seen it on any beast, and on one of them their shapes were well defined. The man who fed them said that tho eruption on their skin broke out about three days after they were taken ill. Two of these calves presented a very singular appearance ; the discharge from their eyes and nostrils was very copious; from the eyes it actually streamed down their cheeks, and yet they seemed to suffer but little, for they were chewing their cuds and in other respects appeared to ail but little. The owner of these calves had lost some cows, but he said ho could form no idea how his stock had contracted the disease, as no stock of any kind had been near them for a great distance.

We next inspected a case in the cowshed at the Union Workhouse, which exhibited tbe malady in its last stages. There was no eruption on tbe skin that wo could detect, and we should not have alluded to this case but for the fact of the animal's position being so extremely isolated that no ono could form an idea as to how she contracted the disease. There were two cows on these premises both healthy at tho time we wore there, but we have since heard that both of them have since taken the disease and died.

We next visited a farm about half a mile from any road, and to get to it we had to cross some meadows. Four well-marked cases of Cattle Plague were shown us in different stages. All of these animals have since died. On their skins we found a large number of crusts, and, like those wo had previously examined, they were more numerous and better defined on their udders than elsewhere.

We saw other animals that were affected by Cattle Plague, but as they presented no peculiarities differing from those w^re had already seen we shall not record thera. Our principal object in paying this visit was to examine the nature of tho reported eruption on the skin of cattle affected with Cattle Plague, and which has no doubt, through the sagacity of Mr. Ceely, proved an important feature in the pathology and treatment of tho disease.

Quite by accident we learned that some tanners in Norfolk had observed that the skins of cattle which had died of the plague were to a certain extent injured by the disease. This hint had had so im�portant a bearing in connexion with the eruption noticed first by Mr. Ccely, that that gentleman was induced to make some inquiries respecting it. Tho following is a reply to his communication, from Mr. Leamon, a tanner in Norfolk. quot; From his experience quot; as a tanner, spots or small festers arc to be seen on quot; tho f/roi/i or outer parts of the hides of all such quot; animals as die of the Cattle Plague in an advanced quot; stage ; but on the hides of those killed when first quot; taken nothing can bo seen. Most of tho eruption quot; will be found on the head, shanks, and thinner quot; parts of the hides. The injured or festered parts quot; being made into low-priced leather^ and used for quot; insoles, the fact of their being blemished does not quot; lessen the value of tho hides materially. But as it

THE CATTXK PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

205

chloric acid, chlorate of potash, arsenic, spirits of nitric other, solution of acetate of ammonia, with many others, and perhaps I have found one or two oasos recover, but as many as fifteen have died. I have scon some very bad cases recover that have not had any medicine at all. I attach much im-portauco to sanitary measures, cleanliness, and well-ventilated buildings; warm clothing must not bo lost sight of. As far as diet is concerned, I order them gruel, and when I can obtain it I give them milk. In many eases I have given rather large quantities of stout or strong ale, and I have thought with more apparent success than anything else ; but I assign most of the recoveries I have witnessed to their being mild attacks, assisted, T have no doubt, by good nursing. Arsenic has been extolled, but I have thought, both in large and small doses, it has rather done harm than good. I have had two or three recover when treated with hydro�chloric acid, but many have died. I have therefore come to the conclusion that as far as drugs are concerned we are perfectly helpless. The symptoms of the disease have varied. I do not observe that peculiar discharge from the nostrils and eyes that I witnessed when the disease first broke out, and I also find that the cases in the country bear up against the disease longer than in town. The week before last' I saw several very mild cases on one farm, but at the same place the week following it assumed a virulent form again. Last week it broke out in a cowhouse in Yarmouth, since which all the cows it contained (fourteen in number) have died. I shall be most happy to furnish you any information I can.

Yours respectfully, Professor Varnell.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Wm. Shipley, M.R.C.V.S.

Understanding that the foot and mouth disease affected cattle to an unusual extent in Mr. Shipley's district, we wrote to this gentleman to know if he had often seen this affection associated with Cattle Plague, and in due time the following reply was received :

Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Yarmouth, December 19, 1865.

There is no doubt but eczema is often asso�ciated with Cattle Plague. I should have informed you of this before, but have been waiting the result of some cases under observation. I may first state, that some cattle which were bought in the Metro�politan Market on the 20th November were placed in a yard adjoining a shed containing some cows. On the 25th November I saw these cattle, and re�marked that they ought not to have been so placed, as two of them had eczema, and perhaps Rinderpest as well. On the 3d of December one of the cows in the shed was unwell. I found her to be feverish, and I gave her some medicine. During the same day I was asked to look at another cow in the same shed which I found to be affected with eczema. I again looked at the cow I had seen in the morning, and found that, in addition to vesicleraquo; on the tongue, inside of the lips, and between her digits, that she was becoming the subject of Cattle Plague ; and on Monday December 24th this disease was so well marked that I had her destroyed. The post mortem examination showed unmistakable signs of the plague. On the 9th of December the other cow, which, as before stated, had the foot-and-mouth disease in a well-marked form, was now the subject of Cattle Plague. On the 10th she was much worse, and on the 12th she died. The disease in this case was very malignant indeed; there was a papular eruption on the perinamm.

All the cows, nine in number, sickened with the plague on the 9th and lOtb, with the exception of one, and she became the subject of eczema, having largo vesicles all over her tongue, inside of her lips, on her udder and teats, and between her digits. On the 15tli this cow fell off her food, and ceased to give any milk, and is now suffering from Kinder-pest, and I fear will die. I have always had an

idea that Rinderpest ia complicated with other diseases,

I am. Sir, Your obedient servant, Professor Varnell.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; W. Siiii-lkv, M.R.C.V.S.

The following letter respecting the worth of medicine in the treatment of Cattle Plague is as valuable as the above.

My dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Newcastle, Dec. 11, 1853.

In answer to yours respecting the treatment of quot; Cattle Plague,quot; I am sorry to say that up to the present time I have seen very little good done by medicine. In this town wo have had about 350 fatal cases, so you will see wo have had plenty for observa�tion. Every owner has been allowed to adopt his own plan of treatment ; many have been accustomed to treat their own cows, and they have done so in this disease. Others have employed veterinary surgeons, farriers, chemists, amp;c. amp;c., and every now and then we have been told that Mr. Somebody had found a certain euro ; but, alas ! when further tried it has been found of no avail.

The manager at---------wrote to the newspapers

stating that a large per-contage would recover if pro�perly treated ; he also told some gentlemen ho could cure 99 per eent. I need not tell you it was all non�sense. 1 don't know what medicines he gave, but he used to blister thorn over the occiput. I have seen 12 treated with ^ a gill of yeast each, 4 times a day ; 1 recovered. I have seen them bled in the neck and and in the tail, blistered, drenched with turpentine and oil, aconite injected behind the ear, homoeopathy, hydropathy, and now at the Sanitarium a gentleman is treating them with the Turkish bath, and the result of my observations is that the more you doctor them the sooner they die. In my opinion nothing beats a good nurse ; nearly all the recoveries have been from good nursing. I recommend at the first a mild ape�rient ; the animal to be well clothed, no hay to be given, but to have oatmeal gruel and boiled linseed four times a day. The most important thing is to get the nurse to constantly attend to them until the last; never giving up the gruel, and attending to the general com�fort of the animal. I have seen the very worst cases recover with this treatment.

I don't attach so much importance to the purging as many do. I think all I have seen recover have purged ; those that are constipated die soonest.

I will write to you again in a few days, and tell you how we get on at. the quot; Sanitarium,quot; where we have the quot; Turkish bathquot; and homoeopathy under trial.

Yours truly,

Clement Sxephenson,

I'rofcsnoi's Varnell mid I'i'itohard.

Roiiort to Commissioners,

Professor Varnell.

M.R.C.V.S.

P.S.�I have made out the incubative stage to extend to 21 days.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; C. S.

Reliable information has been received from Peter�borough which shows in a very marked degree how intensely the disease raged in that locality, and what little control medicine had over it.

It was reported that Mr. Bourdass, M.R.C.V.S., of Bridlington, Yorkshire, was successful in his treat�ment of Cattle Plague, and that as many as 75 per rent, of the cases he undertook survived. Hearing of this through a friend at Bcverley, we wrote to Mr. Bourdass to inform us what actually was the result, of his practice and what was his treatment. The follow�ing is his reply.

Dear Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bridlington, Nov. 28, 18(55.

Respecting the treatment of Cattle Plague, I beg to inform you that the first cases I treated were severe ones, and I was not successful, I thereforo was induced to try the effect of arsenic in combination with an anodyne. I first thought of morphia, but thinking aconite would be quicker in its action, and also more powerful, I combined aconite with arsenic in solution, which I gave In full doses four times, and in some cases six times a day. I have been astonished d 3

206

APPEKDIX TO THIKD REPORT OF

Vrofcssors Yarnpll and Pritclmrd.

Rofiort to CoiumlBsloners,

In sorno severe cases to sco tlio benefit derived from the use of these agonlt;s. NevorthelesB, a great many die, and I think we liavo at present no specifle for the disease. I am giving arsenic, as a preventive to four beasts, and will let 7011 know the result, I remain, Yours obodieiitl}¹. Professor Vnrnell.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;G. B0�BDA88, M.R.C.V.S.

The following letter is a reply to a request made by one of us to bo informed of the sueccss of the treatment of Cattle Plague pursued by Mr. King, (a. farrier), Dcur Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Blake Hall, Essex.

In reply to your inquiries as to the present state of my cattle, 1 have had twenty-eiffht taken #9632;with the disease, und nine saved. I have tried various medicines ; aresenieum may have been of some use as preventative, but not as a cure, I think Mr. King's drinks have been benelicial. I have only one single yearling that has not been attacked.

I am yours faithfully. Professor Varnell.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Capel Cube,

Mr. King's drinks were remarkably heterogeneous, but they principally consisted of stimulants.

Uocember 11th. Red and white calf about six No. 8. months old was placed in an infected box in which a cow had died the day before. On the 18th it showed symptoms of the disease, and died on the 22d. This call was under treatment.

Experiments with Sheep.

No. 1.

October 14th, One sheep (a hogget) was inoculated with matter taken from the eye of an ox ati'ected with the plague. On tho 20th it showed marked symptoms of the disease, and died on the 23d. No treatment,

No. 2.

October 14th, One sheep (a hogget) was inoculated with matter taken from the nostrils of one of Mr. Harvey's sheep from Crown Point, Norwich. On the 2�th it showed well-marked signs of tho disease, and died on the 23d. No treatment.

October 14th, One sheep (a hogget) was inoculated No. 3. with matter taken from the nose of the same sheep as in No, 2, and on tho 20th it evinced symptoms of the disease. It died on the 30th. This sheep was put under treatment.

October 14th, One sheep (a hogget) was inoculated No. 4. with matter taken from the eye of an ox affected with the plague, This sheep was put under treat�ment, and recovered.

October 19th. Two sheep (hoggets) were placed in Nob. 5 amp; 6. a shed with a cow affected with the plague. On the 23d both sheep became affected with the disease, and on the 31st they died. No treatment.

October 6th. Two sheep (hoggets) were placed in Nos. 7 amp; 8. a shed in which a cow had died the day before from the plague. The disease did not declare itself in these two sheep until the 26th. One of them died on the 30th, and the other lingered on until the 19tli of November.

Cases. No. 1.

Experiments condtjctkd in the College Infiioiaiiv.

Experiments upon Cuttle.

Tho first case of Cattle Plague admitted into the college infirmary was on the 13th of July. The cow was brought from Mrs. Nichols', and she exhibited, what we know full well now to bo, well-marked symp�toms of the disease. No treatment was adopted, and she died on the 17th. When this cow was first brought to the college she was placed in an open loose box, and as an experiment, tho first, one we tried, a healthy cow was placed with her in the same box. This second cow took the disease, from which she also died.

September 23d. A black and white calf about four months old was placed in a box with a sheep, which the clay before had been in contact with a cow affected with the Cattle Plague.

On the 8tb October the calf showed symptoms of having the disease in a very serious form, and on the 10th it died. No treatment was tried in this case.

October 21st. A red and white calf about five months old was placed in a shed with four sheep which bad taken the disease from inoculation. On the 27th the calf showed symptoms of having taken the disease. On the 31st it died.

October 20th. A black and white heifer about two years old was inoculated with the virus taken from the nostrils of a (row affected with the plague. No effect.

November 14th, Inoculated the same heiler with matter taken from the nostrils of a Dutch cow labour�ing under the disease in a very intense degree. No effect.

This heifer has resisted the effects of both inocula�tion and exposure to infection up to the present time, viz., December 25th.

October 20tb. A black and while Dutch cow which had recovered from a mild attack of the disease was inoculated with matter taken from the nostrils of a cow affected with Cattle Plague. No effect.

December 6th. Inoculated a red calf about five months old with matter taken from the eye of a cow labouring under Cattle Plague. On the 11th, being tho fifth day after inoculation, symptoms of the disease were manifest. Died on the 16th. This case was treated.

December 6th. Inoculated red Cfllf about five months old with matter taken from the eye of a cow affected with the, plague. On the, 12th, i.e.. six days after the inoculation, it showed symptoms of I lie disease, and died on the 17th. This case was treated.

November 14th. Inoculated one sheep (hogget)

No. 9.

No. 2.

with matter taken from the vagina of a cow labouring under the disease. It died on tho 16th, about 24 hours after being inoculated. It can hard!}' be imagined that this sheep died from the effects of the disease through inoculation; yet it is remarkable that every part of the mucous tracts, both alimentary and respiratory, indicated faint blushes of redness precisely in those places in which they are almost invariably found in true cases of Cattle Plague. This sheep had been suffering from diarrhoea for some time previously, but had quite recovered, and at the time it was inoculated appeared to be very healthy.

Experiments on a Pig and a Donkey.

October 25tli. A strong healthy pig was inoculated with matter taken from a cow labouring under Cattle Plague. No effects.

December 6th. Inoculated a donkey with matter taken from the nostrils of a cow affected with the disease. No effects.

It will be admitted, we believe, that the experi�ments are conclusive proofs of the contagiousness of Cattle Plague both by inoculation and by Infection by exposure. They also clearly prove that the disease can he transmitted from the ox to the sheep, as well as from the sheep to the ox tribe, and they likewise show that an occasional animal will not take, the disease either by inoculation or exposure, as instanced by the, black and white heifer No. 3. Those experi�ments further demonstrate (see the case of the, black and white Dutch cow. No. 4) that animals which have had the disease even in a very mild form are incapable of contracting it a second time. Hereafter a case will be mentioned in which a cow having had the disease recovered, and after recovery resisted the influence of the affection for a sufficient length of time to almost satisfy us that she was not liable to a second attack. Having produced Cattle Plague in several instances both liy inoculation and infection by exposure, we have had opportunities of noting the symptoms from the, very earliest period of (he disease declaring itself in any animal. In out preliminary remarks we stared that the intensity and regularity of the symptoms

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 6.

No. 7.

TlIK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEUS.

207

vary in difloront cases, while thoao tluit are present iu every Instance are so thoroughly diagnostic of the disease that a careful observer could hardly mistake them for those of any other malady. The variations are greatest in the early stage of the affection, and there are several circumstances at this period of the attack which to some extent may influence the judg�ment and subsequent proceodings of the observer. We refer chiefly to the ordinary conditions under which animals are living, that is, whether they are kept in warm sheds and well fed, or whether they are placed in open fields exposed to variations of temperature, and perhaps supplied with bad food. Great consideration should be devoted to the natural habits and more particularly to the variations iu temperaments of the bovine animal. Experience has proved that if such matters are not attended to, a wrong diagnosis will very often bo formed, and the golden hour will bo lost, both as regards the possi�bility of curing the animal and the opportunity of removing it from the herd to some suitable placL I'or treatment before it can communicate the disease to the herd, or contaminate the building in which it and other animals may be kept.

Symptoms.

The earliest symptom that we have observed is an unusual stillness in the animal. Nothing else perhaps is noticed for several hours afterwards, when the coat becomes rough, and the eyes will have a peculiar stare, but as yot the animal does not refuse its food. Occasionally these symptoms pass off, and the observer imagines that nothing is the matter with the beast; but the symptoms merge into others of the following character : �the animal refuses its food, rumination ceases, its eyes look watery, the lids are a little reddened, the secretion of milk is arrested, and perhaps also in some measure that of urine, and there are also in some instances indications of constipation. The animal is frequently lying or obstinately standing in one posi�tion ; slight rigors may have been present, but they will most likely have passed away. The breathing is a little quickened; the temperature of the body is apparently increased; the pulse is also quickened to about 60 or 65 per minute. ; and the visible mucous membranes of the external openings arc slightly heightened in colour, particularly at the edge of the gums and under the tongue. We have ascertained such to be the symptoms in the com�mencement of Cattle Plague, and that they are developed in about from 12 to 18 hours. On many occasions wo have noticed that an animal which was apparently well in the morning exhibited in the evening the symptoms above described.

Second Stage.

All who arc familiar with cattle must have noticed, especially in the morning, and in frosty weather, the peculiar, and to most people pleasant, odour of the cow's breath. During the commencement of the se�cond stage this will have disappeared, and in its stead a sickly unpleasant odour will bo noticed. This peculiarity has invariably existed in all fatal cases, and is one which may enable the practitioner to foretell the death of the animal. It is suggestive of decomposition of the secretions, and of the neces�sity for using disinfectants. The cow is now fre�quently in a lying position, but if standing her feet will bo drawn nearer together than is the case naturally, her back is arched, her ears arc hanging downwards and backwards; she grinds her teeth ; the under surface of the eyelids are considerably reddened; and there is much discharge from thojinner canthi of the eyes, which has a tendency to encrust upon the lids. Within the nostrils the mucous nombrane is height�ened in colour, and from them runs a sero-mucon.i discharge. The lining membrane of the mouth, particularly that part of it which is under the tongue, around the openings of the duets of the submaxillury salivary glands (sometimes called

quot; the barbsquot;), is much redder than it was originally. There will likewise bo a bluish red lino near the margin of the gums, and the epithelium will pro�bably have been partially shed, leaving reddish purple surfaces, having the appearance of excoriations. The thin common integument of the vulva will be slightly reddened, and if carefully examined small pimples will often be observed under the edges of the labile. Its mucous membrane will bo redder then it is naturally, somewhat mottled in appearance, and there will be a considerable mucous discharge from the opening. Should the animal under examination be a male, its periineum may have some of the small pimples upon it. The coat will look rough and unhealthy, and the skin will be dry and harsh to the touch. The breathing is quicker than in health, and the pulse may bo about 70 per minute. In some cases diarrhoea may have commenced. The animal may not chew its cud, nor take any food, and in some eases great thirst is manifested. The ends of the horns are cold, as are also the feet, but the sur�face of the body is still warm. The actual tem�perature, as indicated by the thermometer, is increased to perhaps 102deg; F. ; the urine is scanty, although the animal shows a frequent desire to void it.

Third Stage of the Disease.

On entering the shed at this advanced stage of the disease, the odour from the cow is sickening, especially if such beast is kept in a closed shed. The next thing that will very likely attract attention is a twitching of the muscles of the front of the thigh, the back of the shoulder, and in some instances nearly over the whole body. Diarrhoea will be pro�fuse, except in a few instances. The evacuations are offensive, and sometimes streaked with blood, but occasionally of a light brown colour. The urine is highly coloured ; the discharge from the vulvas is of a muco-purulent character. The mucous membrane of the anus is reddened, and may be found slightly protruding. The eruption on the skin of the periniBum, neck, face, legs, udder, and teats may now be visible to a greater or less extent. The skin becomes cold over the loins, where emphysema may have taken place (but the latter is not in all cases). The. body is covered with,flies (if in the season when they exist); the legs are cold, as are also the ears and horns. The head protrudes ; the ears are re�markably psndulous ; the eyes arc drawn back into their sockets, and a purulent discharge flows from their inner canthi. The lips and margin of the nostrils are swollen, and the discharge from the openings is copious, as is also the flow of saliva and mucous from the mouth. There is to be detected tenderness and swelling in the region of the throat, and the epithe�lium is found pealing off in patches from the inner surface of the mouth, leaving a dark purplish red surface. The respirations, which are accompanied by a peculiar moan, will bo JJO to 60 per minute, and the pulse will probably be 80 or 100 per minute. The animal grinds its teeth, and is frequently in a recumbent position.

Fourth and last Stage of the Disease. This stage, according to our experience, and taking the average of the cases we have had under ob�servation, will happen about, the fourth day. It is a most loathsome stage of the disease to witness, and were it not for the disinfectants used the stench would be almost unbearable if not dangerous. The animal is most often found lying with its head thrown backwards on that side of the trunk which is upper�most, or if the breathing be much laboured from emphysema of the lungs the head will be protruded, which will also be the case if she is standing. Its respirations, which are not so quick ns they were, will bo affected with a peculiar distressing moan and some�times also with a grunt. The evacuations per rectum are copious, in many cases they are mixed with blood, and always in this stage offensive to the smell. The surface of its body is cold, and has a dcath-liko feel, d 4

('rotosaon Vmiiull anil I'ritolmrd.

Uoiiort to Doimuissionurs.

208

APPENDIX TO THIllD REPORT OF

VrofosHorii Yni'Ui'U uml

Prltonardi

lU'port to |C OomuilsiloiioH.

The pulse la veducod bolow the nftturnl standard, and tlio bentraquo; aro leoblo. Tho tomporatuvo of the body will have fallen in some Instenoea us low us 90; in ouo instanoo It fell even lower. Emphysema, if it exists will very likely bo extended over a great part of tlio body. The eyes will bo drawn deeply into their Bocketa and the visible mucous membrane generally will have a dark livid hue. If the alvino discharges have been copious und much mixed with blood, tho raucous membrane of the rectum will in muny cases protrude, showing its highly congested condition. Death closes the scene, generally almost without a si niggle.

Such in a uesenptiou ol' the average character of the symptoms exhibited by the cases that have come under our notice, as collected from the rough notes made during the progress of our investigation. In a few cases, however, the symptoms have varied in several respects. We shall now give some examples of such variations, notwithstanding that they will be alluded to again when we describe our treatment.

Cases in which the Symptoms differed from those present, in the majority of instances.

Tied and white cow, five years old, breed English. This cow was attacked with the plague two days pre�viously to her being brought to tho college. Her symptoms were of tho usual average character. She �was put under treatment, and scemiugly progressed favourably up to the 10th of December. Rumination returned, as did also the appetite, as well as the secre�tion of milk, to a certain extent. On the 11th she still continued to feed, fieces natural, but sho now showed symptoms of the foot-and-mouth disease. Vesicles appeared between the digits and around her coronets, but her mouth was unaffected. The pain sho experienced was so excessive that she could scarcely stand, and on the 14th she was almost con�tinuously in a recumbent position. At this period her fetlock joints became affected, and were much swollen and very painful. These conditions, together with tho pain in the diseased feet, and her reduced strength, caused her to become exhausted, and she died on the 17th.

A black and white calf, which had been exposed to infection by being placed with two sheep that had been in a shed with a plague-stricken cow, showed well-marked symptoms of the disease, und subse�quent died on the 5th. The indications of the malady in this case were unusual. During the first twelve hours tho most prominent symptom was extreme stupor, the animal lay down the greater part of the day, and if made to rise its movements seemed to be unconsciously effected. After the stupor, the eyes became unusualiy bright, and the conjunctival mem�brane intensely red ; great cerebral excitement was also a characteristic of this stage. It bellowed, ran at a furious rate round the small yard which contained it, until it fell from exhaustion.

These symptoms lasted about twelve hours, after which tho calf commenced purging freely; its breath�ing quickened; its pulse became very feeble; its visible mucous membranes acquired a dark livid hue ; its legs wore cold and clammy, and in about forty hours from the time it was first observed to be ill, it died. In this instance, hud not the #9632;post-mortem appearances corresponded with those invariably observed in Cattle Plague, we should not have considered it a genuine case of the affection. We have no doubt but that tho disease was communicated to the calf from the shed by the two sheep just alluded to, and that its cd'ects upon the nervous system, together with the influence exerted by the heat, of the atmosphere, which was par�ticularly intense in the yard where tho case was placed, brought on a train of symptoms dissimilar to those usually present in Cattle Plague. This case suggests to our mind the necessity for a due consider�ation of temperature.

During the latter part of November we saw several instances of cows having the plague in which tho con�junctival membrane was not affected, nor was there any

discharge from thoir eyes, and but little from tho nostrils, neither were thoir mouths affected through�out the attack. All tho other symptoms were iden�tical iu kind and quite as intense as thoso usually mot with. The duration of tho disease, from tho time of its being recognized to tho death of tho animal, was tho same as that noted in ordinary cases.

Constipation of tho bowels, from the commonce-mont of the attack to its termination, existed in three or four instances, but in thoso cases the disease was not less severe nor of shorter duration than wo have observed it to be in tho other cases which have come under our notice.

Subcutaneous emphysema, although a prominent symptom in this affection, is not present in all instances. Not more than one third of the cases that wo have had under our observations have shown any indications of it. To determine tho relation it bears to the eruption on the skin, further investigation is necessary.

We suggest, therefore, that further observations be made in this direction. Since our attention has been particularly directed to tho eruption on the skin, we have thought that it is not one of the most unfavour�able symptoms, and wo have also known cows survive that have had rather extensive emphysema; but these cases have not occurred in our own practice.

Symptoms in Sheep. Fundamentally they are the same as in the ox, and those who have seen them in the latter animal affected with the plague would have no difficulty in recog�nizing the identity of the disease in both classes of animal.

First stage. Usually the earliest symptom is, that the animals have lost their natural and peculiar liveli�ness. On approaching them we see that they hang their heads down, they look dull, and they seem to have a great desire to get by themselves, and are frequently lying. In addition to the foregoing symptom, there is partial loss of appetite, languid rumination, and frequent grinding of their teeth. If made to move, tho creatures do so with their back a little arched, and there is a great disposition to slacken their pace, and perhaps to lie down.

Second stage. In this stage the animal will occa�sionally eat a little food, but it rarely ruminates. The experienced flock master or shepherd will see at a glance when his sheep are not well. The coat will have lost its gloss ; for however long or rough the wool on a sheep may be, it is glossy in health. The animals will cough if disturbed. There will be a slight discharge from their eyes and nostrils. Their ears will be lopped, their eyes partially closed, the eye-lids swollen, and their lining membranes, especially of the lower one, reddened. (This we have observed to be more common in sheep than in oxen.) Respira�tion and the rapidity of tho pulse is increased, and in the majority of instances diarrhoea will havo set in.

Third stage. When an animal is utfocted with the plague in this stage it manifests a great desire to be alone, and to put its head into a corner. Its breathing is accelerated ; the pulse is quick ; the feet arc cold. The alvine evacuations are profuse and foetid; there is a muco-purulent discharge from tho eyes and nostrils; the appetite is gone ; great thirst is evinced, and tho animal if it gets the opportunity will sometimes drink large quantities of water. Tho animal grinds its teeth as if in pain, and will allow any one to approach it.

Fourth and last stage. This occurs shortly before the death of the animal, when if in a field it will be found near to or partially in some hedge or secluded nook. If the animal is in a shed or stable it will get under the manger or into some corner, and frequently stands with its head pendulous ; hut more often the animal is lying down. Tho breathing is accompanied by a low moan, and sometimes, as in the ox^ by a grunt. Their evacuations are foetid; the visible mucous membranes have a livid hue; the gums are partly denuded of their epithelium ; the wool is detached

Example 1. August 31.

Example 2. September !!.

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONEKS.

209

with ease ; tlio hi'oatli ns well us the wiiolo cfti'cusc is offensive to tho smoll. Soon after theso symptoms make their appeoronoe death takes pltvco.

The Cuttle Plague is oommmttoable to Goals.

We have hcsird of several iustancos of goats Imving; (Hod from tho effects of Cuttle Plague, One case occurred in tho college intimaiy. The auimal which wus the subject of the complaint showed 11IL I ho syinptoms of the disease in a very striking and positive munner. The post-mnrfcm appearancelaquo; also were in evoiy respect characteristic of Cattle Plague. A goat is now in the Infirmary exhibiting well marked symptoms. On December 28th we examined n goat affected with the plague which it caught from cattle labouring under that affection.

Period of incuhation in the Ox.

quot;We think it necessary to speak with somo caution on this subject, not, only in a pathological point of view, but also because we can understand that legal proceedings might require definite answers respecting the time the morbid material entered the system and its manifesting itself by well-known symptoms. Under somo circumstances it would be very difficult indeed to determine when the poison enters tho system so as to name with any degree of precision the period at which the incubation actnally commenced. This must necessarily happen in .all instances except in those of direct inoculation. A period can bo tolerably well fixed in instances where healthy animals are placed immediately in close contact with those actually affected with the disease, or if they are placed in a shed or closed box from which a diseased animal has just been removed. A less definite period can be ascertained in instances where healthy animals are accidentally or intentionally mixed with diseased ones, especially if there should be a large range of pasture over which the herd may spread itself. But tho period of incubation would be far more diflienlt to determine in those instances in which to many the disease appeared to arise spontaneously ; for example, where it breaks out in districts quite isolated from animals having the disease, or where no known causes exist for its production. By direct inoculation tho period of incubation has been ascertained to be from six to eight days before the symptoms were fully declared. By exposure to infection the period, as far as wo have been able to determine, has varied from five to nine days. Some have thought the period of incubation may be as long as sixteen days, and we liavo heard of one instance in which it was thought to have extended even to twenty-one days. Our own experience, however, doolaquo; not enable us to speak confidently with respect to a longer period than nine days.

The Tncuhntive Period in Sheep.

This we have found to bo more variable than ill tho ox. The plague has been produced in sheep by direct inoculation in five days. From the result of our experiments on inoculation we arc disposed to place the period of incubation in tho sheep at from five to eight days, and by exposure in a confined shed at from five to twenty days. The disease is produced in sheep by inoculation with as much certainty as it is in the ox, and t'io same obtains nearly to the same degree if shoe]) be placed with diseased animals in closed sheds ; but if they are kept in open fields, especially if the range is large, many may for a long time escape, and some altogether.

Convalescence in either Cuttle or Sheep.

In those cases that recover it is difficult to doter-mino how soon perfect heiilth will be restored, as we have no direct evidence to assist us in forming an opinion on this point. Cattle that have been the subjects of plague are a long time before they again thrive well ; their skins remain harsh and dry ; there is a large amount of scurf in many places ; there arc scabs, and the cattle do not Coed as in health. If the ISMO.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;E

convalescents be milking cows their skins have the characters just enumerated, and their milk, although it may have partially returned soon after the com�mencement of recovery, many weeks will elapse before the normal or full quantity Is secreted. The restoration to health in sheep takes place much more slowly than in cattle. We have seen many sheep linger from week to week ; a circumstance which makes it exceedingly difficult to predict whether recovery or death will be the animal's fate.

The treatment of Cattle Plague.

We regret to report that we bad not progressed very far with the experiments upon treatment before we came to the conclusion that comparatively little benefit would be derived from the use of drugs. As, however, many persons held a contrary opinion, and as wo ourselves had no positive proof of their in�efficiency, we determined to test tho effects of the therapeutic agents hereafter mentioned.

Our treatment commenced at a season of the year when the temperature was unusually high, viz., in July and August, which we thoughtquot; militated more or less against recovery. After a time, however, the weather became colder, but still no better results were obtained, as will be seen by a perusal of tho following description of cases. Wo have not given a detailed account of the treatment of any one case, but have briefly indicated the principal agents used, and described the results observed in each experi�ment.

Cases that have recovered.

Profogaon

Vaniolt ami I'rililmrd.

tteporlto

Commissioners

A large Italian cow in very good condition was

No. 1.

admitted into the infirmary, affected with the Cattle Plague. Tho symptoms were not intense, but they were well marked. The treatment consisted of saline laxative and diuretic medicines, and as soon as tho fever subsided she had some diffusable stimulants. Light succulent food was allowed her, and her body was well clothed.

A very mild case ; still the symptoms were suffi- No. 2. ciently defined to enable the inspector, who sent her �*#9632; Dutch cow. to the college, to assert that she was affected with the plague. The secretion of milk was suspended, she refused her food, the lining membrane of the vulva was heightened in colour, and she had diarrhoea ; some saline medicine, and afterwards brandy, was given to her in some gruel. On the third day after her admission the cow gave evidence of returning health, but in about a week or ten days from this time the joints of her hind limbs, and parlieularlv one limb, became inflamed. The treatment consisted in the exhibition of mild laxatives, and the applica�tion of fomentations to the inflamed joints. A week after being thus treated she was so far recovered that she was returned to her owner.

This case was sent to the college hj an inspector No, 3. as a case of Cattle Plague. The symptoms were very ^A ^Dllteh ^co,^w' slight; saline laxative medicine, succulent food, and the usual good nursing was all the treatment she received, In a week from the time of her being admitted she was convalescent. This cow came into the infirmary in September, and still remains there. She has been exposed to the influence of infection from all the cows that have since been in the college; she has also been twice inoculated with the matter taken from cows affected with the plague In its most virulent form. So completely has she resisted both infection and inoculation that she remained well during the period she has been under our observation. She is still in good health, and gives a fair amount of milk.

This case was considered by the Inspector to be a No. 4. very mild one. On its arrival at the infirmary we A. Dutch cow. noticed that the animal had diarrhaui. The colour of the mucous membrane was heightened ; the secretion of milk was arrested ; but she did not wholly refuse her food. Some medicine forwarded to the college from the continent was given her. We are not aware of what it consisted, or whether it exerted any power

210

APPKNUIX TO THIRD Ul�POItT OF

I'l'�K'liiJdl'S

Vamoll uiul I'ritchiird.

iu ftrrosting Iho pvogross of tho disease. At, any rate the cow recovered, an we In iiiot anticipated would be the cuso from tlie fli'st.

IIYIJIIOI'ATUV.

About tho middle of Soptembor two cows affected with the Cattle Plague were treated on the follovring

Alter tliu '^,0lly l^ia^ ^^�011 quot;*^vo^ douohed with cold water it was immediately wrapped in wet sheets, over which dry clothing was placed, and the whole closely bound to tho skin of tho cow by bandages. Even before, this operation was completed she became partially unconscious, and lay down, iu which posi�tion she remained lor half an hour. In a short time afterwards her skin become quite warm. The cow then stood up for about an hour, and it was found that considerable perspiration was produced. The

wrappers were now romovod, hor body was well rubbed, and completely covered with dry rugs. Some gruel was given her, and in laquo;bout half an hour the following draught was administered. Tincture of opium one ounce, tincture of camphor one ounce, water one pint.

On tho following day she was much worse; tho douche and wet sheets were again used, with ap�parently nearly the same effects as those above described. Medicine same as before. From this period the cow rapidly became worse, and she died on the third day after her admission.

The results of treatment in this case wore similar to those in No. 3. Nos. 5 and 6 were the only two cases treated on the hydropathic principle. We arc inclined to think that a modified form of this treat�ment miglit bo beneficial.

Report to Ouiumissiotuus.

No,

Cases that have proved fatal.

No. of Case.

Date.

Description of

Animal.

18G5. Aus. 31

Cmv

igt; years

Brandy and opium in full doses ; occasionally saline laxatives as elimimitives ; a mixture of oil and turpentine #9632;was used as a connter-ii'i'itsint to tlie under sur�face of the aMomen.

This cow lived 17 days after she was admitted. On tlie 11th day we thought she was recovering. On the day following she was attacked with the foot-and-mouth disease, which caused so much irritation that she gradually became worse, and died on the 17th of Septem�ber. This cow had chronic disease of the lungs.

The symptoms in this were not very intense when the cow was first ad�mitted ; but they rapidly became worse, and she died on the 1st of September.

The cow was slaughtered on the 9th for post-mortem examination, so that the effects of treatment arc imperfectly known. Up to the time, however, of the animal being killed, it appeared to derive no benefit from treatment.

This cow did not show any severe symptoms until 29th ; indeed we anticipated some benefit from treat�ment ; but on the evening of the same day she became worse, and died on the 2d of October.

This plan of treatment was recom�mended, but it proved of no avail. The cow rapidly became worse, and died on the 4th of October.

This cow lived eight days ; on the third day her symptoms were favourable; but on the fourth, diarrhoea, attended with much foetor, commenced, and emphy-seniu appeared on the loins. Krom this time she rapidly became worse and died on the 12th of October.

This cow rapidly became worse from the day it was admitted; the loins of the animal were emphysema-tous; she had profuse diarrhcea, and died on the 24th of October.

In addition to this animal being dosed with medicine, she was made to inhale the vapour of warm water twice a day, and the vapour of vinegar twice a day. This treat�ment had no appreciable beneficial effect. The patient died on the 25th of October.

This cow had the usual good nursing, but she died on the 25th of Octo�ber.

Aiiff. 28 #9632;

Cow, Dutch

o years

Stimulants, such as quot;brandy and car�bonate of ammonia, three times a day ; good supply of nourishing food ; skin #9632;well cleansed.

Sept.

Cow, Dutch

6 years

This cow was treated chiefly with strong ale, which was given her in gruel four times in the day.

Sept. 27 �

Cow. Enprlisli

4 years -

Solution of acc-tate of ammonia and chloric ether twice a day ; gruel I four times a day ; the skin -well ! cleansed.

Oct. 1

Cow, English

4 years

Linseed oil and oil of turpentine in gruel every twelve hours ; good oatmeal gruel four times a day.

Oct. 4

Cow, Dutch

.quot;gt; years -

Diffusible stimulants and sedatives every eight hours, the greatest attention paid to the animals comforts ; half pound doses of charcoal in gruel twice daily on the fourth day.

Oct. 21

Cow

7 years -

Well clothed the hody- after having first cleansed tlie skin ; free sup�ply of the oatmeal gruel, and sul�phate of copper and hrandy every eight hours,

Hay or bran tea as jnuch as the patient laquo;ouUl take ; brandy and sulphate of copper every eight hours; gruel every four hours.

Oct. 22

Cow, Enflllsh

5 years

Oct. 22

Cow, Sliorl-liora

4 years

Difi'usible stiniulanls and saline lax�atives; opiumwas gi ven to check the diarrhoea #9632;when it was present.

THE CATTLE FLAGVE COJIMISSIOHEKS.

211

No. of Case.

Hate.

Description of Animal.

Age.

Therapeutic Treatmen I.

Ucmarks.

iT�foss�rs Varnoll und IMtohard,

�oport to

t'ommissiomirs.

Oct. 22

Cow, Short-horn -

4 years

Chlorate of potash three times a day; opium occasionally to cheek diarrhoea.

The disease in this case ran its course so rapidly that the animal died on the 24tli, i.e. two days after being admitted.

No benefit whatever seemed to attend the treatment, indeed we thought it rather tended to hurry the disease to its fatal termination. The animal died on the 28tli of October.

Oct. 2.! -

Cow, English

6 years

This case was placed in a vapour bath for one hoar, after which she had solution of acetate of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, and spirits of nitric ether; when the cow had been in a bath an hour, rubbed dry and well clothed; diffusible stimulants were given; no good effects were observed to follow this treatment. On the 24th stimulants and vapour bath, as before, also gruel, and atten�dance to general comforts.

Skin well cleansed ; body well clothed; thin gruel; hay or bran tea ; chlorate of jjotash twice a day.

Oct. 23 - I Cow.Engli�h

5 years

The course of this disease was rapid; profuse diarrhoea from the first, accompanied by very offensive evacuations streaked with blood. The patient died on the 25111 of October.

This cow succumbed to the disease very quickly, viz. on the following day (October 24tli).

Oct. 23 -

Cow, English

4 years -

Skin well cleaned; body well clothed ; gruel four times a day; chlorate of potash; opium to check diarrhoea.

Cleansed the skin, clothed the body, and gave brandy with opium in full doses twice during the day ; chlorate of potash in drinking water next day (29th) ; gave nitro-hydrochloric acid, tincture of cinchona in water three times in the day ; hay tea to drink.

Solution of acetate of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, and spirits of nitric ether in full doses; opium to check diarrhoea.

Good nursing ; the early treatment consisted in giving saline laxa�tives combined with diaphoretics, repeated every four hours, keep�ing the body well clothed, and frequently giving thin gruel; hot vapour bath for nearly two hours, after which he had a diffusive stimulant, and his body well rub�bed and thickly clothed.

Saline laxatives with diaphoretic agents every eight hours; clothed the body, and administered lin�seed gruel ; injected opium with starch gruel per rectum. This treatment was continued.

Treated in same manner as the last.

Diffusible stimulants three times a day; opium three times a day, to check diarrhoea ; body well clothed.

Bicarbonate of potash, tincture of cinchona, and tincture of gentian three times a day ; thin gruel three times a day; hay tea to drink. The box in which this calf was placed was fumigated with burnt tar.

Oct. 28 -

Short-horn cow -

5 years -

On the 30th the diarrhoea ceased to be so profuse, and the evacuations so offensive as they were at first, but in other respects the patient was evidently worse. She died on the 31st of October.

Oct. 28

Short-horn cow

6 years

This eow died on the 1st of Novem�ber.

Ifi

Oct. 28 -

Bull, English

There was profuse diarrhoea. This bull died on the 31st. The treat�ment produced no change in the symptoms. The disease ran its course rapidly.

#9632;u

i years-

Nov. 3

Nov. 3nbsp; nbsp;-

Nov. 8nbsp; nbsp;-

English cow

English cow Brittany cow

Calf

d years -

6 years -4 years -

4 months

The symptoms when the patient was first admitted indicated a mild attack; but the cow rapidly be�came worse, and died on the 6th of November.

The cow died on the 6th of Novem�ber.

The symptoms in this little cow were very intense from the first. She died on the fith of November.

This calf contracted the disease in consequence of its being placed in a box in which a cow had died the day before. Symptoms of the disease were observed on the fourth day, and the animal died on the seventh day. The affection ran its course without being chocked in the slightest degree. It may be mentioned that for one month the calf was within 40 yards of infected animals, and the man who attended to the cattle affected with plague was daily In the box with the calf, it was not, however, until it was placed in a decidedly Infected shed that it took the disease.

212

AVi'ENlHX. TO TH1UD UKPOKT OF

Vanu'll and Prttuhmu,

Ucport to

Comiuissioiiuv.s,

No. of Ciiso.

Dale.

Description of Animal.

Ago.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Therapeutic Treatment.

iieinarks.

1865.

Nov.;)

Claquo;lf

fi months Treated in nearly the same manner as the last case; opium in enemas to cheek diarrhuja; tincture of gentian mixed with ale and arnol (luring the latter stages of illness to support the animal's system.

8 months Same treatment as in the lust cases.

This calf lived until the 11th, a longer period than usual. Still, during its illness, no hopes of recovery were at any time enter�tained.

Nov. 3

Heifer

Died on the 8th December. The progress of the disease in this case was not remarkably rapid, but it advanced steadily in spite of our treatment.

These calves exhibited all the usual symptoms, and although they were well nursed, they died on the quot;th.

No diarrhoea i but the fever was intense at the onset. She lived much longer than we expected, for although the progress of the disease was comparatively slow, there were no favourable symp�toms noticed from the first. The animal died on the 21st.

One of these cows died on the 15th, one on the ICth, one on the 18th, and the other on the 21st. These cases were treated precisely on the same plan as that which is said to have been so successful with the veterinary surgeon near Windsor. With us, however, it has been a complete failure.

One of these cows died on the 15th, one on the Kith, and one on the 17th. The medicine in these cases seemed to have no control over the disease, which ran its course in all these animals with great rapidity.

These calves took the disease by inoculation. These patients when first attacked were constipated, but on the second day their bowels became relaxed, from, we believe, the effects of the medicine. No fcetor attended the purging. One of these calves died on the 15th, and the other on the 17th.

This calf contracted the disease by being placed in an infected box. It rapidly became worse, and died on the 22d. Before death the purging was profuse, but not foetid.

2 a

�24

�2')

Nov. 4 - i Calf Nov. 4 - j Calf Nov. 13 - i Cow, Dutch

4 months 4 months 6 years -

Good nursing; chlorate of potash twice a day. Same treatment.

Saline laxatives; chlorate of potash in drinking water.

26nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; | Nov. 13 - i English cow

27nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Nov. 18 - I English cow

28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Nov. 13 - i English cow

29nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' Nov. 13-| English cow

4nbsp;years 6 years.

5nbsp;yearraquo;. 4 years.

These four cows were all treated in the same way as far as medicine is concerned ; nitre, hydrochloric acid, and infusion ot cascarilla bark three times a day ; aromatic spirits of ammonia once a day ; ale or stout twice a day; every attention paid to clothing and general comforts.

Two ounces sulphate of soda followed by one-ounce doses every eight hours ; injection of opium in thin starch when the purging became profuse.

30 31

Nov. 14 � Nov. 14 #9632; Nov. 14

Cow, English Cow, English Cow, English

3 years -

5nbsp;years.

6nbsp;years.

Deo, 11

Dec. 12

Calf Calf

4 months 4 months.

These two calves were both treated with sulphite of soda, and good nursing was enforced.

Dec. 18

Calf

S months

This calf was also treated with sulphite of soda.

Fifty-tlirce Iiciul of cattle were admitted into the college infirmary, forty-two of which were put under treatment, while the remaining eleven received no medical attention whatever. Seven of the eleven cases were so far advanced that they cither died the day on which they were admitted or on the following day. The other four were eases of average description, and were therefore purposely left to nature. They wore nevertheless nursed with the same core ns those that were actually under medical treatment. In these instances nature likewise failed to effect a cure.

The Value of Drugs ns Remedial Agents,

It will ho seen by the foregoing statements that we attach but little importance to the use of drugs, in consequence of their producing very little, if any, henelicinl effect upon plaguc-strieken animals, never�theless AVO think (hat when the history and pathology of the disease are better understood a much larger per-centage of animals affected with it will be saved ; that drugs will t.nke some shnre in performing the eures; and that, therefore, medicinal treatment must not he wholly neglected.

Prophylactic Treatment.

Fii'fctly. As far as we can at presen understand the nature of Cattle Plague we are inclined to think that immnnity from it might; be obtained either by artificially producing, if possible, a mild form of eruption, or by introducing into the system the virus of vaccine lymph so that a constitutional change might be wrought. Two weeks ago we commenced a trial of this plan by vaccinating sound young cattle. At present we cannot speak as to what the result of the experiments will be, but we look forward to vaccination as the principal preventativc against the disease.

Secondly. We most strongly advocate the keeping ns far apart as possible from healthy stock all animals labouring under the plague, or such ns may have been in contact with or even near animals having the disease, whether they be in sheds or fields, or such as have been in sheds or iields where affected animals were previously kept, until one month has elapsed after the removal of the diseased stock.

With reference to how near healthy animals may safely approach those that hove the plague, we cannot

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COIUMISSIONEKS,

213

speak with that degree of cerlninly we oould wish. We luivo madlaquo; a few exporiments on this point, but hesitato to publish them until they are verified by other and more extensive observations. It appears to us, however, that the distance between healthy and diseased nnimals should bo as great as possible.

We are of opinion that it slionlil bo made u mis-demoauor, if not a criminal oft'ence, for any one knowingly to drive or place, or cause to bo driven or placed, animals that are affected with the plague #9632;within at least one hundred yards of healthy ones, or oven into uninfecteel cow sheds or stables other than their own, until by a number of well-attested experiments it is fully nscortained within what, distance a diseased animal can be approached with snfoty.

Thirdly. Endeavour to keep stock as healthy as possible, and not to produce an excited state of their systems by the use of too much highly stimulating food. On the other hand, avoid engendering debility by an insufficiency of food which is innutritions, or such as has been badly preserved.

Fourthly. Animals should not bo crowded together under any circumstances, and they should not be subjected to excitement by bad usage, as we think it tends to predispose the system to disease.

Fifthly, Avoid extremes of heat and cold as much as possible. In wet weather and when the tempera�ture is low, animals should be protected. When the weather is unusually warm they should remain as quiet as possible, and care should be taken that they have a plentiful supply of pure water. A high tem�perature, and driving animals very quickly in large quantities, especially if the supply of wholesome water be limited, are injurious to health.

Sixthly. � Lofty and well-ventilated cow or bul�lock sheds arc indispensable to the health of the animals they may contain. Overcrowded, badly ventilated, low-roofed cowsheds are very objection�able. It is impossible to say what share, if any, such sheds the slates or tiles of which are within two feet of the cows hacks take in the production of disease during very hot weather, or in determining the pre�cise nature of the disease when so produced.

Seventhly.�To prevent animals becoming diseased when housed, extreme cleanliness should be insisted upon. The excreta should bo frequently removed: and not less than once every day, the floor should bo thoroughly cleaned, as should also the manger.

Eighthly,�It is highly important that the skins of animals that are housed should be as well groomed as the tlioroughbred horse is. If such precaution be not taken it is easy to imagine how, in that which should have been eliminated from the system by the skin, a poison may be generated which may find its way into the blood, and produce ill effects.

Ninthly.�An occasional change of food is im�portant to the preservation of the health of stall-fed beasts. If animals under such circumstances arc at any time found to be unusually dull from their d^'estive organs being overloaded, the amount of food supplied to them should be lessened, and that which is given to them should bo of a succulent nature. Should the dullness first alluded to be observed, a dose of catharctic medicine, consisting, for example, of sulphate of magnesia, sulphur, and powdered ginger ought to be given to them.

Tenthly.�Buildings should be so arranged that a steady current of pure air is constantly circulating through them. Stagnant air, especially when sur-charged with the emanations from animals, must be injurious to health. Such arc the principal and most important prophylactic means that should be, as it strikes ns at present, resorted to.

Curative treatment. In the preservation of the health of animals a good supply of fresh air is indispensable, so is it also important in curing them when diseased. Air is one of the best disinfectants; therefore a well-ventilated shed in winch the temperature ought not to be higher

than (i.'i⁰ V. or lower than o�⁰ F. Next socuro a good nurse and plenty of clothing whereby the atten�dant ean regulate the quantity the animal nmy require at dill'erent stages of the disease. Provide means for supplying the animals with bran mashes, with either oatmeal or linseed gruel, bran tea and hay tea. Animals in the earlier stages of the disease, with such appliances and with good nursing, may possibly have a better chance of recovering than they would if crammed with drugs ; nevertheless, we feel that wo should not be doing our duty if wo laquo;lid not attempt to assist nature to the best of our ability. Under almost all circumstances, in these stages of the disease, we believe that some saline laxative may be given with advantage, and that the action of the kidneys should not be allowed to cease, if by the use of nitrate of potash it can bo kept. We think that benefit may bo derived from the use of small and repeated doses of sulphite of soda, and from the administration of chlorate of potash. The food should bo as easy of digestion as possible ; the surface of the body should he kept of an equal teinperature by clothing, which must be regulated accordingly. We are no advocates for much rubbing the skin when the disease has fully declared itself, as the rash which sometimes appears early makes the organ very tender. In the latter stages of the disease the system may need support, to prevent a relapse or to restore its health. For this purpose malt, scalded bran, gruel, with ale or stout two or three times a day, may be employed. In some instances mineral acids, combined witli infusion of bark, may also be given alternately with ale. If we go any further in recommending medicine we feel that we should bo quite as likely to advise that which may do harm as that which may do good. We must strongly deprecate the use of heating medicine in this afiection.

Treatment of Sheep.

This will be the same in principle as that recom�mended for cattle. If the disease takes place in the heat of summer shaded places should be selected for the animals, and they should have a supply of nitrate of potash water, or water in which chlorate of potash has been dissolved. Sheep should be fur�nished with food which is very easy of digestion, and they should bo kept from that winch is solid, such as hay, or quot; benty quot; grass. If it is in the wet cold season of the year, that those attacked should be sharply sought for at once, removed from the flock, and placed in some well-sheltered yard with open sheds. The same care and attention must bo paid to sheep as that we have recommended for cattle.

Period which elapses between Declaration of /Si/mptoms in and Death of Cattle.

The shortest period which has come under our own observations is four days. Wo have heard of its taking place in two days, in one instance in one day, and we have known cattle to live as long as nineteen days after the first declaration of symptoms of plaHuc, i.o,, seventeen days after the animal was put under treatment. This case is alluded to as No. 1,

Period which elapses between Declaration of Symptoms in and Death of Sheep.

Wo have known sheep to die in three days, and in one case we believe in one day, after the symptoms of the disease were fully manifested. In another in�stance a sheep lived thirty-five days after it was first attacked with the plague.

With the view of endeavouring to obtain as com�plete a knowledge ns possible of the pathology of the disease, and to thereby be in a position to attempt a more rational mode of treatment, we engaged tho services of Professor Tuson, the Lecturer on Chemis�try in the Uoyal Veterinary Collogo, to institute some observations on the temperature ofquot; animals, and on the characters of their urine. This was the only source from which we could readily obtain the infor-

I'rofi'ssoi'.s Vnrnell and

I'rikliiii-d,

Uigt;i)ort to Commissiouvra.

K e 15

214

AI'IMCNDIX TO THIRD ItEl'ORT OV

I'lo lessors \ tu'noll iiuU I'lilcliuvil.

lU'port Id Commlssiouovs

miitiou required; and although it, In oonsequenoe of

the peculiarity of Hio disease, did not aid OB in earry-ing out the medicinal (reatment, nevertheless, through Mr, Tuson's assistance, wo have been made acquainted with some impoi'taut Symptoms of the disease. We refer to the temperature of the body, and the con�dition of the urine, so far as its specific gravity and its containing or not albumen was concerned. The results of such observations informed us of the pre�sence or absence of albumen, and, by deduction, of the increase or diminution in the amount of solid con-stituents of the urine. Professor Tuson niTorded us

information of this description throughout tho greater part of tho time wo havo boon engaged in this Inquiry, but as wo believed tho chemistry of this fluid would bo freely entered into in another section of these investigations, we have not thought it neces�sary to embody in this Report all tho information Mr. Tuson afforded us. We have, however, requested him to furnish us with a few examples of tho results of his observations and experiments, und wo now beg to direct attention to tho following table, containing an account cf them.

Ta�ui.atkd Statement of some Eesults of the Physical and Chemical Examination of the Urine.


			Temperaturlaquo;	Specific
l)i	te.	Description of Animal.	per Vagina.	Gravity.	Albumen.	Remarks.
iS(	te.	i i
Nov.	22	1 Large red calf	__.	1040	Absent.
Dec.	14	Ditto	102deg; F.	1029	Present.
Nov.	18	.Small red calf	_	1040	Absent.
Doc.	8	Ditto		1041	Absent.	It will be noticed in the column
	14	Ditto	101deg; i F.	1026	Present.	headed Specific Gravity that
	16	Ditto	100deg; \| F.	__	__	the observations were appa-
						rently not continuous; the
	12	Largo red and white calf	100deg; i F.	1040	Absent.	breaks, however, are occa-
	14	; Ditto	100deg; \| F.	__	__	sioned by tho inability to
	Ifi	Ditto	100deg; 1 F.	1038	Absent.	obtain urine on the dates
	16	Ditto	100deg; \| F.	__	__	appended to them.
	17	Ditto	101deg; F.	�	�
	18	Ditto	102deg; \| F.	1029	Present.
	19	Ditto	102deg; F.	1025	Present.
	20	Ditto	101deg; F.	1017	Present.
V	21	Ditto	102 F,	1	�

We think it desirable to mention that the tempera�tures of tho animals were taken by means of a maximum thermometer, which, although protected from injury by being enclosed in a German-silver case, was so constructed as to permit of direct contact being established between the glass of the bulb and the organ into which it was introduced.

In conclusion wo beg to state that notwithstanding our investigation on the symptoms, treatment, amp;c. of Cattle Plague has extended over several months, we conceive it to be exceedingly desirable, if not

absolutely necessary, that the inquiry should be continued, in order that opportunities may be afforded for experimenting in directions other than those indicated in this Report. The vaccination of animals must be prosecuted with energy, not only by our�selves in London, but likewise by other persons in various parts of the country, so that information of a comparative character may be obtained.

George Vaknell. William Pritchaed.

Professor

VarncI!.

Report to Commissioners,

Supplementary Repoet on the Trial of Vaccination as a Pkeventivi

by Pkopessob Varnell.

fob Cattle Plague,

In the concluding remarks of the Report I had, in conjunction with Mr Pritehard, the honour to lay before the Royal Commission on the Symptoms and Treatment of Cattle Plague, we suggested the advisa�bility of vaccinating with the view of testing its prophylactic power in this disoaso. We were by no means sanguine that the results of such a procedure would be such as the Commission, or ourselves, earnestly desired; nevertheless, that vaccination should be tried, was sanctioned by the expressed opinion of several eminent men in the medical as well as the veterinary profession.

