LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

lloil. (iKO. li LORINO,

Oommissionef of Agriculture :

Sill: I have thti honor to herewith bransuilt n report Of the results ol^rthe experiiueuts and luvestigatioua of the Veterinary Division for the year l883-'8i. The first Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal In�dustry, which will contain a detailed statement of the Investigations made and all the work accomplished since the organization of the Bureau, in couformity with the act passed at the last session of Con�gress, will be submitted for your approval at the close, of the year.

My work at the Veterinary i�xperimental Station has been greatly re�tarded during the past three or tour months, made necessary in the in�vestigation of an outbreak of ergotism among cattle in the West, and later in the supervision of the work necessary for the organization of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In addition to this I spent the mouths of August and .September in tracing the cattle infected with contagious plemopueumonia in some of the Western States, a detailed account of which will be furnished you in the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry.*

My report proper contains the results of experiments and investiga�tions of Pleuro-pneunionia, Ergotism, Southern Cattle Fever, and Swine Plague.

In addition to the above this volume will contain interesting and val�uable papers on the following subjectlaquo;: Ergotism among cattle in Kansas, by M. R.Trumbower, \^r.S.; Syngamua frvto/teaKs,orQ-apeDisease of Fowls, translated from the French by Dr. Theobald Smith; Proceed�ings of the International Veterinary Congress, as reported by Dr. James Law; Hamburg International Exhibition, reported by Mr. ,I. H. San�ders and Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper; a detailed report of the losses sustained by an extensive outbreak of Southern cattle fever among cat�tle in Kansas, by Dr. M. H. Trumbower; investigations as to the Cause of Southern Cattle Fever, by Dr. J, II. Detmers; Contagions Animal Diseases, and their Relation to the, Public Health, by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt; results as to the prevalence of trichinte as shown by the report of the recent commission appointed by the President; salt used in packing; extracts from letters of correspondents, and statistical returns as to losses and general condition of farm animals as reported by the regular correspondents of the Department.

Very respectfully, amp;c.,

D. E. SALMON, Chief lt;gt;f' Bureau of Animal Indnutry. WasHINO-TON, D. C, Qotubev 28, 1884.

�vr

#9632;':raquo;

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS MADE DIKING T

YEAR 1883-84.

Hon. (Jko. B. Louing,

Oommisaioner of AgriouUuro:

Si it: In my last report brief montiou was made of the Veterinary Ex�perimental Station established by your direotion near tliis eity. Since then many additions have been made to this Station, and it is now thought a more detailed description will prove of Interest to those en-gaged in Investigations as to the cause, transmission, and prevention of infections and contagions diseases incident to domestic animals both in this and in other countries.

The Station is located on the Beuning's Bridge road, about one fourth of a mile cast of the Oortheasteru boundary of the city. The plat of ground on which it is located consists of 7 acres of rolling laraquo; , which is subdivided by new fenplng into three pasture fields. Tue largest inclosure contains 4 acres, the second 2 acres, and the third 1 acre. There are seven outbuildings for the accommodation of cattle and the protection of the necessary Implements for keeping the place in proper condition. Two wooden and two brick structures are used for the ac�commodation of cattle alone. The interior of the stables are fitted up With box stalls located on each side of a it'oot passageway extending the entire length of the buildings. The average measurement of each Stall is 8 by 10 feet. One stable contains eight stalls, a second live, and a third four. When necessary, two steers or cows can occupy each stall with comfort. Ample feed-rooms are attached to each stable.

The fourth building is a wooden Structure 26 feet wide by 31 feet in

length, with interior free of compartments. This building is used for the protection from inclement weather of the cattle, which are allowed to graze on the largest pasture field, and has been left open on the south side.

Four rows of pigpens are located at different points on the premises. One of these pens is 60 feet in length by 10 feet in width, and is subdi�vided into ten compartments. Two others are 30 feet in length, and contain five pens each. The fourth is divided into four pens. Ten or twelve pigs can be accommodated with comfort in each pen. They are supplied with cast-iron water-troughs, and the floors of each, as well as those of the stables, are laid in concrete, which prevents the absorption of water and facilitates disinfection.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATE I) ANIMALS.

In addition to tlie pens und Stahles a largo chicdven liouse, 35 feet 111 length by 13 feet In width, has been provided for experiments witUcou-taglons diseases incident to fowls. A small building, midway between the pens ami stables, lius been tilted up for pout mortem exaiiiiiiiitions, and is supplied with all the ueoessary instiuments for making juitopsie.s.

A briok dwelling bouse, about 40 feet square and two stories in height, is located near the northern extremity of the grounds, and is occupied by W. 11. Rose, V. S., Superintendent of the Station. The water for the Station is supplied by two (^('ellent wells conveniently located. Platesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�raquo;#9632;�

I, 11, and 111, aocotnpanying this report, give accurate views of thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;9

buildings and grounds from different points.

INVESTIGATIONS OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. DISTUICT OF COLUMBIA.

No systematic inspection of cattle has yet been made in the District of Oolunobia, but we have seemed a number of sick cows which have been slaughtered ami examined In order to dctennine the nature of the disease, from which they wert; sutl'ering. Other cases have been brought to our attention by Dr. Towiisliend,tlie able health officer of the District, in regard to which we have made all the investigations that were pos�sible. During the year we have in this way found the disease in ten stables in which more than one cow was kept, and in three others in which the diseased animal was the only one owned, in one stable two have died; in a second, one had died and two were, sick; in a third, five had died and six were more or less affected ; In a fourth, two had been lost; ill a tiftb, six had been lost; in a sixth, live had died; in a seventh, three had died; and in the remaining three stables the loss, so far as we are aware, has been one animal each.

The total number of animals referred to above is twenty-seven which have died, and eight which were sick at inspection. In these cases the symptoms and pos^-wwHew appearances of the animals examined werenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (w

those of contagions plearo-pneumonla, and the history, when It couldnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 11

be obtained, also pointed in this direction. The, following instance is an illustration of this :

A cow belonging to Mrs. Klanigan, of He.iming's road, was discovered sick, May 22, 1883. The symptoms were a severe, dry cough emacia�tion, arched back, extended head, and turning out of the elbows. Per�cussion ami auscnttation shorted that then; was dullness and loss of respiratory inunnur over the right lung.

This animal was preserved until August -'7, and then slaughtered. The anterior portion of the, right lung was found to contain a largo encysted mass of hopatlzed lung tissue, fully quot;gt; Inches iu diameter, which was beginning to disintegrate and break down into pus. Thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

left lung was affected vvitli oUroaio bronchitis, and inauy of the bronclii were filled with a thick, white, tcnaciims pus.

The disease was brought to this stable in the latter part of Daoembei', 1882, by a cow dealer who lives near the navy-yard. She presented symptoins of disease in about two weeks after purchase and lingered for six weeks with syniptoms of acute lung disease. Three weeks after the death of this first cow a second became sick, with similar .s,\iiiptonis, and died after four weeks' illness.

Two others were successively affected in a similar nianuei' and died; and, finally, the fifth came down with the disease about the 1 st of May, 1883.

On May 2S), 1.8S3, we received at the Veterinary Bxpeiinaeut .Station a cow from the stable of Catharine Hiesnahan, of Linoolt) avenue. This animal was somewhat tympanitic and stood with arched back, elbows turued out, and extended head. With each expiration there was a loud moan. Examination over the lungs revealed dullness, tenderness, and loss of respiration on the right side.

This animal died daring the night of June 3, and was examined the following' day. The right lung was found to he firmly attached to the ribs and diaphragm over nearly the whole smiace of eontaet. This lung was almost completely hepatized; the posterior part was gangrenous; the median portion showed old hepatization, in which there was little difference in color between the lobular and the interlobnhir tissue, while the anterior portion was freshly hepatized and presented the dis�tinctly marbled appearance seen inacute plenro-pDetimonln,and thought by some to be characteristic of that disease. The coiulition of this lung showed beyond question that the inflammation was a progressiveone. and, beginning in the posterior portion of the organ, had successively in�vaded the median and anterior portions.

The existence of iiillammation of different ages, showing the pro�gressive character of the disease, is now regarded by the leading author-itiesof EQnropeas the most satisfactory meansof distinguishing between contagious pleuro-pneumonia and the sporadic iiiliainniations of the res�piratory organs. The pleural cavity contained about a quart of effusion, and the mucous inemhrane of the bronchial tubes was of a deep red color.

This animal presented, consequently, all the symptoms and post-mortem appearances described as peculiar to pleuro-pnenmonla. The only his�tory that could be obtained was that a number of cows had previously been affected in this stable with similar symptoms.

September 18,1883, I examined a cow on Nineteenth street, which had rapid and difficult breathing, with extended head and elbows turned out as in cases of pleuro-pneumonia. There was dullness over the lower half of both lungs, with resonance above, hut no respiratory nmrniur could he detected over the left side from the shoulder backward. This ani�mal died on the morning of September 21, and on examination the left

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;

lung was fomul solidly attached to the i'Hlaquo; and diaphragm. There was an abnudant effusion of liquid Into the pleural cavity 5 the perloardiatn was greatly distended aud attached to the costal pleura. On soetion tlio Itinj;- was ('omul free from liepati/atiou, but the perloardidtu was greatly thickened and transformed Into a flbrous cyst Ittcloslug the heart. The surface of the heart showed that this organ had been in-tensely inflamedj it was roughened and covered with granulations,

mostly gray in color, hut over parts of the surface mottled with deep red. The heart tissue, to a depth of half an inch from the surface, had undergone flbrous degeneration, was colorless, and resisted the knife.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(

A painting was made of this organ ami is reproduced in this report asnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-f

Plate IV; it shows verv plainly the thickened pericardium, the mottled appearance of the surface of the heart, which organ was out across to reveal the depth of the lihrons degeneration.

There maybe a question as to the exacl nature of this disease� whether it was induced by the virus of lung plague or whether by other causes. gt;gt;'o diseased animals bad heen introduced on (he place, but there had been opportunity of exposure to animals running at large. The absence Of hopatizatiou is not conclusive evidence that it was not lung plague. This disease quite often confines Itself to the serous mem-branes without appreciably affecting the lung tissue, and pericarditis and epicarditis are manifestations which have been described as occur-ring 111 the infected stables of Europe. 1 am inclined to think, therefore, that this affection was the result of exposure to the lung-plague virus.

January 12, 188-1, three cows were slaughtered at the Veterinary Ex�periment Station in presence of lion. James Wilson, of Iowa, member of the House Committee on Agriculture, and of delegates from the Chicago convention of stoekinen and of distinguished veterinarians, in order to demonstrate the character of thedisease from which the cattle in this vicinity were suffering. The first one was a young cov that I found January 1, 1884, at the stable of the owner near Washington-At that time her breathing was rapid aud labored, a distinct grunt or moan being emitted at each expiration. On percussion over the region occupied by the lungs the right side was found perfectly dull and with�out resonance, V bile the left side was resonant over the upper half, butnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; S

very dull below. Auscultation showed complete loss of respiratory

murmur over llie Wh0le of the right and over the lower part of the left side. There was no cough.

This cow bad been purchased about a month previously, from a dealer who bad brought her from the .Shenaudoah Valley, in Virginia, and had kept her for a number of days (the exact time not known) at his stuhle in Washington. She was noticed to isolate herself from the remainder of the herd while at pasture, and to be disinclined to move, almost as soon as she was placed with tiie herd. She commenced moaning at each expiration more than two weeks before I saw her, and was then separated from the other animals. January 2 she was removed to the Experiment Station, her temperature at that time being about 103deg; F.

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me. aui

i amp; #9632;

! #9632;

' lu'vdnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

#9632;

#9632; #9632;

Plate IV.

W H

lt;

^ -^

Warraquo; ftotti Malutt!

CON'J

This cow about U o'c gallons of in iittiidied to of recent foi tensive, and side there, w ,'5 puunds, a their format llln{�#9632; tissue The seep mouths bol eiiiaciated. an examiui nmrmur OV Three an came, and This cow the left Ini to the cosl varying fri wall and i lion.

The thii

January 1

iiiH' sumii!

before, slf

brought !#9632;

plete dull

-was subs

When, at'

erable qraquo;

pletely hlt;

A section

lymph, tl

ever, a V'

between

from a d

The rJK'h

A foui

that the

January

lungs wl

tloned a

May 1

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF IJOMKSTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

Thia cow died during the night of Jaimary 11, and was oxanuned about 11 o'clock the following day. On opening the thorax ahont 2 gallons of amber-colored liquid escaped. The light lung was solidly attached to the costal pleura and diaphragm by thick false memhranes of recent formation. Ou the left side the attachments were not so ex�tensive, and the memhranes were of still more recent growth. Oil each side there were thick masses of coagulated lymph, weighing from 2 to .'} pounds, and of a whitish color and tlrm consistency, which indicated their formation a number of days before the death of the animal. The lung tissue presented UO signs of hepatization.

The second cow examined was brought to the Station over two months before, and at the time of this examination was somewhat emaciated. She was coughing when lirsi seen, had little appetite, and an examination of the lungs showed dullness and loss of respiratory murmur over the lower part of the right lung.

Three animals had previously been lost in the stable from which she came, and before death they presented symptoms of lung disease.

This (tow was slaughtered, and on opening the cavity of the thorax the left lung was found adherent to the diaphragm and the right lung to the costal pleura. The right lung contained four or five masses, varying from two to four inches in diameter, surrounded by a thin cyst wall and composed of hepati/.ed lung tissue in a disintegrating condi�tion.

The third animal, which was also somewhat emaciated, was obtained January 10, from a stable where two cows had been lost in the preeed-ing summer. She had been purchased for $30 two or three months before she sickened, and was at that time in good health. When brought to the station her temperature was 104deg; F., and there was com�plete! dullness and loss of respiration over the left lung. Her condition was substantially the same on the day of examination, January 12. When, after slaughter, the, ribs of the left side were removed, a consid�erable quantity of amber-colored liquid escaped, This lung was com�pletely hepatized and solidly attached to both the ribs and diaphragm. A section of the lung disclosed the interlobular tissue distended with lymph, though not to the degree sometimes seen. There was, how-over, a very distinct marbled appearance, and aditferenee of coloration between the upper and lower parts of the lung that probably resulted from a difference in the age of the hepatization in these two portions. The right lung of this animal was in a normal condition.

A fonrth cow was obtained from a Washington stable the same day that the above examinations were made. She died during the night of January 12. Jler appearance before death and the condition of her lungs when examined were very similar to that of the third cow men�tioned above.

May 1, 188-1, a sick cow was reported at Miss Fannin's, on M street,.

00NTAGH0US DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS.

in tliis city. She was oxamiiicd the same day ami found to be motiving with each expiration ; her breathing was lahored ; there was salivation, extended head, and elbows turned out. The. bronchial breathing was loudest, on the right side; the left side was very dull on percasslou up to and somewhat above the meiliau line. The ri^ht. side had a dull area at lower portion of thorax and another above the median line.

.Mayo, this animal, now sinking rapidly and already tympanitie, was slaughtered. The autopsy revealed the left luns completely solid!(led with the exception of a very small part of the anterior lobe. Various stages of Inflammation were to be seen in the different parts of the laug. There were thick false membranes and solid adhesions to the dia�phragm and costal pleura. The right lung was extremely emphyse.ma-tons; and parts of it adherent to the eostal pleura, but there was no hepatization of its tissues.

OONNEOTIQUT.

In the latter part of �.ugnst, L8S3, I Investigatetl an outbreak of dis�ease at Salem, Couu., which had affected cattle on the farms of II. B. Williams and Captain .Seaman, of that place. The history of this out-break may be snmmarizerl as follows: lion. K. II. Hyde, of the State Commission on Diseases of Domestic A.niiuals, first visited the. farm of Mr. Williams on A-Ugilst 8, and at that, time found a young ball in the lot partially recovered from an attack of disease, and a cow and an ox were both very sick with what he considered to be the. typical symptoms of pleuro pneumonia. At Captain Seaman's a cow was very sick und presented the same symptoms as were seen with the alT'ected cattle be�longing to Williams.

The next morning Dr. Rice, of Hartford, was called, and on arrival, Williams' cow was found to have died during the. night.

A post-mortem examination was made, and the lung found attached to the walls of theohest; when cut across it was seen to be solidly hepatlzed, of a marbled appearance, and presented all the characters of contagious plearopueumouia. The Commission advised slaughter, which was ob�jected to, but the same day after the departure of the State officers, the sick ox belonging to Williams and the. cow belonging to Seaman were slaughtered. These animals were not examined professionally, but the descriptions which I received from those who were present were suiFi-oient to satisfy me that the lungs were solidified and attached to the

August 29, 1 visited Mr. Williams' farm and learned from him the particulars of the outbreak-. The first symptoms of disease were seen in one of the cows June 21), and a second cow was attacked on June 23 ; both of these died from the effects of the disease, duly ;{. At the time of my visit, A.UgUSt 29, there were six animals on the place: one ox, quite sick with left lung Solidified ; one Jersey cow, had been quite sick but was now better; one young Jersey bull, with left lung solid!-

CONTAGIOUS DISK ASKS OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

iiod, ami tUivc Jersey cows, in which I f'ouiul no evidence of disease. Only one aniiual had beeu brought on the place within a year preoeditlg the oiitbreak, and that was a Jersey cow named Mollic Lathrop ;h'il, No. 7(i27. She was obtained by exchange with Charles Decline, of New Dnrham, N. .1., on April 10, L883. This cow aborted the last of May, but has shown no other signs of sickness. At the time of examination she was in line condition, fat, glossy, with no cough and no signs of lahg disease, revealed by either auscultation or percussion.

1 visited Charles Decline at New Durham, Nquot;. J., on August 30. lie ^nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; stated to me that lie exchanged cows with Williams about April 1(5.

HIS cow went to Now London on the same boat that the other returned by. Aocordilig to the Statement of Williams' farmer, the two cows were together about a quarter of an hour at New London. The cow Decline received from Williams sickened about the last of May. About a week later, she ami another Jersey cow which stood beside her, and which was also sick, were killed and examined by his son, who is a veterinary surgeon. Both were affected with lung disease which he pronounced to be plenro-pneuinoniii. The lungs were hepatized, marbled in color, and attached to the walls of the chest.

Decline purchased Mollie 3d of Mr. Whitenack, of Duuelleu, N. J., December 13, 1881. lie says that he never had any disease among his cattle until after the cow arrived from Comiecticnt, and attributes the infection to her.

It was evident that some of the facts connected with the history of the disease 111 these two herds had been concealed, but it was very cer�tain that the disease had existed in both herds, and it was very proba�ble that one of the herds bad been infected as the result of the exchange referred to above. Considering that there bad been no disease in Con�necticut until nine weeks after the, exchange, and that it was admitted to have existed in Deolines' herd four weeks earlier than it appeared among Williams's cattle; and considering, further, that the vicinity of New Dnrham has long been infected with pleuro pneumonia while, none bad previously existed in the neighborhood of Salem, and the probabil-,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ity is that the disease was carried from New Jersey to Connecticut.

There, is one other possibility, however, viz., that both cows were in�fected on the boat or between the boat landing and Decline's place.

This theory is not probable, for the reason that a second cow was sick at Decline's by the, last of May, and this would require the, assumption that two full periods of incubation had elapsed between April Kraquo; and May �'gt;lt;�; that is, within six weeks. Now, it is very seldom that the pe�riod of incubation of pleuro-pneumonia is less than four weeks, and it is generally longer than this; consequently, it is very unlikely that in two successive? cases on the same farm it would be reduced to three weeks. The admitted fact that both sickened at about the same time is an indication that both were Infectod at the same time, and from a

-^-^^^#9632;^#9632;^#9632;#9632;Bl.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;' xmtmmmmm^^mm^mmm^�m^^^^^^^mmm^

12nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES or DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

OOiniQQT] source, ruMicr tliun fliiit oik* eontracUMl the disease froni'tlUraquo;-other.

A second visit was madi' to tU.e fai'iu Septeiubec quot;, It) company with Hon. B. II. Il,\(lt' and T. S, Gold, of the State Commission on Diseases of Animals, and Doctors Tha.yer, Ifice, and Parkinson. At this time the bull and ox still pivseiitcd symptonis of iilearo-pneiimonia. The cow, Mollie �hil. was again oai'ofully examined and showed a rather targe area of dullness ovei' tUo region of the heart and another low lt;lown on the right side. Myown opinion was that this dullness did not indi�cate any disease of the limjjs, though some of the others thought dif�ferently. It was admitted by all, however, that there were no positive signs of diseased luugs iu her case.

A third visit w:is made, in company with the same seatleineii, with the exception of Dr. Thnyer, September 12, when the ox nientioned above was slaughtered and examined. This animal was now believed by the owner to have recovered. The autopsy revealed the left lung solidly attached over a large surface to the thoracic wall and dia-pbragin. One-third of the organ was encysted mid beglunlng to disin�tegrate, another third showed more recent hepatiy-ation and was not yet encysted. A section showed the characteristic marbled appearance, and the difference in the age of the inflaintnatory process in various parts of the Imiff.

Members of tin* State Cominlssion have since informed me that the hull continued to fail and was destroyed hv the owner on the 27th of October. Before this, however, the Cotuinissiou was called September 18 to see a new case of the disease, which had developed on the tana of Amos Williams, the second neighbor south from the originally in�fected premises. This was a cow, which presented the typical symp�toms ami post morteiA appearances of plenro-pueumonla, having been condemned and killed by the Commiasiou.

To recapitulate; 11. B, Williams had seven, aulmals a�iected out of his herd of nine by the Introduction of the cow from New Jersey, which animal was so slightly diseased as never to attract attention. Of the .seven sick ones three died of the disease. Two of those slaughtered

probably could not have recovered 5 one of the slaughtered oxen was Improving, while the remaining cow Mas very sick when 1 last saw her. The adjoining farm on the north and the, second one on the south each lost one animal from the disease. There-were, consequently, nine aui-mals affected in this outbreak.

PENNSYLVANIA.

October .(and I I visited (quot;luvster County, Pennsylvania, in company with Mr. T. J. Edge, special agent of the governor, and Dr. Pridge, State Veterinarian. On the farm of W. P. Thomas 1 witnessed the slaughter of #9632;'! cows, and on the farm of J. II. (Janet 1 saw 6 others killed, these having been condemned by the State authorities as affected with

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13

contagions pleuro-pncuinonia. The autopsies revealed tiie existence of a very similar condition in each of the animals. Jn most, cases a whole lung was hepatized and firmly attached to thediapliragin and ribs. In several of the animals both lungs were affected. The plenral cavity contained large quantities of straw-colored effusion, and the connective tissue of the lungs was excessively distended with exudation of a simi�lar liquid', The inflammation was very plainly of a progressive char�acter, and the marbling of the lung was as distinct as in any cases I have ever seen.

The disease was introduced into this section by a car load of 14 cows brought by -John Noble from Baltimore. Where these cows were or�iginally infected is a contested point between the authorities of renn-sylvania and those of Maryland ; but there is no reason to doubt that the outbreak near West Chester was caused by this lot of animals.

These cows were sold as follows : duly 19, to W. 11. Shepherd, 1; J illy 20, to W. P. Thomas, 3} July 20, to 11. Euches, 4; July 27, to J. 11. Garret, 2 ; August 1, to J. Kelly, 2 ; not traced at lime of report, 2.

Mr. Shepherd's cow was found sick with symptoms of plenro pneii-monia September 8, and slaughtered by the State authorities. The autopsy revealed the characteristic lesions of lung plague. September 13 a cow was found affected with the same disease and slaughtered on Mr. Garret's farm. September 2!raquo; it was necessary to slaughter one of Mr. Thomas' cows. October 1 it was found that two cows had already died on Mr. Kuches- farm, and that six others were sick.

According to information received from Dr. Bridge, October 23,1884, the number of cattle exposed and slaughtered on account of sickness was as follows:

Owner,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, , � ,

exposodi killed.

W, 1'. Ttinnms ...................................... ............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;42nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;fj

Homer Enohea.....................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '.'iinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; is

J, 11. Gin ret....................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;sinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 14

VT.B. Shepherd..................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

Tolal

Eight adjoining herds were infected by the above, as follows:

W^r. II. Prntt..............

M. S. (iarrett.............

K, J. I.I'WIH..............

C. Smcdlcv..............

Geo. P. Hughes..........

W, V. Dtittim............

W. KviuiH ...............

I.. V..inil W. E. hmcilloy

Owner.


	Nnnilier expoaett	Numlier kltled,
	17 11 IS	it
	ao in	2 8 16
	21	Iraquo;

Totnl.......................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;127nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 50

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I

-#9632;Wl

14nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;C0NTA010US DISEASES OF DOMES PICATE� ANIMALS.

The affcoted cows which 1 .saw woro native animals in good conditionraquo; They had excellent pastures to run on, and there was no local cnuse whiitever which could be suspected of produolng tliis or auv other disease. Besides, the time of year was not one in which acute Iiiiih' diseases are seen atnoug cattle. ^Nearly every one of the all'eeted lungs which I saw when in this State showed the typical lesions of pleuio-pneumonia so plainly that, aooordiag to the best authorities In the veterinary profession the world over, anyone of them would have been

sntiicient to afford a safe basis for diagnosing the disease.

Besides the herds Infected by the. ooutagiou introduced with the lot. of Cilttle from Halt imore, six herds have been infected from other sources since September, 188.5. The following table shows the number exposed in each of these and the number destroyed after showing symptoms of the disease:

XlllIlluT NllTllllIT

exposed, killed.

K. ('air.........

W. Willlnmsfln.

F. Onlloy.......

---- Ilcise.v.....

� Mvei's .... #9632;). Kobte.......


	8 s	1 *� gt;*
	20	14
	17	sect;
	10	�
	(M	u
	�S.I2	119

Tolal ....................

Xotnl in preoodiiig tables........

Total for State of Pennsylvania

NEW JEBSBT.

Dr. Rowland,an inspector of this Department, stationed at Jersey Gity, X. J., discovered during the snmnier of 1883 that animals affected with plenro-pnenmonia were being shipped to ITew Fork from Hunterdon County, New Jersey. An investigation wasordered by Dr. 10. M. Hunt, secretary of tinraquo; New Jersey State board of health, and a number of herds were found in Hunterdon County which had been for some time affected with this disease. Owing to the fact that the owner of the affected herds was a large cattle dealer who gathered up cheap animals from various parts of New .Jersey and Pennsylvania, and to the ad�ditional fact, thai the disease had been upon his premises for an indeli-nhe time, the. origin of the trouble could not be satisfactorily traced.

The owners of the infected herds had resorted to inoculation to arrest the progress of the disease, and it was said tliat all fresh animals which arrived were? speedily inoculated. In spite of this, however, the losses were very heavy, tbotlgfa their full extent could not be ascertained. Dr. Miller, who investigated the condition of these animals, November I, informed me that out of one herd,containing00head, 22bad been lost; from another containing- 65 head, 8 were known to have died, and 1 was killed lo obtain virus for inoeulation ; from another,containing Ki head, 8 had died; from a fourth, containing 70 head, 10 had died; and from

lt;#9632;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

a fifth, lt;raquo; liud died. There Inul, eoiisequently, been at least �� deatlilaquo;; in addition, a certain mimber hud partiall.v recovered, and ssonie diseased animals had been sold.

Aooordillg to the best iidbrniation wc could obtain the total nmnber of cases of pleuropnemnonia which had occurreil in this county was not less than 100. These herds were lt;iuaraiitined and the State authori�ties are doing' everything' possible with their limited a))|)ropriation to Stamp out the disease; but where so many animals have been exposed, and where the ooutagloil has been sown broadcast over the pastures of half a dozen farms, experience shows that it is next to impossible to remove all danger except by killing' all animals exposed and quaran�tining' the farms for a long time.

INIAim.ANI).

lt;#9632;

Owing to the variety of reports in regard to the existence of pleuro pneumonia in Maryland, Dr. Rose was direeled to proceed to Haiti more- during the last week of October, 1883, and exainiue a sullieient number of stables to form a basis for coueitisions in regard to the dis�tribution of the disease in that section. The eases of sickness men�tioned are only those in which the symptoms indicated pleuro pneu�monia. The following is a list of stables In the order in which they were examined, with a condensed sunimary of the information ob�tained :

Stable No,nbsp; nbsp;1; Contutus tllirty-fivo cows. Oue cbrouio case, two recout deaths,

Stable No,nbsp; nbsp;8: Tbltteon cows. No disease.

Stabil'No,nbsp; nbsp;'!: Sixteen oows. One obronlo case, two recent deaths.

Stable No.nbsp; nbsp;I: Seven cowlaquo;. No Infbfttiattou,

Stable No,nbsp; nbsp;6) Nineteen aows, Ailmii that cows art) exebaugod as soonastboy

sliow siyiiK of disease.

Stable No,nbsp; nbsp;�gt;; Nino cows. Three recent detvths,

Stiilile No. 7: Two OOWS, Admitraquo; reeenl dcatli.s IVom hlllgdisease. Stable No. � : Thirteen cows. Two recent dt'iitlis frotu nente lung disease. Stable No. i¹: Seventueu oows. FtuVe lost many lu tbe post, AH are uow well, Stiible No. 10: Eighteen cowraquo;, Have lust two during the summer.

Stable No. 11 : Nineteen cows. \V mill neitlni' allow an exaininalinn uorgive in-

i'onnatlon. Stable No. Vi : Seven eolaquo;laquo;. None siek. Xo infonnatioii. Stable No. 1:!: Eleven COWS. None .siek. Slalile No, 14 1 Filly-six onwh. One nente and four elii'onie eases nf |iliMiri)-iiiien �

nionia. Have lost hoivvily In past years,

Stable No. 15: Elghtoeu eows. Five sick with aente luug disease within two

months, of which three ilieil.

Slalile No. 1(1; Forty-two eows. Aeknowledj;raquo;' si loss of over 9�0 cows from lung

ilisease witliin I liree yems. Several now COllghlllg, Stable No, IT: Fifty animals, Xo ilisease. Stable No. 18: Tliirty-six aniiiials. No ilisease. Stable No. Hi: Original herd ISaninials, Three dliddtirlng September and October,

Calf ilieil in October Which Slate Veterinaiian examineil anil pro�nounced affected with Jilenro pneumonia. Three still sick with same ilisease. First cow to sicken came from another Stable in llaltimore. within a few weeks.

IGnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMKSTICATlOD ANIMALS.

The herds in the nineteen stables referred to above contained 398 ani-mals, of wiiieh 1L' were Ibnnd to be sick or only partially recovered at the time of Inspection| 8 cows had recently been cxehansed while sick, and 18 recent deaths had occurred. The total niunber of animals which had recently sickened with symptoms of plcnro-pneumonia in the above stables was, consequently, 'S.i, or 8,3 per cent.

This inspection, while it cannot be taken as a very accurate indica�tion of the proportion of the Baltimore dairy cattle which are con�stantly affected with pleuropneiimonia, is nevertheless snflicient to show that a very large proportion of the stables are infected, and that many cases of the disease occur.

A considerable number of inoculation and cohabitation experiments have been made and are still in progress, and will be given in detail in the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The following statement was prepared for the use of the I louse Oom-mittee on Agriculture in January, 1884;

EXTENT OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL ACTION IN RE�ARD TO TIIIO CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS.

Tlio extent of torrttor; Infooted with oontaglous ploaro-paonrnonla of cattle and the mimiuT ot'aiiinmls aotually Biilforing from this disease, arc iosignllloaiit iiraquo; oonv*

parlson with tile iiiiniial direot mill indirect losses trOidoablfi to It, ami the (lunger to whieh our imiiK'nse live-stnek inilnsti'y is OOntlnUfllly snhjeeted.