The reasons for proposing vaccination, no doubt, grew out of the great similarity the eruption on tho skin of animals affected with the plngnc bore to that of smallpox in tho human subject. The two eruptions are not actually identical, and there are, without doubt, striking pathological differences in the two affections.

From the very beginning of the outbreak of tho disease to the present time, I have no recollection of any one engaged in the investigation of tho nature of Cattle Plague, either directly or indirectly, asserting

that the disease now affecting cattle, and termed quot; Rinderpest,quot; was smallpox. I can conceive that when it was first received as an exanthematous disease, that it was compared to that variety it moat resembled, and this opinion, so expressed, was in the minds of the public equivalent to a positive statement that the disease was smallpox of a very malignant

This notion became the prevailing one, and there we're those who seemingly struggled for priority in tho discovery.

Vaccination was very naturally suggested as a means of mitigating the severity of an attack of plague, or, what is more desirable, in rendering a beast wholly exempt from it. For this purpose it was clutched at with the same eagerness that a drowning man would seize a straw to save himself from sinking. Neither can we be surprised that such should be the case seeing the, immense havoc the disease was, and is still, making in our herds. To vaccinate cattle, lymph became so rnneh in demand that a supply could not possibly be obtained. Letters came to the Royal

THJ� CATi'Li; l'XAOUE OOMMISSIONKBS.

215

Votorinary Collogo from all parts of tlio oouutry, with a request that it might bo forwarded iiamodiiLtolj. Tliis pressure coiiliiiuolaquo;! until uxpuriments upon vaooinamp;tioa as a prophylaclilaquo; proved lluit it was of no avail, intis-uiuch as it neither mitigated the ueverlty of tlio disease nor oxempted an animal from its altiick.

This disease, however, is now believed to bo es�sentially dissimiiar to smallpox, and vaccination to be intircly useless. This was oonteadod for by seine few individualraquo; at the tiino tho smallpox theory wixs lirst promulgated, Numbers of my own profossion strongly protested against tins theory. Professors Simouds and Gomgee always said that the cliawise was not smallpox, and that vaccination would bo a futile procedure, and I feel bound to record tlio correctness of tlieir views in this report.

Vaccination has been extensively resorted lo throughout the country, and with so muck anxiety for the welfare of the public, that many ill-niitiii-ccl conclusions have no doubt been published; some of these we fear may have been altogether erroneous, and productive of liarm. The eagerness with whicli vaccination has been resorted to induces me to tliinlc that other moans of security may have thereby been neglected, such, for example, as positive isolatieii associated with sanatory and hygienic measures.

There is reason to fear that vaccination would liavo been resorted to with lymph nnfit for the purpose, or perhaps with a spurious article. But supposing the lymph used in every instance to be quite pure, I nevertheless can conceive that there arc circuin-stanees when it would be injudicious to vaccinate. There may be conditions of the system of an animal, in which such an operation would endanger its life. There are those who doubt whether the milk ofquot; a cow so treated is fit for children to drink. See �be following letter ;�

quot;17, Queen Anne Street, W. quot; Dear Mr. Varnell,

quot; I cannot express how much 1 regretted to hear from you this morning that the two cases I vaccinated, and which you so kindly took charge of, are suffering from ' Rinderpest.'

quot; Pardon me if I suggest that, as your experiments now fully demonstrate that vaccination offers no means of prevention to the Cattle Plague, tlio public, should at once bo authoritatively informed of the facts by some statements enianating from the Royal Veteri�nary College. At present vaccination is depended on as the only means of warding off the complaint, and your experiments prove the hopes it offered are delusions. Another reason why the public should he cautioned, is the fact that my experiments demonstrate that vaccination is not unattended with danger.

quot;The first Ahlerney heifer I successfully yaccinated is suffering from a constitutional disturbance of the severest form. There is a large impctiginous patch on the inside of the thigh and similar discharging sores on the ears. If such accidents from vacciniition happen to cattle well looked after, we may expect lo find still more serious ones occuring on farms where surgical supervision is unknown and the lymph used impure.

quot; My own experience tells mc that, even had vacci�nation proved a good preventive against the Cattle Plague, we ought to have hesitated before v-accimxtiiigquot; milch cows, for I should not have allowed iny children to have drunk milk drawn from animals that suffered from constitutional disturbance after vaccination, oven if Professor Tuson was able, by his chemical tests, to satisfy himself the milk was v/holesome.

quot; Pardon this hasty letter. I was on the point of leaving town, but I could not do so without, sending you this short note.

quot; Ueliove inc,

laquo;Dear Mr. Varncll, quot; Yours truly, quot; Wquot;. Acton.quot;

How far the fears entertained in the above letter, or the remarks I have made on the subject of vaccination, are correct, I am not now prepared to

ilt;:

.slate. 1 think, however, they are questions worthy the consideration of the Comniission, and of their suggesting stringent regulations us to who should bo allowed to vaccinate cattle, mid the sources from which the lymph is procured.

iVofrssor Vnnicll.

�eport to Cotnmlsaioneffe

Experiments on vaceinating Cattle ivith a view to test its effieacjf as a prophylactic in Cattle Plar/ue,

Being desirous that the oxperiinents should bo eliu'ieully carried out, I invited the co-operation of Professor Simonds, believing, and I trust correctly so, that the conclusions we should arrive at would be of greater value in the estimation of the public than if simply conducted by myself. 1 may further add that Professor Winiouds was desirous of assisting mo in consequence of its being his special province in the Veterinary College to investigate und lecture upon the diseases of cattle.

For the purpose of ascertaining the value of vacci�nation in Cuttle Plague, an opportunity we did not expect offered itself, through which we were enabled to obtain two successfully vaccinated cattle.

W. Acton, Esq., M.R.C.S., with his usual desire to facilitate inquiries into the nature of the diseases of the lower animals, immediately on the subjeot of vacci�nation being mooted, at once consented to vaccinate all the bovine animals on his farm. For this purpose we procured a sufficient number of freshly charged points from the National Vaccine Institution which we placed in this gentleman's hands, and with which, on the 7th of January, he vaccinated seventeen animals of various ages. Of this number seven only took, some of them however were more effectually vaccinated then the rest. Two of these seven were selected by Mr. Acton and sent to the College as experiments. One of these animals was an Alderney cow giving a fair amount of milk. IShe had three well-marked vesicles on the vulva, two on one side and one on the other. The other animal was a half-bred Alderney heifer. She had but one vesicle on the vulva; still she was considered to be effectually vaccinated. On her arrival at the College a partial crust had formed over the seat of the puncture.

No animals could have been more suitable for the experiments wo required them for than were these two. They came from n farm quite free from the Cattle Plague, and were vaccinated by Mr. Acton himself, who had never been exposed to the influence of the disease, therefore we may consider that both these animals were free from any taint whatever and were thereby good tests.

No. 1.�January 20th, An Alderney cow which had recovered from sucessful vaccination was placed for twenty hours in a loose box with a quot;budquot; affected with Cattle Plague. On the 26th the cow showed symptoms of the plague, but in a milder form than usual. On the third day, however, after the disease bad declared itself, it assumed the usual severity, and on the 2iid of February the cow died.

No. 2.�January 20th, A black and white half-bred Alderney heifer, successfully vaccinated by Mr. Acton, was inoculated with matter taken from the eye of the quot; bud quot; alluded to ir. No. I. On the 25th this heifer showed symptoms, which on the 26tli were well, marked. This case was unusually severe, the disease ran its course very quickly, and the heifer died on the *K)th.

No. 3.�January 13th. Inoculated a quot; bud quot; about five months old with matter taken from the eye of n sheep affected with the plague, this matter being diluted with six times its weight; of milk was by means of a few threads of wood placed under the skin on one side of the vulva. On the ISlh this animal showed symptoms of the plngue. On the 20th it was placed in a box with the lieifer No. I, and on the the 21st it died.

No. 4,�January 7th. A healthy quot; bud,quot; about live months old, was inoculated on each side of the

21�

API'UNDIX TO THIRD llKPOnT OP

I'rofoBsor Vunioll,

Report to

Comnii8raquo;ioii(!i's.

vulvii by tlu-oe punolures mid soarlfloatlonB with lymph taken from u innn affected with smallpox,

No ett'ect.

No. 5._Jimumy 7th. A hciilthy quot;bud,quot; six months old, was inoculated with lymph ttikon troiu it man ftflfected with smullpox, the smnu as above. No effect.

No. (gt;.�Jaimuiy 8th. A healthy quot; bud,quot; about six months old, was vaccinated with some vaccine lymph recently taken from the arm of a child. No effect.

No. 7.�January 8th. A healthy quot;bud,quot; about flvo or six months old, was vaccinated with vaccine lymph as above. In this case it took on the fifth day after vaccinations there was a blush of redness around three of the pmicturos, viz., two on one side of the vulva and ono on the other, and the skin was slightly tumefied. On the ninth day, the tumefaction and redness had increased and imperfect vesicles formed, after which the punctures scabbed over, and the usual characteristic phenomena followed. On the 7th of February, thirty days after vaccination, this quot; bud,quot; although not purposely exposed, became affected with the Cattle Plague, and died on the 11th, four days after the disease had declared itself.

No. 8.�The quot; buds quot; Nos. 3, 4, and 5, were all re-vaccinatcd with lymph, taken from vesicles on the vulva of the Alderney cow of Mr. Acton, but without any effect in either instance.

The experiments instituted by us on the subject of vaccination are but few, yet wo feel that they as conclusively prove the inetHeieucy of vaccination as a preventive against Cattle Plague as though they had been ever so numerous. The poison received into the system, both by direct inoculation and also infection by exposure, seems to have produced its effects with as much intensity and certainty of de�struction to life as though the animals in question had never been vaccinated at all.

The period of incubation, the symptoms, mode of death, and the post mortem appearances were the same in character as those we have so often witnessed. Therefore wc see no necessity for again describing them, as they will he found in the different sections of the report fully detailed.

In concluding this report, I may be allowed to state that which I verbally suggested to the Commis�sioners, viz., that inoculation with matter taken from a beast affected with the plague might he experi�mented with in the following manner :�six animals might be inoculated in succession, the matter being diluted at each inoculation. This experiment would prove whether a virus could be obtained capable of engendering a form of the disease so mild as not to endanger the life of a beast, and yet of a quality which would give animals an immunity from the malady,

Georgk Varnei.i,.

IF.WS mr, ;quot;il';N'i;iKi) CONIMTION OF THli MUCOUS MEMBR/VMOFTHE f,OWKI^J.lJP amp;GIIM OFACAl,!' XMOIIT VO\]\\ MONTHS OLD, BEING ONE OJ' I'll ^ SYMPTOMS OP CM'Tl !� PWGDK

Prol' Wii V.uin-.i Du ex¹

HB'lWndel DayASdnlLiimlral l.i�i

#9632;#9632;

-#9632;.#9632;.:�.,.....#9632;#9632;

SKIN OF rHE 'IDDFi- OF A '#9632; V\'.:.H! V INO

-''i #9632;; #9632; N - : M : :#9632; ' '#9632; : I

A.A A #9632;#9632;!.( a !., : hfln?' d ;c-ld( im.m -Mi' #9632;! U,' . #9632; ni.is.

THE CATTLE PLAQUE COMMISSIONERS.

2ir

REPOET TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

ON' IHB

Treatment of the Disease and its Extension to Sheep,

dy luv, EDINBURGH CATTLE PLAGUE COMMITTEE.

Committee,

quot; The Committee, before specifying the various methods of treatment in detail, would premise a few general re�marks, which they consider to be applicable to all cases.

quot; First, as to General Sanitary Measures, Disinfection, lt;S^,C.�The Committee content themselves with referring for full information on these matters to the Supplement of the Report of the Royal Cattle Plague Commission, which is in the hands of all veterinary inspectors.

_ quot; Secondly, as to Food.�The Committee deem it de�sirable to state it as their opinion, that, us a general rule, at all stages of the disease, and whatever treatment is used, food should not be pressed on the affected animal. They believe that too much, even of the softest food, is hurtful, the powers of digestion being so greatly impaired by the disease. During the earlier stages they believe that the safest articles of diet are oatmeal gruel, barleymeal gruel, with linseed tea, hay tea, or bran tea, and that quot;little, if any, addition to these is needed. During convalescence it is also very necessary that the food should be both sparing and of easy digestion. The same diet as during the earlier stages may be continued, with the addition of masbes of well-boiled turnips or carrots, but in moderate quantity. When nimination commences to be re-established, a handful of sound hay, damped with salt and water, may then be given in addition.

quot; Thirdly, as to the Maintenance of the Heat of the Animal.�The tendency to chill of the surface is a marked feature of the, disease, and it is very essential that the ani�mal should be guarded against cold. The byre should he kept heated up to a temperature of 65 degrees. The animal should be thoroughly rubbed down from time to time, and be kept covered with an ample clean rug fastened on with a roller or band of any kind.

quot; Fourthly, as to the State of the Bowels.�In the early stages they are apt to be constipated. To remove this con�dition, mild laxatives may be required, but strong purgatives of all hinds are both unnecessary and unsafe. The best laxatives are either raw linseed oil, in a dose of a chopin-bottleful (an English quart), or from two to three ounces of flowers of sulphur mixed up with two pounds by weight of treacle and two chopin-bottlefuls of water. These doses may be repeated cautiously according to circumstances. Sometimes even in the early stages, but more frequently #9632;when the disease has continued for some days, diarrhva (sconrin;/) is apt to come on, and to prove irritating and exhausting to the animal. The simplest and best treatment for this symptom is one ounce of laudanum, mixed with a chopin-bottleful of limewater, repeated twice or even thrice a day if necessary.

quot; Having thus premised these general recommendations, the Committee proceed to state in detail, particular methods of treatment, classified under the heads of�

Reijorfc to

Cumniissioners

Andkew Woon, M.D., Chairmaii. Professor Dick, V.S., Principal of Veterinary

College. James A. Hunter, M.D. Henry D. Littlcjohn, M.D., Health Officer for

Edinburgh.

Douglas Maclagan,- M.D., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.

Dr. Lyon Playfair, C.B., Professor of Chemistry.

Charles S. Romanis, V.S.

Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M.D., Professor of Midwifery.

Professor Strangeways, V.S.

Professor John Wilson, Professor of Agriculture.

In the middle of November 1865, this Committee, at the request of the Royal Cattle Plague Commission, undertook to direct their attention principally to prac�tical points connected with the prevention and cure of the Cattle Plague in Scotland. In transmitting this Report to the Commission, they divide it into the following heads, viz.�

I. The Treatment of the Disease.

II. The Possibieity op preventing or mitigating- it by Vaccination ok Inoculation.

Ill, The Question op the Liability op Sheep to take Cattle Plague.

I. The Teeatment op the Disease.

To this division of the subject the main attention of the Committee has been directed. With the view of eliciting information on the subject, tiiey drew up and circulated extensively among veterinary surgeons and cattle owners chiefly in Scotland, hut also to some extent in England, suggestions for treatment, with ac�companying schedules, of which the following arc; copies, viz. :�

quot; The Edinburgh Committee on the Cattle Plague having heen commissioned by the Royal Cattle Plague (Commission to make observations and experiments in reference to the prevention and treatment of the Cattle Plague, have considered it desirable, in addition to the experiments on treatment which they propose to institute themselves, to obtain a record of observations and experi�ments made by as large a number as possible of qualified veterinary practitioners throughout the country. With this view, they have drawn out the following snggestionj for methods of treatment of various kinds, prophylactic and curative, which they are anxious should he tested on an extensive scale. They have also drawn up a schedule for the purpose of rendering definite the record of the results of the methods of treatment suggested by them. These will he transmitted along with the suggestions themselves, and the Committee trust that practitioners who may make the experiments will have the goodness to fill them up and transmit them to the Chairman of the Committee, at 9, Damaway Street, Edinburgh,

13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;F

quot; a. dlaphobetlo and stimulant treatment, quot; 15. Acid Tbeatmknt.

quot; C. Restohativb Treatment without Diuir.s. quot; 1), Prophylactic Treatment.

quot; A. Diaphoretic and Stimulant.

quot; The Committee are anxious to give a full trial of the method of exciting sweating by means of the emjour bath. The method of using this agent is as follows :�The animal is to be placed in a stall enclosed on all sides, the height of the enclosure being a few inches more than that of the animal. Over the top of the box or enclosure thus formed is thrown a tarpaulin, which should cover it completely, with the exception that an opening is left sufficient for the animal's head to pass through. There is then to be placed on the floor of the enclosure, under the animal, a tub con�taining boiling water to the depth of half-a-foot. A continuous evolution of stenra is to be maintained for half-

218

Al'PKNDIX TO THIR� BEPOUT OF

I'MiiiburKli

Oatllo I'lilKUr

Conunittuc.

an-liour by means of red-hot bricks thrown into the tub one after another. Under the use of this steam bath, if pro�perly managed, the animal may be expected to become warm ami to perspire jn'ofusely After each vapour bath the animal should be washed with tepid water containing M'Doueoll's disinfecting soap, taking core to dry it well after the washing. It should then be covered with un ample rue;, kept, us already stated, closely applied to its body by means of a roller or band of any kind. The bath may be repeated cither on the same day or following days, according to circumstances, During and after the bath the animal should be allowed a draught of cold water, which helps to promote perspiration, The objects chiefly aimed at by the use of the vapour bath are to promote the circulation at the surface, to relieve the congestion of the mucous mem�branes, and to eliminate the poison from the system.

quot; Combined with the vapour bath may be used various other remedies not incompatible with it, but calculated to aid its action.

quot; Several of these remedies the Committee now proceed to mention; it being, however, understood that only one of them is to be used along with the bath in each case where the experiment is made ; they are not to be used together in the same case.

quot; A 1. Oil of turpentine.�This may bo administered in doses of four tahlespoonfuls, well shaken up with a chopin-bottleful of gruel, and may be given twice a day. This remedy may be expected to act beneficially by its powers of stimulating, and of exciting perspiration. It may probably also, in most cases where it is used, supersede the necessity for giving any laxative medicine.

quot; A 2. Infusion of coffee.�The method of preparing this remedy is by infusing two ounces of ground roasted coffee for a quarter of an hour in a chopin-bottleful of boiling water. It must, of course, be allowed to cool somewhat before being administered, and may be given in the above quantity every six hours. In addition to its stimulant and nutritive qualities, the coffee may act benefieially in conse�quence of the empyreumatic oil and caseine which it contains.

quot; A 3. Carbonate of ammonia,�This medicine, which has been found in many cases to act benefieially as a power�ful diffusible stimulant, may be administered three times a day, in doses of half-an-ounce, either alone or preferably combined with three drachms of nitre dissolved in a chopin-bottleful of gruel.

quot; B. Acid treatment.

quot; This treatment is suggested in consequence of the alka�line state of the secretions which is found to exist uniformly in the Cattle Plague.

quot; B 1. Diluted murialic acid is said to have been successful in Holland. It may be given twice a day in doses of three drachms mixed with a chopin-bottleful of gruel.

quot; B 2. Vinegar.�This may be used in doses of two ounces mixed with a chopin-bottleful of gruel, and may bo given four times a day.

quot; ('. Restorut'we treatment without drugs.

quot; This consists in carrying out in full the sanitary instructions of the Royal Cattle Plague Commission; in regulating the diet according to the instructions already given; in keeping the animal warm ; and in administering two chopin-bottlofuls of good Scotch sweet ale three or four times a day.

quot; It is desirable that this system should be carried out in a certain proportion of cases, all drugs being rigidly ab�stained from.

quot; D. Prophylactic treatment.

quot; The Committee would further desire to draw attention to the importance of experiments being made as to the efficacy of prophylactic (protective) treatment, either in pre�venting the development of the disease, or modifying the intensity of the symptoms when the disease becomes deve�loped in animals which have been exposed to the infection. In such cases, of course, all the sanitary measures of the Cattle Plague Commission should be strictly carried out. There may also be given at the earliest possible period prophylactic drugs, of which those most deserving of trial seem to be�

quot; D 1. Sulphite of Soda,* given morning and evening in doses of one ounce dissolved in a bucketful of water.

quot; � 2. M'Dougall's Solution, of which a wineglassful in a bucketful of water may be given twice a day.

quot; I) .'}. A mixture of half-an-ounce of sulphite of soda and two tahlespoonfuls of M'Dougall's Solulion in a bucket�ful of water may be given twice a day.

quot; It would have been easy for the Comrhittee to have given a much longer catalogue of methods of treatment but this would only have been embarrassing to practitioners. In the suggestions made they have sought to combine sim�plicity, safety, and economy. Whatever the result of the experiments may be, all of them may be easily and cheaply carried out under almost any circumstances. It should be borne in mind that the results of the experiments, whether positive or negative, will be important.

quot; The Committee, in conclusion, beg to invite communi�cations as to the results of treatment from practitioners, and are prepared to give their best consideration to any plans which may be proposed for experiment.

quot; In name of the Committee,

quot; Andrew Wood, M.D.

quot; Chairman. quot; Edinburgh, 17th January 1866.quot;

lU)|iort to �ommlsalonora.

* The sulphite of soda is a prophylactic, and must not be confounded with sulphate of soda (or Glauber salts), which is a purgative, and not a prophylactic.

Catile Plaoue Committee, Bdinb�koh.

Form of Return as to the Results of Methods of Treatment i-ccoramended for trial by tho Edinburgh Committee.

l'LAOI� WIIKRE Exi'EKIMENTS MADE

Dr. Amdkew Wool), Chainnan.

Professor Dick, V.8.

Dr. James A. Huntek.

Dr. Littlejoiin, Olllcer of Health.

Professor Maclaoan, M.D.

Professor Lyo.v Playfaiu, C.B., LL.D.

Mr. RoMiNEa, V.S.

Professor Sir J. Y. Si mpson, Hart., M.D,

Professor Stranqeways, V.S,

Professor Wilsoh, l'Ul,S,E.

Signature and Address of Vcteriimry Surgeon.

THE CATTLE PLAGUK COMMISSIONERS.

219

Those siiKgostioiiH Imvo boon extcn.sivoly tried, but a loss number of the soheduloa which aooompanied them have boon rotuvned uecuratoly filled than the Com�mittee hoped to receive. The deflcionoy was oompon-sutod for in part by the Committee Bending some of their members to examine into cases which seemed to present peculiar interest.

After four months' experioncc of the disease, the Committee arc obliged to retain the opinion which they formed at an early part of their inquiry, that there is no specific cure for the disease, and that the administration of drugs, instead of ameliorating the malady, in most instances aggravates it. It would not be difficult to give a number of apparent cures from each of the systems recommended for trial, viz. the prophylactic, diaphoretic, acid, and restorative treatment, but these are more than balanced by cases of failure. When careful nursing and a proper diet arc given to a diseased animal, it has a fair chance of recovery, and often does recover in as large a ratio without as with drugs. Of all the methods of treat�ment which have come under the notice of the Com�mittee, that which they have described under the name of restorative treatment is the only one on which they place any reliance.

This method of treatment aims at securing for the affected animal good hygienic conditions of warmth, cleanliness, and ventilation, a judicious diet, and careful nursing. If these conditions are secured, the propor�tion of recoveries is large; if they are wanting, the ratio of deaths is great.

In no branch of the subject have the Committee re�ceived more thorough proof than in regard to the para�mount importance of regulating the diet. As soon ns the disorder appears in a shed, all solid fibrous or raw food should be withdrawn from all the animals within the sphere of the influence of the disease, and should be carefully removed out of their reach. For litter of straw there should he substituted either sawdust or sand, so that fibrous food should not by any possi�bility reach their stomachs. Early after the disease begins, the stomachs lose the power of digesting un�cooked or dry food, which becomes impacted, and produces, during the progress of the disorder, great aggravation of the symptoms. The experience gained in various parts of Scotland is that unless the cattle which are subject to the influence of the infection, but are not yet infected, be placed on proper diet for some time before they take the disorder, there is a diminished chance of their recovery. In the early stages of disease the appetite of an animal is but little affected, sometimes is oven increased; but the digestive functions become quickly impaired, so that the food accumulates in the first, second, and third sto�machs, till they become gorged. In this condition the animal has small chance of recovery. But if, instead of dry fibrous or uncooked food, mashes of boiled food be given, such as cooked turnips and carrots, with the addition of Indian meal, bean meal, or oatmeal, and with strong hay tea or gruel as drink, the diseased animal, except during one or two days in the worst part of the disease, when the febrile symptoms are most marked, is able to digest and assimilate such food, so that its strength is maintained and nature is aided to combat the malady. Even after convalescence, (his soft food must be persevered in for a lengthened period. Many coses of relapse occur from permitting the animal to reach fibrous food too soon. In fact for several weeks during convalescence, boiled food should alone be given. Raw turnips, mangold, or hay, prove very hurtful, and not unfrcqucntly fatal, four weeks after the crisis of the disease is passed. In such cases, even when the symptoms of the actual plague have disap�peared, cerebral affections often supervene, and the animal dies in convulsions or quot;stomach sbiggcrs.quot;

Mr. Uomanis, V.S., one of the members of (lie Comlaquo; mittee who has had personal experience of this disease in Kussiraquo;, had an opportunity, through the kindness of Lord Binning, of going down to Cheshire, in order to apply this method of dieting on a large scale during the prevalence of the Cattle Plague in that county, and

ho also was good enough to visit various districts in Scotland, at our request. It is chiefly through his exertions that we have been enabled to obtain precise results as to certain modes of treatment. This method of feeding cattle, fomiliar enough to the Scotch farmer, is less u. u;:l in Kngland, so that considomble difficulties were experienced in that country, in Inducing proprietors of animals to adhere rigidly to the system.

We believe that the fatniliaiily of the custom of feeding cattle on mashes in Scotland accounts largely for its favourable position In regard to the recoveries of animals attacked by the disorder. Up to January the per-contage of recoveries in the different parts of the kingdom was as follows :�

Kdinburgn Oattlo Plkguo Comraittoo.

Report to Ooraiiilssioncrsi.

recoveries

England, Wales,

Scotland

9 � 1 per cent.

-nbsp; nbsp; IM �

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;17-8 �

From the Avant of familiarity of the use of cooked food for cattle in Cheshire few facilities for making mashes exist even in large farms in that county. The cattle, especially the Alderneys, do not take willingly to this kind of food, unless they have been habituated to it before the disease breaks out. If presented to them for the first time in the height of the malady they refuse mashes, although they will take hay tea, which is, however, not sufficient to support their strength during the progress of the disease. Drenching cattle with gruel is not desirable. They must be got to take food without force, or it is positively injurious during the disease.

In small farms in Scotland, and in small stocks in Cheshire, such as those belonging to cottagers, where individual musing was possible, and where the number of cattle did not exceed the culinary resources of the farmers or cottars, the number of recoveries under tliis system of dieting was considerable, as the following table will show.

Table I.�Results of Treatment of Small Stocks not exceeding 12 Cows.


					Deaths from
1		Number of	Deaths	Apparent	Relapses by giving
Name.	Place.	Diseased	in 4	Re-	dry hay,amp;c. too soon,
		Cattle.	quot;Weeks.	coveries.	from 4 to 8 weeks.
n. -	ofE. -	11raquo;	4	7	7
w. -	� P. -	10	0	10	0
w. -	�D. -	7	0	7	2
B. -	� U. -	4	0	4	0
1). -	� 8.T.	3	0	3	0
I.	� U.U.	12	0	12	0
S. -	� H. -	e	1	4	0
8.W.-	� H. -	a	0	3	0
P.	� II. -	i	0	1	0
W. -	,, c. -	i	0	1	0
I.	raquo; c. -	3	2	1	0
w. -	,, I. -	5	0	5	2
c. -	� D. -	4	0	4	0
w. -	� U. -	3	0	3	2
II. -	� c.c.	3	0	3	0
H. -	� N. -	2	0	2	0
c. �#9632;	�N. -	7	1	G	0
V. -	� S. -	4	4	0	o
D. -	� U.II.	7	0	7	0
	� U.II.	96	12	83	13

15y this table it will bo seen that in the case of small stocks not exceeding 12 cows the total deaths of animals severely attacked by the plague were only 26'3 per cent., of which 13-7 per cent, were due to relapses, chiefly caused by injudieioiis diet from hay, raw turnips, or cabbages having boon given too soon after convalescence.

As the number of cattle in the slocks augments, the difficulty of providing mashed food increases also, and

* Noth.�These 11 cows were quot;Alderneys,quot; wliicli showed great repugnance to mnshes, und could not bo properly fed.

F f2

220

API'ENDIX TO TH1BD KEPORT OF

BdiuburKh tlioro is Icbs mining given to each imhnal ; tho doittlis ^Cfo�!nite^u then ore moreftoqucat, us tha Mowing table shows:�

Wo now find that tho deaths reach 86-5 per cent., and that 82*2 per cent, die within four weeks. This tablo, when brought into contrast with tho preceding ones, shows how little reliance is to ho placed on medical remedies; and also at the same time tho extreme im-portunec that strict attention bo paid to the diet of thu diseased cattle,

If wo collate the evidence derived from the preced�ing tables, tho comparison will bo found of interest.

Tablo of General llcsults.*


Report to	TABLX	\L.�Ua	#9632;illltS 01 i-l'	aauaoni	JI OlOUKl	i uoni m
Coimnissionpi-s,			to 30 Cows.
						Deaths froni
			Nuniber of	Deaths	Apparent	Helapses by giving
	Jfame.	Place.	Discascil	in 4	Uc-	dry hay, amp;c. too soon,
			Cattle.	Weeks.	covencs.	from 4 to 8
	Mr. K.	of B.C.	#9632;20			weeks.
	Mr. K.	of B.C.	#9632;20	2	18	0
	� II.	�C, -	12	2	10	6
	� AT.	� a -	24	4	20	10
	� A.	� c.-	27	9	18	12
	� A.	� D,-	22	6	1�	0
	� A.	� D,-	103	23	82	28

Tables.



		M
	3	Ui agt;
	I	l!	i
V	Z4	2-a	1
1	Z4	o 5 a*	1
'S	bet	raquo;d
1 3	It	1 sect; SB	I 8
to	Ph	Ph	lt;
95	\2-6	13-7	87-4
105	21-9	26-6	78-1
303	37-2	40-6	62-8
310	82-2	4-2	17-8

By tliia table it will be seen that in large stocks of from 1^ to 30 laquo;attic the total deaths were 48-3 per cent., of wliicli 26 � 6 per cent, resulted chiefly from cerebral affections following in great part from a too speedy return to raw food.

In the next table we give cases treated with mashes from the cominencoment of the disease, but which, from the diflicultj of continuing them, degenerated into dry hay or raw turnips during convalescence. The table also contains a certuin number of cases treated on a mixed regimen of hay and mashes all through the disease.

Table III.�TEEAmrENT of Stocks from 30 to 80 Cows.

I.nbsp;Cottars cattle generally treated with mashed food

II.nbsp; Larger stocks, where dry food was often given during eonvalcscenee

III.nbsp; nbsp;Cattle treated with mixed food of mashes and hay - . . -

IV.nbsp; Cattle fed with dry food, and treated medically with drugs ...

73'7 5f5 22-2 13-6

An inspection of this tahle shows, in a very decided way, that the per-ccntage of recoveries largely depends upon the withdrawal of all dry and raw food, not only during the course of the disease but also during con-valesceuco. Under such treatment, combined with good nursing, about three fourths of all the animals attacked were found to recover, while even under a less severe continuance of the regimen about one half recovered.

To ascertain how far the relapses were due to dry food given during convalescence, when animals died between four and eight weeks after being attacked, numerous post-mortem examinations were made, of which a few are given as examples. We confine the results to the state of the ingesta.

Kb. 1, Post-mortem examinations of animals which died during 1st week, having been feed with usual food of hay, straw, and raw roots.

Same.

Place.

Niimlier

of diseased Animals.

Deaths

in 4

weeks

Ap�parent Beco-

Deathsfrom

Relapses

by giving

dry hay, amp;c.,

too soon�

from 4 to 8

weeks.

Ted on' mashes at com-mence-ineat.

Mashes and hay.


	Mr. 11.	o(V.
	� U	1.
	� c.	II.
	� 0.	K.
	� c.	U.H.
	� w,	U.H.
		U.H.

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

37nbsp; nbsp; !nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

59nbsp; nbsp; ]nbsp; nbsp; 10

29nbsp; nbsp; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

45 30 49 22

29 15

20 12

80 66

31 51

303

113

190

123

Tound the 1st stomach full of undigested hay or straw. The 3rd or maniplies impacted with food, quite dry and hard, resembling oil cake, and the pieces between the layers came out in one lump. All the usual appearances of disease present.

This tahle showraquo; an increase of mortality on this mixed food, as the deaths now amount to 77'8 per cent. The table is instinctive in another point of view, for while 82 per eent, of the animals apparently recovered nt the end of four weeks when fed on mashes, 33 per cent, only made that apparent recovery when fed on the mixed diet.

To contrast with these tables we give the results of treatment where animals were fed on hay or raw turnips, bat were medically treated according to many of the remedies and systems of treatment which have at different times been recommended ns specifies.

Tablk IV.�Cases of Cattle fed with dry or raw food, and medically treated.

3S^To. 2. Post-mortem examinations of animals which died in 2iid week when fed on mashes for one week without huy.


	Mr. W.	ofU.
	� v,	�S,
	� N.	�R.
	and
	others.

1 carcase o

i �

Tound the 1st stomach full of hay and straw. The 3rd fill 1 offibrous matter, hay and straw, amp;C., but moist, and broke to pieces when removed. The 4tli stomach as usual was highly congested, and nearly empty in eases where there was purging before death,


1 Name. I'lace. 1		KToinber of diseased Animals.	Deaths in 4 weeks.	Apparent Recove�ries.	Deaths from Relapses from 4 to 8 weeks.
gt;T. -X. -I. D. -K. -	1!. -F, U. � P, � VV. -	50 80 58 Si 7()	38 71 40 45 55	12 9 12 7 15	8 0 5 0 0
	1!. -F, U. � P, � VV. -	310	255	55	13

* The whole of these tables have been drawn up from the gross returns received by the Committee, and therefore necessarily without any knowledge on the part of the cattle owners of the concliiRions to which the Connnittce have been led from their discussion.

TIIE CATTLK I'LAOUE COMMlSSIONKUi?.

221

No. 3. Post-movtoni cxiiminations of uuiinalraquo; foil on niiiHlics for throo or foui' wooks,

rinderpest milk. With such diet few of thn calves succumbed to the disease. With other food the chances of recovery are small. Drugs were ns umeh as pos�sible dispensed with, and when administered were found to act injuriously. Only in cases of constipation a little Unseed oil was given, or in wises of diarrhoeu a decoction of oak bark.

I'Miubui'Kh Cattllaquo; I'lasua (.'ummittcc.

Uoport to

('imimis.siimi�'9.

II.�The Possibility or pkeventinu the Disease by Vaccination ok Inoculation.

In regard to vaccination it may perhaps appear un�necessary to say much now, seeing that it is universally conceded that the proof has failed of the identity of smallpox and Cattle Plague, and that an extensive series of costly experiments made throughout tiie country has shown that cowpox, whether natural or inoculated, does not seem cither to prevent or to mitigate Cattle Plague. It may not, however, be without interest, even at this period, to advert shortly to some of the experiences of the Committee in relation to this matter, acquired while the question was still an open one.

The Committee having ascertained that tit Craig-sanquhar (near Cupar-Fife), the seat of N. Spens, Esq., the cattle in his byre had during the summer suffered severely from undoubted cowpox, and that subsequently one of them had taken Cattle Plague, and died of it, whilst the rest remained unaffected, suggested the expe�diency of placing one of these cattle, vvliieli had thus escaped, in a byre with cattle suffering under Cattle Plague. Accordingly one of them, a cow in calf, which was selected by Mr. Paird, V.U., Cupar-Fife, ns having had to his personal knowledge cowpos in an aggravated form, was placed on the 20th January 18C6 in a byre 12 yards long by 6 yards wide, with liigh roof, well ventilated, where there were at the time five cattle labouring under Cattle Plague. She became slightly indisposed on the 1st of February, that is to say, on the eleventh day after exposure, and gave birth to a fine calf on the 2nd. Two days afterwards, that is to say, on the thirteenth day after exposure to infection, the cow showed all the symptoms of Cattle Plague in the worst form, and died on the 6th. The calf did well until the 5th, when it also sickened, and .speedily suc�cumbed to the disease.

The Committee have, had several cases reported to them, in which .cattle which have had Cattle Plague and have recovered have within a fortnight thereafter been attacked with cowpox, showing that Cattle Plague no more protects from cowpox than does cowpox from Cattle Plague.

The Committee with difficulty, on account of the regulations against the moving of cattle which were strictly enforced in Scotland, obtained by purchase three calves for the purpose of making expcriincnts in vaccination and inoculation, chiefly with a view of deter�mining whether vaccine or smallpox virus introduced into an animal mitigated the disease acquired cither by direct inoculation with liinderpest virus or by infection. Though these experiments were necessarily made on a limited scale, yet as they were carefully watched throughout by members or the Committee, assisted by Mr. Walker and Mr, Tumi mil, intelligent veterinary students, who acted as clinical clerks, it may not be without interest and instruction to give details regarding them.

On the 6th of January a calf five mouths old was vaccinated on the lining membrane of both ears. On the Ufh, no effect being observed, the animal was subjected to a second attempt, the operation being this time per�formed on the lower surface of live tail and in the groin. This last operation seems to have had the effect of hastening oil the progress of the first operation, for on the 18tli two large crusts were found on the inside of both ears, In order to test whothor these were the result of a true vaccination (the vesicles themselves not having been observed), the crusts were removed, and dissolved in water, and with the softened matter two infants were vaccinated on the 19th January. On the 30th, on one of the infants was observed n characteristic vaccine vesicle, the vaccination having readied its acme

No. 4. Post-mortem examination of animals which died in the fifth to the eighth -week:�

Numerous relapses, -where in many cases the animals-were giving a large quantity of milk again, Rome as niueh as 12 quarts, besides what the calves got. In most cases they were not known to have got hay for three and four weeks. In other cases the attendants, against orders, had given the animals a small quantity of hay daily, which had not been digested. In these cases the symptoms were all those of indigestion with constipation: in some, however, with diar-rhcea. Most of them died in convulsions, with the usual symptoms of stomach staggers.

Mr. II. � B. ,. W. amp; others.

F. E.

6 carcases

On examination there was found in the first stomach invariably from one to three pailfuls of undigested hay, straw, or husks of oats and wheat.

While we think that our experience amply bears out the statement tliat good n urging and soft cooked food ns diet are the main requisiteraquo; for recovery, it is obvious that this regimen must occasionally ho accompanied by simple remedial treatment. Thus, when the animals are costive, a gentle laxative, consisting of a quart of linseed oil, is administered, If this bo not sufficient, a pound of treacle, given every six or eight hours, generally produces the desired effect. When, on the contrary, the animals are purged, a pint of a strong decoction of oak bark, or lime water, quot;with an ounce of laudanum, may be given every three hours till the diarrhoea ceases. In some cases, when this did not prove effective, wo have found peroxide of iron useful. At first, under the impression that slimulauts were indicated, we admi�nistered freely Scotch sweet ale and whisky, but on the whole found that they .should be given sparingly and judiciously. Carbonate of ammonia seemed in many cases to be better as astiniuhmtthan alcoholic beverages, and even spirit of turpentine could be substituted for these witli advantage, especially quot;when tiie stomach of the animal was distended with gas. In order to prevent local irritation of the throat, the turpentine should be shaken up with olive or linseed oil in the proportion of half a pint of the latter to one or two ounces of the former.

Occasionally local applications wore found to be of use. When the larynx is severely affected, which is perceived by the animal standing with the head stretched out, gasping for air, the mouth being open, und the tongue protruding and of a purple colour while the re�spiration is impeded, great relief is given by fomenting the throat with nearly boiling water, having first applied a flannel bandage. After doing this for a quarter of an hour, spirits of turpentine were rubbed in, and adry bandage was applied. This treatment, though apparently severe, requires to be repeated every hour till the skin is blistered. Incases of paralysis, when the animal is unable to rise, relief is given by stimulating the whole of the spine by rubbing in spirits of turpen�tine with a brash,

During the expcriincnts on adult cattle, as above described, between 40 mid 60 calvoa have also been brought under treatment. The disease was pronounced severe In all these cases, the lining membrane of the mouth being of a (lurk purple colour, and the rings on the gums being broader und more distinct thaii in the cow. The only diet vvliieli we found suited to them was milk, and wo did not hesitate to feed them on

P f

222

Al'PKNDIX TO TlUlil) UEPOKT OF

Edinburgh

Uattle I'lngiiquot;

Committee.

lloport to Uonnnitisiouci'a,

on the tenth laquo;lay, thus proving tlmt tlio naif had possed through the true vaccine eruption.

On the 11th January, anothei' cow onlf was vncoi-natod, and on the 13lh a bull calf was Inocnlatotl with smallpox matter; nolthev of tlioso, however, showed sigas of the vaccination lt;ir Inoculntlon having taken, although in both cases the operation was repeated.

In consequence of the Russian experiments made by Dr. Thiele, In Kasan, it was considered desirable to ascertain whether a mixture of the Cuttle Plague virus with milk would luive any clfeet In mitigating tbo intensity of the disorder. The pa 'snro of pmallpox virus, into cowpox virus appeared to lituu beun established by these experiments, and by others of a like kind per�formed by Dr. Sanderson in Madras, While, therefore, there still remained reason to believe Ibnt the Cuttle Plague was the analogue of luanan sumllpox, it was a legitimate and desirable experiment to make, in the pos�sibility that a dilution oi' the plague virus with milk might be attended with similar mitigating effects as in the case of human smallpox. Accordingly virus taken from an ox in the height of the disease, and also from one in a convalescent condition, was mixed with five times its bulk of milk, and exposed to the temperature of 90deg; Fahr, in sealed tubes for six hours. Threads were then moistened with the mixture, and after being dried at the temperature of tbc air woro introduced as setons into the dewlaps of two calves, in one of which the smallpox virus bad not taken effect, and in the other in which vaccination had failed.

In the first case of inoculation in which virus had been taken in the form of tears from the eyes of on animal in the height of Cattle Plague, the inoculation with the diluted virus was effected on the first of Feb�ruary. On the �th of February the temperature of the animal was raised, and on tbo 7th the symptoms of the disease wore well ostahlishod. Tbo disorder ran its course in the usual way, without the slightest miti�gation, and the animal died on tbo 13th.

In the second case of inoculation the virus was taken from a cow which had been cliowing tlio cud for two days, after a severe attack of tbo disease. The tears were diluted with milk, and treated as in the preceding case. In this instance the inoculation had no effect. From the 1st February to tbo ISlh February the animal remained unaffected. In this case the whole power of the virus seemed exhausted, ei ther during con�valescence of the animal from winch it bad been taken, or possibly hy the treatment which it received. That the calf was susceptible of the disease was shown by the fact, that on the 12th, or six days after tbo disease broke out in the first Inoculated calf, this second calf took the disorder, and on the same day the third calf, which had been successfully vaccinated, also showed the first symptoms of the malady. In these three cases, therefore, one by inoculation and two by infection, the period of incubation was precisely the same, viz., six days.

As the two latter cases resulted from infection, we do not think it necessary to give the detailed descrip�tion of the progress of the disease, which was treated on the restorative metbod, by bot mashes of turnips and gruel, with the addition of three pints of ale daily. Notwithstanding that the disease was as severe in its symptoms as in the first case, the two calves recovered, and are now quite well.

These experiments are of too limited a range to justify any general conclusions, but, so Car as they go, they seem to point to the following facts :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;That a milk dilution of plague virus taken in

the height of the disease docs not mitigate it.

2.nbsp; nbsp;That in the single case tried, the milk dilution

appeared to destroy the virus of a con�valescent animal ; the calf, however, got no protection from (his inoculatinii.

3.nbsp; nbsp;That neither voccine virus nor smallpox virus

appeared in any way to diininisli the suscep�tibility to attack or the severity of the disease. Had we, not experienced so much difftculty, on account of tbo state of the law against the movement of

cattle, in procuring animals for inoculation, other experiments would have been tried. Among these was one suggested by Professor Wilson, of mixing vaceino virus with rinderpest virus, in the hope that they might mutually act on each other with a possible diminution of the intensity of the latter.

ill.�Tiik Question qv the Liability of Siiekf

TO TAKH CaTTLH PlAOUK.

Tiik committee have, ever since their appointment, had their attention directed to the question as to the liability of sheep to be infected with Cattle, Plague. They were aware of the observations made abroad, in Austria and Poland, and also in England, especially in Norfolk, which seemed to prove that sheep ore liable to the disease, though by no means so liable as cattle, nor to the disease in so severe, a form.

The first experiments made at Edinburgh in Octo�ber 1865, in regard to sheep, seemed, by the negative results obtained, rather to militate against the liability of sheep to lake. Cattle Plague, and also against their liability, though free from the disease themselves, to carry the infection to cattle in their wool or otherwise, after having been kept in close and continuous contact with diseased cattle. Ten sheep, of different breeds and ages, viz., two aged Cheviot sheep, two throe-year old ditto, two Danish sheep, two Swedish sheep, and two lambs, were placed at the suggestion of the Messrs. Swan, cattle dealers, in the Edinburgh sanatorium, a large house made of wood, where cattle labouring under the plague were being treated. They were kept for 14 hours out of the 24 confined in the sanatorium, in contact with the worst possible cases of Cattle Plague. During the remaining 10 hours they were, allowed to graze in an adjoining paddock, not far from the pits in which the carcases of very numerous cattle, dead of the plague, were being buried. They were kept in the sanatorium for 24 days, at the end of which time Professor Dick, V. S., gave a certificate to the effect that they were dear of any disease whatever.

Eight of these sheep were next, as had been suggested by Dr. Andrew AVood, Chairman of this committee, removed from the sanatorium, and immediately placed in a small field along with four cattle, viz., one short�horn cow, one calf, and two foreign cows. The cattle and sheep were kept thus together for over 30 days, at the end of which period they wore again inspected by Professor Dick, V. S., who certified them all to be in good health.

Had these experiments stood alone, or been corrobo�rated by experience elsewhere, one might legitimately have drawn the conclusion that sheep are not susceptible of Cattle Plague, and that they will not convey the disease to cattle; but later experiments and observa�tions, of which the Committee have been personally cognizant, as will appear in the sequel, have unfortu�nately tended to prove the erroneousness of these conclusions.

Two of the sheep which were the subjects of the first experiment as related above, instead of being taken to the field to be herded with cattle there, were placed in an experimental byre in which Dr. Smart was treating cattle, affected with the plague. They were placed in a stall in which two cows had just died from the most virulent type, of the disease, and they wore also allowed to go about the cowhouse in which several diseased animals were under treatment. Both of the sheep remained perfectly well for nearly three weeks, when one of them became, sickly. The, animal, it is stated, from showing loss of appetite, went through all the usual stages of Cattle Plague, though in a modified form, and then recovered completely, The other sheep continued quite well. The result of this experiment might seem to warrant, in some degree, the conclusion that sheep exposed to Cattle Plague may take the disease in a modified form, but it could not be doomed conclusive, as there were no decisive means of verifying the fact that the sick sheep had had an attack of real Ctdtle Plague.

THE CATl'LU PLAGUE COMMISSIONEUS.

223

About the sarao time, or soon oftoi' theso oxporlmeats wore made, otUei* expei'iiaouts bearing upon the point in qaeation wore boing triud in l^linburgli, at the request of tliraquo; French Govoi'nmont, by Dr. Artlmr (Jamgeo. In n iirst soi'ies of expoi'imonts four �hoop wore kept in tbo sinne stable witli aniimils seriously aftuctod with Cattlo Plnguo, mul woi'e bcsiilcs iii�cu-latod with the secretions obtained from the same animals. The results were, entirely negative. In a second sorios of experhqents four sheep were inoculated with the liK'iiiyiiinl secretions and with the milk of cows affectod with the plague. On the sixth day after the inoculation one of the sheep showed sjinptoms of illness. Subseqnontly all the characteristic syini)-toms of Cattle Plague became developed, and the aniiml died soiius day.s after. In this ease a post mortem exainiiuitioii was made by Dr. Avthui'Giungec, assisted by Dr. Turner, Demonstrator of Aiiat�iny in the University oi' Edinburgh, and in the presence of Drs. Andrew Wood and Douglas Madagan, members of the committee, who had been kindly invited to attend. Lesions, considered by all present to he characteristic of Cattle Plague, wore found in the mouth, in the uir-passagos, and especially on the surface of the. mucous membrane lining the fourth stomach and small intes�tines. In the hope of making the experiment more conclusive, sonio days before the death of the sheep a young calf had been placed in the same stable, and hud been inoculated with the secretions of the sick sheep. In spite of this inoculation, and of a prolonged sojourn in the same stable, the calf did not become affected.

Not long after that the liability of sheep to take Cattle Plague was unequivocally proved to the satisfac�tion of all the members of the committee. On the 30th November 1865 a single sheep (a gimmer) was brought for slaughter to the Edinburgh slaughter-house from the Dean Farm in the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh. No case of Cattle Plague had occurred in the cattle of that farm, but the disease was known to he prevalent in adjoining farms. Several sheep from the same farm had during the previous fortnight been brought to the slaughter-house in a weakly con�dition in carts,� an unusual cirenmstanco. In them, though some slightly suspicious appearances like those of Cattle Plague were noticed by the intelligent inspector of the slaughter-house, yet, as he shared the impression generally held at that time in Scotland that sheep were not liable to the disease, he did not consider it necessary to take action in the matter, nor did he feel warranted in condemning their flesh as diseased meat, and unfit for food. In the carcase of the sheep in question, however, the appearances seemed to him unequivocal, quite identical in fact with those observed in Cattle Plague amongst cattle. He requested Dr. Littlejohn, the officer of health for the city of Edinburgh, and Dr. Andrew Wood, to examine the carcase, and thoy had no difficulty in recognizing the well-known lesions of Cattle Plague, viz., the peculiar redness and rough�ness of the. lining membrane of the mouth, the flush of deep redness on the lining membrane of the foui'th stomach and the intestines, and the peculiar change of colour of the flesh. Theso appearances were after�wards examined by the other members of the Com�mittee, who were unanimously of opinion, that the sheep had been infected with undoubted Cattle Plague, The form from which the sheep had been sent was visited on the day following by some members of the Committee, but they found that already the whole flock, consisting of upwards of 100, had been removed for slaughter at some distance from the farm.

For several months after the date of the last observation no facts bearing on the. question of sheep in connection with Cattle Plague came umler the per�sonal cognizance of the Conimittee. They did not hesitate, however, when consulted, as they were by some of the Scottish county officials, to state their con�viction that sheep were liable to take Cattle Plague, and to recommend, consequently, caution in moving slice]) from infected to non-infected districts. During the last fortnight, however, cases of the disease amongst sheep have been reported from the counties of Forfar

and Fife. The oommlttoo are personally cognizant of the facts In regard to the Foriarshire cases only from having had the opportunity of inspecting one of the heads of the disensed sheep which was sent to Edin�burgh, This inspection left, little doubt on the minds of the members who made it as to the (act that the animal had laboured under Cattle Plnguo, With the facts in regard to the Flfoshiro cases the Committoo. are more eon versaut, because Professor Strangoways, V.S., ono of tlieir number, went down on the. 3rd March 18(j6 to Fife specially to make inquiry into the circumstances. lie found that a flock of 170 sheep (hoggets) bad been confined in cattle courts where, cattle had died of the Plague previously to the sheep being put in there j that a very considerable number of thorn had sickened, and were atlbcted, when he saw them, with all the symptoms of Cattle Plague, viz., drooping ears, discharge from the eyes and nose, grinding of tiie teeth, eyelids swollen, and eyes inflamed, cough, appetite gone, and great pro�stration, some of the sheep being so weak as to be unable to stand, even for a few minutes. Several of the sheep had, in their armpits and flanks, well-marked pustules, like those observed in some cattle affected with the Plague. Professor St range ways made a post mortem in the case of ono of the affected sheep which he caused to be slaughtered. The appearances found were those; viz., windpipe slightly congested, but filled with frothy mucus; lungs and liver healthy; first, second, and third stomach slightly congested; fourth stomach in a state of extreme congestion; con�gestion of the intestines, especially the smaller ones ; gall-bladders filled with thick dark bile. There was a considerable number of deaths, but very much loss pro�portionally than in the case of cattle dying of Plague. Other sheej) on the farm, to the munber of 200 or 300, were all apparently in good health ; none of them had been confined in cattle courts, but had been kept in the fields.

Professor Strangeways, three days afterwards, visited another steading (Cults) in the west end of Fife, and there, on examination into the facts, assisted by Mr. Aitken, V.S., of Dunferndinc, he found a number of ewes in an advanced stage of the disease. These ewes, on the snow coming on, had been removed from the fields into a court where cattle had died of the plague. Several of the ewes aborted. On making a post-mortem of ono of the sheep which had died. Professor Strange-ways found in a' well-marked form the characteristic lesions of Cattle Plague.

A day or two afterwards, the carcase of one ewe and the abdominal viscera of two other sheep were brought for examination to the Edinburgh Veterinary College by Dr. Dewar of Kirkaldy. Theso were examined by Professors Dick, V.S., and Strangeways, V.S., members of this Committee, and also by Dr. Young, Lecturer on Physiology and Histology to the Veterinary College, who all agreed as to the nature of the disease; and con�firmed Dr. Dewar in the opinion he had expressed that these sheep had died of Cattle Plague. In the carcase of the ewe was found a well-developed foetus which showed the characteristic lesions of Cattle Plague.

Such is the experience of the Committee regarding Cattle Plague in reference to sheep. The conclusion at which they have arrived is that sheep are liable to Cattle Plague, may he inoculated with it, or may take it by infection cominunicated from cattle labouring under the disease, or from being placed in byres or courts where cattle have recently died of the disease ; that they are by no means so liable to take, it as cattle, and that they do not generally take it in so severe and fatal a form. The Committee need hardly add that, holding these opinions, they recommend the utmost caution in the moving of sheep, especially from infected to non-infected districts, and would strongly advise that sheep fairs and markets should for a time be stopped.

One other remark which the Committee would make is in reference to the treatment of sheep labouring under Cattle Plague. They find that the same dietetic treatment which has already been proved to act so beneficially in the case of cattle is equally successful in the case of sheep.

i'n C

('#9632;.ii

uburfth tlto l'laj?ucopy;' immittuu.

laquo;part to

imissioiici's

Ff4

224

APPENDIX TO THIRD UErOUT OP

lidiuburgh CnUli' I'liiRuc Connnittoo.

Boport to

Coniiuissiuiieis.

Tho Committee nifty mid, in conclusion of this part of tlio subject, that during the coarse of treatment of adult cuttle they hnvo mot five or six instimecraquo; in -which gouts were present in contact with thorn. With the laquo;jxcoption of one goat, nil tho others took the disorder, but in ft miW form, mul iiltinifttuly recovered,

Tho Committoo, in conoladlng their report, beg to add n few practical observations which have boon suggested by their oxporionco of the disease, and by tho informn-tion which tlicy have derived regtinling it in various #9632;wnys.

The Committeo have detailed what, so far ns they are able to judge, appears to them to bo the best treiitmont, yet they think that ft very important question remains; ought treatment, when Cattle Plague comes into a now locality, to be attoniptod nt all ? Ought wo not, guided by the experience of old authors, amongst the rest, Lancisi in Italy, and Bates and Laynrd in Great Britain, who saw the disease during the 18th century, to adopt slaughter as tho best course, the only one indeed that should bo followed ? When wo consider how virulently contagions the disease is, sparing very few cattle which lire brought in contact, with it, and how fatal it is oven where tho per-centage of recoveries has been at its highest ; when we consider the cost of treating the animal, and more especially tho large amount of infectious matter which is being continually generated from every animal whilst under treatment, as also the great risk of this infection being spread abroad in some way or other oven to a distance by tho air, by dogs, attendants, manure, amp;c.,�it can hardly be doubted that the best and wisest plan, looking to the general good, is to slaughter and stamp out, as was done with success, by advice of Bates, in Britain,

in 1714, and by advice of Lnynrd, in Britain, in 1769, und also in Aberdecnshiro during the present epizootic.

The isolation of healthy from diseased cattle should obviously bo as complete as possible, anil with the view of carrying out this Important object there ought to bo a stoppage of cattle and sheep fairs. Tho interruption for a season, us far as possible, of the transit of sheep and cattle, as rccomniended by thlaquo; Cuttle Plague Com�mission, more than four months ago, and the establisli-ment of dead meat markets, are, in the opinion of this Committeo, measures of vast consequence.

But, in addition to all this, the Committee feel con�vinced that tho strongest measures of slaughter or isolation would prove ineffectual in eradicating the disease from the country unless they arc accompanied at the same time with thorough systems of disinfection applied to byres, litter, manure, and everything which has come in contact with diseased animals. If this bo not done, the germs of tho disease will spring up from a thousand centres, after the country has been liberated from tho suspension of traffic, and thus the sacrifices made by the country will have been made in vain. The Cominittoc trust that Government will prepare^ a system of supervision likely to ensure this thorough disinfection over the whole country, and will not rely merely on the efforts of individual farmers or local authorities,, who may�as the Committee, from authentic instances reported to them, can testify,�from ignorance or indifference, neglect to adopt tho means necessary for thoroughly destroying the lurking seeds of a disease so contagious and so disastrous.

By order of the Committee,

Andkew Wood, M.D.,

Chairman.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONKUS.

225

APPENDIX R.

Recommendations for Disinfection.

On tho l!)fch February the Commissioners were ro-qwsted quot;to furnish tlie Lords of the Council with quot; a summary of the best rules that can be laid down on quot; the subjeet of cleansinjr and disinfeetion in reference to quot; Cattle Plague.quot;

On the 23d February the subjoined recommendations were transmitted to tho Privy Council Office, together with the following letter:

Cattle Plague Commission, 2, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 23d February 1866.

In reference to the subject of your letter of the 19th instant, I am desired by the Commissioners to send yon, for the information of the Lords of the Council, the enclosed practical suggestions respecting the best modes of disinfection.

It has been the aim of tho Commissioners to make these suggestions simple as well as brief.

The methods here recommended are not the only ones which might he employed, but they are those which the Commissioners believe, from scientific investigation and from actual trial, to be on the whole the best for use�the most likely to prove efficacious as well as the readiest and the most completely free from risk.

It is hardly necessary to add that the success to be hoped from disinfectants must depend on their being applied thoroughly and with care, and that they will not dispense with the necessity for cleanliness, but require, on the con�trary, strict attention to it.

I am. Sir, Your obedient servant,

Arthur Helps, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Mountaguu Bernaiid.

amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Allow tho shed to remain closed for at least two hours ; then open doors and windows. About one pound of sulphur is sulfleient fur a 10 or 12 stall shed. The sulphur should he burnt in the centre of the shed, so as to get the fumes diffused everywhere. It may bo placed on a shovel of burning coals.

This process should not only be used in sheds where infected cattle have, been kept, but also where there is any reason to apprehend the presence of infectious mutter on the premises. When disease is in the neighbourhood, it may be usefully employed once a week,

In cleansing sheds from which the cattle cannot be removed, sulphur must not be used. In such a case, follow the above instructions, omitting only the fumigation with sulphur.

AH markets, slaughter-houses, lairs, and places where cattle have been customarily collected, must be carefully and thoroughly disinfected in tho above manner before they are used again, the manure, blood, and offal being treated as directed in sections 3 and 5.

2, The cleansing of Waggons, Trucks, fyc.

Well scrape the boards of the truck or waggon, and burn the scrapings. Then wash everywhere with boiling water, containing a pound of common washing soda to a pailful. Then wash again with chloride of lime or carbolic solution, as in section 1.

3. Disposal of Manure or hitter.

The most effectual way of disposing of manure is to burn or bury it; but if neither plan can be adopted it may he ploughed in. Before burying or ploughing it in, water it well every day for a few weeks with the carbolic solution by means of a watering pot or hose. When the disin�fectant has well penetrated, remove the heap to some neighbouring arable land, and immediately plough it deeply in; care being taken that the whole of it is buried.

If there is no arable land available, place the manure, after the above treatment with carbolic acid, in a heap in a field. After a final watering with carbolic acid, cover it with at least one foot of earth. If the heap has to be packed over, previous to being applied to the land, water it once more with carbolic acid, and cover it again with earth

Carefully cleanse and disinfect by sponging with the carbolic solutio.n all carts and tools used in moving the manure, and the boots of the men, as well as the feet and legs of the horses. After the manure has been removed from the premises, thoroughly disinfect the yards by the method given in section 1.

Add carbolic acid to the liquid manure in tanks, in the proportion of one pint daily to every hundred gallons.

4, Disposal of Carcases of disinfected Animals.

Bury the carcase six feet deep; cover it well with good quicklime, mixed #9632;with carbolic acid in the proportion of half a gallon to each hundred weight.*

6. The diposal of Blond, Ofal, and Hides of apparently healthy Cattle which have been killed after being in contact vjith infected Cattle,

Carefully collect all blood and offal; mix with a little carbolic acid, and then bury.

Disinfect hides and thorns either by washing with the solution of carbolic acid, or by soaking in a solution of chloride of lime.

Dealers in hides consider it advisable to remove tho moisture by covering them for 13 hours with common salt before they are soaked in the above solutions.

(gt;. Precautions to be taken by Butchers, Inspectors, and others, who visit Farms for the purpose of seeing or kill'mtj diseased Beasts. Tho greatest oare as to cleanliness is necessary in the case of butchers and others who go to farms to kill or see infected animals. They should never go near healthy beasts in their infected'clothes, lliey should wash care�fully and dip their boots in the carbolic solution, and

* Owing to its antiscptio properties, the addition of carbolic neld tlaquo; the lima is strongly urged In all cases where it is suspected that putrefaction has conimonccd.

Uocoimiu'iul-ations for Dislu-fcotton.

Recommendations for Disinfection. Recommendations on this subject may conveniently be ranged under the following heads :�

1.nbsp; The cleansing of sheds, infected or otherwise ; of

markets; slaughter-houses ; lairs, amp;c.

2.nbsp; The cleansing of waggons, trucks, lairs, amp;c.

3.nbsp; The disposal of manure or litter.

4.nbsp; The disposal of carcases of infected animals.

5.nbsp; The disposal of blood, offal, and hides of apparently

healthy cattle which have been killed after being in contact with infected cattle.

6.nbsp; Precautions to bo taken by butchers, inspectors, and

others, who visit farms for the purpose of seeing or killing diseased beasts.

7.nbsp; Farther disinfecting measures which may be useful in

infected or endangered farms.

1. The ohemsing of Sheds, infected or otherwise; of Markets: Slaughter-houses; Lairs, Sfc.

Wash the woodwork of the sheds everywhere with boiling water, containing in each gallon a wineglassful of carbolic acid.

Then limewash the walls and roof of the shed with good, freshly burnt lime, adding to each pailful of whitewash one pint of carbolic acid.

Cleanse the floors thoroughly with hot water, and then sprinkle freely with undiluted carbolic acid.

Lastly, close all the doors and openings, and bum sulphur in the shed, taking care that neither men nor cattle remain in the shed whilst the burning is going on.

* Wherever carbolic acid is mentioned it must be understood that either this or cresi/lic acid may be used indifferently. These two agents are derived from coal tar, and have the greatest similarity to each other. Of the two, carbolic acid is better known, and is in general more easily obtained-, but cresylic acid appears to possess slightly more antiseptic properties, and is at present cheaper. The commoner Idnds of commercial quot; carbolic acid quot; consist, almost entirely, of cresylic acid.

If carbolic or cresylic acid cannot be obtained, chloride of lime may be used, in the proportion of one pound to a pailful of water.

Where ehlovldo of lime is vised, neither carbolic acid nor fumigation with sulphur can be employed with advantage ; but chloride of lime, Elluiongh very valuable where carbolic ucid and Sttlphur cannot be used, is decidedly inferior to the conibinatiou of carbolic neid und sulphurous fumigation,

13530.

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

Rcoommondraquo;-tiom for Disin-1'ootion.

should thoroughly brush their clotlies, sprinkle or sponge them with the same solution, and expose them to the uir. In addition to these precautions, inspectors will follow the directions already issued to them.

All persons who have been in contact with, or new to diseased animals, must also use similar precautions.

All clothes and baskets used for meat should bo steamed, or plunged into boiling water, after being used.

7. Further disinfecting Measures which may he used in infected or endanyered Farms.

Wash the cattle all over with a mixture of one pound of soft soap, a wine-glassful of carbolic acid, and a gallon of warm water.

This should not only be done when cattle have been near infected stock, but also when disease is in the neigh�bourhood. In the latter case it may advantageously be done twice a week.

Take a paint-brush, with bristles obout three inches long, and having dipped it into the undiluted carbolic acid, well sprinkle the liquid over the floors of the cattle sheds, the lower parts of the walls, and the droppings of the animals, every day,

lie very particular to have the farm buildings always smelling of carbolic acid, especially those sheds containing sick beasts.

No care need be taken to prevent the cattle licking the carbolic acid, as it is likely to do good rather than harm.

All clothing, baskets, cloths, tools, and utensils of any description may readily be disinfected by exposing them to the action of burning sulpher in o shed whilst undergoing lumigation us directed in section 1,

It must especially be borne in mind that disinfectants are of little use where cleanliness is not observed. The former must never be considered a substitute for the latter.

APPENDIX C.

Miscellaneous Papers and Correspondence.

I. Miscellaneous Papers relating to the Disease.

^MFi^Cemquot;n⁰(i^S ^a' ^Papers Presented to the Commissioners by T. Moffat, Correspondence.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^EscI'gt; M.D., Hawarden, Flintshire.'

to Grange Farm, where they turned to the right, and passed along through Lower Kinnerton by the Gorstilla to Chester. By following the yellow arrows on the map which represent the course and progress of Cattle Plao-ue it will be observed that there is no disease to the leftquot; of Grange Farm, and that to the right it takes the course of the cattle from the diseased stock. Going along the road to the left of Grange Farm towards Kinnerton Lodge, and along Leicester Lane, there is a stock of cattle at a farm represented on the map by a large yellow dot at Crab Mill. This farm and stock belong to the owner of that at Honkley (No. 2 centre). As I do not know the date on which disease appeared at that place I have not numbered it. I have no doubt, however, that disease was carried from it to No. (i, as the owner of the latter informs me that cattle were driven occasionally along the road past his house after dark, and the well at which his cows were watered is upon that road. From No. G the highway to Chester is to the right, and that to Buckley is to the left hand ; and there is a footpath from it (a much frequented thoroughfare) to the Park Farm, No. 13.

Following the yellow arrows, we trace the disease to (Lane-end village) Buckley. Buckley is a brick and tile manufacturing district, and it is also a coal district. In the village there are six butchers. The chief lines of traffic from this district are towards that part of the country lying between Wrexham and Chester on the Pulford and Rosset road, and to the district between Mold, Northop, Flint, Connah's Quay, and Clueensferrv. From Buckley (9), following the arrows, we perceive that disease pursues its course to Kelsterton and Connah's Quay, where it has been very fatal; and about the 30th of December the first case occurred near Queensferry. To the right hand from No. C the disease proceeded slowly towards Chester, and reached D. Sheen's farm (Broughton) on the 30th December. Here it appears to be stationary. From centre No. 3 the Plague, as is shown by the green arrows, proceeded onwards to Eaton and Eceleston.

Cattle Plague at times appears at places where it is diffi�cult to account for its origin. Its appearance at Well House Farm, on the Broughton road to Chester, could not be traced to any centre or source of contagion. I have no doubt now, however, that the contagion was derived from the cowhouse of a pig dealer in Bretton. I have seen new centres of disease spring up at the houses of carriers and carters, who, no doubt, carry the seeds of disease from other parts. Pig dealers are more likely to do so than carriers. The disease often passes one stock and attacks another at a greater distance from a centre, but it invariably returns, as it were, to the one passed. This passing is only apparent. It is owing to one stock being more predisposed to the disease than the other; that is, the one attacked has less power of resistance to the poison than the one that apparently escaped it. This period of resistance is the stage of incubation. This stage varies in length according to the condition of the animal. Animals in good condition

1. Summary of Obskrva.t(ons on the Cattle Plague, with Illustrative Map.

2. On Ozonr as a Disinfectant,

Summary of Observations on the Cattle Plague.

The observations, of which the following is a summary, were made during the months of October, November, and December 18C5, and part of January 1866. The district in which they were made is an area of about six miles radius, and it is represented on the accompanying map.

In the first week of October I received intimation that the Cattle Plague had appeared in the neighbourhood of Wrexham about the third week of September.

In the week ending the 18th of November it made its appearance in three stocks in the above district, each about six miles from the Wrexham centre, and about three miles from each other. The farms are represented on the ma]) by the figures 1, 2, and 3. No, I is on the highway from Wrexham to (iueensfeny by way of Hope. No. 2 is on the highway from Rosset railway station thruugh Kinnerton to Buckley and its neighbourhood, and No. 3 is on the highway from Wrexham to Chester. The Eosset station is on the same highway. Prom these three centres Cattle Plague spread over the district. The dots on the map represent the localities and number of stocks infected from each centre, and the arrows show the course the contagion followed. The numbers from 3 to 19 are sub-centres at a distance from the primary centres, but they no doubt had their origin from them.

From centre No. I four stocks were infected by the 2i)th of December. From centre No. 2 the seeds of disease were scattered to parts on a line of road forming a semicircle of upwards of fifteen miles, and the points of infection still increase in number (January 10); and centre .No. 3 was also the source of much disease.

From the great death-wave whicli is passing over this country from east to west at a mean rate of two miles in a week there proceed off-shoots or out-posts from which disease proceeds in all directions, causing a general inun�dation of death. It is by observing the progress of these off-shoots or ont-posts that we shall be able to discover the mode of distribution of poison germs, and the propagation of disease.

From centre No. 1, following the black arrows, we observe that tile Plague proceeded along the highway to Old Hope road.

From No, 2 cattle were driven in the last week of November along the highway through Kinnerton (ireen

milMttp.finj.

CATTLE PLAamp;UE ENQUIRY.

^^^^^^^^^^^J^^^^i^^^^laquo;^i^^^^^^^^^i^J^__1Z_

¹⁹ ²deg; ²¹ b ²³ ii a a

27 28 29 30

YeJjer�iary OeparOnrnP JHnauf Slriutl- Westniinster.

MAP o? QffiiT M�omquot;

To Shaw iheprevdlaece' of

Tram its commencorunt' iip U 51^SJDECEMBER_;1866.

AI0r�.- The rdaat'eyprvpprti� nfjfrtattrj to ttie estimated ordthnry- StecJc m/ each Cmntyu expnsseA iyrte farTrnejs vftbeS/m-duy.T/m*'raquo; rf,_rMre- wfum rM-monier orattmite was 6S m- every ICP Cam. the, Shade is rfwlrcst. T/ze date' md-icates the first* rqxrted, ouOrwdc in ffo CaoUy, and the- /Iffiu-cv rAv per Cmlrige ofAUacfa. ₌__₌___₌_₌₌₌₌_₌₌_=raquo;=

Scale.

^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �O'fo awl upwards I

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _ and under oOf, C

3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-gt;edeg;/'....... . . Mi' '

J.nbsp; nbsp; 9deg;/. ,. , #9632;if^ #9632;

g.nbsp; nbsp;-under ffv C

7,nbsp; nbsp; MAUacamp;s rt-fiorted/. L

² ³ i

naSSm.fJ�miitA/JM.IumdtnWV.

^^*

v^^^o^i^^^^^

^^^^^^U^^^h^J

Veler�tary lU'MtUtunl, Ihmr,-, �iivil.WistnuiiHlii; O/.JO/i./M.- '..'/

!r ^xgt;s.

(^UJ1K.A\^ l^^^f^/AU^f

((^reg;M^M^; lUvPRESliNTING THE OTMBEB OF mm^rmKED, KI/MD, HIED, AND /i/JWVMEJllH /VK'lt WEM, * r^vr^ⁱ^^llt;IM)M UTE COMMENCEMENT OP THE DISEASE, �PTO THE END OF THE YEAR, [866,

t.......r

�#9632;^, ³ ⁴

Tquot;!'quot;¹.........r.......r.......r.......#9632;

quot; ⁷ ^B ⁹

lllllllllllilllllllHI llllll'lllllll'l^lllilllllilllllllinillNllllliiiiiiiiiiiNiiniiiiiiiiin......pip��ni|mimn|iimmr|ni

Vuennaiy Ikfuu-dni/iU, /h/irc.s Mivct WeMmmster; Jf)/J�it'tM,.\''//.

uM^MMM UKPIU^SKNTING Till: Nl'MllKR OT CATTLE IM'POHTU) TOIFAVK BREN s/TMCKJii) WiPUGVE IN KACII COUNTY /^�-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; orOUIvVT HIUTAIN FROM THE COMMENCKMENT Ol-THE DISEASE HP TO DECEMBER M^s' IHfUi

Thi'SHniimf-s of

of'fJic volttmn forChexhiw mprcwnimg the M,H80 Attach in fiJuU (ontiiv. if would h rmre than [Six tittm tlspivwni kewht. YorLsfurv (ftuhU'ii iOf/rtSier nouhi trpriw/it- ti coUuntV douMraquo; the iwiflht ofiJiamp;S dtit^ntm orft'X IW AfMwkff.

^_j.

umnimim imipinnnpnimnipTpi ³ ' s quot; ⁷ '

i!Ill^rTT|TTTWTpT]lm|T

⁹ a___ii___12___quot;

_l�___�___IS___B___IS___IS___iO___2]___22___13___2i___25___2fl___22___2a _M Jij

Vftfn/iaij �eparlmaU, /'n/ircv S/zrr/ Wvslnuns/cr. J)jJ(iJLlM..'S #9632;#9632;IJI.

(f tMM��^ RKl'luiSEXTlNG TIIK DUiimOA WWWl CJTTUi PJJGIH V* FACH COUNTY IN (Wwir BlUTJ/X 1865-6.

4.^

18 6 5 j

18 66 n

sect;.

quot;1

-JU LV

1 AUGUST

SEPTEf

BETR {

OCTOBER

NOVEM BER

OECEMGER

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL ]

MAY

JUNE

J ULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBtR

OECEMBr. R

1 1 ^-quot;

(cimties | VMe-O'Qji

/#9632;'nstcm' .i Cvimites ~

#9632;raquo;#9632;'quot;#9632;quot;.#9632;'#9632;

Kent .......'

Suxmr

Uimipihiiv

lic.-te/mr

--\

,5quot;

-- . #9632;

/.','

/.�;

.#9632;/

Mi.

#9632;#9632;-. #9632; #9632;#9632;:

#9632;'J.

','.v

//.

18.

SJ.

jJS

?.#9632;;

,.#9632;lt;'.

!#9632;#9632;#9632;

CO.

10.

laquo;lt;

W. IT.

#9632;H.

-J

'.'1

�#9632;.#9632;:

:. ^:i

�

A/.

ay.

,ftJ,

#9632; \-

.#9632;--

//.

St.

//.

tH.

�

/ S.

/.-gt;

itf

�

:i. �

10.

�

17.

---

�

1. MvO-s

Hi /'lt;

,1 .i

Its

II.

Ctmn/MA*

111 _ South -i

K IV. laquo;

Iferl/�nish�v

yfrUuim/itt'iuhi/r llunlmfiw-mu. Bnt�iftisli�t

�

�f-

#9632; �

�

-#9632;#9632;;#9632;--�

_J.gt;:v:

!;.:#9632;#9632;

, ;

#9632;#9632;-#9632;'

#9632; . . v--. #9632; #9632; #9632;

-_:

-;, ;_v-.

�

.......

#9632;:�-#9632; ^T7

#9632;1

i 1

�

quot;.^::^r

#9632;

---

�#9632;#9632;#9632;

�

^T⁷

�

(#9632;

�

---

1-------

�

....,

'hnn.nl.-.l.uv

iu.l.in,,hiui^i�\

''.tli'iihfiirr Voiiiiiilnploiuhiit

/lijiliri-.i/.vt.tSii/r '�#9632;.M'nM/'r t iiiiifin,/,/,:*/,,/*-

H ;gt; 10 II

K IS

111 .#9632;inttl,

ill,//,,,,./ ('lt;#9632;gt;,n/iw.

lt;

�

V. /.-

Ah-foik PrnvMnv

Cor: will

�

� j

�

;#9632;.#9632;#9632;

,._,..

�

.#9632;#9632;~s

�

...

'#9632;.. #9632;#9632;

quot;T

r_i

�

;�

~Th

IH�

rquot;

�

#9632;1

^; quot;#9632;

-:;...

�

I -----

�

H'iMlur

If.'iw/.Wiiir IK'v^iiAhv

'5 16

/,v

/vaiUiamp;s

SoMh

CcunOet. Ti VI. laquo;

' Mullastri %

SonunuOhitr

OloucfMtr.Jiirf lienfiwidun

Statamp;rdifuit

�

__ �

�

1c.

MR7

..#9632;-

#9632; . #9632;#9632;

~7i

....

�

..... 1

---

�

-#9632;

�

---

�

...

---

�

wii.i:\rt.i/iiii

Huutwlrm/utv leirliiiih/uiv

S/iiv/hsfiin-

77 Q.i i'i

quot;i

Vi.

H'lVrf

VI1. ^

It '6n:iUrih're Watwittsniw

//#9632;ii-e.tlm/i'ii-

�

quot;

�

#9632;~*.

�

#9632;#9632;:��

#9632; #9632;

H-~

�

�.

�

---

�

____.

�

:__

.__

llmvalM/uir

#9632;'.#9632;lt;

/U�i/�,.-Vll.

.Vorlh Mi,/I,�ut

A'.-r^ g

quot;

......

'',

AWm^mAi'^

�

.;,.

t�

�

#9632;#9632; K

�

1. #9632;#9632;

#9632;

laquo;

�

...i.-

.#9632;...:

�

---

Urnvtuduv i'iHl�u/lKi'H.Jiirr

#9632; MU.-----33

Laiirfwhin.

�

⁼

�

;

...

�

ik.

�

#9632;#9632;':,

laquo;

�

-....

#9632; 1

�

^_;

�

~~quot;

.�

�

7quot;

�

---

Chivfiiiv Lanra/ifiiir

'r.

Vlll.

IX. 1

KaH /luluiii A'ort/i Xii�iiy

Uw/uim

�

^ '#9632;

-#9632;;.:. #9632;#9632;. :

:-..-

laquo;

�

-'-

1 1

-T-

....

#9632;

quot;

⁼

.#9632;

-4-

_Tquot;

HMHuii'ny Sast liuUiu; Vvrth fiuio-

IX.

Y,;-Ui,n:

H-f�fquot;lt;raquo;' lt;/

�

Se~A

Uvh

#9632;-

�

�-

#9632;#9632;#9632;quot;.

�

v:.

/#9632;#9632;;#9632;.

laquo;,

quot;'

�

---

�

---

�[�

�

---

�

� !� �-1�

�i�

�

��

-Z k-L.

Vtii/uii'iMamt

ll,:-.t,u_l. i't..l

Jl-ii

C.lltltlVS

XI. ]

Mmnwutiuhin z

I Olanwyanxhirt

L�

tail.

/^ laquo;

quot;'

�

#9632;�

�

---

�

---

1--------

�

!�

�

---

�

j 1

�

rH��'�

�

/#9632;;

XI.

MmtimtlliMi,

.��/

lllaquo;/�.

I�

J lt;

3 Carmivihr.iJtirt

�

^7quot;:

f..i

�

�1�-

�

_u ;

k�^//�v,.^,.

S fonft�/gt;inMrr

Vt ,

r Ap rt

;;;;

^�

quot;quot;

~quot;

�

�_

�

---'

�

quot;~~

�

---

�

¹�'

¹�

�

�1

�

---

__ J__

�

�j�

�

�-

�... _

#9632; -4 4 #9632; #9632;--.._1._J._____

�

Iht.l.f.il.slttn-

i Bnttnedeshire

Ktfui

�

__w

.�

......

1�

�1�n

HWat, -

lt; .)fimiyilt;iw/y.t/iijr % PluUahvr

ft ;

Cad

-JbpH

�

......

�

#9632;

laquo;

^jT

�

�B

�

OT)

�

#9632; ^

quot;#9632;'

-.*

�

'.i

~quot;

�

L�

�

__._

�

ti. -

ted

llipe 1

�

laquo;?

#9632;H

laquo;n

�

:'ii

ralaquo;

�

¹�

�

�_

�

---

�

L�

__�[_.

�

....... _r.

n.nkyhxJun-

1 Oamanvndurt 1 Any/W

v,. ,1

:laquo;X

JUpt -i

tlt;i

�

�_i

�

_i__

____

₍__

�,

;

__!

¹�f�

_,._

Savukamp;tv CtKUUios

11, Sfftvtb Baetmv CcttrO�f

South'

IV. .

Inbsp; nbsp; WfatmwiAin

,T Iluml'iie.vldi-i j Har/'uiphihirt

A ,^tiett-in.*/.iiY

6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ihl'lwfurc

7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;HfrturkA'/iirr

9 F.dmkuyhshirc to l.nitiiht/mifwv

IInbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lanark*fUre-

l3 Smlivwliirt M BiUtifitrt

JUpcigt;

id.

�

[

�

i :

#9632;.#9632;#9632;:

-: :

#9632;#9632;#9632;'

17 i

�

m a;

raquo;22

15raquo;

quot;#9632;

�

�7:

�

......

�

�#9632;

�

� �

�

� �

7quot; �

�

� �

�

Viqlcmiuhiit

KutiJtiiii .ij/tl.siuii

Hiabiu\i/i.t/,irr fir/A-MUliiir

lhili:v.h,iv Ihniukt/iur f/mMjnu IoiikIkiv f'.JmbitiykiJiiiv

l.itnarkihttt

.#9632;\ynfii'r

BulfJihuv

�

'i.Y

�

I. S,�/Jl,;; t'timt/iamp;f

II.

.',#9632;,,Ill

/#9632;:,,.,t,;�.

111.

Si'iith

W'r.rtvn,

l',l,i,tl,:r

MUUmti

V. last

VI. thrlh.

CmutMct

Vll.' ,Ymh W,.,l,m

vm.

If, ThuniaiYaithtn 17 yirfttwAm IS (lariinaniuinfhiix fg fi/mm ittl/laquo; ?� Fi/hlun li IhUthtn-'y liTlimJiiiv. ?J Kiiu-iuiiincAirv tl Mterdmubtt

W Stgin orMor-v? .Vmninhiii-iamp; /nwiir.vi .v/un-

.W iW/.iV.'quot;quot;A'.'r/-.

i _�

#9632;vv

1 '#9632;or i St

7 ��

. #9632;#9632;;

r /lvlaquo;

#9632;-

#9632;-

�

-_.

'-.#9632;.

�

1.?'

:.u;

-#9632;#9632;i

#9632;;#9632;#9632;#9632; -#9632;#9632; ��.#9632;#9632;-

lr.

�

i_a

Im-

El 77

2raquo;

ail

.- #9632;#9632; 7:_.

quot;7

�

^�

�

�. �

�

�,

�

.....

�

- #9632;

�

------

�1

------

�-

------

��

�

...I _ .....4

-7177

- | 1 -

-----1-----^----

�1�\�

...j�L

----,- .

-.....' -

----1----1----

Omnimiivitliin Iiittimiiiiuiiixfim

filis/mr

driMiirr ' Kmvnium/un

SlllllflliM'MlllV

�u

quot;A li

If.-.tt

MiM,nA V

i-:�.,t

MM�i,l

Cflflluv

VI Xi-iH/i

/#9632;�.#9632;t,,;, 1,1,�lie.*

HI, VIII

gt; 0

Swihtm thtt/ttiaf (Uiui

.quot; Ihriland

h �

.V .'V'

-1 Ktfx t /Iffraquo;

*laquo;

7quot;

.9.

:kgt;

#9632;/

laquo;

,y.

~/rf

quot;.

17.

.*.

:v.

.'(,

A),

rte

J/.

�

quot;

IP.

#9632;m

raquo;.

---

7, //.

tl.

0 n

_L_

7X.

�

/?.

l¹/

#9632; t

Shflhuu/

M ,,

(ttttittitH

-� *4

JULY

�.�

1 SEPTEMBtR

1 OCTOBtft

J_ NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

|_ JANUAHV

FEBRUARY

MA RCH

APR IL

H AY

JUNE

J ULY

AUCUS1

SE PTEMBER

ocroBtR

NOVEMBER

DECK M F)

II quot;^^^#9632;#9632;-...

1 ,

1863

1- 18G(J

fu-

^tv

4!l

laquo;amp;

c//'

iv/

rti'

*y'

laquo;1?

//?/

/1V

(/v

,/w

�///(

laquo;laquo;

f n

gt;./

Ort

gt;n

?///

*quot;

/Itlt;

laquo;V

17'/

gt;rtf

- J...

J^^T^^^

UMI^^M^^^^^^MaiB�Hi

THE CATTLE PLAOOT� COMMISSIONEKS.

227

resist the longest, but if they become diseased the disease runs its course more rapidly in these than in animals of lower condition.

Stocks at a distance from highways and thoroughfares are often unaffected, while those near to highways are diseased. The contagion passes from one stock to another through the medium of the atmosphere, rather by the process of diffusion than by atmospheric current. In proof of this I may state that between centre No. 2 and the village of Dodleston there are meadows upon which there are cottages with cows, and in the autumn months cattle graze upon them. Contagion, if curried by aerial cm-rent, would have affected these cows and cattle, and would have reached Dodleston sooner than any other stock or place. From the 18th November to the 23rd of Deceraher there were frequent south-westerly gales, yet cattle disease did not appear at these cottages nor at Dodleston until the last week in December and the first week in January, A current of air, however, I may remark, from south-westerly points of the compass, carries with it the maximum quantity ot nature's disinfectant.

From personal experience and observation 1 came to the conclusion long ago that to save our cattle we must trust rather to prevention by disinfecting than to medicine, and I advised the farmers to use precautionary and preventive measures. To those who were desirous of trying the mode of disinfecting I proposed, I gave the following directions in writing:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,, � ui

Clean the cowhouses and cattle sheds thoroughly mgm and morning, and remove the droppings during the day. After cleaning, wash them well with a solution of common washing soda in water; add one pound of chloride of lime to eight gallons of water, and sprinkle the mixture freely several times daily behind the cows and cattle. Sprinkle Condy's Disinfecting Fluid (properly diluted ac�cording to the directions on the bottle) freely on the floors and walls of the houses by tiie heads of the cattle. Place pieces of phosphorus upon the corks which float on the water in the jars (quart jars filled three parts with water), and place the jars on shelves in the houses or sheds, or suspend them hy wires at proper distances according to the number of cattle. If the pieces of cork become water-logged, remove them, and dry them while other pieces are in their places. The temperature of the water in the jars ought not to be under 45deg; of Fahrenheit, say about 50deg;. The temperature of luminosity varies with atmospheric pressure. Examine the phosphorus in the dark, and if it be not luminous, add one, two, or more table-spoonfuls of warm water to that in the jars, until the phosphorus becomes luminous. Place a test paper marked O (ozone) in a dark place in the house or shed, and also one marked S. H. (sulphuretted hydrogen). If they become coloured, remove them, and put others in their places. As phosphorus ignites at a low temperature, it is necessary to he very careful with it.

My object in using phosphorus as a disinfectant is the formation of artificial ozone. Ozone diffused in a gaseous form in cowhouses and sheds not only disinfects_ them, that is, removes substances from the atmosphere, which, by their continued action, prevent the proper oxidation of animal tissues, and thereby produce a predisposition to the action of special poisons, but also by its introduction into the blood through the lungs readily oxidises the effete matter produced by destructive assimilation, or the process of renovation of tissues. The objections to the use of phosphorus are its easy ignition, and the deleterious effects of its vapours. With regard to the former, I may state that phosphorus has been in use for four months in cow�houses and cattle-sheds, and no accident has yet occurred ; and as to the latter objection, I have for five years had one piece (sometimes three pieces) in constant action in my laboratory, and 1 have not experienced any bad effects from it. Ozone, however, can be produced by the action of diluted sulphuric acid (or any diluted acid) upon the permanganate of potash. 1 have used it, but the process is much more expensive than the other, and the cheaper

mode suited ine better for experimental pui^oses. I have used the acid and permanganate in the following quantities,

Miscollanooiut

Papers and Correspondonoo.

viz. I strong sulphuric acid, one part; water, nine parts. Pour three ounces of the diluted acid upon one ounce of permanganate of potash. The quantities to be used in disinfecting a stock must lie determined according to the size of the cowhouse and the number of cattle. If my test papers be coloured 1 of my ozone scale, there will bo more ozone formed than what is consumed, and if my test paper be coloured no more than 10 of my scale in 24 hours, it will not he formed in deleterious quantity. Smaller quantities at distances in a cowhouse would suit better than a large quantity at one place.

The positions of the stocks which are under the influence of the above process of disinfecting are marked upon the map with red ink, and they are numbered as they suc�ceeded each other in being put under it. They are sixteen in number, and, with two vxeeptions, they are still free from disease. The exceptions are Nos, 1 and 3, At farm No, 1 the disease appeared at the same time in an adjoining cowhouse which was but partially disinfected. The cattle at this cowhouse were in the fields during the day, and disease was at the next farm to them. The owner of No, 1 is under the impression that the contagion was carried directly to his stock from another that was diseased. At farm No. 3 the animal which was first seized was not under the process of disinfecting, and while it was ill it was separated from the others, but only by an imperfect partition of boards. Two cattle that stood with their heads to her were the next that were taken ill. .1 merely state the facts. All the other disinfected stocks were healthy up to the 12th instant, although they are surrounded by diseased stocks. No. 2 (at Coppa) has been surrounded for weeks, and the 13th cow of a stock next to it died on the 12th. No. 5 I put under the process of disinfecting on the 15th of December. Within the distance of a mile from it, 45 cattle died at one farm from the 5th to the 15th December, and the disease was gradually approaching it. On the 12th of January I cannot say that there was a healthy stock within the area of a mile's radius of it. At the two farms nearest to it all the cattle had died off. Within a quarter of a mile of the disinfected stocks in Moor Lane, Nos. 6, 7, 8, and 9, one stock ot 15 cuttle has been swept away, and there is another near to them dying off. At No. (gt; the young stocks in the field were diseased, and they lay under a shed adjoining the disinfected cowhouse; the cows are still healthy. At No. 15 the young stock have been ill and dying for three weeks ; they are in sheds in the yard. The cows are under the process of disinfecting ; they are still healthy.

How much longer these stocks will resist a contagion which has hitherto been irresistible it is impossible to say. We must not expect perfect immunity. If we find that the process of disinfecting gives to the animals a degree of resistance to the poison, it is something gained.

In conclusion, I have to state that the Cattle Plague is eminently contagious, that the poison germs proceed from a centre of contagion in a direct ratio to the amount of traffic from that centre to other parts; that the atmo�sphere is a medium of communication, but that the process by which the poison is communicated is rather by simple diffusion than by aerial current. That the area in which the mode of disinfecting has been tried is too small, the prevention of intercourse between diseased and healthy stocks having been utterly impossible; and it is my opinion that if a large tract of country, such as a county, were placed under a rigid system of internal quarantine, and a similar, if not the same, mode of disinfecting were carefully carried out, it would be saved the scourge of the Cattle Plague.

Hawarden,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; T. Moffat.

January Ifith, 1866,

Gg 2

228

APPENDIX TO THIRD BEPORT OP

THE CATTLE PLAGUE �OMJIISSI0NEUS.

229

MisoelUmeous

Papov� and

Correspoiidcncc.

2. On Ozone as a Disinfectant.

For upwards of 17 years I have given unretnitting attention to the investigation of ozone in its meteorological und medico-meteorological aspects; and for six years I have used it, artificially formed, as a disinfectant. It is the most powerful oxidizing agent known.

From experiments, and the observation of 14 years, I arrived at the following conclusions and deduceil the following results :�

Ozone destroys sulphuretted hydrogen; it rapidly oxidizes all oxidable substances disengaged during putrefaction and combustion, and it is itself destroyed by uestroying these substances. It exists in the atmosphere, hut in quantities varying with those of the emanations produced hy the above processes. Ozone is deficient in towns and all crowded places, and near cesspools; and it is absent in inhabited houses, unless well ventilated, and it is at a minimum in cowhouses and cattle sheds even where the most scrupulous cleanliness is observed. The quantity of ozone is greater at the seashore than at inland places, owing to the atmosphere upon the sea being free from the products of putrefaction and combustion, and it increases with the elevation, the air in the higher strata being uncontaminated with these products. The quantity also varies with atmo�spheric pressure, temperature, and humidity, and the direction of the wind. The minimum occurs with the conditions of the north (polar) or land current of the atmosphere, and the maximum takes place with those of the south (equatorial) or sea current.

The source of atmospheric ozone is not yet understood. Electric storms were at one time supposed to be the means of production ; and again, it was conceived to be produced in the upper currents of the air. From ray own experiments and observations, I consider that ozone is connected with phosphorescence and that it is generated by phosphorous oxidation. I am led to this belief by the following facts : Ozone is produced by the catalytic action of phosphorus on moist air, but only when the phosphorus is luminous.

In the atmosphere there are ozone periods and non-ozone periods, and ozone and luminous periods of phos�phorus occur together and under the same atmospheric conditions; and non-ozone periods and non-luminous periods take place together and under the same atmo�spheric conditions, that is, periods of ozone and the luminosity of phosphorus occur with the south or equa�torial (sea) wind, and periods of non-ozone and non-luminosity of phosphorus take place with the prevalence of the north or polar (land) wind.

In a medico-meteorological sense, the observations afford the following deductions. The polar or land current is that of non-ozone non-luminosity of phosphorus and the maxi�mum of deaths; and the equatorial or sea current is that of maximum of ozone and luminosity of phosphorus and minimum of deaths. The calm is also a non-ozone and non-luminous period, and it is the epidemic condition of the atmosphere. 1 have stated that ozone increases in quantity with the .elevation; and the medico-meteorological observations show that the number of deaths diminish with the elevation, that is, the lower strata of the atmosphere afford the minimum of ozone and the maximum of deaths, and the upper strata give the maximum of ozone and the minimum of deaths.

I observed that cholera disappeared in 1848, 1853, and 1854, on the setting in of the ozoniferous current of the atmosphere. Ozone was absent or at a minimum during the epidemics.

When cholera is epidemic, the air is stagnant or calm, and there is no ozone, and cholera disappears on the setting in of the equatorial or ozoniferous current.

These results are fully verified in the quot; Report on the Registration of Ozone in the Bombay Presidency for the years 1863 and 18fi4,quot; in which it is stated there is a decided connection between the absence of ozone and the presence of cholera; and that the number of cases of intermittent fever was decidedly less when the amount of ozone was greatest.

From the foregoing results then, it appears that ozone oxidizes miasmatic and malarious gases disengaged from putrefying animal and vegetable substances, and removes those products of decomposition which produce apredis-position to the action of special poisons hy converting them into innocuous matters. Where there is no ozone, death prevails ; where there is ozone epidemics disappear, and the atmosphere is purified and is salubrious. It may be said that,�#9632;

Chemically, ozone is a highly oxidized body and that it readily oxidizes all oxidable substances.

Meteorologically, ozone in the atmosphere varies with the quantity of oxidable substances, its minimum occurring with the north or land wind, and its maximura with the south or sea wind.

Medico-meteorologically, ozone removes from the atmo-sphere those substances which by their continued action upon the system, produce a predisposition to the action of special poisons. Physiologically, ozone, by affording oxygen to effete matter, the products of destructive assimilation, it invigorates the animal economy and gives resistance to the action of these poisons. From these results, which from long experience I believe to be reliable, and from the fact, as I have before remarked, that ozone is as a rule absent in cow and cattle houses, I was induced to try ozone artificially produced as a disin�fectant in Cattle Plague, and since October 1865 I have had in all 22 stocks under the influence of ozone, generated hy the action of phosphorus upon the air. The results of the experiments are given in the following tables compared with those of stocks that were not disinfected. The stocks on^ which the observations were made, amount in all to 267, and they consisted of 2,783 animals. By stock is meant any number of cattle from one cow or bullock upwards.

Table I. Showing the Per-centage, amp;c., of Stocks that were not disinfected, and of those that were disinfected.

Tadle IV.

Showdng the Per-centages of Cattle diseased, amp;c., in Fields.

!)(gt;, respiration GO and suppressed, inner part of altP nasi swollen, slight discharge from nose, no flush on gums or buccal memhrane, vagina red and streaky. The incrcury in a common thermometer placed in the month rose to about 104, und would probably gone up higher if the instrument could have been longer retained; it reached 100 in the vagina when only placed in immediately death ensued. Animal feeding ond ruminating, killed by dividing the spinal cord.

Post-mortem appearances ;�

Brain.� All the blood vessels and plexus choroides generally congested; cineritious substance of a yellow or cheesy colour.

Trachea.�Capillary vessels congested on surface; also mucous glands on its internal lining.

Helaquo;r/.�Capillary vessels congested throughout. Lungs.�Normal.

Stomachs�Knmew, reticulum, and omasum contained large portions of undigested food.

Abomasitm.�Blood vessels under mucous lining con�gested in spots or patches, its general appearance present�ing the usual features of the disease, but in a modified form.

Spleen.�Surface mottled ; vessels congested, and its structure softened.

Liver.�Congested, and portions exhibiting dark-coloured spots, extending into its structure. Kidneys.�Normal.

Rectum presented the usual congested and luemorrhoidal appearance.

Vagina.�Slightly congested, and streaked in places. The condition of the internal organs in this heifer being clearly connected with the symptoms recorded, confirmed our opinion that this was a case of Cattle Plague in its early stages, and enabled me with confidence to divide the appearances (usually in this disease presented to our notice) into the four different periods enumerated in my letter of the 1st instant.

Another object of my inquiry that presented itself was, if possible, to ascertain the true character of the disease.

Soon after my arrival at Norwich I received information from various sources that the tanners observed that all partially tanned hides exhibited a peculiar appearance, such as was presented in the specimen forwarded to you. But it was not until the 8th of December, when I visited Mr. Gooch, Veterinary Surgeon, Beepham, and made a post mortem of a sheep affected with the Plague, that an opportunity of seeing any portion of the hides thus diseased was afforded, although I had seen the eruption on the living animal. The impression produced in my mind I communicated to you in my letter of the 9th ult.

It is desirable to direct the attention of the Commis�sioners to the fact, that the hides which had been pur�chased by the tanners could (in consequenceof the Orders in Council) only have been procured from animals slaugh�tered in the first stage of the disease�but which, according to my table, and in point of fact, was the third�when the eruption was completely thrown out, and on the point of subsiding. To this eruption I have used the term vesicular, because it is applied to quot; a small bladder or elevation of quot; the cuticle, containing a clear watery fluid.quot; I have never observed it assume the pustular form except in the fourth or last stage of the disease, and then it appears raised like the encrustations on a shell

I understand some doubts have been entertained as to the correctness of this observation ; of its truth I am con�vinced. The reason they are not generally observed is, that they appear before the animal is supposed to be unwell, that on the nose they are burst almost as soon as produced, and that a low type of the disease often prevents their being developed at all. From this latter fact I have been inclined to believe that the real character of the disease is suppressed.

In many places surrounding Norwich various attempts have been made to treat the disease, but without any general success. Veterinary Surgeon Wells (already known to the Commissioners) informs me, quot; that in all I have quot; seen I can enumerate only 12 cases of recovery, and quot; these were subject to various modes of treatment; the quot; majority however, if benefited at all by medicine, were quot; by the chlorate of potash, combined with sulphur and quot; vegetable tonics. It may bo remarked, that these 12 quot; cases were virulent ones, and there has not been a relapse quot; in any.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ,

The treatment of Mr. Major, of Park Lane, London, on. the farm of Col. Fitzroy, of Stratton Struwlcss, was a total

feilm'e.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . _,., ,,, .vT . ,

Veterinary Surgeon Saycr, St. Giles Street, ^Norwich, successfully treated several animals on the farm of Mr. Jary. of Spixworth. Three of the budds on this farm, and alluded to in Professor Varnell's report, have been cured.

Miscellaneous

Papers and

Onrrespoiidonce

No. of Cattle.

Diseased.

Dead.

Reco�vered.

Under treat�ment.

Sold or slaughtered.

159

1laquo;

O'U

Per cent.

lO'O

8-1

1-2

Thirty-eight of the 159 cattle are out in the fields night and day ; the others are out from two to four or five hours in the day only.

The practical hints to be drawn from these results are, that houses containing cattle ought to be disinfected hy ozonized air, that they ought not to contain more than three or four cattle, and that they (the houses) ought to be a considerable distance (say 200 yards) from each other, and when practicable, cattle ought to be in fields, but only in small numbers.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .., ,,

T. MOFFAT.

Hawarden, February 24tli, 1866.


	Not disinfected.			No. of	Disinfected.
No. of	i,	.	o. of have kly.	No. of	#9632;J	i?	gt;. of have kly.
Stocks.	M	,laquo;1	ft sp	Stocks.		deg; S8	^.fiSi
	m	^A i	_a-a*		S	*i	laquo;#9632;a*
	�	�-3	Mea attle died		a	#9632;#9632;3	Mea attle died
			�				�
245	127	118	�	22	6	16	�
Percent.	51-8	48-2	11.3	�	27-2	74-5	9-0

The subjoined observations, by Dr. Angus Smith, have reference to the foregoing Paper. Dr. Moffat's general observations on ozone are, I doubt not, correct; and his experience has been great.

I still think that ozone, as it is generally found, is unequal to the task of complete disinfection in bad cases.

Dr. Moffat's experiments prove it to be unequal, although to do some good service as he prepares it.

Dr. Moffat uses phosphorus vapour as well as ozone. I still think it dangerous to use it, for the reasons given in my report.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

It is probable that, by using more of this vapour, more disinfection would take place, but the after-effect of the phosphorus we cannot tell, except that it does not promise to be for good, especially on the persons employed.

Disinfection ought to be carried much farther than it is usually; people play with it, and then blame it. The use of phosphorus, to a great extent, cannot be undertaken ; it is probable that fires would destroy many of our cow�houses�an additional objection.

For these reasons I cannot see that it would be right to advise the use of phosphorus.

It will be observed that I do not look on the experiments as having been made with pure ozone. That substance separated from phosphorus would have a much weaker disinfecting power, although no after-danger.

Nevertheless, Dr. Moffat's experiments are extremely interesting, and the paper a trustworthy record of this mode of treatment.

When infection comes near I am inclined to consider oattle safer in a well disinfected house than out of doors. If the house is not well disinfected they must be safer out of doors, as Dr. Moffat found. March 16, 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;R. Angus Smith.

Table II.

Showing the Per-centages of Cattle diseased, amp;c., that were not disinfected, and were disinfected.


	1	1 ft	1		l\|	'S II OQ
Not disinfected -	2,420	1,698	1,376	60	262	52
Per cent. - - .	�	70-1	56-8	2-3	10-8	2-6
Disinfected - -	363	148	123	7	18	29
Per cent. - - -	�	40-0	33-3	2-0	4-9	7-9

Observations on the Cattle Plague by Veterinary-Surgeon Thomas Walton Mayer, Royal Engineer Train, made during his inspection of the trial of the Uomceopathic Treatment in Norfolk.

From these tables it appears that there are fewer cases of disease in the disinfected cattle than in those that are not disinfected; and that the plague is less rapidly fatal in the former than in the latter.

I have seen three stocks, consisting of 26, 23, and 22 cows each, die off in 13 days, while a disinfected stock of 23 cows (diseased), about half a mile from thence, were not carried off in seven weeks.

The immunity of cattle housed together in small numbers is remarkable. And among them disease is not so fatal.

Table III.

Showing the Per-centagea of Cattle diseased, amp;c., in Houses containing less than Four Animals.

Sib,

Jan. 22, 186G.

In conformity with the intention expressed in my communication of the 1st instant, I have the honour to submit the following report for the consideration of the Cattle Plague Commissioners.

During the course of my observations in Norfolk, I became exceedingly anxious to ascertain the earliest symptoms of Cattle Plague, and which could be confi�dently relied upon in giving an opinion as to the condition of the animals so affected.

Ry the liberality of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Associa�tion, I have been enabled to obtain this desirable object.'

On the 21st ult., in company with Mr. Smith, the Veterinary Surgeon, Mr. Forrester, the Secretary to the Medical Committee of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Associa�tion, and Mr. Whitwcll, Veterinary Surgeon, the Inspector, we visited the Potash Farm, occupied by Mr. Ellis, and found several animals infected with Cattle Plague. Out of a lot of young stock we selected a red heifer, which the owner said had not shown any appearance of sickness, but which on careful examination we agreed was affected with the disease, from the following symptoms i anxious countenance, ears turned backwards, coat staving, pulse


No. of Cattle.	Diseased.	Dead.	Reco�vered.	Under treat�ment.	Sold or slaughtered.
273	89	65	9	15	0
Per cent.	32-6	23-8	3-3	5-4	0

This immunity I attribute to isolation. Cattle out of doors or in fields are not so liable to become diseased as those that are in houses.

Gg 3

230

APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OP

THE CATTLK PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.

231

MiscellMioous

Papers and

Corrcspondonco,

During the last fortnight of my stay in Norwioh I Imd the opportunity of seeing the tvoatmont of some young stook belonging to C. S. Head, Esq., M.l',, and kindly-placed by him raquo;t tho disposal of the Norwich Medical Committee. This experiment was undertake]! in order to ascertain if it was possible, by eounter-irritution, amp;c., to induce the system to throw out the disease in a more decided form.

On visiting the farm with Mr Smith, Veterinary Surgeon to the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association, we found one young animal very ill from the disease, and out of eight others several that had evidently taken the infection.

The whole were carefully liousod, placed on food consist�ing of bran and oilcake made moist.

Hydrarg. cum oretce, gr. x., and pulv, ipecacuanha) oomp. gr. xx., was ordered to be given on their tongue morning and night, and this was afterwards repeated three times a day.

The cases were dressed with ung. hydrarg. fort., to which antimon. tart, was added in the proportion of a draohm to an oz., all along the spine from the shoulder to the sacrum. This created a great vesicular eruption, with a certain amount of relief, which would, I think, have been more successful had it been applied to the upper part of the trachea and adjoining parts.

The administration of medicine in a liquid form is attended with some disadvantages; it is not retained in either the first, second, or third stomach, and it is very doubtful to wdiat extent in the fourth, unless mixed with mucilage, amp;c.

Whenever the stomachs arc supposed to be impacted with food, I have always (with the best results) administered a portion of medicine in the solid form. In most cases, placed on the tongue, its introduction into the system is speedily secured.

As the disease advanced a tonic treatment was adopted, sulph.ferri being given in combination with cort. Peruvian, three times a day along with beer and gruel. I regret to add that no ultimate benefit was produced.

The post-mortem examinations made during my investi�gations have presented some important features. In two instances there was effusion of serum into the ventricles of the brain. In one, a cow that had died almost in the act of calving, similar spots presented themselves on the nose, vulva, amp;c. of the foetus as in the mother, and the rectum was in a haemorrhoidal condition.

In all the cases, the peculiar dark-coloured, congested patches were found in the heart, interior of fourth stomach, liver, and urinary bladder ; the spleen was invariably found disorganised, and broken down in structure.

That other ruminants will become infected with the disease there is now no doubt. A sheep and a goat that I had the opportunity of examining both died from the Plague in its most virulent form.

From unavoidable circumstances, the experiments which were suggested by Mr. Ceely had not been commenced by the jVorwioh Medical Committee prior to my leaving Norfolk. They are now about to begin, and I am quite sure the Commissioners may rely on their being carefully carried out. Sincerely do I hope that they may conclude with a satisfactory result.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Tour most obedient servant, Ti-ios. Walton Mayew, Veterinary Surgeon Royal Engineers.

Mountague Bernard, Esq.

to the year 1860 the cattle typhus was considered to be entirety confined to cattle, and this opinion was quite jus�tified by the circumstance, that, with the exception of some isolated^cases, the sheep remained remarkably free from all disease in the districts where the cattle typhus was the most prevalent.

From cases which occurred during the last five years in Bohemia, Hungary, Austria, in several governments in Russia, and more especially from what has come under my own immediate observation in Poland, I came to the con-elusion that both sheep and goats are liable to take the cattle typhus. This|disease in sheep is absolutely identical with the genuine cattle typhus, not only as regards its contagious qualities, but also in symptoms and pathology,

I have no hesitation in saying that up to the present time the causes of the contagion as regards sheep are most mysterious, as it has been remarked on all sides that sheep which have been in close contact with diseased cattle by no means invariably themselves contract the disease.

To give an instance of the above 1 may state that in the year laffit, when the cattle typhus was most prevalent, the sheepwere only infected in one out of the 3!) districts of the kingdom of Poland, namely, in the district of Lomza; 20 localities were infected in this district, and the number of sheep which died amounted to 4,000.

There is no doubt that with sheep the disease is by no means so ^ destructive and fatal as with cattle; and the number of sheep which recover may bo taken nt an average of 20 per cent. quot;With regard to the remedies I can give no decisive opinion, but unquestionably cleanliness of the sheepfold and plenty of ventilation are the first things to be considered, and of course sick sheep should be instantly isolated from the rest of the flock.

Great attention should be paid to the veterinary police regulations, which, if followed, do much to obviate con�tagion.

As soon as reports were received from Lomza of the existence of the disease among the sheep, I was sent under, instructions from. Government to investigate the matter, and in conjunction with the local veterinary surgeons to report the result. After receiving my report the Govern�ment issued regulations bearing a close similarity to those in force with regard to arresting the contagion among the cattle.

From the above circumstances it is perfectly clear that on the continent, and particularly in the kingdom of Poland, we were well aware that sheep were subject to the cattle typhus, and that measures had been taken by the Government so early as the year 18()3.

Time and space in this short memorandum forbid my entering upon the very interesting features respecting the transmission of this malady from sheep to cattle, and vice versa, and for such information I must refer any who are curious upon this subject to my report published by the Medical Council of the kingdom of Poland in 18(i3, the chief particulars of which may be found in a German book edited by Dr. M. F. Roll at Vienna in 1864, entitled quot; Die Rinderpest �hnliche krankheit der Schafe und Ziegen,quot; and also in the Italian report published at Turin in 1864 under the title of quot; La malattia delle pecore e delle capre simig-liante alia peste bovina,quot;

I now come to a second question respecting the cattle typlms, my attention having been attracted to an article in the Meniearrimesheaded, quot;The real question to be decided by the Royal Commission, amp;c.quot;

The author in this article seeras to me to put too much trust in the efficacy of inoculation. Experience has taught us that inoculation is of no use except with cattle of the breed which comes from the steppes; these latter, as we well know, take the disease in a much less virulent form, and a full 60 per cent, recover; inoculation' is merely of service as immediately causing the beast to sicken, and thereby hastening the chance of curing an animal by immediate treatment, hut up to the present time there is certainly nothing to show that the inoculated animal takes the disease in a milder form.

I entirely concur in the opinion which prevails in Eng�land that every endeavour should be made to induce the malady to give way to treatment.

Such, therefore, being my opinion, I am wholly opposed to inoculation, which merely tends to promote contagion, and may perhaps sometimes cause a beast to sicken which might have otherwise escaped.

Warsaw,

November 18(15.

II. CoimusroNUENCK with Edward Hamilton, Esq., M.D., and with the Association for the Trial of Preventive and Curative Trcatinont In the Cattle Plague by the Homoeopathio Method.

Miscclluiuious

Papers and Correspondenco.

Cattle Plague Commission, House of Commons (Principal Floor, Room 10), Westminster, S.W. Sxb,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 Oct. 1865,

It has been stated to this Commission that you have acquired in Holland information respecting the treatment of the Cattle Plague which you think might usefully be communicated to the Commissioners.

In that case I have to request, on the part of the (Com�missioners, that you will have the goodness to state to me in writing the general nature of your information, and your sources of knowledge. Considering the great number of suggestions for the treatment of the disease which are laid before the Commissioners, you will not think this request unreasonable.