In Cotmootlout two hords were infooted during the past sanimeT, in which IS ani�mals were exposed and 7 contraotod the disease. In one of these herds the affoctod animal was dostroyed, and at lust aoconnts no others hud contraotod the, disease; In

the other herd 1 animals had died, or had been killed, and S with very extensively dis�eased lungs remained in quarantine. Both of these were Jerseys, and the owner re�fused to have them destroyed. What has been done with them, or what willle, I am

unable to say, as the state authorities seem powerless to procoed beyond quarantine,

and this seems to have been by no means Heciire.

In the Stute of New York, although the disease is almost entirely confined to the western end of Long Island, to Stateil Island, and New York City, these- localities are ()iiile extensively infected, and as thenquot;, are more than two thousand Stahles, some of which contain several hundred cows, and maiiy of which contain from 00 to 100, it is the most dangerous district in the country at this time. Recent reports are, to the effect that the, disease is extending through the river oounties, and exists in herds located from 60 to (it) miles north of New York City. How many cattle are affected in these counties I am unable to say, hut the existence of the disease here is really of much greater,iinportance to the country at large than the number of diseased ani�mals would lead one to suppose, because it Isadistrict where niiiiiy thoronghlired cattle are raised and from which they are shipped to all pints of the United States.

New Jersey was reeenfly supposed to be nearly freo from pleiiro-piieiimoniu, but the itliot that a number of cases occnried without t he knowledge of the State anthorilies,

that a still larger number of herds were lately known to he Infected in Union and

Kssex Counties, and that a very extensive Outbreak in fliinlerdoii County was re�cently traced by means of sick oattle shipped to the New York market, and discovered

by the Inspector employed by the United States Department of Agriculture who is stationed at Jersey City, leads to the suspicion that a thorough Inspection of the

State might bring to light still other cases. The llnnterdon County outbreak was one of the, most extensive that has reeenfly occurred. It wassnpposed to have, origi-.nuted from a car-load of cows brought from I'cimsylvania ; hut where these were in-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

feotecl iraquo; not known. Seven herds, at last aooouuts, were in quarautluoj and as all were lurgo herds, ooutaining from 40 to ~o cattle, a largo Dumber of animals were exposed'

Imicnlatinn WOS extensively praotlood to ohook 111laquo;' fatality; but. In s|il(igt; nl' this,

reliable authority plaeos the ligt;raquo;s at over 50 bead.

In Pennsylvania thora lias reoeutly beou auotbor very extensive outbreak, which was thraquo; result of taking a car-load of M omvs from the Oalvert stock-yards in Balti�more to Chester County. Mos( of these cows were taken Into large dairy herds, which they thoroughly infeototl. In caeli of Ihesn cases Hie Baltimore eowa were tile liest to sicken, and a large proportion of I lie uatlveoattlo were soon atfeeted with tin) same disease, These herds were, visited the 3d of October by the Veterinarian of the Department of Agriculture, in company with the state authorities, who killed H of the animals in liis proseuoe In order to satisfy him as to the nature of the disease. The cases were ty|)ieal cases Of plcnro-imeiiiinniia, and all tlmse. appoarauoes were present which wen'recently accepted by the International Veterinary Cougressheld

at Brussels as eliarnctcristic of contagions pleiu'o-pnonnionta. in mosl cases a whole lung was hepatizod ; the lullawmatlon was of tlliforonl ages, showing the progressive

character of the disease; the iiitcrlolmlar tissue was greatly distended with theexn-dat inn, and the pleurisy was intense. Aecnrdiii.n' to an otiicial report, dated October 30,

the number of aulmals known to have been exposed was mi, and the number of sick

ones that had hecii lulled or had died was 40'. A semiotticial report of the present month places the uimiher destroyed at Tit. [t is now believed that the disease has been entirely overcome, and that the State of Pennsylvania is free from it.

In .Maryland and the District of Columbia there are many infected herds in which a coniparatively largo number of animals auuually contract the disease, By direction of the ('omniissionor of Agriculture a reliable Inspector was sent to Baltimore late, in i iotober, to learn the condition of the si aides there as regards this disease.

Nineteen stables, containing 398 animals, wore, examined. In twelve uf those the infection was admitted] oije had lost more than 800 animals within three years; others had lost heavily for years; IS sick animals were found, 18 recent deaths wore

admitted, and :i raquo;Ick cows Imd Just been sold or exohanged. This number of laquo;ta�bles comprises but a small part of those in the vicinity of Baltimore, but it, is believed that the number is suffloienl to demonstrate the presence and dangerous character of the disease. Wo have no information of pleuro-pnonmonia in the country districts of

Maryland at any groat, distance from the cities.

One or more herds near the District of Columbia have recently lost n number of cows, andatlatestaooountshad some sick. Within the District, wlthoul making^any regular inspection, three Infected herds have been found whore from 3 to (i animals are admitted to have been lost within the year. Ill Virginia there are stables from which animals liave recently been lost with symptoin.s of this disease; but none of these conld he secured for examination, and therefore) we can not be positive in regard to

the nature of the disease.

REASONS KOK DKI.IK.VINlaquo; IT CONTAGIOUS.

The first great reason for believing Ibis to be contagious plimro-pnenmonia is the fact t.lnit. nowhere in the country outside of the comparatively raquo;mall strip of territory stretching from Ciniiiectient to Virginia, and east of the Alleghany Mountains, have any cases been found which hear any close resemblance to the disease under consid�eration. If this disease wen) the result of climatic causes, or if it, were produced by

Improper food andoare, then we should oortaiuly fmd It distributed over the whole

country, or at least ill all of those pints of it where similar conditions exist. It can�not he originated by the manner of Stabling anil feeding cows near our Has tern cities, for snbslantially thesainc eonilitions exist at liochesler, linlfalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Saint LoillS, Cincinnati, and other Western cities, and no veterinarian has

5751 1) A-------2

ISnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

been ivblo to Bud any sluillai' oasos of disease thoro, ivltUpuKli spooinl luspootlon luis beon tnade by compotoni porsotis,

Tbo disease ta nol c()iiftiielt;l to stable oovvs, bowover, nor to those sBasous of t.ho year wlun acute Iniiy diseuscs can be accouuted for by the luolemenoy of the vveather. The outbi'eak referred ilaquo;gt; hi Conucct.icul oceurred lu thosutDtuer, in u oouutry district, 11 ml where the cattle were riiuiilug upon iilcopastura Holds. The estouslvo outbreaks in Neu Jersey and Penusylvanln also liapponod iusnuinier, and wore in the best ftinn-lujj districts nC these States,

In this counectiou attention Is called to iln' fnol thai in the State of Ponnsylvauto ahoul uinety berds have been infected since March, 1870, and thai notwithstanding tin' appointment of special agents in every part of iln^ State, ami the tuvostigatlou of all cattle diseases wherever funnd, there was no disease resembling plenro-pueuinouia discos ored Bxcopi in eighl of the sixty-seven conn ties of thai State. The remaining lit'tv-iiiuc counties have been free fVom any suspicion of iliis plague, W'hal is even inure signiiloant is the faoi thai these oimuties are not distrlbutod over various parts of the State, bul thai they Join each other, and are all in the sontheastoru corner of the State, whore there is the groatesl danger of in feet ion by eat lie broughl IVnni Phil�adelphia and Baltimore, Witli seventeen of those herds the Infection was traced to #9632; cattle from Baltimore or other points in Maryland ; with twenty-one it was traced to Philadelphia ; with ten it was traced to cattle fr..... herds in Peimsylvania known to

lie diseased.

The most favorable oonditiotis of life laquo;ere nni suflSoietil to protect the cattle where this disease was introduced, I have already mentioned that a number of the out�breaks referred to oocurrod during the suniiucr,and that the animals were running upon irreproachable pasture llelds, Many of the aifeoted oows were young and in due oondttinu, (ti Conneotiout a Jorsej bull, less than two years old, and two steers fit for hed', were among the viotims. Again, the disease as we see it here does not occnr in isolated herds a single ease at a time, asdoos non-itifections lung disease, bul raquo; hen

it enters a herd a majnrily of the cuttle are affected 8.....tor or later, Some of the

herds in Brooklyu and Baltimore have beon losing cows from this plague for years, and one nein- the latter el ty, where but a limit litly cows w ere kept at a t ime, has lost between S00.....1 300 cows within three years.

These iiisiinices, all recent, are referred lquot;, not as all the evidence bearing on thin point, hm simply as examples of what has been occurring for years past; and it is Indieved thai ihey cannot be explained on any other h\ pothesis than the contagious�ness of the disease.

DANQKH GHEATKIl THAN KXTRNT 01'quot; [NI'KCTISD 1 i:i:til re Hi V AND NtJMUEU OF DISBASED

AM MAI.s Worin INHIC \ 11;.

Glanoing over the territory which I have staled to be Infected, il must bo con�fessed that it is not extensivp�a singlo farm with perhaps live nnimals in Conuecti-ont. ahoul lour eoiml ics in New Vm K , as many i n N'ew Jersey, two i ir I luce coiinties in Maryland, and possibly a lew stables in Delaware and Virginia.

In 111 Os I illquot; I lie ill lee led herds I here ;l IV hill one or two sick ,1 llilllllls ill ,'l I ilne. .#9632;mil

fretiuontl.v there an-none; for where the disease has existed for a ourttlin time the Riisceptiblo animals die off and only those whicli possess n certain iimnnnity from it remain.

As abon j '-'n per cent, of all the animals exposed are a hie |,o reslsl (ho contagion In-dellnitely, a herd of coinpiiintiv�ly insusceptible entile Is In time actjulred, and the time iieeessiirgt;' for this is shortened both In Bnltlinore and Brooklyn by the practice of Inoenlnl Ion.

Urn those sin hies and grounds remain in lee ted. and n large portion of the new cows bronght into them contrnct the disease tinioss they are previously protected by Inoo-illation. The practice of innculiitlon does not destroy the Infoetlpnj on the oilier hand it keeps it up, bul it enables dairymen to keep their cows in Infected stttblea

#9632;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

wit limit H'n'nt loss, wlicn wltlioul ii rnoro ill mi lialf of fcho aew cows bruugli( luto tiici i would siiiilv dlo.

Another tnct of groat linpovtnuoo brought out by the experlnienta of tUo Prunoli

plonro-puouiuouln i-.....mission Istbttl about ;;i) porcont, of the animalB exposod to this

discnsi' show no sviiipionis of ii boyond n s�kIiI oongb. guoh nulmala are probably as dangoroua in nil ins as those wbioh liavolt In n more severe form, aud yol t lies can be tmnnportod to \rurlous pai'ts of thooontitfy without exoiting tbo least susplotoD.

Thr auiuial whloli Is supposed to have oiiused the outbreak lu Conneotioal was prob�ably in this oondition, ns ti oareful examlnatl.....raquo;f her lungs did not enable the voter-

tuarlana to delect any evId.....ios of the dtseaw ; and yol plenro-pnenn.....in existed

In thostable from which Bhooanie,and her admission Into the how herd wasfollowed iiy the seven oases thai have been raentloued. Similar lustanoes are rcforrod to again and again by the voterinariausof every country when' the illseaao exists.

These infected districts, though small, are then n real danger to the vvholooonntry, beoausoall the way from Connool Icul to Vlrgluln there is a large and inonmsiug niini-berof herds of thoroughbr�d cattle, which are frequentlysblpped in the Wcsl and some of which have from lillllt;� to time been Inl'cotod with this disease, Fortunately, the owners of thoroughbred cattle have generally had too im ich regard for their repu�tation tn ship cattle when there was any disease in their herds, and the oommon cat�tle have not been sent toa snfflolenl distance to do much harm.

Unl with the increased price of cattle a largo mituher are boing shipped from the East toward the West, aud the clanger of carrying the iliscusi' is consoquentlv inoroas-Ing, If the car-load of cattle shipped (Vom Baltimore to Cheater County, Pennsyl�vania, had gone to the ranges of the West, thoy inlghl have done Irreparable harm, Again, the thoroughbred Jersey oow which went from an Infected stable In NewJer-say might as readily have been shipped to the West; and I have been Informed chat if the Cm m rr lien i oniiirriik inn I ooourrod n lew months later one or more of the herds would have boon sent, according to ooutraot, to a Western State, Now, while It Is true thai plouro-pnetiinonhi has existed In the Easl for forty years without having been carried to the West, it must be admitted, from what has occurrodsomauy times in Pennsylvania aud Connecticut, that tboro baa been danger of this, and that this dangeris inoreaslng \\ ith the larger number of cattle now being sblpped in that diroo. tlmi, Nodoubt this dangerhas hem exaggerated, but thefact that there is dangeraquo;, and that thodlseaao nnco carried to the Western hording grounds would probably be

beyond our control. If we can Judge from the oxperienc.....f Australia and South Af-

rloa, issufflcicnl to show tho importan�o of grappling with it vvhileitcanbesoeasily handled, Therapldlty with which n diaease spreads on these ranges, when once In-troducad,la ilhistrnted bj an occurronco of lnlaquo;l sumnicr in Southwestern Texas, A drove ol cattle brought a commuulcnblo disease to I hat section, which the army snr-goons believed to be contagious pleuro-pneiiraonla; but before any careful examination con hi be made several hundred cattle had died, and a large territory was Infected. Por-innaii-iy, luvestigationshowed that tills was not plouro-pnoumonia, buta disease which does not outlast n single season of tho year, Itii had proved to be pleuro-pnenmonia, won hi ii not have booun national calamity ,' With n largo territory already infected,

quot;i¹¹¹ ^llquot; gt;.....toy and no power to control I he disease, nmi occurring In summer months,

before tho State and national legislative bodies would convene, it IsdtfHonll to see

how ,lllV elleel ive inensnre elinhlhlive heell adopted.

TIIK IMJ ik ii;ncv in- siati; ,m rmx.

Though 11 number of attempts liave belt;.....mtle by tho States now infected to rid

themselves of pleuro-pnenmonia fchoae have generally or always fallpd, becanse for various vooaons tho work was nol thoroughly done. We saw the state anthorltlos of Connecticut unable to exterminate the dlsonse a few months ago, when but n sin�gle herd contained slot animals. The stables of Urooklyn were never under oom-plotoenporvlsion, and some could not be entered by the Inspectors even when the

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

StatOOfNew York was miist. active in tin'ciulca vors al i'xl irpation ; anil (lloilgU tho

aiuliDiiiiis hi' Now Jursoy liavc been ougngod ai ilu^ same iask for (Ivoyearlaquo;, tho stato has probably uovor during thai tlino beou ontlroly fi'eu from plourQ-pnoumouliv. In Maryland tho asaertiou lias been made again ami agaiu that thoro were uo cases

u I' tills disoaso ill I he SI ale. anil y el il nriiie' any |iarl of I Ills I ime a tUorollgll iiis|iei'-lion OOllld mil have failed In reveal a OOUSldorablo nnmlier. Al liesl tlic atlemptH of UlO Slates have lieen gpasiuodia ; ninl while one Stale was eiiniestlv Btriviug In accoin-plish somothiug a noigbboriug one wmilil allow the shlpmout of diseased cattle, iiiid

cniiiili-iael tho inlhienee of the I'oi'iiier. As a rule, therefore, Slate action lias never beou thorongh, aod l he lack of unit}' of action between the Slates has pre veu teil any last lllg henelit even w hen lunch has liecn aecninplisheil.

ADVANTAGE

01' THE WOHK mi:t.mi DlllBCTBU nv TH� l'Ml'i:igt; STATES (iiiVKUN-MKNT.

A lalinnal ilheelion of the wink for the cxlenninal inn of plenni-pneninnn ill

would overcome at mice tho discouraglug foaturoa which have done so inuoh to pre-vent the efforts of the individual Slates fVom being oft'ectivo, With inspections in every lufootod state the shipoioul of diseased onttlc would soon cease; new out-breaks would thus he prevented, and the daugor which has so long tnouaced the great cattle interests of the country would be romovodi Tho work would be more thorough and ouergotic, because thosv engaged in ii would uol be dirootly or ludi-reotly dependent upon the good-will of the interested cattle owners for thoir posi�tions, ami the plea of Inability to pay for the diseased oattle which ought to be slaughtered would also be overcome, These have been the principal obstiiolos to the success of siatc action, ami proot ioally t bey arc so great as to make it next to im-

possilile for the Slates alone In IVee Iheniselves from this plague.

THE I'UKSKMF OF I'MMIIO-rxiXMiiMA COSTS ANNUALLY MORE THAN WOULD BE NECESSAUT FOR ITS DB8TRVCTI0N.

Owing to I he presence of pleuro-pneuuionia in the United states, every steer shipped to (l real Britain must be slaughtered with in a cert a in time on the wharf where he is landed. This restriction upon the export cattle trade is sniil by competent authori�ties to make the price ol'nar steers average �10 less lhan similar animals shippeil from Canada. With over 10(1,(10(1 beeves going abroad every year, this niukes a loss of si,000, ooo iinmnilly, or enough to clear our country of I he disease. Besides this, there are the continual losses which arc going on in thoinfected districts, ami the disturbed comlitioii of trade from the many false alarms in regard to the spread of this disease, the entire annual losses being estimnlcil hy goinl anl horities as high as sect;1!,000,0(10.

IMPORTANCE OF [NVESTIOATINQ OTHER DISBASE9,

The proposition of establishing a permaneni bureau for investigating thecommuni-oablo diseases of animals ii a matter of the greatest importance. While we have no more ilisease than other ooflntries in proportion to the nnmlier of oar animals, the enormous developmeut of our livn-stooh industry has mude t he question of contagious

diseases one of peculiar interest tn ik. The cause of these plagnes. which has liecn

an impi.....trablo mystery during all the post ages of the world. Is being revealed by

the science of to-day, and the infinitoly small organisms which are able to proclnoo such terrible havoc in,our Books and lierds arc at last being brought under subjection

Iheniselves, ami Ihcirslmly has revealed ninch of the grealesl \alne to ns in .....'

warfare against them, A count ry with SO mnell al slake, with millions of dollars an�nually swept away by this class of mal allies, cannot afford to be idle. Oilier nations

which have much less capital invested In animals than wo have, see the necessity for this wink and are making provisions for 11 ; ami il is to the creilit of our country

that we were one of the lirsl to enter this liehl, ami Ihal results have liecn accoin-pllsbed which will hear comparison wilh the investigations of any other countiy.

CONTACHO�S DISBASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

Bat while nmcli has bean done, wbtlo inilllonsof dollars have alroad; been savod to one fiirmors by tlio facts thus Hitv disooverod, we have only maclo a beglnulug In the great work tliat i-s before uh. Some of tbe most Important diseasesa�'eotlng our ani�mals are still mysteri�s fco u.s, and tbough they are distributed over largo corrltorles and decimate tlio live stock, wo arc. Ignorant of their cause; we do nol know how they are kept up (Vom year iquot; year; wo have no means of opmbal Ing tbom, and the Idos of freoing otusolvoB from their ravages Ims soaroeiy dawned upon as, A striking ex�ample of the uooessity of suoli work Is soon In tlilaquo;' recent InvostlgatlousofTexasoattle fever. This disease lias boon odvauolng and Infootlug new territory for a ooutury, and until the losl year or two wo knew nothing about It, and our bosi Informed vet-erluariaus and stookmen lt;liil not snppose that it. was t'onnd In one-fifth of the terri�tory which it has actually ovomm. Those were points which it was ueoossary to un�derstand before ettbor legislative bodies or ladlvidaals oould adopt Intelligent meas�ures for preventing the annual losses which have boon most dlsoouraglng to the cattle #9632;udustry In large sections of the country. And with every disease there are equally Important points still to bo Investigated.

The laboratory and experiment station which have been flttod up during the past summer under tlio dlreotlou of tbe Commissioner of Agrlonltur�, for investigating con�tagious diseases, nmke it possible to attempt tbe solution of questions which were formerly beyond our reach. The laboratory contnins tbe most improved apparatus Cor snob investigations, inneh of whicli was oonstruotod oooordlug to new designs, es�pecially for this work, and it Is safe to say that the lacilities here are now equal to those possessed by invest iga I nrs of similar diseases in any country, and in sonic ro-specls they greatly surpass them.

In conelnsiou, I would say there is not a department of original research or of agri�cultural Investigation in regard to which there la more pressing need for development

than this, and none which promises to ell'ect n greater saving'. Our losses are now heavy, hut they must increase as our animal population Increases, as new diseases are Introduced, and fresh areas are Infected. Hut Itlsnot alone a question of dollars j the Investigation of animal oontagia must throw new light on those human plagues which 'u our country alone laquo;weep a quarter of a million of human lives out of extatonce each year. Some of those animal diseases are oomtnuuioable to man, and have a greater i nil neu ce over our health and lives than is generally supposed, and any means of con�trolling tlieui cannot fail to have an important InflllODOO on hnnian health as well.

ENZOOTICS OF ERGOTISM.

Early in Marcli, 1884, n diseaao among the cattle of Ooffey Oomity, Kansas, which was supposed by oertaiu veterinarians to be foot-anil-mouth disease in n most virnleul form, was brought to the attention of the offlcers of that State; and .such exaggerated acconnts were .sent to the press Prom day to day as to cause a feeling lt;gt;(' iuseenrity and alarm among all engaged in the live-stock Industry of the West. The 3(1 of March, Dr. W�hlte visited the farm of .Mr. Daniel Keith, located in Oof-fey County, 4 miles northwest of Neosho Kails, and pronounced the trouble among his cattle to bo foot-and-mouth disease. The same day Governor CHick telegraphed as follows!

Topeka, Kans,, MarchS, 1884, lion, Qeo. B. Tidia.M!,

COTflMiSsiOttW l)J' .tiffirtltflltc. A very malignant disease has broken out among the cattle In Neosho County, this State. It is supposed to he t lie Ibol-aud-inmitli disease. The foot become sore and

----------------------------_-^__^-^_

22nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;C0NTAGH0U8 DIskasks OP DOMlvSTK'ATKl) A.NIMAL8.

soon i'otoff, Tho disease aomotlmoD oxtouds to tho kiioos, Overlaquo; Imudrocl aulmala

hnvr been ntlnolsud Ilaquo; :i faw days. Gi'oal oonstoruivtion amoug blio oattle ownei'S.

Can yoiii Deiiarlmoiil soncl liore a coinpotonl volorlnavy surgeon I No onoherecan

��idvisi' what iquot; do,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ,,

Q, W. QhlCK, Oovornor oj Kansas,

Two days later the followitlg (lispntch was rooeivetl :

Topbka, K'axs., March .^r), 1884. Hon. � BO. B, Lohinq,

ComwiBsiono' of Agvioultuva Yetorlnary Burgeon reportlaquo; dlaoosofif whloh I advised you tobefoot-aad-uionthdis.

cast',nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ,,

(i. Wi QL1CK, Governor quot;I Katigaa.

On the receipt of tills tlispatc;!), and similar ropresentatious by the Seaators from Kansas, Dr. M. R.Tmmbower, a voterlaarlan whose pre�vious reports of varloas diseases had led us fco pul greai oonfldenoe In his knowledge and judgmont, was directed to proceed at once to Neosho

Falls, and make an early report ill regard to the nature of the disease among oattle which was said to exist at thai place. He started on the (itlt, but could OOt reach the allected farms until the'.Mh of Mairh,

In the mean time, at tin request of the governor, General �.ugur de�tailed Dr. Holcombe, of the army veterinary service, to make an im�mediate Investigition. In oompany with the governor, the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, and a delegation of citizens from Empovia, Dr. Holcombe reached Neosho Palls March 6, and after a hur�ried exainination of the Keith, Goodrich, and Beard herds he reported that the disease was the g�nuiue epizootic aphtha of Europe. The fol�lowing dispatch was received at the Department of .V-TieuUure. the

same day :

Nnosno K.u.i.s. Kans, March ti. Eon. Q-ko. li. Lokino,

I'dinminKioncr of AgriouUtire: Veterinary surgoons A. A. I-Iolcomb and A. II. Willilte have to-day mad.' an oxaml-B�tlon of the Infeotod oattle, aud prononnoe it foot-and-mouth disoose, Over 100 heofl aro affected, hut the dlseaao laconflued to stock oattle on a half dozen farms.

Q, \V. OthlOK, (Governor o/Kanearaquo;.

When lgt;r. Trumboworreached Weosho Kails, he found an excited throng of people who urged upon him the necessity of making an im�mediate diagnosis, and rolyingrathorupon the reprosontations of others, which in many importanl respectlaquo; proved to be incorrect, than upon What he was actually able to SCO, ami a careful Judgment based upon tins alone, he was led to concur in the opinion of the professional gen�tlemen who had been upon t lie ground for the preceding three or four days.

On March 10, Dr. Holcombe made bis formal report to the govern'or, in whidi occurred the following sentence!

That it la foot-auit-monthrtisoasn oaunol bndnulited whuu the symptoms aro oon-Blderolt;li lov to recapitulate, the various oasoa show vesicles and nlcors of the month ; vonloloHniKl uloorshithoclofl oftliu hoof ;8ixppurat.lon and slonghttig at thefool ; ulcerlaquo;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS

of the rci'tnm; voslolos aud ulom's of the addorj rliarrhoaj ii totuporaturo varying from 101 to I�4.4 dogroes Pahi'i, iiml tLo uiosl roiuarkable omaciatiou even hi oases

whenquot; 1 he appol Itu ilaquo; goodi

The cxfitcinciit now beonine so great thai by your direotion I left Washington, March l.'5, to invostigtite tho nature of the diseaso imlaquo;! to sec what action, if any, was uecoasarj' to hold it in ohook. At Obloago I learaod of what was supposed ilt;gt; be a sitnilar outbreak at Efflnghtini^ 111., and was requested by lgt;i'. liauch, secretary of the State Hoard of Health, and by others largely Interested in the cattle industries of the State, to make au immediate investigation. The condition of affairs in Kansas, however, was so urgent that i concluded to pressen as rapidly as possibid

1 reached Topeka March i~gt;, aud immediately had an interview with the governor and laquo;#9632;1th the secretary of the State Board of Augrioulturet I was Informed by both that the malady wag undoubtedly foot-and-mouth disease, lint thai it was so qaarantined that there was little danger of its immediate extension : und at the reqnost of the governor J proceeded the following day to Pawnee County, to investigate a sup�posed outbreak of pleiiro|ineninonia. I found the cat tie there tobe suf�fering- from chronic Indigestion, the result of feeding too exclusively for a long time en dried sorghum with a probably insufficient water supply.

I at once returned, reaching Neoslio Falls March 19, and after a care�ful investigation was able to telegraph you on the iJlst that the affection was not foot-and-mouth disease, hut that it had been produced by local causes and that there was no danger of its spreading.

Returning through Topeka. 1 reported my conclusion to the governor and was informed that experiments would lie made with susceptible an�imals to decide the nature of the disease. I was invilcd to assist in these experiments, and at first decided todo so, hut I soon learned that the investigation necessary to satisfy Dr. Iloleonibc, who had just been appointed Slate veterinarian, was such as to require much more time than I could give to it. 1 accordingly visited Kirksville, Mo., by your direction, where 1 found an outbreak of the same disease as existed at Neoslio Palls, and from there returned to Washington.

In Kansas] met Professor Stalker, el Iowa, Professor Faville, of Col�orado, Colonel Groom, of Texas, and Dr. Hopkins, of Wyoming, who had been commissioned by their respective Stales to report on tho nat nie of the disease and the neecssit\-(if (piaranlining a 11 eat lie, sheep, and pigs from Kansas. 1 was also requested hy the secretary of the Illinois Stale hoard of health |igt; inform him if there was any necessity for his Stale tO adopt similar ineasnres. Korl nnafely, each of these

States received a report thai foot-and-mouth disease did not exist in Kansas, and what threatened lohe an almost complete suspension of tho live-stock business of tho West was averted. There is no doubt,

however, that the cattle industry suffered a considerable loss from the

O�NTAGIO�S DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

excitement. The market became uustpatly, the price of cattle deollued,

and buyers became exceedingly OftUtlOltS,

April 0 1 received inioiinniion thai igt;r. MoISaohran, principal of the Montreal s'eterinary school antl live stock Inspector for Canacla, had vis�ited Neosho Palls, Kans., and Bffliiffham, 111., us the representative of the Canadian Government, and positively raquo;sserted thai the malady at both places was the real fool-and nmutli disease of Europe. April 10, a telegram from the state agent for Kansas of the united States l)e-partinent Of Agriculture conveyed the information that the State vet�erinarian had Just repried to the governor that si\ healthy cattle co�habited with the sick animals had all coulracled the disease, and that further experiments by Inoculation would at once, be made. A letter from the governor Of the Same date, received two days later, contained similar.statements. A few days later still an item appeared in the press dispatches from Washington, stating that quot;a private dispatch was re�ceived here to day from the governor of Kansas, saying that oases of sickness among cattle which had been most carefully examined had

turned out to be true Ibol-and-monlh disease. He was afraid that

some cases had got in the herds. Therelaquo; was an attempt madeal (irst

to keep the matter quiet, but the information was deemed such as should

go to the public.quot;

It now seemed that a repetition of the former excitement and panic Was about to occur, and by yourdirect ion 1 visited Kansas a second time with instrnotious to make such experiments as might he necessary to demonstrate the non-contagious nature of the disease beyond question. I reached Kmporhi April 20, and was there met by a telegram from Ne�osho-Kails asking me to Join the State veterinarian and Professor Law at the governor's ofQce on the morning of the -lM. Not Intending to turn backward until the difference of opinion was conclusively settled, 1 telegraphed in reply requesting these gentleman to meet meat Km-porla on their way to Topeka. This they did on March 21, and I had a

conference witb them,at which the Slate veteri.....ian admitted that all

attempts to convey the disease by Inoculation upon cattle, rabbits, and

Sheep bad failed; that the second experimental lot of cattle which

had oohabited with the first lot when they were supposed to bo suffer�ing with foot-and-mouth disease bad not been in the least affected ; thai the foot symptoms of the first lot had only been noticed with two animals, were very sllghl and of exceedingly short duration : and that, finally, whatever the disease might be, it was not the continental foot-and-nioul h disease.

After receiving this information 1 returuecl to Topeka, attended the meeting of the livestock commission in the governor's office, when the Stateverterinarian reported that the malady at Neosho Falls was not the foot-and-mouth disease, and the governor seid out a dispatch to the same effect.

On my way to Washington I visited the herds in the vicinity of Efflng-

CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ham, Ml., laquo;'xamiiu'il the cattle sind the food sind assured myself' that fcUe disease* thereraquo; was identical with that in Kansas iind Missouri, and that it was in every case traceahlc to the erjfOd wliich existed in j^reat abund�ance, 'in the hay.

SITUATION OP THE APPEOTED IIEUDS AND lilillOl'' JIISTOKV OE TKE

DISEASE.

The cattle disease! in Kansas whieli recently attracted so in aol] atten�tion I'roin its supposed idenlity willi t In* (!lt;iii tayions rDot-aud-nioutli lt;lis-ease of Europe, was first noticed in the here! of Daniel Iveith about the 2.'id or 34th Of December, 1883. Mp. luraquo;it li's farm is located t miles nortliwest ofNeosho l^alls. The first fco sicken were some yearlings, which were noticed in the morning staudiug quot; bumped up,quot; with droopraquo; iiifi' beads and jerking the hind feet in n peculiar inanner. These would walk but: little, and would soon lie down, Within I wo or three days they were inclined to lie continually. Tlic feet were examined and found free from niml; the interdigital space; was described as reel, swollen, and sensitive, I he' toes spread apart. The feet began te) swell at the coronet, Or as high as the fetlook| a line* of separation was established, and pus appeared within twe) en- three days from the first symptoms. Thequot;, mouths were not examined, hut the animals were supposed teraquo; be eating all right.