I may add, that the more particular your statement is the better it will serve the purpose for which it is asked.

I am. Sir, E. Hamilton, Esq., M.D., Your obedient Servant, 22, Grafton Street.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Mountague Bernard.

By killing all fat cattle fit for the markets suspected to have been in contact with affected animals, or by exporta�tion via Rotterdam;

By judicious medical and hygienic treatment of the remainder ;

Uy preventing the entrance from other parts of Holland, and the importation of all horned cattle into the affected districts.

Second.�From Herr Hengeveld, and other members of the Cattle Plague Commission, I received the following statement of the opinions they had formed:�

That the disease is of a highly contagious nature; that it can he conveyed by almost any article which has been in contact with diseased animals.

That it was necessary to take measures to disinfect, as far as possible, all persons moving from one district to another visiting diseased cattle. The usual method employed was a solution of carbolic (phenic) acid.

That the symptoms of the disease and post-mortem appearances as they appeared in the rinder typhus in Holland were similar to those described as occurring in England.

That the disease was amenable to treatment.

That they considered the remedies which had been most beneficial, according to the usual mode of treatment, were�

1.nbsp; Dilute muriatic acid in one drachm to one and a half drachm doses in linseed tea, often repeated; as much as six drachms might be given in the 24 hours.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Dilute sulphuric acid, with quinine, gentian, ginger, tormentilla, and other astringents and tonics.

3.nbsp; A careful hygienic treatment, to which they attach much importance.

A preparation composed of 10 drachms of carbolic (phenic) acid to 40 quarts of water had been found very bene�cial in washing the eyes, nose, mouth, vagina and rectum, of the cattle affected.

This same preparation was also used extensively as a prophylactic remedy, being applied externally, but as yet no account had been received of the number so treated.

The disinfectants employed in the cowsheds and else�where were coal tar (kool tur), carbolic (phenic) acid, and chloride of lime.

The preparations of chlorine used for fumigating the sheds, to be employed with great caution ; they were found to be injurious, often inducing an affection of the lungs, which was apt to destroy those cattle which had become convalescent from the rinder typhus.

The grains and distillers' wash ought to be avoided as articles of food, as predisposing the healthy to attacks, and injurious to those suffering from the disease.

The use of stimulants had been quite unsuccessful.

Inoculation bad been employed as a mode of treatment, but had entirely failed.

Other animals, as sheep and goats, had been inoculated with the virus, and took the disease, but it had only spread amongst horned cattle.

Forty-five (45) per cent, of recoveries was the result of the treatment of the total number of affected cattle up to the 21st of October.

Having inquired of Monsieur Loudon, before quitting the Hague, as to the report that the homoeopathio treat�ment of the Cattle Plague bad been attended with success ; he replied that it had, but how far he was unable to say. I received from him a letter to Herr Vandyk, the burgomaster of the commune in which the experiments were made. I also inquired of M. Hengeveld, the President of the Commission, if he could give me any information on this head. He replied that he had heard the report, but declined to enter into the question, referring me to Herr Vandyk, from whom 1 learnt that two Belgian gentlemen, Professor Gaudy and Monsieur Seutin (already mentioned), having volunteered their services to the Dutch Government to treat the disease with homoeopathic remedies, the com�mune under his authority was assigned to them for their experiments. These he informed mc he watched closely.

That from the 24th of September to the 20th of October 80 horned cattle were treated by them; 60 were cured and 20 died.

That 2 10 beasts had been put under the homoeopathio preventive treatment, hereafter to be described. Out of that unnber, up to 26tll October, 25 had taken the disease. ^

The chief remedies employed, according to the indications that presented themselves, were the homoeopathic prepara�tions of arsenic, rims toxicodendron, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and sulphur.

Other homoeopathio preparations were employed to meet the diflcrent indications which occurred in the developlaquo;

22, Grafton Street, Bond Street, Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6th Nov. 1865.

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of November 1st, 1805, requesting information of a general nature concerning the treatment of the Cattle Plague in Holland, but at the same time to give as particular a state�ment as it is in my power to afford, as well as my sources of knowledge.

My sources of knowledge are,�

1.nbsp; nbsp; Monsieur London, the Governor of South Holland, and Royal Commissioner appointed by the King for investigating this disease, and taking measures to prevent its extension.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Herr C. J. Hengeveld, the President of the Com�mission, composed (I understand) of two physicians and three veterinary surgeons, now sitting at Schiedam.

3,nbsp; nbsp;Herr Vandyk, the Burgomaster of the Commune of Mattemesse, in which commune all the animals affected by the disease after the 21th of September were placed under the care of M. le Professeur Gaudy, a veterinary surgeon. Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine at Brussels, assisted by M. Seutin, a chemist, who treated them as I shall hereafter describe,

4,nbsp; nbsp;From MM, Gaudy and Seutin themselves, and from Dr, Mouremans, a physician at Brussels, with whom the above-named gentlemen were in correspon�dence and consultation during the treatment.

First, then, from the Governor of the province, Mr. Loudon, I received the following account of the origin of the disease, and the history of its outbreak in Holland.

That it had been distinctly traced to a herd of cattle, 23 in number, which had been exported from Rotterdam, and sent back unsold from the Islington Market, where they had remained upwards of a fortnight. The whole of these cattle were sold to a farmer of Kethel, a few miles from Rotterdam; 17 of them were placed in a cowshed, and the remaining six in an adjoining meadow. They were all attacked by the disease, which, from this centre, spread in all directions.

That immediately on the Government being made aware of the presence of this disease, a cordon sanitaire was drawn round the infected districts, including an area comprising a considerable distance from the actual seat of the out�break.

This cordon extends from Katwyk-on-the-Sca, by Leyden, Gouda, Schoonhoven, Ottoland, Dorddrecht, across the Hollands Diepby Wiliemstad, between the islands of Over-flakke and Schoonoven, again to the sea. The cordon includes the exporting market of Rotterdam, The export of cattle from the infected districts continues via Rotterdam.

That within that cordon, up to the week ending October 21st, 5,420 horned cattle had been attacked, whilst only-two or three cases bad occurred outside that cordor,.

That the panic which had seized the farmers and peasants at the outbreak had subsided since the publication of the reports, and that the disease was found to be amenable to treatment.

That the propagation of the disease bad not, up to that time, been affected by any atmospherio conditions.

The spread of the disease! seems to have been arrested�

By the strict maintenance of the cordon, which became a stringent military one on the 24th of October;

c. Memokandum upon the Cattle Disease, by Professor Seifman, Professor of Veterinary Surgery in the University of Warsaw.

(Transmitted by Lieut.-Colotiel, Mansfield.')

The Medical Times, No. 7!quot;), contains an article, in which it is stated that Professor Simonds made the first dis�covery that sheep are capable of taking the so-called cattle typhus, not only conveying the contagion, but themselves being attacked by a genuine form of the disease; and also, that no such discovery has hitherto been made, on the continent.

I have no doubt that Professor Simomis has made the above-mentioned discovery as far as regards England, but I must altogether protest against the statement, that wc on the continent had not also made a similar discovery. Up

232

APl'-ENDIX TO THIRD UEPOKT OF

TIIU OATfliE I'LAQUE (JOMMIS.SIONKRS.

2:v.i

Miscellaneous

Papers ami Correspoiuleuce.

ment and convalescenoo of the disease, as aconite, bella�donna, kreoaote, nitric acid, mix vomica, digitalis, sulphuric acid, thuya oooidentalis, vcratrum album, amp;c,

Tliat the prophylttotio (preventive) treatment consisted of the internal administration of the homoeopathic preparations of arsenio and rhus toxioodendron.

A mixture of the honuBopatllio i)reparation of arsenic with water was also employed, in some cases, to wash the mouth, nose, und eyes.

The diet in the acute stage was linseed and other farina-cious gruels.

In the convalescent, hay and green foorl sparingly given.

It will be seen by the foregoing statements that the amount saved under the various treatments amounted to 45 per cent.

Under the exclusive uise of the preparations of homoe�opathic! medicines an amount at the rate of 75 per cent, recovered.

In conclusion I may remark, that on my arrival at Brussels I had interviews with Professor Gaudy and M. Seutin, as well as with Dr. Mouremans, who was in consultation with the above-named gentlemen during the homoeopathic treat�ment at Matternesse, and had all the information commu�nicated to me by M, Vandyk entirely conflrmed.

I beg leave to add, that (as the President of the Commis�sion, Earl Spencer, was informed by Dr. duin in his letter of October 30th,) I hold myself in readiness to appear before the Commission, to give any further information or explana�tion, when summoned to do so.

I have, amp;c.

Edward Hamilton, M.D. Mountague Bernard, Esq., amp;c. amp;c. amp;c.

Secretary to the Cattle Plague Commission.

country, and hoped soon to be able to institute experiments open to competent inspection, on the extensive scale which they deemed desirable. It appears from your letter that the Association are prosecuting their endeavours for this pur�pose, and I am directed to eay that the Commissioners will most willingly consider any plan of the kind which the association may lay before them.

The Commissioners have been informed that some experi�ments of hom�eopathic treatment have been already com�menced in the county of Norfolk, and are now in progress there. They have accordingly instructed Veterinary Surgeon T. Walton Mayer, of the lloyal Engineer Train, a prac�titioner of skill and experience in the diseases of cattle, to proceed immediately to Norwich, in order to watch and report upon these experiments ; and they trust that all reasonable facilities will be given him for the thorough and satisfactory performance of the duty with which he is intrusted,

I am. Sir, Your obedient Servant,

R. Buchan, Esq. Mountague Bernard.

{Enclosure in preceding Letter.)

quot; That four animals shall be inoculated at the same time with the same matter by Dr. Sanderson; that of these the homoeopathic veterinary surgeon shall have the choice of two, of which he shall have entire control at Dr. San�derson's ; that he shall have the choice of stalls, clothing, and food, and his own man to attend the animals.

quot; That he shall commence the treatment of one animal as soon as he pleases, writing prescriptions for double the quantity of medicine he requires from the homoeopathic chemist; half of each dose to be given to the animal; the other half to be kept by Dr. Sanderson labelled for analysis, if it should seem desirable that an analysis should be made. No medicine to be given without a prescription, which shall he kept.

quot; That the veterinary surgeon shall write out full notes of the cases for the Commission; and that Dr. Sanderson shall also write out full notes of the symptoms and treat�ment. The notes of Dr. Sanderson to be open to the veterinary surgeon, if it should be wished or desired.

quot;That the other animal shall be treated first when Dr. Sanderson pronounces that it has the disease. No medicine to be given without a prescription for double the quantity j half to be kept by Dr. Sanderson.

quot;That in case of death Dr.Bristowe shall make the post-mortem examination.

quot; These experiments to be repeated not less than thrice, and more often if desired.quot;

6, Adelphi Terrace, Sin,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 30th November 1865.

In reply to your letter of the ^-'d instant, and the accompanying Minute of the Cattle Plague Commissioners, I em directed by the Assoetation for the trial of preventive anil curative treatment of the Cattle Plague by the ho-uucopathic method to state to you, for the information of tlie Commission, that the Association, having carefully con-sidcml the two proposals contained in those documents, have arrived at the following conclusions:

The first proposal, viz., that four animals shall be inoculated with the disease, two submitted to homoiopatbic treatment and two left to nature, they decline, because they are infurmccl by their medical committee in the _oc-conipaiiyiiig report, that there is no reason for believing that the four auimals so inoculated would present the same symptoms. They are informed that the assumption that the eases would be exactly similar is entirely opposed to what has been observed of the effects of inoculation in the human subject, and that there is an immense difference between cases of inoculated small-pox excited by the same virus.

Moreover, even were the experiment likely to be satis�factory in a scientific point of view, which it is feared it would not be, it seems to the Association inexpedient to produce artificially a disease which is to be found in only loo great abundance in almost all parts of England, and mproper to detain for the purpose of treating the small number of artificial cases the few veterinary surgeons ac�quainted with homoeopathy whose services are eagerly sought for in almost every district where the plague is raging.

The second proposal, viz., that a veterinary surgeon should be sent by the Government to report on the cases treated by a homoeopathic veterinary surgeon the Association agrees to, on the conditions fully stated in the accompanying report of the medical committee. The chief difficulty in the way of this plan being satisfactorily prosecuted arises from a difference of opinion between the two veterinary surgeons as to what is and what is not a case of Rinderpest. To remove this possible difficulty at the outset, it is pro�posed that the medical committee of the Commission should agree with the medical committee of the Association as to what arc the distinctive characteristics of the disease in its various stages.

The importance of preventing the occurrence of this flisagrcement is proved by the enclosed report of Mr. James Moore, from which it appears that his first attempt to give a fair trial to the homceopathic method in Norfolk was entirely frustrated by the interference of two inspecting veterinary surgeons, who refused to confirm his diagnosis of the disease in various animals, which being in conse�quence of this refusal left untreated rapidly passed into the later stages of the disease and died

This impediment having been removed in Norfolk, Mr. Moore commences a fair trial there for the first time to-morrow (December 1 st), under the superintendence of Viscount Bury, a member of this Association, who is em�powered by the Cattle Assurance Society of that county to sec the treatment carried out.

Finally, as the Ci)inniission express a wish for a compara�tive trial of the homoeopathic method, and as the one they have proposed is considered to be impracticable, the Asso�ciation propose the following, the fuller details of which will be found in the accompanying report of the medical committee.

That in some district where the disease is raging 100 animals be treated by homceopathic veterinary surgeons, 100 left untreated, and 100 by the most skilful allopathic veterinary surgeons, with full inspection of all by both parties,

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant,

Mountague Bernard, Esq,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;R, Buchan,

amp;c. amp;c. amp;o.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Secretary.

disposal of the Cattle Plague Commission whatever informa�tion they bad been able to collect; and, with this view, it was notified, in a letter from l)r, tluin to Earl Spencer, President of the Commission, dated 30th October, that Dr. Hamilton was willing to lay before that body all the facts ho bad learned regarding the measures taken in Holland to arrest and to euro the disease by the ordinary mode of treatment, as well as the results reported to have been obtained by the application of the bomooopathic method.

The proposals made by the Cattle 1'lague Commission, which you have referred to us, will be taken in the order in which they were mnde.

The first proposal; viz., that four animals shall be inoculated at the same time with the same matter by Dr. Sanderson; that of those the homoeopathic veterinary surgeon simll have the choice of two, of which he shall have entire control at Dr. Sanderson's; that be shall have the choice of stalls, clothing, and food, and bis own man to attend the animals.

That he shall commence the treatment of one animal as soon as he pleases, writing prescriptions for double the quantity of medicine he requires from the homoeopathic chemist, half of each dose to be given to the animal, the other half to bo kept by Dr. Sanderson, labelled for analysis, if it should seem desirable that an analysis should be made. No medicine to be given without a prescription, which shall be kept.

That the veterinary surgeon shall write out full notes of the eases for the Commission, and that Dr, Sanderson shall also write out full notes of the symptoms and treat�ment. The notes of Dr, Sanderson to be open to the veterinary surgeon, if it should be wished or desired.

That the other animal shall he treated first when Dr. Sanderson pronounces that it has the disease. No medicine to be given without a prescription for double the quantity, half to be kept by Dr. Sanderson, That in case of death Dr. Bristowe shall make the post mortem exa�mination.

These experiments to be repeated not less than thrice, and more often, if desired.

The manifest intention of this proposed experiment is to obtain four exactly similar specimens of the disease, to submit two to homoeopathic treatment, to leave two untreated, the result to be watched. The fairness of this experiment evidently depends upon the assumption that the disease produced by inoculation manifests itself in exactly the same manner and degree in every animal inoculated.

So far as our information goes, this is not the case, and inoculated animals do not present symptoms entirely uniform, either with one another or with those affected with the natural' disease. So far as analogy with the human species goes, it is entirely opposed to this assumed uniformity, for if four persons be inoculated with the same virus, it is known that the small-pox may appear in its mildest form in one, with more severity in another, with still greater in a third, while in the fourth it may assume the confluent malignant and often fatal character. Indeed, the fact that, although the majority of those inoculated had small-pox in its mild and modified form, still that a con�siderable proportion died of the complaint thus artificially produced was a strong argument used by those who sought to substitute vaccination for the uncertain and dangerous process of inoculation. For these reasons your medical committee not only cannot recommend the acceptance of this proposal, but strongly recommend its rejection. Were there no other reasons against the proposal, the number of homoeopathic ' veterinary surgeons is too small to allow their time to bo occupied and their efforts absorbed in the treatment of cases created artificially of a disease which in its natural form is destroying the cattle in such numbers throughout the country. Hut even supposing, for the sake of argument, that the proposed test by inoculation was not objectionable and inadmissible in itself in a scientific or practicable point of view, the sraallncss of the number proposed to be inoculated would render the experiment utterly useless and inconclusive. Moreover your medical committee arc of opinion that whilst so many districts are devastated by this fatal disease, killing thousands of animals, and affording a large field for the trial of different modes of treatment, and for making efforts to arrest and cure it, it would be fatal to create the disease in order to (d)tain cases for experiments, instead of exerting all our energies to check and cure the peat, which springs up in spite of all precautions, and ravages our ('arms, notwith�standing all the attempted cures hitherto made.

The second proposal is as follows; quot;With respect to quot; natural cases, 1 understand from Dr, Hamilton that the quot; gentlemen with whom he was acting were in corre-quot; spondence with stock owners in various parts of the

II h

M iscellHncmilaquo;

J'upcrs and CoiT�spomlonco

(i, Adelplii Terrace, Sib,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18th Nov. 1865.

I am directed by the Association for the trial of pre�ventive and curative treatment in the Cattle Plague by the homoeopathic method to request that you will furnish me with an official copy of the proposals, a rough draft of which was handed to Dr. Hamilton at the meeting of the Cattle Plague Commission this afternoon, in order that these proposals may be presented to the Association in a regular form.

The Association in the meantime is not intermitting its efforts to promote the trial of the homoeopathic remedies in the Cattle Plague on a very large area of observation, and with this view plain directions, with forms for recording results, have been preparedfor the use of farmers and others who may be willing to test the efficacy or otherwise of the homoeopathic medicines.

I am. Sir, Your obedient Servant,

R. BUCHAN,

The Secretary of thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Secretary.

Cattle Plague Commission.

6, Adelphi Terrace, W.C., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;28lh November 1865.

I have the honour to acquaint you for the in�formation of the Cattle Plague Commission, and for such directions as they may see fit to give to Mr. Mayer, their Inspecting Officer in Norfolk, that at a meeting last evening of the committee of the Association it was deter�mined to commence a series of experiments of the preventive and curative treatment of the Cattle Plague by the ho-mo�opathie method by Mr. James Moore, M.R.C.V.S., and two assistants, under the direction of Lord Bury, who has kindly undertaken to act as the representative of the Association on the spot.

Mr. Moore will begin his treatment on Thursday next the 30th instant, and he has entered into an engagement to give his entire time and attention to this work for one month, and to prepare statements of the cases to be regularly submitted to the Association.

1 have further to observe, that the experiments a^out to be undertaken are the only ones which have the sanction of the Association, and that anything that may previously have been done in Norfolk has not been with their cogni�zance or under their supervision.

Mr. Moore has been instructed to give Mr. Mayer, your Inspector, every opportunity of observing his practice, and it is hoped that that gentleman may be continued in Norfolk while this trial is going on.

Your letter to me of the 24th instant, with its enclosure, has been referred to the medical section of the Association, for their consideration, and for the preparation of any counter propositions tiiey may think it desirable to lay before the Association at its next meeting, for early sub�mission to the Cattle Plague Commission.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant, Mountague Bernard, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; K. Buchan, Secretary.

Cattle Plague Commission.

Cattle Plague Commission, House of Commons (Principal Floor, Room 10), Westminster, S. W., Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;22d November, 1805.

I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated the 18th instant (but which was delivered here yesterday), in which you request, on the part of the Asso�ciation for the trial of preventive and curative treatment in the Cattle Plague by the homoeopathic method, to be fur�nished with an official copy of the proposals, a draft of which was handed to Dr. Hamilton on the 18th, in order that thsse proposals may be presented to the association in a regular form.

By the direction of the Commissioners I enclose an extract from their minutes embodying the substance of the proposal which was placed in Dr. Hamilton's hands.

The Commissioners arc very desirous, as 1 told Dr. Ha�milton on the 8th November, when at my request he did me the favour to call upon me, that a fair and thorough trial should be made, unuev competent inspection, of the method of treatment which has been practised by Messrs. Seutin and Gaudy at Mathcnesse in Holland,

They think it desirable that the trial should include cases of disease produced both by inoculation and by natural infection.

The scheme enclosed has been framed with a. view to Inoculated cases, and is in their opinion a perfectly fair one.

With respect to natural cases,! understood fmn Dr.Ha�milton that the gentlemen with whom he was acting were in correspondence with stock owners in various parts of the

{Enclosure in precedin;/ Letter.)

RiU'onTof the Mbdical Suction on the Communication from the Cattle Plaque Commission,

Your medical committee gladly avail themselves of this opportunity of expressing their satisfaction diat the Cattle Plague Commission ban announced its wish that a fair and thorough trial should be made, under competent inspection, quot;of the homoeopathic method of treating that disease,quot; So far from desiring to interpose any obstacle in the way of effecting this object, it has been the wish of your medical cominittee from the first to place at the

13530.

234

AITENDIX TO THIRD RKPOTIT OF

THE CATTbE PLAGUE 0OMMIS8IONBBS.

236

Miscollanoous

I'liliorraquo; ami Corrospomlouoo.

quot; country, ^!I lioigt;c* soon to be able to institute expert-quot; ments ojien to competent inspection, on the extensive quot; scale whlcli they deemed desirable. It appears from quot; your letter that the association are prosecutin/i; their quot; endeavours for this purpose, and I am directed to say quot; that the Coinmissioners will most willingly consider any quot; jilan of the kind which the association may lay before quot; them.quot;

The object of bringing the subject before the Commission appointed by the Privy Council, and of forming the asso�ciation, was to show the possibility of the homoeopathio method being of service, and not merely as an experiment i (i satisfy the curiosity of scientific inquiries, but with the hope, grounded on evitlence, of mitigating to some extent a great national ciilaiuity; hence it would be wrong to sacrifice the primary oliject of the association to a less urgent although highly important consideration.

From this it follows that if the Government inspection offered any obstacle to a fair and impartial trial of any mode of treatment of the malady it is imperative that all such impediments should be removed. Such a danger occurs in this way : It is notorious that all diseases, but especially those of the minsrnitic class, are less tractable the further they are advanced; that to have a fair chance for treating them successfully they must be treated in their early as well as later stages.

But the question naturally arises�

How is the first stage to be recognized ? Here there is room for d iffere nee of opinion. The homoeopathic veterinary surgeon may affirm an animal to be ill of Rinderpest, while the Governrneiit inspector refuses to acknowledge the symptoms to be so pronounced as to warrant his certifying tu its being so. That this is no imaginary difficulty may be learned from the accompanying report sent to the medical committee of your association by Mr. James Moore, veterinary surgeon, who was invited to Norfolk by a local association to undertake the treatment of the Cattle Plague there. (See enclosed report.)

To avoid the recurrence of such unseemly disputes, your medical committee recommend the association to propose to the Commission appointed by the Privy Council to request their Medical Committe to agree with the medical section of your association as to what are the pathogno-j^onic symptoms of the different stages of Rinderpest, and when such symptoms are present let the case be acknow�ledged and entered as of one disease.

Should the liomooopathic veterinary surgeon declare the symptoms to b c present in any animal, and the Government inspector deny that they are, or vice versa, let the animal which forms the subject of dispute be separated and watched, and let the issue determine which of the two is right. The animal not to be killed, as has in some cases occurred. Since it is the desire of the Government Com�mission to have a. series of comparative trials, and since the plan by inoculation has been shown by your medical com�mittee to be insidniissible, either in a, scientific or practical point of view, jour Committee submit for your considera�tion the following proposals;�#9632;

In a district where the Plague is rife let a number of animals, at least 100, stricken with the disease in its various stages, be submitted (with the consent of or by the desire of the farmers or owners) to the homoeopathic '.nethod of treatment, a.nd as it seems to be the opinion of the Medical Committee of the Cattle Plague Commission that medical treatment slio\ild he pitted against nature, let a similar number be separated and not treated at all, and a third similar number he treated by the most skilful veterinary surgeons of the iirevailing school of medicine; inspectors or veterinary surgeons on both sides to certify to the cattle in all three div isions having the disease, and let the result be carefully observed. In regard to the precautions which the Cattle 1'la^ue Commission recommended in order to prevent any possible inaccuracy relating to the medicines, your Committee beg to observe that the inedici lies jiroposed for the bonurojiathic treatment of the Cattle Plague are not secret preparations, but are prepared according to the formulas of a, recognized pharmacopoeia, which is in use in this and other countries, and if it is thought desirable there will he he objection to the preparations being made by chemists or veterinary surgeons appointed by the Cattle Plague Coinmission, according to the directions given in the pharinaco|raquo;a'ia, and under the superintendence of one of your Coriiniittce. (Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica I¹' I'quot;, Unin apud liighley, 18.'14.)

In conclusion your medical committee have to observe that the designation of the treatment by the Cattle Plague Coinmission as the method of M, (Sandy and Seutin's may give rise to the misapprehension that it is a plan peculiar to these gentlemen; whereas it is the method generally known as the quot;homoeopathic;quot; and it is not in�tended here to follow the footsteps of the Belgium veteri�nary surgeon and chemist whose cases have not yet been published, but to direct treatment by the law which has guided homoeopathic practitioners during many years in the management of other serious diseases in both men and animals.

The object of Dr. Hamilton's visit to Holland being to ascertain how far the experiments made and making in England were corroborated by the results obtained in Hol�land in a commune exclusively dedicated to the treatment of the Rinderpest by homoeopathy.

by Mr. Moore and his assistants, under the inspection of Mr. Mayer, that, agreeably to the directions of the Asso�ciation, every facility is afforded the Government Inspector, uo araquo; to enable him to furnish to the Royal Commissioa regular and accurate reports of these exueriments.

The Association are also glad to learn that, as noticed by you, no material differences of opinion have arisen between the veterinary surgeons acting under the orders of the Association and Mr. Mayer.

I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, R, Buchan, Mountague Bernard, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Secretary.

and departure for Norfolk of Mr. Mayer, that quot;every quot; facility should be given to enable him to observe the ex-quot; periments,quot; have been attended with good effects, and that in discriminating between actual ami suspected eases no differences of opinion have arisen between that gontleuian and the homoeopathio veterinary surgeons appointed by the Association.

In conclusion, the Coininissioners state that they think it unnecessary to enter upon the consideration of the two further proposals contained in the letter of the Association whilst these experiments are in progress.

Your committee have less to regret at this decision, as it gives more time to test what are at present but tentative medicines, in so novel and dire a disease, and determine, after increased experience, what raodilications in diet, remedies, and fceatment in the disease itself and its sequelagt; are required.

These important considerations already engage the serious and earnest attention of your committee.

Before closing this report your committee are desirous of stating that, notwithstanding the considerations to which they have just alluded, they are still ready to recommend the Association to carry out the two further proposals, whenever the Commissioners may deem fit to intimate their willingness to instruct their veterinary surgeons to do their part in the treatment of a similar number of animals, according to the scale and on the plan mentioned in the counter-proposal of the Association.

(Signed)

Miscollaiinoils

1'upui'H 1111(1

Curr�spmul�iico.

Copy of Report of the Medical Committee of the Cattle ' Plague Association on the letter from the Royal Comrais-sion of the 7th December 1865.

Your medical committee regret that the Commissioners do not acquiesce in and appreciate the force of the reason-ing which actuated them in recommending the Association toquot; decline the proposal to treat homoeopathically a very small number of animals, and these only inoculated ones.

In so doing your committee thought it but right and proper as well as respectful to the Commissioners, to state their reasons for recommending the proposal to be declined.

They were influenced by similar motives in recom�mending the counter-proposal, viz., that of instituting experiments upon a large scale, the only course which in their opinion offers a fair means of testing the ethcacy ot any method of treatment, whatever it may be.

They had no wish or intention of inviting or entering into a discussion respecting the relative merits of different modes of treatment, but simply a desire to lose no time in making trials on a sufficiently large scale to obtain reliable results.

Your committee regret that the Commissioners are not in a position, from want of means, to carry out tue experi�ments on the scale proposed.

It is fortunate, however, that the Association have been able, unaided, to commence their experiments in Norfolk and elsewhere, with such a number of infected animals as will afford means of testing the efficacy of the medicines recommended by them, or lead with increased experience to other recommendations, from time to time, according to the different indications which may arise.

Your committee learnt with great satisfaction that the Commissioners had appointed a veterinary surgeon to watch and report upon the homoeopathic trials now going on iu Norfolk; and it must be a matter of congratulation to the Association that the instructions they sent down the instant they were made acquainted with the mission

Cattle Plague Commission, House of Commons (Principal Floor, Room 10.) Westminster, S.W. Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7th December 1865.

Your letter of the 30th ultimo, with its enclosures, in reply to mine of the Irtth, has been laid before Her Majesty's Commissioners.

My letter to you of the 18th contained one proposal only, which had been carefully framed with a view to secure an examination, limited indeed as regards the number of cases, but thoroughly accurate and scientific, and perfectly fair, of the effect of homoeopathic treatment on infected animals. For such a trial the Commissioners jiroposed to provide the means, the expenses being defrayed out of the limited cum which has been placed at their disposal by the Treasury for . experimental inquiries. The Association have declined this proposal. The Commissioners cannot acquiesce in the soundness of the reasons assigned for the refusal; but they abstain from engaging in a discussion which could lead to no practical result.

1 was further directed to inform you that the Commis�sioners, understanding that the Association were endeavour�ing to obtain the means of instituting experiments on a more extensive scale, and open to competent inspection, would most willingly consider any plan of that kind which the Association migfit lay before them.

With reference to this point the Coinmissioners learn from Mr. Mayer, the gentleman whom they have instructed to watch and report upon the trials of homoeopathic treat�ment in Norfolk, that considerable numbers of animals have already been placed under preventive and curative treatment respectively by homoeopathic practitioners ap�pointed by the Association; and they understand that in discriminating between actual and suspected cases no material differences of opinion have arisen between those gentlemen and Mr. Mayer. They have desired Mr. Mayer to furnish regular and accurate reports of these experiments, and they rely on his being allowed all proper facilities for that purpose. The sole object which the Commissioners have in view is to convince themselves whether, and to what extent, the homoeopathic method of treatment is really effective for prevention or cure, and there appears reason to hope that the experiments now proceeding will be suffi�cient for this purpose. For the present, therefore, and whilst these experiments are in progress, they think it un�necessary to enter upon a consideration of the two further proposals contained in your letter.

I am, Sir, R. Buchan, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Your obedient Servant,

Mountaguk Bernard.

Fredekic F. Quin, M.D., President. Edward Hamilton, M.D., Viee-Pres. Hugh Cameron, M.R.C.V.S., Viee-Pres. Stephen Yeldham, M.D., ex Viee-Pres. Thos. R. Lbadam, M.R.C.S., Member of

Council.

-3

ei a. o . St-

v.a.s

' deg; o

Kyi

J. B. Metcali'e, M.�., Menib. of Council. J. Rutherford Russkll, M.D., Hon. Secretary.

Cattle Plague Commission, House of Commons (Principal Floor, Room 10.) Westminster, S.W. Si_r)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 20th December 1865.

I have laid before the Coinmissioners your letter of the 14th instant, with the enclosed paper described as a Report from the Medical Committee of the Cattle Plague Association.

I am under the necessity of requesting that you will in future have the goodness to embody in your own letters any statements or observations which the Association may wish to have brought to the notice of Her Majesty's Commis�sioners.

1 am. Sir, Your obedient servant, R. Buchan, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Mountague Bernard,

III. Report by Veterinary Surgeon Thomas Walton Mayer,

Royal Engineer Train, on Norfolk.

the trial of

Homceopathic Treatment in J

Castle Hotel, Norwich, _sirnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Jan. 1, 1866.

' The experiments relating to the quot;treatment of the quot; cattle disease by homceopathic methods in Norfolk, which I was instructed to quot;watch and report upon, being concluded, I have the honour to submit the following details for the consideration of the Cattle Plague Com�missioners.

During the last four weeks 46 animals have been sub�mitted to homoeopathic treatment by veterinary surgeon Moore, assisted by vete.imry surgeon R. Moore, his son, and veterinary surgeon Emerton, My previous reports have informed you that these cattle were located on four separate farms. Of these, 40 a-c dead; one only is cured; two are doing well j one is remaining, whofte ultimate recovery is doubtful; and one r.laquo;nains unregistered, not having shown any particular narked symptoms of the disease.

On all these farms the disease prevailed when Mr. Moore commenced his duties. At Mrs. Bond's one heifer was verv ill � at Mr. Hickling's a cow; at Mr. Bulwer s a bull, ami several other animals were affected with the disease; and at the Marquis of Lothian's a case, exhibiting the

disease in its most aggravated form, only lived a few hours after Mr. Moore's arrival.

Under these circumstances, and in accordance with the resolutions of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association, the whole of the cattle on these farms were placed in the bands of the Homceopathic Association for treatment. The manner in which the experiment has been conducted is detailed in my letter of the 3(1 ultimo.raquo; But in this, as in

(i Adelphi Terrace, Sir,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 14th December 18(i.^r).

The Cattle Plague Association having referred to their medical conimittee your letter of the /th instant, on the subject of the proposals made by the Royal Com�missioners and the Association respectively, with the view of testing the preventive and curative treatment of the Cattle Plague by the homoeopathic method, I have the honour to enclose a copy of a report received from the medical committee of the Association, and I am to request that this report may be laid before the Royal Commission, With the opinions expressed by their medical committee the Association entirely agree, and they are glad to learn from two of the members of the committee, who visited the scene of the experiments now being conducted

* Mr. Mayer had made the subjoined suggestions, -whieb bad been agreed to by Mr. Moore :�

1.nbsp; On every farm where the disease makes its appearance, and the owner consents to have them treated honWBopathlcally, the cases shall be divided into two classes, viz. registered and unregis�tered, the former those that arc sick and affected wilb the disease, the latter those that are undergoing preventive trcatniciit or other�wise.

2.nbsp; The experiments shall be carried out by daily or repeated observations made at stated visitations by the veterinary surgeons employed by Her Majesty's Cattle Plague Commissioners, and by the Homoeopathio Association, aooouipanied by the Uiairman or some other member of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Sanitary Com�mittee.

* An error. The words were quot; imil hoped.quot;

Kh2

330

APPENDIX TO THIKD REX'OHT OP

TIIR CA.TTLR PLAGUE COMMrSSIONERS,

237

Misci'lliuu'ims

PiilJors and Cui'i'espundeiico.

all cases, I noted under your instructions, by only regis-teving those cases wbioh by repeated observation I was persuaded were affected with the disease.* This will account for my reports showing one of these animals remaining still uuregistered, and otliers not appearing registered until the third or fourth of the month.

On our fii'st visitation of the farms of Mrs. Bond and Mr. Hiokling most of the cattle ware out, on good dry pasture land with sheds i but Mr. Moore oonsidered it necessary for their treatment that they should be plaoofl in sheds convenient to the farm buildings, and this was accordingly done. At Mrs. Bond's the whole of the cattle were housed in sheds, in which a large number had pre�viously died, in the closest proximity to manure hwaps filled with the excretions of these animals. Sn also at Mr. Hickling's the cattle were removed into sheds out of which diseased bullocks had been slaughtored. It being no part of ray duty to suggest how tile animals placed under treatment should be arranged, [ merely record the fact, that these animals were placed in this position by the direction of veterinary surgeon Moore, in consequence of its afterwards having been made the subject of complaint. Had I been invested with any voice on the subject, I should not have consented to animals affected in various stages of the disease being exposed indiscriminately to the virulent effects of poisonous exhalations.

^ The location of Mr. Moore and his staff at the village of Cawston enabled these gentlemen, during the greater part of the month, to give the whole of their attention to the stock on these hoo farms; the cattle at Heydon being visited once during the day.

Subsequently Mr. R. Moore proceeded to the Marquis of Lothian's, and remained there during the visitation of the disease.

According to the arrangements entered between myself and Mr. Moore, daily observations were taken of the whole of the cases under his treatment, and the symptoms care�fully noted and described. The stations were visited by myself almost every other day. On these days the notes were taken by myself, and, whenever an opportunity afforded itself, the post-mortem appearances have been recorded. To these have been added the notes taken on subsequent days by Mr. Moore, and the whole have been compared together. By this means I hope an accurate and complete account of the varied symptoms developed in each case of this dreadful disease is exhibited. The whole have been copied from my note book into a journal for the information of the Commissioners.

From this source I propose now to lay before you, as briefly as I can, the results obtained during the course of

these observations. It would appear from a careful analysis ot the symptons detailed, that the cases may bo classed uimor four different stages, all requiring and receiving different methods of treatment.

1.nbsp; Theflrst contains those cases in which the premonitory symptoms are but slight. They are indicated by an in�crease ot the heart's action, the pulse ranging from 8(gt; to Ut), and generally v/iry. The respiration is from 30 up-wards. ihe countenance, when not excited, appears anxious. The ears are thrown back, raquo;Ice of nostrils swollen, so as, in some instances, almost to close the aperture; sohneiderian membrane inflamed; slight watery discharge from nostrils; vagina inflamed in streaks.

2.nbsp; The second stage is one in which the animal's appear�ance begins to excite attention : it grinds its teeth, its coat stares, and it appears occasionally in pain ; but the secretion of milk is not diminished, nor has feeding or mmmation ceased. Tins stage of the disease commences about the fourth, fifth, or sixth day from the proceeding. Ihe swelling of the ate of the nostrils diminishes; the pulse ranges from 80 to i)0, and the respiration from about '2-1 to 30 and upwards, with crepitation in one or both lungs. There appears on the nose, along its margin, close to the hair, and occasionally along the back, vulva, udder, amp;c., a papular or vesicular eruption of a dark copper or bronze colour, when pulled away showing a red spot slightly depressed in its centre, but on the nose rapidly becoming dry and pitted. There is a watery discharge from the eyes and mouth. The gums and buocal mem�brane exhibit sometimes a faint blush. The vagina be�comes redder, the animal appears dejected, and may be seen resting his head on the manger, or pushing it against a post. There is costiveness ; the faeces containing mucus, and the urine is normal.

3.nbsp; nbsp;In the third stage the signs of the disease become unmistakeable; feeding and rumination are either totally or partially suspended, and the secretion of milk ceases. The affection, running its course without relief, exhibits a greater change of symptoms; there is a twitching of the muscles of the body; the extremities are hot and cold alternately, with occasional shivering fits. The pulse continues to vary from 80 upwards, the respiration from 30 to 70 or 80; the crepitation of lungs continues, witli distressing cough; discharge of tears from eyes, eyelids swollen, also increased secretion from mouth and nose. The animal grinds his teeth; the buocal membrane becomes more highly coloured, and the gums reddened ; constipation is generally existiiur,' the fa;ces dark coloured, covered with mucus ; urine some�times normal, at other times high coloured. If the vesicu�lar eruption has not been previously thrown out. it is frequently not apparent in this stage.

_ 4. In the fourth, or last stage preceding death, the pulse is about 88 or as low as 54, small and wiry�frequently even a few hours before death, full; respiration 36, quick and laborious, sometimes retained, grunting; very anxious countenance ; mucopnrulent discharge from eyes and nose ; copious flow of saliva from mouth, gums reddened^ eruptions of a cauliflower or encrusted form, containing pus, on nose, ate of nostril, undcrlip, vulva, and vagina j excoriations in mouth and under-lip ; buccal membrane frequently spotted ; breath foetid, conjunctiva injected; eyes sunk ; great prostration of vital powers. It neither feeds or ruminates; secretion of milk gone; profuse diarrhoea with mucus and blood; faeces extremely foetid ; urine high coloured, sometimes bloody, and then termed black water.

1,nbsp; nbsp;Mr. Moore's treatment in ihe first stage consisted in the administration of aconite 3 sol, 10 drops in a wine glassfull of water every three hours.

Diet.�Cut-turnips, oilcake, bran, meal, in some cases portions of hay, but all in smaller quantities than usual.

2,nbsp; nbsp;Second stage, ammoniam causticum and arsenicum S sol. 10 drops in a wine-glassfull of water every three hours alternately.

Diet.�Mashes and boiled turnips; oatmeal gruel and porter every three or four hours.

3,nbsp; nbsp;Third stage, the treatment varied in these cases according to the preponderance of the, symptoms when crepitation of the lungs was heard, belladonna 3 sol,, and phosphorus 10 drops in a wine-glassfull of water was given every three hours alternatelv. In others aconite, and phosphorus every two hours ; and in some cases arsenicum and nux vomica in similar doses as above, and at the same period.

Diet.�Mashes only; gruel with ale or porter, half a pint of the latter to two pints of gruel every one, two, three, or four hours according to circumstances.

4, Fourth stage,�In these cases phosphorus and sul�phur, arsenicum and rhus, arsenicum, rims, and ammoniam causticum, nux and arsenicum, belladonna, rhus, and arsenicum, pulsatilla and arsenicum, ammoniam causticium, phosphorus, and arsenite of iron, merourius corrosivus and phosphorus, und some others will be found to have been administered in the 3 sol. and in similar quantities to those already stated every two, three, or four hours in alternate doses, as was oonsidered necessary.

The diet consisting of meal or flour gruel only with ale or porter in the proportions stated.

In addition to these remedial agents, at Mis, Bond's, the applications of wet cloths to skin and vapour baths were tried to several animals without relief.

At the Marquis of Lothian's a very nice hot-air bath was constructed in a few hours, in which nearly all the animals, at suitable times, were placed. The heat was raised and maintained to l-'O degrees; some of the animals sweated; others did not; in most instances it seemed for the time to produce relief, but it was only of short duration, the return of animals from a heated atmosphere to houses in which the temperature would be barely 50 degrees was not likely to lead to permanent benefit.

The results obtained by the homoeopathic treatment I have already stated at the commencement of this report. If any members of the Commission should he desirious of examining for themselves the symptoms and treatment daily recorded in each particular ease, they cannot fail to observe that in scarcely any instance has the disease yielded to the remedial msasures adopted, and that it arrested its course towards speedy and certain death in a few instances only.

With reference to the valuable bull belonging to W. E. L. Bulwer, Esq., of Heydon Hall, which I considered cured, I propose to give a short account of his symptoms and treatment.

Dec. 1st. Pulse 125, respiration 80, grunting, profuse muco-purulent discharge from both nostrils, tears from eyes, vesicular eruption on nose, mouth, and shoulders, very anxious countenance, great prostration of strength. Purging and tenesmus. Treatment, ammon. caust. and arsenicum 3 sol. 10 drops each in a wine-glassful of water every two hours alternately. Diet, oatmeal gruel, two pints every hour, along with half a pint of porter, except during the night.

Dec. 2d. Pulse 84, small and weak; respiration 12; coughs, grunting ceased, mucus discharge from eyes; purg�ing not so great; general appearance improved, but the animal looks as if under the influence of a narcotic. Medi�cine continued; to have half a pint of porter every two hours in a quart of gruel, and a handful of cut turnips and a little scalded hay.

Dec. 3d. Pulse 88, respiration 12 ; continue mod, diet as before.

Dec. 4th. Pulse 76, small and weak; respiration 14; increased discharges from eyes and nose ; spots on nose and shoulder continue; feeds better; fteces improved, but the animal looks more anxious. Treatment, ammon. caust. and aconite every three hours alternately. Diet, gruel and porter only.

Dec. 5th. Pulse 66, stronger; respiration 14, and tran�quil ; coughs, rumination suspended, general appearance improved. Phosphorus and arsenicum every four hours alternately. Gruel and porter continued, and a very small quantity of boiled turnips with bran was allowed.

Deo, 6th, Pulse 72; respiration 161 coughs; feeding well; looks better; eyes bright, but diseharging mucus; slight grinding of teeth ; fteoea soft and slimy; passing undigested food, Continue med,, and diet us before,

Dec, 7th. Pulse 54 ; ruininates n little, Treatment arsenicum and phosphorus every four hours; diet as before.

From this date until the 13th, the hull continued about the same, when he bad a relapse in consequence of some raw turnips having been given to him, contrary to Mr, Moore's orders. On a return to his former diet, and the administra�tion of arsenicum and rhus every two hours alternately, ho again commenced to improve, and this steadily continued, except whenever bis attendant persisted in giving him improper food, until the 2Sth instant, when 1 considered him cured. He had, however, been treated with medicine, gruel, and porter up to that date.

The two cases doing well were taken in the first stage of the disease, the system throwing out the vesicular eruption early. These have been treated very similarly to the bull.

One case still remaining is a cow belonging to Mr. Bulwer, Having cast her calf, she suffers so much from debility as to render her ultimate recovery doubtful.

The cow on Mrs, Bond's farm, which has remained during the whole of these experiments unregistered, is in good health. She is a wild and excitable animal that would not allow herself to be examined by Mr. Moore, his assistant, or myself. She has had medicine administered to her regularly on oilcake, but never exhibited such decided symptoms of cattle plague as to lead me to make any further record of her case than that contained in my journal.

I should like to have concluded this portion of my report without further remark. Every veterinary surgeon is acquainted with the difficulties connected with the atten�dance on diseased cattle, and there is great truth in the observation made by Mr. Moore, in his book on the cattle plague, wherein he states, quot; I have often reason to be quot; annoyed at the ignorant and careless fellows who look quot; after cows, or rather who don't and won't look after quot; them; and many enscs, not only of the cattle plague but quot; also of plouro, milk fever, are lost through sheer neglect quot; and disobedience of orders.quot; Knowing this, it was not surprising to find that in the course of these experiments Mr, Moore complained that the attendants on the cattle exceeded their instructions, or deviated from the orders which had been given. But the persons most complained against having been publicly exonerated from any blame, I think it not necessary that I should say another word on the subject.

From information derived during the course of these experiments, and from observations which 1 have made in other parts of the county, with reference to this disease, as well as from the post-mortem appearances I have recorded, 1 believe that some important facts have been ascertained which tend to throw considerable light on the true nature of this formidable disease. Some of these I have already alluded to in my letter of the !)tli ult,, but the whole I think (with the permission of the Commissioners) had better form the subject for a separate report, which at an early period I will endeavour to place before you.

1 have the bononr to be. Sir, Your obedient servant.

Tuos. Walton Mayer, Mouutague Bernard, Esq.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Vet. Surgeon, R,E.

Mtacolliuiooiia

Papers and CorronpondonoOi

H. It is intended to exclude fat stock, and confine the eases to young and store stock.

If the association think proper, there is to be no limit to the number of cases registered, andpreventive measures may lie adopted towards the remainder ; the whole county being secured for the field of their operations.

#9632;1. It is important that the Government Inspector should he furnished on his varied visitations by the homoeopathic veterinary surgeon with a daily account of the symptoms, nature, and quantities of the medicinal agents employed by the Homceopathic Association; the different features the cases present can,then be tested with ease and accuracy.

5. It is very desirable during the course of these experiments that the utmost precautions should be taken to guard against the spread of the disease whilst the animals are under treatment or observation, and especially from farm to farm.

G. It is also important that the owners of stock who have placed them under the care of the Homoeopathic Association should be cautioned against any interference with their treatment, that they should attend strictly to the instructions given, nor desire the destruction of the animal except on a representation of the parties interested.

7. Instructions to the persons in medical charge.

As far as possible note the variable symptoms, the number of pulsations and respirations, as well as the nature of the secretions.

Be particular that the quantities of the medicinal agents arc accurately administered, the efi'ects produced watched in the most careful manner, and the general directions given carried out with the greatest exactness.

[A clause to the effect that quot; should any animal be placed on quot; the register for the plague, and some other disease should su-quot; pervene during his treatment, the case should he struck out of quot; the list of experiments/' was not agreed to by Mr, Moore, except in the case of aphtha'.]

* Mr, Mayer was desired to dlstingiiiflh in Ids reports clear cases of disease from such as, in his opinion, were doubtful.

iih 3

238

APPENDIX TO THIKD BEPOKT 01?

THE CATTLE T^AOUE OOMMISSIONEBS.

239

APPENDIX D.

Manoakbog and the principal landowners and cattle breeders of Bessarabia, As it differs materially from the information transmitted to your Lordship from the province of Kherson, in my Despatch, dated November 24th, 1865, quot;No. 61, and as 1 can depend on the facts stated being in every particular the result of actual experience, I lose no time in submiting them to your Lordship's attention ;�

1.nbsp; nbsp;The liessarabian cattle owners and brooders state that the Plague during the last few years have been permanent in Now Eussia. It exists sometimes in one district, sometimes in another, of that vast country. Up to the present time nothing is known with certainty cither of the true cause of the disease, or of the proper means of treatment for its cure. On one point only there exists no doubt,�it is certainly contagious.

2.nbsp; No remedies which have been yet tried, neither fumigation, friction, bleeding, or medicine, have met with enough success to warrant their recommendation. From time to time a few beasts recover, and each person attributes their euro to the remedy he has employed ; but general experience has not confirmed such assertions in any case.

3.nbsp; One opinion only appears to merit serious atten�tion, and is now under anxious consideration. That opinion is in favour of vaccination, which the Im�perial Government has undertaken to introduce throughout the infected districts by competent vete�rinary surgeons employed for that purpose. Time only can decide quot;whether vaccination will afford a sure proLection from the disease ; but at present it seems to promise more satisfactory than anything else which has been tried.

4.nbsp; Effective means may bo taken to restrain the Plague from spreading. For this purpose it is ad�visable, as soon as it is found to exist in any district, that all communication with other places should be strictly prohibited.

5.nbsp; Dead animals should be burned as soon as possible, and in no case should it be allowed to skin them previously for their hides. They should be buried in the state they die.

6.nbsp; Great care should be taken not to suffer diseased beasts to drink out of the same troughs as healthy ones.

7.nbsp; Healthy cattle should be separated at once from the diseased; and immediately any beast falls sick among them, the healthy cattle should be taken away and transferred to other pasturage. By these means largo heads have been entirely saved.

8.nbsp; nbsp;These facts are indisputable ; but there is still to be mentioned a probable theory as to the origin of the malady.

9.nbsp; It is to be observed that the disease rages more violently in the south of Ilussia than in the north, that it generally breaks out in autumn and not during the great frosts ; therefore it: seems clear that cold is not 'only far from being the first cause of it, but has not even any influence over it. It is well remembered that before the year 1846 (when free trade in corn began with England), and when Odessa exported much less grain to foreign countries than now, this disease was very rare;; but it appeared always after every campaign in the wars with Turkey. Now these wars occasioned a great deal of cartage for the com�missariat of the army. The waggons used by the commissariat were drawn by bullocks, who were thus forced to make long journeys during the great heat of summer across arid steppes, where no pasture or wholesome water could be found ; the Plague soon seized them, and they rolled and diod in great numbers.

The same cause will continue to operate in a greater or less degree until the establishment, of railways puls an end to the transport of merchandise for long distances by oxen ; until Ihen it is more than probable Russia will be always devastated by Ibis terrible

malady.

Oxen are principally employed on the hardest

service during threi; lt;.r four weeks of llie hottest part

of the year, during which (hoy have no other food than ConsulnrDe-tho withered herbs they can crop by tho roadside.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1^deg;raquo; cSPe

Every year more than a million waggons, each Wraquo;laquo;^laquo;!raquo;�*quot;

crn Europe.

drawn by two oxen, coming from diffbront parts of the country, arriveraquo; at Odessa alone. As they draw nearer and nearer to their journey's end their food grows more and more scanty, and worse in quality, so that they are reduced for several days following to feed upon the meagre roots of grass, which they swallow mixed with dust, ami quench their thirst with the muddy liquid which remains of the stagnant water left in ponds and puddles by tho roadside.

10, This seems to bo really the sole cause of this terrible disease ; and the waggons returning to their several houses spread it throughout the country.

li. On examining an ox attacked by the Plague it will be found that it first becomes dull and spiritless, it ceases to ruminate, it eats with difficulty, and its sufferings manifest themselves by a violent diarrhcea. This is a proof that the disease lies in the digestive organs, and probably springs from improper nourish�ment.

The opinion of French doctors that, this sickness may be caught by men from diseased cattle is not warranted by experience in Bessarabia, no case having been ever known to have occuired there.

The Plague docs not, appear ei thcr to be caught by sheep, which have a disease of their own also contagious, but which differs very much from the Cattle Plague among oxen ; and it may be remarked that those two diseases very seldom exist at tho same time and place.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) E. C. Geenville Murkay.

Consular Despatches respecting the Cattle Plague in Eastern Europe.

Consular De-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SOUTHKUN E�SSIA (KliERSON AND BKSSARABIA).

raquo;patches respect-ing the Cattle

erSrope.'quot;''' Consul- General Murray to the Earl of Clarendon.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Odessa, November 24, 18G5.

It having beeu brought under my notice that Cuttle Plague, which has recently afflicted England, exists ahaost permanently on the steppes of Kherson, I have caused inquiries to be made among the pea�santry, and have now the honour to report the result. It appears that, though the attack differs in its symptoms, inflammation arising from cold is given as the truo cause of it. There are several modes of treatment more or less efficacious, but the most common is, to throw the diseased animal into a profuse sweat with as little delay as possible, taking especial care to protect it from chills for two or three days afterwards, when a change of pasturage, or, if in winter, stabling in a warm building seems indis�pensably necessary to avoid relapse.

The sweat is usually produced by covering the animal up with heavy cloths, and making it, at the same time, inhale the fumes of hot bran, salt, and steamed hay.

Another mode of treatment is, to apply friction with cloths or brushes, covering up the animal carefully afterwards.

A third is to rub the animals well with vodki (a coarse kind of brandy) and salt, especially along the spine and over the stomach.

One of the farmers on Count Brauitzky's estate near Kieff said he had seen most successful results from the use of vapour baths, which he considered the best treatment known, provided there was good stabling and covering at hand, otherwise the animals are liable to subsequent chill, whereas no such danger threatens those on which the same effect is produced by friction and covering up, especially if the operation is performed in the open air and the cattle put under cover without delay.

Medicine is seldom prescribed, but sometimes a little nitre dissolved in hot water is given lukewarm during the sweat, or immediately after, and linseed gruel, with gentian to excite appetite, are also now and then administered, when the violence of the attack subsides.

One peasant out of fifty who were questioned, recommended warm injections of tobacco water, while another highly praised bleeding; both con�fessing, however, that when the malady was of a bad type they had not been very successful with either treatment.

One farmer residing at Ananieff said he had effected many cures four years ago by giving drenches of warm milk in which garlic had been boiled. Another from the same place asserted that he had found repeated doses of vinegar and cold water of great service when every other remedy had failed.

In the district of Alexandria a decoction of two herbs named quot;hash-haquot; and quot; hinbia,quot; given warm, is said to bo very useful in stopping llux and allaying pain. The names of these herbs, however, do not seem to be Russian, and are not known by the druggists here ; probably quot; hash-haquot; may bo the Turkish quot;khash-khash quot;(poppy heads), and quot;hinbiaquot; the Turkish quot;hindibaquot; (chicory). They should be given and persevered in from the coinmuucement of

the attack, but if given to inilch cows the milk should not bo used as food for several days after.

The following is the receipt for the deeoetion above-mentioned :�hash-ha, ^ lb. pounded; hiabia, 2 lbs. Boil for an hour and a half in two gallons of water, and administer in doses of about a large wine�glass full every half-hour until the pain ceases and the flux dimiuislies.

It is perhaps worthy of remark that, according to a popular belief, the Cattle Plague originated in the Government of the Taurida from the bite of the black spider, and gradually as herd after herd were driven to the northern markets, the disease spread throughout Itussia. It is asserted to be renewed from the ssune causes in years of drought.

Without inviting implicit faith in this theory, it should bo iidded that these venomous insects, -whose webs coyer thousands of acres of land, produce excruciating suffering by their bite, and occasion such serious illness among the shepherds that it is necessary to send the men who are bitten to hospital.

It is stated on good authority that the malady seldom attacks the same animal twice, although sent afterwards to graze amongst herds of diseased cattle.

Cattle are not slaughtered to prevent contagion, but several measures are adopted to arrest the spread of the disease :�

1. Fumigation of stables and sheds with the smcke of dried pumpkin leaves, or that of wild aromatic herbs.

, 2. Isolation of the diseased cattle, keeping theia as much as possible to leeward of the sound.

3. Pots or pans of tar placed here and there in ihe cattle-sheds or stables.

Some of my informants state that there are localities where the disease has never penetrated, though sm--rounded and in free communicntion with infected places. Men arc known to have caught the disease from cattle, but such instances are rare.

Whenever the cattle disease is very virulftiit, however, sickness among the peasantry is mere prevalent on the Steppe.

Sheep are liable to catch the disease in years vixen the epidemic rages with violence, and this occurs when the second or autumn crops of grass fail in seasons of drought.

_ Some dogs which had eaten the meat and offal of diseased animals arc stated quot; to have gone mad,quot; a-nd their bite is said to engender the epidemic iu a few hours.

The late inspector of the Kherson Hospitals has observed that diseased cows have been cured by homoeopathic treatment when other remedies had failed ; and the statement of this gentleman is sup�ported by other corroborative evidence of great force and respectability.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) E. C. Grjsnville Muukay.

Consul-Gc?ieral Murray lo the Earl of Clarendon.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Odessa, March 8, 1866.

I have the honour to submit to your Lordship's attention the following information respecting the Cattle Plague, which I have received from Count Tolstoy, President of the Imperial Agricultural Society of Southern Russia ;�

1.nbsp; In this province the losses of cattle by Plague are innumerable.

2.nbsp; These losses are attributed to the neglect of all precautions to prevent, them.

3.nbsp; The mortality caused by the Plague continues till it ceases of itself; and no curative treatment has been yet adopted with success.

4.nbsp; it should be remarked that there is a tendency among farmers to exaggerate their losses by tho Plague, and to attribute the deaths of cattle by other diseases to that, malady.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Careful observations made in Southern Ilussia furnish strong reason to believe that cattle arc subject to diseases closely resembling cholera and typhus.

6.nbsp; nbsp;When disease appears, therefore, among a valu�able stock, it, will bo prudent to pay close attention to the particular symptoms of every case ; for although from 10 to 60 per cent, of the animals attacked by the Plague do not recover, yet the loss need not be so great from cholera or typhus, which may be treated fVequently by effective remedies.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Inoculation has been tried hitherto without a decided result ; but it has been suggested that if the malady could be communicated in a mild form, in�oculation would be the best precaution to take against it as it, has been satisfactorily proved that it never attacks (he same animal twice.

8.nbsp; Many experiments have been tried to communicate the disease in a mitigated form by inoculation, such as dilution of (bo pus, and mixing it with other matter ; but il has been suggested that the best means laquo;re in the first place to inoculate a healthy animal not more than one year old, and (Vom that animal afterwards to take matter for (he inoculation of others. It is con-fidenlly stated that the disease certainly diminishes in intensity as il is transmitted by imitier (aken from

Consul- General Murray to the Marl of Clarendon.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Odessa, January 8th, 1886,

The following important information icspecting the Cattle Plague lias been kindly supplied to mc hi answer to a laquo;cries of questions I addressed to Priiu'o

240

APPENDIX TO TllUtli JUOPOKT OF

IHE CATTLE PLAGUE COMMISSIONEKS.

241

Consulnr Do. sirati'lii's rosiwot' ing (he Gntt le PlftKUD in Knst-ern Eraquo;iropo.

boasts fiivthoi' mid fiirther removed from (ho ono originally atttiokod by the Plaguo in tlio natural way. S). Mr. J. A. Potroff, in a valuable paper contrlbuled to tho Imperial Agricultural Society, states that sorao years ago hobocame possessed of largo herds of cattle but has never sullered any considerable loss by the

wd� ttT¹ ^D.^0ttd ^cattIe ^nro ^buquot;⁰⁽¹ three yards deep fur from pasture, and whore their ffmvos

cannot bo disturbed by clogs. The bodies ^ covered

with quiohllmo, and tho graves firmly closed. But

inoeulation has been found the surest means to avoid

plague,, mid tins has been clearly proved by Profelsor

Jessen, Messrs, Sergdeff, Raupaoh, and Dr. KoUer

chief vetornmry surgeon to tho colonies.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

3. Treatment, Apply a seton and a mustard plaster to the breast pentine \^,nU8t i' ^T* T^ay in fresh tut

ould �TT ^F0Ur ?^rflve P^ounds ^of ^Wolaquo;l snouid be taken from sanguine animals. A pint of

mlusion of linseed mixed with olive oil slmW be given internally three times a day.

When the disease augments, add enough sulphuric

wlquot;fo ^CXtrftCv ^0f ^,lt;1,UX ^V0,nicaquot; ^t0 *^he AS water to give it an acid bitter taste. Administer also half a drachm of spirits of ammonia in half a ph,t of water three times a day.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^l

Three ounces of glue dissolved in a pint of tenid water will stop diarrhoea.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^Vnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^P

Cattle Plague, says General Hamm, has so often an-pcared m Southern Kussia and Bessarabia, and has been so minutely examined, that its course and treat-

ZT^l T\ ^ilT'^mghlj ^undei-^st00d. ^d I am bound to esttfy that the measures taken for its prevention and cure m the German colonies are found perfee�y

f^TT^Sgt; ^f,,^11ClllilVe ^caiIS0dthilaquo; laquo;quot;laquo;ease to disappear ii cm them almost entirely.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^v

�,.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I ^have, amp;c.,

(Signed) E. C. Geenvillk Mukkay.

A.D. 1801.�It appeared in Illyria, Switzerland, Franco, Saxony, Prussia, Poland, and Russia, ra�vaging all those countries constantly during tho wars .of Napoleon.

A.D. 1827.�During tho war between Russia and Turkey, it appeared in Russia, Poland, Podolia, Hun�gary, Bessarabia, Moldavia, and Austria, lasting three years.

A.D. 1844.�It appeared in Poland, Hungary, and Wallachia.

In 1855, it appeared in Bessarahlo, Podolia, Poland, Moldavia, and Hungary.

A.D. 1857.�It appeared througliout New Russia and tho countries bordering on the Lower Danube.

A.D. 1861___It appeared again in Southern Russia,

Moldavia, Poland, Podolia, Hungary, and Bessarabia, lasting till 1863.

According to tho valuable statistics collected by Dr. Faust, Europe has lost 200,000,000 head of horned cattle by Plague since its first appearance. The best information on the history and treatment of Cattle Plague, as well as the means hitherto adopted in various countries to prevent^contagion, will be found in the works of Dr. Romazzini who first studied the disease in 1711, in those of Dr. Lanizzi who first de�termined its contagious character about 1715, in the writings of Drs. Sauwage, Courtiovon, Haen, Leclerc, Westerhoff, Mauchard, and in the bettor known books of Vink and Camper.

I have, amp;c,, (Signed) E. C, Geena'iixe Murray.

under the name of quot;Loser Durre,quot; and was ox- ConsulwSglaquo; tromoly contagious, and propagated in spite of qua- ^Ki'laquo;^liesrespect rantino by the flies passing from ono animal to Wngiia in Jinst-anotber, when tho virus was cornniiinicated generally quot;quot;'^quot;''quot;Pquot;' to the eyes and tender parts of the sound animal.

In 1858 (November 19th), a Despatch was ad�dressed to Mr. Colquhoun from the Foreign Offico, inclosing a letter from tho Council Office, inquiring into the nature of the precautions taken to prevent the spread of the Cattle Disease in Wallachia, to which Mr, Colquhoun replied that that year tho epizootio had been so very mild as not to call for notice. In subsequent years, during the time I have been in the principalities, the disease, though always existing, has never till lately assumed any formidable proportions ; and even now it has not spread over the whole country.

Tbc conclusion which may perhaps be drawn from tho foregoing statements is, that no immediate alarm need bo felt as to tho ox becoming an extinct animal, for the Rinderpest is known to have existed without any perceptible diminution of cattle, for nearly two score years, in the vast plains of these principalities, where in summer the thermometer marks above 122 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun, and the air is alive with insects, followed by a long winter when the thermometer goes down to 13 below zero Fahren�heit, and the depth of snow subjects tho cattle to tho greatest privations,

I have heard of no instance of epidemics or sickness here, resulting from the consumption of diseased meat. Regulations exist as to placing the cattle in districts where the disease exists in quarantine, and also as to the immediate burial of the carcasses together with the hides, the latter being considered peculiarly liable to convey the infection; but I have my doubts as to these regulations being strictly enforced. The Rinderpest is officially stated to exist in this district ; but several thousand oxen enter and leave Bucharest daily�all the requirements of this large inland city being transported in waggons drawn by four to ten bullocks each,

I have, amp;c. (Signed) J. Green.

To the Right Hon. Earl Russell, K,G. 8ic.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

among the cattle on

diseases w

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...... -.....quot;quot;#9632;

nejghbounng estates, lie ascribes these good results to tho care taken of his cattle. In winter they are kept m covered inclosuros, suffleicntly large to allow

thorn freedom of movemont and moderate exercise.

They arc fed on sound hay, carefully chosen, and free

from must, or deleterious woods, and to each animal

is daily given a small portion of salt.

10.nbsp; nbsp;In summer, when there is fresh pasture and good water, tho salt is only given once a fortnight.

11.nbsp; In seven years, terminating with the close of last your, scarcely any disease has appeared amoiiquot;-the cattle so treated.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ⁰

12.nbsp; Mr. Potroff slates that owing to the precautions and rational modo of treatment adopted by him, his losses at the worst times have never exceeded 10 per cent, ; while the loss suffered by bis tenants and neighbours, who have not taken such precautions readied nearly .50 per cent.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

13.nbsp; The hides of diseased animals maybe preserved by dipping tliem in a solution of line, and then exposing them to the air for 24 hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^a

14.nbsp; A strong solution of salt will perfectly answer the same purpose.

15.nbsp; nbsp;Healthy animals have been wrapped in bides so cured, for tho sake of experiment, without any ill effects.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^

16.nbsp; It is strongly recommended,-when the Plaguo appears, to leave the animals attacked by it to lake their chance whore they are, and to remove the healthy ones immediately to fresh pastures, as the

Waliachia and Moldavia. Consul-Gencral Green to Earl Russell.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bucharest, October 24th, 1865.

The Sanitary Board continues to publish from

time to time in the official quot; Monitorul,quot; notices

similar to that which I had the honour to transmit to

your Lordship in my Despatch, Consular No. 25, of

the 21st August, respecting the existence of the

Cattle Disease in certain districts of the principalities.

I am unable to state the number of horned cattle

in Moldavia, but according to an official return

published by the Government in 1860, tho following

were tho numbers existing at that time in Wallachia :

Oxen quot; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 771,224

Cowsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 686,357

Bulls -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- - 196,494

Calves -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 335,282

Buffaloes - - - 89,182

1 Jague is sometimes believed to bo purely local.

17.nbsp; nbsp;A superstition exists among the Russian pea�santry that the Piaguo is stopped by being transferred to a neighbour's cattle ; it is as well, therefore, to guard against any malicious act dictated by this ignorant notion.

I have, amp;c. (Signed) E. C. Gkenville Mukuay.

Consul-General Murray to the Earl of Clarendon. My Lordnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Odessa, March 23, 1866.

attention ^iVn⁶ quot;T ^t0 ^SUbmlt ^to ?^0W ^dship's attention bo following facts respecting the origin and

h story of Cattle Plague in Europe, collected from the archives of the Imperial Agricultural Society of Southern Russia and various trustworthy sources to which i have obtained access.

A.D. 809 -Cattle Plague (Pestis bovina) is first known to have been imported from the Asian shores of the Black Sea into Europe. It appeared in Hungary and Illyna, spreading rapidly throughout, Germany, Austria, and Flanders, and destroying an immense number of cattle.

A.D. 820.�It appeared again in Hungary, and, after raging there with great violence, passed awa^ to the west of Europe.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^}

f quot;n ^0.--It ravaged France, Spain, and Germany. A.v. 1^40.�It re-appeared in Hungary, and spread throughout nearly the whole of Europe. A.D. 1514.�It appeared in Spain. A.D. 1625�It re-appeared in Hungary, passing thence into Italy.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^J ^lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;⁰

A.D. 170,9.�It ravaged the whole of Tartary passing thence into Russia, Podolia, Bessarabia,; Poland, Moravia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and destroying immense numbers of cattle.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ⁰

Between A.D. 1711 and A.D. 1713 two million head of horned cattle are known to have died in Europe from Plague.

From A.D. 1740 to A.D. 1756, Cattle Plague ravaged nearly every country in Europe.

tu , ,¹r⁷^'-:^It ^Wls ^hrmSfo from Turkey into IDyru., Moldavia, and Hungary, whence it again spread throughout Europe, and only ceased A.D 1770 after destroying 300,000 head of horned cattle in Holland alone.

A.D. 1779�It; appeared in Austria, destroyinir. according to Dr. Adami, 10,000 head of horned cattle in raquo;teycrmark.

A.D. 1784.�It passed from Hungary into Italy.

quot;7. 'A!^9,5'^-1* quot;PJPeared during the wars in tho south of Germany,

Consul-General Murray to the Earl of Clarendon.

^My ^Lord.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Odessa, March 23, 186G.

The following information has been furnished me by General Hamm, ChiefTnspector of the German Agricultural Colonies of Southern Russia, in reply to questions which 1 addressed to his Excellency on the 7th February respecting the causes of Cattle Plague, mid the best known means for its prevention and cure. Ihe German agricultural colonists, generally remark�able for their intelligence and prosperity, are the largest cattle owners in this country ; and, as 1 am aware that General Hamm has courteously taken great pains to obtain from them facts derived from then- own actual experience, the result is doubtless entitled to respectful consideration.

1. Causes of Plague.

The chief causes of this disease in the first instance are overdriving during great heat and bad weather, insuffloient or improper food, and stagnant water, or sudden change from good and plentiful food to scanty and bad food.

2. Sanitary Jireeautions and Police regulations.

Cattle in tho German colonies are supplied with dry food every morning before being sent out !;:gt; grass, a handful of salt being mixed with the dry food three tunes a week. Sufficient salt and vinegar are added to their drinking water to give it an acid taste. _ They are ciirofully examined daily, and the healthy immediately separated from tho diseased. Food and every thing touched by diseased cattle is dcetroyed or

Extract from a lieport from the Dragoman of Her Majesty's Consulate at Jassy, Feh. 18, 1866,

Monsieur lo Consul,

Aussitot que j'ai eu resect;u votre Icttre du mois dernier, dans laquelle vous mo demandez. Monsieur le Consul, des renseignements concernant i'epizootie, je me suis einpresse d'aller aux informations, Aprcs bleu des demarches des courses, voici tout ce que j'ai pu rccueillir:

Ire. Le Medecin du district do Jassy charge, tant pour les personnes que pour les animaux, do la police sanitairc, e'est-a-dire, do surveillor les pharmacies, d'ordonner les cordons sanitaires, on toutes autres mesures pour arreter ou empecber la propagation dos maladies, m'a dit:�

quot; Quo cottc epizootic, ii I'appelle un Typhus con-quot; tagieux, parcequ'il tronve les symptomes du quot; typhus abdominal dans les intestins des bestiaux, quot; II no fait point do traitement, persuade qu'il est, quot; que ccla est inutile ; lo Gouvernement no lo lui de-quot; mande memo pas. On sc borne ii des mesures pro-quot; servatives, tellcs quo isolemcnt du betail ; pro-quot; bibition du transport do furnier ou de fourragc d'un quot; lieu a I'antre ; abandon des pcaux qui sent quelque-quot; fois bnchees sur lo corps do I'aniinal inert, pour quo quot; hi cupidite no puisse en tircr parti par la f'raude.quot;

Cctte epizootie, snivant les informations que j'ai prises, sevit dans des difforents cantons du pays, depuis Novcmbro 1864 ; dans lo district do Jassy, depuis environ 9 mois, et dans Jassy iiieme depuis 5 mois; mais clle est a sa periodc do decroissance:

2,078,539

The area of Wallachia is 27,500 English square miles, of which a considerable proportion is uncleared forests.

Persons with whom I have conversed on the subject state that the quot; Rinderpest quot; or Cattle Disease was first introduced into the principalities in 1828, by the Russian army, which was accompanied by thousands of carts drawn by oxen. Ubicini, in his History of the Principalities, thus alludes to the subject; quot; Puis vint le terrible hiver do 1829, quot; pendant loquel le manque de fourrages, joint ii une quot; epizootic, enleva plus de la moitio, du botail ; alors quot; on se servit dos paysans, conime do betes do sommo, '� pour 1c service de l'armfe.quot;

The first mention which I find of the disease in tho archives of this consulate general, is in a Despatch from Mr. Colquhoun to tbc Earl of Aberdeen, consular No. 23, of the 24th July 1846, in which ho states that the murrain had spread to such an extent as to give groat uneeasinoss to the Government. Tho mortality in the district of Ilfov, of which Bucharest is the capital, amounted, he says, to from 60 to 80 head a day. In a subsequent Despatch, No, 25, of the 31 August 1846, ho states that the disease was ono well known in Gallicin,

quot;quot; 13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

#9632;j

242

APPENDIX TO TniBT) REPOET OS'

THE OA.TTLE PI/��E COMMISSION-BBS.

24-3

cionaular Be-

Kpatolios respect-iuKtlio Catllo

Fugue In liiist-orn Uui'opo.

(Inns co district 32 oommuaes ont souffbrt do eotto mulmlio ; mniiitouaut cllo n'oxisto quo dans 5 ou 6.

Dans lo district 'lo Koratui le innl paratt croitro, tnntlis quo diuis les districts do Bottoslmui ot doDoro-hoy, eile est, oommo a Jassy, ou decroissauco.

Voici co (jui in'a 6(6 dit par uu cmployo do In pre�fecture :�

quot; Nos in6(locins defiuisscnt cotto mnladio : Pcste ou quot; Typhus, ou encore Inflammation intestinale. Los quot; raosures pr�ventivos consistent a isoler immediate-quot; merit lo b6tail atteint.quot;

Quelquos paysans m'avaicnt dit, et des employes do la police m'ont confiime 1c fait, (juo cos raesuros etnicnt jiousseos jusqu'� enchaiuor ou tuov immediate-ment los ohiens do bcrger, (jui avaient accompagno des troupeiiux atteints ; quo, quand uu paysan so transporte d'uu endroit, o� r�gne la malndio, ii, un autre, o� olio n'oxisto pas, ou lo force � quitter cos ospecos do guotres ou cliaussures quo vous lour avcz vues aux pieds, quand ellos sent fiiitcs en peau do ru�minants (cos penux, comme vous lo savez, Monsieur lo Consul, n'ayant pas etu taunoes ot le poll etant encoro ndlierent). Los corbeaux meines sont chassis a coups do fusil, parcequ'ils so poscut quelquefois sur lo dos des betes nu paturago, ot qu'ils peuvent ino-culer la maladie avec leurs griifes, surtout si on lour a abandonue quclque part lo cadavre d'unc beto morte.

Je viens d'apprendre encore qu'un boyard nyant ou uno quinzainc do totes dans une ecurio isolee, pensant quo i'ecurie demeurerait iufecteo, a fait abattre les betes a coups do fusil, et a mis le feu dans cetto ecurie.

Jo me suis adresse au votoriuairo charg6 do la verification dos animaux destines a 1'abattoire. Co veterinairo traite aussi on particulior quand il est appele par quelque proprietaire (e'est Mr. Leon, quo vous avcz vu quelquefois). II m'a communique uno espece do rapport ou memoire, quo jo transcris mot a mot; toutcfois je vous 1'cnvoie, tel quol:�

quot; Typhus.

quot; La poriodc d'incubation vnrie entre cinq et treize quot; jours. Cos premieres manifestations objectives sont quot; 1'abattement, la prostration, avec une expression quot; particuliere du regard quo Ton no saurait mieux quot; cxprimer qu'en disant quo i'animal a 1'air sombre. quot; II est comme absorbe ot rcsto inattentif aux excita-quot; tions oxtoricures. Sa teto est un pen tendue, fixe, quot; avec les oreilles immobiles et portees en arriere. quot; Souvent do cetto premiere periodc, la respiration quot; laryngee ost un peu sonore, et peut etre entendue quot; a distance. La rumination n'est pas absolumcut quot; suspendue, mais olle no s'effectue plus, avec sa quot; regularite physiologique. L'animal grince des dents quot; ct baillo frequemment; les reins sont plutot raides quot; quo facilement ddpressibles sur la plupart dps sujets quot; observes. Puis, apparaissent des tremblements quot; generaux, manifestes surtout on arriere des 6paules, quot; aux jarrets et aux fesses, avec des alternatives do quot; chaleur :i la peau et abaissement de temperature, quot; notamment a la base des conies et aux extromites.

quot; Les youx plcurent, et los lames qui s'en ecoulent quot; en abondanco ont une teile acrcte, qu'ollos crouseut quot; sur le chanfrein comme uno sorte do sillon.

quot; L'epidermc so detaclie sur los regions do la peau quot; o� elles so sont repandues, comme a la suite do quot; I'application d'un topiquc vesicant. Un jetago quot; s'effectue par les orifices des cavites nasales d'un quot; liquide d'abord sereux et acre commo los larmes, et quot; produisant commo elles I'erosion epidcrmiquo des quot; parties do la peau avec; lesquelles il restc en contact. quot; Avoc les progres do la maladie les humeurs des quot; youx et des cavites nasalos deviennont purulontes, quot; ct souvent � cetto I'poquo Pair exhale paries cavites quot; nasales repand une odour fetido ; h, ce moment quot; aussi la respiration deviout plus difricilo ct s'accom-quot; pagne dans le larynx d'une sorte do bruit do corn-quot; age quo 1'on cnteud a distance.

quot; Do la boucho s'ecoulo uno laquo;alive ecumcusc qui quot; forme des flocous blancliatres nutour des levres. quot; Jy'epithclium do la muqucuso buccnlc ost soulevee

' pnr de la s6rosit6, sur los goncives ot lo bourrolot ¹ de In machoiro superiouro, ot son adheronco aux ' paplllea de la face intfcrno des joucs ost si faiblo ' qu'il sufflt pour Ton detachor d'uno simple prossion ' do la pulpo des doigts.

quot; A uno p6riodc plus avivuceo do la mnladio la teto #9632;' ost agitoo d'uu cote il I'autre d'uno soi'to do branlo-' ment qui a une certaino analogic avec celui des ' vioillards, ot en memo temps los mouveinents rapides ' do la respiration lui imprimont une socousso do Las ' on haut, qui coincide avoc I'oxpiratioii. La diarrheo ' no tarde pas ii so manifester, co sont d'abord les ma-' tieres alimentniros qui sont expulsces liquides, d'uno ' maniero torrontiollo, pout-on-dirc, et associeos it des ' gaz qui lour dounent une fotklit� caract6ristique; ' puis quand lo canal ost vide, los produits dos dejoc-' tions dovionnont samp;'eux, et onfiu a, la dorniero ' periodo ils sont sanguiiiolonts et do plus on plus ' fetidos.

quot; A mesure que la maladie progrcsse, les forces

' s'affaiblissent, au point quo les animaux consorvont

' do pref6rence la position decubitale ; la stupour est

' extreme, les youx s'enfonceut profondemont dans les

' orbites, uno humeur purulente romplit le vide quo

^c s'ost forme entre lo globe ot les paupieres ; la ma-

' tiei-o du jetage est epaise, melee do stries sanguines

' et tres fetido ; la temperature du corps est sensible--

^: ment abaiss6e, et quand on apposo les mains sur la

^! peau du dos et des lombes, on pergoit une sensation

^: analogue ii cello que donne lo toucher d'un animal

^; a sang froid ; souvent ii cetto periodo un Symptome

^: se manifeste, dej� signnlo par les anciens auteurs,

^: et tres caracteristique: je veux parlor de l'etat

^: cmphys6mateiix du tissu oellulaire, notamment � la

region superiouro du corps, le long de l'epine.

Quand on palpo ces regions on les sent crepitantes;

ct leur percussion rend un' limit analogue it celui

qu'on pergoit lorsquo dans les bouchories on frappe

sur la peau d'un boeuf souffle.quot;

quot; Lorsquo ce sympt�mo est apparu les animaux

deviennent tont-a-fait insensibles. Aussi les mouches

les couvront-elles, commo si dej� ils etaient ties

cadavres. Elles s'accumulent autour des ouvertures

naturelles et y deposent] leurs oeufs, qui quelquefois

ont le tomps d'y eclore ; d'o� I'apparition d'un fixit

que quelques auteurs ont pris pour une expression

speciale do la maladie, mais qui n'est evidemment

qu'un epiphenomone sans relation speciale avec

eile.

quot; Dans les femelles il existe un Symptome commode pour le diagnostic de l'affection, lorsqu'on doit passer en revue un certain nombro de betes et for-muler un jugement rapide; ce Symptome, e'est la coloration particuliere do la membrane du vagin, qui a une teinte rouge d'acajou avec des mnrbrures d'uno nuance plus foncee. L'amaigrisscment rapide et profond des sujets est un des caracteros propres il cetto maladie et qui s'acense � un degre d'autant plus marque quo la vie so prolougo d'avan-tage. Les sujets deviennent alors veritablement etiqucs'. Leurs muscles effaces et comme parche-mines, laissent apparaitro tons les reliefs du sque-lotte, notamment a la region du bassin ilont les excavations se creusent profondemeut, quot; La mort survient d'ordinaire du troisicmc au douzieme jour, rarement la vie so prolonge au-delil do cetto derniero periodc.

quot; Voici maintonant les lesions les plus remarquablcs que 1'on constate dans cetto maladie. quot; Dans 1c troisiemo cstomac ou feuillet, injections des lames rnulti|gt;ies do cot appnreil, taches cccliy-motiques diffuses sur un grand nombro ; perfora�tions ulcerouscs do quelques unes ; dessication sous forme de galetes des mnticrcs nlimontaires intcr-posees entre olios.

quot; Dans la caillotte, quatrieme cstomac, injection tr6s-vivo do tontes ses duplicntures, qui out uno coulcnr rouge d'acajou, et clans quelques cas ulce-rations multiples (lisseminees it leur surface- Ces ulcerations refl6tent uno teinte Manche lavee.

quot; Dans lintestin gr61o, plaques 'gauffrcos formoos quot; par la confluonco dos pustules ploiuos oa ulcoroes quot; sur les glancles do Peyer.

quot; Cotto 168ion n'ost pas constanto dans rintosdn quot; grulo; mais co quo Ton observe oonstanutteat sur la quot; inuquouso do cot intostin, c'ost rinjection gentrale quot; avec dos vorgeturos longitudinalcs eoupees irregu-quot; liereniont par dos vorgotures transvorses, qui ^ aes-quot; sincnt sur la membrane un reseau irregulier a quot; grnndos mailles, extremomont canicterise.

quot; Dans le colon potitos ulcerations extrememcut quot; nombreuses, dans la profondour desquelles ost quot; attnche un petit caillot do saug, fonnaut relief dans quot; I'intestin ; en cnlovant co caillot par le grattage, on quot; mot a nu I'ulceratiou assess profonde qui lui servait quot; comme do point d'insertion. Injection generale do quot; touto la muqucuso du colon ot do cello du^recturn quot; vcrgetoo ot aroolee commo la muqucuso do rintcstui quot; grele. La rate est g�neralement saine.

quot; Taches petechinles ot eccliyrnoses profondes dans quot; lo ceour.

quot; Emphyseme general du poumon, dont les lobulos quot; sont isol�s entre les lames 6paisses du tissu cellu-quot; laire, qui sont soufflees par les gaz exliales dans quot; leurs areoles, commo dans eelles du tissu ccliulairo quot; soucutane.

quot; Injections de la muqueuso des broncbes et du quot; larynx, et exsudation a sa surface des mucosites quot; purulontes, condonsoes en fausses membranes dans quot; lo larynx. Aucuno ulc6ration sur cette mein-quot; brane.quot;

quot; Perte, 90/10O-quot;

quot; Traitement.

lere Periodc.�quot; Un trochisque au fanon ot admi-quot; nistration matin et soir un litre d'eau contenant quot; cliaque fois 30 grammes d'acetate d'ammouiaque.

quot; 2eme Feriodc.�100 grammes d'acetate d'am-quot; moniaque dans doux litres d'eau administrce soir et quot; matin. Dans 1'intervalle do ces deux doses, il faut quot; faire prendre, et cola de trois en trois keures, un quot; litre d'uno decoction ainsi composee :

quot; Gentian - - - 150 gram. quot;Quinquina - - - 20 id. quot; Menthe poivree - - 10 id. quot; dans 5 litres d'eau reduite a 4^ par relmlition.

quot; Seme PMode.�L'acetate d'ammouiaque a 200 quot; gram, dans 4 litres d'eau fraiche administrce en quot; 4 fois do 2 heures on 2 lieures, tout on continuant quot; dans I'intervalle la decoction sus-indiquce.quot;

Jo lui ai demande positivemcut s'il etait couvaincu d rofflcacito de co traitement. II m'a rupon du qu'il ne I'avait que pen ou point employe, parceque les paysans ne sont pas on ctat d'acheter les medica�ments ; quo les boyards, trop indifferents ou fcrop jeu confiants dans le succes ne so docident quo difficilement a faire les deponscs neecssaires, et que lo Gouvci-ne-ment ne vcut pas s'en charger non plus.

J'ai on occasion do parlor avec un grand proprie�taire do la Bossarabie russe, qui a uno experience de 30 ans. II m'a dit qu'il a deja vu cetto maladie biem ties fois dans ses troupeaux. Quand eile so declare, il commence par fairo saigner au cou toutes sos betes, d'abord cellos qui sont atteintes, ot immediatomont apres toutos les autres. II Inisso sur place eelles qui sont attaquecs, ct transporte les autres ii 2, 3, ou 4 verstes de distance (environ 2plusmn; millcs), ot il continue ainsi, e'est-a-dire, a laisser sur place cellos qui devien�nent malades, ot a reporter los autres plus loin, A eelles qui sont malades, il fait verscr plusieurs fois par jour do 1'cau f'roide sur la tete, entro les comet), eten'sulte ilehaque fois il fait exercer uno forte friction sur 1'occiput et autour des cornes ; il m'a dit quo c'ost liX son moyen, et qu'il avait souvent reussi il en sauver beaueoup.

En outre il a njoute tpi'll faisait transporter du man-vais foiu, de la paillo ou dos broussaillos, du f utnier memo autour do scs troupeaux, et qu'il y faisait mettro le feu pour assainir lair.

En 1845, il avalt un troupoau de �20 vachas ; elles furcnt attaquees ; il les fit saigner deux fois, et les

I i

fit changer de place trois fois dans rospacod'unmois; comuterDe-

il en perilU a-neu-pros 400; mais la maladie no dura ^imtciioraquo; rpsneot-

; ,, ¹ , ^rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; mi? iiioCnttro

pas plus d uu inois.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Pluguoinlasto

Doux niois apres cotto maladie rcparut dans ses ^c'¹'¹¹ ^^lroP^e' troupeaux, mais sur une autre terro ; cette fois il u'eu perdit quo 90 sur 400.

En 1864, In memo inalndle lui ost revenue, encoro sur une autro terro, e'est-n-dire dans un autre troupeau do 450 totes : saignee 2 fois ; memes precautions que plus haut. Porto 15 totes.

En 1865, sur imo autro de ses terres encore, se trouvait un troupeau d'environ (iOO bceufa ct vacbes: perto 50 ⁰/₀. Mais alors il etait absent, et il faut attribuer une gninde partie do cetto perte, a-t-il dit, a la negligence do ses intendnnts, qui, a la verite ont suivi son systeme, mais non avec autant do soin.

Co proprietaire ne possedo Jamals moins do 2,000 tetes repartios sur ditierontes terres. Dans aucuno la maladie ne s'ost encoro montrco cotto anneo. Ce proprietaire est un des notables do la colonio anne-nieuno en Bossarabie. II a ajout� que, des qu'il a]i-prend que la maladie so declare, il fait retrnncher la ration de 60 a 70 ⁰/₀, afin de fairo maigrir les trou�peaux.

Un vieillard m'a montre un registro qui lui sort d'agenda ou d'album depuis bien longtemps.

Sur ce registro se trouvent inserees les reccttes sui-vantes, pour lo cas oil cette maladie se presente, ear il pretend quo e'est toujours la memo epizootic :

quot; lere Mecette.�Aussit�t quo la maladie so declare quot; fairo ii tout le troupeau un trou ii la pointe de Funo quot; ties eornos, ct ii-pcu-pres de la grossour d'unc plumo quot; tl'oie ii ecriro, au moyen d'un vilebrequin ou de tout quot; autro instrument pared ; introduire dans I'interiour ,' do la come un pen do mereure ct robouchor lo trou quot; liermctiquemont avoc do la ciro.quot;

quot; 2eme Recette.�Prendre 3 ou 4 brins ou filaments, quot; etc. ' Radix hellchori nigri,' les piler, meler avec quot; un litre do vin blanc (une bouteille a vin do Cham-quot; pagnc coutiont 2 litres d'iei), fairo avaler co vin a quot; la bete malade ; la faire marcher immediatement, quot; aussi vito quo possible, jusqu'� ce que la transpira-quot; tion se produise.quot;

J'ai demande de ce radix a la Pharmacie et on m'a remis une racinc dont vous trouveroz ci-joint quelquos brins.

II a ajoute qu'il avait essay6 une fois d'empecher les effets do ia maladie par l'inoeulation du sang d'une bete malado dans les betes saines, ct quo ce moyen lui avait reussi jusqu'a un certain point. Mills d'autres personncs m'ont dit qu'elles avaient use du meme moyen, mais sans resultat.

Dalmatia and the Herzegovina,

Consul Paton to Earl Russell.

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;JRagusa, October 18, 1865,

I avail myself of the first postal steamer to acknowledge and give an answer to your Lordship's telegram of last night: from conversations with the persons most likely to give mo information on the cattle, murrain, especially tbo physician of this circle, who much journeys into the villages to report to his Government on tbo subject,

Cattxe Murkaw,

Scat and Causes.

The original scat of this murrain of a typhoid character is the Steppes of Russia and Central Asia,

The primary cause is supposed to be the great droughts to which they are subject, and the depriva�tion of proper supplies of green pasturngc, or other fresh vegetable aliments suitable for cattle.

The secondary or immediate cause of the murrain on this coast was contagion, marked by a peculiarly rapid and virulent, power of propagation.

The disease first showed itself at Berguto, on the road from this to Trcbinjc, in the month of October

'#9632;

#9632;f #9632;*#9632;*

244nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; APPENDIX TO TIIIKD BEPOU'l' OV THK CATTLE PLAGUE COMMIS8I0NEKS.

Consular De-apatchoH respoot-iiiK tho Cattlo Hague in East�ern i�uropo.

1862, having como from tho Herzegovina. A firet Austrian medical commission sent from Vienna to Somjevo, reported that it was not tho Russian Cuttki Plague. Hut it soon showed itself to ho so, und, in spito of examination of animals und quaraivtinos, it spread in eight mouths through all Dalmatia.

Tho recont renewal of tho murrain in tho Herzo-goviun is attributed to tho excessive drought of this year, as the #9632;wells were dried up, and as tho cattlo had to ho driven in some cases 15 and 18 miles to water, they could bo #9632;watered only once in three days. From the want of pasture many cattlo had eaten hemlock and other poisonous herbs. Tills coast is very subject to droughts ; tho innumerable fissures and fractures of the Julian Alps (subject to earth�quakes) form a natural drainage which very soon ex�hausts tho internal reservoirs of this loosely compacted range. This summer some mills near Verlicca, which in the memory of the oldest inhabitant had never been without water, stopped all of a sudden, some internal reservoir having been drained.

II.

Symptoms.

The external symptoms are in the first stage,� low spirits, lassitude, and inactivity of tho animal, cows being more exposed to the disease than bulls or oxen.

2d stage,�mucous hemorrhage from eyes and nostrils.

3d stage,�diarrhoea of thin yellow ftecal liquid.

4th stage,�general swelling of the body, indicating the proximity of death.

The internal Symptoms arc in the 1st stage,�the flesh and oven the fat cut up a deep crimson colour.

2d stage,�increased size of liver.

3d stage,�intestines filled with mucous matter, particularly the fourth ventricle, #9632;which is the scat of the disease.

4th stage,�gangrene of the intestines preceding death.

The secondary symptoms are,�tumours which heal after the usual suppuration.

Of the power of rapid propagation of the disease by contagion there seems to bo no doubt. Sound cattle driven on a road where diseased cattle have passed are said to be liable to the malady. The theory of the medical men here, that other animals may be con�ductors of the disease without themselves suffering from it, appears at first sight to proceed from those extreme views of contagion which are more common in the South than in the North of Europe. But it is possible that invisible corpuscules floating in the air may attach themselves to the hair of other animals, not themselves affected by the disease. It is certain that no horse has been attacked by the malady in Dalmatia, although some sheep and goats have had it.

III.

Remedies,

The animals saved by medicines or by the vis medicatrix natura are not above 5 per cent, of those attacked, we may therefore say that medical science has not yet succeeded in finding an antidote to this calamitous ailment.

The first measure adopted is the isolation of the animal by removal to a ventilated position, with a supply of fresh green forage. Healthy cattle ought by no means to be exposed to the effluvia of urine or of fincal or mucous matter of cattle diseased ; and herdsmen or dairy-maids attending on diseased cattle ought not to approach healthy cattle without fumi�gating or washing their clothes.

The inodicines administered are preparations of sulphur, mercury, and antimony. As an antidote to the foi'meutation of the blood tho medicine given is hypo-solfito di soda (not solfato), which I do not translate into English from fear of inaccuracy.

My Eussian colleague tells mo that a physician of Khurkoff has discovered a method of rendering catllo loss suscoptiblo of tho disease.

All sick cattle are refused admittance at the frontier, the meat of tho market is examined and passed by the physicians of the circle, the hospital, and tho quaran�tine establishment.

When cattlo are killed in tho last stage of the dis�ease or in tho later stages, tho hido is kept 48 hours in quicklime before becoming an article of trade, and tallow must bo immodiatcly boiled.

I have, See, (Signed) A. A. Paton.

Tho Hight Hon. Earl Russoll, K.G. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amp;c.

Consul Paton to Earl Russell,

My Lord,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ragusa, 23rd October, 1865.

Since the dispatch of my No. 12, I have learned nothing further which materially modifies the opinions therein expressed as to the Cattle Murrain.

Tho principal apothecary here, a good practical chemist, whose interest it is to sell medicines, is of opinion that administering medicines in the Cattle Disease is a mere throwing away of money, and that isolation if the case is slight, and slaughter if the case is advanced, is the only effectual mode of dealing with the malady. He regards stercoral effluvia as the chief infecting agent.

The captain of tho Circle (not a medical man, hut a man of practical common sense) through whose bauds all the reports have passed, tells me that the promise of the Government to pay for all the cattle slaughtered for the public benefit was effectual in inducing the peasants to denounce first cases in new localities.

Tho first appearance of the disease in a new locality requires the utmost promptitude ; the Cattle Disease is like fire, or a leak in a ship capable of being mastered if taken in time, but if it gets ahead then human efforts are vain and the malady takes its own course until it expends itself.

The voluminous regulations of the Austrian Go�vernment on this Murrain appear to me to be too minute, and to attempt too much. The following appear to be all that is necessary in practice :�

Prohibition of import of cattle from infected countries.

Measures to be taken to induce cattle owners to practice no concealment of first cases in an uninfected locality.

Measures of isolation and cleanliness as mentioned in my No, 12.

Rigorous supervision of cattle markets and sham�bles.

No animal to be killed for the butcher's stall in the night under a penalty.

No animal to be killed for sale without a schedule of health from the proper inspector.

Meat stalls to be rigorously inspected.

Measures to be taken against infection through remains of slaughtered animals.

I have, he. (Signed) A. A. Paton.

To the Right Hon. Earl Russell, K.G. amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;c.

LONDON:

Printed by Gkoroe E, Eyhe and WlLUAM Spotmswoode,

Printers to the Qncen's most Excellent Majesty.

For Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

quot;#9632;' )





#9632;

THIRD REPORT

OP y (			*j f/te.* *gt;-'�,* ,
			^r^Lju	a-'

THE COMMISSIONEES

APPOINTED TO INQUIRE

INTO

THE ORIGIN AND NATURE, amp;c.

OF

THE CATTLE PLAGUE;

WITH

an jcm.			IX.



	#9632;^fj'⁵;raquo;raquo; i*raquo;¹ f


Urw^ntct to fiotft ffiomk of witiikvfmV.fiv* ^mman� of �er .plajiwty.

		*	3^
ras \| -im ^vT


LONDON: PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, PKINTERS TO THE QUKEN'.S MOST EXCELLENT MAJKS'XY. FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.

1866.

13530.



	THIRD REPORT

	or

	The CoMMissioNEiis appointed to inquire into the Origin and Nature, amp;o. of the Cattle Plague.





	TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. In our Second Report submitted to Your Majesty, we stated that we had requested several gentlemen, eminent in medicine and chemistry, * to investigate the Cattle Plague from some special points of view. The reports which we have received from them we now lay before Your Majesty as a part of the Appendix to this our Third and final Report. In doing so, we desire first to express our obligations to them for their work, undertaken at the shortest notice and performed under the disadvantage of having a very limited time allowed for it; and further, to record our sense of the valuable additions which they have made to the stock of knowledge which previously existed respecting the disease. In these acknowledgments we include the Edinburgh Cattle Plague Committee, who have furnished us with a valuable paper embodying the result of their inquiries.f Some of these investigations might with advantage be pursued further, in directions pointed out by the reporters themselves. We recommend these suggestions to the consideration of Your Majesty's Government. In our own present Report we shall avoid entering into discussions on doubtful points, and shall content ourselves with marking out, as briefly and plainly as we can, such of the results arrived at by observation and experiment as we deem most important, and arranging them in what seems to us the most convenient order. Thus we shall consider, first, the symptoms and course of the disease, and the nature of it, as deduced from those symptoms. We shall then proceed to the question, how and whence it originated; and shall afterwards pass on to the means of prevention and cure, and the precautions which should be taken in order to prevent future outbreaks of it. The preparation of this Report has, from its nature, devolved mainly on the medical members of the Commission, and their colleagues necessarily rely on them for the sound�ness of the views expressed in it on questions of medicine, chemistry, and physiology. 1. Symptoms and Course of the Disease. We were anxious to ascertain, in the first place, what are the earliest signs which can be relied on as indicating the existence of the disease. As to this point, the inquiries set on foot in this country, first by Professor Gamgee and then by Dr. Sanderson,

	� The nftmes of the gentlemen who undertook these inquiries, and the subjects of their investigations, art)� Nature, propagation, progress, and symptoms of the disease ; J. B. Sanderson, M.D. General pathology of the disease, and its relation to human diseases ; C. Murchison, M.D. Chemical pathology of the disease ; W. Marcet, M.D., F.R.S. Morbid anatomy of the disease ; J. 8. Bristowe, M.D. Microscopical researches on the disease ; L. S. Benle, M.D., F.R.S. Treatment; George Varnell, M.R.C.V.S., and William Pritchard, M.R.C.V.S. Disinfection ; E. Angus Smith, Ph. D., F.R.S., and W. Crookes, F.R.S. J This Committee consisted of the folio-wing gentlemen :� Professor Dick, V.S. ; James A. Hunter, M.D, ; Henry J. Littlejohn, M.D.; Professor Douglas Maclagan, M.D.; Dr. Lyon Playfair, C.B., F.R.S.; C. S. Romanis, V.S. ; Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M.D, ; Professor Strangeways, V.S. ; Professor John Wilson j Andkew Wood, M.D., Chairman. a 2



	VI cause local capillary obstruction, which passes on into complete stagnation. In conse�quence of the impeded circulation, an increased proportion of soluble nutrient matter permeates the vascular walls, and gains access to the nuclei of the vessels and adjacent tissues, which increase much in size. This change is associated with, and causes, the rise of temperature which occurs at this period of the disease. If regarded from a chemical point of view, it tippears probable that this immediate cause resides in an increased zymotic action in the blood and in the textures, whence increased temperature, accelerated circulation, more rapid growth, congestion, obstruction, and disintegration ensue. Whatever may be the cause of these very general congestions and nutritive alterations, the remarkable fact obtains that poison is present in the discharges from the mucous membrane, and hence at this period the beast is most highly infectious. The matter runs down the hide to the floor or woodwork, and when dry may be carried as dust in the air, and infect other beasts when received on the absorbing surfaces of the eye�, nose, mouth, lungs, or stomach. 2. Nature of the Disease. Since it is certain that the cause of the disease is actually contained in the mucous discharges, and in the blood, and probably in the textures, of a beast ill with Cattle Plague, inasmuch as a healthy animal can be inoculated with these substances at any time, and the poison can, as experience shows, be carried, if need be, hundreds of miles in portions of these substances, it might be supposed that there would be no difficulty in separating and demonstrating the virus itself. Dr. Beale has examined portions of infected blood textures and mucous discharges with the highest magnifying powers that exist, namely, r^th. of an inch focal adjustment. This magnifies 2,800 diameters; or,�to express the magnifying power by some examples,- an inch would appear to extend over 111 yards, and a child three feet tall would look as high as Mont Blanc. With such power, particles of even xooVonfh of an inch in diameter, having any distinct character, would not be passed over. But he has found no definitely formed substance that can certainly be said to be the cause of the Cattle Plague. He finds a great increase of granular matter, but no new appearance decidedly characteristic of the disease. Possibly this granular matter may be the poison ; possibly again it may exist in particles of definite form, and of a size still smaller than To'oVdT)^ ⁰f ^an iuch, but which might he perceived if it were possible to construct instruments of still higher magnifying powers ; more probably it is matter of a kind which is and will always be undiscoverable by the microscope. The peculiar entozoon-like bodies (Ilainey's corpuscles) which are found so frequently in the muscles of animals dead with Cattle Plague, arc not peculiar to this disease, and may be absent in it. They cannot therefore be the poison. As the microscope fails us, we turn to chemistry to detect the substance, but chemistry has not hitherto separated the poison, and no chemical test as yet exists by which it can be recognized. An examination of the air vitiated by the disease is described in the report of Dr. Angus .Smith. Chemistry has as yet found in Cattle Plague no complex albuminoid matter in a state of rapid chemical change capable of communicating its own action to the albumen of the serum of the blood and of the textures of cattle. Hence it is only by its effects on the living body that the poison can be identified. In this it resembles other animal poisons which affect animals and man.* From the modes of increase and of action of these animal poisons a comparison has been drawn between the diseases they produce and fermentations. But, as Dr. Angus Smith's report shows, the chemistry of the various kinds of fermentation is at present in a state of great uncer�tainty, and the different views of Liebig and Pasteur still offer questions for discussion. The action which takes place in these diseases may be very different from that of any ordinary fermentation. Whatever be the nature of the action, the poison certainly requires a peculiar condition in the body before it can act; thus it can multiply in the body of a bovine animal, or of a sheep, goat, deer, or gazelle, whilst we have no satisfactory proof that it is communicable to non-ruminants.

	* The word poison, as applied to tlio cause of Cattle Plague, is used in the general medical meaning. Unlike a chemical, corrosive, or irritant poison, it requires a second condition to bo present, for it does not net unless certain favouring conditions also exist. The terms quot;germquot; or quot; growthquot; are used because no better expressions can be found. They scern to imply an independent living existence of the poison, and on this point our knowledge is not yet sulfieiently definite. Care must be taken that the terms used do not lead to erroneous conclusiom.



	- vii Where the poison can act it increases rapidly, and causes a disease similar to that in the animal from -which it was taken, whereas if placed in the body of a man, horse, or dog, it produces no such effect. It follows that in the first-named animals there is some special condition or aptitude wanting in the others. But even in different species of animals, all of which are susceptible, the internal conditions are evidently not quite similar. The sheep and goat take the disease less easily than the ox. The disease also is in general less virulent, the symptoms and the post-mortem appearances being slighter, and the mortality less. Further, the virus, in passing through the body of an animal, usually renders it insus�ceptible of another attack. In all these respects this poison resembles several other animal poisons. If we desire to place the Cattle Plague in some recognized class of diseases, we must range it under the zymotic class, as formed by Dr. Fair. The maladies to which it has the closest alliance are the so-called exanthematous or eruptive fevers: its relation to the different members of this order will be found fully discussed in Dr. Murchison's and Dr. Bristowe's reports. 3. Origin and Propagation of the Disease. To answer the question, what should be done to limit the progress of the disease, or to prevent its return, we ought to know how it originated here, and the conditions of its propagation. If, for example, the Cattle Plague has spontaneously originated in this country from the way in which our cattle have been housed or fed, we might hope to show bow such conditions act_T and how they can be removed. If it originates in some wave of poisonous air which spreads over the country, and, after having a regular period of flow has a succeeding period of ebb and disappearance, we must be content with bearing what no care can foresee and no art control. If, however. Cattle Plague has been intro�duced among our herds by the arrival from infected places of cattle already diseased, and if it spreads entirely by contagion, it is obvious that nieiins may be used, winch, if applied strictly and carefully, will be effectual, tu prevent its return. We have been able to find no evidence of a spontaneous origin in England. The first known cases were all in animals collected from different parts of England and Holland, brought to the Metropolitan Market on one particular day, the 19th of June; they were purchased by different dairymen, and then taken to five sheds in different parts of London, namely, in Islington, Hackney, Lambeth, and Paddington. As there was no Cattle Plague in the parts of England whence these cattle came, and none in the sheds to which they were taken, and as the length of the incubation period, as well as the absence of any probable cause, negatives the idea of a spontaneous origination simul�taneously in these five sheds, the conclusion becomes almost irresistible that the cattle must have caught the disease whilst standing for sale in the Metropolitan Market. Now this market is certainly the most likely place in England for Cattle Plague to be brought to from abroad, and if not the most unlikely, at any rate an unlikely place for it to spring up in. It ought to be a matter of no surprise that we have been unable to indicate the precise channel by which the poison came into the market; from the universal ignorance of the signs of the disease at that time, and the probable slaughter of the affected animal soon after the market, evidence, which might have led to the detection of it at the time, would pass unnoticed and would soon be lost altogether. But, as we have since traced several introductions from the Continent, there can be little doubt that it was introduced in the same way in the first instance, and was overlooked. Moreover, in most places in England where the disease has broken out, its introduction can be traced. It follows the lines of cattle traffic, and does not arise spontaneously. In the cases where no explanation can be obtained, we consider it more likely that the evidence is insufficient than that the rule proved by a multiplicity of instances should have such exceptions. In confirmation of this, we find the Austrian and Prussian veterinary surgeons declare that, whatever may be the origin of the disease in other countries, it is always brought by diseased cattle to them. The way in which the disease broke out and was destroyed in the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris, and over and over again in Aberdeenshire, its absence from Ireland, the manner in which it has spread in England and Scotland during the summer, autumn, and winter,�all these facts are conclusive evidence against the assumption of an occult atmospheric condition, and in favour of its spread by multiplication in the bodies of living animals. a 4	#9632;
		( #9632; 1
		:,

		;


Wquot;H

APPENDIX TO THIRD KKl'OKT OP

Dr. Sniiilcvson. Roport td OonuulHsiouci's,	clia		Pho following is n Bummary of the animals pur- ilio objects of tlio	in conscquonco of this circmnstanco or for other reasons, (hey gradually declined in health, und fiimlly, in spite of the most careful nursing and feeding, and the employment of every means which the experionco of Mr. Badcock could suggest, they died in rapid succession. With respect to those -which had been successfully vaccinated, a special effort was made to preserve them, by placing them with milk cows which bad already passed through the cattle disease, but without success. One of them was exposed to infection during the last few days of its life, but there was no reason to suppose that the result was in the slightest degree influenced thereby. None of the animals in question exhibited any symptoms of Ein�derpest, and those that were dissected after death did not show any of the anatomical results of the disease. Fifth series.�On the 7th of November four sheep were procured, viz., two rams and two owes. On the 14th, a ram and a ewe were placed each in one of the cages already referred to, and subjected to obser�vation during a period of two weeks. On the 1st of December they were inoculated with the same virus which was employed for the inoculation of the first series of bovine animals. After two days they showed slight increase of temperature and other slight signs of functional disturbance, but the phenomena of Ein�derpest did not develop themselves. The other two sheep were exposed to natural infection by placing them on the 20tb of December in the stall in which the bullock of the first series had just died. They exhibited the first symptoms of Cattle Disease on the 27th and 30th. Both of them recovered. Sixth series.�Two goats (male and female) were procured at the same time as the sheep. They have remained in the stable during the whole period of observation, and have been placed in the stalls vacated by dying animals, without result. On the 26th of January they wore inoculated, without further effect than a transient increase of temperature.
Dr. Sniiilcvson. Roport td OonuulHsiouci's,	[nquiry up to the pvesent time ;
n		four yearlings All of these rural districts The yearlings were plncocl in the exporimontnl stable on the 7th of November, and subjected to preliminary observation for three weeks. The cows entered the stable respec�tively on the Htli mid I9th, imd word siniilnrly kept under observation until the 30th, On the 1st of December, four of the animals wore inoculated with mucous dischnrgo collected near Aylesbury from the eyes and nose of a cow n few hours before death, kindly forwarded to mo by Mr. Ccely. The remain-iug animals, viz., one cow and a bullock, were left uninoculated. The bullock was placed in n stall adjoining those of the inoculated nuhnnls, the cow in another stable communicating with the first by ventilators near the roof. The four inoculated animals contracted the disease, and recovered ; the others were infected naturally, the bullock on the I3tli of December, the cow on the 16th, and died. Second series.�Three yearling heifers were intro�duced into the experimental stable on the 27th of December. Of these, one was placed in the stall which had been occupied by the bullock, and in which it bad died on the 21st, the stall not having been purified ; the second, in a stall in the same stable, previously occupied by one of the animals that had recovered ; and the third in the adjoining stable already referred to, next stall to the cow that had recovered, and was llicn convalescent. These animals contracted the disease, the first-mentioned on the 6th of January, the second on the 5th, and the third on the 6th, that is 9-10 days after admission. All of these animals died. Third series.�A cow and three yearling heifers were placed in a stable which hud not been previously occupied by cattle, on the 5tli of January, lor the purpose of experiments on vaccination. On the 8th of January it was discovered that one of the heifers was affected with Cattle Plague, which had appa�rently already arrived at the fifth day of its develop-incrit. It was immediately removed to the experimental stable, where it afterwards recovered. On the 11th of January the cow and the other two heifers became affected, as well as a cow which had been placed for observation in the same stable, belonging to Professor Gaingee. All of these animals were removed to the College as soon as they manifested symptoms of illness, and died on the seventh day. They had been previously vaccinated by Mr. Badcock on the 15th. Fourth series__On the 2d and 5th of January thirteen sucking calves were procured, and placed in a stable at Netting Hill, for the purposes of vaccination and inoculation with the virus of smallpox. Of these one appearing sickly was removed to the College on the 6th of January, and was found to be affected #9632;with Rinderpest.* None of the others contracted the disease. Six of the calves were inoculated with virus collected by me on the 3d and 5th, by the kind permission of Mr. Marson, from patients at the Smallpox Hospital, at the fifth or sixth day of the disease. Of these inoculations two only wore sue-cessful. On the 9t,h five of the remaining calves were vaccinated with current human lymph by Mr. Ceely. In two of these cases satisfactory results #9632;were obtained, and they yielded lymph for the vaccination of four others (including three which had been previously inoculated without success). This last vaccination was performed on the 16th or 17th. At Ibis point the experiments were arrested by a cause which had from the first, manifested its unfavourable operation. The calves had been fed laquo;luring the first few days after thev were purchased with milk derived from the cow already referred to as subsequently affected with Einderpest, Whether
n				PAET I. Phenomena oe Cattle Pla��e duking Life. 1. General characters and progress of the disease. Cattle Plague is an essential or general fever. Of it, more clearly than of any human disease of the same class, can it be shown that the disturbance of the system which we understand by the term fever may exist independently of local changes occurring in particular organs ; for with respect to it a fact new to pathology has been discovered, that the increase of the temperature of the body, which is the one and only symptom which all fevers have in common, exists for several days before any other derangement of health can be observed. But although constitutional or general in its origin. Cattle Plague is attended with local alterations of structure, some of which arc so constant and inva�riable that no definition of the disease can be com�plete which fails to recognize and include them. The observations and experiments which have been made, so far as they have been carried out, relating to the phenomena of the disease during life, lead to the conclusion that, with reference to its constitutional effects, the disease consists in (1) increase of the temperature of the body ; (2) increase in the elimi�nation of urea by the kidneys, indicating increased disintegration of tissue; (3) alteration of the physical and chemical qualities of the blood, manifesting itself in impairment of its coagulability and in a marked tendency to capillary hamiorrhage ; and lastly (4), a general septic, condition of the fluids and tissues, in virtue of which they are unnaturally prone to decom�position even during life. With reference to its local mai�feslafions, the disease appears to be distinguished by an alteration