On or about December 10, Mr. Keith Imel purchased 03 head of year�lings of Mr. Davis, all egt;f which had been gathered within a mdiusof 10 mile's. Two cows and ei yearlings wore bought of Alexander Linn, 1 mile' down the river from Neosho (Tails. Tbis lotof yearlings weresald to hove sickened within a few days after their arrival on the Keith farm; it is believed that some we'reraquo; sich within three days and that all were suffering within a week, and during tbis time they had been licel etn shelled corn, and mowed oats. There laquo;.ppeara te) be some' doubt as te) Imw severely they were affected, whether they were all attacked em the same day, and the', exact number of days tlu'v were on the farm before showing any symptoms. gt;\^rliileⁱ it was asserted that they ate im hay it was admitted that there was probably setme' hay in the racks. Bight other animals wore [mrohased about the simu' time' of neighbors living

within 2 eir .'! mile's.

By January 1 heraquo; had between 20 ami 3� head sie'U. a uumber of new cases being observed each ela.v. Miuvh !) Dr. Trumbower found a red yearling steer with n very hoi moath, inncus membranes much reddened, a vesicle the' size of a dime on the soft palate, ami twe) smaller ones on the tongue. There was also a einall ulcer on the mucous mem-braneof the rectum| the temperatara was 104.4deg; F.: the animal was

lying down, ftnd when forced to rise' it moved very stiffly,but there) was no swelling of the feet. The lolleiwinraquo; day Ibe vesicles were fonnel

rupturod, in their place was a deep, red cavity which bled when touched. Temperature still 104.4deg;. March -0 this animal appeared well.

�#9632;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

'I'lic oattle on this farm wore divided into two lots, wiiicli were in �d-joiniiij;- iiudosurcs, und were separated only by rail fences. The sooond lot continued lo two-year-old steers, pnrcliased about November I, and was free ftom disease until Pobruary 28, though some of those had broken through the fenoe at times and mingled with the diseased part of the herd, Marob 10 aboiil LO or 12 animals in the second lot were sick. Three days later Dr. Trurabower found-that would lose all four

#9632;feet. At this time there were IIS head of cattle on the farm, of which 7-1 were more or less all'eetcd. Nine aniniuls had one foot off, 4 bad two feet off, 1 four-year-old cow lost both bind feet and a toe from one fore foot, ;gt; others were affected in igt;ut one foot, lt;i in two feet, ami l in three feet. In nearly all that showed lameness there were more or less mouth

symptoms.

Across the road, and nearly opposite t� Mr, Keith, lives Edward Himl-man. It was here that the cattle belonging to A. ('. Goodrich were, lo�cated. The 10th of Maroh this herd numbered 96 bead. The flrst animal affected was a milch cow, noticed to be lame January 10. No other oases occurred until February 14 or 10, when one was seen to be lame in the morning after a heavy ice storm. The following morning 16 were lame. After that he discovered new cases almost daily, and on March 14, when they were separated from the well ones, 68 head were affected, March 19 the most severe oases were as follows s is animals

bad lost both hind feet, 5 had lost one hind foot, 1 had lost both bind feet and one fore foot, and 1 bad lost all ol'its feet. Seven of the others were lame ill the hind feet, and the remainder of the, �� head affected were more or less lame.

In each of the above-mentioned herds the sick animals at the, time of my visits, March lit and U2, had small erosions of the inncons membrane Of thlaquo; month, and 2 or 3 had hard yellowish crusts in the same sitna tion an inch or more in extent. In no case were these suflicicnt to in�terfere with mastication. This lesion was more noticeable in the old chronic, cases than in the recent ones.

The third herd which contained diseased animals was located about 2^ miles from those already mentioned, it belonged to J. W. Beard. Tins herd contained TO head of animals, and #9632;'gt; cows and 2 Steers artraquo; all that have been affected. All bad been running together until the disease was noticed, when the sick were separated from the well The flrsl symptoms were observed on the I7ib of February, when a cow was

seen lo be la...... The second one to go lame was a cow bought of Air.

Keith and brought to the farm Pobruary 18�she booarae lame about the 22d or 29th, accounts differing between these dates. The third one,

a steer, became affected March I, The fourth was a COW observed to besieh March lor'-', 11 is reported that she slavered ver\ profusely. Mr,

lieanl slates that he examined her monlh and found it very red and the

tongni' covered with little pimples. Ai ten o'clock next morning she died, i'liis animal had not been lame. The fifth one was taken about

CONTAGIOUS IHskasks OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS.

tUe sinne liiiu',. It was lame in ODO loot, became heller, was aU'eeled in a BOOOnd foot, anil was enlirely i'eeovered tioin lameness by Mliroll 1 I. At lliis lime Dr. Tnniihower loiniil several sniiill sores and discoloied spots in the nmutli, and ilie tenipeiiiinre was 102.5. degrees, or very nearly the average of cuttle in lionltli. The highest temperature found by Dr. Tnmibower was thai of the cow purollivsecl of Mr. Keith, whicdi readied 102.8 degrees�a point too low to litdioate lexer with nu\ cer�tainty.

The Imntli and only remaining herd in the neighborhood of Neosho Palis was that of Christian l'iibhemow, whose farm is located on Owl Creek, 10 miles southeast of the town. There were on this farm 1S,'{ head of eattle, and but 16 have shown any signs of the disease. Tins herd was made up as follows: 54 yearlings, 24 two-year-old steers, 13 two year-old heifers with calf, 15 tliree-yearold steers, and 77 cows and heifers. The yearlings had been put in a separate pen and fed oil oats and corn-fodder�none of these were afieoted. Three apparently well animals were lassoed and examined; their months contained small erosions and discolorations of the mucous membranes. The tempera�ture, of one, thought to be slightly lame, was 101 degrees; that of another, apparently in perfect health, was LO�degrees. Slxoftheatt'ectedones have either lost their feet or have them in snch condition that tboywill surely separate from the legs, and - others have lost digital hones.

None of these animals have shown salivation or loss of appetite; but

the months contained erosions and disoolorations similar to those seen in other herds.

At Ball's Summit, a distance of 20 or 26 miles north from ITeosho Falls, George B. Smith owned 2 cows. About February i one became lame; there, was noticeable slave'ring and loss of appetite for several days. This cow calved February 2'.), and Dr. Tnunbower saw her .March 17, when the calf appeared well but small. The cow was reduced to a skeleton. Her right hind lep had broken off halfway between the tot-lock and hock Joints, carrying will) il the lower half of the mctalarsal bone. The left hind le^- was separating at about the same point. One toe of the left tore, fool was coining oil at the lirst joint.

Near tTartford, some 20 miles northwest of Neosho Fallsand l� miles west of Hall's Summit, was the farm of Mr.O'Toole, where another'out-brcak of disease occurred, showing precisely the same symptoniraquo;. The animals al this place were reported to have been killed before my visit, and consequently I did not see the herd, Dr. Wilhite, aa I was in�formed, though! the lirst eases appeared about January ligt;. The lirst animals attacked were yearlings. Soon alter all the Calves became af�fected in the same way. Then the large steers In the feeding pen were attacked. �

About the middle of March the governor of Kansas sent a veteri�narian to investigate a disease which was reported to exist in Osborne Connly. According to verbal information wliioh I received from the

�mm

CONTAXIIOUS DISEASES OF D0ME8TI0ATED ANIMALS,

State bffloers while at TopeUa, this disease was substantially the same as that whioli existed at Neesho Falls. The distance between these two points must be a! least 175 miles in a direct line. After lavostigatlng the disease In the neighborhood of Neo.sho Falls,

I proceeded as directed to Kirk.sville, Adair Ooiinty, Missouri, to visit herds at that plaee reported to he alfecled with foot-and-nnmth disease.

On March 37 1 was at the farm of William Bragg, who lived .'gt; miles

south of Khksvillc. The disease in t his section was first noticed here,

but later 0 other lierds, withiu a radius of 4 miles, have had affected animals. The only new animal introduced on flic Bragg fann was a steer bought in the Ubighborbootl about December 20, This was one of the lii'sl to sicken, but there was inraquo; disease on the farm from which it came. A cow that had been purchased a month earlier sickened about the same time. This was in the latter part of January, The weather had been extremely cold early iii January, and reached 10deg; or IL'⁰ below zero al other times during the month.

At the time of m.v first visit there wcret aniinals lying In the stable. One cow had lost a hind leg from about, halfway between the bock and fetlock joints j the bones had separated al the latter Joint and the mela-fcarsal bone protruded half its length beyond the flesh. The other hind leg was dividing at the fetlock joint. Six Inches at the end of the tail was gangrenous, and was being separated from the remainder of the organ. There were a number of abrasions and small discolored spots in the month. A second cow had a healthy month; both hind feet were lost al the coronet, and the tip of the tail was gangrenous, A steer, probably two years old, had lost both land feet at the fetlock, about an inch of the tail was lifeless, and the mouth contained a number of sores and discolorat ions. A second steer was in almost precisely the same condition. A third steer was walking around the yard, very lame, and had a large slough of the tissues on the posterior surface of the fetlock Joint. A fourth steer in the pasture hud both limbs as high as and in-eluding the fetlock Joint stiff and cold, Still another animal was lame in the hind limb. Seven herds within n radius of I miles bad suffered. Six abort ions were reported.

April ~i and 25 1 visited a number of the diseased herds in Bfflngham and adjoining counties in Illinois. The farm of Lemuel Fa mice is situ�ated 10 miles northeast of Eflhigham and one and one-half miles from Montrose, The first cases appeared in the latter part of December,.and began with diarrhea and other signs of digestive disturbance. There were l;i Lead of cattle on the farm and mo new ones had been purchased at the time of or immediately preceding the outbreak, Twocows, each of which had both hind legs affected, had been killed before my visit; 1 steer has a hind limb off al the fetlock; another has a clear line of demarcation formed at the fetlock, the part beloW being gangrenous; a bull has lost both toes from one foot and one, toe from the other; 2 other animals were very stiff. One steer had tWO attacks and iinother had

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

three attacks of Itimouess, and tucopy; latter entirely reoovered. The aul-

mal tliiit was lirst to gaffer laquo;till had sores, i. (;., erosions of tlic^ nuieoiis nieiiiliiane on tlie upper lip and gunis exactly like those whieh I saw wlien exatniniug the afl'eoted cattle at Ifeosho Palls and at Kii'ksville, though four months had elapsed sinee the appearimee of tlu^ disease. Some of the sick ones had slavered and smacked the lips, showing thai the month was quite severely affected.

The horses on this farm had also been troubled with an eruption in the months which had caused salivation and loud smaoking of the tongue and lips. These were, now entirely recovered, thougb slight cvidenees of the. sores on the lips were still visible. The horses were seen to have lost appetite in January or early in February, The last of February sores were observed in the months, and it was six weeks before these healed. Only one hog was kept, though many of the neighbors' hogs had been continually running around the pastures,

None of these hud been atleeted.

laquo;

Three miles north and I mile west of Mr, Faunce's farm, Mr, Dubroc had yearlings in a high, dry lot, in whieh was an outhouse for shelter, parly tilled with hay. All of these were affected and all recovered. There were here 160 head of cattle, only 8 or 10 of which, all told, were lame. Ten or 12 goats were runniug with the cattle, but remained well; the two places mentioned above were so situated on different mads that there was little if any passing from one to the other, and the outbreaks were therefore independent of each other.

Other eases of the disease occurred on the farm of Mr. John Mason, who lives near Wheeler In Jasper County. This gentleman owned 120 head of cattle, of which 17 had been affected, Six animals were so bad that they had been killed; 2 others remained, one of which hud lost a foot, and the second one would lose both of the posterior feet at or above the fetlock; a part of the tail of this one was also gangrenous. Nine others had been more or less lame hut had lost no limbs. On this farm and in close proximity to the cattle were 2�Uorsos and mules, 100 hogs and 40 sheep, all of which had been free from disease.

In the town of Wheeler, a single family cow was found with the lower parts of the posterior limbs separating as a result of dry gangrene. This seemed to be the only sick animal ill the town.

Mr. Keating, who lives (J or 8 miles from Ellingham, had also suffered from the same disease. His herd consisted of 15 young cattle and lt;i cows. None of the cows were affected, and it is worthy of remark here that they had been fed upon 'nay harvested in 1882, The young cattle were fed upon the crop of 1883, and of these lt;S, which were in a very bad condition from the loss of their limbs, had been killed ; two others wen-still alive with the feet otf at the fetlock. About half of the to young cattle were more or less affected. There were 00 sheep and a number of hogs on this farm, none of which had shown any signs of disease. The cattle here were attacked about the 8th of January.

30nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DI8BA8B8 OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

These farms are ineiitioued as examples of wliat hiid ooourrod sit sev-euteon or eigliteeu dlffereol places that I learned of wttliiti a radius of

15 miles from Klliiijiham. As a matter of greal interest eoimeeted with tiiis subject, I was [uforiuod by a number of people tlint there had been a greater namber of abortions atuoug mares, ami more oases of difiloult parturition during the past winter and sprint; than was ever Unown befor�i other herds were reported ou good authority to be affeotod in tho

same manner at dlU'erenl points in .Missouri, Illinois, low a, and ('ol-oiatlo.

CLASS, OONDITION, Stit.MioCNDl Mis, AND CA.BE OF I'lllquot;, ANIMALS.

All the diseased animals on 1 he la in is visited by me were stock cattle [U medium to thin condition. Those worst affected, in which one or more limbs were separating as a consequeuoo of dry gaugroae, had evidently lost much flesh during the progress of the disease. There were no fat eatile on any of these farms. At Mr. O'Toole's it was said by those who visited the place the fattening cattle were attacked as well as the stock cattle and calves.

On most of the farms there were cattle of all ayes�calves, yearlings, two-year-olds, three-year-olds, and cows. The calves and yearlings seemed to escape In a greater degree than the older cattle. In the Goodrich herd were L'O calves which occupied a lot through which the other animals were frequently driven to water and into which some of the lame ones were placed. This lot was separated hy an open fence from that in which were kept the worst diseased animals of the herd, and yet not one of the calves sul't'cred in the least. At ITihliernow's were 54 yearlings running with the other cattle, ami from Which the worst atfeoted ones were only separated by a rail fence, and all of these escaped. At Keith's were - young calves sucking diseased mothers, but themselves in good health. Here also were hogs and a litter of young pigs rnuniug in the same lot with the sick cattle, btil tree from any signs of disease. At Kirksville sheep had been ruuuing with the cattle and were also healthy. In Illinois, sheep, swine, and goats mingled with tho affected herds with perfect safely.

The w inter has undoubtedly been a severe one upon the slock of the Western Stales, ami the cattle were consequently somewhat below the average condition at this season of the year. The appearance of the

disease eainiot be explained liy this facl, however, since tlmnsaiids of healthy herds were in worse condition than those on the farms in ques�tion; Siime of these herds, mid noticeably thai of Goodrich, were in inne.li hotter than average condition; they had evidently been well fed and cared for.

There was nothing in Hie surroundings of the affected animals which wonhl explain the development of the disease. The feeding lots in most cases were unnsually dry and the disease had appeared al a time

CONTAGIOUS DISE�SE8 OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

wheu itll mud WftS frozen solid. The soil did not contiuii euougll alkiili, t'ven at Nfosho Palls, to muke it at all probable tbatthia could have been the exoitlug oanso lt;gt;r the disease. As Is usual in I be uauaKeineul; of cattle at the West, the herds were without shelter. At Keith's the cattle lots were in a ravine protected by limber; on some of ihe farms there was little protection of any kind. Such a conditiou, however, is so eonnnon that it could not he regarded as having miieh inllnenee in the production of this trouble. All of the affected herds seem to have received ordinarily good care. Keith had fed some of his cattle shelled coin and mowed oats in addition to hay. Prihhernow had fed lilsyenr-lingS on millet, oats, and cornt'oddeiquot;, and eonseqnentlv they had eaten less hay. Beard bad fed shocked corn. In Illinois, Keating had led liberally on corn. On most of the farms the water was very good, but probably deflcieilt dnriiif;' the cold weather. Keith had pmtipod water from his well; (ioodrich's cattle drank from a pond ; Beard's from the river, and I'rihheriiow's from a. creek. It was necessary to out holes through the ice and these would soon freezeover; consequently, it may be admitted that in most oases there might have beeu a deficiency of

water.

When the animals first became lame, it, was supposed that mad had collected between the toes, and. becoming hard, was producing inita-tion. The animals were caught and their feet cleaned, but this had no effect on the development of the disease. It. is evident that the ani�mals were eared for as well as is ordinarily the ease in this section of the country, and that the slijiht deficiency of water and the exposure to cold were accessory rather than the exciting cause, of the disease.

SYMPTOMS AND OHAEAOTERS 03? THE DISEASE.

The first symptoms of disease in the Illinois epizootic were diarrhea, lameness, stiffness of the lower joints of the affected limb, and coldness and insensibility of the same parts. In Kansas this deratigemenl of the digestive apparatus was not not Iced, At all the places visited, how�ever, the lesions of the feet were of a common character and were pro�duced by a oominon process. In the more severe eases acouatricted baud formed around the limb at. the point separating the gangrenous from the living flesh, So marked was this constriction thai some of the owners looked upon it as the initial lesion of t hi'disease and cut across it with a knife in the hopes of reestablishing the circulation, h is

needless to say that this hope was delusive, since the part below I he constriction was entirely lifeless before this was formed. The const rie-

tlon was the first step in the effort of nature to rid the body of parts that were of no further use to it.

The next step in the process of separation was a crack III the skin at

the ppper edge of the hand of constriction, which gradually extended

toward the center of thelimli, the softer parts dividing first and Hie

tendons and ligaments resisting much longer. Generally this separa-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF IkiMKSTICATICI) ANIMALS.

tlon was in the vicinity of a Joint, aatl In this case, as the lower mem�bers of the limb were lost a OOiBparatlvely even surface was left which healed readily. Some animals lost only a toe, ihe dividing line passing

through the Joint between �IQ 08 pedis md OS OOronCB J others lost both the o.s pedis and OS ooronce f still others lost th(3 three, lower bones, and the line of separation passed through the fetloek Joint, while in the most severe eases the, line of constriction formed at the upper third of the motatarsal bone and the fleshy parts sloughed off, leaving the nn-covered bone protrhdlng for more than half its length. Plates V and VI are drawings made, from limbs which I secured in Kansas.

It was reported by some of the, veterinarians that small vesicles wem formed in the interdigital space and about the coronet, and this was doubtless true, as such vosiolos are not uncommon in gangrene; but their appearance was far from being the rule, as 1 did not succeed in ftuding a single one in all the animals that I examined. In nearly all of the cases, whether the foot was affected with dry gangrene or whether there had been simply lameness without death of the part, the skin of the interdigital space and about the coronet was perfectly preserved-There was loss of neither epidermis nor hair, as there certainly would have been had the disease commenced by a superficial inflammation in this region and extended to deeper parts of the foot or to higher parts of the limb. Indeed there were, no abscesses, no burrowing of pus, no ulceratiou about the feet, which could lead one for a moment to sap-pose that the cause of the disease, had commenced its action externally and extended gradually to the interior of the, limb. On the other hand, the fact that the skin was Intact in the great majority of cases, that the part was cold and insensible almost from the first, and that the line of separation passed entirely through the, limb, removing one or more phalanges as completely as it could have been done with a knife, was sufficient evidence that the disease had an internal origin.

The gangrene was not confined to the feet, however, for in Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois there, were individual animals which were losing from 2 to 6 inches of the, lower part of the tail by exactly the same, process. The portion below the dividing line was very dry and hard, while the line Itself was sharply defined, as though it had been a knife-cut. With the greater part of the animals affected in the feet a careful examination of the end of the tail revealed a slough of greater or less extent ; sometimes it was simply the skin at the tip that was affected, but oftener one-half inch, l inch or -' inches would be found discolored,

lifeless, and dry.' In a very few cases a part ol the ear was found in the same condition.

One of the most interesting features of the enzootic, because it had not been heretofore described, was the implication of the mucous mem�brane of the mouth. With some animals this was limited to a more or jess diffuse red discoloration, without loss of substance. More fre�quently there were circuuiscribed dark red spots or patches, from a

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ERGOTISM ( KANSAS )

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E RGOTISM ( KANSAS )

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Jbiirtli of im inch to an inch in diameter, Very often tliere was loss of Bubatance�erosions ftam a tliird to a half luoli in diameter. Some of the veterinarians reported that tliey had discovered blisters in tUe mouths, and it Is uofc unlikely that these erosions in their first stages were more or less vesicular in character, but I was not fortunate enough to see them in this stage at any of the places visited. In some animals the part of the membrane thai was being lost was still attaohed by

shreds, in others if wns entirely removed, bill in no case did 1 sec any�thing of Hie nature of a vesicle. None of Ihecrosmns presented the

appearance of ulcers, or showed any considerable inflammation. They

were dark-colored, the borders were not elevated, and the SUmmudlng blood-vessels were neither prominent nor injected. It appeared to he only the superficial layerof the aiembrane that was Interested,

I i a very few animals a lesion of a different character was observed in tac month. In these cases an irregular patch of miicous membrane from I to 3 inches in diameter was elevated, corrugated Upon its surface, hard, insensible, and of a lighl color, tinged with pink and yellow. It seemed to be a circumscribed gangrene of the mucous membrane, the dead parts being partially decolorized by soakiug in the fluids of the month.

There was also an evident irritation of the iimeons membrane of the posterior parts of the alimentary canal and organs of generation. That covering the rectum and vagina was generally red, covered with mucus, and presented spots denuded of the epithelium. In .Missouri six cases of abortion in cows were reported, and in Illinois there were many cases of abortion and diflienll parturition with mares.

The constitutional symptoms were not very marked. The tempei'aturo Of the animals which I examined was about normal, with the exception of a few from which one or more limbs were sloughing and with which there was suspicion of septic poisoning, Drs. Bolcombe and Trum-bower observed higb temperatures (104 to 104,8 degrees) in some cases in the early stages of the affection.

In those animals which recovered alter showing lameness there was no loss of substance or inllammation of the skin as would have resulted from freezing to a sullicicnt depth to cause lameness. In these animals the lameness and stiffness of the lower Joints were the only symptoms of the disease, in the. feet, though the same animals frequently showed erosions in the mouths.

imUKNOK POINTINGt TO KUGOT AS THK CAUSE.

In each of the herds wliich I visited, witii the single exception of Beard's, there were typical cases of dry gangrene of the extremities, with an evident preference for the posterior limbs. In the most severe cases tliere was complete, death of the leg us high as the middle por�tion of the metatarsal bone. This dead part was sharply defined first by a constriction ami later by a crack from the living flesh above'. 5751 i) A------3

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTA.QI0US DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

It was not ii cleatli of the superfloial struoturos alono, but the skin, tendons,and bone wore all Involved, and every pact of the !raquo;'laquo;#9632; lgt;c.-lolaquo; the lino of separation Just ceferroci to was oouipletely lifeless, A, study of t lieso leys slioweil very clearly that the disease laid not begnu at the boofor in the Intordigltnl spare and progressed upward, for these partlaquo; had not been changed by disease of any kind previous tn the death of the whole affected part, which bad evidently oconrred very suddenly,quot; To my iniinl this coudil ion made it very plain that the trouble was not the result of any disease which bad begun in the intordigital space, or in the skid around the coronet. There could be no mistaking the fact that the worst aflfoctednnimalspresented typical casesof dry gangrene, and the problem to he solved was to determine which of the conditions thai these unimala were subjected to would satisfactorily accomd for the enzo�tie. When wetiirn to s'etcrinary literature for information in re�gard to the accepted causes of dry gangrene, we learn thnl there are very few agencies which are liable to afi'ecl a uuinber of animals at a time and are capable of producing this effect. Oompression, burning, caustics, plugging of blood-vessels, and ergot about completes the list of those dim would he mi all likely to produce dry gangrene in young

animals, a ml of these the last is the only one I hal could have possibly

been instnuiicnial in developing the outbreaks in the West.

The peouliarities of the diaeaso led me to examine the feed to learn if any unusual quantity of ergot could be found. The result of this ex�amination was to show thai at every one of the farms where the dis�eased cattle were located, hay had been fed which contained one or more grasses!ergotized to an extreme degree. At. Keith's, Beard's,and IVibherimw's, in Kansas, there was a large proportion of wild rye {Ely-raquo;iux rini'm iiitx. variety submutiews) which contained an extraordinary quantity of ergot. In many heads half the grains and in other heads every grain iiad been replaced by the fuugus. Careful weighings of heads brouglit to Washington, and from which .some of the ergot had been lost in transit, gave in one ease li' per cent,, and in another case llt;i per cent., as the proportion of ergot. Now, if the head repre�sented ein' half the weightof the entire plant, from 5 to 0 percent, of the weight of the rye must have been ergot; and if one-tilth of the wejghtof the bay was made up of wild rye, then a 20-pottnd ration of hay would contain aboui I ounces of ergot.

As is always the ease whore an attempt is made lo account for results when the laquo;jonditions affecting these havenol been intelligently observed and oareftilly recorded at the time, we found some apparent discrepan�cies in the orgol theory. The greater part of these have been explained

in a remarkably satisfactory inaunor, and if we could know every cir-oumatauca connected with the feeding and care of the animals for thirty or forty days preceding their illness, doubtless the most critical uould be satislictl as to the cause of the disease in every subject. As we are Compelled, llcWQVer, to rely upon the more or less defective memories

nte quot;VII.

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ERGOT IN HAY,

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

of the owners of the cuttle, who, of course, did not make their obs6rva^;tlous in tlie light of subseqaeiit dovelopmeiits, we musb acoept tlilaquo; situation as we fttd it and consider ourselves fortunate If n oonneotion can de traced between cause and effect in the greater part of the cases. An exact estimate could not bemadeof the quantity of ergot iu a given quantitj' oftlie hay in Kansas, but the weight of ergot in the heads of

w ihi rye indicated this very closely. The head shown in Plate VII, Ki�-

nre 3, is a good representation of this plant as it existed in the hay.

hi Missouri the bay was made up mostly of red top [Agroatia vulgaris), but also contained some blue grass and liinothy. The red top and blue grass oontalned a very large proportion of ergoted grains, and an occasional head of timothy was also affected. Figures 1,-, and l, Plate V 11, are drawings from specimens ol'theso grasses taken IVotn the hay�racks at which the diseased cattle were eating.

In Illinois the hay was alinoal entirely composed of red top. and this contained a relatively large amount of ergot. Careful weighings of

specimens df ihis hay and the ergot which it contained, (V..... two of the

worst affected farms, demonstrate that every 75 pouudsof hay contains

¹ I.....Dd of urgol : or, 111 other words, an animal eating 20 pounds daily

of this hay consumed 4.2 ounces of ergot. Doubtless this quantity might be taken daily for a considerable time without produoiug appre�ciable effects under some conditions, but when the circulation in the, extremities is diiniulshed by extremely cold, weather, and when in ad. tlltion to this the water supply is limited then ergot in this dose, cou-filmed day after day. becomes very dangerous.

In Kansas texamined the hay on adjoining farms where nodiseaso had appeared, aud I found a very much smaller proportion of ergot, At the Dibble farm, which Joins Keith's, one mighl examine a dozen heads of rye wit In .nl ftiidinga grain of or got, and the same was blue of hay found in the town of jSeosho Palls. In Illinois, al two farms, I saw hay of the crop of 1882 and also that of 1883, and while the former contained some ergot the latter contained a greatly increased proportion. It had been noticed by the people here that the red-top hay of the crop of 1883, for some unexplained reason, was greatly inferior; thai animals nelthor relished II nor thrived when led upon it, and it sohl for $3 a, ton when other hay would bring $10. At Keating'sthe animals fed on the hay of 1882 escaped the disease entirely, while those fed upon the hay har�vested in 1883 alone suffered.

Hvidenlly the year 1883 was a favorable one for the production of ergo! over a very large area of the Western Slates, hut the local condi�tions of soil and situation and the time of cutting the hay had a very laquo;reat inllnc'Mv on its development. All of the orgotpd hay of the affected fuvims in Kansas was md from bottom lands, and Iu Missouri and Ullnoiait was grown on very level prairies the drainage Of which was very Imperfect. Again, the early out hay was comparatively free, when that allowed to ripen was badly affected.

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

In brief, tlien, our roasous for oousiderlng the clisearse to be ergotism wonraquo;, first, tlie o�araoter of tlie lesions, wbloUwero such as have always been ascribed to ergotism in the past. andasooaldlt;soarool}' be produced in so many animals fVoin any other known cause) and, secoudly, tlio extraordinary proportion of ergot found In the food of tlio aniinals on every affected farm.

It is very probable that the cold weather hatl a considerable lufluenoe in developing the effects lt;gt;!' tln^ ergot, and the greater part of the eases were first noticed during or soon after such weather. Many cases oc�curred soon after a severe Ice storm or sleet. Again, with the appear�ance of milder weather new cases ceased to appear, although the same hay was still being fed. The two or three new oases In Missouri were the only exceptions to I Ills statement.

I have no doubt, therefore, fcliat the cases which 1 investigated, and the similar cases which occurred about thesame time in other localities, were cases of ergotism. Professor Law, of Oornell university, Profes�sor Stalker, of the Iowa Agricultural College, and Professor l''aville,of the Colorado Agricnltnral College, have seen similar cases in their re�spective States, and concur in the opinion that they are due to poison�ing from ergot.

DHAEAOTEES WHICH DISTlNCtUISH THIS DISEASE PEOM BPIZOOITO APHTHA, OB POOT-AND-MOUTH DISKASIO.

History,�The foot-and-mouth diseaseof Europe isaspeclflo fever which only arises by contagion from other affected animals. In the wliolehis-torv of America there have been no spontaneous outbreaks of this disease, and in Europe the conviction Is growing stronger every year that it has no other cause than ooutagioa. We may accept it, therefore, as a fact that foot-aud-month disease canuol occur in the United States except by the introduction of virus from abroad.

When a disease having some resemblance in its symptoms to foot-and-mouth disease is round in the interior of our country, more than a thou�sand miles from the ports where the contagion must necessarily be in�troduced, it becomes a matter worthy of the most careful consideration to determine if there was any means by which this contagion could have, been transported to the affected herd. When a contagious dis�ease is spread broadcast over a country it may he difficult or impossi�ble, to trace many outbreaks ; not so, however, with a single outbreak produced by SO virulent a contagion as that of the disease under con�sideration, in such a ease it would be remarkable if it could not be, traced.

In the present instance the. animals of the affected herds had been purchased or raised in tiie neighborhood ; no foreign animals or people had been upon the farm whore the first attacks occurred. Foreign cat�tle had for a long time been quarantined at the sea-board a sufflcieut timo to make It impossible that this disease could have been carried by

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

tlifiii to the Westf It was absolutely impossible to find any .satisfac�tory maniicr by wbloh a foroigu oontaglou could have been lotroduoed. Tbia Important iiulioatioa seems to bave been greatly neglected in

Oeobllng upon the nature of the disease in Kansas. It Was said If tliis

is root-and-iuoutli disease we must acknowledge that we bave It, wUetber

we can trace its intiodnetion or not. Plausible as tliis reasoiliog may Seem we must admit that it is not always an easy matter to diagnose a disease olT'-liaml t'roiu its Mliperfloiai ciiaraetcrs. And in the diagnosis of contagious diseases we. must remember that tbolsymptoms are but the expression of the effects of the virus, and that these symptoms may be simulated more or less closely by other agencies acting upon the animal economy.

The history of the, origin of any disease believed to be ooutaglous is, then, a most important part of tbe evidence to lie taken into considera�tion before a (liagnoais is reached. We may take contagions pleuro-pneumonia for example. Many cases of this disease resemble snclosely spontaneous inflammations of the respiratory organs in cattle tliat it is absolutely necessary before a diagnosis can he reached to iuquixe if the contagious pleuro-pneunionia has been lutroduoed or if the malady occur�red spontaneously. The same principle holds good to a greater or less extent with other diseases, and it may be safely asserted that wlien the history does not receive proper consideration many mistakes will bo made that otherwise might be avoided.

Oontagionsness,�Thevirusof foot-and-inoutb disease is one of the most active contagious known. The period which elapses between exposure and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease is. as a rule, but two or three days; a very large proportion of exposed animals bo-come diseased, and the plague spreads rapidly from I'aiin to farm. As a result of these characters, within a week after the introduction of foot-and-mouth disease into a herd nearly every animal in that herd shows unmistakable evidences of having contracted it. A very small proportion of the animals may resist the, contagion, but this proportion is much less than with most other contagious diseases, and is so small that it does not affect the inle just mentioned.

The disease at Xeosho falls showed very different characters from this, (ioodrich's herd suffered in the largest proportion, 65 out, of 09, or 68 per cent., being more or less affected. The first case here occurred January to, and no others until February 18, or move than a mouth later. After this new cases contimied to develop for two or three weeks. But in a lot adjoining that in which the sick oattle were placed there, were �O calves, which remained entirely free from disease. The isolation of these calves was not sullieieut to hold foot-and-mouth disease, in cheek lor a single day; it was even said that the sick cattle, had been driven through the calf lot to water, and that some of the smaller ones, when attacked, were placed with the calves.

At Keith's 74 out of a total of 118, or 63 percent., were alfected.

CONTAGIOUS diseases OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

At the eutl of the first weoli lgt;ut !.'() or 30 head had boot) attacked, and from this time uow oases oontluuecl to appear until RKiroh, or during a period of two moutliSi Hero also it is to bo reineiahered that in a lot of animals separated frnin liie sick ones by a simple rail fetlCO liiere was no appearanee of disease until two months alter it had at�tacked the liisl lot. Hogs wore ranuing in the lot with the worst, entile; they eveu ate the blood of the slaughtered ones and nibbled at the affected t'eot, bul thoy did uol suffer in the least. A sow had brought fortli n liiterof pigjfe in a shed which forma a part of the iuolosure,aiul

these were doing well. Two ealves wore Sll�kiug mothers under the iufiaouceof the disease hut were themsolvos in good health.

At Pribberuow's only 8 per cent, of the animals hail been at tacked, and among a lot o( 54 yearlings ruuuiug with the other cattle there was

not one case of disease.

At Beard's, in a herd of 76, the first animal was lame a week before the second was affected; ami then another week passed before the. others showed any symptoms. Here only lt;! percent, of the cattle on the farm were attacked, anil one died within twenty hours from the ap�pearance Of the first symptoms.

At Kirksville t lie proportion of animals that suffered was not defi�nitely ascertained, bul there was no evidence of bontagiou, and sheep running with the affected cattle remained healthy.

In Illinois, on the faniice farm, the horses suffered from an eruption in the mouth. The exact nature of this disease it was impossible to ascertain at the time of my visit, li may be remarked, however, that horses seldom suffer from foul ami mouth disease; and that this is the only Case which came under my notice on any of the affected farms where any other animals than cattle showed symptoms t hat were even suspected to he in any way connected with the disease, among the cattle, [n this instance the eruption in the horses'months could not have re�sembled foot-and-mouth disease? very closely, for it lemained at least six weeks, or three limes Hie period of the latter disease. Here the neighbors' hogs which were rnuiiing around the farm failed to contract any disease or to carry il to Other farms.

At .Mr. .Mason's there was still more striking evidence to show (hat the disease was very ill tie rent from epizootic aphtha. One hit ml red hogs and 40 sheep had been exposed, and not one suffered. Only 17 bovine anitnals out of 120, or about L� per cent,, showed any signs of i be dis�ease. At Keating's, 60 sheep and a number of hogs were exposed hut all remained well. At Dubroo's, goats were exposed without suffering.

The disease, t herefore, did not resemble foot-and-month disease eit her in the proportion of the animals attacked or its rate of extension, or in attacking other species of animals than cattle.

Occurrence at the same fimeon widely separated/arms,�If foot-and-mouth disease had been introduced Into the heart of the country in any of the extraordinary ways which were offered to explain its appearance,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

3!)

#9632;

we surely cannot conoelve lt;gt;1' its being bpoug�l to so nniny widely sep�arated points ni abont the same time, especially where tliere had been no communioation between these places. In E^ansas there were the Keith, Goodrich, and Beai'd herds whicli might be grouped togetborj

14 miles from these was the I'lihheinow lierd; 20 miles from any of these was the cow at Hall's Summit) across another space of l� miles was the O'Toole herd ; then it was necessary to travel nearly 200 miles to reach the Osborue County cases. Again, the same, disease un�doubtedly existed at several points In Iowa. Illiiidis, and Missouri. There had been no comuiunicatiou between these places, and if we assumed that they wen,' the result of a foreign contagion it was neces�sary to conclude that a considerable uumber of independent introduc�tions of this had occurred at very nearly the same time. This assump�tion, in view of the diffloultios in the way of introducing a contagion to the interior of the country, and the impossibility of tracing such intro-dnciion at this time, was so improbable that it could scarcely be ad�mitted even if all other evidence had pointed to fbot-atld-moutli disease.

Compariaan of symptom s.~i'he symptoms of footand-mouth disease are constitutional and local. The constitutional symptoms are loss of appetite, elevation of temperature, and other signs common to fevers. The local symptoms consist in an eruption of blistei'S in the inontli, be�tween the toes, about tUe coronet, and on the udder and teats. In order to understand the difference in symptoms bet ween t he 1 cent disease in the Western Slates and fool and mouth disease, it is necessary to ex�amine each oft hose points separately.

The constitutional symptoms.�In fool aud-mouth disease there is usu�ally a very marked increase of temperature, reaching from 104deg; to KtT⁰. AtNeosho Palls the temperature, as a rule, did not exceed whni nilght reasonably be expected in health. Some of the perfectly' oaitliy year�lings bad a temperal Lire of 103deg;, while t hat of most of t he .. U ones was below this point. Oueof the steers in the early stages of disoaso at Keith's showed loi.Pou March it, which was about the highest point reached by any. In foot-and inoulh disease there is hiss of appetite and difficulty of swallowing, but here the universal testimony was that the appetite had remained good throughout and there was no trouble in mastication or swallowing. In Illinois there wore marked symptoms of digestive disturbance, and the disease was ushered in by diarrhea.

The uKuiih symptoms,�In foot-and-mouth disease there is an eruption of blisters on the mucous membranes of the lips, gums, tongue, and palate, which are uumerous and painful, often they unite with each other and form large patches, from which the covering becomes detached, leavingnlcerons patches of a bright red color and of great sensitiveness.

It is almost Impossible for animals iu this condition to eat hay or other dry food, and it is necessary to support them with gruel. Such animals stand, making a peculiar and lather loud smacking noise with the lips and toilgae, grinding the teeth and slavering profusely. In Kansas tlio

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

nionlli symptoms wero mncli less seven.raquo; tliau this, but two or tlireo iinimiils were reported to have lifuj any salivation or any dillieult.v in eating' bay. Some of the mouths presented erosions, whieh were, mostly small, very supei lieial. and without, any appearance of nleeration. I did not see a Slugle blister, but a few of these were reported by those who visited the herds at an earlier date. The lesions whieh I saw in the. mouths seemed to be due rather to n softeuiiig of the mueons membiane than to vesieation: and 1 was assured that the appearances did not dilVcr materially at the time of my visit from what they were when the veterinarians lirst saw them. In one or twoauinials there were largo patches of thickened nincons membrane of a yellowish eolor, hard and difficult to detach. Healthy herds in the vicinity were visited, and in the mouths of these cattle were found discolorations and erosions very similar to, though less extensive than, those seen in the sick ones. In Missouri some of the cattle, had the mouths involved to a greater degree than any I saw in Kansas, but others with equally bad feet had per-feotly sound mouths. Here I saw pieces of mucous membrane becom�ing detached, but no blisters. Figures 1 and 2, Plate X, show the highly inflamed condition of the ulcers in the real foot-and-mouth dislaquo; ease.

The cattle in Illinois still bad erosions in t heir mouths as late as April L'i, which were identical in appearance with those I saw in Kansas, The steer which lirst came down with the disease on the, Faunee farm, and which had consequently been affected about four months, showed theseraquo; about as plainly as any animals 1 saw in Kansas. In foot-and-mouth dis�ease the eruption disappears in from two to three weeks, and the animal is convalescent. Before proceeding to Kansas and Illinois the second time, I visited the herds at. Portland, Me., which had been affected with foot-and-mouth disease. The contrast was very striking. Although the cattle in Maine had not showed the disease until the, second week in February, they wore on the L�thof April in apparently good health. There were no longer any sores in t he moiil hs or on the feet. A week later than this 1 found cattle in Illinois that sickened in December and Still bad as marked mouth symptoms as could be found in any of tho Western herds.

The feet symptoms,�The interdigital spaces and the coronet are tho seat of the eruption in Ibotand-inonlb disease. Not only is there red�ness, heat, and swellingin these parts, but there is formation of blisters, loss of epithelium, and a secretion from tho whole affected suiftice of the skin. The appearauee of the feel with sheep and cattle, having this disease is shown in Figs. I, i', and .quot;., Plate IX, Sometimes abscesses form beneath the horn, from which the pus may burrow and cause the loss of the hoofs, or even affect the ligaments and joints. But severe complications in the region of the foot do not occur except from this cause. With the cattle which I visited, the feet presented a very dif�ferent appearance. Sonic of the limbs were separating, as a COUse-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

quenoe of dry gaugraue, hftlf way between the fetlock aod hock joints,

with the .skin of the foot still In perfect condition, tllOUgb (lend. In others the separation ocourred at the fetlock, and in many others at the joints below, but not as u consequence of the harrowing of pns. In�deed, very little pus was to be seen in any of the feet. It is not rare to see the horn of one or both toes lost in foot-and-mouth disease, but it would be remarkable for the whole toe, Including the bone, to slough oft, as occurred so frequently here. I did not .see a case where the hoof was lost without a loss of the hone at the same time. The complete death of the foot to the fetlock, or even higher, as occurred in all the worst cases in the West, is altogether unheard of in foot-aiid-iuonth dis�ease. While there was redness, heat, and swelling above the line of separation, f saw no appearance of blisters between the toes or around the coronet, A large proportion of the affected animals were, simply lame, and had neither blisters nor sores about the feet. Finally, the disease was generally confined to the hind feet, or, if it attacked a forefoot, it was only after both hind ones were affected. Foot-and-mouth disease hau no such decided preference for the posterior extrem�ities,

The eruption on the udder.�in only one case that I have heard of in the West was there any appearance of an eruption on the udder of the a tfected cow. This was a cow belonging to Mr. Keith, the young calf of which died, as was supposed from the effects of the disease contracted from its mother, I am unable to aocouut for the sores which evidently existed on the udder of this cow, not having seen her until they were nearly healed. There is also considerable doubt as to the cause of the calf's death. Certain it is that an eruption of blisters on the adder is an extremely common occurrence in foot-and mouth disease (Fig, .'i, Platlaquo;' X), In the West, however, a considerable number of cows were affected, and but one had any symptoms of this kind.

Reviewing these symptoms, we can see that the disease which I in�vestigated had few If any characters in common with foot-and-mouth disease. Among the whole nuenbor there was not a single animal which presented the typical characters of this plague. There did not appear to las a single animal which presented even the typical month symptoms, or the typical feet symptoms of that disease. The history, the charac�ters, the symptoms, everything- connected with the disease, led US to

conclude, therefore, that it could not be the contagious foot-and-mouth disease.

OHAJIAOTEUS WHTOH DISTINGUISH THIS DISEASE FROM FOIL-IN-TIIE-

FOOT.

The disease known as foul-iu the foot, and often called foot-rot, has its origin in the skin of the interdigital space. It begins as a superfi�cial intlammation, which is followed by sloughing, nlceratiou, suppura�tion, the burrowing of pns, and the formation of sinuses. By this pro-

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

cess tht' disease may grftduallj' extend beneath the lioni of Hie toes and toward t lie deeper parts of the loot, until I he tendoii.s, hones, HgflineUtS, and iirtieidalions are iovolvetl, In extreme eases it may even exiend to or above the let lock Joint. SI eel, in his neu worli on the quot; Diseases of the Ox,quot; sumB up this oluvraoteristlo of the disease as follows:

'I'h us the pathological conditions of this (llseftse arc, at first, tlio oxistcnco of iutlaui-matlon hi tlio Inturdigital substauou, which inoy igt;laquo;' partinlly roinovoil by sloughing, thou Hi.' prvjacuoa lt;lt;( jiii.-. bonoath thu hoof-hom, boring and Cnmiing slmpla sliiusca, n-hiuh cMi'iiil .mow mils and bum) on the surfnee, The patient is vory Inmo, iiud tlio dlgltsaro separated from one anothot' in a roiuarkablc manner.

'I'liat is, foul bogius between the toes, forms sores there, and these slowly extend liy iileei-alion and the burrowing of pus. Neither in

Kansas. Missouri, nor Illinois were any saoh pathological characters as

these seen. There was sudden and complete death of a toeorol'a foot, Or in some eases of a leg as high as the lioek Joint : I lie disease showed

uo tendency to extend, but was limited by a groove around the limb, which soon became a crack, and the affected portion was sloughed off. There was no burrowing of pus, no uloeratiou, and when the lifeless portion of the limb had separated, the stump healed as readily as could be expected. The disease was dry gangrene beyond question, and dry gangrene is not produced by foul-in-the-foot.

Again, those who so confldontly pronounced the disease to lie foul, overlooked the gangrene of the tails, which was present in a large num�ber of cases, and was most marked in those animals in which the feet were most severely affected.

Finally, the digestive disturbance ami the lesions in the mouths were too evidently connected with the disease in the feet to be iel't entirely out of consideralion.

It is surprising thai two diseases having such different symptoms could be confounded, and the mistake of such a number of competenl veterinarians cat) only be explained on the supposition thai the ex�amination was hurried and snperlieial, and that ergotism among ani�mals has received bill little attention in English-speaking countries.

OBJECTIONS WHICH IIWK BEKN �tt�ED AOAIXST THE THEORY OP

KKliOTISM tX KANSAS,

When we liest diagnosed the disease at Neosbo Palis to bo ergotism, we were met by the objection liiat ergotism eonld not occur wit limit. ergol in the food, and that this condition did not cxisl on the affected farms. It reipiiivd bul a few minutes inspection of tlio hay racks, how�ever, to satisfy the mosl skeptical thai the hay at Keith's, Beard's, and Prlbberuow's contained a largo (iiiantity of ergol in the wild rye which made up a oousidorable proportion of the forage. .And subseqnenl ex�amination lias proved its existence nearly everywhere that this disease occurred.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4.3

The second objection was tliat orgot ditl not produce! dry jnnngrene in animiils; and this Statement lias been repeated ayain and agtvln by Professional men who certainly oaght to have, known hetter. The qno-

tatlons from staudard autherittes as to the effeots of ergol and tho

liistorieal compilation contained in other sections of this report will be Sufficient) i believe, to satisfactorily dispose of these assertions.

Again, it was said that it required enormous quantities of orgot to produce appreciable effects on cat lie. and even If it could iu that case cause dry gangrene, the quantity found lu the Kansas hay was totally iusufflcient to account for these results. To this 1 reply thai ergot in different seasons is known to differ widely in its poisonous qualities j that certain conditions, such as extremely cold weather and dellcioncy of drinking water, undoubtedly increase its effects in a very important. degree, and that, finally, we do not know how much is actually neces�sary to cause dry gangrene. Oareful estimates of the quantity of ergot in the hay 111 Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas show that these cattle must have taken with their food from 3 to I ounces of this poison each day. The dose of ergot recommended by standard veterinary authorities as safe for medical purposes is about one ounce for grown animals, hut it is not expected that this would be used for more than one or two days together. The diseased cattle, therefore, had taken from three to four full doses of ergot a day, and contiiiued this for days and weeks. Con-sidering that the action of ergot is to diminish the call her of the blood�vessels, that the gangrene of the extremities is directly traceable to deficient blood supply, and thai atmospheric cold also has a marked tendency 111 this direction; that, ill addition to all this, I he drinking places were frozen over, and the holes that were cut through the ice were only kept open a short time each day, it would appear that the conditions were very favorable for the development of ergot poisoning.

Then if was reported that the outbreak in Osborne County was cer�tainly the same disease, ami thai the cattle had been pasturing on green rye and consequently could not get ergot. A few inquiries brought out the fact, however, that the rye pasture had only been in use for three. weeks, while the disease had appeared at least six weeks previously. There was no reliable information as to vvhal these cattle had been eating before the appearance of the disease, and the forage was not examined by any competent person.

quot; If this disease is due to ergo! poison,quot; says one gentleman, quot;why then is this the lirsf outbreak, since the Kansas farmers have fed this same kind of hay to their cattle from the first settlement of the State ?quot; But who knows that they have ever before fed hay containing as much

ergot ? In Europe the enzo�tios of ergotism have at times been a cen�tury apart, and it is a well know.ii fact I hat it is only in occasional years that these enormous quantities of ergot are produced. Then how can it be known that this is the first outbreak of the disease in Kansas? Oattle have frequently suffered with the same symptoms in New York,

44nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTIOATEl) ANIMALS.

Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Missouri, and why not also in Kansas? Who outside of tlio [ininecUate vicinity of the snl1erinjgt;' herds would have

heard of the outbreak under consideration had it not been for the mis�taken diaguosls that led the country to fear the presence of a daugerous

Contagions disease .'

Anain, would not this reasoning apply to any supposed eanse of the disease as well as to ergot .' No matter what produced the disease, if such an outbreak lias never oecmred before it might be said with Just as much force, quot;Why, then, is this the first outbreak?quot;

quot;Again,quot; the same gentleman goes on to say, quot;on Mr. Goodrich'raquo; farm, where the disease prevails, the hinds are improved by cultivation, and there is no ergotized rye ill his bay. Vet out of 96 cattle, -40 head of young stock are reported affected with the disease.'' This fact was the most troublesome of all I had to contend with in making my diag�nosis, and 1 appreciated its importance perhaps as much us my critics could have appreciated it. The gentleman's statement is not absolutely correct, however, as there was a small quantity of ergoted rye in the hay; hut. still there was so inncb less than was seen at the other farms sis to make it impossible to explain why the cattle here should be affected even to a greater degree than elsewhere. En my preliminary report 1 explained this by saying that wild rye was known to grow in patches, and that, consequently, has that was being fed at one time could not bo considered as exactly the same as that led three months before. The apparent discrepancy in this case has since been explained, how�ever, in a mneh more satisfactory manner. Some time last fall Mr. (ioodrich bought two stacks of hay of Mr. Keith, and it was this hay that he had been feeding to his cat tie lip to the time of the outbreak of the disease. When this fact was learned the whole matter became per�fectly clear, and what at first appeared the greatest objection to the-ergot theory turned out to bo one of its strongest supports.

Then .Air. Heard is mentioned as having fed 75 head of cattle all win�ter on hay full of ergot, and escaped with but 6 diseased animals. Mr. Beard, however, had fed his cattle twice a day on corn-fodder, that is, on corn which had been shocked but not busked, and as a natural con�sequence his cattle ate very much less of the hay.

quot;Stranger still for the ergot theory, .Mr. Pribbernow fed 105 cattle on millet hay and corn-fodder, and he has II of hisyoung stock affected.quot; Here, again, the zeal of the gentleman to make out a case against the ergot theory has led him to make, statements which are not correct. Mr. Pribbernow had some very badly ergoted hay, which he showed to me. and told me that he had been feeding it to his cattle : and, indeed, there was plenty of evidence, that this was the case from the condition of the feeding yards and racks. It is a fact, however, that 54yearlings were fed on millet hay, oats, and corn-fodder in addition to the hay, and that not one of these was affected. The older cattle had been fed more-

#9632;CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OF DOMESTIGATE1) ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;45

copy;xolusivoly on tUo hay, aucl it was among tiiem aloue that the eflteot ot

the ergot was seeu. These foots 1 noted down sus they were related to

me on the spot by Mr. Pribbernow, quot;Another puzzle is presented t).v Mr. Keith buying 03 head of yonng

stock from Mr. Davis on the l�th of Deeernlier, and on the li;5il nearly all were down with the disease. Keith's has contains ergotized rye. Davis has had no sickness in his herd.'' This statement is also very incorrect, and yet it contains a reference to the one unsolved dillicnlty connected with the Kansas outbreaks. The 03 head of cattle were par-chased December 10, and as the first cases of sickness on this farm did not occur until the 23(1 or 24th, and as at the 1st of January there were still less than thirty cases all told on the farm, it is plain t hat these nni-mals had siitlicient time to contract the disease after their purchase.

The dillicnlty in regard to the ergoi theory at Keith's was in connec�tion with another lot of cattle boughl about the 15th or 20th of Decem�ber. This lot consisted of 0 yearlings and 8 cows, some of which Mr.

Keith asserts were sick wit hin three days and all within eight days, and that they were not fed upon hay clui'lug that lime, butupou mowed oats and corn-lodder. He admitted, however, that there was probably hay in the racks to which they had access. There was innch donbt as to the days on which these cattle were lirst seen to lie lame, and as to how severely they were affected. It is also impossible to say, at this time, on what they bad been fed previous to their purchase. This dilli�cnlty, however, does not compare with that felt at lirst in regard to the Goodrich herd, and as the latter was satisfactorily explained at the last minute, it is not at all improbable that there are some nnknown facts in regard to the is cattle in question that would explain this case just as satisfactorily.

I have reviewed above the chief objections that have been advanced to show that the disease in Kansas could not be ergotism. It is nniUH'.-cssary to add that they are mostly of the nature of captious criticism. The malady had been pronounced foot-and month disease by some and foot-rot or foul by others, and these gentlemen found it desirable to makeont at least an apparent case againsl ergotista. In other seotions of this report 1 have given abundant evidence to show that it could he. nothing but ergotism, and the plates herewith presented, which were carefully prepared by a competent artist, are snllicient to prove tins beyond doubt toany one who understands the pathology of these differ�ent diseases.

'Xim NATUKK, OHEHIOAL COMPOSITION, AND ACTION OF EUOOT.

The substance, known as ergot is one of the stages in the life history of a fungus which has been named Vlnriccpx purpurea. The. term ergot was applied to it by the French from its fancied resemblance to the spur of a cook. The place which this fungus occupies in the plan of nature

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

nniy be iiiulcrstouil from tlic following table, which is taken prlnoipally from the �lassiamp;oattou proposed by Sachs;

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The growth of the clavicops begins by the germiiiatioti of conidia or spores of this fangns, which liave been carried by carrents of air or other means to the tlowersof i tie grasses favorable for its devclopineut. These oouidia or spores, as the case may be, geriniuato in contacl with the ex�ternal snrfuce of the ovary while, this is still in an early stage of Its growth, ami form a mycelium \Vhich penatriitea Hie walla of the ovary, ii in I, as a rule, respects only the summit. It thus by degrees substitutes itself in place of the tissue of the ovary, and, cousoquently, preserves to a oousiderable extent the form of this organ. II bears on its summit the stigma, while iis external coal is taivorsetl b3^r deep grooves and irregidar cavities. (In Plate \iil. Fig. 1, is seen the normal ovary of the rye planl ; Fig. 2 shows the same invaded by the olavioeps.)

In this stage of its exiatenco il has been called the aphacelia. As id develops it takes entire possession ofthoovary, obliterating its cavity, ami preventing the development of the ovule. The ovule may igt;e either entirely absent or it may bo present in an imperfect form, but does not develop into n seed. The mycelium produces at the surface of the ovary a large number of oval corpuscles, which are called conidia, and which falling upon other flowers may germinate ami again produce the my-celinm or sphacelia form of the fungus. (PI. VIII, Fig. 3, which is a cross-section of the ovary, now called sphacelia, shows these conidia at its borders.)

Tiiesphaeelia, however, is not theergol form of the fungus. At the base of this Is produced a hard substance with a black or dark violet surfaocj ami white or grayish within, which is the true ergot or sclerotium stage of the olavlccps fnng'us. In the earliest period of the development of the sclerotium this is entirely covered by the sphacelia, but it gradually increases in size and pushes tiiesphaeelia before i( until the latter is raised entirely lieymid the floral glumes, and is supported on its summit (PI, VIII, Figs.4,5,0). The sclerotium, or ergot,continues to increase in size ami length, and the deformed ovary or sphacelia adheres to it for a long time, and may even be round in a considerable proportion of the specimens as seen in hay or mature grain after ourlngi In these the form ol the Stigma can be readily made out in most eases by the use of a low pow er lens.

Ergot is not therefore a diseased seed; on the contrary, it develops entirely below the ovary and prevents the formation of the seed. It is entirely a fungus growth, and is the resting stage of the organism. It

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#9632;

4 i'

Maix ftom Nature

k Host i quot;. Lin i'jshc

DEVELOPMENT OF ERGOT,

#9632;

Plate IX

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ( WAI.I.KY i

Plate X

iV.iix ftom Nnftiri!

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (WALLEY)

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

oontaius little or no stmrli, and its miorosoopioal structure istlmt of tlie solerotlo my�elia. Tlie sclerotiura is looked upon as a bard ooinpaot niiiss of itoporfcotly developed mycolia. It appears to bo about a mouth troiu the time tlie t'nugUS invades the ovary until the ergot is fully tbrmed.

The ergot is the dormant form of the fungus, and remnins inthiscou* ditioii until autumn, or usually until the next spring, [fat this time it is in oontaot wilii the damp ground il germinato� and stromata gi'ow from its surface (Pi. V11I, Pig, 7). These consist of a long stalk and a globular head, and become perl'eei fruiting fungi. In the head a largo number of flask-shaped porithecio are formed (see PI. VIII, Pig, 8), which are filled from the bottom with a number of asci (PI. VTII,Fig.9), each of which eon (a ins several slender Qllform spores {I'l. N'll i, Fig, 10).

When the spores roach the yonug (lowers of rye, red top or other nearly allied grasses, they germinate and form a mycelium which invades the wall of the ovary and again produces a sphacelia. With this the cycle uf development of the fungus is completed and we probably have iis entire life history, The meteorological conditions most favorable for the production of ergol are not well known. Il has been asserted thai il only appears in largo fjuantities in rainy seasons, bul others believe that moisture has little or no influence on its devel�opment, 11 is also uncertain whether more than one species of clavi-ceps is concerned in the production of ergot in the different variel iea of grasses, The ergol of the red-top hay in .Missouri and Illinois produced identical etteots with that in the wild rye of Kansas, audit would therefore appear thai the physiologieal effects are substantially the same even though the species growing upon these two plants may be dillercnt.

The grains of ergol of rye are from half an inch to over an inch in length, and from oue-flfteenth to one-sixth of an inch in diameter) Ihey are nearly cylindrical,sometimes slightly ribbed and furrowed, and often have irregular fissures; they are curved, and taper toward the ends. The color of the surface varies from dark violet lo blue black or black: the interior is while, orten tinted with violet, The ergot of wild rye. blue grass, ami red top has the same general appearance, but the grains are smaller. In red top many of I'm grains are so .snnill that they are, only recognized with difficulty by the unaided eve. Some* times the taste is pronounced and disagreeable; but the ergot in the wild rye of Kansas, where the outbreaks of disease oceairred, was al�most or entirely without taste, and certainly was in no sense disagreea�ble when masticated.

Oltemioal composition,� Brgot is a very complex material wlicn con�sidered chemically, and although it has been studied by many compe�tent chemists, there is yet much doubt as to the nature of a. niiniber of the substanci's which have been found in it. About 3~t per cent, of its weight consists of a thick, fluid, lived oil, which is now believed to he

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; OONTACUOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

itliout iiiiMlica! properties. Two iioii-oryKtnlliy.iible nlkiiloids have been described and called, respectively, eoftoHlaquo;laquo; and ergotina ; and one crys-talllisable which has been designated as ergotinine,

SolerotiOf ergotio,a,U(\fuscosolerotiHio aoiAs have been isolated. There is also a question lt;gt;(' a peculiar ammoniaoal base variously stated to be metliylamitn\ trimetkylamine, and propylamia. A tnuollaginoua .sub�stance called scleronmcin and several other products of doubtful nature havebeeu reooguized. Ii has not yet been demonstrated wbloh of these bodies constitutes the active principle of the drug, or whether the phygt; siological effect may not be duo to n uumbor acting together.

The one point on which mosl of those who have studied ergot biive

ajireed is that water extracts the medical properties, and this seems to be about the extent of our reliable Inforinatlou iTi regard to thisdepiirt* inciil of the subject,

The aefion of ergot mi the animal hod//.�The action of this poison in largo doses is very clearly given in the following extract from Dr. II. ('. Wood's Treatise on Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Toxicology!

Accordiug to Dlcz [quoted by Sttllo], the principuleft'eota of poisonous doses uf ergot are hi the lower (udmnls profuse saltvnti..... \^romitiuj{, illlatatlou of tlio imiii Is, hur�ried breathing, freqiionl pulse, cries, trembllug, stuggcriug, paraplegia, Homotiines diarrhoa, soiuetimes ooustipntiou, ptostratlon, urgent thirst,eouvulslons,quot; and tloath. Mr. Samuo] A, Wright, in ;i series of exporiinents (Edinburgh Med, and Surg, Journ., Od., 1839, vol. Hi), uotod, when the aiedioiue was givou by the mouth, Symptoms similar to ihow jusi spoken of j the parab siswas mueli more uiarked than the spasms. Laic in the poisoinng, the heart's notion became irregular and iutormlttciit, ami the pulsations, which had been rapid, grow slow and feeble. In some oases the special senses seemed to lie destroyed, and coldness of (lie surface was a very prominont symptom, Mr. Wright also injected n stroug infusion of the drug directly inliraquo; the torrent of the clrotilntlon, Death was in some cases produced in nine minutes, ilic symptoms lie in}; i in mediale dilaiai inn of the |iii|dls, great increase in the rule of the cardiac pulsations, paralysis, ondconvnlsions. When the fatal result was not brought about in so short a space, great amesthesin *dquot; tlie surface was noted a considerable time before death j coldness of the surface und paralysis of the special senses were also present in some cases. In Dr, Korsch's experhnetits (Setz'a Mmiioi;, vo\, xviii), the concent rated Infusion was Injected Into tlio Jngulnr vein ; i he coldness of the sur�face was especially noted, and also great muscular rigidity, l'iioii rahits, accordiug to the researches of Wright, ergot acts very feebly. In birds, as represented by chickens, turkeys, and pigeons, it causes symptoms analogous to those produced in mammals, ns is testlflod by Tesslor and lgt;y Glross, lioth quoted by Stille, and by linn-Jean {'/'mile de VErgol tie Selgle, Paris, I8t6.)

The above summary of tho general symptoms caused by poisonous doses of ergot shows that the phenomena are mainly paralytic In their nature; but, although an

enormous amount has I.....n written abont tlio drug, wo have very little knowledge as

to the Immediate causes of the paralysis. Since both Wright (?oc. alt., pp. 380,341) and K�hler have found that the Voluntary innsclcs are not affected by ergot, it would scein that the nervous system must hear the linint, of the poison, Bugene llamlelin Is said to have shown that the peripheral nerves are not alVeelcd, and the experiinents of K�hler have confirmed this so far as ooUOCrns the motor nerves nud the watery ex�tract of ergot, lie found, however, that those portions of the drug not soluble in

quot; I'erciru states that convulsions were not present In the experimentraquo; of Dien.

CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

watur tipponrod to LuorOMO the iixoitiibility of thu peclphsral elleront nerves, ami

that upon tlio poripbet'al Bousoi'y aervos both portlous of the ergot acted ins a feoblo

depiessaiit. On the whole, it is probable that the cliiel' aellon of tlie drug is upon the nerve eenters.

Tlie following experiments of Tesaler also Indloate tlie active natiire of the ergot poison {Memolre sur lea effela du selgle enjotc. /list. Sou. Roy. de Mod., 1777, 177S, Paris 1781), vol. ii, pp. �87-615)!