* The cow from wliidi this calf wus removed is still well, and occurred in the neighbourbood from which it was brought.				has not contracted the disease, nor had cases of cattle disease



10		APPENDIX TO THIUD EKFORT OP

Dr. SimdorNon, Ropurt to Commissioners.	doubt that in animnls examined after death, the lips and gums arc occasionally found apparently free fl'om disease, but this may be readily accoinited for by the fact, that the eruption is of short duration, and that even in fatal cases it often begins to heal #9632;within three or four days after its first appearanoe. I do not venture, from ny own experience, to concliule that the eruption is pathognomonic, but I think it highly probable tlmt Professor Jessen, (who has had larger opportunities of observing Cattle Plague than any other man in Europe,) is right in bolievingthat it is so. The alterations of the mucous membranes may be most conveniently described with reference to the period of the disease at which they are observed, and the order in irliich they succeed each other. In the four inoculated animals of the first scries it was impossible not to be struck with the perfect agree�ment in the time at which the first local manifestations of disease could be detected. All had been inoculated on the Friday evening, and in all, the visible mucous membranes remained absolutely healthy until Wed�nesday morning. On the evening of the same day all were diseased. The two heifers and the cow showed increased redness of the vaginal mucous membrane, and in the cow, in addition to the change of colour, the surface was sown with greyish white elevations, not so large sis pin heads. In all four animals the mucous membrane of the gums, although not perceptibly red�dened, was dotted in certain parts in a similar manner. In one case the elevated points were scattered here and there on the upper gum, while in the other three they were met with only on the lower, always occupying the same position, viz., that part of the gum which covers the socket of the corner tooth on either side. As in these four animals the elevation of temperature which marks the commencement of the constitutional affection had also occurred in each ease between forty-eight and thirty-six hours after inoculation, it was evident that a period of two days, or thereabouts, had intervened between this important change and the first appearance of the elevations on the mucous membrane of the mouth. Great care was therefore taken in suc�ceeding observations to inspect the mouth frequently during the third and fourth day of the disease. In four subsequent cases, in which this was done, viz., Jsos. 3, 5, 7, and 9, in all of which the disease was contracted by natural infection and terminated fatally, the results coincided exactly, as regards time, with those above referred to, the first changes always occur�ring, as nearly as could be determined, forty-eight hours after the rise of temperature. In the four cases the first appearances were similar; in three of them nothing was seen excepting groups of punctiform ele�vations as large as poppy seeds below the corner teeth on each side ; in the other, the whole surface of the lower gum and under lip was dotted in a similar manner, but the elevations were more numerous and confluent in the situation referred to than elsewhere. Of the two heifers and the cow, all exhibited general reddening of the vaginal mucous membrane. In one of them it was sown with translucent grey elevated points, and in one of the others a similar appearance was observed on the following day.* It appeared to *In all its stages the affection of the month In Cattle Plague strongl y resembles the human disease known by the name of mnguet or millet. In this disease the first alteration consists of redness of the mucous membrane, (hen small white grains appear which unite so as to form patches on the surface of the lips, tongue, cheeks,and palate; these exfoliate or detach themselves, leaving an inflamed surface beneath. On the palate they coalesce so as to produce an appearance resembling false mem�brane, but on the tongue and lips they remain discrete, or if they are so tliiekly f-et as to coalesce they still exhibit a granular patchy or uneven appearance, indicating their separate origin. On tlie cheeks the deposit is soft and curdy. Anatomically this disease has its seat in the epithelium. When the patches peel off, the mucous membrane proper remains intact, and the mnteriiil jicclcd off is found to consist of epithelium mixed with the filaments and spores of a hypliaceous fungus. See Dr. Ouy's quot; Vade Mecnm,quot; p. 352, and for a more detailed description the article quot;Muguctquot; in the quot; Traite des Maladies des Pnfantsquot; of MM. Killict and Barthez, vol. 2, p. 210.		mo very remarkable that, although in several cases, as, e.g., in Nos. 8, 12, and 13, the mucous membrane of the month was apparently reddened for some hours, or oven a day, before the appearance of the eruption, yet, in general, this did not seem to bo the case. Even when the elevations could be distinguished without difiiculty, they were often observed not to bo sur�rounded by any areola of injection; and in several instances 1 was able to satisfy myself that the colour remained entirely unaltered up to the time imnicdiately preceding this formation. As regards the vaginal mucous membrane it was different, for there, increased intensity of colour appeared not only to precede and accompany alterations of surface, but the injection was much more easy to appreciate, whereas those doubtful pink blushes which were observed in some cases on the gums and lips, and particularly on the papillae of the cheeks, were often so slight that if one had not attentively looked for them they would have escaped attention. There were one or two cases in which the granula�tions differed in character from those usually ob�served. Thus, in No. 11 they were from the first larger than millet seeds, and formed soft and curdy projections, which, although most abundant in the usual situation, were scattered at intervals over the whole surface of the lower gum and lip. In another case the divergence from the more common appearance was in the opposite direction. On examining the gums at the end of the second day, scarcely any granulations could be discovered, but in their place, viz., below each corner tooth, a group of minute erosions, each surrounded by a fine margin of white opaque material was discovered, the membrane look�ing as if it had been nibbled by some minute animal. These erosions were surrounded by slight areolas. Fm'ther alterations in. the. mucous membrane of the gums and lips.�During the third and fourth days of disease the granulations usually increase in extent, so as to form patches, these either coalescing with other patches of similar origin or remaining distinct. Eventually the mucous surface becomes more or less covered with a curdy or creamy deposit, -which is sometimes confluent, at other times discrete. This depends, so far as I have been able to observe, on the number of granulations with which the membrane is dotted in the first instance. If on the fourth day they are sown over the whole of the lower lip and gums, these parts will be found afterwards completely covered with a continuous deposit, almost resembling a false membrane, while, on the other hand, if it is originally confined to the corners of the mouth it will probably become confluent only in those situations, leaving the rest of the surface either clean or sparingly coated. In general the creamy concretion exfoliates or separates spontaneously a day or two after it is formed. Wherever this takes place, the raw looking bright red surface of the proper mucous membrane (membrana proprid) is exposed, giving rise to the appearances which, after the author who first de�scribed them, have been designated quot;pestilential ero�sions of Kausch.quot; Their form and arrangement vary, as may lie readily understood, according to those of (ho patches or concretions by the exfoliation of which they are produced. If the concretions are discrete, the excoriations occupy the centre of each patch, and are of similar contour; and inasmuch as the patches themselves always exhibit a tendency to spread more in a direction parallel to the edges of the teeth than from above downwards, the erosionraquo; assume a similar form. If there is a continuous layer of con�cretion covering the whole surface of the gum, the forms of the original patches can no longer he dis�tinguished. In this case the erosions sometiines appeal' as irregular fissures, such as might be pro�duced by the mere cracking of the deposit in the movements of the lips; in other instances, the con�cretions may exfoliate in largo flakes, leaving exten�sive raw surfaces of irregular form. This appears to depend on variations in the character of the deposit,
II
\l\



16			APPENDIX TO TIIIBD REPORT OF

Dr. Saudorson. Deport to CoumiiB�ioiioi's.		the Prussinn Oovcrnmont to invostigato the cpizootic of Ciittlo Plnguo which prevailed in 1844 throughout Bohomia, and other of tlio northern provinces of Austria. According to thin writer whoso exporlenco extended to 800 cnsofi, quot; the earliest inanif'ostation of the disease! quot; consists in a vigorous rc-action of the organism in quot; the Conn of a synoehous i'evor, the onset of which is quot; sometimes Indicatod by rigors so violent as to make quot; the animals' (chain) halters rattle; sometimes by quot; slight sliiveriugs, or ev'eu hy great prostration or quot; nervous excitement.quot; After a period varying from 24 to 48 hours, the synouiia passes into well-marked torpor. The visible mucous membranes become soft and moist, the eyeballs, which wore at first prominent and sparkling, sink into their sockets, while the cornete look dull and are often smeared with mucus, amp;c.* Dr. Kitter von Koch, -who was commissioned by the Austrian Government in December 1853 to inquire into it later epizootic which then prevailed in the same provinces of Northern Austria, describes the initial symptoms which occur in certain cases in terms which closely agree with those employed by Seer. According to Dr. von Koch two varieties or forms of the disease may bo distinguished. One of these seems to agree, both as regards the general character of the symptoms and the alterations of the mucous mem�branes, with the cases observed in this country ; but in the other, the disease comes on with greater violence, and its progress towards the fatal termination is more rapid, while the mucous membrane of the mouth, instead of exhibiting the ordinaryaphthous concretions is quot;smeared quot; with an abundance of foamy or tenacious mucus, quot; and is in some parts much reddenedquot; (p. 87). -In these rapid cases, says our author, quot; the phenomena of quot; fever presented themselves in great intensity at the quot; outset. There were frequent and violent tremors of quot; the hide, and the head vibrated whenever the animal quot; was standing, hut not when it was lying ; twitchings quot; of the muscles were however observed in the flanks quot; and belly, which became more marked as the disease quot; progressed. There was usually horripilation either all quot; over or in particular parts, but in some cases the hair quot; remained smooth. The eyes were at first sparkling, quot; and had a staring anxious expression, but subsequently quot; acquired a dull, muddy, and sunken appearance. The quot; conjunctiva! were at lirst much reddened, afterwards quot; usually livid, amp;lt;�.quot; According to Dr. von Koch tiie cases in which these remarkable symptoms present themselves are always characterized by quot; the absence quot; of membranous or coagulable exudative masses,quot; and by intense hypereemia and softening of the mucous mombranes.'lquot; Dr. Spinola,f to whose investigations I have already had occasion to refer, tells us that Cattle Plague usually commences with a stadium prodromnrum, characterized principally by quot; alteration of the habits and demeanour of the animal,quot; particularly by quot;depression, dulncss, and diminished liveliness, and sometimes by great rest�lessness and excitement.quot; With these symptoms are associated anorexia, irregularity of rumination, dimi�nution of secretion, constipation, and all the other phenomena wo have observed during the third or fourth day of the disease. About a day later, quot;fever quot; sets in with partial or general tremors (Zittern) of quot; the body and horripilation (Str�uben der Haare), quot; the earraquo; lying back loosely against the head, which quot; hangs down and oscillates with the violence of the quot; shivering.quot; As the disease advances, other nervous phenomena present themselves which are no less characteristic. quot; The lumbar region becomes more		quot; and more sensitive, although nt last this condition quot; is concealed by tlio increasing weakness and ftp-quot; preaching paralysis.quot; At the same time the aninials evince great restlessness, quot; They have a bewildered quot; aspect ami terrified demeanour, while they listen quot; anxiously, snort, and toss their heads. The seat of quot; paiu seems to be the belly, for the suiTeriiig is most quot; apparent, before and during the alvinc evacuations. quot; There lire fivqucutly convulsive muscular movements quot; of the hind limbs, which last for a longer or shorter quot; period, sometimes continuing until death. Other quot; convulsive phenomena are wanting, or, at all events, quot; are of rare occurrence. Tlio bending of the nock quot; to one side, and the peculiar attitude of the head, quot; arc rather the results of relaxation than of spasm. quot; The tremors, however, which occur in the first quot; stage often pass into twitchings which may be quot; either partial or general. In the latter case, jerk-quot; ing movements of the body are produced which quot; resemble those of hiccough in man. These phe-quot; nomena commence about the third (fifth) day. As quot; death approaches, the muscles become flaccid and quot; powerless.quot; The only writer I have met with who refers to cere�bral symptoms is Dr. Weber, to whoso report on the disease in Cialicia I have also before referred. quot; It does quot; not admit of a doubt,quot; he says, quot; that the functions quot; of the brain are affected by the disease, From the quot; very commencement, the animal becomes indiiferent quot; (theilnalnnslos). It lies still and cannot be made to quot; get up even by poking it in the most decided manner, quot; yet notwithstanding sometimes suddenly rises and quot; walks about heavily. It docs not get out of the way quot; when another animal stands immediately before it, quot; while, on the other hand, it butts with its horns as if quot; attacking some imaginary object (violleicht Hallu-quot; cinationen des G-esichtes).quot;* 11. Diagnosis of Cattle Plague. No method of diagnosis can be of much practical value with reference to a contagious fever unless it is founded on the observation of the earliest symptoms, not only because at a later period the nature of the disease becomes so plain as not to admit of question, but because the utility of knowing what is the matter, whether with a view to prevention or treatment, depends upon the time at which that knowledge is acquired. The method of diagnosis to be employed must differ according to the circumstances. In the case in which it is necessary to recognize the disease in animals not known to be subject to infection, those characters only are available which it possesses exclusively of all other febrile affections. When on the other hand, all that is required is to recognize it in infected herds or stables, the value of the indications depends much more on their appearing early and their being readily observed For in the latter case it may be presumed that if any of the usual symptoms of fever manifest themselves, it is infinitely more probable that they are due to the particular fever to which the animal has been exposed than to any other. Among the early phenomena of Cattle Plague, diagnostic signs are to be found which are available in both of these cases. Just as smallpox is distinguished exclusively by its eruption, erysipelas by the inflammation of the skin, diphtheria by the membranous concretion on the fauces, so Cattle Plague may be discriminated from all other discuses whatsoever, by the alterations of the visible mucous membranes generally, and particularly by those of the lips and gums. For the appearances to which these changes give rise are so characteristic and at the same tinio so constant, that I do not feel the slightest hesitation in saying that, with their aid alone, any man of ordinary capacity who has carefully studied them in living animals, can recognise the
m
	* Seer, in loco citato, p. S. f Von Koch; quot; Beobachtungen �ber llindcrpest, gesammelt wiibrend der Verwendung bei diese Seuche in M�hren, im J. 18S3-ft4, Vierteljahrsclirift fur Veteriniirkundc, lid. V. s. 13, 1Sij4.quot; This report is founded on the observation of 180 cases and 08 dissections. t Itsliouid be remeinbcrcd tlint the coimiiencement of the dis-ciisc according to Dr. Kpinola corresponds to the .'Ird day of its progress.�Spinola ; quot; Handbuch der speciellcn Pathologie und #9632;ihcrapie.quot; lid. I. pp. 293, 294.
				* Weber, loc. cit, p. 16,



i

THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMJIlSSIONEIiS.						41

Case No. 10.�A heifer brought in on December Hth already affected with the disease, probably at the 4th clay.							Dr. iSimderson. Iteport to Cuuuiussiom.Ts.
Date.	Hour.	Pulse.		Hespirations.	Tempera tare (Fahr.) iu Kectum,
						Kemaihs.

�

1866. Jan. 8	8 0 raquo;Mlaquo;.	88 \| counted in the brachial ar�tery ; thready, and could not be counted in the metacarpal or mctatarsal ar�teries; the meta�carpal artery felt very small and hard like a piece of cord under the finger.		36 ; standing ; of the character conmionly ob�served in ani-iiiuls aft'ectcd with the cattle plague ; a pause #9632;when the chest is full, accom�panied with the usual grunting noise ; move�ments of the chest as de�scribed in other cases. 40 ; standing; of the same cha�racter as last night; the pauses between inspi�ration and ex�piration vary in length. 3G, of the same character.	- I The animal looks very dull and is not feeding ; I diarrhcDB ; discharge from eyes and nose. Thorax very resonant. On examination of the vagina it is found intensely red, and the surface looks as if denuded of epithelium ; it is covered with a white thick tenacious discharge, which gives the mucous membrane a peculiar mottled or patchy appearance. The skin below the vulva exhibits an eruption extending downwards for several inches. This is of the same character as observed on the skin below the anus in the bullock, Case No. 'i; the seat of the eruption is very moist, and feels greasy, as if it had been smeared with oil. The eyes me sunken and watery ; the conjunctiva) in�jected, of a deep red colour. The mucous membrane of the upper gum, and the whole of the lower lip, is covered with an aphthous eruption; the surface of the membrane is elevated and rough ; the epithelium presents a sodden appearance, and can be readily detached from some of the more elevated patches. 103-6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I This morning, while the respiration was being ! counted, there were observed two pauses of about three seconds each, during which a distinct shiver occurred. This shiver was noticed again at irregular intervals during the next five minutes. Eyes watery and half closed.
raquo; 9	8 0 A.M.	90 ; counted at the brachial I artery.
8 0 p.m.		92, still thready-			- The vagina continues excessively red, and between its opposite sides there are numerous flakes of a semi-solid whitish material. The eruption on the skin below the vulva is drier, and is getting crusted. On the skin of the neck fur-furaccous scurf is observed ; it is most marked on the left side, in front of the shoulder ; the skin here feels thickened and knotty, with some well marked vertical grooves. The eyes are very red ; the discharge from them is less watery, with a greater tendency to become crusted at the inner canthus. The secretion from the nose is more abundant and more viscid. The upper gum is covered with aphthous eruption, as described last night, but the epitheliuin seems more elevated and more easily detached ; the lower lip is also still covered with it. The eruption is more elevated in some parts, and is readily detached, but there are very few abrasions. The muzzle is dry, and the epithelium cracked, with a tendency to scale off. On the upper lip there arc numerous hard nodules at the roots of the large hairs ; some indistinct nodules of the same character are also found on the lower lip. The papilla; inside the check arc spotted and patchy, the epithelium being detached, and leaving the membrane of a bright red colour. The animal is very dull, and not feeding ; the eyes half closed ; ficces very fluid aud fectid. 102-2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;\| Faeces still fluid and fectid, light coloured. The animal shivers occasionally. 102quot;2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The vagina is found in much the same condition as last night, but several small red specks are seen on the right side, nenr the clitoris, and one small red speck on the right side. The skin eruption below the vulva is dried up and cracking. The skin of the neck same as last night. The eyes are discharging very freely ; the discharge is tenacious and runs down the cheeks, matting the hair. The epitlulium is peeling off the dental pad in white flakes. This change in the condition of the epithelium extends back to the second ridge of the palate. Beyond this there is no appearance of any change in the epithelium, but on the palate there are several distinct red spots. The lower lip is now healed, and is assuming its natural appearance. The animal shivers when touched. loa-G I Still purging, but looks on the whole a little \ better this morning. i
10	8 0 A.M. S 0 P.M.	I OS 95; staodina	32 32 ;standing;cha�racter remains the same.
118 0 a.m. i 96				36 ; standing; of the same cha�racter, but ac�companied with less noise. 30 ; respiratory movements of the same cha�racter, but ac�companied with less noise.
8 0 P.M.		84			102'9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The animal looks much better to-day, and is I beginning to cat a little. Diarrhoea continues, but the iirjces are less foetid and more natural in colour. Coldness of extremities less marked. Thorax still very resonant. On in�spection of the vagina it is found all but healthy, the surface being a little redder than natural, but now smooth, and the discharge scarcely visible. Below the vulva the skin is (iiiite dry and scaly. The skin of the neck continues as before. The discharge from the eyes is still abundant and runs down the cheeks, but is more watery and less tenacious. The spots on the dental pad from which the epithelium was peeling off last night are now healed up and quite smooth, the only visible trace of the eruption is a little redness. The mucous membrane of the lower lip is healthy, as also the upper gum. Along the margins of the lips there are numerous crusts where the small elevations were previously ob�served. The muzzle is cracked and bleeding a little, but looks as if it were healing. The appearance of the papilla) is almost natural. Looks better to-day.			.
12	8 0 A.M.	84		36 ; standing and eatingjstlllofthi! same character but with less noise ; a few normal rcspiru-tions observed occasionally.

13530.					F



i 'V'

48						APPENDIX TO THIRD UEPOKT OF

Dr. Sanderson. lleiiort to CoiumiHslonoi's.	Cask No. 17.�A rctl bullock, healthy, but in poor condition, was brought from a farm at Tottenham on the 6th of February. ^rlhe skin of the neck was covered with a scurfy incrustation.

Date,			Hour,		Pulse.	Rcsjnrations.	Temperature (Fahr.) in Uectum.	lietnarks.



1866. I Feh. � \| 2 0 r.M. I 90; excitccl - Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1						30 ; standing ; #9632;very restless.	1()2^,8	About 9 a.m. about half a drachm of scrum of blood taken on the previous day from No. 15 was injected into the cellular tissue of the perinaiiun. The skin of tUe neck was dressed with sheep-dip.
7 8 9 10 U					7 S ; standing -80 90 72 110 ; excited - 116 ; apparently frighteiied.	39 ;nbsp; ruminating 24 26;nbsp; standing - 24 ;nbsp; standing - 24 44nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-	102*8 102-0 102^,2 102-2 104-9 105-6
								The animal does not feed so well as usual. The mucous membrane of the mouth is of a pale pink hue ; on the lower lip there are a few scattered white and elevated specks. Feeds rather better. The eruption on the lower Up is slowly extending ; the spots have increased in size, but not in number. The mucous membrane is still of a pale pink colour. The slow extension of the eruption on the lower lip con�tinues ; some of the spots first observed have become confluent, and form white elevated and fissured patches. The greater part of the membrane is rough, and appears granular ; the papilla! are more pink than natural. Constipation. The animal still feeds, but not so well as in health. The eruption on the lower lip is pro�gressing, and forms a continuous chain in the hollow along the edge of the gum ; the gum itself and the margin of the lip look healthy ; there are several patches near the corner of the dental pad. The papillas and the palate are pinker than natural, but clean. The discharge from the right eye is running down the cheek. The lower lip now presents a continuous aphthous coating; along its border there are three white elevated patches about the third of an inch in diameter, which involve both the mucous membrane and the skin ; the surface of the upper lip has an opaque thickened ap�pearance, and here and there there are irregular patches, some of which are denuded in the centre ; the appearance of the papilla; and palate is unaltered. There are one or two small patches on the tip of the tongue. Both eyes are discharging. Diarrhoea. The animal still feeds, but shivers occa�sionally. The eruption on the lower lip has increased in extent, but the mucous membrane appears pale where it can be seen through fissures in the concretion with which it is coated. The lachrymal secretion is more abundant, und the nostrils discharge freely. Fa;ces less fluid ; the animal feeds little. The white coating has peeled off the lower lip, leaving the mucous membrane of a natural pale pink colour; a few small patches of the coating remaining ; on the upper lip the coating is still thick but its colour is very pale, as if the mucous membrane were healing. Ficces of normal consistency. About 6 ozs. of blood were taken. The mucous membrane of mouth is almost clean ; a few small spots on the upper lip remaining. The discharge from eyes and nose continues. Mucous membrane of mouth healthy. The animal feeds well, and appears perfectly recovered.
13				114		28 ; standing	105-4
		� 1*			91	25	105quot; 8
		15			90: standing - i 19		106^-0
		16			96	18; normal, but interrupted when the animal is standing.	104-8
1
1 ¹		� 17				20, interrupted	103-2
		,, 18			84	22, interrupted occasionally.	102-4
							103-8
*gt;*		19		I 81		24
							102-8 102-0
ii		� 20 ,. 21			84 78	28 21 ; standing



04				APPENDIX TO THIRD REPOKT OF THE CATTLE PLAGUE COMWISSrONERS.

Dr. Sanderson. Uoiiort to C'ummissiouers.				Case No. 26.�A yewlins; heifer, brought from Tottenham on tile IMth of March.

Date.		Pulse.				Respiration.	Temp.	Ueinurks.

	1866. Mar. 14 � 15 ., 16 .,nbsp; nbsp; 17 �nbsp; nbsp; 18 �nbsp; nbsp; 19 .,nbsp; nbsp; 20 �nbsp; nbsp; 21 �nbsp; nbsp; 80 April 1 raquo; a ., 4	84; stumling, ex cited			24; standing -		1014 102 0 102'0 102'2 102 2 102-2 101-8 102- 2 102'2 loa-o Not re-corded. 104 C 105'�	One drachm of solution of bisulphite of soda injected. Injection repeated. Injection repeated. Injection repeated three times during the day. [After this date no observations laquo;ere taken until Match SOthJ.
		74; stand66		26;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� 18; ruminating -30 34; standing -No observations. Ditto � I SI \| ruminating No observations. Ditto 20; standing -
		70 72 72 72 08 �8 74 70
				30 2laquo;				One ounce of solution of bisulphite of soda was given by the mouth. Animal weighed; weight 304 lbs. On the lower gum, opposite the left corner tuoth, there is a small white opaque ele�vation as large as a hemp seed. An ounce a-id a half of solution were given by the mouth four times during the day, and a drat hm and a half of the same solu�tion were twice injected subcutaneously. The animal feeds well and ruminates regularly, but lies a good deal und appears dull. The alvine evacuations are alkaline. The patch opposite the left corner tooth has extended, and several others of smaller size have appeared on the oppo�site side. The upper lip remains healthy. The internal administration and the injections of the solution were continued as yesterday. The animal is very dull, and is unw'lling to rise, as if weak. It feeds sparingly. There are muscular twitchings. The feces ..re firm and alkaline, but the fecal masses exhibit no mucous coating. The lower lip is completely coated with gra�nular looking concretion, and there is a large patch of similar appearance on the upper gum, with smaller patches on either side, all of which are transversely furrowed. The papilla; arc reddened, and there are patches on the under surface of the tongue. There is much discharge from the eyes and nostrils. The animal lies almost constantly. Emaciation less marked than in the other cases F.Tces slightly firm, alkaline. The mucous membrane of the mouth presents the same appearances as yesterday, but on the muzzle a chain of raised white patches are seen, which are continuous with those on the upper lip. The discharge from the eyes and nose is alkaline and more tenacious than yesterday. The (luces were pale, fluid, and fetid in the morning, but more natural in the afternoon. The animal does not feed. Both lips are thickly coated with concre�tions ; the patches extend from the upper lip to the muzzle, and from the lower to the prolabium and chin. The palate is covered almost continuously with patches, the papilla; present the usual appearances. The discharge from the eyes and nares is tenacious, abundant, and of alkaline reaction, the conjunctiva; are injected, and the eyes appear sunken. The animal is very weak, and lies almost constantly. The faeces are fluid, pale-coloured, and fetid. The mucous membrane is pale and covered with an easily detached coating. It appears to be healing. The muzzle is very dry and exhibits several excoriations. The eyes are red and sunken. The discharge from the eyes and nares is as before. The animal died before 1 p.m. Weight after death 246 lbs. Loss of weight during the period of disease 58 lbs. jf/ie internal administration and the injections of the solution were cmtinued daily.
				lOli^
				22; interrupted			105-6
	., 1			20; normal			104-8
				32; interrupted
	!) 100, imme-i diatcly after rising.

Case No. 27�A yearling heifer, brought from Tottenham on the 13th March.

Date.			Pulse.			Respiration.	Temp.	Remarks.

Hi.	1866. Mar. 14 � 15 � 16 � 17 � 18 � 19 �nbsp; nbsp; 21 �nbsp; nbsp; 30 �nbsp; nbsp; 31 April 1 �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3 �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4						103-2 102-2 102-8 102-8 102-5 102-8 102 C 104 O 102-6 103-2 102-6 105-4 106-4 10GO	[No further observations were made until March 30th.]
		74; standing 76 68 76 69				28; standing � 21 16; ruminating 25 27; standing -
		72		No observations. - \| 24 No observations. Ditto Ditto Ditto 32; standing - 45 45
		72 80						Animal weighed ; weight 339 lbs. Two drachms of the solution of bisulphite of soda were injected subcutaneously twice during the day. Injections repeated. Fa-ces alkaline, slightly relaxed. The animal feeds and rumi�nates as usual. The lower lip appears redder than natural, and there are one or two small white elevated specks; but the surface is elsewhere smooth. The mucous membrane of the vagina is slightly hypera-mic, and coated with yellowish white tenacious mucus. The animal takes about half its usual quantity of food. The fa-cal evacuations are more solid, and are alkaline. Both lips arc studded with patches of granular appearance. The papilla; are reddened at their tips, and coated at their bases � there are patches on the tongue. The vagina is rough, and thickly coated with tenacious creamy discharge. The animal feeds sparingly. The faeces which were firmer than natural in the morning, became relaxed in the afternoon, Mucous membrane of mouth in the same state as yesterday. Vagina is not so red, but there is more discharge. Alkaline tenacious discharge from eyes and nose. The animal feeds badly, and lies constantly. It appears to be unable to rise. Fa;ccs relaxed, of natural colour, but alkaline and fetid. Urine is clear and of neutral reaction, and contains no albumen; specific gravity, 102-4. Uoth lips and gums arc coated with white concretion of granular appearance. From the upper gum it extends to the muzzle and to the integument near the corners of the mouth. The tongue is patchy, and the papilla- are coated at their bases. The mucous membrane of the vagina is paler, and the discharge is diminished. Eyes and nose encrusted. [At 7 a.m. next morning the temperature was 104-2deg;. The animal died before 9. Weight after death 262 lbs. Loss of weight during the period of disease 77 lbs.] The injections were repeated doily.
	66
							100-2
	66					62
	60]					50; standing	105-8
	62					45 ; normal	104-4



	.

	;gt;^:.igt;i�Squot;^ #9632;
	^3^ *'S:¹'. -#9632;#9632;#9632;**

	L,

	i



72		APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT OF

Dr, Murchisoii. Iloport to Coumiis.sionors,	noticed in tlio hides of cattlo that have died of tho plague. 1raquo; addition to the ubovo appearoaoeB on the biciii, I liavo frequently noticed solid wurty-loukiug-oxercseeiices on the touts mid udder, which have probably no couuexion with tlio disease, V11I. General Appearances.�Tho bodies of cnttio that have died of tlio plague are usually emaciated, iuul prone to decomposition. They also omit a pecu�liar penetrating offensive odour, which may bo re�tained for hours or even days -in tho clothes of persons much in contact with (hem. C. Pathological Relations of tue Cattle Plague to otbeb Diseases. The whole history of tho Cattle Plague now pre�valent in Britain shows that it is identical with the rinderpest of German writers, and that it is a contagious febrile disease belonging to the same class as the human exanthemata. The foregoing descrip�tions make it clear that it is entirely distinct from the milzbnuid or carbnncular murrain on tho one hand, and from the epidemic pleuro-pneumonia or pulmonary murrain on the other. Different observers, however, have imagined that the rinderpest, or Cattlo Plague, is not merely analogous to, but intimately connected, if not identical, with certain human diseases ; and it is of tho utmost importance, not only in reference to tho Cattle Plague itselfquot;, but also as regards human pathology, to determino the truth or fallacy of those opinions. The human diseases to which Cattle Plague has been thought to ho most closely related arc typhoid or enteric fever, typhus, scarlatina, variola, erysipelas, dysentery, and influenza. It will be well to consider in detail the points of resemblance and difference between the Cattle Plague and the several human diseases now mentioned, 1. Enteric Fever.�For more than half a century many veterinary authorities in Germany have main�tained that the rinderpest is the precise counterpart or pathological equivalent of the abdominal typhus or enteric fever of man,* and this opinion found such zealous advocates in this country at the commence�ment of tho present outbreak, that for a time it may be said to have been almost a matter of popular belief. This view, however, has for the most part been ex�pressed by veterinary surgeons who have had little or no personal knowledge of the lesions of human enteric fever, or by writers who have drawn their conclusions from veterinary writings before examining for themselves the intestines of healthy and diseased cattle. Human enteric fever is characterized by de-tin ite and easily recognized anatomical lesions ; and, for my own part, I have never been able to discover any analogy whatever with them in those of rinderpest. The alterations of Peyer's patches in the latter disease are clearly tho result of the general inflammation of tho mucous membrane, and tend to obliterate the glands, instead of rendering them more prominent. Their resemblance to the lesions of enteric fever is much less than that of the condition of the corre�sponding glands in cases of cholera, small-pox, scarla�tina, pyaninia, and other blood-diseases. It is probable that the diminution in the size of Poyer's patches in rinderpest, as compared with the glands in a healthy ox, may be due in part to the length of time that has elapsed since digestion has been arrested, as it is well known that these glands arc larger and more deve�loped during tho digestive process (ban during fasting. But whatever bo the cause, nothing can be greater than the contrast between tho appearance of these glands on the tenth day of rinderpest and on the eorresponding day of human enteric fever. In the former case the glands have almost, if not entirely, disappeared ; in the latter they aro extremely pro�minent (compare Plates IV. and V.), owing to abnor�mal deposit in and around the glandules. The con�trast is even more remarkable when it is remembered that the glands In the healthy ox are so much more developed and prominent than in the healthy human * Neue Untersuchungen �ber die pathologische Anatomie def Uinderiiest, von Joucph Unvitsch, lierlin, 1864, p, 8,		subject. Moreover, ulcemtion of Poyer's patches, consequent on tho softening and sloughing of morbid deposit, which is the rule in enteric fever (sou Plato VI.), is not found in rinderpest. There was no ulco-ration or sloughing in any one of 30 cases examined by me ; and although it is possible that, in cases of ex�treme inflammation, there may sometimes be superficial ulceration or even sloughing of tho bowel, as well as of the stomach, it is probable that masses of blood, or ex�udation coloured by ficccs and adherent to the mucous membrane have often been mistaken for sloughs. My opinion as to tho absence in rinderpest of the essential lesions of enteric fever is corroborated by Dr. A. P. Stewart, well known as an authority on every question coaneeted with human fevers, by Dr. Buchanan, my colleague at the Fever Hospital, Mr. Simon, Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Dr. Sie-vcking. Dr. C. B. Iladclirte, Dr. Burden Sanderson, Dr. Anstie, and many other physicians who have dissected tho diseased cattle, either in conjunction with me, or independently. As far as I know, a similar opinion has been expressed by every English physician who has described the lesions of the pro-vailing epizootic, and whoso opinion is the result of actual dissections. Dr. Smart, for instance, who was instructed by the magistrates of Edinburgh to inves�tigate the pathological appearances of the disease, in his official report dated Sept. 12th, 1865, writes thus :� quot; The whole mucous lining of the bowels is unduly soft, and its epithelium imperfect. There are no true ulceratiom, and in this respect its condition differs broadly from the ulcerative typhoid of man.quot; * * * quot; There has been much discussion as to the condition of the intestinal glands. I have repeatedly had occasion during the dissections to show that they did not share to any marked extent in the altered condition of the membrane, with which they are so intimately connected. They aro loss pro�minent, and their outline is obscured by the discoloura�tion of the superjacent membrane. They arc never ulcerated, but a chronic tuberculous condition of the solitary glands is of frequent occurrence. This is commonly met with in healthy animals, and is not significant of any particular form of disease. The mesenteric glands show no lesion of structure.quot;* Dr. Aldis, Medical Officer of Health for the parish of St. George's, Hanover Square, in the account of the morbid appearances which he found, observes :� quot; No prominent or diseased glands were observed in the intestines, though looked for carefully, nor were there truces of ulceration.quot;-\|- Mr. F. J. Purge, also. Medical Officer of Health for tho parish of Hammersmith, who has examined a large number of the diseased cattle, thus describes what ho found in the intestines :� quot;On examination of the softened mucous mem�brane itself I have found no ulceration.quot; * * * quot;Peyer's patches have been usually less visible than natural. Sometimes I have observed apparently an enlarged glandular body containing opaque matter, with a black spot in the centre, and of tubercular form ; but this appearance I believe to bo due to a chronic enlargement of a solitary gland.quot;J At a meeting of tho Pathological Society on October 17th, 1865, Dr. Crisp, who has also dissected a largo number of rinderpest cattle, entirely corroborated my account of the intestinal glands. In none of his cases was there any ulceration of the small intestine, or any lesions resembling those of human enteric fever. In the valuable report of the Medical Committeo of the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association the intestinal glands arc thus described ;� quot;Peyer's patches aro never found thickened or ulcerated ; they arc sometimes seen covered over with a layer of discoloured and softened mucous membrane, the discoloured patch extending irregu-
P

%:
1 �V
*#9632;I*

			* Official Report, dated Sept, 12th, 1865, p. 3 j also Med. Times and Gaz., Sept. 2.')rd, ms, p. 384. ! Tlu: Times, Sept. 14th, 1866. lir'Uish Medictit Joimml, Sept, 9th, 186S, p. 274.

#9632;



	*M. ^*

	i

	Mlaquo; ' ^^



	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	3090 095 9



im

80		.U'l'KNDIX. TO THIBD KBPORT OF THE CATTLE PI-AUUK OOMMISKlONEliS.

Dr. Murohlson. llcpoi't to Coimnissioii�rs.	of the hand and as fat as the elbow, with slight patches here and there of declining redness near it. The vesicle, which had been minij' days poulticed, was depressed in the centre, puckered at its margin, hut still raised on a pal�pably firm base. It certainly exhibited the appearances I have often seen, at a corresponding stage, on the loose vascular skin of the back of the hand of milkers affected with casual cow pox. A similar vesicle I have depicted in plate 5, fig. 2, in the work, above referred to. The conclusion drawn from the appearance of the vesicle at this time was fortified ly d consideration of the history		of its development. The late appearance after the punc�ture, the tardy and gradual papulation and vesiculation, the period of the advent of the areola, its progress, extent, and period of decline, all corresponding to those phenomena resulting from the casual inoculation of the milker by the cow affected with vaccinia. I could not, however, hut regret that lymph was not abstracted at the proper time, with a view to exclude all doubt as to its actual character.* R.C.

I		* The vesicle, at different stages, is represented in Plates XII. and XIII.

i

I



*



y



	I'LATI #9632;#9632;�.I!

	i -v A/			N

	#9632; #9632;

	\\ 1 , AR.MIH

	:i..			¹ *.



81

On the Morbid Anatomy of the Cattle Plague.

1IEP011T TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS

JOHN SYEE BRISTOWE, M.D., F.E.C.P., PHYSICIAN TO AKI) JOI.NT I.IiCTUHHIl ON PHYSIOtOOY AT BT. I'lIO.MAs's IIOSPITAI,

The following Report is less comploto limn I could liavo wished, but is i^s comploto ns (lie timu I have been allowed to devote to it and the opportunities Avliicli 1 luive enjoyed have permitted mo to make it. The careful post-mortem examination of an ox is a very troublesome and lengthy process, and even with abundant assistance is difficult (except under very favourable circumstances) to carry out exhaustively. These difficulties T have encountered, und they must explain the incompleteness (which I regret.) of many of the accompanying post-mortem accounts. Accu�rate microscopical examinations again dcinmul a largo devotion of time, and unfortunately most specimens sue of little value for this purpose unless they ho fresh. These two considerations will accoimt for my microscopical investigations having been loss cxten-f�vo than I could have desired. I could not hope to make them complete ; and I limited them chiefly, therefore, to those tissues in which morbid processes are most obvious and, as I think, most; important. The post-mortem records which I have appended to my report were (with the exception of microscopi�cal and some other minute descriptions) mostly taken down from my dictation while the autopsies to which they relate were? in progress, and may be regarded, therefore, as fairly accurate reproductions of my im�pression of each case at the time of its examination. These arc mainly the basis on which my report has been written. But it is right to add that the report expresses my more mature opinions on many points on which my opinions were unformed at the time the post�mortem accounts were written ; and that such changes of opinion have resulted partly from rc-exaniiuation of specimens which I had kept, partly from the in�vestigation of specimens derived from animals which had not been dissected by myself. These remarks especially apply to my accoimt of the cutaneous eruption, which was written after a very careful re-examination of numerous specimens which I had preserved. They will explain also any other discre�pancies, apparent or real, which may be, discovered between my final report and the various post-mortem accounts. I hope I may bo allowed hero to express my acknowledgments to the Professors at the Royal Vete�rinary College, to the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, and also to the Professors at tho Albert Veterinary College* for the opportunities and assistance which they have severally afforded me in the prosecution of my inquiries ; to the artists, Messrs. Tuson and Burgess, for the exquisite drawings which they have made in illustration of my report ; and to Messrs. Sankey, Ward, and Kayncr of St. Thomas's Hospital, who have acted ably as my assistants in the course of my investigations. COMDITION OP SkIK. A cutaneous eruption (Plates I. and II.) is present in a largo proportion of cases ; so frequently indeed ns to form one of the most characteristic features of	tho disoase. This eruption has a prima facie resem�blance, in the more hairy parts to the scabby stage of eczema impotiginodes, in the less hairy parts to tho erupt ion of impetigo or of modified small-pox. I have never yet, however, discovered either a true vesicle or a true pustnle, nor have I satisfied myself that true pus is ever secreted (excepting accidentally) ia this disease by any part of the skin or of the ghiiululnr tissues connected therewith. The eruption appears to me to consist in congestion (inflammatory, doubt�less.) of the capillary plexus of the true skin, and of those involutions of that plexus which are distributed upon the sebacious glands, with consequent desqiuuua-tiou and increased growth of epidermis, and super�abundant formation and discharge of sebacious matter, and tho development in variable proportions of unclear pus-like corpuscles. The udder is the part in which the eruption is probably most characteristic, and in which it can best be studied. Here, in cases of moderate severity, Iho eruption consists of a number of spots scattered irregularly over the surface, for the most part dis�cretely, but hero and there clustered two or lliroo together. The individual spots are circular or nearly so in outline, and have a diameter varying perhaps between a quarter of au inch and a line or even half a line. But they often pass insensibly at their margins into the surrounding skin, so that their superficial extent is not always easy of accurate determination. Their elevation above the general surface varies, and varies in some measure with their diameter, but ranges mostly from one-eighth of an inch downwards. Their central, and usually by far th(\|ir largest, part consists of a dirty yellowish or brownish crust. This is generally of nearly uniform character throughout, softish and greasy to the feel, and traversed connnonly by one or more flue hairs. Its upper surface is rounded or irregular in form; its margin is mostly well-defined, more or less irregularly circular or polygonal, sometimes overhangs the surrounding infe-gumonts, sometimes merges as it were into them, and very often is overlapped by an irregularly scalloped border of the superficial layer of epidermis which tho crust, in process of formation, appears lo have under�mined. Tho crust may generally be separated with oasefrom the subjacent tissues, but no distinct space or cavity is ever, so fir as I know, found between them, and no accumulation of pus or other fluid. The surface exposed by its removal is that of the true skin, which is always deeply (hough superficially congested ill Iho urea corresponding to the superficial extent of flic disease. I believe that this congestion occasionally results in extravasation of blood into (he substance of tho true skin, and occasionally leads to escape of blood in small quantities externally; but I have never recognized any actual destruction of surface by ulco-ration or any other process. In some eases tho denuded surface of skin presents no nppenrnncea beyond such as have been described. But in many cases it can he distinctly seen, in process of removing tho crust, that this is attached to tho skin by fine whitish, or yellowish, or even bright yellow rootlets, the number of which varies with flic superficial extent of tho crust (PlatoXXIII. a.). These, which arc tho much hyperfrophicd sheaths of the hairs, and measure	Dr. Ilristowp. lloport to Ounmisaionera.
* X ought not to omit mentioning liy name Mr. Duguid, Lecturer on Physiology at the Albert College, who lias given me from time to time most important personal and othci' assis�tance. 13530.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M



apphndix to third iikvoht of

Dr. Brintown. Rc\|HllttO Cominissioi\ors.	about nn piplith of an inch in longth, generally romnin attached to the crust, �ndor Kiich circumstnnccs the denuded area will bo seen perforated by one or more roundish holes, which raquo;re the dilated oriftces by which the hairs, and the ducts of their nssociatwl sebacions glands, emerge. Occasionally (and this either repre�sents n later stage of the disease, or is a peculiarity of certain cases) these orifices, while retaining their circular form and their rounded edges, become largely dilated, attaining a diameter of one-tenth, one-eighth, or even one-sixth of an inch. If a vertical section lie made through the centre of these spots, it will bo seen (as has been already pointed out) that the congestion of the tt'ue skin radiates as a rule little, if at all, beyond their limits, that it is generally quite superficial, but that it extends around and in-cludes the involved groups of sebacions follicles ; it will also be seen that these latter are hypertrophoid, and generally easy of enueleation (Plate XXII. c). In the cases in which the common orifice of the hairs and ducts has become excessively enlarged, the mass imbedded in the substance of the skin is generally I'oond enlarged in proportion ; and this mass, sur�rounded by a margin of congestion, consists as in other cases of hypertrophied sebacions glands, but comprises also, I believe, a certain proportion of the connective tissue intervening between thein, and of that which forms their common investment. It is in this situation alone that 1 have once or twice recog�nized what I believe to have been a small accumulation of pus. Microscopic, examination shows :�first, as regards the true skin, that its redness is generally due simply to the. distension of capillaries with blood, and that there is never (so far, at least, as I have had the opportunity of observing) any development in its substance of abnormal morphological elements; second, as regards the epidermis of the diseased area, that this has become shed in various degrees, sometimes wholly, leaving the papillary surface completely bare, some�times partially, the rete inucosum remaining still adherent; and as regards the epidermis immediately bounding this area (Plato XXIII. u.), that it is often distinctly undermined, that its edge (in its whole thickness) is irregular from partial separation of its constituent epidermic scales, and split up here and there to a greater or less extent in the horizontal direction. The microscope shows further, as regards the crust, that this coiftists, in by far the largest pro�portion, of sebacions matter ; but that mixed up with it are fragments of epidermis, and here and there coherent masses of nuclear bodies somewhat resem�bling pus corpuscles. It shows also that the sebacions matter, which distends the glands connected with the diseased area, is of the same character as that which forma the greater part of the crust ; that similar sebacions matter largely distends the sebacions ducts; and that these ducts, together with the. dilated and elongated epidermic tube, which forms their common sheath, are continuous with and lost in the substance of the crust. The pus-like corpuscles to which 1 have referred are generally irregular and somewhat refrac�tive bodies, without any distinct cell-wall, and without, any positive nucleus. The. action of acetic acid is generally to dissolve their outer part more or loss eompletely, and to leave in the place of each a small aggregation of molecules. In all these respects, as well as in their tendency to cohere, thoy differ markedly from true pus. \ believe them to be derived ehiofly, together with the. sebacions matter, from the, sebacions glands, or from thoir oriflcos ; but 1 have no doubt that they are produced in some degree also by the surface of the. true skin. I may mention, as favouring this view, that aggregations of them arc generally to be met with in the, vicinity of the mouths of the sebacions ducts, and that i have often observed them forming a constituent part of crusts which have been developed on a surface still covered by an adherent epidermic, layer. 1 may hen; add also that the nidtter of the crusts often extends laterally into the crevices mid fissures which exist in the. snirounding epidermis.	On other parts of the skin, where (as on that of the udder) there are numerous sebacions glands, but where additionallyhail'S are abundantly developed, the morbid action appears to me, to bo less intense in degree, but to operate protty uniformly over a comparatively ex�tensive area. Tho nature of the morbid changes seems to me, however, to be essentially identical with that which has been already described. The surface is covered continuously with a greasy crust, which varies somewhat in thickness, and is often lumpy and irregular externnlly, giving at times tho impression that it is the result of some irapetiginous affection. It is perforated by the hairs, to which also small separated flakes of crust often adhere. On its removal the surface of tho true skin becomes exposed, either entirely bare or covered with a layer of epider�mis, and it is seen that the crust is prolonged inwards upon the hairs into the hair-sheaths and sebneious follicles, exactly as in the case previously considered. Further, the surface, of the skin is found more or less deeply congested, and the sebacions glands generally enlarged. Microscopic examination confirms the identity of process (Plato XXII. r..). Tho, crusts con�sist of sebacions matter mixed with epidermic scales and groups of nuclear bodies; they lie sometimes on the surface of the true skin, but generally on an inter�vening layer of epidermis, and they are directly con�nected, both anatomically and by constitution, with the hair-sheaths and the contents of the sebacions ducts. On certain other parts of the skin again, as on that covering the nipples, where neither sobacious glands nor hairs exist, the process of disease is necessarily i-.omewhat different. In this situation, the surface of the true skin becomes reddened, sometimes in spots, which may be very minute, sometimes general^, thougli still it may bo irregularly; and over the site of congestion an excessive formation of epidermis takes place. The epidermis becomes thick and soft or friable, irregular and flaky on the surface, and tends, according to circumstances, to separate, at certain points, or as in chronic eczema or psoriasis, to become fissured. The fissures take chiefly the direc�tion of the natural furrows, and occasionally even penetrate the surface of the true skin. In the crusts (if they may be so termed) which present the above characters, I have failed, as might be supposed, to detect sebacions matter ; but I have detected, though in small proportions, pus-like, corpuscles. They con�sist, in fact, chiefly of loosely coherent epidermic cells studded, it may be, with a small amount of granular matter, The above varieties of eruption appear to me, as I commenced by stating, modilications merely of one and the same morbid process�modifications determined to a great extent by tho anatomical peculiarities of the various regions involved, and ill some, measure by tho degree of intensity with which the skin aflection manifests itself. Hence, while the first variety shows itself chiefly, as I believe, in those situations in which the sebneious glands are large, as upon the udder and especially around the bases of the nipples, and upon the perinssum ; while tho second variety occurs chiefly on the more hairy parts of the skin, as, for ex�ample, about the neck and back; and while, the, third variety is chiefly observed on places like the nipples, void of sobacious glands ; occasionally, in some situa�tions, all varieties are more or less intermingled. This hitter condition is by no menus infrequent, on the mlder ; tho surface of which then assumes an irregu�larly raquo;cabby complex character, difficult to interpret without such a key as the foregoing description aims at supplying. I may add hero, that T have observed nothing special in reference to the congestion of the skin beyond what I have already described. All parts on which exudation occurs are more or less reddened, and wherever tho disease is specially intense, there, the redness is proportionately deep, Hence, on some parts of the skin the redness is more or less uniformly diffused, on other parts it presents a spotty or patchy nrrangement. And sometimes where there are, nnme-



84		APPKNDIX TO THIRD KKPOUT OF

Dr. Brlstowo. Roport to CouimisHionors.	terestlng. (Pluto Y.) The palate is gometimos nearly healthy ; sometiraos the disease in it is limited to the posterior part ; and in cveiy case in which the more anterior parts are involved, the morbid processes in-crease in intensity from before backwards. The disease in the palate consists in the formation of small round spots, in which the epithelium becomes a little opaque and granul�r, and separates, leaving n round depressed congested surface. The spots gradually enlarge in area ; neighbouring ones coalesce ; and thus are pro�duced irregular sinuous tracts of various and often considerable sizes. Sometimes the numbers of these patches are so groat, and (heir intercommunications so freo, that much of the surface which remains healthy survives in the form of isolated fragments. The shape of the patches of disease in the anterior half of the palate is a good deal inlluenced by the ana�tomical peculiarities of the part; and not infrequently the disease here appears to arise in connexion with the papilliform borders of the prominent ridges. The destruction of tissue in the various regions, the morbid conditions of which have just been passed in review, rarely extends deeper than the epithelium, and beyond the production of an excoriation. Occa�sionally, however, sloughy ulcers form, and penetrate deeply into the tissues subjacent to the mucous mem�brane. I have seen one such ulcer during life on the dorsnm of the tongue, and in one case after death two or three such ulcers on either side of the tongue near its root, and one immediately in front of the epiglottis. The congestion of the mouth, fauces, and pharynx Iraquo; generally very intense beneath the diseased patches of epithelium, and especially so in the situations in which excoriation has occurred. It is generally, too, much deeper at the base of the tongue, on the pillars of the fauces, and on the soft palate than elsewhere. The excoriated surfaces occasionally bleed ; and some-limes, towards the back of the cavity particularly, spots of subinucous extravasation may be seen. The congestion, however, excepting in connexion with the loose tissues of the soft palate and neighbouring parts, is almost always quite superficial. It rarely penetrates to the depth of half a line even at the base of the tongue. I have never recognized in the congested tissues, under the microscope, any morbid appearances other than those depending on the presence of blood. Microscopic examination of the whitish granular exudation on the lips and gums, tip of the tongue, base of (ho tongue and fauces, shows that it consists partly of healthy epithelial scales, partly of epithelial scales which have, become granular, and partly of masses of nuclear bodies like those observed in con�nexion with the cutaneous crusts. These latter have some resemblance to pus, but cohere into masses, and are scarcely affected by acetic acid like true pus-cor�puscles ; moreover, the fluid which surrounds them coagulates under the influence of acetic acid like that of mucus. The exudation appears therefore to consist essentially of epithelium, the component ele�ments of which Lave become separated from one another (in consequence probably of the infiltration between them of some fluid effused from the subjacent surface) and of corpuscles, the formation of which is probably connected with this effusion. In the opaque spots occurring now and then on the anterior part of the dorsum of the tongue, where the epithelium is (hick, the same changes essentially are observed. The patches of opaque softened epi�thelium arc found to consist chiefly of epithelial scales which have lost their mutual cohesion, and are sometimes more or less granular, and some-tinies (compared with those of the healthy surface around) appear plump and yellowish and refractive, us if distended with some jolly-like material. Be�sides these may often be seen, as in the former case, mas8C8 of pus-like nuclear bodies, which are to be be found generally) I believe, somewhat deeply seated. Tlie minute examination of the roof of the mouth fimiishes the most interesting results. Here a close inspection with (ho naked eye shows the presence of		numerous minute orifices (the mouths of the mucous glands), from which often beads of transparent mucus stand out, looking at first sight liko vesicles. Mixed uj) with these will mostly be seen round orifices of larger size, from which also mucus is exuding, but. of which the floors look distinctly congested ; and if a vertical section be made through them, it will bo seen that the epithelium is excavated, and the sub�jacent mucous surface congested, in an area equalling or a little exceeding that of the excavation. Between these and the largest excoriations all gradations of size may bo seen. Further careful inspection will generally show that the depth to which all the ex�coriations go is nearly uniform, that the excavated surfaces are, except at the edges perhaps, perfectly smooth and deeply congested, and that on these excoriated .surfaces, in proportion to their extent, are many minute orifices, from which, as from the healthy surface, mucus exudes. Microscopical examination reveals that in the early formation of these spots there is actually an excavation of the epithelium, (Plate XXIII. c. and d.), somotimes limited to that portion of it superficial to the papilla^ sometimes involving the papillary portion as well, and displacing or even destroying the papillaraquo;. It shows further that the epithelium of the affected part, or that immediately bounding the excavation, is, liko that in the spots on the dorsum of the tongue, sometimes granular, gene�rally yellowish and refractive, and generally too split up or tending to separate into its component scales. Somotimes there may be observed hero masses of pus-like corpuscles like those observed in other parts ; and occasionally I have met with (deeply seated) large roundish or irregular bodies, from which, under the influence of water, a delicate cell-wall rises, and which seem fdlcd with irregular masses of oleo-albuminous matter. From this description of what may be observed in the palate, it seems pretty clear :�that the, disease there, if not originating necessarily in the glands or rather in the course of their excretory ducts, is at all events remarkably influenced by these organs : that the excoriations commence generally from them as a centre : and that probably the disintegration of the epithelium is largely promoted by the action of their secretion. From the circumstance previously referred to, that in other parts of the surface of the oral cavity besides the palate, the chief seats of disease are those generally in which the mucous follicles are most abun�dant, it is not improbable that in these parts also the presence of the glands aids in determining the presence of disease, and that the glands play an important part in its subsequent, progress. Nose, and Eyes.�The whole of the lining mem�brane of the nasal cavities furnishes abundant secretion of mucus, and is generally nearly black with con�gestion. This is deepest, I believe, on the upper surface of the soft palate. The nostrils sometimes present aphthous spots. The conjunctivte also are almost invariably congested, and there is some secretion from their surface ; but I have not met with any further change in connection with the eyes. Condition of Ai.imentaky Canal. Lower part of pharynx, and asophngus.�Conges�tion almost invariably extends from the pharynx along the first two or three inches of the oesophagus. The congestion here varies considerably in degree in diffe�rent cases, and occasionally exceeds the limits which have just been assigned to it. Now and then points, more or less numerous, of subinucous hamiorrhage co�exist with congestion. The mucous membrane of the rest of the tube is, so fiir as I have observed, invari�ably freo from congestion, and healthily pale. The upper congested part of the region under consideration is generally studded, sometimes thickly, with minute granular spots and excoriations ; and in a very small proportion of eases, similar morbid appearances extend throughout the whole remaining length of the tube. (Plate VI.) These seem to have precisely the same essential characters as the spots of disease in the mouth. They consist, in the first instance, of v.