These experlineuts were Instltatecl with byglenlo preoantlons upoa ti number of animals. Of two ducks fed upon ergot, one, the female, died in nine or ten days. It bad consumed one ounce and three draobms of ergot. There was a large violet spot on the beak, the covering epider�mis was raised up by a collection of dark, f'etij blood. Tlie male died in fourteen laquo;lays with the beak similarly aflfeotedj there was also drooping of one wing which showed two regions of iuflammatlou, one

in the ibid and the other on the first phalanx, ll had consmned li ounces and � drachms of ergot. A. turkey was fed 8 ouiiees kl drachms of ergot within twenty-two days. The autopsy revealed inflammation about the beak, but none of the feet and wings. A pig six weeks old died at the end of twenty-three days after receiving 1 IKitind and 12 ounces of ergot. The autopsy revealed swelling of the four feet especially at artlcalatlotis, which were a reddish violet color. The ears were livid, there was gangrene of one side of the head and various internal inflammatory lesions. The articulations of the feet With the legs being uncovered there was seen, particularly with the pos�terior limbs, a thick, black, and fetid liquid. The animal previous to death had been able, to support itself better on itsjfore than on its bind limbs. A six-monthsquot; old pig died after being fed during sixty-nine days upon a, total of 22 pounds and 6 ounces of ergot. The autopsy re�vealed various internal Inflammatory lesions, several violet spots on front and hind legs, the end of the tail dark violet, and ears livid. The two first phalanges of the right anterior foot; were, gangrenous and dry, especially near the articulations. The bones themselves were tinted brown. The same parts of the left foot were gangrenous but not so far advanced, as the bones were not altered. I'pon each ealcanenm there was a livid spot, larger on one than on the other. During life there was on the twentieth day a purulent discharge fromjtwo cavities in the articulation of the right foot; these were soon covered with a crust. The limb remained cold. On the forty-second day the corresponding joint of the leftanterior leg developed a tumor which by the fifty-eighth day became an open sore. Both legs were cold and swollen, dry, in�sensible, and portions of the muscles became, detached. The animal was no longer able to walk.

Salerne, cited by Head, gave to a small mile jiig barley mixed with half Its weight of ergot. At the end of flftoou days the legs became re 1, secreted a yellowish and fetid bmnor, the skin of the back and beneath the abdomen became black in color. This food was continued for fifteen

0701 D A------1

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

days and then replaced by some free from ergot. The animal died four �lays later; there was no gangrene of the feet. Read fed a pig three moiitlis old for ttfteen laquo;lays with ei'goted wheat mixed with bran. Qaugrene seized the left ear on the seventeenth day and it dropped off. The pig died two days later with convulsions. A gangrenous spot was found on the liver. (A. Tardy. Dlaquo; PISrgotim, Paris, 1858.)

Pleming, In ids Manual of Veterinary Sanitary .Science and I'oliee, (Vol. 1, p. 65), says: quot;The ergot on rye, wheat, amp;('., has also given rise to extensive disease in man and animals, including birds, marked hy convulsions, paralysis, dry gangrene Of the limbs, loss of hair and horn, and Other Strange phenomena.quot;

M. Tabourin, In Ins Nouveau Traitv de Matirrc Mddioale de Therapeut-#9632;Urne et de Pharmacie V6t6rinairea₎ Paris, I860, gives the following de�scription of the action of ergot (pp. 448 to 450):

Tlir effeota of ergot of rye shonld lquot;¹ lt;li vlded Into medicinal and toxic, MdlicUml effeo/raquo;,�The aottou thai ergot of rye oxeroisos on the natural snrfaeos and on the ilenudetl tisanes has Ijoen very little stndiecl with animals, but appears to bo Bllttlitlv irritating; with man ii hoe been noticed that the aqneous extract arrests oaplllary hemorrhages with oonslderable rapidity, and thoi it has a mauifoatly as�tringent action laquo;in denuded tissues. In the digestive tube the eifecta are but little marked when the medicine is given In sniall doses; it is only when the quantities In�gested are oonsiderable thai v.....Itlng occurs with oarnlvorn and a serious Irritation

of the Intestines with :ill anlmalsi [n regard to the dynamic or general effects pro�duced by tlir ergot of ryo In modloinal doses, when its active prlnoiplea have been absorbed, they are iiliiilt;igt;t unnoticeablo laquo;itli healthy animals aud have been only very Imperfectly studied up to this time. If follows, however, from the trials apdertaken by varions authorson the greater part of the domestic animals, that this medicine prodncos with thoin as with man two effects somewhat opposed t(gt; euch other: a very pronounoed sedative action on the circulatory center, and an energetic stimula�tion of the nervous centers und particnlnrly of the posterior portion of the spinal cord. We will return to those two culminating effects of ergot of rye in oounection with the toxie, action that it has on the organism which we anlaquo; now ahont to study. Tojicctlhiraquo; �The poisoning- of animals by ergot of rye is called ergotism. It, may OCOIW at the end of a longer or shorter time, according to various circumstances and

particularly according as the ergot is given alone or mixed with the food. In the

former case, it occurs �fter O few days with lords, and after weeks or even monthraquo;

wiih mammals, ncoordlug to the stzeof the doses and the time between them. In the second case it Is much slower still, and when its existence is manifested by apparent phenoniena the destruction of the organism is already oousunimated and there ismraquo; means of providing a remedy for It. This Is a remarkable example of ohronlo or laquo;low

poisoning.

The oharacterlstlo signs Of ergotism are of two varieties. One of these is due to the nareotico-acrid and exciting action thai the ergot exereiscson the nerve centers ; tin-other is due to the sedative action that il produces on tllO heart. When the former

predominates, as has been observed with certain epidemics with the human species, the ergotism Is called convulslvoj when, on the contrary, the second is more pro-uonnced thourgotisra Is called gangrenons. II Isdlfflciilt to estobllsli this distinction

With animals where the signs of the two varieties are mixed In nearly equal propor�tion as we shall demonstrate.

1. So/ljpfrfraquo;.�OfUll the domestic animals, thesollpedsare 1 ho least exposed (o poison-

ing h.v ergot of rye, because oats, the grain Ihey receive most often, is randy affected

' with this nlterntloll, Only two authors, MM. llcrtwig and I'arola, have made experi-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

loentaon Bolipwla wltb orgotofrye, Tlie formeradtniniatei'ed three nud oae-Iialf kil�ograms (7.7 ikhiikIh) of .this giibstanoo to a hor.si; in the Nitiico of 24 duys; in* ob�served some nervous plieaomena and ii great depression of the otroulatloraquo;, but no ap�pearance of gnugrent), The latter gave ergot of rye to a mule, afTootod with ohronla ooryza, for six duys in the dose of one to two ounces a laquo;ln.v. There was Blowing of the eimilatiou, deoreased temperature of the body, dlfHoulty of respiration, loss of appe�tite and strength) guaoral depression, musoular trembling, slight swelllugof the knees toward tlie end, raquo;fcc. The subject was destroyed, The disohage (rom the nose had disappeared!

�J. barge ramlnanti.�Poisoning of large ruiuinanta lgt;,v ergot Is more common than tliat of aolipeds because those animals receive quite often, as a s upplotnoutary ra�tion, the rojectod grains ootuiug from the thrasher or from soroeniug, which always ooutuln more or loss ergot of rye and of other grains. With the large ruminants the oouvalslve phei.....ioua are not seen or arc not very apparoiiti bu( the depressive ef�fects on tin; olroulatory system arc, on ihe contrary, very marked. Besides, the health is maintained without serious disturbance during weeks and oveu months If

the ergot is taUen with tlie food. (Inly the extremities lose little by little their nat�ural warmth,as is noticed with the ears, the tail, the lower part Of tile limhs, A-.e. The digital region, and .sometimes even the mctaearpal and inetatarsal rogions, as M.

Deeoste has observed,are smitten with dry gangrene. In this case, the parts lose tlioir warmth, their sensibility, become hardened and mnramiflod, and soon separate

without pain from ilie parts which have still r.....allied living.

X Small niminanlg.�It is known that the sheep maj , like other animals, feel the noxi�ous Influenoo of ergot; but .science is wanting in precise docmni'iits Oonoerillng thiw ruminant and the goal.

4,nbsp; J'ic/H.�U follows from some exporimouts made on those animals by Tossler, that ergot of rye poisons them after a greater or less time according to their force of resist�ance. There is seen in the first place vertigo, nnsteadinoss lu standing, a tottering

walk, moaning, swelling of the eyes, amp;.O. j then the ears, the (ail, the lower part of the limbs, lose their warmth and vitality ; soon appear livid spots, which afterward become black and gangrenous, and are the beginning point for the separation of tlio

inortilled from the living parts.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Doi/H.�if. Dien has given ergot of rye to dogs in the dose of 16 grams (half an

laquo;mice) a day. The animals were soon taken with uausoa, bloody diarrhea, a nasal

discharge also colored with blood, depression, weakness, and soon drop into a fright�ful marasmus. The experiments not having been pressed to the end, the phenomena

Of dry gangrene could not be observed.

(i. Fniflx.�These little animals are most exposed to the poisoning under considera�tion, because they often receive; for iioiirishinent the residue from cleaning quot;rain which always contains more or less ergot. The first signs of this polsouiug are loss of liveliness, indiiference to surroundings, and great dullness; then there is vertigo, drooping of the wings, Ac; dually appear more characteristic signs��laquo; bloody dis�charge from the nostrils is seen ; the crest becomes black, shrunken, a ml in nm mi lied ; the beak dries and is detached j the same course Is soon followed by the fongnc; the feathers lose their luster and fall out. Death results SOOU after these Symptoms are seen.

To reeapitnlate, the most, ordinary signs of ergot ism with tlio various iinimals are as follows; Dnlness, tixeil expression, vertigo, dilated pupils, int.oxieaUon, coma ; in the beginning muscular trombUu.^s, then eouvillslvo shocks, tetanic attacks, par�ticularly in the posterior members which afterward buoome weak and paralyzed, nn-Stuady position while Standing, slow ami dlffloull walk, laquo;Sec.; general weakness, pro�gressive emaciation ; pulse slow and weak, skin cold ; hair dull, limliH, ears, horns, and tail lose their natiiriil warmth ; SOl'O-tmiCOUS and soinetiines bloody discharge from the nostrils, cold swelling of the limbs; black spots, livid patches, gangrenous sores; dry gangrene of the crest, of the beak inul of the tongue of birds, and of the

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMKSTICATEI) ANIMALS.

oarraquo;, tlio tail, tlm phalanges, the limigt;s, whloli become dotaohed little igt;.v littllaquo; ami pleoe by pleoe from tlilaquo; truuk without InSaanaatlon orpuin, amp;o,

iflsloiu.�The tllgostlvetube Ilaquo; more or loss lutonsely irrltated, the vlsoeraai'O flabby and softenud, tlie muscles seral-gelatluous, the blood lliild, vlolel oolored, the interior of the vessels rod as lu putrid diseases amp;o,

M. Verlieyon, lu his artloleou ergotism In bha Nouveau Diclimmire yatUiuc de M'^:'liriiii\ lt;lr Ohirurgie et d'Hygi�ne Vetirmaircs, gives the following ummut of the ett'eots of this polsoa!

SympiomatoUgy.�ln spite of the uuraorons experlraontal Btudloa of wbioh the eraol of rye has boou the object, itlaquo; effects on the organism arc far from being suill-oiontly understood to enable ns to write lu a complete and eonneotod manner the part of the medical blstory of ergotism relating to Hilaquo;¹ symptomatology and patbolog-loal anatomj. Tbe mode of action of ergo! on the economy is only presented so far in a fragmentary state| tho acquired knowledge does not permit the traolug of a physiological ebart uf all.tho phenomoua prodnoed by this agent. A large number of experimenters, particularly among tho modorn ones, have only, produced ad acute Intoxioiition, of rapid pragross, wliioh leaves in obscurity tho evolution, tho gradua-tion and the succession of tho morblil phenomena; in n word tho progress of natural eramp;otlsm resulting from the introduction Into the eoonomy of small bul long continued doses of the toxic substance, History mentions destructive epidemios, ami others wbioh have been relatively mild; this dift'orenoe can only lie due to predisposition audio theabundauoo of ergot. Rye is rich lull In the calami tons years; the high price of cereals and of all Icinda of provisions, prevents the poorer classes from procuring Bttffloiently nutritious food. There, oousequoutly, follows a constitutional debility and anemia, which singularly favors gangrenous and convulslvodisorders. The obser�vation so precise, of M. Deooste, as regards tho hyglonic diet to which tin; cow, which was the subject of it, had been submitted, the conditions under which the epizoOtlo of tho State of New Vork appeared, proves thai misery constitutes a predisposing cause not less energetic for animals than for man. The oxpori men tors have not taken into account these constitutional modilicatlons which increase, tho snsceptihilily to the poisonous agent, and give to ergotlstu n uen symptomatic expression. Here, it anoears to ns, Is found the hey to the numerous contradictious tiiat arc noticed when the experiments arc compared with each cither. To cite only a single example COUquot; cerniuK the bovine species, we see thai Blemaun did nol succeed at the cud of eight dnva in provoking the least abnormal phenomenon, and thai Wahlin produced no other noticeable symptom than constipation The authors who have observed eases of eraotlsm with animallaquo; during tho oourseof an epidemic may be correct when I hoy mention tho fad very summarily, ami limit themselves to a statement that the

phenomena were absolutoiy similar to those presented by man. This identity Justi�fies to a certain ex tent, I heir laconisin. and the epidemic conditions explain the

differences obtained by experimenting during the epidemic periods and out of these

periods. During tho epidemics the rule relative to the gaugrt......is form in tho smith

and the convulsive in the north is applicable to artiflclal ergotism. A limil remark,

perfectly just ifted, and laquo; hioh has been littloif al all considered by tho experimenters: Tessier who brought, a high order of Intelligence to the elucidation of tho history of

CrffOtiam, asserts thai all animals show a very great repugnance to lake ergot volun-

tarily 1 this Is so insurmountablu for some individuals that they will die of liuuger rather than touch it. Consequently all were far from bottig assured that tins ergot offered was really consumed.

Having made these observations, let ns take up the symptomatology of ergotism � they will excuse tbe Incomplete sketch that wo truce.

Thes? morbid phenomena are very luconstanl during tho period of invasion. Sotno-times they indicate a lesion of tho corcbro-spiual apparatus, at other times the diges�tive tube Is invaded, at still other times the symptoms proceed from tho circulatory

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, Of �OMKST1CATF-1) ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;53

synlcm. This viiiialiilil v iHcoiiiinoii with (owls, with (ilgB, .nut with caniivora. The nredomlnanoe lt;gt;i' the oerobro-splual ftlfeotiou manifosls itself In various degrees of intcuHit.v ; it may bo arrested after doveloptneial wUeu fchooxoltingoausei tbealiment-

ary Use of Ol'got Of rye, lias ceased. In tlie linst place, there is vei'tlgOj the aiiiinal.s st miible ns If they were intoxicalcil; they lese llieir eqiiillhiinin, full on the side, and remain in a state of drowsiness, which Is net dissipated even when they arise. The hair and feathers lese their luster; the, teinperatiire of the skin is lowered ; there is aiia'Sthesia, tho inscnsiliility following a Condition of hyperieslhcsia ; this alterna�tion atVeets also the sight and the hearing (Wright), li is unmistakable in the canine

species; the pupils are constantly dilated. The sy nip ton is of na rent ism that we have

just enumerated persist or are Intormpted by convulsive phenomena, sometimes of

the limbs only, and sometimes of the whole body. The general convulsions arc char-aeleii/ed by tetanic epileptic attacks usually followed by temporary paralysis of the posterior parts. Tho sufforlugis somet lines so intense t hat, it Is manifested by plaintive

cries and contort inns. The nervous at tack over, the animal fails again into a condit ion of apathy or drowsiness. If the spasm is limited to the limbs, there remains after the attack a contraction which persists for a certain length of time.

These phenomena which cbaraoterizo spasmodic ergotism have an Indefluite dura�tion. Death limy (iccnr after a few hours or a few days as a result of a paroxysm,

or the disease mny he more prolonged and take a chronic form. The nutrition suf�fers; the animals become thin in spite of the appetite, which, however, is irregular, and finally a convulsion ttt hist destroys them in an advanced condition of marasmus. The circulation is abnormal, the pulse is slow, accelerated hut afterwards retarded ;

the arterial and cardiac contractions are spasmodic,

The participation of the (llgostlve tube, which may he either the principal or the accessory cause of the laquo;�eicliro-spinal atl'ectlon, is announced by nausea, pharyngtal

spasms, vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes followed by an insatiable hunger. If this is

satislied the food does noh alleviate the hunger, for it. causes convulsions. In tho

south all these symptoms may be preceded by gangrenous accidents; the latter may also precede when the circulatory lesion is tlie first to occur. With the galliuttoeana the crest becomes cold, takes a violet or black color, shrivels,and dries; these phe�nomena are also quite constant In the north, but the dessioation of the beak, some�times of the feet, constitutes an alteration exclusive to the south ; gangrenous patches also cover the abdominal walls CMillet). tu gangrenous ergotism of the palmipeds,

besides the beak, there is sometimes seen inoitilicatiou of the point of the tongue

(Teasier), and of the tnterdlgital membrane which is discolored and becomes dry and brittle; then the digits arc lost (Decoste). With mammals the gangrene attacks tho lower part of one or several limbs, the ears or the tail: these parts become red araquo; if they, were tho seat of an erysipelatous Inflammation ; the color changes to violet, to blue, or to black ; they become munimitied and detached when the convulsive par�oxysm has dot destroyed life before the completion of the work of elimination. While

this is occurring the loss of tlesh progresses and marasmus comes on, then, finally, a convulsive movement whieli destroys the patient. The mummification also attacks isolated muscles and in very exceptional cases the dry form of gangrene is associated with the humid form (Tessier), The pulse remains small, feeble, slow, or indeed it becomes accelerated, febrile, and precipitates marasmus.

Sheep which are subject to convulsive ergotism, are probably also suhject to tho gangrenous form. We have, abstained from considering it in the symptomatology he-cause we have not met with documents which authorize us to generalize the symp�toms and to extend them to the ovine species.

The gangrenous form is the only one whieli has been observed with the bovine species; it remains local and is not complicated with the greater part of the general symptoms which may precede it with the other species of the domestic animals that have Just been referred to. The appetite is preserved, the muzzle remains moist, and the expression of the eye is not changed. These signs of health often remain

^^^^^^^

54nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOITS DISKASES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS.

until Hiquot; iMial tei'mlnatlon of the dlRoase. TIh^ oironlatofy lesion seeuis thou to bo alone Iti play| It IslooalizoclIn the digital region of the posterior limbs (Uaiidill), or extends to tbo metaoarpal iinlt;l metataraal regions of the limbs of one side (Delaquo; ooste). A slight swelling of those parts announces the beginning. The hair beoontes

ilnll, the skin 1raquo; dried, hardened, and mUmmlfted as well as the parts imniediately beneath It. The appetite is preserved, but the animals become thlnj a few individ�uals take ilcsli after the loss of the gangrenous limlis and may lgt;o prepared for the bntober. Death in aoQudiMon of marasmus is the most common result. When tlilt;gt; affection takes a relatively benign tonn tlio gangreue does not destroy the part; the digital region loses its elasticity, the points of the toes are elevated, grow to an un-nsual length, and the weigh! is supported on the baok of the fetlook. In this situa�tion the animals pass a miserable existence until the owner, from pity, sends them to the butcher (Randall). The more benign form seems to ns to have a rescmblanee to OOUVUlslve ergotism : the position of the posterior limbs has perhaps for its orign a

oontraotion of the extensors, In the records of epidemics of ergotism there are found but few references to

the disease in the horse, and these arc, of no use in tracing the symptomatology.

Wo are then reduced to a recapitulation of experiments to the nntnber of two, one made by Hertwig and the other by 1'arola.

Hertwlg administered to a horse within twenty-four days 3,563 grams [about 7 jiounds] of ergot of rye. The phenomena observed were slight colics, loss of appetite,

which disappeared within a few hours, drowsiness, which also soon passed away, di-

lation of the pupils, slight spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the skin and diminished temperature of the surface of the body The pulsations of the arteries were retarded from �10 to 28 to the iniuute. The day following the administration of the last dose all abnormal phenomena hail disappeared.

Parola experimented on a vigorous and lively mule affected with a nasal discharge. Dining six days he gave It, in adilition to Its ordinary ration, ergot of rye in progres�sive doses of from �0 to fi-l grams jj to 'i ounces] a day. The first day, the pulse was from 66 to 58, with lowering of the external temperature. The second day, pulse 58, respiration tlitlicnlt, tearful eyes. Ions of appetite, dullness, beating of heart insen.si-ble. The third day, cohlness of the skin, general tremors, dilllcult; respiration, spas-modlo trouble of the cardiac and arterial pulsations, absence of appetite, apathy, dullness, suppression of the nasal discharge, which returned after the use of irritating injections. From the fourth to the, seventh day. development of these symptoms, nn-steaily and dilHcnlt walk, trembling, incliiied to lie, painful swelling of the knees, the nasal discharge iletiuitely arrested. After having taken in all 984 grams [0.6 pounds] of ergot, the innle, which had continually lost in flesh and liveliness, heeame insensible and was destroyed.

If may be concluded from these facts that the horse escapes the pern icions ell'eetraquo; of ergot no more than other animals, and that, placed under favorable conditions, one of the two forms of the disease may be clearly manifested, as the result of long and con�tinued use. Ergot is also a poison for insects ; in Poland they kill Hies by giving as a bait powder of ergot mixed with honey. Leeches, plunged into an infusion of ergot, perish instantly (Loriuser).

Anatomical chordctm.�Studied for ecntiirie.s,ergotism presents, in regard toitspatho�logical anatomy, lamentable deliiieneies as well with mankind as with animals. Con�sidering the variation of symptoms it is useless to insist that, the anatomieal lesions cannot in all cases he the same. Those which we are about to enumerate all belong to either artiticial or experimental ergotism.

The, rhjor morth is never excessive; the flabby nniscles are, softened, the, hones en�gorged with blond, particularly near the articulations. The venous system is dis�tended by a black, pitchy, semi-tluid bloodj the arteries, sometimes empty, contain in other eircumslanees a red llniil blood. In the thoracic cavity the, lungs are found hepati/.ed in the posterior portion; the heart flabby, small or voluminous, con tains

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;55

librous OQAgula awl a black, viscid, sumi-tluUl blooil; in the loft siilc of the lioart, #9632;whicli is often empty, there is UoU�Og foiUld hut lihiinoiiH coucrctious. The iiiiicons ineinbiane of the sinall intestine is pale, yellowish, inliltrated, ami softened, gome-tiuiCH oovored with red stria¹ or black points. These bluck points are compounds of fut and piglUOtlt (T. O. SeUSlllgOr), The inneons iiiemlirane of the largo intestine shows hypertcmia, which is far fioin belli}; constant. The proventricnlns of the gal' liniici-iius has a gray or a wiiie-red appearance; its nincons ineinbrane is ulcerated or covered with jfrannlations; the gl�zard is hlai'k (Millet). Do not the granulations depend upon the iilceration of the pepsine glands ,' The (#9632;erebral envelopes, princi-Vally at the base, arc coiige.stcd, engorged with a bluck blood resouibllug that found in the veins; a section of the brain shows somotimes a very apparent piinctation ; in other cases, much more conuuon, it is aniemic. Anuhigoiis changes are met with in the spinal cord.

The local disorders of gangrenous ergotism are those of dry gaugrene (see (lair grene),

PhyiiologUsal acliou,� The symptoms of gangrenous or convulsive ergotism, as a whole, indicate incontestably that the nervous system fills the principal role. The phenomena observed by Hoppe when he placed ergotine in contact with the Isolated organs of the frog or the rabbit would remove all doubt if any could exist. Ergotine causes a marked stimnlatioii of the heart, followed hy a weakening and a retardation of its movements; the intestine contracts, lint the contraction is not renewed after a second upplication; the blood vessels dilate J soon follows a contraction with conges�tion of the vasa vasontm whicli swell and cause the walls of the veins and arteries to become rigid] the sensitive nerves are parlially paraly/cd; later their sensibility is increased ; a general intoxication congests the brain and spinal cord. This last, effect is not constant; the autopsies show that though the envelopes of the cerebro-spinal axis are always congested, wholly or in part, tile nervous centers themselves are iniito laquo;ftrn aniemic.

It follows from these results which are conformable to what is observed in ergotism that the primitive phenomena depend upon asedalion of the sensory nervous system, iwid this anicsthe.sia issuccceded by a hyperiestbesia and a retardation of the circula�tion. The exaltation of the sensibility has not always the same seat ; this circum�stance explains the variations of the symptoms and the predominant lesions of a func�tional apparatus, in all cases the byperustliesia excites reflex action, sometimes in the intestinal tube (colic, vomiting, and diarrhea); at other times in the voluntary muscles (contnictions and couvnUions); at: still other times In the involuntary mus�cles of the vessels (gangrene). These reflex actions may be successive, simultaneous,

or they are developed separately and remain separated during the whole course of the disease. With man, who can give an account of his subjective sensations,intense pain precedes theopntraotioil ; then follows, according to the intensity of the disease, convulsions varying from trembling to epileptic attacks. The over stimulation leads to exhaustion, which bringsa calm in the sensitive system. Intolerable pains, which are more localized, also precede the dry gangrene : the patient feels In the part which becomes the scat of it a cold sensation ; later, this is recognized by the thermometer and to the patient it seems glacial; the sensation is los: when the gangrenous ell'ect is accomplished. The dilatation of the vessels, followed by a narrowingof their channels are phenomena which are connected with primitive ainesthesiii, a secondary hyper-jetbesia, and with rellex action, which affect the vaso-motor nerves. The rigidity and congestion of the vascular tubes, the weakening of the contraction of the heart, re�tard the circulation in the extremities,favor the Stagnation of the blood, and conse�quently necrosis, even if tbo reflex phenomena are not sutliciently intense to obliter�ate the channel of the afferent vessel and produce mortification hy amemia. What is produced in an intense manner at one or several extremities is repeated at all the periphery in gangrenous and convulsive ergotism; the lowering of the temperature Jias no other cause than the retardation of the circulation and the reflex muscular

56nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMK8TICATKD AXIMAI,S.

Kiiasm. The cerebral phononiena are probably only seooudary and aredno to the cnn-gentlou of the bralu and Its enTelopes ; Hh^ anagt;nilu of this organ would also aoooutrt

for IliiMii. It is a law that local congestions go side by side with local amcinia : when ergotism beoomes ohronio, tha antDtnia Is generallzod. n ootutnon result In all diseaselaquo;

wliieh are of long duration, The absence of exudations removes all idea of inllain-niation, and if hepatizatioii of the posterior lobes of the lungs has been found, par-

tieulaily with thegalliiiaccans, (his lesion is neither constant nor general.

The median) dose of tliis agent for raedloinal purposes is given by Tabonrin {Nouvem Trait6ih Nat, Milt;l., etc., II,p, ill) as follows) Cat�tle and horses, one-half to one ouooe (10 to 32 grains)| goats, sheep, and pigs, one to two drachms (4 to 8 grams) j dogs and oats, onegt;half to one draohm (2 to l grams). Pinley lgt;iiii says: As a parturient or styptic,for the mare or cow, one-half to one ounce; for sheep, swine. and bitches,about one drachm (Vet, Medicine, p. 212).

HISTOETl 03? EB�OTISM,

Wood states that epidemics of ergotism or chronic ergotie poisoning have been

recorded from time to time since the days of Qalen [130 to 200, A. D.] and of Ctosar [B. C, 100 to 44], (Therap, Mat. Med, and Tox,, 4tli ed., p, 565.) There is much reason for doubt, however, in regard to the diagnosis of eases occurring before the tenth century.

Vcrheyen says that, quot;From the ninth to the tliirteenlh centuries several grave epi�demics appeared in France. The first ctironiclers who made mention of tliem, faithful

to their traditional habit, confounded them under the generic denomination otplague

(peste), [u tbo tenth century these epidemics received a special name; they were called ignis .sneer, arsura, olaudes raquo;cm pestls igniaria. In tinlaquo; twelfth century the nomenclature was increased with the terms ignU eanoti dntonti, snucli Martialli, Hcalti' Virginia, ir/nit invisibllis, sen infenialU, All these expressions WOW used to designate one and the same affection, which was no other than ergotism.

The learned historian of the epidemics ot feu saire of the Middle Ages. Professor Fnchs (Das heilige Finer im Mitlelaller, Berlin, ISM), lixes the first invasion in the year SW. This explicit passage of the chronicle leaves no doubt in this regard. I'htija mttgna vesioarum turgentlum graasalur in popnlo et deiestdbilt eoe putredine coiianmsif, Ua ul membra dinsohiUi ante mortem, declderuni. (Pert/., 11, 830.) The epidettlic of 500 (Greg. Tin-., X, ISO) that some authors refer to the fen laquo;acre, does not appeal' to us to

have presented the character's of this. Its course was extraordinarily rapid; it began

with a slight headache, a forerinmer of death {iln nt nodloo quisquie mgrotus capiMs dolore, puhaiue, animam funderet), 'I'hese morbid characters can no more be consid�ered ergotism than the very vague statement that near Limoges several were cou-

siimed by the fen celeste with which some were burned in Tonrraine InonnuXU laquo;/gt; hoc

ii/ne sunt adlisti). At the same lime a very fatal epizootic occurred which did not Spare the deer. A great drought had destroyed the herbage; it followed rains and inunda�tions, conditions favorable to the evolution of eharlmnnous diseases. A fact support�ing this view, as well as the opinion of Kochs, is that rye, which is an Asiatic plant, was only introdneed into cultivation during the Middle Ages (Link). Admitting, w hat is supposed, that Europe is indebted for it to the invasion of the Huns, it is still very necessary to take. Into account the condition of this part of the world before OOnoIudlng that at the end of the sixth century the new cereal had become generalized and had entered into the regular agricultural rotation of Oaul.

All the epidemics ni feu Hderi¹ correspond to years which were eharaeterized by a. rigorous winter followed by a very rainy sunimer, causinga deficiency iu the harvests, ami bringing scarcity and fatnine. The epidemics began about the uionlh of iSeptem-ber or October and termiuated in the spring, unless the atmospheric condition of the

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57

followingyenv continued to be fiital to the pvoduota of the i'iuth. No tnentton ilaquo; tnade

Of ffreat epidemiOfi OtfeU sacir during years which wem chiii'iii'tci'ized by pi'DiliKitivtv

ness, but looal opldetnios are met with which wete olrbutusoi'lbed within tlilt;i limits whenlaquo; the center of orgotlatn wtill exists In our dftys, and which ooniprlses /n Soloffne,

lc I)(iu]gt;hini\ le. /.I/ohlaquo;disc, la Lorraine, and I'Aitoia,

If we take Into aooount the oondltloiiH which oonour in the evolution otftu laquo;nor, it may be OStallllahed) quot; priori, that the sanitary state of the domestic animals was not more favorable than thatot'llic human species, and that epizootics slionld have been more i'rcqiicut than they lU'e niontioned by the chroniclers. Are indications found in their raquo;imals which authorize im to attribute these epizootics to the same, source, that is, tothofeusaoi'�f This question cannot b6 solved; more than that, the accounts themselves forbid an hypothesis relative to the form and nature of simnltaneons dis�eases. II- is sntlicicnt to cite this pfwsago I'roai the chronicle of St. BaVOI), relerrin^

to the year ll'^*; l'laga dirina Framiam effliqlt, Ignis tclUcet covpwa orvelam. 1'iaiilen-

tia miisima J'aitH ihI (itiimulinm. Wliat was this plaglio of animals.' Formulated in

this manner it Is Impossible to conjecture. If In the presence of snoh profound ob-sonrlties we ai'e pormltted to hazard an opinion, wc would say that in all probability

the food of the animals did not consist of rye in these calamitous years when scarcity

and famine were general, and when the cause oi feu laquo;mrc'was unknown. Removed

from the toxic, factor, they did not escape its powerful accessories, and the diseases which (leciinated tlie, herds must have been other than ergotism.'' Perhaps the lirst

epidemic otfeu laquo;ore' which ravaged Portugal in 1180 was an exception, and it, may be necessary to attribute the concomitant epizootic to ergotism, it is thus describedi //laquo;/raquo;raquo; etiam tempwe morhi iimilt;{iiam, ante, n'st Inpnuhani, fwvenHasiiniB intra riwcvn ar-

(li)riliiiraquo;, (/nilina hotnitlOS quasi (iitndiini rahiu ijcmjiluhanlnr. IC.rorla cliam failles, J'rnf/ihuH lam ri tcnipestaiis, JWdWl rcrniinilinn corniplilaquo;, et lues non niiinai noceiis peoort (/'quot;quot;quot; lioniini-hns el in n I tor ii m reliela- raena' ponxexsioiiiliiiK (C. F. llensiu^cr, Fuchs).