86		APl'KNDIX TO THIKD KKPOKT OS

Dr. liristowo. Roport to CouiimsMoiKTs,	blood. None of those chnuges, howovor, .seems uocos-savily raquo;n indioatlon of disease. In ihc inajority of ciisi'raquo;, nevertholess, the presence of disease is manifest. This coinmciioou with congestion, ihisscs oh lo gmi-gi-ene, mui, if the cuso bo suffleieutly protracted, pro�ceeds to Boparation of raquo;louyli and to ciciitriziitiou. The congestion in the curly stage is always more or loss vivid ami circumscribed. (Plato IX.) Dometivues il iiU'ccls the papiiltraquo; alone over a deflulte space, Ihc intervening surface remaining pale \ :it other times the level surface alone is congested, the papillm retaiulng their normal condition ; sometimes it involves one side only of a fold ; at oilier limes occupies its entire thickness. More commonly, however, the congestion pervades more or less completely all the parts included within its area. The patches of congestion vary greatly in size and shape and number. Thus, some�times they are so small as to include only a single papilla, sometimes two or three contiguous papillffl only, whereas at other times they occupy an area measuring half an inch, an inch, or even more than an inch in diameter ; again, sometimes they ate round or oval, sometimes very irregular in shape; further, some�times only one or two such patches are present in a fold, sometimes a fold is thickly studded with them. When they are numerous, they may generally be dis�tinctly seen to occur specially, if not solely, along the ramifications of the larger vessels ; and they produce a^ strongly mottled condition of the fold, the patches of congestion 'being separated from one another by a net�work of healthy tissue. In this stage of the disease there is no abnormal adhesion of epithelium to the surface ; the congested membrane retains, as nearly as may be, its natural thickness and transparency ; the redness is found to be due to simple distension of the capillary (Plate XXIV. A.) and other small vessels with blood (they are, in fact, as distinctly seen under i ho microscope as if injected artificially with vermilion), and it rapidly disappears with exposure to the air. The formation of sloughs undoubtedly supervenes on the stage of congestion ; and equally undoubtedly the situations in which the sloughs appeal- are some of those which had previously been the site of congestion alone. (Plate X.) The patches in which sloughing is taking place may be as small as the smallest of those in which congestion is observed ; that is to say, the process of slougliing may involve two or three contiguous pa�pillaquot; or even one papilla only ; very often too they vary in diameter from half an inch to an inch, hut they sometimes attain an area of three or four square inches or more, an area far larger than any which I have yet seen equalled by simple congestion. The larger patches are generally very irregular in shape ; but those of medium size are mostly round or roundish, and when they involve the free edge form the segment of an ellipse or circle. During the time of the formation of the slough, the affected patch be�comes thickened and opaquc,and the epithelium, which assumes over it a dirty greyish hue, becomes attached to it with abnormal flrmuess. This covering of epithe�lium very much conceals (he subjacent changes; yet even through this covering, (but much better of course if it he detached,) deep congestion, with more or less brownish discolouration of the papilhe and other parts of the affected patch, may be recognized. This con�gestion, deep indeed, yet somewhat muddy looking, sometimes occupies the entire surface ; but more com�monly an irregular margin of such congestion sur�rounds a central area, in which the general hue is an olive-brown. The separation, however, between the two conditions is rarely complete ; for generally,olive-brown papilla; will be seen scattered upon the congested margin,and isolated papillaj, intensely congested, may often be observed in the central disc. After awhile the death of the part becomes com�plete, and a line of demarcation rapidly forms around it. The slough separates from (he surrounding tissues, and ultimately falls into the cavity of the omasum. If (lie slough have occurred in (lie central part of a fold it leaves a perforation, if at (he free edge a cor�responding indentation. The aniount and inimber of		sloughs which thus become detached from a single fold are sometimes very great, and the degree of ir�regularity of edge and surface thus produced is often very remarkable, The portion of the fold which forms a margin to the separating or separated slough seems to cicatrize coincidently almost with the detach�ment of the slough ; hut it remains for a while a little congested, a little tumid, and sinoother than natural. This cicatrization takes place even while (he disease is hastening to a fatal issue.*' (Plate XI.) I have pointed out that the above affections of the omasum occur in single folds with different degrees of severity. I may add that when present in any case they by no means necessarily affect all the folds, far less affect them all equally. Sometimes the greater number of the folds are found diseased, sometimes the disease is limited to two or three of them. There is little difference on microscopic examina�tion between the appearances observed in the sloughs of the omasum and those observed in the sloughs of the rumen. 1 believe that in both casosj but more especially in the former, actual extravasation of blood not unfroqnently takes place into the tissues ; but the opacity of the parts renders the determination of this point difficult. The point on which I feel most cer�tain, with regard to the tissues subjacent to the hase-ment membrane, is that they are obscured by an abun�dance of granular matter, sometimes more or less aseresated into masses, which is absent from the healthy parts ; and that, except for the presence of this, the tissues appear as nearly as possible.: healthy. In one of (wo cases in which I examined the epithelial covering of the sloughs in the rumen, I found it to present an abundant growth of a lowly form of vegetable fungus ; and in all the cases in which I examined the corresponding part in the diseased omasum, the same vegetable growth was discovered. (Plate XXIV. b.) I may add, that I never detected this but on the patches which were, or were tending to become, sloughy, although I looked for it carefully on other and even adjoining parts of the mucous sur�face ; and that it is not the result of post-mortem changes, for it does not increase with the length of time that the parts are kept after death. 1 have found it indeed in great abundance, an hour or two after death, on the diseased omasum of a cow slaughtered at the Metropolitan Cattle Market. The fungus consists of transparent colourless filaments, which throw off branches and buds in all directions. I have not seen any of its sporules. The diameter of its filaments varies, but seems to me to be about equal to that of the filaments of the yeast fungus. The appearance of this growth is of course an accident only of the disease, but it is an accident of sucli constant occur-rence as to be on that account of interest. Its development here is due no doubt to the facts that the sloughing surface affords an appropriate soil, and the stagnation of the contents of the stomach an appropriate opportunity, for the germination of cer�tain sporules diffused through the food, which under other circumstances would have been hurried on or destroyed by the digestive process, and have proved (in the stomachs at least) unproductive. I have an impression that the adhesion of the epi�thelium to the surface of the sloughs may be in part, if not wholly, due to the growth of tins fungus ; for 1 should state that although I have described the fungus as originating primarily in connexion with the epi�thelium, I believe that it penetrates this, and thus after awhile involves the subjacent tissues. The epithelial scales in connexion with the slougli�ing regions appear to me, compared with (hose of the healthy parts, opaque and granular, and in some instances distended with some refractive exudation.
Dr. liristowo. Roport to CouiimsMoiKTs,			#9830; The folds of the omasum occasionally present circular per- I'onitions (Vom a lino in diameter up to an incli or two, wliieli have evidently no connexion with the disease of which the aninml lias died, 'fliese are either congenital or the result of former dieeasraquo; or accident. Their presence tends to show that perforation of the folds of the onuisuiu is not peculiar to the Oattllaquo; Plague.



90		APPENDIX TO THIRD KEPORT OF

Dr. Brlstowo. Report to Commissioners.	vary very much. In addition to tho materials -which have been dosoribed as adheriug to the surface of tho tubes, they sometimes contain a largo quantity of frothy ilitid, exceedingly like the froth that forms on the top of bottled stout; sometimes ft quantity of muco-purulent fluid ; and sometimes, together with these, ooagula of blood ; occasionally the ooagula are considerable, and moulded to the cavities in which they are found ; and occasionally their surface has uader-gono some change of colour. Microscopical examination shows that tho mucus in the air passages presents the ordinary characteristics of mucus; and it shows that tluo redness of the mucous membrane is due, as the naked-eye appearances indi�cate, partly to congestion, partly to patches of sub-mucous InBinorrhago (Plate XXVI. Ji.). Beyond evidence of extravasation of blood, I have detected nothing abnormal in the condition of tho laryngeal muscles and of the trachealis. Lungs.�Tho lungs themselves, it appears to me, are, with one important exception, generally in all essential points healthy; or at most present only such trivial deviations from health as arc of common occur�rence in diseases where respiration is impeded by mechanical causes, or is imperfect in consequence of feeble and inefficient performance of tho act. They are generally fairly crepitant; generally, too, some�what congested, especially the lung of the side on which the animal has lain. They not unfrequently present patches of pulmonary collapse ; sometimes patches, more or less extensive, of caruification. Onco or twice I believe I have met with a little pulmonary apoplexy. True pneumonia is rare, and evidently an unusual complication ; I have seen it in one case only. The exceptional lesion to which I have above referred is interlobular emphysema (Plate XX.). This, in some degree, is found in nearly every case of cattle plague. It does not appear to mc to occur specially at any particular part of the lungs. Sometimes it is small in quantity, and separates a few lobules here and there only, and might be overlooked were it not specially sought for. More frequently it is scattered pretty abundantly throughout both organs. And occasionally it is so extensive that a coarse net�work of it divides the whole tissue of tho lungs into a scries of lobules; and the air passes even from the interlobular spaces into the subpleural tissue, forming on the surface of the lungs a series of blebs or bullas. Whenever the emphysema is at all abundant, those tracts of the interlobular tissue which radiate from tho root of the lung become widely distended with air, and their distension will generally be found to increase as they approach the root. What is the cause of this emphysema ? Pulmonary emphysema in the human being has, as we know, almost always a mechanical origin; that is to_ say (without going into minutiraquo; which may admit of dispute) it is dependent, not on disease of the tissues of the lungs, but on obstructive diseases of the air passages�diseases attended with violent and more or less ineffective performance of the respiratory acts, and of the acts of coughing. These conditions arc present in the case of the cattle plague in a marked degree; the lung tissues themselves are healthy, but the air passages, or some parts of them, arc almost invariably advanced in disease�arc rarely, perhaps never, sound. Moreover, it is known from observa�tion during life, that animals with this disease do sutler in a high degree from difficult respiration and from cough. There can be little doubt, therefore, that the emphysema in this case also is mechanical, and a consequence of pre-existing morbid conditions of the air passages. That the emphysema should consist, in the human being of simple rupture and dilatation of the air cells, and in the cow of extravasation of air into the inter�lobular cellular tissue, may appear at first sight discordant with this explanation. A further objection to it might perhaps be raised in tho fact that em�physema in the human being�at least marked		emphysema�is the result generally of a chronic pro�cess, while tho emphysema in tho cow arises in the course of a specially acute disease. These difficulties, however, lie on tho surface only. Tho initial pul�monary lesion�the essence of the disease�in both cases is the same, and consists in tho distension and rupture of air cells. In the human being, at least in the human adult, there is either no interlobular cellular tissue in the lung, or a trace of it only, and hence the ruptured air colls can only communicate with one another. Interlobular emphysema, therefore, is impossible. The cow, on the other hand, is remarkable for the abundance of its interlobular cellular tissue, and hence the ruptured air colls, although they may communicate with one another, are at least as liable to communicato with that interlobular tissue. But simple commuiiication between neighbouring air cells will scarcely, except it be very extensive, produce any marked change in the appearance of a lung; hence, although the foundations of human emphysema are laid doubtless in attacks of acute disease, the emphysema rarely becomes prominent until it has been developed under the influence of protracted states of disease, or of a series of successive attacks. Rupture of air cells, however, into the interlobular cellular tissue (the interspaces of which are freely continuous in all directions) admits at once of the extravasation of air into this tissue ; while every act of respiration increases the amount extravasated, and diffuses it. Thus interlobular emphysema manifests itself, and may become extensive, at quite the earliest stage of rupture of the pulmonary vesicles. I may add here that in the lungs of children (in which there is a little interlobular tissue) traces of interlobular emphysema may occasionally bo detected after death from hooping cough. I may also add that the anatomical peculi�arities of the cow's lung, to which I have attributed the peculiar characters of its emphysema, lead to similar peculiarities in the morbid processes of its pneumonia. One of the striking features in bovine pneumonia, is the distension of the interlobular spaces with lymph, just as in emphysema they are distended with air. Condition of Circulatouy System. Heart.� The muscular tissue of the heart is some�times softer than natural, at other times of the consist�ence of health, and, indeed, unless decomposition has taken place, has tho general aspect of that of the healthy organ. Sometimes there are a few petechial spots scattered about the external surface of the heart, more particularly at its base ; and now and then ecchy-moses are met with in the same situation. The most common and the most characteristic feature of disease, however, is the presence of eifusions of blood beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle (Plate XXI.). These are generally nearly black in colour, of irregular shape and size � often of considerable size � and may be scattered over nearly every part of the surface ; but they are most; constant and generally largest about the apices of the musculi papillares. Sometimes a few only of these are present, sometimes they are almost innumerable, rarely they are absent. 1 have never met with them in connexion with any other of the heart's cavities. The effused blood is not limited to the space between the endocavdial membrane and the muscular tissue, but infiltrates the latter to some little depth, separating the muscular fibres from one another. The muscular tissue of the parts in�volved in tho extravasations is, according to iny observations, as healthy as that of other parts. But tho muscular fibres generally are, I think, more granular, and less distinctly striped transversely than natural. The contents of the heart's cavities vary. Some�times the ventricles arc empty, sometimes they contain a little fluid blood, sometimes coloured clots, sometimelaquo; a mixture of fluid and coagulated blood. The auricles are generally more distended. I have never yet seen a flbrinous coagnlum in the heart, Vessels.�I have nothing special to observe in



94		AFPKNDIX TO THIUD BRPORT OF

Dr. Bristowc. Itciiort to CommiBsionors,	ICSSKNTTAI, NaTIIIIK OK CATTLK PlAOTTD. The qucHtion now naturally arises: Whnt is the tliscnso the morbid anatomy of wliich I have desoribed ? That it is tho steppe muvrain or the rindci'iK'st�tho disonso wliich raged in this coun�try in the lust century, and constantly prevails la the steppes of Central Asia�admits of no doubt. Tho numerous accounts, published hero and abroad, though #9632;written with various degrees of fulness, and various degrees of accuracy, ngrco subs lau Lially with the ob�servations, pathological and other, which have been made upon tho present epidemic. So much is cer�tain. But what is the ijuderpcst or steppe mur�rain ? Considerations derived from tho morbid anatomy alone of tho disease indicate clearly that it is a specific disease belonging to the group of the exanthemata ; and what is known of its history and progress establishes its cxanthematous character beyond the possibility of doubt. It is (like other members of tho group) a specific disease, communi�cable by contagion, occurring, as a rule, only once in a lifetime, attended with a special cutaneous ernption, and with certain characteristic internal lesions,�lesions, however, characteristic rather by their great, extent than by any intrinsic character. Tho exanthemata form a kind of fraternal group, the members of which are all perfectly distinct ; but of which certain members (without in any degree losing their individuality) have a closer resemblance to each other than they have to the remainder of tho group. Which, if any, of human exanthemata does the cattle plague resemble ? The disease has been called the quot; contagious typhus of horned cattle,quot; but, there is certainly little in common between these two diseases. No one, in fact, acquainted with their pathology could possibly confound them, or could have dreamt of borrowing the name from one to apply it to the other. It has lately also been assumed to be identical with typhoid or enteric fever. This assumption, however, is even more unfounded than the last, and can only have boon made in entire ignorance of facts. Typhoid fever is very slightly infectious, is attended with a #9632;very trivial eruption, and is invariably accompanied by disease of Teyer's patches and of the mesenteric glands�tho only specific internal lesions. In all these respects, and in others, it differs utterly from the cattle plague. There are, however, two diseases of tho human being to which the cattle plague has a distinct re�semblance ; these arc diphtheria and small-pox. Tho resemblance to diphtheria lies in the facts :� that in diphtheria, as in the cattle plague, there is inflammation of the fauces, with exudation on the sur�face; that these affections tend to pass down tho larynx and trachea into the bronchial tubes, and also along the (esophagus ; that diphtheritic exudations may form in other parts of the system of mucous membranes ; and that extravasations of blood may occur into the tissue of the heart, and in various other situations. The distinctions between the two diseases, however, are well marked, and there is no real possibility of con�founding them. They differ (to speak still only of their morbid anatomy) materially in tho character of their respective exudations on the mucous membranes, und irreconcileably In the nature of their cutaneous eruptions. Tho resemblance between the cattle plague and small-pox in the human lieing is much more close ; ami this resemblance was recognized by physicians in I lie epidemic which prevailed in this country a century ago. At the very first post-mortem examination wliich I made of a diseased cow (at; a time when I was perfectly ignorant of the, presence of any eruption on tlie skin), the close resemblance between the, in�ternal lesions which accompany laquo;mall-pox and those #9632;which characterize tho cattle plague struck mo forcibly, and subsequent experience confirmed lliilaquo; impression. Indeed, allowing for the absence in the human being of tho first, three stomachs of the cow, the description of the internal lesions in a severe case		of small-pox might fairly puss for that of tho lesions belonging to tho cattle plague. There is the same congestion and change in the character of tho epithelium, with tendency to excoriation, in tho month and pharynx ; tho same congestion of tho larynx with formation of pseudo-false mombrano, and tendency to the extension of these conditions into tho trachea and bronchinl tubes ; tho same tendency to hramorrhage beneath or into tho mucous membrano of tho stomach (the homologue of tho abonmsum) ; tho same tendency to congestion and subnnicons extrava�sation in connexion with the mucous membrano of the bowels, especially that of tho largo intestine ; tho same tendency to similar affection of the mucous membrane of tho bladder and of associated parts; tho same tendency to haemorrhage in connexion with the investing and lining membranes of the heart; tho same unusual fluidity of blood. There is also, as I have pointed out, a prima facie resemblance between tho eruption of small-pox and that of the cattle plague ; but I am bound to confess that, so far as my present experience goes, it is adverse to their actual identity. I have failed hitherto to detect in the eruption of cattle plague either a distinct vesicle or a distinct pustule, and certainly nothing like the umbilicatcd pustule of well-marked cow-pox or variola. I have failed also to observe that equality in the development of its spots of eruption which prevails in small-pox. On the contrary, the eruption in cattle plague, even #9632;when most marked, exists at the time of death in every variety of stage; and further it is attended with an amount of affection of tho sebacious glands which in small-pox is without a parallel. My personal ac�quaintance, however, with tho minute anatomy of the eruption of small-pox, excepting with so much of it as is learnt clinically, is unfortunately limited. There may bo peculiarities about it to be revealed by minute examination, which would lead me to see between the two eruptions a closer affinity than I can yet acknow�ledge. Ono thing, however, is certain, viz., that if the cattle plague be small-pox, it is small-pox with the most characteristic feature of small-pox strangely modified. Its eruption is certainly not tho recognized typical eruption of either variola or vaccinia.* January 5th, 1866.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; John S. Bbistowe.
Dr. Bristowc. Itciiort to CommiBsionors,			* Since the ahove report was written I have, through the kind�ness of Mr. Marson, and with the assistance of my friend Mr. Wagstafl'e of St. Tliomas's hospital, had the opportunity of ex�amining post mortem four patients who had died of small-pox at the Small-pox and Vaccination hospital. An abstract of the morbid appearance observed in each case is added. Tho results of these examinations tend generally to confirm the statements which arc made in my report in reference to the resemblances and dilferenccB between cattle plague and variola. But they enable me to go more minutely into some of these points: First, as reqanh the, slim: the pustules of small-pox present, I need sea'cely say, the umbilicated form which has been always ascribed to them, they present in each case a marked uniformity of size and development, and they are distinctly pustular (or at least the matter which they contain is always distinctly covered with a thin layer of epidermis). In these respects the eruption of small-pox differs entirely from that of the cattle plague. On the other hand the contents of the variolous pustule form a more or less coherent elasiic (mucus-like') mass consist�ing of coi-pnscles much like those of cattle plague, and this is prolonged into the hair slieaths and sebacious follicles ; moreover the surface of the true skin is either not destroyed or is destroyed very superficially. In these respects there is some resem�blance between the two diseases. But I must observe further that there is a remarkable dift'ereneo between them in the re�lative degrees in which pus is produced and the sebacious glands are affected. Second, us regards the mouth and pharynx : these parts become affected in variola much as they do in cattle plague, but the affection is more markedly pustular in the former disease than in the latter, or at all events appears in the form of spots very much like in size and shape to those of the external erup�tion. Third, as regards the. air passages : the morbid processes which occur in these parts in small-pox do not conwist in mere congestion and sub-mucous hajiuorrhage, but in the development of an eruption also much like that of external parts. Fourth, as regards other internal organs: congestion and bamiorrhage. although they occur in many Ciises of small-pox, do not seem so common as they arc in the cattle plague. Besides the abstracts of the four cases above referred to, I have added to this note the abstract of a fifth case which I ex�amined a few years ago.



96		APPENDIX TO THIBD BEPOKl OB¹

Dr.Brlstowo. lU'port to CouiuussioiiiTS.	havo not met with any such affection of the lips, gums, und tip of the tongue.* (Esopliuyus, rumen, and rcticulum.�These organs have in no onso been diseasod. Omasum,�Tlie contents of this stomach havo ahvaj.s boon soft. The stomach itself has mostly been quite licalthy. In one instance, howovcr, the folds had sloughed extensively, tho process of sloughing having commenced apparently at tho free edges ; and in two cases, there was (what probably was an early stage of the same affection) slight circumscribed congestion of the free edges of two or three of the folds. The ahomasiim was in every instance more or less congested, and in several' cases tho congestion was distinctly patchy. In three cases the congestion was deep, and in two of these there was some membraniibrm exudation on the surface of the mucous membrane ; in two, ihero was commencing nlceration ; and in one, sub-mucous extravasation of blood. The small intestine presented in most cases patches of congestion. In one case the duodenum was intensely congested ; in one the ilcuin ; and in this case hajinorrhagc had taken place into the bowels. Foyer's patches were without exception healthy. Large intestine..�The coccum, like the abonmsum, was in every case congested to some extent ; and here too the congestion was apt to be patchy. In two in�stances the congestion was deep, and in one of these there was sonic lymph-like exudation on the surface. The ascending colon was several times more or less congested ; and in one or two cases there was some congestion of the rectum. But generally the latter portion of the gut was pale and healthy. The anus was invariably healthy. The larynx and trachea were in several cases somewhat congested. But I never met with deep con�gestion here, and never with sub-mucous extravasation of blood. They contained occasionally some frothy mucus.		Tho bronchial tubes were mostly in tho snmo con�dition ns tho upper air-passages. The Inmjs we.ro often somewhat congested, und once presented a few patches of what looked like pul�monary apoplexy. Thcro was never any interlobultir cmpliysenm. The heart was generally pretty healthy, but in three cases presented extravasations of blood under the lining membrane of the left ventricle, and in one case pctechiu) on the external surface. The cavities always contained coloured coagula. The ffcnito-uritiart/ organs, and indeed all organs which 1 have not specially named, havo seemed to the naked eye perfectly health)'. I may add that I have in no instance observed even a trace of general emphysema ; and that there is in these animals, after death from cattle plague, tho same tendency to rapid decomposition which T have shown to exist in cows which have died of the same disease. (2.) Mouiud Anatomy of Cattle Plague in Goats. I have only been enabled to make two post-mortem examinations of goats. That these died of the cattle plague, the history appended to tho details of the post�mortem examinations, and the lesions discovered after death, leave little room for doubt. At the same time the lesions were few and slight. In one of the goats there was slight congestion of the larynx and other air-passages (with accumulation of much frothy mucus), slight congestion of the lungs, and petechitB at the apex of one of tho pleurae. In the same case there were pctechial spots on the outer surface of the heart, congestion of tho abomasum, deep patchy congestion of the coccum, and slight congestion of the remainder of the large intestine, including the anus. In tho other goat there was some congestion of tho ileum and of the coccum, congestion of the anus, and con�gestion of the vulva, with a granular condition of its epithelium. In both cases tho contents of the intestines wore peculiarly fluid, and in both there were superficial sloughs either of tho lips of tho ileo-cuocal orifice or of the neighbouring parts of the large intestine. Neither of these animals presented any unhealthy condition of the lips, gums, tongue, palate, fauces, or pharynx ; and in neither of them was there any em�physema or any cutaneous atfeetion. I know, however, that goats may present the lesions of cattle plague in a more characteristic form, and that they arc liable to the specific eruption of tho disease. (3.) Mokuiu Anatomy or Cattle Plague in Deer. I have examined but one deer dead of cattle plague, and that was, at the same time, far advanced in tubercular disease. This animal, however, presented unmistakable symptoms of the disease during life, and unmistakable indications of it after death. The larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes were all deeply congested; and in the larynx wore points of subinucous extravasation of blood. The abomasum presented many small superficial sloughs (Plato XXV. C.) and excoriations. The mucous membrane of tho small intestine was intensely congested, and reduced to a pulp; and there wits also deep congestion of the coccum and ascending colon. The contents of the small intestine wore tinged with blood. Tho lungs, tho tonsils, and the bronchial and mesentcric glands were tubercular in a very high degree ; but the tubercular deposits were limited to these organs. The mouth and all parts connected with it were healthy) the skin was entirely free from eruption ; and there was no emphysema, cither pu'.-monary or general. ¹**nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J. S. B.**
* For representations of well-marked disease of the organs spolten of in the above paragraph, sec Plates XXVII. and XXVIII., which have been copied from drawings kindly lent for the purpose hy Mr. Ceely. The morbid changes which they illustrate will be seen, on comparison, to be identical with those occurring in cattle, and figured in Plates IV. and V. Mate XXVII. represents a section of the brain, the interior of the nose, the tongue, the fauces, and the upper orifice of the larynx. The mucous membrane of the nose is deeply congested, as also is that of the larynx, and the tongue and fauces are con�gested, aphthous, and excoriated. Plate XXVII I. represents the roof of the mouth, showing thickening of epithelium, excoriation, and congestion. The following account of the case from which the drawings were made has been furnished by Mr. Ceely : � quot;The sheep was a quot;wether boggett,quot; aged 10 months, the property of Mr. John Savory, of Sparham, Norfolk. It was one of a flock of 10 score, which in September last was put into pasturage adjoining that in which were cattle affected with jiindcrpest, the owner not then being aware of the suscep�tibility of sheep to that disease. A few weeks afterwards the sheep began to die, and the skins that ircre removed from the carcases were deposited in a shed adjoining healthy cattle, which soon afterwards became affected with Itinderpest. quot; The disease continued to spread among the sheep till De�cember, at which time .02 had died, several that had been attacked had recovered, and some were still unaffected. quot; The sheep from which the drawings were made had the following symptoms: loss of appetite, tendency to separate itself from the flock, cessation of rumination, cough, discharge from the eyes and nose, great congestion of all the visible mucous mem�branes,�haccal membrane inflamed and furred, and inside the upper and lower lips a well-marked eruption,�moaning while lying down, head and cars depressed, a peculiar shaking of the head and shoulders, offensive diarrhoea, and all the usual signraquo; of Cattle Plague. quot; It survived about six days. quot; Post-mortem iippenrunres. � Ilesidcs those so accurately delineated in the drawings, there was much congestion of the trachea, and also of the lungs, but no emphysema. The mucous membrane throughout the alimentary canal was highly con�gested, particularly that of the .quot;.rd and 4th stomachraquo;. The mucous folds of the rectum were intensely congested. quot; The cutaneous eruption was well developed in this animal. The greater part of the sarface of the skin displayed B vivid red appearance, and the popular eruption of the poll, the neck, along the back, the lumbar region, and the tail, and on the thighs, was as well developed as on cattle.quot; J.S.B,



98		jUn'KMHX TO TH1KD KKPOUT OF

Dr, Biistowo. lU'port to Co.iumssionors.	VII.) Buvrounded by a margin of tumid and congested mucous membnme ; the two being separated from one iinotlier, more or less perfectly, by an ulcerated flssureorline of fkiimroutioii. These patches woro M or 15 in nuraoer, and vnried from n qunrter of an inch to mi inch in diameter. The smaller ones were eireulur ov oval, thelwger in-egulM or sinuous, und formed evidently by the ooolesenoe of several contiguous smaller ones. The sloughs occupied the whole thickness of the muoous and sub-mucous tissues, and liud separated here und there to a slight extent from the under�lying muscular cout. The rims of thickened muoous membrane around these sloughs were generally con�gested, and increased in congestion up to the very line of uloeration which defined the sloughs, whore it was generally very vivid. In some instances the thickened membrane was pule throughout. Throughout the rest of the rumen there were also numerous diseased patches (perhaps a dozen), varying from six inches or more in diameter, to an inch. The smaller ones were circular, the larger irregular in shape. (Plate V11I.) Throughout these patches the papillse were generally flabby and soft, and had a dirty ashy colour; but scattered amongst these were a few' papillee, which were deeply congested, plump, and evidently distended with some kiml of exudation. On making vertical sections through these patches, the mucous and sub-mucous tissues were found to present numerous points of congestion ; and similar points were seen in some cases to extend into and even througli the muscular coat as well. In many places, but not uniformly, tracts of the mucous membrane included in the above patches, were found bloodless, and of an opaque yellowish tint, evidently sloughy, and in some cases becoming separated by a line of demarcation from the surrounding und subjacent tissues. The peritoneal membrane corresponding to these patches was healthy. The reticulum was healthy. The omasum was of natural size, and contained little food, and that scarcely adherent to the raucous surface. The epithelium was almost everywhere rather firmly attached to the basement membrane. The folds of the omasum, how�ever, were diseased to an extreme degree. Many of these presented circumscribed congested patches, which varied in shape, and in area from that of a sixpence to that nearly of the palm of the hand. The central region of some of these, patches was greyish and soft and sloughy ; but in the majority of oases actual perforations existed in this situation, sloughs having become partially or wholly detached. The margins of these perforations were either irregular and shreddy, or had still attached to them at certain points sloughs (occasionally of considerable size) or were undergoing cicatrization, and presented tumid and congested, irregularly scalloped, yet smooth edges. The holes just referred to varied from an inch or two in diameter to that of a probe, and the mucous membrane around them, and more especially round those undergoing cicatrization, was smooth, devoid of epithelium, and nearly devoid of papilhc. The disease in many cases had affected only the more central portions of the folds, but in the majority had involved the free borders too. In the latter case the sloughs had disappeared and the folds were remarkably altered, presenting large irregular excavations, with rounded, tumid, congested, but generally cicatrized margins. These margins were frequently interrupted by irregular tongue-like projections of tolerably healthy tissue. It should be added that marginal excavations and perforations frequently co-existed in a fold, and combined to produce very compli�cated and strange appearances. (Plate XI.) Abomamm. The contents pretty healthy, but more fluid than usual. The mucous membrane was perhaps redder than normal, but tenacious and for the most port healthy^ In a length of about six inches in the neighbourhood of the pylorus were several (about half a dozen) sloughy ulcers, round or oval, and varying from about half or three-quarters of an inch in diameter downwards. These con�sisted of greyish sloughs, involving the mucous and suh-mueous tissues, adherent to the imisculnr coat, but sepa�rated by a groove of uloemtion from a tumid but unoon-gested rim of mucous membrane, The free edge of one of the folds of the abonmsmn had evidently been ulcerated in a length of three or four inches, but had almost perfectly cicatrized. Small intestines tor the most part healthy. Here and there the mucous membrane was somewhat more congested than natural, and there were two or three spots of circumserilied and rather deep congestion. Peyef'spatelieS were a little honeycombed, slate coloured, but otherwise healthy, and totally free from deposit of any kind, and from uloeration. The large intfS�nel and the ciemm were more or less con�gested, especially the latter; hut here again there was no trace of nlceration. The lower part of the reetum was more		deeply congested than other parts of the large intestines, hut congestion was not intense even here. Kidneys healthy. Bludiler contracted ; nmcous membrane healthy. Uterus and vaifma perfectly normal. Vulva not con�gested. The fiesh of this cow was quite healthy-looking, and free from nil signs of decomposition. There was a good deal of general emphysema, and a large accimmlation of gus in the cellular tissue about the kidneys. The papillae in the central part of the dorsum of the tongue were remarkably elongated and horny, and those at the upper orifice of the omasum were converted into small curled horns, averaging half or three-quarters of an inch long. Microscopical examination (after being in spirit). � The diseased papilla¹ of the rwnen presented the following characters:�1st. Those that were plump and congested contained distinctly in their substance a large amount of Wood (not, so fur as could he seen, extravasated), and com�pared with the healthy papillraquo; were very opaque. The epi�thelium covering them moreover was opaque and_ granular, and presented numerous filaments of a branching jointed ve�getable fungus, averaging (to speak roughly) about 1 -3000cli inch in diameter. 2nd. The papilla; that were shrivelled and limp were also very opaque and granular, hut presented no special elements different from what were seen elsewhere. The epithelium here also was opaque and granular, and presented numerous filaments of fungi. The diseased patches of the omasum presented for the most part a somewhat adherent epithelial covering, which was found to be thickly studded with the same kind of fungous growth as has just been described. Several of the loose shreds of slough were examined, and on them the fungus was not detected ; but as far as I could make out, the epithelial covering had been lost from these shreds. The epithelium of the healthy portions of the folds was free from this growth. The substance of the sloughs of t\je omasum was opaque and very granular ; but nothing further than this condition, nothing at least noteworthy, was detected.�J. S. B.
			(.'!) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined October �li, 1865. The lips, (jams, tongue, palate, and other parts of the interior of the mouth, together with the Jauces and upper surface of the soft palate, were more or less completely covered with an opaque, yellowish, and friable layer, which could readily be detached, leaving the subjacent surface more or less deeply congested. Over the anterior three-fourths of the dorsal surface of the tongue, this deposit resembled ordinary quot; fur,quot; and was pretty firmly adherent by its under surface, the tissues beneath being natural, or nearly so, in colour; but on the lips, gums, inferior surface of tip and sides of tongue it constituted an imperfect granu�lar layer, which varied in thickness, and in some places had become detached, leaving patches only adherent. The nmcous membrane in these latter situations, whether ex�posed or covered, was found congested. The palate for the greater part of its extent presented the same characters; but over both surfaces of the soft palate, and the portion of tongue posterior to the circumvallate papilhc, including the anterior surface of the epiglottis, and the whole of the pharynx, the deposit was very abundant and thick, of an opaque, dirty, yellowish colour, granular on the surface, friable, arranged more or less in ridges or hands, and de�tachable with great facility from the subjacent mucous membrane, which was everywhere intensely congested�the congestion extending on the tongue to a depth about equal to the thickness of card-board. The mucous membrane covering the epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, and rest of the lari/nx, was tumid and con�gested, and covered (especially anterior to the arytenoid cartilages and below them,) with a thin granular lymph-like layer, which could be very readily removed, and was very irregular ill its distribution. Besides the general red' tinge presented by the laryngeal mucous membrane, there were spots and patches of a much deeper red, almost black, colour, which were scattered over the whole sur�face, but had a tendency to he clustered, and were mo.--1; abundant on the opposed surfaces of the arytenoid car�tilages, OH the mucous membrane beneath these bodies, and over the lower angle of the epiglottidean cartilage. These patches were somewhat elevated and granular on their surface; and from some of them lia-morrhage, forming loose slightly-adherent dots, had taken place.



100		AKPKNDIX TO THIKD KKPOUT OK

Dr. Ilmtmvc. lloport to I'uU.li.i.-sioiUTS.	in their modiillmy, soft, and in a meamure rleoomposcd. The urinary hladder contuined from half a jiint to a pint of healthy-ooloured urine, and its mucous membrano was healthy and pale. This hull was a fine animnl, und its muscles were firm and bealtlijr-looking through�ut. The fat was also every�where liw�thy; but tlicre was goncral and very considerable emphysema, The superfloinl cellular tissue in almost every part contaiuetl giis, mill the rousolea were gciierully separated from one another by gas. This condition was observed in the head and neck, throughout the whole trunk, and in the front and hind legs. It was less abun-dunt, however, in the hind lef{s than in the front legs, and extended a shorter distance along them. It was very marked in the back, beneath the superficial muscles, and also along the front of the neck, and within the arch formed by the lower jaw bone. The gas was quite odour�less, and the tissues in which it was found were quite sweet and free from signs of decomposition. There was a little tendency to decomposition in some of the viscera, especially in the liver and kidneys, and walls of the intes�tines, but there was no gas in the tissues of any of these organs, nor in any of the serous cavities, nor in the blood ves! ids.�J. S. B.		papillares and elsewhere beneath the endocurdium of the left ventiele. Peritoneum for most part healthy; a few spots of conges�tion upon the great omentum. Ldver somewhat sumller than usual, firm, and rather pale. The gall dnots were in many places thickened and loaded with biliary oonoretions, Gait bludder of usual size, and full of thin bile, Spleen. somewhat small, but soft and a little deeomp�sedj appa�rently healthy. The abomasum had generally a pale slate colour, and in some parts a faint pinkish tinge. In the nei^libourhood of the pyrolus it was mammilluted, more deeply congested than elsewhere, and studded with groups of spots of more vivid redness than surrounding parts. There was neither ulceration nor tendency to ulceration. The mucous mem�brane was little softened. Omasum rather large, containing a good deal of normal food ; uncongested and almost healthy throughout. There were no circumscribed patches of congestion or sloughs. The epithelium came away with great facility. The rumen contained a considerable quantity of na�tural-looking food. The organ was for the most part healthy, the epithelium coming away with tolerable readi�ness ; hut one of the larger muscular bands and two or three of its branches, had a rather deep pink colour, and the epithelium was much more firmly adherent in these situa�tions than elsewhere, indeed could scarcely be removed. On cutting into these bands the pink tinge was found to occupy their whole thickness and to have a mottled appearance, Reticulum hcalthy- Anal orifice healthy; but the rectum immediately above was somewhat congested. The rest of the rectum was tolerably healthy. The small intestines, the coecum, and colon were not examined. One of the kidneys was congested throughout, but other�wise quite healthy. The other kidney was pale in the cortical substance, though studded with a few congested patches; congested in the medulla; and soft,�somewhat decom�posed. The urinary bladder contained a small quantity of urine-The mucous membrane presented a few congested patches, but was otherwise quite healthy. The urethra was deeply congested. Vagina somewhat congested, but not more so at the lower orifice tiian elsewhere. At a distance of two or three inches from that orifice there were a few patches of sub-mucous extravasation. Uterus and orarie.s healthy. The flesh and fat of this cow were everywhere quite healthy-looking; though decomposition had set in slightly in one or tsvo of the internal organs. Ho emphysema had been recognized during life; but it was carefully looked for after death, and was found very extensively in the pos�terior mediastinum, and extending thence around the heart to the anterior mediastinum; very extensively too around the trachea and oesophagus in their whole length. It was, thus, abundant in the neck anterior to the spine, from the sternum to the root of the tongue, and also downwards along the oesophagus as far as the diaphragm. A little had extended thence onto the neighbouring portion of the rumen. With this exception the abdominal cavity was quite free from emphysema. There was none whatever in the neighbourhood of the kidneys. Traces of emphysema were discovered in the sub-cutaneous cellular tissue of various parts of the trunk. The blood which was squeezed from the somewhat decomposed spleen was a little frothy; but the blood elsewhere presented no traces of gas.�J. S. B,
(5.) Cow.�Examined October 24th, 18()5. Died the same morning.�Royal Veterinary College. The mucous membrane of the lips, gums, tongue, palate, and cavity of mouth generally, was almost perfectly healthy; but on the posterior part of the base of the tongue, from the circumvallate papillae to about halfway between these and the epiglottis, and upon the pillars of the fauces, were a good many deep red spots of an irregular stellate shape, in which the epithelium was deficient, and in which the redness was the result of congestion in the mucous tissue beneath. The congestion extended little, if at all, beyond the limits of these spots. The mucous membrane of the (esophagus was healthy. The mucous membrane of the larynx was congested, oede-matous, and tumid. The congestion was most intense im�mediately above the vocal cords and immediately below the arytenoid cartilages. A little granular lymph or altered epithelium adhered to the mucous surface in these situa�tions, together with irregular loose flocculent masses of blood and mucus, mixed. On cutting into the tissues forming the walls of the larynx, most of the laryngeal mus�cles were found to be black, with what appeared to be extravasated blood. The trachea was congested throughout, the congestion being in the form chiefly of black spots and streaks scat�tered over the entire surface, but especially accumulated over the region of the trachealis muscle. Clots of blood, mixed with mucus, and apparently with pus, clung to the surface of the trachea. The trachealis muscle was infil�trated in its whole extent and thickness with blood, look�ing in fact like a black eoagulum, traversed with shreds of fibre. The lower part of trachea was somewhat less con�gested than the upper part, and contained a good deal of frothy fluid. Pleura healthy. Lungs a good deal congested, sparely crepitant, and in many places carnificd ; in the latter situa�tions the sections were dark-coloured and smooth, and the parts retained a good deal of their normal tenacity. There was abundant interlobular emphysema throughout the whole of both lungs. This condition was very marked over the bases of both lungs; where it occupied not merely the interlobular tissue, but largo tracts of the sub-pleurol tissue as well. It was also very abundant indeed in the spaces near the roots of the lungs, and about the roots. It is worthy too of remark that the emphysema was least pronounced in the non-crepitant parts of the organs. Left lung less congested than right. The bronchial tubes were reddened throughout, especially those of the right' lung. The latter contained soft loose cylinders of mixed mucus and blood, to which their red�dening was in great measure due j but there were also, scattered throughout, spots of sub-mucous extravasation. The bronchial tubes of the left lung were much paler than those of the right) contained frothy mucus, with little or no blood j but presented a few spots of extravasation. Pericardium healthy. There were two or three sub-serous extravasations of blood at the base of the heart. Heart flabby, and its lining membrane blood-stained. The cavities contained a little imperfect eoagulum and fluid blood. There were a few extravasations in the musculi
			(�.) Cow.�Royal Veterinary College,�Examined 26th October, lH(!�.�Died evening of October 25th. The inside of the lips, the gmm, and the anterior half of the palate, together with the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue, were decidedly more congested than natural; and the epithelium over these parts was soft and granniar, and had become partially removed. The epi�thelium over the base of the tongue, the soft palate, and pillars of the fauces was thicker than natural, and also readily removable, but there was scarcely even ablush of con�gestion or a spot in which the epithelium had been wholly detached. The mucous membrane of the larynx presented a blush of congestion only, and its lower part was covered with a little adherent lymph or thickened and altered epi�thelium. The trachea presented a univeraal pink tinge.



102			APPENDIX TO Tlllim KKVOKT OF

Dr. Bristowo. Report to Coumiissloncrs.		the congestion corresponding iiccunitely to the si)ot,8. The under surface und sides of the tip of the tongue were covered with tracts of thickened, soft, and granular epithe�lium, which was becoming detached, the corresponding mncous membrane being congested. The same condition existed, but in an aggravated degree, at the more posterior part of the tongue, between the oircumvallate papilla) and the epiglottis, on the pillars of the fauces, the soft palate, the phiin/nx, and the first inch or two of the mophagus. The interior of the larynx was perhaps generally a little more congested than natural ; and both above and below the vocal cords there were distinct layers of soft, slightly adherent lymph. The trachea was full of frothy mucus (like froth of stout). This tiibe was somewhat congested in its lower half, but not apparently inflamed. The lurycr bronchia were, perhaps, somewhat more congested than the trachea itself. Pleura- healthy. Lungs very sparely crepitont, thickly studded throughout with patches of consolidation, some of which were pale and fleshy looking, others darker and friable, approaching in character to pulmonary apoplexy. These consolidated portions were not soft, and were separated from one another by a net-work of crepitant tissue. There was little, if any, interlobidar emphysema. The bronchial tubes were not materially congested, and contained a little frothy mucus only. Pericardium healthy. Heart rather flabby, otherwise healthy. Peritoneum healthy. Uver perfectly healthy. Spleen healthy. The upper part of the (esophagus presented a few patches of granular exudation, but the lower part was healthy. Rumen and reticulmn healthy. The epithelium of the omasum was perfectly adherent throughout; a few of the folds presented a little diffused redness, but otherwise the organ was health v. There was a blush of redness over the greater part of the abomastim, hut there was no other abnormal appearance whatever. The small intestines were healthy, except that there were two or three tracts of marked congestion. Peyer's glands were healthy. The mucous membrane of the large intestine presented a tew patches and longitudinal streaks of congestion, but was generally healthy. The coecum was pale and perfectly healthy. Anus and rectum healthy. The lower part of the vagina was a little congested, and the epithelium, at the lower orifice, somewhat granular. Uterus, amp;c., healthy. Kidneys healthy Urinary bladder healthy. There was no general emphysema, and the �esh of the calf was healthy.�J. S. B.		to render their examination satisfactory, or to ascertain if there was any interlobular emphysema. If there was any cmphysenia, it must have been slight and partial. I'leunc and pericardium healthy. The heart was very flabby and soft. The cavities con�tained block ooagula, these being least abundant in the left ventricle. There were no sub-endoeardial extravasa�tions. Peritoneum healthy, lEsophugus, rumen, and reticulum healthy. The omasum and almmasum were both entirely free from congestion, and healthy. Lower part of rectum deeply congested, but laquo;laquo;MS healthy. The rest of the large intestine, including the cuicum, was healthy, excepting only an occasional patch of not intense congestion. There were one or two patches of con�gestion in i\\K small intestines, hut they also were otherwise healthy. Payer's patches were sound. IJoer and spleen decomposed, but apparently healthy. Gu/I bladder full of normal bile. Kidneys also healthy, but decomposed. Urinary bladder, full of urine, healthy. The viscera o{ this animal were undergoing rapid decom�position; the/laquo;raquo;/*, however, was in pretty fair condition, und there was no general emphysema, There was a tolerable amount of emphysema, however, about the roots of the lungs, and generally in the posterior mediastinum.�J. S. B.
					(10.) Uow.-	-Uoyal Veterinary College.�Opened and #9632; #9632; - #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; g .

				examined November 1st, 1865, at H p.m. There were a few aphtha-like excoriations on the gums mid the inside of the lips. The greater part of the cavity of the mouth, including the tongue and palate, was as near as possible healthy ; but the back of the tongue, fauces, and pharynx generally were con�gested, and studded with patches of opaque epithelium, which had become removed in places. The mucous membrane of the larynx was rather deeply congested, and presented patches of what looked like ad�herent lymph. There was, however, no marked submucous extravasation, except in that part of it below the arytencid cartilages and vocal cords. In this latter situation the condition of things exactly resembled that (afterwards to he described) in the trachea. The trachea was lined partly with lymph, partly with small clots (which had exuded from innumerable points), and contained also small fragments of bay; this mixture of blood, lymph, and food was with diffieulty washed away from the surface, to which it was evidently adherent. The mucous lining of the trachea was congested throughout, and studded very thickly with spots and streaks of sub-mucous extravasation. These were most abundant laterally and behind, where the surface was rendered almost black in consequence. The trachealis muscle in almost its whole extent, and portions of the muscles of the larynx, were infiltrated with blood. The right lung was to a considerable extent attached to the ribs by old adhesions; and a portion of the lung was consolidated, but not from recent pneumonia. The lungs were congested, but crepitant, and presented a good deal of interlobular emphysema. They were much decomposed. The bronchial tubes, especially the larger ones, were con�gested and studded with extravasations, and their contents were very much like those of the trachea itself. There was some emphysema about the posterior mediastinum. Pericardium healthy. Heart pale and flabby from de�composition ; the cavities containing large (lark-coloured clots; no extravasations beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle. The aorta and many other vessels contained cylinders of coloured clot. Peritoneum healthy. There was a good deal of emphy�sema in the lumbar 'region, about the kidneys. Jdver, spleen, and kidneys greatly decomposed, but not apparently unhealthy. Gall bladder full of healthy bile. The asnphagus was healthy, but contained in its whole length regurgitated food; a large pellet of this obstructed the superior orifice of the larynx. The folds of the omasum presented in some instances diffused congestion, and their epithelium was exceedingly soft and separable; otherwise the organ seemed healthy. The abomastim presented some patches of diffused redness, and here and there groups of more deeply congested spots, but the congestion was nowhere very marked, and there waraquo; scarcely any near the pyloric orifice.
	f9 ) Bull.�Royal Veterinary (College.�Examined October .#9632;list; 1866. The edges of the///i of the tongue were covered with soft granular epithelium. The sides and upper surface of the root of the tongue, the pillars of the fauces, the .to// palate, and the phart/nxwere deeply congested, and studded some�what irregularly with patches of opaque thickened and soft epithelium j this was most abundant on the pillars of the fauces. Tbc epithelium of the roof of the mouth and of the lips and gums was generally in the same condition. The larynx anil trachea were almost black with conges�tion and extravasation. The congestion in the former being nearly uniform ; in the latter having the form of abundant close-set longitudinal streaks. In the neighbourhood of the rima glottidis was a soft, loose, rusty-coloured clot, about as large as a walnut; and the surface of the larynx and that of the trachea were covered with a soft pulpy layer, which varied in thickness and in colour from that of partially decolourized (brick red) blood to a dirty buff, This was very slightly adherent to the subjacent mucous membrane, and came away in irregular flakes and masses. Themore congested parts of the mucous membrane, both in the larynx and in the trachea, were thickend and granular. The, trachealis muscle was infill rated with blood in the greatest part of its extent, and the muscles of the larynx were partly infiltrated in the same way. The lungs appeared to be crepitant, but congested throughout. They were too much decomposed, however,
				Humen and reticulum healthy. Lower part of deeply congested, otherwise healthy. Anns healthy. somenrhat congested.