The uncertainty relative to the form and nature of the epizootics is one of the most common facts in the records of the Middle Age. Thus the beginning of the famous black plague In 1347 was preceded in several countries hy epizootics no less fatal. Tnprlmis hive eieerba jn'sl'm in hrutiH aniinaliliiix inmharit: xeahien el lepfCB lolalilcr ap-primelninl ei/nox, bores, peenderaquo;, el Kipran ; ila nt pili de dorxi ipaomn depil�li�iiliir c,t eade-banl et e�eiebniiliir mae.ri el (lelnhf, el pox', paUOOS dieraquo; moriebantnr. Deinile inoipit Ao'C rahiumi /lenlh per nnirersum ninndiim dixeiirrvudo in iniwruliilex homineH letlialiler Mrrire (Ontteis). This passage evidently riders to a gangt'OUOUS atVection, which has noth�ing in common with feu nacre, for with the exception of the epidemic of Brittany,

which neenrred at the beginning Of the Idaek plague, no traces of ergotism are found until I�7;!, when it appeared anew in I''ranee (Tessier).

During the whole period of the Middle Age but rare epidemics offen nacre are nion�tioned in the north of Europe, lleiminger believes that those of the lifteenth and six�teenth centuries, designated by the name Of SCOrbUtUS, belonged to ergotism. This opinion appears to us tO have foumlation; in fact the celebrated hotanist, Dodomeuraquo;,

described the epidemic, of scorbutus, which occurred in Belgltira in Ui�ii, and was charaoterized by gangrene of various parts of the body. He attributed it to the spoiled grain which was Imported from I'russia, and says in another work {llixtoria frniHentoriini, Anlo., 16ti0), that bread made from spoiled rye (xeii/le allere) causes the

disease called by the Germans scorbutuei The gangrenous form of this affection,

which did not conform exactly to that observed in France and Spain, was replaced in the course of the, sixteenth century hy the convulsive form. When the epidemics of ergotism of the South and tlio.se of the North of Europe are compared a very re�markable fact presents itself; in the South the gangrenous form is the rule; a few of

theepldemica were complicated by muscular oontraotlonB(roN(racfurelaquo;)j in the North,

* The author appears to have overlooked the fact that such a disease might have been produced by ergotized grasses.�D. E. S.

5$ CONTAGIOUS DJ8EA.8HS OF DOMQ8TIGATBD ANIMALS.

on llioooutcacyi dry gaugrevo wasatatltor rare uitection. Tliis pheuotueuon lsapgt; plloable to animals irttli whlob azgollsni Imraquo; been uliserved during the oputiuiiaiioe of an opidemio us well u.s witli Ukoaa i�X(HBriiiiented nponi Fowls are the only exeepgt; tiini, and with these gangrenoof fclia toxab is an almost oouatant resnUlt; Do the prop�erties of ergot lit' rye clift'er i n tha u orth and in the south f Chemical analyses may, perhaps, Inform ubj Id laquo;raiting tot fehase we may admit that Hilaquo; pheuoiueua are not depoudent upon the doso. Ju IS40, fifter threshing, ergnt made up half Uie harvoet of Finland. The opldeiuic sliowodibwlf as a6iite fohrile, oouvnlslvo ergotism. Death vory ofton OOQUITOd within fei'ty-eig�jll hours (llaarlinuii).

Dating Croin the sevontoentli oantwry otsorvers were more attentive to the phenom�ena presented by auimais during Hwamp;pidomiosof ergotism, but they notice the laut with a briefness whioh cannot eatlsfytho scion eo of pathology, because the proper ele�ments are not Inrnished forretraoi Ug the niOcUoai history, lirumier, the recorder of tlie opldemlc of 1694, in U liars, limits liiniselt' to this phrase! Novi peoora, armcnla. Hum, laquo;'(/laquo;olaquo;, anaeres qtwque nonfuisatamp;coiiiltMgloM hnmiuiiu. In spite, of the contagion whioh he admits. Branner leaves iiigt;lli injj; m pii vocal in regard to the cause, for he Siiys : �S-i/eiieruvit (iiioque Ht'cale ill loeo uriiii'jrit m allmviiUirioram prolnixit cornii-uld, nii/ra. Tlio qiioijuii relates to oats which had laquo;M|iully uadoi'goae degeneration, the characters of which are not indicated; its moid prodnoed vertigo in the persons who consumed it.. It would have been interesting tu imlicate the ellect. produced In liorses, but the au�thor maintains an absolute silence? in rcgii.nl to this. Though distinguished botanists allirm that the oat is subject to ergot, wetHllst admit that onr researches to discover n fact w'hfiro the injnriniis pi'i))gt;i,Ttii!.s of erfjoted oats have been noUccd with auiinaifl have remained without success.

In tlie description of the epldeni to In Silesia in ll'-ii, we read that the King of Prus�sia crderad an exchange for souiul rye of thut atl'ected with ergot, which, as usual, caused sioktiess of the horses imd I i'gt;iZraquo;( Ilcclver). Convulsivo ergotism reappeared in

Silesia and Bohemia m 1736, Antoiive Soring, the historian, makes the remark that it is known and demonstrated by exftorlmcnt that ergoted rye produces disease with

fowls and iiiaiiiinals, anil that wiion unimals suti'cr during the epidemics of ergotism it is conclusive of the quantity ami vielen t action of Hie ergot in the rye.

From ITli� to l/tii) ergot was very n linnilant. in Sweden in the rye and liar ley. The epidemics which followed wero atti'ilmted by laiuiiens to the grain of the RaphdUM mphmlttrUM, from wliiidi is dorived the nciue Uaphania, which In Scandanavia is still given to convulsive ergotism. quot;Walili ii, after liiivingexperiinentally demonstrated tho 'nocuoUBnesB of the seeds of HapUannraquo;, obsetrea that there is no reason for not ac�cusing ergot when, In the course of mi laquo;puloniic, domostio animals snidi as fowls anil lilies present similar .syinptonis to wluit are seen ill man. This passage tends to provu not only that the domestie iniiinals i'iinlrnct convulsive ergotism, but also that the ergot of barley is as dangerous as tlia tot'rye. This Is, besides, conlirmed by Hetzins when be asserts that beer lire wed wit li Orgofcod bailey becomes a cause of convulsivo ergotism for those who consiiino it. In Hesse, it has been often observed, notably in 17711, that the heads of barley cinitainlaquo;! as ninny, if not more, long, blnck grains as the rye. In onr times (185li) thissaim¹ remark has been made by T. O. Heusinger.

Trail be, who left a iniicli eslronn-il laquo;lescri |itiiiii of the epidemic of 1770, which was very extensive in Hanover, says that so far as he, was able to observe the facts for llimself, he saw in the circle wliieli In? Inivcrscil a single pig attacked with convul�sive ergotism. Horses eating Hie i-igoli'd liread were not incommoded; bovine ani�mals consumed the tlonr wit li ropufapianco, bat also without luoonvenienoe. Dograquo;

and sheep were not atl'eeted, wltll tin-exception of the little village of liidie, whero 7 sheep succumbed after presiMit injg tlie phenoiuena of the coiivulsive diseaslaquo;. These aniinals had pastured on llie rvi- litdd sat'li'i' (lie harvest, which was made in a very drytimo, when an abundance was los t by Hlielling. Trunbe did not discovlt;?r a single case of abort ion which Soring aalaquo;l i ilher.s tlionglit they nbserved with hogs. One fact impressed him: traveling tlnimgli the villages which still contained the sutler-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATE!) ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59

era, fcho following Hpiiiij?. li� heard general ootnplaints In regard to thu snmll nnmbet lt;itquot; tlm young fowlraquo;. But few fggH wera prodaoed, and the hen� lt;lilt;l not sit. Nothing of the kind ooonrred In tlilt;gt; villages wbloli liml been exempt (torn ergotismi Two

fowls were laquo;cut htm wliich presented tlie spasmodic Symptoms; tliiwf Iiirds, placed upon their feet, fell to one side, allowed the heftd to liaiij;, and agitated the limlw. When they arose of tlioinselves thlaquo; phalanges were contracted spasmodically; thoy lived fonr Aveeklaquo;; no autopsy was imide {Qesohiohte (Irr Kriehelkranhhelt, ITH'J, pp.

13 and 15).

It is sedii that in thesi)ei)idoiiiies thci cnnvnlsive form predominates, while in Franco the gangrenous form Is allliost exclusive. The last extensive epidemic friini which this country Buffered ooourrod In 1750, and the ravages at this time recalled those of the Middle Age. It commonced in Sologne, Us traditional center, anil extended through Landes, Flanders, amlArtois, Tho ergot formed a third of the threshed ryo ; animals wliich wore feil upon it contracted the same gangrenons accidents as man (Salerne).

Toward the lust third of the eightccntli century the epidemics of ergotism were no longer so frcqneut; the perfection of ngrieultiire may claim a part in this happy result, btlt the greater part is incoiitcstahly due to the generalization of the culture of tlie potato in the North and of malze in the South. In spite of these alimentary guarantees ergotism 'was net extinguished. In the present century It was mentioned hy Cimrliaut and Bordot, in 1856; Barrier Observed the gangrenons form in the de�partments of Isi're, I/oire, Haute-Ijoire, Ardeehe, and Rhone. Ergotism has reap�peared in Russia, Finland, Sweden, and some eantons of Germany, In the epidemic described by Wagner (I8:il) the hogs whidi ate ergotod rye presented thesamc symp�toms of the disease as the human species, und Helm saw in Poinerania IS hogs which, a few hours after having consumed a ration of rye mixed with ergot, were taken with vertigo and convulsions. They moaned and uttered a 11x1011raquo; cries ; the posterior parts were paralyzed, and the animals inanif'csti'il their sull'erings by singular contortiims The lost epidemic oootirred In 1855; it appeared in Hesse, and concurred with that incntiinied in France by Harrier.

A peenliarity worthy of remark was connected with the Hessian epidemic; tho youngciHeusiuger, who recorded it, raquo;ays that his father, professor at the University of Narhourg, who was charged lgt;y the Govenmient to examine the harvests of the year. Accomplished his missldU before tlie threshing. In the sheaves of the cereal he found a large ipiantity of BromitS raquo;eoallnili [eonimon chess or cheat] rich in ergot, though the heads of the rye were exempt from it; and as this ergot presents all the physical characters belonging to that of rye, it beoomes certain that this cereal is not always to be blamed as much as has been generally believed. Hye harvested on lands badly cultivated was infested with Broniusj wlion properly cultivated but little was pro�duced. This fact demonstrates the great intlnencc of agricultural progress on the extension of ergotism and its cause. In countries where agrienltnre is in an advanced condition, araquo; in Belgium, ergotism, ei ther in tho gangrenous or convulsive, form, is unknown. The observation of Hensinger is not the only one; In two communes of the principality of Walileck the ergot of chess also caused an epideniic (Kierig).

This fact is not without interest for the veterinariuu, since raquo;traw makes up part of the food of the domesticated herhivora, and the plantsniixed in the sheaves, with the nature of their productions, merits more attention than is generally bestowed upon it. Dnrinj; the coutiimnnce of the epideniic in Hesse, T. O. Hensinger eollectod in-formation in regard to the diseases which atfected donicstic animals. He learned that in the coinmnne of Koda, where tho most people suffered, and whero convulsive ergotism was most violent, the sheep presented symptoms wliich could he referred to poisoning by ergot with the more reason as these animals were fed with rye straw and recoiVod the screenings of tho grain, Tho Inhabitants complained of the great mortality among the sheep; the shepherds reported that several had jumped the iu-elOBUtU of the pastures, that they were thou taken with convulsions and turning in

60nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF D0ME8TI0ATBD ANIMALS.

a oliole bad dropped dood us If thunderatrloken, Abortions vrere ftaqueat,. us a/tao early pinliiril ions; the greater pftrt of tbe Imuh.s died,

Doctor Baudall reportstbat In tUa stale of New Jfork a disease appears eaoh wlu-ter mnoitg the cattle, which begins by a nli^lit swelllugof the lower parts of the pos-terior limbs, with stiffness of tUe Joiuts, This alfootlon, wliioli has the appearance of being very mild, invariably torminatos bydry gangrene of tlu^ partstlrst involved, which freeze after tbe inortilloatlou, In the severe ollnmte of New York tbe animals winter in tbe fields, and the farmers attribute tbo disease to freezing, liandall ob�serves that if this wire the real cause a circular lino of ileiuiirkation would not divide the dead anil living pails as regularly OS happens in this disease, anil, Imally, that

the exicrnal appendages, less protected agaiuel the cold cban the liinhs when lying,

shonhl freeze sooner. He adds, and it is the opinion of several other physicians, that

the affection Is aoother than gangrenous ergotism. Indeed the Poa pratensis la rich in ergot, and as it does not produce each year an equal quantity, Randall thinks that

tile caselaquo; more or less frequent correspond to 1 he abniiilanie of ergot. (Veterinarian, lamp;lf.)

If, in presence, of the facts enumerated, we cannot fail to recognize the existence of

gangrenous anil convnisive ergotism with animals, we must also admil thai these facts are neither so precise nor have the rigorous rorrelatiim of cause and effect which

is desirable In pathology ; they do not even give thee lenientraquo; for asymptomatic table. Kamlall furnishes in this ceniiecli�ii some Important information; it agrees with

that contained in the Interesting observation of Deooste. (Bee., 184�.) These mate�rials Joined to the phenomena studied with animals in experiments permit us to

trace the jiyinptoms of gangrenous and convulsive nrgotlsta,

Mr. Fleming-. In lii.s work entitled Aniinul Plagues, luis oompilecl a cousiderable number of references to epiclemlos and epizootics of ergot-lain, which, while they contain it large part of the early records relat-ing to this interesting subject, also illustrate the difficulty in deciding at the present time in regard to tbe real nature of some of the diseases to which allusions are made.

hi A. 1).!gt;!12 there was a long and severe winter and an extremely dry summer, followed by famine. The wheat crops were affected with blight or copy;rgot, and the forage was generally of a bad quality. Soon after there was a widespread and deadly epidemic of ergotism [feu saorty In Prance.

Ergotism was again prevalent in (Trance In 094. (An. PI,, I, p. 58.)

In 10-H there was most uupropitious weather, accompanied by earth-quakes, tempests, and inundations. It snowed heavily during harvest time. In many parts Of Barope there were heavy rains throughout the year. Flanders was inundated by the sea, and there were great storms. The consequences of Uiese disturbances were famine and disease in England, Germany, and France. Cattle and men appear to have suf�fered equally. quot;The plague of Divine Fire ((V/hw.¹ (/temff, eigotism, or erysipelas) afflicted many, who were saved only through the merits of the Blessed Virgin. And In all that year it was very sad in many and various things, both in tempests and in earth's fruits. And so much catlle perished in this year as no man before remembered, both through various diseases and through had weather.quot; (An. PL, 1, pp. (10, 81.)

For 1085 Mr. Fleming makes the following record: Fpideinie erysip�elas (ergotism?) In France, with inundations and famine. quot;In the year

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;61

1085 there was disease iu plants, and also in animals, throughout the world.quot; (An. PI., 1, p. 63.)

In 1080-'!U, on the. Continent, quot;In these .yearsmany men were killed by the iynis aaoer {evgotlsvx or gangrenous erysipelas), which destroyed theii- vitals, pntrified their flesh, and blackened their limbs like to Charcoal. Even if their lives were preserved their extremities were so affected that they were only reserved for a most pitiable existence.quot; This epidemy is mentioned by several iincient chroniclers. Animals suffered as well as the human species. (An. PI,, 1, p. (H.)

In 10!gt;!( gangrenous erysipelas (ergotism ?) in France in (he hnimm species. From the severity of the epidemy, we may infer that animals also suffered. There were great inundations iu Bugland by the sea and by the rivers, whereby people, cattle, and whole towns were drowned. (An. PI., I, p. 60.)

In 1127 the quot;divine plaguequot; (Orgotism?) appeared in mankind in France. Prayers to the Virgin Mary healed the afflicted, it is recorded. Great pestilence among animals.

fn 1213 gangreuoas erysipelas (/eraquo; saon?) in mankind in Prance and Spain.

Neither was tinraquo; st'urcii.v 1 hnited to the fruits of tho earth, nor disease to tho human speeles, for birds,cattle, and sheep bocamo storilo, and brought forth no young, ami many rldlug and other hors�s porlshoil for lack uf straw and barley, (An.l'l.,!, p, 71.)

In 1598, after immdatitms and heavy fogs, there was a general epi-zo�ty among cattle In Germany. In the same year there appeared er�gotism in the human species, (An. PL, I, p, l.'JS.)

In 1094 an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, A supposed epidemy and epizo�ty of ergotism, Hrunner writes:

By what iiMlbrtmiati' comliiiialioii of oircttmstanoes, for ao many years, tin? whole of nature seetnod to labor under an unhealthy attaosphere remains a Beeret, Many men, and those most learned, have written on the .state of the air, and I have been a spectator of most grievous calamities; for not only did unwonted fevers att.aek and kill tlie human race, and would submit to no remedies, but also the beasts were har-rassed by deadly diseases. I know that sheep, cattle, pi^a, horses, and geese were Dot free from the contagion. There was also a lack of com, not only on aeeonnt of the luoi'dlnate OOnstttnption Of It bytho soldiers, lint also from the eharacter of tlio ground, Some of the com was so plainly diseased that it was dangerous for man to eat of it. I know also that pease, Which formed a great part of the food of the army, were infested and diseased by a small insect, which made a ininnte hole, in them. I never remember seeing such an abundant crop of darnel (tares) mixed with the oats, and which prevented the making of good oat meal, oqr chief food, for it was needless to attempt to labor on it, it was so bad. All grain dlsappoarod, and in its place small, black, horn-shaped mosses became apparent, wbicli wore highly injinions to man�kind. These were named quot;St. Martin's corn.quot; A woman wasshown to me by a sur�geon who suffered from eonvnlsionsevery eleventh day, solely from eating thiseorrnpl grain, anil the same surgeon told me he hadampntaled a leg mortified from the same eaese. (An. PI., I, pp. 166-167.)

In 1721 the winter was mild, but the spring time cold and damp, and the remainder of the year wet. Locusts In France and the whole of

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Italy. Epidemic! ergotism la Silesia daring this mid the next year, and scarlatina iu man at St. Petersburg, (Jonrlaiul, and Lilhnania. So notorious was it that diseased grain produced formidable diseases in the lower animals, that while the epidemic contimted in Silesia the King of Prussia issued an edict forbidding the use of rye tainted by the ergot, because it seriously all'ected horses and pigs. (An. PL, F, p. 234raquo;)

Another strange phenomenon was the generally laborious parturi�tions of the domestic animals at this period:

The ^luM'ii in many places lambod with great dlffloulty, so tliat the Bbepliercls were obliged to use forcn to deliver them. Among the cattle one hears of notlilugptivtlou-liir beyond the laci Umt the breeding cows and ewea bvought forth thuli' young with great dlffloulty so that force was obliged to be used to assist them. At Strelltz three Qno young cows dlod from this laborious parturition. Thoy tralnedso violently thai all their Internal organs were protruded, (An, PI, I, p, �-':!quot;).)

In this connection Mr. Fleming gives the following Quotation ft'oni

I lecker:

The nncortaluty pertaining to the nature of epizootics of the Middle Ages, leaves uh lu doubt as to whether someof thum might nol belong to that class which have a common origin with many oftbeepidomlcsof mankind, Theignlisaoev, arsura, olQ-udes sen pesHs igniarla, iijnilaquo; Sanoti Antonll, Sanoti MaHiaUs, Beaten Flrgluls, ignis invlsihiHs, ecu iiifrnmlilaquo;, Ac, would all aeem to be employed to denote the same affection, and whieh we have reason to believe was ergotism. It is only by chance, as it wore, that

wide-spread ami fatal diseases among the lower animals are mentioned as ooonrrlng

oolnloldontly with those obscurely named epidemics, and when we read that the causes of their outbreak were unfavorable weather, which brought about, a diseased condition of the crops and pastures we are only partially enlighteued aa to the nature of the affection.

The gcorbutus of the lil'teentli and sixteenth ecu In ties haw heen supposed, with much

reason, I think, to have been ergotism, and up to this period it appears to have devel�oped In a gangrenous form. At this time, however, it changed to the convulsive

type, which it has chietly maintained to the. present. A curious feature In thlsdisease

is shown as it appears in the South and North of l�nrope. In the South, the gangren�ous form is the rule; in the North the convulsive form is particularly marked, and very rarely the dry gangl'enoj while a few of the epidemies present hotli characters.

The same peonliarity Is observable in the phenomena of ergotism in the lower ani�mals during the existence of an epidemy, anil it has also been shown to exist by ex�perimentation: the only exception would appear to he in the cose of galiluaoeous birds, In which gangrene of the crest or comb is the most constant phenomenon.

It Is not until the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries that we can with certainty find author's deaorlbing ergotism in the epizootic form in animals and from that time till now observers ha-vo he.cn numerous. (Page 'S.ii.)

Oonvulsivo ergotism appeared in mankind in Silesia and Boliemia (1730), and Antoine Soring, the historian of the epidemy, notices that it had been remarked, and the subject had been demonstrated by ex�periment, that spurred rye produces disease in fowls and mamiuiferons animals, and that when we know positively that itnimals are affected in this way during epidemics of ergotism, we may conclude that the rye is very rich in ergot, and its action very violent. (An. 1'. I, p. litili.)

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in 1754 a very extensive epldeny of ergotlsu prevailed In Franoe, nearly approaohlug In its ravages those of the Middle Ayes, it began at SoIoju'iic, its traditional birtlipluoe, and spread tlirougli the Llaiah's, Flanders, and Artois. The ergot was so abundant that it formed one-third of the rye. The animals fed on it contracted the same gangrenous diseases as afflicted the human species. (An. IM. I, p. 384.)

The next outbreak referred to is described as follows:

An i.'pidiMiiy of ergotUtn was also reported asooenrring In tnany nortlioru o�untrles caiiKi-d by tlie wheat, rye, and corn Uavlng boon diBeased. It lasted durlug this and I ho next year, and animals seem to have suffered. Waguel' described it as it appealed in the tnareliy districts of Saxony, the circle of Sohlleben, and mi the banks of the

Elster: quot;A lifjlit frost destroyed the Idossom nil the vino and the rye in 1831, Kaeh partially withered blossom of the rye- crop, instead of a healthy seed, bronghf forth a spnr of ergot about three-fourths of an inch long. * ' * In some houses, where tlie'disease raged most violently, grain was round consisting of twopartsof diseased

anil one of hitter rye, vetch anil a variety of other seeds. * raquo; � Plgg ate ergo-tized rye (.Ui/^crA-oiH). and suffered from its eil'ects. Dogs, however, Instlnotlvoly, avoided it; but when compelled by hunger to eat It, they exhibited symptoms of madness (Tollwuth). I bolloye that such fond was partaken of here and there by dogs anil that it, assisted in producing madness, as dogs anil eats were so atleiied Unit no

man ever remembers seeing so many mad as during the existeuoe of the ergotism

(Ki-hbclkraiiklicil) among the people. Tliis unhealthy grain may have had sometliinquot; to do with the sickness ainonn-the, lower auimals which prevailed at. this time and

which was osotihod to the choleraic Influence, though Its share must have been small,quot; (An. P], II, p. 172,)

Etapbania in pigs was-wltnessed by Dr. Helm :

Twelve pigs of various ages were fed With rye which contained much ergot. A few hours afterwards convulsions set in, with foaming at the niontli; the animals grunted and groaned most ptteously; became paralyzed in the hinder extremities, and expressed their agony in the strangest contortions. At lirst I presumed the dis�ease arose from the hite of a mini dog, lint, on opening the lirst animal that died I discovered the nature of the malady by linding in the stomach much ergoteil rye, The jaws were so tightly closed that with great ditlicnlty a purge of white hellebore was introdnceil, and that, was followed by a dose of vinegar and Imttennilk and re�peated douobes Of very cold water. By these means seven of the animals were saved. The other live died in the COtU'Se of a few days. (An. I'l. II, p, 1!)7.)

I ii our own country we have no compilation of the references to animal diseases which may have been made from time to time, and hence it is impossible for me to give a history of ergotism in this country. .My at�tention, however, has been called to the following article in the Farmers* Cabinet, Vol. III (l,S3,S-';{lt;raquo;), p. 161, which shows not only that the dis�ease has occurred heretofore, but that its cause was recognized :

I havcjnst seen a nnmher of the quot; Farmer and Gardenerquot; of Baltimore, dated 10th June last, which contiiins an article on the quot;Moof-ailquot; of cattle, and copied frmn the Oenesee Farmer, upon which I will make a, few remarks.

The writer of the article, John 1!. Howers, dates from l.edyard, and ascribes the loss of the hoofs in three cows to their having been fed for eight or nine days on spear grass (I suppose onr green grass, poa c/ni/iraquo;) alfected with ergot. The eon-.jectnro is well founded, as you may be assured by referring to the fifth volume of the

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Mt'iimii-.s of tlic quot; PliiluilolpUia Society for Pi'omottng Agi'ioulturo,quot; p, 190) whuro yon

will weo a paper of UlluO on the subject, wlueh I tliinlc will leave no room to doubt as

to tlic oailSB of tltO disease, [t. is n carious fact (hat the urgotof rye, If grouud into

meal with sound rye, when mUclo into bread and eaten procluoea moiiilicalion of the

lower extremities in France. (See Memoirs of the same society, volume ;!, appendix,

p.�.)

JA MKS ME ASK.

Chestnut Stbekt, OotoberU, I.838.

Dr. .lames Mease, tUo writer of the above, gives the foliowlug ftrt-tlitioiial lufomation on the same .subject:

In the year l^Oli, the late .Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, infomied me that he had observed the hay madeol'the natural greet) grass, orspaar-grass(poa ririilh), growing 00 Ins line meadows, on Potty's Island, made by baaklllg out the I'elaware, to bo oecasioimlly affected with a black spear, about one-fourth or half an inch in length, somewhat rosotubling the oi'got in rye, ami 111 at eat tie eattog such hay beeame all'ected with ii disease in their liool's, causing them soiueliines to drop olV. He ascribed the morbid production In the grass to ueglocl In supplylug ii with water from the river,

by means of slnicOB, during the dry season. Upon my lUeutioning ('^u' tacts soon ufler to the late William 1,'iisli, of 1'liiladcdphia, an c\lensivc grazier, ho oonflrmod them from his own observations at Blooming Grove, near Gray's Court, in the State of Now York, in the winter snecceding the very dry sammer of the year IT',raquo;;;. The hay was the produce ol'a bog meadow ; ii is presumed, therefore, thai it was made from the same natural grass thai grow in the meadows of Joseph Cooper.

Some years after, Mr. W. T. Woodman, of TredytlVin Township, Chester County, Pennsylyania, oommuuicated to me an aocount, in the following letter, of a similar disease, and from a like cause, among his father's cattle :

quot; Having observed the remark in the Port Folk for May, 1815, in the review of the thii'd volume of the Memoirs of i he Philadelphia Agricultural Soolety, that, 'as yet, ia America we have never heard of any hnniau person falling a victim to the ergot, nor indeed is it satisfactorily ascertained thai il has ever been injurious to our ani�mals, 1 think proper to coinmniiicate to yon an acconnt of a disease which in 1803 or 1803 prevailed in I his neighborhood among milk cows particularly, but which also affected other cattle and horses. Von Will perceive thai it was analogous to the one supposed to be occasioned by ergot.

quot; for my pail 1 am entirely Ignorant of the cause, but still I am auw�ll�g to as�cribe, il toorgot (with which rye in this nolgl'.borhood is more or less all'ected every year), for this reason, thai milk cows, which arc never led with rye by our farmers or butlcr-niakers, exhibited more violent symptoms than oxen or horses.

quot;The fanners altribulcd i be disease tc a peculiar mildew, which sometimeraquo; affects ithe sirass OB the bottom meadows of a small stream, the basin of which is very exten�sive, and very luxuriant, and entirely appropriated to meadow land, and suffered to lie under lull mal grass. \o timothy or other grass seeds have ever been sown on it, to my knowledge.

�'The cattle allected did not appear to lose their appetite, and while they ate heart-ilv of hay and other food became daily more and more lean, manifesting great nil-.easiness, o'peasionod most probably by violent itching. Their hair in many places fell Off or was rubbed off by the tttllmal in striving to scratch itself. After these symp�toms had continued for some time, one or both hind feet became, sore and the hoot's loose, at which period the animals began to grow bettor. Others lost their lioofsand part of their legs. Three of my father's cows lost both of their hind feet, and Nome others in lln neighborhood were eiinally as bad. The legs began by drying and grow�ling Hiualler from the hoof to half way between the fetlock ami the, hock, at which

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p�lut it appeared iinif a titringof twine were tlelt;l very tight ronnd tlie llaquo;^. Above this part the tlcsli was to all appeArauoe in perfect health ; Hilaquo; lower part was hard, blaoki and offensive, When the lower part liccaine laquo;juitc dry, ami little elslaquo; than hone, it separated and fell off, after whieh the animals lived and ate heartily, hob-blinjj; along on the remaining stumps. They even be^an to grow fat. Their health seemed perfect. They would, no (loabt, have lived longin this State, antl were killed only froin motives of eoinpassion.

quot;One eow helooglng to my lather, wliieh had lost only one of her hind feet, and that at the lirst .joint above the foot, horo a very strong, vigorous calf, which lived and did well. The cow also afforded as much milk after araquo; before her misfortune, and was piiHtnred on the smne grass to which her disease was attributed when in a state of hay,

quot; I think the disease was never known but one season. The firot symiitoni of it was observable in February, and it reached its crisis about the middle of May. Should this communication lead to any further observations on the nature and cause of the disease I shall be imicb pleased, and they may be of great service to the agriculturist. Should the disease ever again make its appearance I shall be more particular in my observations.

quot;I remain, very respectfully,

quot;WM. T. WOODMAN.

quot; P. S. � It should be observed, that though we have every year more or less of the ergot, the quantity of it is never considerable. I think there is seldom more than one pint to a hundred bushels of rye.

quot;Different remedies were tried, but none of them afforded any relief.quot;

quot; Being desirious to aeertain whether the disease of the grass to which Mr. W. re�ferred had grown in meadows that had been deprived of their usual supply of water, 1 addressed a letter to him in-rcferetice to this point, and received the following an�swer, under date of dune 10, lf�5 :

quot;Vour favor of the 30th ultimo came to hand the Ith instant. Since the receipt of it I have made numerous inquiries, for the purpose of obtaining additional information respecting the disease (of which I communicated an account), and on the season preceding its prevalence, amp;.C ; but I regret to inform yon that farmers in general are 80 deficient in observation, and so entirely out of practice of recording facts, that I have not been able satisfactorily to ascertain whether the season in which the quot; in�jurious hay was madequot; was a dry one or not.

quot;However, my father informs me that, as nearly as he can recollect, about that period the ditch which conveyed water to his meadow became so filled with mud and ac�cumulations of mud and other matter as to render the supply very imperfect. As a deliciency of water appears to be the cause of the unwholesome qualities of the hay, it is highly probable that the iujurions hay was made during the season that water was wanting. But shortly after this time the death of my grandfather in a great measure excluded my father from the benefit of the water. The original plantation being divided into two farms, and that of my father lying farther down the stream, the water of the artificial course is exhausted before it readies his land. It should, however, be remarked that since that period he mowshis grass while it is very young, and before the seeds are touched by the quot;smutty affection,quot; Indeed, the fanners generally in this neighborhood, since their cattle were affected with the disease, are careful to mow much earlier than they did formerly.

quot;I am strongly induced to believe that Mr. Cooper ascribes the disease to the proper cause, for 1 have been correctly informed that a load of the injurious hay was sold to

------Rpgen, who at that time kept the Buck Tavern, in second street, whose cow, iu

consequence of feeding on it, was affected W ith a disease of a similar nature. Your friend, iVc,

W, T. WOODMAN quot;

6751 D a------5

CONTAGIOUS DISKA.8BS OF DOMB8TIOA.TED ANIMALS,

The ilisuiise prevailed to a great extent in OlUUge Couiity, New York in tlie yeiir 1880, and is very well and niinntel.v deseribed by Dr.Arnell,

ooii'esponiling secretary of the agricultural society of that oountj''

TUe facts detailed by hi ill leave no doubt of the deaths of ninnerous cattle in his vicinity being caused by their eating hay made from some

grass that was allected with the species of ergot observed in the pro�duce of the meadows before mentioned, for be expressly mentions that the spear grass grew in the meadows in the towns of Wallkill and Bloom-

iiitf Grove, where the disease pievailed, and in a bog meadow soil. Dr. A. remarks that, ��the hay was out in June or beginning of July, immediately before harvest: that only cattle in ^ood condition suffered from eating the diseased bay, the poor and meager escaptugiquot; The means of prevention pointed oat by Dr. Arnell are similar to thatju-dically recommended by Mr. Woodman, viz., to cut the grass early, be�fore the ergot forms : or, if it be found in the grass, to defer cutting it until late, when experience proves that it may be safely used; for Dr. A. remarks that quot; the ergot then becomes dry and shriveled, with�out any of the Hour or vegetO-ailimal matter which it usually contains.quot;' But the hay made from sneli Ifljte-macle grass must be of little value, because Dr. A. says truly that '-this spear grass is so early that if left to stand till the usual time of mowing meadows it loses all its succulent and nutritious properties.quot; This agrees with our experience with respect to the spear grass of Pennsylvania, where it ripens next in order to the early Anthroxanthum odoraitm, or sweet-scented meadow grass. Still, however, it may be useful by answering one purpose of food iu all animals: to stimulate by disteution. and to add to the stock of barnyard manure. The various remedies tried to cure the disease, iu New York are enumerated by Dr. Arnell. Those that succeeded

1.nbsp; Poultices of soap, rye-meal, and salt, to the legs and feet.

2.nbsp; A wash of beef-brine, composed of saltpetre, and common salt, applied several times a day, and after washing ami rubbing the feet with the bitter-sweet ointment. Of the animals thus treated, one only

lost its hoof. In the treatment of the disease, the ftrst object to be attended to is to

remove the cause producing it. This is tobe effected by dreiiclics of castor-oil, or sweet-oil and molasses and water warmed, to which may be added, if found necessary, after the failure to operate of the first dose, half a pound Of glauber salts, dissolved in warm water. Duringtlie op�eration of the drench com meal, rye. or oatmeal, mixed with a large pro�portion of warm water, and a bandful of common salt to every bucket of it. should be freely given. The use of hay free from ergot is as ob�viously indispensable. A handful of salt should be given every day to promlaquo; , � digestion and give tone to the system. The local applications ma It-be Of a stimulating nature to rouse the activity of the eirculation and of the absorbents, and to enable the part laboring under a deli-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF D0MB8TI0ATKD ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;()7

uieuoy of vital ciK'i'gy to resume its healthy ftlllOtlODS, or to throw off the disease. Fisli or ln-efbiiue will imswer as well as any, but they should be well rubbed on the feet and legs, for frlotlon grently tends to assist in restoring the health of the parts. To prevent the appearanee of ergot in the grass, care should lie talceu, when praetieable, to supply the meadows with water in dry seasons.

In thetienesee Fanner, 18.17, p. 5(1, was pultlished the following letter, clearly referring to this disease :

lVrliii|is yon are aware there is a ootnplaiut among rattlilaquo; occasionally, in tliis part of Hie world, and if limy lie in many otliers. I Imvo heard of it in Canada. J do not know tho correct mime. It is not I lie hoof-all, althonjrh it attacks the hind feel of ORttle, and, if not arrested, the limb will rol'oli, up to tho second Joint of tlifl leg, and the animal must be killed, or it will die; after it. baa proceeded 80 fur as to be ineiirable, the only way is to kuocli it in the,bead,

I write this to inform your inimerons readers of a care we have here, although per-ba|is the remedy is generally known. It is to cut off tho toes of the hind foot (iu which only il appeal^-raquo;), about an inch horizontal, so as to open the foot snliiciently there for the blood to come out; thou put the foot in a stocking with plenty of tar at the toe. If taken in time, this will otVoet a cure!. It uinsl be done early, however, whon the animal first shows symptoms of tin- complaint, by ft frequent anil slight kicking out of the hind foot, as if pricked with something.

I have heard the cause attributed to poisonous hay, hucIi as smut. Do you or any of your correspondents know anything about it .' If 80, let ns have your, or their, ex�perience.

CHILTON FORD.

MoRRisrowN, Saint Lawmce County, X. )',

Again, iu the same periodical, 18.quot;i7, p. 24S, we find the following re�port of this trouble in Portage County, Ohio ;

In eoiisei|nence of the appearance of a severe ami fatal disease among cattle in some partso{ Portage Comity (Ohio) the past winter, the Farmers' Association of Kiliiilmrg

appointed the uiidersig�ed n oonomlttee to investigate the subject, and ascertain if

possible the nature, cause, and euro of this malady. The report of thisconimittoe wo

herewith forward for publication In tbe Oenpsee Farmer, together with a resolution

adopted by the association at the close of an instructive discussion upon the adoption

of the report.

/i'ijitirl.�Tile disease is not caused by freezing, neither is il what is called hoof-ail, foot-rot, or fouls. Its symptoms Seem to be a deadness of the cud of the tail, extend�ing upward till in some cases tho llesh separates from tho bone and falls oil'. About llie same time there is a purple appoariince just at the edge of the hair, above tlio hoof. It then commeiices swelling, becomes feverish, extending upward to Ihe ankle, and in some Instance! causing a separation of the eoliiii-hone from the pastern joint. Tho lameness isconlined entirely to Ihe hind feet. Tho blood is pale and liiiu, and in most cases the animal retains a good appetite till near the last. The cause we ap�prehend to be feeding on hay containing ergot (a pttrtisttlo fungus growing within

tho glumes of various grasses) in considerable i|uautities. We arrive at this conclu�sion from the fact that the iiay fed by one individual who had lost a large number of cows contained much of this article, and also that the farmer from whom he purchased tho hay lost cattle from the same disease, and in both instances cattle fed Oil other hay wore not affected. In every well marked case of this disease it has been, asour. tained that the hay On Which the animals were fed contained tho ergot.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fay in

which tlio ergot was found the most, was the kind called the Jttue, Ot Spiiti rass, glowing in old meadows where the soil is rich and the growth rank.

(gt;8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

The severe frost on the Slat of May 1*5(1, is auppoged by some to biwe been the OfttlBO of this lt;lisease in the grau by dostroying tlie vitality of the seed before it arrived at perfection ; while by others It is attributeil to the extreme warm growing weather in June oaustng an overflow of sap.

Although we consider the whole subject involved in imich obsourity and uncertainty, and reqnlriDg further investigation, yet we are satisfied the best manner of treating the, disease is iininediate resort to restoratives and a obauge of diet, whereby an ia-erease of animal lieat, and vitality is obtaiued, and at the same time makitif; an appli�cation of suitable remedies to the aft'eeted parts, by cutting off the toes until they bleed, and blue vitriol moderately applied tquot; the foot has in several instanceraquo; been found beneficial. A free use (if ebarcoal and salt in various ways is undoubtedly a good preventive : and a careful examination of the hay or grass on which stock is fed is indispensable; if ergot isfonnd in bay it may be removed by threshing or tramping. Of the speeilie nature and properties of the ergot in hay. or whether they areidentical with that of rye, we are not well iuforined. The immediate effects of the latter in huge doses is well known, but it has no affinity to the ordinary known effects of vegetable poisons. What effect would be produced by its gradual and continual use we are not in possession of sufficient inibrniation to warrant us in speaking positively ; but we do suppose, after a careful examination, that it operates on the blood of the animal, and unless Immediate remedies are applied it proves fatal.

P. BAKK'OX, M. D,, K. M. HART, ESQi, J. Y. PEARSON, JONAS BOND,

Ciiiiniiitlct:

The following resolution was unaiiitnously adopted:

Resolved (inasmuch as the evidence adduced is conclusive), that ergot 111 hay is the cause of this disease. The association cannot decide that it is the, real cause of a poison being introduced into the system, owing to our inability to analyze this sub�stance; therefore we desire to ask the editors of our agricultural papers for more in�formation, and to obtain a chemical analysis of ergot.

In the Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1881, appeared a letter signetl J. Ilosmer, containing the following paragraph, which, while it refers the disease to a different cause, evidently describes the same affection:

In ls73-quot;74, in Charlton County, Missouri, the winter was very severe, the mercury going to more than 80deg; below zero. The people on the open prairie, mostly Gennans who had recently moved there, seeing that the native Missourians provided no shel�ter for their stock provided none themselves. In the spring from one to three in a Hock of eight to ten had the quot; black leg.quot; It commenced to separate, just where the skiu joins the hoof. The animal being in great pain, lapped the infected part, and the poison was thus transferred to the mouth. It wasnothing more or less than gan�grene, as the, leg rotted and became putrid.

In the month of February, 1884, a letter written to the editor of the Breeder's Gazette by Cushinan Brothers, of North East, Pa., in regard to a strange disease, of dairy cattle there was referred to me. This let�ter, written February 19, and a second one from the same gentlemen, dated March S, in reply to some inquiries of mine, contained the follow-lowing information:

Tiie dairy in question contained 18 cows, and the disease appeared about January 1, 1884. The first indication was quot; cocked''ankles beliind,.

CONTA.OI0U.S DlSBASBa OF UOMKSTICATE� ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;69

the leglaquo; begiaaing to swell la a few hours, and iu two days were quot;as large ass the skin could hohl.quot; This swelling only extended as high as the hock Joint. In ahout a week the hoofs began to come off; the parts beneath were red, but there was uo formation of pus. The feet were ap�parently healthy between the claws, the appetite good, the eyes bright, and the cud regularly masticated. The animals had been kept in a warm stable all winter. At the latter date mentioned four had been killed, their appetite having finally failed, two more were very bad, quot;a scab having formed from top of hoof to several inches above ankle and 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;leg rotting oft';quot; the foot of one animal had come oft'at first joint above

the hoof, the fore feet of none had been affeoted but with two the fore�legs were then swelling above the knees. One that had been affected without losing hoofs und had apparently recovered, was taken down a second time. Many people said their feet were frozen, but the owner says they have now changed their minds. He had looked careftdly in their mouths for sores but had found none.

This was undoubtedly ergotism, and was so diagnosed by Dr. Germer, the health officer of Erie, Pa., after the Kansas disease had been attrib�uted to this cause.

In recent years .several epizooticsof ergotism have also been observed in New York by Professor Law, in Iowa by Professor Stalker, and in Colorado by Professor Faville; and it seems probable that when our veterinarians learn to recognize this disease and to refer it to its proper origin, we shall tind that it is not an uncommon affection of cattle.

TREATMENT AND PBEVENTION OF ERGOTISM,

When the first signs of this disorder appear the most important point, to be attended to is to make a complete change of food, and to see that this is of good rpiality, nutritious, and free from ergot. It would also be proper to give a Close of pbyslc (from One to two pounds of Epsom salts), in order to remove as much as possible of the poison still contained in the digestive organs, and to follow this with soft food, as mashes and roots. In the most severe cases, those in which a part of the limb is al�ready lifeless, troatment will avail but little. The greater number of cases, however, have not advanced to this stage when lameness is first noticed, and these will be greatly benefited by removing the cause, and placing the animal under conditions favorable for resisting the poison. A very important condition is warmth. Even when animals are fed large quantities of ergot they seldom sutler except in cold weather; and consequently In attempting to ('heck the advance of the disease, advan�tage should be taken of this fact by placing the cattle in warm sheds.

Another condition believed by some to have much intinence on the de�velopment of ergotism Is the water supply. With plenty of water al�ways at hand it is believed that larger quantities of ergot may be taken tbralonger time than when the water supply isdeticient. In thecold win�ters which occur over much of our cattle-raising country, it is difficult

70nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AN1M/VES.

to imliuT the animals to tnke a snfBoleut nmount of water. Holes cut througb the Ice soon fVeeze over, and the weather is frequetlfcly 80 severe that the cattle will drink only a few swallows of water before they will leave to.seek a shelter from the (jutfciu� winds, and when, later in the day, they try to obtain more water, the drinking- holes are frozen over. Where ergotisu) prevails the watering should receive close attention.

Brgotism can probabiy be entirely prevented by onttiug the hay be�fore the seeds have formed. Both in Missouri and Illinois 1 saw the clearest examples of this. Hay composed of the same kinds of grass, cut upou the same land, was free from ergot or largely iid'ested with it, according as it had been cut green or ripe. Tliismattcrisworthyof care-fid consideration. Hay cut green is more digestible and in every way more valuable than that which is allowed to become ripe and woody; and the latter is much more liable to produce severe disease, such as in�digestion, inipactioii, and ergotism.

This filial disorder may. therefore, be prevented in the future by proper and careful inanagement: the chief points in this being to cut the hay before the seeds have formed, to see that the animals have a snili-oient quantity of drinking water, to keep them in good condition by the liberal use of nutritious food, and to protect them as much as possi�ble from the Inclement weather. Whenitis found necessary to feed hay which contains a considerable quantity of ergot it is of course doubly important to look after the water supply and the shelter.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.

An approximately correct outline of the district pernianently infected with southern fever is a matter of supreme importance, not only to the people who live within and near this district, but to those interested in live-stock in every part of the country. The losses which occur every summer, and which in some years have been really disastrous to the stock owners of certain sections, have been largely the result of igno�rance of the districts from which it is dangerous to bring cattle in sum�mer, and to which adult cattle cannot be taken with safety at any sea�son of the year, unless they are to be slaughtered for beef within a short time after their arrival.

An attempt to make efficient laws to guard against this malady by regulating the movement of cattle from infected localities has generally failed to give relief, because these districts could not be accurately designated. States, therefore, as well as individuals, have been unable to protect themselves, and the losses have gone on year after year in spite of individual precautions and State laws. The cheap cattle of Georgia, Alabama, .Mississippi, Arkansas, Southeastern Virginia, and other infected sections arc at times carried to the most remote sections of the country, and when this is done in spring or summer extensive

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTICATICD ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;71

and fatal outbreaks of southern fever among' the susceittible animals wliieli cross tlieir trail or mix with them upon their pastures Is the general result.

Last ,year sueli outbreaks of disease are known to have occurred 111 New York, ]S^Tew Jersey, I'ennsylvauin, Maryland, Virginia, West Vir�ginia, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and even in Dakota. Colorado and Wyoming seem to have escaped, notwithstanding- the introduetion of Southern �attl�, and this was probabl.v due to the peoullur olirnatio Conditions, the excessive dryness of the atmosphere itieventing' the tnnltiplication of germs and soon destroying them.

It is evident, however, that this disease maybe carried to most parts of the country, and that before anything can be accomplished toward preventing the very important losses which are now annually caused by it, we must have more accurate knowledge of the section from which cattle are liable to carry the infection. To obtain the iuformation nec�essary to map out the infected district special agents have been em�ployed, who have, carefully traversed every county along the borderlaquo; line of this district, and have investigated the cattle diseases with suffi�cient detail to locate the limits of the infected district in most, counties with very great accuracy. In .some, counties a sharp line cannot be drawn, because it does not exist, but in such cases the line has been drawn sufticienlly toward the uninf'ected district to embrace, as is be-lieved, all the territory that was really infected at the time of examina�tion. A.8 this district is being contlnnally enlarged by a gradual though very slow advance of the infection, it is not safe to buy cattle near this line for shipment to the North in summer, unless a careful personal in�vestigation is made by the purchaser at the time.

The infected part of the South is clearly shown on the accompanying maps. To establish the boundary line of this district beyond contro�versy our special agents have carefully reported the individual experi�ence of thousands of farmers, and others who have moved cattle either northward or southward in the vicinity of this line. These reports are far too numerous and voluminous to publish in detail, and, consequently, a simple resuni� of the facts as they are known to exist is all that we have attempted to give in this report. The location of the borderline of the infected district, is as follows:

VIROINIA.

The noitheastern extremity of the line is in Accomack County on the Atlantic seaboard. The pernianent existence of the disease on this peninsula has not heretofore been suspected by the country at large A few facts had come to our notice within the past year or two which seemed to indicate that certain outbreaks of southern fever in Maryland had followed the Introduction of cattle from Xorthampton County, which covers the extreme southern part of the peninsula. At the time it

72nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISJ�ASSS OF UOMHSTICATKD A.VIMA.LS.

seemed impossible that this disease could have secured a peiinaueut lodgement so far norlli, and the reports were scarcely credited.

A careful examination of the peninsula, however, has demonstrated the existence of the infection of southern cattle lever throughout North�ampton County, ami exteudiug for - nr .'5 miles across Hie houiidnry into the southern part of Accoinaolc County. The infection seems to have been in Northampton County so long that no one remembers a time when it was absent. It is said that there are local laws probibitiug the movement of cattle from Nortiiampton to Accomack at any season of the year, but that recently they have not been strictly enforced. In 1880 a considerable munbor of cattle that had been running upon commons in Accomack County, -' or 3 nules from the southern boundary, died with Symptoms of southeru fever. It was found by investigation that wore or less cattle had died from pasturing on these commons every summer for the past ten years.

In April, 1881, a drove of about .-)(gt; head of cattle was collected in Northampton County and driven to market across Accomack. At Puilgoteague a stop of several hours was made, and here at least six head of cattle contracti'd the disease during the following summer and died. Two miles farther north another halt was made for dinner, atid in this vicinity nine of the native animals died. Twenty miles north of this the herd seems to have stopped again, and here a large nmnbeiof native cattle died.

There seems to be HO reason to doubt, then, that Northampton County has long been infected, and that the cattle from that section when driven among susceptible animals produce the same fatal results as has long been recognized to follow a similar movement of Texas and Gulf-coast cattle. The infected part of Accomack County is very narrow, perhaps not more than ~gt; miles wide, and it is said that the disease is more malignant toward the seacoast tha'h it is in the parts which border on the bay. This is in harmony with the fact that southern fever is known to have existed along the seacoast in North Carolina and Virginia for many years before it Invaded the interior.

A careful investigation of the countios north of the Rappahauuock River failed to reveal any trace of the disease. Not only were all the cattle apparently in good health, but imported cattle had remained free from disease after their Introduction, Several instances were related of bulls being brought from North or West and continuing to thrive in their new home. According to all the information attainable, then, there is no permanent infection north of the Happahannock River.

Coming south of this river, we tind that cattle brought from GHouces-ter and Matthews Counties to sections of the State farther north and west infect, pastures and thus destroy native animals. The facts ob�tained indicate, that Middlesex County has become entirely infected, but we were unable to obtain evidence of any permanent infection in Essex County. In King and (^ueen County the infection has reached

CONTAGIOUS DI.SKASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;73

the pastures in Mie vicinity of King and Queen Court House within the last four or five years, and it now survives there through the winter. Ten miles north of this cattle are susceptible to the disease and suffer when on the same pastures with others from south or east of that lo�cality. While therefore the southeastcni part of this county is cer�tainly infected the greater part is still free. The same phenoinena in regard to the extension of tlie disease that has been noticed in other pnrts of the South were also apparent here. The effects of the disease hud been apparent for twenty years south and east of the court�house, but the pastures here had not become infected until about live years ago, and since then cattle have been frequently lost., In (,'aroiine County there was an outbreak of disease in 1881 caused by cattle from Gloucester County.

In King William County we find the infection permanently located on the I'amunkey Eiver lt;Sor 10 miles above the Xew Kent County line, where it seems to have been for the past twenty years.

In Hanover County the permanent infection has been at Hanover Court Mouse and Ashland for a considerable number of years. It is well known to the inhabitants that cattle brought from north or west of these places are nearly certain to die either the first or second summer after their arrival. The infection has extended but little beyond these two points.

Henrico appears to bti entirely overrun with the infection. All the cattle sold from this and the surrounding counties go to Richmond either to be killed for beef or to be shipped by boat toother markets, and con sequently there is little opportunity to collect instances of disease caused by cattle carried from here to uninfected localities. On the other hand it is admitted pretty generally by those who handle cattle that it is very dangerous if not absolutely fatal to bring these from the elevated sec tions of the State to any part of this county.

In Coochland County there have been very few cases of disease for a long time, hut the southeastern extremity of the county is recogni/.ed to bo dangerous to northern cattle. Farms on the .lames River three or four miles above (roochlimd Court House lose a few animals from year to year with southern fever. There is, however, little opportunity for the disease to occur, since the trafiic in cattle is not extensive. Ani #9632; mala are not brought from north or west because of their liability to be�come affected, and they are not brought from the South because this is believed to be dangerous to the natives.

Powhatan County is undoubtedly infected, and has been in this con dition for many years. It is reported by all the.farmers along the James Kiver to be absolutely fatal to cattle to be brought from north of the river to the south side. They sutler to the same extent when simply carried from the north to the south bank as when the distance is greater. Cattle from this county have long been considered dangerous to the native stock with which they came in contact when being driven to lo-

#9632;#9632;quot;#9632;�#9632;#9632;#9632;

7 4-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTACaOl'S DISBASES OF D0MB8TI0ATBD ANIMALS.

calirii's farther nmtli. The introdiiotloii of this disease is not reineni berecl by the olclest luhabitauts, but ^o far hack as the memory of mmraquo; goes the present ooutlltions have prevailed.

Oatnberlaiul Comity docs not appear quite so thoi'onghly infected. At Trenton Mills and MuBea's there is no doubt of the permanent infec�tion, but the southern extremity of the county still seems to be free from it. lu the counties along the river it is very plain that the sections immediately adjacent to the river have been longer infected and tha the disease here is more generally ditt'used and more virulent than in the same counties at a greater distance from the water. And accord iugly as we attempt to iuvestigate the condition of other sections we encotinter the difficulty of finding u smaller number of cases and a greater uncertainty in the minds of the Inhabitants as to whether the native pastures really hold the infection from yeartoj'ear, or whether each out-Incak is the result of a fresh importation.

In Buckingham County our reports conftrnathe statements that were made last year. The infection extends np the south bank of the James River to a point sHghtl.v beyond the oouflueuce of the .lames and Slate Rivers. From here the boundary line of the infected district passes up along the west bank of the Slate to Diana .Mills; then the direction Is a southeastern one to the vicinity of (travel Hill, and to Mcliea's, in Cum�berland County.

In Amelia and N'otiowav Counties it has been Impossible to trace any line or even to demonstrate the complete infection of the. territory. It is generally admitted thai twenty years ago and longer there was a complete infection of this district, but of late years there lias been much less disease and it has become possible to bring in cattle from north and west with safety. In these counties there arc no fences, and each man must necessarily keep his cattle upon his own pastures; as a conse�quence there is none of the indiscriminate mixing of cattle which used to occur, and the chances of contagion arc greatly lessened.

While there have been considerable losses in Prince Edward County there is little evidence of permanent infection, except, perhaps, in the extreme eastern part. .Most of the cases seem to have been the result of pasturing on commons that had been frequented by animals from Lnnenburg County.

In Lunenburg there is no doubt of permanent infection. It is dan�gerous to bring cattle from west or north into this county, and, on the. other hand,cattle from this county have frequently spread disease when driven toward the west or north.

In Charlotte County the boundary of infection becomes plainer and follows very nenly the line of the Hiehinond and Danville IMlroad in its whole course across the county.

From the point where this railroad crosses the Staunton River to the North Carolina boundary, the line of infection was definitely located in my last year's report. The accompanying map delineates the portion

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 75

of Virginia permanently iufeoted with southern cattle fever as correctly as this could possibly be (lone. Parts of the. line have been retraced three and four times In order to have it .satisfactorily located.

NORTH CAKOLl.NA.

The Mine Ridge Mountains of North Carolina are now looked upon by the people of this State as the practical boundary line of the district permanently infected with southern fever. At some points, as in Wilkes County, the infection has not quite reached the mountains, and at one other point it. bus crossed the ridge and invaded Henderson County. The laws of the State, however, make the Blue Ridge the, line, and prohibit the movement of cattle from the eastern counties at ail seasons of the year.

SOUTH �ABOLINA AND UEOUCIA.

Tiie whole territory of South Carolina .seems to luve been overrun with this infection. Tbc Bitte Ridge Mountains, which form a part of the northwestern boundary of the State, have here been crossed by this contagion and are no longer to bz considered as the line. The infected district beyond these mountains Is, however, at present of small extent, and the advance is so slow as to be scarcely appreciable.

The small portion of Georgia Which has heretofore been considered free from this infection is being rapidly overrun ; and it is now doubt�ful if any (if even the northern tier of counties can lie considered entirely free. The mountain see inns are no, so thoroughly infected, and it is probable that Towns, Cnion, and Fanniu Counties are practically free from the permanent infection.

Whittiekl and Murray Counties have been quite thoroughly inspected and the commons of both found to be infected in all parts. Many of the farms are also infected, but some still remain free, especially near the northern boundary. Cattle taken from these counties to the mount�ain langes of (lilmer for pasture have not so far as has been ascertained caused any outbreaks of disease. This is probably due to the fact that (lilmer County is also pretty thoroughly overrun.

Here, as in many other localities, there are evidences of a different in�tensity of the contagion in various parts of the counties, but more par�ticularly in different .sections of the State. Tims, cattle which have, pastured on the ordinary infected ranges of Whitlield County without harm, have become diseased as a consequence of feeding along the trails and on the commons where cattle from Southern Georgia had lately grazed. The movement of bovine animals from one farm to another or from one county to another is also considered dangerous. The fatigue induced by driving is without doubt one of the factors in producing the disease in such cases. Even cattle from the extreme south often BTlOOQtnb whe � exhausted by long journeys. Similar facts have long been noticed with other diseases, and particularly with anthrax, cattle

76nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; OONTA�t�US DISHASKS OF DOMEartOA-tBD ANIMALS.

which have resisted the ootttaglou oil tlie iufeoteil farms beooiuiug vic�tims to the virus already within their bodies, when their vital resistance is lowered by great fatigue.

At Daltoti there is a probability that permanent infection existed be�fore the war, but not to the sanie extent as at present. The cattle driven from South G-oorgin to provision the armies, and later those brought by the refugees i'eturuing to their homes, are helioved to have been the means of (listributinffaiKlinteusifyinjitbec�ntagioti throughout. Northwest Georgia.

TENNESSEE.

The line of the infected district crosses the boundary line between Georgia and Tennessee near the western slope of the mountains, and fol�lows a northwesterly direction to Parkvllle and Bentou, in Polk County; then its direction is nearly directly west to Cleveland, Bradley County, and to Snow Hill and Harrison, in James County. From this point the river becomes the line across Hamiltuii County, Chattanooga and the Chiokamauga Valley having been infected for a long time. The south�western part of Polk and the southern parts of Bradley, James, and Hamilton Counties are. therefore, pemianently infected. The district infected is here, as we have found to bo the case elsewhere, extending slowly toward the north; and though this extension is slow it is ap�parently continuous, and the territory once overrun is seldom redeemed from the scourge. The points which we have inentioned as existing oil the border line of the district have only been infected within a few years, and, as elsewhere in newly infected sections, it is the commons rather than the farms that are dangerous, and even the commons are not uniformly affected.

In Marion County the line of infection passes in a northwesterly di�rection up the east side of the Sequatchie Valley and within one or two miles of the Sequatchie County line, mid then crosses the valley and down the west side for iive or ten miles, passing around the mountain range and taking a southwesterly direction to the vicinity of Jasper) from here the direction is again northwesterly to Decherd, in Franklin County, the greater part of this county being apparently permanently Infected, From Decherd the direction of the Hue is slightly south of west to Fayetteville. in Lincoln County, and trom this point along the Elk River to the Alabama State line in the vicinity of Veto Station. The southern part Of Lincoln County is what is called the barren region, and has been infected for many years, In the vicinity of Marbnt's the line again crosses into Tennessee, taking a northwestern direction, and at the county line between (riles and Lawrence Counties is about live miles north of the Alabama State line. On the boundary between Law-Fence and Wayne Counties this Hue is lo miles north of Alabama. At this point there is a sudden bend toward the north, the line crossing to the northwestern corner of Wayne Connty, taking in about onetiffh of

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free from permanent infection. I ___I Permanently infected,

SOUTHEHN GATl'LE FEVER in Virginia,

By D.E.Salmon.D.V. M.

SOl'TllKKX CATTLE FEV

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;77

Dewinir County mid all of ILmleii. In Heiulerson County it reaches as far uortli us Shady Hill, then passes directly west to the vicinity of Mit'flin, in the same county. Fiom here the direotiou Is slightly south of west to Deniiiaik, the boundary hetween .Madison being crossed 2 miles north of Mardeiium County; from here the direction is westerly to StantOU Depot) iu Haywood County, and onward toward the south�western corner of Bay wood and along the northern boundary of Shelby to the Mississippi River. All of Shelby and Fayette Counties appear to be infecteii, while Tipton, as far as we have been able to learn, is free from any infection,

This conclude8 our examination of the district permanently infected with southern cattle fever for the year. It will be seen that a consider�able portion of Tennessee has already become infected. Even the mount�ainous counties in the southeastern part of the State have, been in�vaded, while in the river valleys oftliecentr.il part of the State the line has reached considerably farther toward the north. Along the whole line of the infected district in this State, as in the other States previ�ously examined, we have found the same history of the extension of of the pennanentlyinfected district. At some points this extension has been insignificant or is scarcely noticeable within the last quar. ter of a century, but in the situations more favorable to the progress of the disease there has apparently been a regular advance of from one to four miles per year. This history coincides substantially with what was learned of the progress of the disease in Virginia, North Carolina,, and Georgia. As a consequence of these facts there can be no longer substantial reason to doubt th.e continued extension toward the north of the district permanently infected with this disease. Considering the extreme temperature which occurs in the mountains of southeastern Tennessee and in the part of this State located in the Mississippi Valley,, we can scarcely hope that the winters in any considerable part of the stock-raising section of the country will be sufficiently severe to prove a permanent check to the extension of this contagion.