104		AITKNDIX TO THIHD KKPOKT OK

Dr. Briatowe. Report to Commissioners,	olive-brown tint, mingled with remnants of congestion. Some of the minuter patches were limited to the puiullao of one surface of a fold, and even some of the larger patches were more distinct on one side than the other. The epi�thelium adhered more firmly to these patches than to the surrounding parts. Two or three of the folds presented circular orifices about u line in diameter with perfectly pale unthiokened margins. The larger vessels in the folds of the omasum contained more blood than usual. The abomasum was deeply and nearly uniformly congested in its upper three-fourths ; and this congested portion was studded pretty thickly tliroughout with small points of a deep claret colour. The remainder of the abomasum was but slightly congested, but it presented numerous shallow depressions of irregular shape and varying from one-third of an inch in diameter downwards, in which the mucous mem�brane appeared to have been removed and cicatrized. The central depressed portions of these patches were mostly (piite smooth, but to one or two shreds of tissue (sloughs?) adhered very slightly. The mucous membrane forming their margins was in some cases distinctly, though slightly, plicated. The rumen was generally more congested than natural, and its smoother portion presented a very large irregular tract of a port-wine hue. The edges of the tract were somewhat sinuous, and their vicinity was studded with spots of the same character, well-defined, differing in size, and running more or less into one another. Some of them had beguu to assume a somewhat livid hue. There was no ulceration and no sloughing, nor any thickening of the mucous mem�brane. The rest of the rumen presented also numerous large tracts, in which the mucous membrane and its papilliB were somewhat deeply congested, and the latter swollen, but there was no evidence yet of sloughing. The epithelium was detached with great facility, but was somewhat more adherent to the congested patches than to other parts. Reticulum and oesophagus healthy. The contents of the first three stomachs were healthy. Those of the abomasum were bloody. The small intestines, from one end to the other, were full of a kind of dark bloody mucus, which was very adherent to the surface. The mucous membrane was of a uniform dark red colour, and exceedingly pulpy, Both it and the submucons and muscular coats were deeply congested, the ramifications of the minute vessels being very distinct. There was, however, no visible inflammatory exudation or infiltration, and no disease in Peyer's patches. The half of the ccecum, nearest the commencement of the colon, was deeply congested, especially the lips of the ileo-coccal orifice. The ascending colon was deeply congested; but the rest of the large intestine, except the lower part of the rectum (which has to be described), presented only a moderate degree of congestion. The large intestines contained no blood. The anus was congested, and there was general congestion for three or four inches of the lower part of the rectum ; from this point upwards there was still congestion, but it was patchy and occupied principally the prominences of the longitudinal folds. The margins of the vulva were deeply congested, and the epithelium was thick, white, and flaky; the congestion was continued up the vagina for three or four inches, but from that point upwards the tube was healthy. Uterus and urinary bladder healthy. Kidneys healthy. There was no general emphysema, and none in the me�diastinum or about the kidneys. Tbraquo; flesh ot the animal was healthy-looking. Microscopic examination.�The epithelium of the con�gested portions of the mouth was examined microscopically; and it was observed that the granular and pulpy superficial portions consisted of epithelial scales only, while the deeper and more consistent layer was made up in great measure of what seemed to he nuclei, and exactly resembled those of the epithelial scales. They were not acted on by acetic acid like pus corpuscles. The papillte of the diseased patches of the omasum were examined, and in every case, even where the disease was limited to a single papilla, the epithelium covering them was found to be the scat of a pretty abundant growth of a low form of vegetable fungus, this eonuisting of branching tubes of various diameters, with a tendency to dilatation (production of sporeraquo;) at the apices. The epithelium of the healthy part of the mucous membrane was free from these. The congested pulpy mucous membrane of the small intestines was seen to contain abundant blood-distended capillary and other small vessels. A portion nf the reetus abdominis was examined and the transverse strife were seen to be perfectly distinct.�J. S. B.		(14.) HaiFBB.�Royal Veterinary College.�Examined November 8th, 18()5. The inside of the A;m, the gums, the roof of the mouth, and the sides and under surface of the tip of the tonijue were deeply congested and covered with granular epithelium, which in many places hud become removed. The same con�dition existed, only in a much more advanced degree, in the posterior half of the tnvrjue, soft palate, pillars of the fauces and pharyrm. In this latter situation the epithelium was opaque and flaky and thick, and had become separated in many parts; and upon the sides of the pharynx there were, in addition, small, round, elevated patches of very intense congestion or snhmucous ha'inorrhage. The lining membrane of the larynx was generally con�gested, but presented, irregularly scattered over its whole surface, deep red circumscribed elevated congested spots, A little lymph or thickened epithelium covered the mu�cous membrane of the larynx, especially that of the vocal cords, (That was the impression conveyed by the appear�ance at the moment of making the post-mortem examina�tion; but a more careful subsequent examination showed that the seeming patch of lymph, covering each vocal cord, was simply the mucous membrane, which in a well-defined and nearly circular area, had become of an ashy colour, and was evidently in a very early stage of sloughing. The two parts thus affected accurately corresponded to one another in shape, and had evidently in life been applied one upon the other. In fact it seemed probable that the necrosis of the parts had been determined by pressure.) To some of the congested points small clots of blood were loosely attached. The trachea was abnormally pink throughout, and was studded, though not very thickly, with streaks and spots of submucous extravasation ; these were most abun�dant at the lower part of the tube, where they were some�what clustered. They were also abundant in the bronchi. The trachea and bronchi contained a large quantity of frothy mucus. The trachealis muscle, in its whole extent, was infiltrated with blood. lamgs somewhat congested, but generally crepitant and not unhealthy. The bronchial tubes were congested, and studded to some extent with spots of submucous extravasa�tion, and contained frothy sanguinolent fluid. There was a little interlobular emphysema at the apex of the left lung. Pleura; healthy. Pericardium healthy. Heart flabby and soft, presenting in its left ventricle abundant sub-endocardial extravasations. At the base of the heart, externally, there were a good many petechial spots. Cavities nearly empty. Peritoneum somewhat congested, especially on the surface of the small intestines. The folds of the mnasum wore generally more congested than natural, the congestion assuming partly a diffused character and partly a linear arrangement. There were, moreover, a good many circumscribed congested spots about a quarter of an inch in diameter. These appeared simply congested and not to have undergone any further changes; that is to say, there was neither thickening nor tendency to gangrene. The abomasum was generally and deeply congested, and both upon its folds and towards its lower extremity pre�sented numerous groups of small claret-coloured spots. The rumen presented large tracts of congestion, but no dis�tinct spots of more advanced disease; the epithelium came, away very readily. Reticulum healthy. The upper part of the ffisop/iai/Ms was congested and studded with a granular deposit; the lower part was healthy. The upper part of the small, intestines presented numerous black points which were probably the remains of conges�tion. The ileim, in nearly its whole extent, was intensely congested; its mucous membrane was reduced to a pulp, and the contents of this part were blood-stained, if not actually mixed with blood. The ccecum was also deeply congested together with the commencement of the large intestine. The greater part of the colon, however, was healthy, together with the upper part of the rectum. The lower part of the rectum was deeply congested, and pre�sented a few sub-mucous extravasations. Liver, spleen, kidneys, and bladder healthy. The vulva, and lower part of the vagina, were deeply con�gested, and presented a few sub-mucous extravasations of blood. The upper part of the vagina and the uterus were healthy. The flesh of this heifer was healthy, and there was no general emphysema. Microscopical examination.�On examining the thickened epithelium at the back of the mouth, it was found to consist chiefly of normal epithelial scales, many scales which were granular, many mucous corpuscles (nuclei of epithelial cells ?), crystals resembling those of triple phosphate, and matter probably of extraneous origin. It seemed to mo



106		APPENDIX TO THIRD REPORT QV

])r.Brilaquo;to\v�. Boport to i'uimiiis�iuu�iu	The lower paifc of the laquo;naKiniesAe for the length of some yards presented on its rauoous erarftioe n laquo;lurk slate-coloured tintapporentlv due to congestion; tlie remainder of the intestine wiis heulthy. The contents throughout consisted ot u clay-coloured gruel-like fluid. Liver,spleen, and kidneys quite healthy ; the latter a little more congested, perhaps, than nsuiil. The lower two-thirds of the vagina were congested, mid there was some congestion also of the upper part of this tube, hut no excoriation or other change. Uterus healthy. The bladder contained a large quantity of apparently healthy urine, and was itself healthy.				The rectum was deeply congested along its prominent folds, and towards the anus the congestion became uni�form. There were streaks and patches of congestion throughout the eweum, and a little in the commencement of the oofon, hut otherwise the large intestines were healthy. The small intestines were generally healthy, presenting here and there, however, slight congestion. The intestines contained throughout a thin yellowish milky fluid. Kidneys much lobulated and somewhat congested, hut healthy. Bladder healthy. The lower part of the vuyina, was congested, and the epithelium of the margins of the vulva was granular. The uterus was very large and full of a bloody fluid. The flesh of this animal was healthy looking, and the cellular tissue was free from emphysema.�J. S. B.
				, and there
The flesh of the animal was perfectly healthy, ai was no emphysema.�J. S. B,

(18.) Cow,		-Royal Veterinary College. November 9th. 1865.	-Examined		(19.) Cow.�-Royal Veterinary College.� Examined November 10th, 18()5. The inside of the lips, the gums, and the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue were congested and covered with irregular patches of granular thickened epithelium. The roof of the mouth presented to some extent a similar condition. The root of the tongue (both on the sides and dorsum), the pillars of the fauces, the soft palate, and pharynx were all more or less congested and covered with soft opaque pulpy epithelium, which in some places had become de�tached, and by this detachment had produced (especially at the sides of the tongue) rounded excoriations. The first four or five inches of the oesophagus were studded with spots and patches of flaky epithelium, which were especially abundant at the upper part. The lower part of the wsophagus was healthy. The larynx was not generally much congested; but there was some rather deep congestion, together with some spots of sub-mucous extravasation, both above and below the vocal cords. And in both of these latter situations there were extensive irregular patches of rather firmly adherent opaque yellowish lymph, or exuberant epithelium. The trachea, was moderately congested in its whole length, and thinly studded with huemorrhagic spots. These were most abundant in the upper part, and from many of them small black-coloured clots protruded into tlie canal of the trachea. The tube was lined throughout with a thickish layer of opaque yellow, tenacious and somewhat adherent lymph; and contained in its lower half a cylinder of blood smaller than the capacity of the tube and partly decolorized upon its surface. Trachealis muscle healthy. The lungs presented very abundant, indeed almost uni�versal, interlobular emphysema, which extended copiously into the pulmonary subpleural tissue. The lungs were generally crepitant and pale, but the anterior edges to some extent were congested, and here and there carnifled. The bronchial tubes were filled throughout with mucus and cylinders of blood (generally not much smaller in diameter than the canals in which they lay), and were studded with spots and patches of sub-mucous extravasation. These were rare in the bronchi and large bronchial tubes, but in the smaller ones were exceedingly abundant, and running together formed tracts of reddish-black discoloura�tion. There was much emphysema in the posterior medi�astinum and about the pericardium. Pleura: healthy. Pmcarrflaquo;wraquo;ihealthy. The heart was of firm consistence, presented a patch or two of sub-pericardial haemorrhage at its base, and a few points of sub-endocardial haemorrhage in the left ventricle. The cavities contained a small quantity of fluid blood. Peritoneum healthy, hmer largo and firm and somewhat cirrhosed. The walls of the larger ducts were opaque and white, and dense, and fully one-sixth of an inch thick. Qall bladder large, and full of pale but healthy bile. Spleen healthy. Rumen and reticulum healthy; epithelium firmly ad�herent. The omasum was generally healthy, and the epi�thelium firmly adherent to its surface. The free edges of some of the folds, especially those portions of them near the abomasum, were somewhat thickened, and irregularly but very shallowly scalloped out, and slightly congested. The papilla; in the neighbourhood of these parts had in great measure disappeared. The edges presented the appearance of having been destroyed by ulceration and undergone sub�sequent cicatrization. There was no other disease whatever. The abomasum was generally, but not deeply, congested ; and in its lower fourth, the mucous membrane was studded with a consuierable number of irregularly round or oval shallow depressions from a quarter to one-tiiird of an inch in diameter, in some of which the surface was perfectly smooth. There was no discolouration about them and no actual ulceration,
The interior of the mouth, including theptihile and greater part of the tongue, were as nearly as possible healthy; but the posterior portion of the toni/ne and the fauces and pharynx generally were congested. The epithelium was a little granular, and in the first two or three inches of the (esophagus formed thickened granular Hakes studding the surface irregularly. The epithelium had come away in small irregular patches from the upper surface of the base of the tongue. The interior of the larynx was generally congested, the congestion being especially deep above and below the avytenoid cartilages and vocal cords. In the last of these situations there had been abundant sub-mucous extravasa�tion (producing tracts of reddish black discolouration) and some little escape of blood into the cavity of the larynx. The trachea was generally somewhat congested, especially in the posterior three-fourths of its circumference, and in a greater degree above than below. In these situations the congestion was in spots and in streaks which ran more or less into one another, but apparently rarely amounted to actual extravasation. The tube was lined throughout with a yellowish opaque mucous secretion which adhered to the surface, and was in some parts mixed with clots of blood. The hronchi and the bronchial tubes, both large and small, contained a large quantity of coagulated blood in the form of cylinders moulded to the tubes; and the mucous lining �was thickly studded with reddish black patches and streaks of sub-mucous extravasation. These were most abundant in the smaller branches, some of which were in consequence almost uniformly black. Both lungs were generally crepitant; and both, but more particularly the right, were congested in the greater part of their extent. There was no interlobular emphysema. Plenrrc and pericardium healthy. The surface of the back of the heart presented numerous large bruise-like markings. The heart was firm in consistence, and its cavities contained some fluid blood with small coagula. The lining mem-brane of the left ventricle presented a good many sub-serous extravasations. Peritoneum healthy. Lker pale and somewhat decom�posed, but healthy. Gall bladder full of healthy bile. Spleen healthy. Lower part of cesophapusheaUhy, The rumen presented slight congestion in places, and the epithelium separated with great facility. The reticulum was healthy. The omasum presented diffused tracts of congestion, but no further indication of disease. The ahomasnm was generally congested, especially near the pylorus ; but nowhere deeply congested. In the latter situation there were two ulcers of somewhat irregular shape and from i' an inch to f(- long, in which the mucous mem�brane seemed to have been destroyed, and in which the snbmucous coat seemed covered with a little yellow ad�herent slough. A more careful examination of these ulcers showed that the mucous membrane had not been actually removed, but altered in character, and converted into the sloughs which still adhered to the subjacent tissues, and which were partially separated by a line of demarcation from the surrounding healthy membrane. The sloughy patches consisted of mucous membrane con�densed and hardened and opaque and yellowish brown, and about one-third as thick as the healthy membrane around. Under the mioroaoope no new elements (no elements, that is to say, additional to those of the healthy membrane,) were recognized, except perhaps an increase of granular matter; but everything was yellow and everything was indistinct. Everything seemed to have undergone a kind of atrophy. My impression was that the follicles had lost their epithelium in great measure, had collapsed, and tiiat the intervals between them were occupied by the remains of some exudation, probably blood.



108		AITENDIX TO TniUD KKPOKT OF

Dr.Brlstowc. ] Eoport to Commissonors.	The flesh was in gooA healthy condition. The skin of the iiildcr and teats of this cow was diseased in a very marked deRree. On the tents, the epidermis was thickened, flaky, and fissured, the fissures extending oven into the true sliin, On the udder, the eruption consisted chieiiv of a somewhat greasy thick exudation, which formed spots more or less confluent, and which on removal was found to he distinctly oontinuous with the contents of the hair sheaths anil schacions follicles, which were much increased in hulllaquo;, The snhjftoent skin was congested, and in one or two places haemorrhage had taken place slightly, and had become mixed with the material of the crusts. These latter consisted of sebacious matter, epidermis, and pus-like corpuscles, which were sometimes grouped into masses.�J. S. B. (21) Cow, examined in the Cattle Market, December 4th, 1865. This cow was driven to market for sale on the pretence that it was healthy, and evidently had not been long affected. The symptoms were, however, very decided, and emphysema was detected in the loins. The animal was slaughtered in the usual way shortly after it was brought, and examined an hour or two after being slaughtered. The epithelium of the lips and gumswns slightly detached, and there was a little congestion. There was also a little similar affection of the under surface of the tip of the tongue, of the root of the organ close to the larynx, of the posterior part of the palate, and of the pillars of the fauces. The larynx was only very slightly congested, and its lower part was invested in a thin, transparent, tenacious film of exudation, which adhered slightly to the surface. The trachea was very slightly congested throughout; but immediately below the larynx there were a few points of sub-mucous extravasation; and thc_lower part of the tube presented some increase of congestion. The trachea contained a good deal of slightly translucent and tenacious mucus, which at the upper part formed a slightly adherent film. Thequot; bronchial tubes were loaded with similar mucus, and their lininfr membrane, though generally pale, was studded here and there with congested points. The lunffs were pale and cropitant, and presented distinct though not advanced interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy. Heart firmly contracted ; muscular tissue healthy ; cavities empty'; patches of sub-ondocardial hipmorrhagc in various parts of the left ventricle, but chiefly at the apices of the musculi papillares. Peritoneum healthy. (Esophagus healthy. Lmer, spleen, kidnei/s all healthy. Grill bladder full of natural bile. Bimen and reticuhm healthy; contents healthy; epithelium adherent. Omasum with dry, caked contents ; epithelium adherent. Some of the leaves presented circumscribed patches of congestion, circular or nearly so, and from an inch in diameter downwards. The patches were congested only, and presented no appearance of �longliing. The abomamm was somewhat congested throughout; but the congestion was nowhere intense. The free edges of three or four of the folds presented a peculiar diseased condition. (Plate XIV. A.) This consisted in a kind of intense reddish black interstitial discolouration, distinctly circumscribed, and without any deposit on the surface, or any change sufficient to affect the natural polish of the part. Tlie diseased tracts varied from an inch to two or three inches in length, generally occupied the free edge in its whole thickness, and extended for a line or so into the substance of the fold; but a few were scattered on the face of the folds in the neighbourhood of the free edge, and involved only one surface. One or two of those occupying the free edge had broken down, and left a linear ulcer,'the margins of which consisted of the breaking-down morbid tissue. Besides these there were, both in the vicinity of the folds and in the pylorio half of the stomach (but chiefly in the latter), numerous irregularly polygonal depressions (Hate XIV. lgt;.) from half-an-inch in diameter downwards; of which the floors were mostly smooth, but a little pinker than the contiguous healthy memhrane: and of which the margins were mostly a little tumid, granular, and studded with inimite points of congestion. One or two of these, presented slight adherent sloughs J and one was a distinct oval ulcer perforating the mucous memhrane completely. 'Vhv. small in hslines wav. cursorily examined only; they seemed to present here and there slight congestion, and to contain very fluid contents. Peyer'spatches, too, appeared healthy. The lips of the ileo-cascal orifice were tumid and deeply congested, The cmcum and ascending colon were		studded thickly and somewhat irregularly with lines and patches ov various lengths and sizes of deep congestion�of congestion that seemed indeed in many places uttended with sub-mucous haemorrhage. The remainder of the largo intestine was almost perfectly healthy; the rectum indeed was pale, The contents of the ooeoutn and early parts of the large intestine were unnaturally fluid ; but the rectum contained healthy fcecal matter. was slight There congestion of the vulva; but the vayina was natural. Microscopical examination,�The patches of congestion on the omasum wore found to present an abundance of the vegetable fungus discovered in former cases. (The micro�scopical examination was made an hour or two after the autopsy.) No such fungus was seen on the healthy surface. The diseased parts of the edges of the folds of the aho-masum were found to be made up almost entirely of solid-looking cylinders, which seemed to consist of some trans-parent solid material, which had become cracked and broken up more or less into variously shaped but irregular frag�ments. (Plate XXV. n.) In some cases the cylinders were broken here and there transversely only. In other cases the fractures had taken various directions. The material constituting these cylinders had, according to the thickness of tissue examined, a pale yellowish brown tint, or a deep sepia colour, or shades of hrown intermediate between these extremes. It seemed to me that these cylinders were the remains of the glandular follicles of the part, which (with their epithelium) had undergone some kind of infiltration, probably with some of the elements of blood. The congested edges of the small shallow ulcers were found to owe their redness to the presence of numerous minute vessels distended with blood. The animal was in good condition and its flesh seemed healthy. There was very abundant emphysema in the posterior mediastinum and along the (esophagus, and in the cellular tissue surrounding the upper part of the pericardium. There was also emphysema about the kidneys.�J. S. 15.
I			['22.) Cow, examined at the Cattle Market. December 4th, 1865. This cow belonged to the same owner as the last, and was brought at the same time to market. It showed evidence of disease, but the symptoms were less pronounced than in the former case. It was slaughtered in the usual way, and was examined an hour or two after death. Lips and tjmns slightly excoriated; slight excoriation of posterior part of tonyue ; other parts of oral cacity and pharynx healthy. Larynx healthy. The trachea had a general pale pinkish tinge, but was rather more deeply congested at the upper part than elsewhere. It contained a good deal of frothy mucus. The lunys were crepitant and presented a small quantity of interlobular emphysema; they contained also a few small hydated cysts. The bronchial tubes, which were not con�gested, contained a large quantity of frothy mucus. Pleura: healthy. Pericardium healthy. Heart contracted, empty, and healthy, except that the apices of the musculi papillares of the left ventricle were congested; there was, however, no extravasated blood. Peritoneum healthy. Liver, spleen, and kidneys healthy. (Esophagus nealthy. Rumen and retriculum quite healthy. Epithelium adherent, contents natural. The omasum contained much hard, caked material between its folds. The epithelium was adherent to the folds, and these presented no circumscribed spots of congestion. Some of them, however, presented a little diffused redness. The abomamm was unusually congested, especially in the neighbourhood of the folds and in the folds themselves. The pyloric half of the organ presented large numbers of shallow ulcers or depressions (exactly like those described in the last case). They were irregularly polygonal-�some in fact almost stellate; their floors were smooth, but redder than surrounding parts, and the margins were slightly tumid and granular and congested�the congestion being slightly spotty. The small intestines wore only cursorily examined; and beyond the fact that those Feijer's patches which were seen were healthy, and that there was here and there slight con�gestion of the mucous membrane, and that the contents of the bowels were fluid and something like dirty pea-soup, nothing particular wan noted. The cniciim. and ascending colon pre�sented numerous spots and streaks, irregularly and pretty thickly distributed, and of various dimensions, in which the redness seemed due in part at least to hiemorrliage beneath the surface. The rest laquo;f the large intestine, including the rectum and even the anus, was pale and healthy.



no		AFPE�NDIX TO THIRD REPORT OV

])r. Erlstowo. Report to ConmiiKsioners	mid there this had become detached) leaving excoriations ; and at several points sub-nnioous htemorrliage had occurred. The upper part of the osop�ajw also was congested, stud�ded with hesmorrhogio points, and with numerous granular patches of opaqne thickened epithelium. This latter con�dition, in the form of minute rounded spots and short longitmlinal streaks, thickly studded the rest of the ci'sophagus, which, however, was pale. The laryntraquo; was deeply congested and presented a few points of suh-miicons hreniorrhage, which were especially abundant at the angle in which the vocal cords meet anteriorly, and below the arytenoid cartilages. Aflittle exudation of what looked like lymph adhered to thesurfneo of the vocal cords. The trnchea was congested and pre�sented spots of sub-mucous' hfcmorrhage. The tube con�tained a good deal of mueus. The trnchealis muscle was healthy. The hrnnchinl tubes were in much the same con-dition'as the trachea. The lunf/swere congested and sparely crepitant, here and there curnificd, and presented traces of emphysema. JPleurm healthy. Pericardium healthy. There were a few petechial spots on the outer surface of the heart, and patches of hiemorrhage in connexion with the musculi papillares of the left ventricle. The heart was otherwise healthy. Feritoneim healthy. Liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys healthy. Rumen, und rcticulnm healthy. The contents of omasum were much caked, and the folds presented an early stage of disease. Most of them were studded with spots of haemorrhage occupying their entire thickness. The smaller spots were roundish, yet somewhat irregular in shape, the larger were altogether irregular. The former varied from a line to i inch in diameter, the latter mea�sured sometimes an inch. The diseased spots presented little or no thickening of tissue; they had uniformly the deep red, almost black, colour of effused blood, and there was nowhere any tendency to gangrene. The papilla; upon these patches were for the most part quite pale. Many of the vessels of the folds were rendered distinct by still containing blood, and it was evident in many cases that the patches of congestion had occurred in the course of the vessels. The epithelium was soft and did not adhere to the congested spots. The abomasum presented a good deal of congestion, especially in the situation of the folds; and here and there were many points and patches of more intense redness, of which some were manifestly due to sub-mucous liEcmorrhage. Towards the pylorus there were many shallow excoriations. The anus and rectum were deeply congested ; there were a few points of congestion about the apex of the caecum ,� and a good deal of fine arborescent congestion scattered about this and the ascending colon: hut the con�gestion was nowhere intense, and the lips of the ileo-caecal orifice were healthy. The rectum contained blood together with other contents. The small intestines were generally healthy, as were also Fever's patches. The vulva and lower part of the vaijina were intensely congested. The �es� of this heifer seemed healthy. There was no general emphysema. Microscopic examhialion.�The granular exudation (?) at the tip of the tongue presented:�healthy epithelial scales; epithelial scales which seemed unnaturally granular : many nuclei surrounded by a filmy and granular imperfect enve�lope, which looked not unlike disintegrating cells, and sometimes like compound granular cells : numbers of cor�puscles almost exactly like pus corpuscles, both in size and behaviour, under the influence of acetic acid: some free granular matter : and crystals, apparently of triple phosphate. The opaque spots on the dorsum of the tongue, and the exudation at the base of the tongue and on the pharynx presented almost identical characters. It seemed to me in all cases that an exudation, consisting chiefly of cells resembling pus, and of some fluid tending to become granular, had been poured out hero and there by the mucous surface, and had infiltrated and softened the epithelium over the portions of surface thus affected. In most cases (if not all) it seemed to me that the pus-like material was most abundant on the deeper aspect of the epithelial layer. I should add, the pus-like corpuscles did not generally float free, as is mostly seen in true pus, but were generally aggregated into musses. The fluid, moreover, which was mixed with the elements of the affected tracts of epithelium, seemed to be of the nature of mucus, and coagulated under the influence of acetic acid. The spots along the a;soplingus presented, so far at least as I observed, no pus-corpuscles, but the epithelium was extremely granular, and mucli of it seemed refractive, as though filled with some refractive exudation. The soft film of exudation adhering to the vocul cords consisted of very granular epithelial cells, many pus-like cells aggregated more or less into masses, and abundant crystals apparently of triple phosphate.		The blood corpuscles escaping from microscopic vcsself) seemed in all cases quito natural. The congested spots of the omasum were reserved for raicroscopie exaniimation; but by exnosiiro to air and moisture, the congestion in a short time entirely disap�peared.�J. S, Bi (SJ�.) Heifeh. Royal Veterinary College. Examined December 1/th, 1865.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Inoculated. laps and gums, congested, excoriated, and studded with patches of soft, opaque, thick epithelium (Plate III.). The epithelium of the under surface and sides of the tip of the tongue was generally opaque and granular, and in places separating. The same condition, only in a much more ad�vanced degree, and with the addition of a good deal of congestion, existed along the sides and upper surface of the root of the tongue (Plate IV.), and throughout the whole of the 2'harynx, the sojt palate and pillars of the fauces. The upper surface or the anterior three-fourths of the tongue was studded with small opaque spots, in which the epithelium was thickened, softened, and beneath which the mucous membrane was congested. The surface of the hard palate was congested and the epithelium had become de�tached, leaving well-defined round or oval patches of exco�riation. Aphtha-like patches were abundant in the upper part of the (esophagus, and were scattered thinly throughout the rest of this tube. Larynx a good deal congested, but there was no submu-cous extravasation; the surface presented a good deal of slightly adherent exudation. The trachea was congested throughout, but was also free from haemorrhagic points; it contained a good deal of muco-purulent fluid together with frothy mucus, the latter being very abundant in the lower part of the tube. The bronchial tubes also contained a large quantity of frothy fluid, together with a little tena�cious mucus, but they presented additionally here and there cylinders of coagulated blood ; they were but slightly con�gested. The lungs were generally crepitant and somewhat congested; presenting also a few carnified spots. Here and there there was slight but quite distinct interlohular emphysema. Pleura healthy. At the base of the heart, especially in front, there were numerous small petechial spots. There were also numerous patches of extravasated blood on the surface of the musculi papillares of the left ventricle. The substance of the heart was rather flabby, and its cavities contained a little partly coagulated blood. Pericardiumhealthy. PeritoneumheaMhy. Rumen and reticulum healthj ; con�tents healthy. Contents of omasum somewhat caked. Omasum itself quite healthy. The abomasum was generally nncongested; the folds however presented, thinly scattered, a considerable number of small hasmorrhagic points ; and a few similar spots were observed on other parts of the surface; and immediately above the pylorus were two oval sloughs one-third of an inch long, and above them several shallow excoriations with congested margins. Throughout the duodenum (Plate XV.) were numerous patches of irre�gular shape, from about an inch in diameter downwards, in which haemorrhage had taken place beneath the mucous raembrano. These patches were studded with smaller hut deeper red spots, which depended upon haemorrhage into the substance of the mucous membrane superficial to the more extensive extravasations. A few similar hfemorrhagic points studded the intervening portions of the mucous membrane. The upper part of the jejunum had a dee]) slate colour, and the lower part of the small intestines presented patches of arborescent congestion. The asemdmg colon presented deep congestion along the prominent folds, but the. rest of the colon was healthy. At the extremity of the coecnm there were a few spots of congestion ; and the lips of the ileo-coecal valve were congested. A large patch (ap�parently one of 1'eycr's patches) in the colon adjoining the ileo-coecal orifice was honeycombed, and from some of the orifices a kind of cheesy matter exuded. The contents of the bowels were much like pea soup. Peyer's patches were healthy. The rectum presented very few patches of congestion ; these occupied chiefly the prominent folds, and on close inspection were seen clearly to consist in great measure of points of sub-mucous extravasation. The laquo;whs was pale. Liver rather pale, but healthy. Gall bladder full of ap�parently healthy bile. Spleeii healthy. Kidneys healthy. The lower half of the vagina, was congested. The con�gestion was most intense around the external ori�cc, in which situation there was a trace of aphthous condition. At the upper jiart of the congested region the redness was due entirely to the surface being studded with very minute round hicmorrlmgic points, (varying however in size,) with a few longitudinal streaks of the same nature. The muoons membrane of the bladder presented patches of congestior,
!



'I'HE CATTLR PLAGUE COMMISSIONERS.		Ill		j ) 1
and the cavity contained a little healthy looking urine. The mucous ineinhmne of the urethra presented a circle of suh-iTiucous extravasations of hlood, which took a longitudinal direction and occupied the tuhe for ahout half an inch of its length. Uterus pule and healthy, hut the neck presented a few points of suh-mueous hKiinorrhage, Brain and upper part of cord somewhat congested on the ' surface, hut otherwise healthy. A good deal of fluid was observed in the suharachnoid tissue of the cord. Both the bronchiul and the mesenteric (/lands appeared to he somewhat congested. The flesh of the animal was healthy-looking, and there was no emphysema cither in the mediastim or elsewhere. The skin of the teats was a little furfuraceons, but there was no distinct eruption. The skin of the udder was very alightly rosy. Microscopical examination.�The patches of opaque epi�thelium on the pillars of the fauces were found, as in the former case, to consist of epitheliol cells, some granular some healthy; pus-like corpuscles mostly aggregated into coherent masses; imperfect granular cells aud nuclei; ond crystals of triple phosphate; and, again, as in the former case, it seemed to me that the pus-like cells were most abundant on the deeper aspect. The transverse striae of the muscular fibres of the heart were somewhat in distinct, and here and there a little granular. The effusions of blood visible at the surface of the papillary muscles extended to some little depth into the substance of these bodies; but the muscular fibres in this situation did not differ from those of other parts. The hasniorrhagic points seen in the vagina (Plate XXVI. c.) were distinctly ascertained under the microscope to be due not to congested vessels but to extravasation. In the points in fact where the extravasations were abundant, congested vessels were rare.�J. S. B. (27.) Cow of ColonelTalbot's.�Examined December 18tli, 2 p.m.�Died December 18th, 3 a.m.� Said first to have shown symptoms of disease on the !)tli December. The lips and gums presented a characteristic aphthous condition, and were congested in all those spots from which the epithelium had separated or was separating. The pos�terior part of the palate showed the same appearance. The tip of the tony tie was healthy, but the dorsum was studded with small roundish yellow spots, in which there was thickening and softening of epithelium, which was often partially separated, and could always be removed readily, leaving the exposed area of mucous membrane deeply con�gested. The posterior part of the tongue and the pillars of the fauces were congested, and their epithelium was mostly granular and soft, and had already disappeared from numerous spots and irregular patches. The denuded parts were specially congested. The rest of the phurynx was con�gested. The upper part of the asophagvs was congested, and presented occasional aphthous spots. This tube generally, however, was healthy. The larynx and trachea were congested in their whole extent, and presented numerous streaks and spots of in�creased redness; but there were not many haemorrhagic points, and these were chiefly in the larynx. The trachea contained a large quantity of frothy mucus, and some tenacious muco-purulent exudation, which adhered to its surface. Similar exudation adhered in greater abundance to the surface of the larynx. The bronchial tubes were congested but presented few haemorrhagio points. These contained also mueh mucus, and many of them presented clots of blood (? admitted into tubes accidentally). The Inni/i- were congested, but crepitant throughout, and presented a small amount of interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy. The muscular tissue of the heart were somewhat flabby, and its cavities were nearly empty. There was abundant extravasation beneath the lining membrane of the left ventricle, most marked (as usual) on the musculi papillarcs. The lining membrane of the right ventricle was elevated in a remark�able way by beads of sub-endocardial emphysema. The blood in the vessels was generally fluid and dark coloured. Peritoneum for the most part healthy. There were, how�ever, patches of congestion on the great omentiun, and the external surface of the lower part of the small intestines was intensely congested. Liver pale and rather firm, apparently in a very early stage of cirrhosis. Gall-bladder full of thin healthy bile. Spleen natural. The contents of the rumen were natural and abundant. The epithelium of the organ generally separated with ex�treme facility, and it was found that the surface presented numerous and extensive tracts of irregular congestion; a'.id in several places (botii in the papillary and in the smoother parts of the organ) there were numerous irregular sloughs from perhaps three-quarters of an inch in diameter down�wards. In the smoother part of the organ the sloughs J?	were mostly small, und the diseased patches ran innre or less into one another, forming two or three tolerably ex�tensive tracts. These consisted partly of shallow sloughs, partly of shallow ulcers left by the detachment of the sloughs, and partly of intervening tissue more or less con�gested. In the papillary part of the viscus the patches had also a tendency to run together; tliey were always grouped, but often, nevertheless, distinct. Their form here was very irregular and angular, and they were almost perfectly black in consequence, chiefly, of the adhesion of the epfthelium to their surface. The sloughs were generally separated more or less perfectly at the margins by a line of demarca�tion, hut still adhered firmly to tile subjacent tissues. These presented points of congestion, but were generally, to a depth of perhaps one-eighth of an inch, denser than the healthy tissues, and of a dirty greenish yellow tint. The reticulum was somewhat congested here and there, hut otherwise quite healthy. The omasum was full of hard caked contents, which carried with them (on removal) the epithelial lining. Most of the folds were more or less congested; the congestion sometimes formed circular patches of various sizes, but was more often irregular in shape, and sometimes of very considerable extent. The irregular patches, more par�ticularly, had a tendency to run together, and to form by their union a mottled condition of the folds, or an irregular network of congestion, extending sometimes over nearly an entire fold. The congestion, even when extensive, was well defined. There were a few small spots of congestion not more than a line in diameter. There was no appearance of sloughing, and the epithelium did not adhere to the congested surfaces. The ahomasum was deeply congested throughout, and was studded with patches of deeper congestion, and with petechial spots. Both these latter were most marked on, and in the neighbourhood of, the folds. Immediately below the folds, and from that situation to within half a foot of the pylorus, were numerous sloughs of mucous membrane, vary�ing generally from an inch to a quarter or one-sixth of an inch in diameter. These were of an olive-brown lint, soft and easy of removal, and occupied only the thickness of the mucous membrane itself. They were generally round or oval, but sometimes irregular in shape, and mostly at the margins were becoming or had become separated from the mucous membrane around. In some cases the inucons membrane appeared to have retreated from the slonghs (which still adhered to the sub-mucous tissue) and left between them an irregular annular interval in which the sub-mucous tissue was visible. One or two of the largest sloughs had penetrated to a considerable depth. There were also, both near the pylorus and elsewhere, numerous shallow polygonal or roundish pits, formed probably by the detachment of sloughs. The contents of this stomach were natural. The duodenum presented numerous petechial spots. The greater part of the jejunum (excepting only the last two or three yards) was uniformly and intensely'con�gested, the mucous membrane being reduced to a deep red pulp, to which sanguinolent mucus adhered. The re�mainder of the small intestiites was as nearly as possible healthy. Their contents were, generally, much like dirty pea-soup. The caicum presented but little congestion, and the ascending colon was somewhat more deeply congested, but the rest of the colon was tolerably healthy. The rectum, however, and especially its lower part, together with the anus, was intensely congested. The kidneys and the bladder were healthy. The uterus was congested, both externally and within. The upper part of the vagina was natural ; but the lower part, and the vulva, were considerably con�gested. There was no aphthous condition here. The conjunctiva; were congested. Udder congested, con�taining some milk. The shin of the teats and udder was examined, and found to present an abundant eruption of what looked like pustules more or less completely scabbed over, and having much resemblance to the crusted pustules of impitigo. {See description of eruption in cow 29). The flesh of the animal was healthy, and there was no general emphysema, and none in the loins; there was, how�ever, marked decomposition. Microscopical exavdnation.�The yellow spots on the dorsum of the tongue, consisted of cpitlielium chiefly, with some granular matter, and cells much resembling pus. These latter were most abundant on the deep surface. The sloughs of the rumen presented a moderate quantity of adherent, but apparently natural, epithelium ; there were numerous triple phosphate crystals, but no Vegetable fungus. The sloughing portion of the tissue beneath the epithelium was rendered exceedingly dark Prom the pre�sence of abundant pigmentary matter, partly aggregated into irregular masses ; but no other elements beyond those of the healthy tissues were recognized,		Dr. llrislowo. Deport to CoiimiiBsiouora	j ) 1
			\|
			,



112		AlTKNinX TO THIRD KKPOKT OF

Dr. Bristcwo. Report to Conmiission�rs,	The suvfiice of the diseased patches of the omasum dis-played nn abundance of parasitio vegetable Krowlh. Thesloughs of the ahomasum were rninutcly exnmined ; it was seen that they occupied the entire thickness of tlie mucous membrane] which had become much reduced in thickness, hardened, und of a deep brown or black colour. Microscopic examination showed thutthe blackness was due , to the presence of'u very large quantity of pigmentary matter diffused throughout the aiseuaed tissues, but showing a marked tendency to become aggregated into small irregular groups or musses. Blood vessels wore not distinguishable, und it appeared to me that the pigmentary matter was the remains of the colouring matter ul' the blood, which hud been probably diffused among the tissues. In addition to these appearances, it was plain (on comparing the diseased with the healthy mucous membrane) that many of the glandular tubules had disappeared (had probably lost their contents, had become collapsed and shrivelled, and so un-distinguishable from other tissues) ; and that those that remained had become shrunk, and that their epithelium had become refractive and solid, and often brownish, and had a tendency to form irregular angular masses, and that their nuclei had disappeared or become invisible. (Plate XXV. A.) The appearances ifave me the impres�sion that they had been caused by luemorrhage into the tissues, with subsequent decomposition of the blood, and atrophy of the parts among which the blood hud become diffused. In the healthy portions of the mucous membrane the tubules were exceedingly distinct and abundant, and their epithelial lining, with its nuclei, was always visible, and there was no granular matter.�J. S. U.		seen that the blood-vessels were generally exceedingly distinct in all their ramifications, by reuson of being loaded with bbod-corpusdes. Hut the rounded und elongated spots were eipially well aseurtftined to consist of blood extravasatod into the tissues. (Plate XX.VI, 11.) The surface was thickly studded with crystals, apparently of triple phosphate. The diseased patches of the omasum presented an abundant growth of vegetable fungus.�J.S.B. (2;).) Cow of Colonel Talbot's.�Examined December 18th, 18(15, ,'1 p.m. Died December 18th,at II a.m. Said to have first shown symptoms of the disease on the 15th December. The lips und gums were slightly aphthous. The greater part of the tongue und the greater part of the palate were completely healthy; but the soft palate, pillars of the fauces, and the rest of the tongue were 'congested, had the epithelium thickened and softened, and presented nume�rous small deeply congested excoriations. (Esophagus healthy. liaryntD and trachea very slightly congested, and nearly empty of secretion. The bronchial tubes were in the same condition as the trachea. The lunys were somewhat con�gested, crejjitant throughout, and presented distinct but not advanced interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Peri-oardium healthy. Heart nearly empty and generally healthy. There was extreme sub-endocardial extravasation in con�nexion with the left ventricle; this was most marked, and formed the largest patches, about the apices of the papillary muscles; but patches of various sizes were scattered over almost the whole surface. Peritoneum healthy, with the exception that there was some congestion, in patches, of the great omentum. Liver pale : ducts much thickened : gall-bladder full of light-colonred bile. Spleen healthy. The rumen and reticulum contained normal but unusually fluid food. The epithe�lium was adherent, and the organs were generally healthy, except that the rumen presented irregular patches of con�gestion. The contents of the omasum were not caked, in fact were natural. The epithelium adhered to the surface of the folds, and these were generally healthy. Two or three of the smaller ones, however, presented well-defined patches of congestion at their free edges, and several of the large folds presented over a considerable surface marked tumefaction and reddening of the papilloe�the intervening spaces being pale and healthy. The abomasum also contained healthy contents. The mucous membrane was universally and intensely congested. The congestion was most intense upon and between the folds, and a little above the py�lorus ; and in these sihiations the redness was patchy, and the surface was studded thickly with petechial spots. No sloughs were visible, but there were a few shallow pits or excoriations. The small intestines were in their whole ex�tent somewhat congested. The congestion was, however, everywhere in the form of small patches, running more or less into one another, leaving between, them tracts of healthy unreddenod membrane. The contents of the bowels seemed not unnatural. The caecum contained but little feces, and was thickly studded with bands and patches of deep congestion. The ascending colon was also deeply congested, more deeply congested, in fact, than the ccecum ; and here the congestion was more or less in the form of patches, but also formed several longitudinal bands, corresponding to the prominent edges of the folds of the mucous membrane. These latter continued, without interruption, throughout the whole of the colon, but were deepest in the ascending colon and in the sigmoid flexure. The rectum and anus were but slightly congested. The contents of the large intestines were generally normal, but some, parts of it contained only whitish mucus. Kidneys healthy. Bladder congested. Uterus con�gested, both within and without. Lower part of vagina und vulva slightly congested. The blood of this cow was generally fluid and dark coloured. The udder was congested. Conjuncture congested. The flesh of the animal was healthy-looking, and there was no emphysema. The teats and surface of the ndder presented a well-marked pustular (?) eruption. Description of eruption.�The eruptions on the skin of the three foregoing cows were absolutely identical; the spots in all three were of the same character, and had at�tained the same degree of advancement. The only dif�ference observed was that one of thetn presented perhaps rather fewer spots than the others; but the difference in this respect was very trivial. The spots consisted of irregularly circular elevations, from about J to ^-ineh in diameter, but with not perfectly well defined margins; ge�nerally they were discrote, but oecasionally two or three ran into one another and formed a somewhat irregular patch,
(28.) Cow belonging to Colonel Talbot.� Examined December 18th, 4 p.m.�Died December 17th, late in the afternoon.�Said to have been attacked with the Cattle Plague on the 9th December. Lips and gums highly aphthous. The greater part of the tongue und palate was healthy; the posterior parts of both, however, and the pillars of the fauces, were congested, had the epithelium separated in numerous small patches, and presented elsewhere thickening and softening of epithelium. (Esophagus healthy. The larynx and trachea were deeply congested, and pre�sented numerous hsemorrhagio points and streaks, many of which were clustered, and to some of which small clots adhered. In the larynx the spots of sub-mucous hfemorrhage were chiefly collected about the angle formed by the meeting of the vocal cords in front, and below the vocal cords. The tubes contained, besides the blood above mentioned, much mucus. The bronchial tubes were congested, and those of the left lung were, like the trachea,abundantly studded with hcemorrhagic points. The tubes contained much mucus and some clots of blood. The lungs were crepitant throughout, somewhat congested, and presented a high degree of interlobular emphysema. There was much emphysema in the mediasiina. Pleura; healthy. Perioardium healthy. Heart somewhat flabby. Ventricles containing a little fluid blood. The lining mem�brane was generally blood-stained, and that of the left ventricle presented numerous ccchymoses. Peritoneum generally healthy. The small intestines were much congested externally. User pale : gall-duets thickened: gall bladder tail o? hih. ty/cplaquo; natural. The rumen and reticuhim were hastily and incompletely examined, but they seemed healthy and contained an abundance of food. The omasum contained dry caked contents, and the epithelium came'away with them. The folds presented numerous circumscribed patches of congestion, to some of which the epithelium was adherent, Some of them were assuming in the central area a dirty brownish tint. The ubom'isum was intensely congested throughout, and con�tained very fluid contents. The small intestines were almost from one end to the other intensely and uniformly congested ; and the mucous membrane was in many partis reduced to a red pulp. The intestines, however, contained only a thin brownish fluid, and apparently no blood. The cmctm was deeply congested, mid a tract of deep congestion was observed in the asceudinr/ colon. But the rest of the colon and the rectum were little congested, and as nearly as possible healthy. Kidiieijs somewhat congested. The genital organs and the bludiler were not examined. The udder was congested, and so laquo;'ere the conjunctiB/e. The laquo;Atlaquo; upon the udder and teats presented a well marked and tolerably copious pustular (?) eruption. (See description in case of Cow 2'.).) The flesh was healthy-looking, but the cellular tissue about the kidneys was highly einpliyscmatous. The internal organs were generally a good deal de�composed. Microscopical examiuiitton,�The mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea was examined with care, and it was



114		APPENDIX TO THIllD KEPOBT OF

Dr. llristowo. Report to CommiHBioiiors.	thdiiini. At the right arigllaquo; there wa.s an excoriated aur* face of oonsidorable extent, and this was bleeding. The ntuiei'surl'aee ol'the/'//( n/quot; llm tongue v/aa in much the same eomlilion as the lower lipj but the epithelium hail become assured in various direetions and thus exhibited a kind of stellate arrangement of excoriations. The buck of the tongue, t\iopillars of the /'laquo;laquo;era, and the so// palate were all congested, and studded with small exco�riations, and a greater or less quantity of thickened softened cpitbtliuin. The phurynx and the posterior half of the hard palate wore shniku'ly but much more slightly affocteu. The upper half of the msophagus presented nu�merous minute circular spots, in which the epitheliuiu was opaque, thick, and soft, and many small oval excoriations. These diminished in number from above downwards, and in the lower half of the tube none were detected. The larynx was deeply congested throughout; and there were numerous hamiorrhagic points beneath its mucous membrane, especially beneath that part of it corresponding to the ring of the crieoid. There were, too, in this latter situation, small clots adhering to the siuface, together with a film of puriform muens. The trachea was deeply con�gested throughout, especially in the course of the trachealis muscle ; and in the upper half, it presented numerous spots of sub-mncous haemorrhage. It was lined with a layer of thick dirty-looking mucus mixed with minute clots of blood. The tracliealis muscle in nearly its whole length was infil�trated with blood, and some of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx were similarly affected. The bronchial tubes were injected, and contained a good deal of bloody mucus and a few small clots. The lungs were congested (more espe�cially the right), and both were generally crepitant. 13oth presented abundant interlobular emphysema throughout. The pleura and pericardium were healthy. The heart was flabby, and somewhat decomposed ; its cavities contained soft coagula; and the musculi papillares of the left ventricle were greatly ecchymosed. The bronchial glands were some�what congested. Peritoneum healthy. The liver was pale and much de�composed, but apparently healthy. Gall bladder very large, ami distended with very thin light-coloured hile. Spleen rather large and pulpy. The contents of the rumen were abundant and rather fluid. Its raucous membrane presented two or three tracts of deep congestion, but was otherwise healthy. The reticuhim, was healthy. The omasum was full of hard caked contents which adhered to the surface of the folds, and on removal carried with them the epithelial lining. The larger vessels of the folds were congested ; and most of the folds presented numerous irregular but well-defined patches of deep congestion (Plate IX.), arranged chiefly in the course of their vessels, and pro�ducing a marked mottled appearance. The papillae in most of these patches were congested, as well as the surface between them. In sonic eases the papilla? alone were con�gested. The contents of the abomasam were very fluid. The organ itself was deeply congested throughout and pre�sented a few haemorrhagic spots, and a few spots of abrasion. The lower part of the rectum was deeply congested, and the margins of the anus were somewhat aphthous ; but the rest of the rectum and the greater part of the colon were healthy, and their contents were nearly healthy. The coecum, however, and still more the ascendiny colon, were decidedly, though not very deeply, congested ; and their contents were blood-stained. The duodenum presented numerous points of sub-mucous haemorrhage. In the jejunum were several tracts of very intense congestion, in which the mucous membrane was reduced to a pulp; and the mucous mem�brane of nearly the whole of the Hewn was in the same condition. The contents of the small intestines were fluid, and in the lower part of the ileum blood-stained. The uterus was somewhat congested within ; and the vagina was rather deeply congested in its whole extent, especially near the vulva, the margins of which latter were very distinctly aphthous. Kidneys congested and soft. The urinary bladder was somewhat congested, and presented a dis�tinct spot of sub-mucous haemorrhage. Urethra deeply congested. The flesh of this cow seemed healthy j and there was no general emphysema, and none in the lumbar region. Udder congested. There was an abundant rash observed (Plates I. and II.), particularly on the teats and udder, on the skin in the neighbourhood of the anus and vulva, and on that of the ehh. I examined (his carefully, and found it everywhere, of the same character; but the following description is drawn chiefly from (lie eruption on the teats and udder. The eruption consisted of spots (roni about half a line to a quarter of an inch in diameter, and of irregular patches of still larger size, formed apparently by the coalescence of several contiguous spots. The more minute spots formed		convex elevations j ami in some of them the more piorainont portion consisted of a small solid scab-like lump which admitted of easy detach ment or enndcation, leaving 11 pit, the bottom of which consisted of the congested surface of the subjacent true skin; but in some no such scab existed, the skin was continuous over the surface, and the sole morbid change discoverable (and that on which the elevation of the spot seemed alone to depond) was a cireumscriled point of congestion and tumefaction in the substance of the true skin, sometimes occupying the surface only, sometimes extending vertically inwards to the depth of a line. In neither of the above cases could I detect betveon the opi-dermis and the true skin any fluid-holding cavity. In the latter case, indeed, nothing approaching to a cavity was ever recognized. The largerspots presented in every case a softish, greasy-feeling, yellowish-brown scab or crust, more or less irregular on the surface, varying from half a lino in thickness downwards, easy to be removed from the sub�jacent surface, with an irregularly polygonal margin, more or less separated from the surrounding healthy epiiiermis� a thin lamina of which was always prolonged more or less onto the surface of the crust. The removal of the crust exposed the surface of the true skin, which was generally deeply congested in an urea corresponding as nearly as possible with that of the superficial extent of the disease. There was no ulceration or other destruction of surface, and no accumulation of fluid on the surface of the true skin. _ Judging from the appearances presented by this case, it seemed to mo that the disease began with a point or patch of congestion, and that over this congested spot some material was exuded (consisting partly of sebaeious matter) which primarily infiltrated the substance of tlie epidermis, rendering it thick and soft and pulpy and otherwise ab�normal, and subsequently (probably) tended to accumulate on the surface of the true skin. Microscopical examination.�The red patches in the omasum were found to be caused by excessive congestion of the capillaries and other small vessels of the part, which by accumulation of blood within them were rendered as distinct as though they had been artificially injected. (Plate XXIV. A.) No extravasation was recognized. 'The crusts on the diseased patches of skin consisted partly of normal epidermic scales, partly of granular scales, partly of granular matter and oil globules, and partly of masses of minute nuclear bodies about the size of pus corpuscles. The latter seemed to mc most abundant on the under surface. These bodies differed from ordinary pus corpuscles in the marked tendency they had to cohere into musses, in their less regular form, und in the fact that acetic acid reduced each of them merely to a minute aggregation of molecules. The congestion of the true skin was due chiefly, if not entirely to distension with blood of capillary vessels. Many of the internal organs were much decomposed.� J. S. B.
Hi			(32.) Cow.�Slaughtered during convalescence, December 22, 1865. � Albert Veterinary College.�Examined immediately after death. The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, and all parts connected therewith were perfectly healthy. There was no trace on the gums, or anywhere else, of congestion, excoriation, or any abnormal condition of tke epithelium. Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes, all healthy. The latter contained a good deal of frothy mucus. Lungs pale and crepitant throughout; no trace of emphysema. Pleurae and pericardium healthy. The heart was contract�ed, and generally quite healthy. The apices of the papil�lary muscles in the left ventricle, however, were umisually dark, and presented traces of the extravasation of blood which hud doubtless at one time existed there. The cavities contained a little fluid blood. It may be added liere (hat the blood was lighter coloured than that of most animals dying of the cattle plague. Peritoneum healthy. 1/iver quite healthy; gall blad�der containing a small quantity of healthy bile. Sjilcert healthy. Rumen and reticnlitm and omasum all healthy, and containing natural contentraquo;. The contents of the aboma-suin were also natural, but presented a (normal) soui' smell, which I had not hitherto observed in the case of diseased animals. The mucous mcinbrane was of a pinkish colour throughout, hut chiefly in the situation of the folds. In the lower half of the organ were a small rimnher of irre�gular polygonal shallow depressions, in which the mUOOUS membrane itself was deficient (cicatrized ulcers resulting from the separation of sloughs V). The smitll intestines were healthy throughout,, except that a few of the glands constituting Peycr's patchca were enlarged to thesi�Q of half a pea, and that the margin! of the ileo-coecul oriliee were congested. Large intes/ines, kidneys, and other vriuari/ organs, and organs of generiition all healthy. The flesh of the animal seemed healthy, hut there was a deficiency of fat.



116		APPENDIX TO TH1KD KEPOUT OF

J)r.J!i'islo\v(i. Boportto Comuilssiouovs	The larynx was congested and sornowhat oodematous, and pvesentt'd about the junction of the vocal cords anteriorly a few peteoMal spots. It was covered in part with n thin dim of exudation; and at the posterior part, where the urytennid cartilayes were in contact, the surface was rouKh and evidently somewhat excoriated. The trachea was a good deal oongOBted throughout, but presented no peteohliB. The lower half of the Irtwhealis muscle, however, was infiltrated with blood. The tube contained a good deal of frothy seeretiun. and adhering to its walls a good deal of tenacious mucus. The bronchial tubes were a good deal congested, and contained much secretion like that observed in the trachea, The lungs were generally crcpitant, but somewhat congested, and both of them presented distinct, but not far advanced, interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy. The heart had the appear�ance of being a little decomposed, but except that it was rather soft seemed healthy. There were no extravasations of blood into its tissue. It contained a moderate quantity of fluid blood. Peritoneum healthy. I Acer, spleen, laquo;aamp;pancreas healthy. GaU-bhnklcr full of bile. The (esophagus (PlateVI.) presented in its upper part slight congestion and a few opaque yellowish spots and streaks. Rumen and retieuhm healthy; contents natural. Omasum healthy; contents not unusually dry. Abomasum generally but not very deeply congested. No petechitc, sloughs, or excoriations. Contents very fluid. The small mtestines presented numerous patches of not very deep congestion; contents thud and pea-soup-like. The Ciecum and ascending colon, both of them, presented rather deep congestion, occurring more or less in lines and irregular patches. The lower part of the rectum was uniformly and deeply congested (Plate XVI.). In the upper part the congestion was limited to a series of longitudinal streaks, which extended some way upwards into the colon. The rest of the larye intestines was healthy. Kidneys healthy. Urinary bladder healthy. The other organs were not examined. The �esh of the animal seemed natural. There was no general emphysema. The skin presented but slight traces of eruption. The skin of the udder was slightly furfura-ceous and that of the neck was covered more or less with a layer of yellowish exudation, which seemed to be composed of epidermis and of sebacious matter. I saw no isolated spot of disease. Microscopic examination.�I discovered vast numbers of so-called quot; Rainey's bodies,quot; in the muscles of the abdominal walls, in the deep muscles of the neck, in the tongue, and especially in the substance of the heart.�J. S.u.		were no extravasations of blood, and no adherent lymph or altered epithelium. The left lung was congested throughout, and contained less air than natural, but was crcpitant. The right lung was less congested than the left, but like it slightly though pretty uniformly crcpitant. The anterior edge of its upper lobe was collapsed and partly oarnifled. There was no inter-lobular emphysema in either lung. The bronchial tubes were somewhat congested, and contained cylinders of coagulated blood, together with a sort of frothy sanguin-olent fluid. This latter was most ubimdant on the right side. Pleurae healthy. Perimrdium, healthy. The cavities of the heart, with the exception of the left ventricle, contained a large quantity of dark-coloured coagulum. The muscular tissue was firm and perfectly healthy. There were no sub-endocardial ex�travasations of blood. Pcritoneam healthy. Liver healthy. Spleen healthy, and so also the kidneys. None of these organs was noticeably softened or congested. The (Bsophagm was pale and perfectly healthy. The epithelial lining of the rumen came away very readily, and the mucous membrane beneath presented a faint pinkish tinge. The same description applies to the reti-culum. The. folds of the omasum were generally entirely healthy; a few of them, however, (two or three only) were very slightly congested at their free margins. The abomasum was somewhat congested throughout, hut there were no patches intensely congested, and nothing approaching to inilanimation. The mucous membrane was soft. The con�tents of the stomachs seemed pretty natural. The ca'cum. was much more deeply congested than any of the above-named parts, and the congestion was of a patchy character, but there was no exudation or breach of surface. The mucous membrane came away somewhat more readily, and was less tenacious, than natural. There were a few patches of congestion in the small intestine, and longi�tudinal bands of congestion, more or less marked, through�out the larye intestine. Peyer's patches were healthy, Anus healthy. There was a tape worm in the small bowel. The urinary bladder contained about a quarter of a pint of healthy urine, and its mucous membrane was pale and healthy. The flesh of this sheep (including both muscle and fat) was perfectly healthy, both in colour and consistence. There was no trace of emphysema of the areolar tissue, and no evidence anywhere of decomposition.�J. is. �.
J)r.J!i'islo\v(i. Boportto Comuilssiouovs			(3/.)�Sheep (Male).�Inoculated from Sheep. Died, and examined, October 23d, 1865. Royal Veterinary College. Lips, cavity of mouth, tonyue, fauces, and pharynx pale, and (juite healthy; mucous membrane of larynx slightly congested. The trachea presented patches of congestion like those described in the case of the former sheep. These began at the lower part of the upper fourth of the trachea, and continued (increasing in intensity) from that point down�wards. In the upper part, the congestion occupied the anterior part of the trachea only; but below, it extended all round the tube, and was probably due, in great measure at least, to gravitation. There was no exudation on the surface. The trachea contained a little frothy fluid. hangs, congested, but crcpitant (though sparingly so) throughout. The bronchial tubes contained a good' deal of frothy sanguinolcnt fluid, and their mucous incmhrane throughout presented the same kind of congestion as was observed in the trachea; but it was greater in degree and more uniform than in that tube. There was a general tendency in the lung tissues to decomposition ; but no interlobular emphysema. Pleura healthy. Pericardium healthy, but containing a little blood�stained scrum. All the cavities of heart, and the vessels leading therefrom, were full of dark-coloured clot. The muscular tissue of the organ was flabby; and the endo�cardium deeply bloodstained. The external surface also was bloodstained. The organ was beginning to decompose. Peritoneum htalthy, Lker pale, flabby, and soft, the vessels containing frothy blood. The organ was decom�posed, Spleen, of natural size, but soft and of dark colour. The (esophagus was healthy. Rumen presenting in many parts a light pink tinge. Epithelium coming away readily. Retieuhm and omasum in same condition. Abomasum, a little congested, but nowhere (not even at the pyloric extremity) deeply congested, or presenting any appearance of inflammation. There was no ulccratiou or tendency to ulcerotion in any of the stomachs. Ceecum presenting a few points of congestion, but generally healthy. The intestines were for the most part healthy; there was here and there a small patch of con�gestion, but no general congestion, and no ulccration. Peyer's jialches were healthy. Anns healthy. There was a tape worm in the small intestines.
(35.) Heifer.�Examined at the Albert Veterinary College, January 13th, 186(5. Died immediately before. There was slight aphthous condition of lips and gums and of under surface of tip of tonyue. There was little con�gestion at the back of the mouth, but both on the base of the tongue, on the pillars of the fauces, and on the soft palate there were small excoriations and patches of thickened and softened epithelium. (Esophagus healthy. LamyE and trachea pale and healthy. Bronchial tubes containing but little mucus. Lungs pale and crcpitant, and free from emphysema. PleurtB and pericardium healthy. Heart nearly empty; no sub-endocardial extravasations. Peritoneum healthy. There was no evidence of disease in the rumen, retieuhm, omasum, or abomasum. The small intestines presented occasional patches of not deep con�gestion. The targe intestines were healthy throughout. There was no distinct congestion of cither the ca'cum or the rectum, hirer, spleen, and pancreas, apparcntlv healthy. Gall-bladder full of thin bile. Kidneys healthy.' Bladder healthy, containing urine. Uterus and vagina healthy. The �esh of the animal seemed healthy. There was no general emphysema. The epidermis covering the udder was slightly quot;branny,quot; but I detected no othor evidence of skin disease. Microscopic examination..�The muscles of the abdominal v:alts and of the neck, the tongue, and the heart were all thickly studded with quot; Rainey's bodies.'quot;�J. S. B.
Dktaim op Post-mortem Exajii.vatioks of Sheep, Goats, and Dkkh. (3C.)�SllEEP (Male).--Inoculated from Ox. Died, and examined, October 2.')cl, 18(i6, at the Royal Veterinary College, laps, cavity nf mouth, tongue, fa.nees, pharynx healthy throughout, with the exception that there were a few patches of adherent granular material on the root of tongue, immediately in front of the epiglottis. The larynx, and the trachci in its whole extent, were deeply congested. Tile minute vessels in (he latter organ were very distinct, and presented a beautiful penniform arrangement in the intervals between the cartilages. There