It is proposed to continue the examination of this distriotacrossArkanlaquo; sas, Indian Territory, and Texas, to the Ilio Grande Kiver, and it is believed that a definite location of this line Will be of great assistance to those en�gaged in the live-stock iiulustry in the wholesouth western partof the conn-try. The mortality among thoroughbred cattle taken south of the border line of the permanently infected district is so great that it has become a matter of importance to buy animals which have acquired a certain amount of immunity from this disease. It is believed by many breed�ers that by establishing breeding farms just within the Hue of infection that there will be a smaller mortality from the disease, and that the animals raised under these conditions will still be able to resist its ef�fects in a very perfect manner. Already such farms have been estab-lished in Southeast Kansas and Southern .Missouri, under the belief that animals raised in this locality will prove insusceptible to the disease

78nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;COJSTAOIOI'S DISEASES OF DOME8TI0A.TED ANIMALS.

wlicii carried further sontbi but the groat anoertaluty wliidi at present exists witli regard to the exaot looation ot'tliis line makes it extreiuely doubtful if these farina liavo beeu correctly located! A uuiuber of ex�tensive breeders who have :i very intelligent idea of tin- nature and elT'ects of this disease have recently expressed to me their Uigll appre�ciation of the work now being done by the Department of A.grioultare toward establishing the boundary of this iafeoted district. It is he, lieved that definite knowledge in regard to this will relieve tUeia from raany of the causes of embarrassment connected with the shipment oi'

thoronquot;hbred eattle to the .South.

INVESTIGATIONS OF SWINE PLAGUE.

In a eommunieation of M. Pasteur to the Paris Academy of Sciences (Comptes Kcndus, 188.'$, )gt;, 1 Ki.'!) it was asserted :

1. That the microbe of swine plague is a dumb-bell mlcrocooous.

3. That.pigeons are very susceptible to the virus, and passing this through a succession of these birds increases its activity.

3.nbsp; That rabbits are also susceptible, and passing the virus through a succession of these animals attenuates it to such an extent that if pigs are inoculated with it they only contract a slight illness which grants them immunity from subsequent attacks.

To these assertions Dr. Klein (Vet. Jr., 1884, July, p. 30) replies:

1. That M. Pasteur has overlooked the true microbe, and that this is a bacillus and not a mlcrocooous.

L'. That all of his (Klein's) inoculations of pigeons with virus taken directly from diseased swine�virus which Invariably produces the dis�ease, in swine and other susceptible animals�and with his artificial cul�tures of the organism of swine fever, produced absolutely no effect, either general or local.

.!. That it Is impossible to say whether M. Pasteur's rabbits died of swine fever or of septiea'mia, though be (Klein) had shown in 1877 that rabbits are susceptible to swine lever when inoculated from material directly derived from the pig,

4.nbsp; nbsp;lie adds in an addendum thai he has recently satisfied himself that the artificial cultivation of the vims in the organs of mice or rab�bits by Inoculating these from diseased swine will produce a mild form ofswlne plague from which the animal quickly recovers, and is thereby protected from the disease.

It is very evident that before any safe method of protective inocula�tion or Vaccination can be adopted we must be satisfied as to the nature of the virus. Rabbits and mice are both subject to septica-mia, and it is quite certain, from the difference in the microscopical appearance of the germ described by these two investigators, that either the one or the other had cultivated and inoculated with a septic virus. Dr. Klein

CONTAGIOUS DI�BA8E8 OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 79

laquo;loolaquo; not hesitate to say tlmr it seems probable to liim that, quot;as in the case oC tlio inlovobe of fowl oholei'a, .M. Pauteur laquo;lid uot work with pure cultivations of the microhe of swiue ferex'iquot; M. Pasteur will doubtless -say, on thootlici'liand, that Dr. Klein has evidently been cultivating and illQOUlati�g with the sei)ti(! vibrio. Both cannot 1laquo;! right in their belief that they have been worklug with the true germ, and. couseqneutly, it is very probable that both sets of hogs were not protected from the genuine swine plague. Kach has made many inoculation experiments, each has cultivated his germ tbrougli a niimher of cultivations in purity as he supposeslaquo; and each believes that be has produced the true swine plague with such cultivations; but one of them is wrong) vaccination with the virus of one will fail in practice, and If the wrong- virus is so easily obtained it becomes doubly iinportant to know how to discrimi�nate between them.

In former reports I have given detailsof experiments which, if correctly stated, demonstrate beyond question that the microbe of swine plague is a micrococeus. These experiments were made and the accounts of them published in advance of those of M. Pasteur, and the evidence furnished was all that could reasonably be required to decide a sclent itic

) nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; question of this kind. Dr. Klein, however, has published evidence which

on its face is equally conclusive in his favor; and as it is not likely that two different diseases reseiublitig each other so closely in symptoms and lesions, but having such dissimilar virus, have been investigated, the most reasonable conclusion is that one is mistaken in his conclusio #9632;. It is necessary, therefore, to review certain points in the investigations and to bring forward such new evidence as shall be required to remove these

uncertainties.

1, The microbe of sivineplague,�As 1 have shown elsewhere (Soienoe, 18S-1, p. 156) Dr. Klein was first to demonstrate the presence of micrococei in the tissues of animals that had suifored from swine plague, but he did not at that time (1876) attribute, nor has he at any time subsequently at�tributed, the canslaquo;: of the disease to this organism. On the contrary, he published a long series of investigations in 1878 (report of the medical officer of the Local Government Board) fYom which he concluded that the true germ of this disease is a bacillus, and in his last paper reiterates this conclusion ami asserts that the micrococeus is entirely an epiphe-iioinenon (Vet. Journal, July, 1884, p. ;gt;!M7).

In my report for 1880 (Department of Agriculture, Special Report No. 31, pp. 22-24), I published experiments showing that the blood of sick, not dead, hogs, which had been received into vacuum tubes that were thrust inside the vein with proper precautions before being Opened, and were then immediately withdrawn and hermetically sealed, contained mioroqocci and HO other organisms, and that hogs inoculated with this blood contracted a severe form of swine plague. This organism was found to exist in the virulent liquids (blood, peritoneal effusion, Alaquo;'.), in three distinct outbreaks of the disease which were investigated at that

80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMEST1CATKD ANIMALS.

tiiiie. This wus tlie first discovery recorded, so far as I am aware, of the existence Of mtorococoi in the blood of the affected swine before death; and it has a very important bearing on the etiology of the dis�ease, since a post mortem de velopment of the germs is out of the question and they were found in situations to which there was no direct commuui-cation from the outside of the Imdy.

In my next report (Department of Agriculture, xVnnual Report, 1881 and 1883, pp. 2ti7--(!()) 1 gave the details of experiments winch dem�onstrated that these micrococci after they had been carried through six cultivations in considerable quantities of liquid were still capable of prodnoing very marked cases of the disease. This was, 1 believe, the tirst satisfactory evidence of the pathogenic; effect of the micrococci in the disease known as swine plague; and I desire to call attention to the fact that these inoculations were made January 17, 1881, or more than fourteen months before the discovery of the same organism by M. Pasteur and Thnillier.

Toestablish the connection of the bacilli with the cause of the dis�ease, Dr. Klein relies upon the following evidence!

1. The presence of bacilli in microscopic sections of the tissues.

3. The multiplication of bacilli in the artificial cultures of the virus.

3. The production of disease by inoculations with the cultivated bacilli.

lie has not forgotten that in his tirst report he described micrococci and not bacilli as existing in the tissues, but there is an evident attempt to explain this by conveying the Impression that these were found ex�clusively in situations where they might be derived from external sources. For instance, in his last paper (Vet. Journal, July, 1884, p, 11) he says :

Frepiirinj^ seotioua through the typiciiU.v nlceratod maoooa membrane of the largo |ritlaquo;'8tiiie, .staiiiiiig these in aniline dye.s, and examining them ander the miorosoope, I lind thin: In the supeTfloldl parts of the necrosed membrane are present large niiin-bers of mioroooooi of various kinds, chiefly varying In the size of the elements and in the mode of aggregation. These uloroooocl stain well In Splller's purple and In methyl blue, and are present only in the necrotio parts of the uloeratlon, In which they appear irregularly distributed, But in the depth of the tissue, und extending in many cases into the Inflamed suh-iiincoiis tissue, are seen streakraquo; and clumps of minute rod-shaped bacteria, which coincide as regards size (lengtli and thickness) with the bacilli which I described in my former memoir, the single organisms heing about 0.001 to0.004 quot;quot;quot;. long, and iihont a third or a fourth as thick.

In his first report he described the situation of the micrococci in the intestine somewhat differently, as follows:

From, ami even liefere the first signs of necrosis of the mncosa, viz., when the epithelium begins to break down ami he shed from thesnrface, there are found masses of micrococci, which in some nlcerH occupy a great portion of ddbris. (Report of the medical ollicerof the privy council and local govermnent board, 187(i, pgt; ��.)

Again, in regard to the nh-erations of the mucous ineinbrane of the

tongue, he says In his last report:

I have seen in the superficial parts of the ulcers large clnnips of micro occi, but in the depth of, and extending between the inflamed muscular tissue I have found the

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 81

sumo rod-Hliapi-d organtsma as meuttonod abovoj they are chicilv In spaoea between tUo liuiidles of t lie Inflamed coaneotive tissue, fprining bore streaks lt;gt;(' longer or shortor eliaiii.s. (Page 49.)

In his lii'.st report this was stated as follows!

In the uloeratlon ofthe tonguejnst mentlonod, and at a time when the superflolal scab lias not been removed) I have .seen masses of mlorocoooi situate chiefly in the tissue of the papllltlaquo;, but al some phiees reaobing us fat deep as the luflammatlon extends. (Pago 90.)

In regard to the similar lesions of the epiglotis the following lan-gaage was used:

1 bavo before mo praparatious through the epiglottis, the submuoosa of the pos�terior surface being in a state of uoorosis, .'iiiil near the edge so broken down aa to leave there a deep nicer, while the inueoiis membrane ofthe anterior surface is only slightly Inflamed In its submuoous tissue; In this I Bud lymphatic vessels lilled with mlcrooooci, ifce. (Paso 100.)

As to the appearance ofthe lung his last report says:

Sections through the diseased parts of the. lung reveal, in preparations stained as above, the pvesenoo of lai'go numberlaquo; of mloroooool in the cavity of the bronchi and alt vesicles, but not in all lungs, since I have found lungs in which they were alto�gether absent, I'.iit (here are always present in larger or smaller clumps the same miiniie rod-shaped organisms as mentioned above, They are Imbedded In a coagulnm

Oiling the air vesicles, or they 11 lock up a hleoil-vessel In the wall of a bronchiole or

air vesicle, In the air vesicles [ have seen exadal Ion cells, white- blood corpuscles eon-talning clumps of the rods : they are well broughl out by Spiller'a purple, in the air vesicles of some lungs I hive seen tlicip grow to very long chains, loptotbrlx, ton, twenty, and more times the length of the single rods. These rods were present, not

only in the air vesicles, bill also In the tissue itself, both of the walls of the air vesicles as well as ofthe smaller or larger bronchi, (Pages II, 43.)

In his lirsi report liiere is a most radical difference in the description of Hie sltuatiou where the mlcrococcl were seen ;

In the iniili rated, liiiu, more or less disintegratlug parts I liml great masses of mi-orococcl filling up oaplllarlosand veins, and also contained in lyriiphatlcsaround arteries. They may be found also in minor bronchi which have been completly blocked up by cheesy Inflammatory products, but there the masses of mlcrooooci, oonspiouous by I heir blue eoloraiion In baunainxyliu preparations, are generally present in greater or

smaller lumps between t lie outer surface of tile plug and I lie wall of the bronchus.

The pleuiii is mil ell swollen, and contains great ii ii m hers, continuous layers, of lumps of niicrocoeci. The free surface of the membrane is in many parts covered with them.

The exudation fluid is also charged with them, as has been mentlonod above. (Pages loo, mi. i

That is to say, In 1876, Dr. Klein was able to liml the mlorococci not only in the necrotio parts of the itlceratlons, but he found them/row and before the first signs of necrosis', lie found thera extending as deep hitlaquo; the tissue of the tonf/uo as the inflammation extended, ami in the epiglottis at a jioin/ H-licrc the submucons tissue was only slightly inflajned he jhnud the lymphatio vessels filled with miorococoi, In the Inngs, instead of the miorococci being conflaetl to the cavity of the air vesicles and bronchi as he desires us to nnderslaml IVoin his last report, he really found them in the infiltrated (Did jinn part*, filling up capillaries, veins and lymphaUos. Tlie.y had even penetrated to the pleura ichioh contained //rait numbers 5761 i) ,v----ii

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMAL.s.

ttnil oontinuous layers of them ; the free, auvfdoe was covered with tli()n,(nul the exudation�uid was oharged with them, TUelrpresenoelu the plenrftl effusion is snriiciciit evidence that oross-seetion of baoilll had not been mistaken for microcoool In the tissues; and it may, consequently, be accepted ns bej'ond question that this organism existed at the points named In the repoil of ist�.

in Hie last report it la stated that the rods (bacilli) are found quot; in the bronchial exudation, in the juice of the lung (issue, in the peritoneal exudation, aud occasionally, bul uol generally, also in the blood already in the fresh state,quot; Sections made through the Iresh or hardened, swollen uiesonterio ancl Ingutual lymph glands are said to reveal the presence of clumps of the same minute rod-shaped organisms. Look-lug at a dump of these organisms, one imagines them at first to be a zoogkea of miorococci, but using oil-immersion lenses and Abbe's sub-stage condenser if becomes certain that they are undoubted rods-�some smooth and uniform, others more or less quot; beaded.quot;

In the results of the examination of the I issues it will be seen that, #9632;with the exception of the lymph glands mentioned, the bacilli of the last report have little if ans- advantage in situation over the miorooocui of the first report. And if we consider that the organisms of these glands so closely resemble micrococci that it requires oil-immersion lenses and an A-bbe condenser to make a distinction, and that even under such favorable conditions some of the rods are more or less quot; beaded,quot; the reader will not fool so certain that they are undoubted rods as is Dr. Klein.

The exaininatii.....f the tissues of mice and rabbits which have died

after inoculation with the more or less septic liquid of dead bogs can�not beaccepted as th rowing any satisfactory light on so difflcult n problem, since others cannol fail to have the same doubts in regard to Dr. Klein's experimental animals thai this gentleman is so free to express in regard to those of M. Pasteur. The question as to the organisms found in the tissues of animals so susceptible to various forms of septiosemia as mice and rabbits aller they have been inoculated with morbid products from Logs which have died of a disease in which local necroslsaud gangrene is not uncomtuou, is one which can only complicate the real issue with�out in any seuse elucidating It. Indeed, when Dr. Klein tells us that lie lia.s quot; seen a good many pigs inoculated with culture of the baoterium of swine fever, which beyond the swelling of the glands and beyond a transitory rise of the body temperature on the second and third day, by one or even two degrees 0., showed no other signs,quot; we have strong suspi�cions that the slight trouble produced was of a septic nature rather than a mild attack of the destructive swine plague. The period of luoubation in swine plague is much longer than that of septioremia; soraetiines it is three weeks} generally it is from twelve days to two weeks, and it is only by the use of enormous doses of virus that l have succeeded in reducing it to tour or live'days; and, therefore, when we are told that in these

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

#9632;

iniM :it tacks tin' period of luoubatlou was but two or three days, aud that in itt- least one case there was a rise, of temperature within twenty-four hours (Ihifl., |). 43), the appearances are certainly very muob more in favor quot;f septiotBinln than swine plague. Certain it is that in none of my numerousinobulatiou experiments lias there been a rise of temper ature within so short a time. As I write this I have just returned from msikUig apostmortem examination of a iii^' killed in the last stages of the acute form of the disease; this was one of a lot of three inoculated with a virus so virulent that not one of a considerable number of swine that have been inoculated with il during the last three months lias re�covered. With so virulent a virus one would expect the incubation to be at its shortest duration, and yet neither of these three showed any appreciable Signs of disease up to the twelfth day. All sickened at about the saint- time, and to day, the fifteenth day, all wore so extremely ill that the most careful prognosis would be death of all within forty-eighl hours.

In animals which have died from the disease and on which a posts mortem examination was not possible immediately after death, 1 have also found bacilli in Ihe peritoneal and plural effusion, and even in (he blood, A photograph of some of Ihe peritoneal eHusion dried on a cover-gloss ai the time of the autopsy, and afterward stained and mounted, shows these very piaiiilj^r; (his photograph has been repro�duced by Cue heliooausticprocess and accompanies (his report as Plate XII. No doubt bacilli would also have been found in (he solid tissues of (his animal: but these organisms were the result of changes which Occur either shortly before or after death, and have not been found in any of the nnmerons animals which 1 have destroyed for examina�tion when in (he earlier stages of the disease. In such cases the. peri�toneal, the pleiiral, and the pcricardial effusions, and usually (he blood are found to contain motionless micrococei of (he flgureof-elght tbrm, but often imiled in chains and various-shaped clusters.

In (he many cultivations which I have made from material obtained from slaughtered animals I have never found bacilli except in h very few cases where the virus was not obtained until after contact with the air. where the vacuum tubes had not been properly sealed, or where the animal was not slaughtered until the last stages of the disease. A photograph of a preparation made from one of these cultivations is re�produced in Plate XI. 1( seems to be a perfectly pure cnltlvation of micrococei so far as careful examination with the microscope is able to determine, and it was so virulent thai three pigs inoculated with il all contracted the disease and all died.

In my most recent investigations I lind (hat the peritoneal effusion is often impure in the last stages of the disease. In such cases a vari�ety of organisms appear in (he cultivations made with this liquid, but pure Cldtures of micrococei are still obtained from the pleiiral effusion, or in those rare cases where this too is impure, the pericardia! fluid and

mrnggftomm

COKTAQIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

blood have yielded pure oultuves of mioroooooii A fact of groat iw. portauce is thftt nopuro oulturea of baoilli have been obtained) and that where but a single sipeoios of organlsia Uai8 mnltiplied this baa invaria�bly been a niiorooocous!

Saving obtained saob results from vay lilvestigatioiia, and having re�peated liit'iu over and oxer again, and ooullrmed them with virus fvova various parts of the country, 1 cannot but oouolade that swine, plague is due to a tniorooooous, ami that the disease produced lgt;,v Igt;r. Klein's cultivated bacilli uas a form of aeptlotomia. And tins oouoluaion la ooaflrmed by the short period of iaoubation in his eases, and the fact that man v of his animals showed no signs of disease other than a slight rise of temperature and an enlargomeut and congestion of the lymph glands.

The following record of experiments contains the most important of those which have been made since my last report, ami is a continuation of the evidence upon which the above statements have been made;

Ejopertment No, 1.�Two pigs w civ inoculated Jijue 28, L883, with virus dried on quills and sent from Indiana, it was obtained b,y killing a sick pig and immediiitely dipping the (|nills in peritoneal and plenral effusion and the exudation liquid from the lungs, and drying this after I he manner practiced for prescn at ion of vaccine lymph. In this case. the animal from which the virus was obtained ('quot; I not have a very severe form of the disease. For inoculation the \ rns on three or four quills was rubbed up with '_'''#9632; of salt solution and injected under the skin of thigh. The fourth day (duly 2) there was elevated temperature (1024deg;and 1031deg; F.) and slight redness at the point of inoculation. The fifth day there was diffused redness on the inner side cd' both thighs, an eruption of small papulro on the thin parts of the skin and an in�creased elevation of temperature (103f^o and 104^deg; F.). July � to 9 (lie temperature remained at or above 10quot;)deg; with one, and reached its highest point on tinquot; 7th, being then L06|9, and the eruption was very plain and extended over the greater part of the surface of the, body. from this time they began to improve, and in neither ease was the disease fatal.

This w as one of a number of inoculation experiments made to obtain a reliable virus for experimental purposes, and is recorded to illustrate the above remarks in regard to the period of i mm bat ion.

Experiment AC 2.�Four hogs were inoculated duly 7. with virus also from Indiana, and preserved in t he same way as the other, but was obtained from an outbreak which was much more virulent, and fatal. This was also suspended insult solution and injected hypodermieally in the dose -quot; to #9632;#9632;#9632;^lt;0' at the inner side of the thigh.

To and including duly 17, or for the first ten days, there were small, hard swellings at the pointof inoculation, but no positive signs of disease, and the appetite remained good. There were considerable variations in the teniperatmes, hut it is doubtful if this had any pathological siglaquo;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

nlQoanoe. July 18, three were evidently sick, with temperatures of 103p, 105J, and lOOfo P.

The one most .severely affected was killed July 31, at which time the temperature was 10t;|^o F., and there was complete loss of appetite. The point of iiiocnlation was much swollen, the enlargement extending forward under Ihe abdomen, and was about � inches in length by -' in breadth. When out across it was found to be dense and fibrous and creaked under the knife. A clear lymph flowed from the out surface. In the center of the swelling was an irregular cavity, I to 2 inches across and partly lilled with dry caseous material, reminding one of thesoquostrum formed in fowl cholera when an inactive virus is injected into the muscles in largo quantities. The right Innji' was nearly all of a deep-red color with extensive areas of infarction. There was a small

quantity of effusion in the cavity of the thorax. The intestinal tract was congested but there was no peritoneal effusion.

The pleural effusion was collected in vacuum tubes with all known precautions to prevent access of atmospheric germs, and hermetionlly sealed. Cultivations were made by Infecting sterilized nutritive liquids in the cultivation apparatus with small quantities of this pleural effusion. The cultivation liquids used were pork and beef broths which had not been neutralized and neutral veal broth. All the attempted cultivations were successful, and the organism which multiplied was of Identical ap�pearance in each�it was a diplococcus or flgure eight in form, and had a tendency to adhere in short chains and small (dusters.

This organism was earned through three cultivations, each apparatus containing about half an ounce (10^(;ogt;) of liquid. August i' experi�ment No. .'gt; was made by Inoculating 2 pigs with the third cultivation of this micrococcus. One of these had a hypodermic injection of i⁰⁰-and the other of 10^cc-of the CLiltivatiou liquid, This was made on the inner side of both thighs auci with the latter also bet ween the fore.

legs.

There was awelltng at the point of inoculation within twentj'-four hours; but no marked increase of temperature until Augusl 7, when it reached 103^deg; with one, and 101:quot;'with the oilier, with impaired appe�tite, thirst, and shivering, Two days later the skin over rlie entire ab�domen was wrinkled, flabby, and in places losing its epidermis. From this time they improved in general symptoms until Allgnsl 17, when the one that received the larger quantity Of Vims and which had been,

most severely affected was killed for examination. At this ti..... there

was extensive, desquaumtion of the epithelium over the abdomen ; the swelling at the point of inoculation had softened and contained pus. There was swelling of the lymphatio glands of the inguinal and inesen-teric regions, potechitE of the serous membranes, and slight peritoneal effusion.

Experiment Ko. 4.�Three pigs, Nos. 2(i, 137, and 28, were inoculated dune 0 with a Cllltivatiou liquid seeded from the virulent elfusioii of a

H()nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEA8B8 OP DOME8TI0ATED AN'IMAT.S.

p!g thai had lt;li(^j(l (Vom the result of Inoculation with a very fatal virus recoived fi'oiu Illiuola. Tliis oultivatlon lilt;iiii(l oontaiuecl only micro-cocci, the appearance of which arc very well shown lu Plato XI, which was reproducod from ;i photograph.

June 11, all had elevated temperatures varying from 101deg; to I�5J⁰ P., inci'cascd thirst, tuoked up abdomens, swelling al the points of luoonla^-tion, rigors, and secluded themselves In their bedding. The appetite was si ill lair,

June 20, there was complete loss of appetite, emaciation, and profuse diarrhea.

June 29, No. 27 died, and nutopsy revealed congestion of Intestines, hepatiaatiou of right lung, with abundanl efifusion lu the pleuml, peri�cardia!, and peritoneal cavities, tnocnliitions with I his effusion caused death of another pig July 8, after showing the well known symptoms of swine plague.

July 3, No, 38 was found inn dying condition and was destroyed, In order to get fresh material for examination and for inoculation experi�ments.

duly (!, No, -(raquo;died in convulsions after having presented the charac�teristic symptoms of the various stages of swine plague.

The notable point in this experiment is the virulence of the cul tivated virus. This virus was a pare cultivation of micrococoi and produced la la' results in every case. The results of oar inoculation experiments with cultivated miorococd have heretofore been more or less unsatisfactory, because, while the symptoms were (hose of swine plague, the disease produced did not correspond in its malignancy to theswine plague which so frequently decimates the herds of the West. In lids case, however, the disease developing as a result of luoctilation hud all the malignanoy of the most severe out breaks whicli I have ever witnessed, and ia sub�sequent experimeuts with virus obtained from these animals this fatal type has been retained and every animal inoculated has succumbed.

On duly 3, pig Xo, �'W was inoculated with mixed plennd and perito�neal effusion obtained from No. 28, which was killed that day it: the last stages of swine plague, produced by inoculation with cultivated virns as detailed above. July t�, the temperature was 104deg; F., and there were periods of shivering. Prom this time the progress of the attack was rapid ; there was a red blush of I he skin over the ahdomeu,, diarrhea, lossof appetite, prostration, and tendency to hide in the litterlaquo; July 18, il was very niueli debilitated, the breathing was rapid, and it was scarcely able to walk. It would undoubtedly have died in a few hours. It was killed for examination and for pare virus.

Autopsy showed the lungs to becovoi'ed on pleural surface with pete-ohiro, but there was no licpati/.aiiou. The inguinal and mescnterio glands were greatly enlarged and congested ; the small Intestines in-tlamcd ; the CHJCUm was the scat of throe largo ulcerous patches, 1. to 2 inches In diameter, and several of smaller size. These were black

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

on tlx6 surface and on sections the tissue appeared ileusej Qbrotis, und

pales. The ik'OCii'Ciil valve was completely covered with sueli an ulcer, iind the miieous ineinbriiiH' of the stonmcli wns much congested^

Tlioroilgllly .sterilized viieuuin tuhes were tilled from thejugtllar \eiii, 'rom the right veutriole^ and with the perioardial aud peritoneal eflfa-s.iuii, each of which were abniulant. At tlilt;gt; lime of the autopsy small

Q[Uai)titles of each of these effusions and of the blood were dried on

eovor-glasses for exarnlnation in the laboratory.

The tubes of peritoneal fluid wheu opened emitted a very disagree�able odor of putrefaction, Stained cover-glass preparations showed that. itcoutaiucd botii miorococci and rods. Cultures of the same contained miorococoi, a bacillus with pointed ends, probably the Bacillus butyrious, iiiul a few rods of bactcriuiiraquo; ternio. From this result it becomes an in-boresting question to learn if these various organisms really existed In the peritoneal liquid at the time of the animal's slaughter, or if they were Introduced from the atmosphere during the necessary manipnla-fcions for oiling and sealing the vacuum tuhes. In other words, is it possible for septic bacteria, in diseases which produce lesions of the in�testines, to penetrate the wails of these organs and multiply In the peri-tODoal effusion before the death of tin' animal? In a former report (Annual Beport Department of Agriculture, 1830, p. #9632;h'W), I have col�lected a nnmbec of observations whiol) seem to answer this question in the affirmative. Fortunately in the ease under consideration examina�tions were made which furnish satisfactory evidence that there were viii'ions forms of bacterial organism In the Maid of the peritoneal cavity before the death of the animal. Preparations were made by thoroughly drying this lluid on cover glasses as soon as the abdominal cavity was opened, and in these, of course, there could be no change before exami-imtlon. Such preparations stained and moulded demonstrate conclu�sively that while the tnicrOCOCCi predominated, there were also present

bconsiderable number of bacilli. These observations, which were made witli the greatest precautions to avoid errors, rq far to reconcile the lt; liscrepancies which have appeared to exist in t he results of the various investigations of this disease.

Oover-glass preparations of blood from the jugular presented no defl-nife bacterial forms even after staining. Cultiires of this blood re�mained perfectly sterile

The perlcardial effusion contained large numbers of inlcrocooci, easily seen botii in unstained and stained preparations. Cultivations save pure growths of mlcrococol.

The blood from right ventricle showed aggregations of miorococci, aud cultures of this blood produced a pure growth of the same organ�ism.

Sections ofquot; the orocal ulcer contained enormous aggregations of ml�crococol in the depths of the cavity; the necrotlc portion appeared to consist almost entirely Of these bodies. In some sections small colonies

(Xm'AGlOU.s DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

of mioroooool wore found lu tUe deeper purls of the tissue. No rods

could be I'ouiul even in sections slaincd witli I'nclisinc, a stain whiob Klein used in his invcsti^alions. In sections of the spleen, stained in various ways, no organism could

be detected, Sections of the most congested raeseutei'io glaud revealed no organ

isms williin the gland tissue, but the, peritoneal surface and its serous covering were studded with miorooocoi, iiiterspersec] with which might be seen a considerable number of large aud small rods,

Pig No. 39 laquo;as Inoculated July 17, ami was slaughtered A-ogust 11, being at thai time very severely affected, and presenting well-iuavked symptoms of swine plague. The meseuterio vessels were cougested, as were those about the lleo-COJCal valve, bill there were no nlcerations at

this point. Tiie lungs wore pale, hat contained a number of dark-col�ored congested patches. There was no plonral effusion ; the pericardia] cavity contained a considerable amount of liquid, and there was also slight peritoneal effusion.

Cultures of the pcricardial fluid gave a pure growtb of miorocooci. Tlie vacuuin tabes, filled wilh peritoneal lliiid, were preserved until September 2, and were then found to contain large uumhera of micro-cocci, but no other organisms,

A large number of observations similar to the above have been made, and in all eases where a pure cultivation has been obtained the organ�ism which multiplied was a miorococens, and when the virulence of such cultivated micrococci lias been tested by iiiooulation experiments typical and fatal eases of swine plague have resulted. Respectfully submitted,

I). E. SALMON. It. P. M.

^!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

: #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;

linbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - :nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;#9632;

I #9632;

#9632;

I'lai Kl

gt; ^v

-.'

gt;

wink I; /\gi !#9632;: michococci;;

af cultivatioi |uid K A

#9632;

Plate XII

V' .

Iraquo;!

; \ '#9632;

\ �-

SKI^J'riC1 HACTKlilA

Photo-microqraijh of Peritoneal Effusion

ERGOTISM AMONG CATTLE IN KANSAS.

Jlon. G-KOR0B Igt;. LoUI.NMi,

Commissioner of �giⁱloulturo i Sn;: in obedience to your telegram of tbe �tli of MJaroh, requesting me to go to Ncosho Falls, Kuns., and there to Investigate a disease among cattle, 1 forthwith prepared mysell aud left ou the 6th, arriving ut Neosho Palls in the afternoon of the 8th. Ou my way to Neosho Falls 1 was delayed overnight at Burlington, Kans, On the same eve�ning I read a report in the Kansas City JoMnwiJ of a meeting which had been held at Neosho Palls on the evening of the 6th attended by his excellency Governor (J. W. Click, Liout.-Gov. I). W. Pinney, who, in company with other Slate officials. Dr. A. A. Holcombe, U. V. S., of Lcavenworth, Dr. Wllhite, of Emporla, and a number of stockmen, had in- special train proceeded to Neosho Palls, aud investigated the dis�ease among cattle In Woodaon and Oofifey Counties, and upon the au�thority ofDrs. Holoomb� and Wilhita said disease was pronounced to be the contagious foot-and-mouth disease. At the meeting in the eve-ning a quarantine committee was appointed, with Lieuteuani Governor Fiuney as theohairman. This oommittee was instructed to quarantine all infected cattle and premises, to guard against further diffusion of the dread disease. ITpon reading this article I was greatly surprised and alarmed. I had no reason to doubt the correctness of the diagnosis by Dr. Eloloornbe, whom I knew from personal knowledge to be a very com-petenl veterinarian.

On my arrival at Neosho Palls, Woodson Oouuty/late in the after�noon ofthe 8th, 1 was mel by Lieutenant-Governor Pinney and Dr. Holcombe, who immediately procured aconveyance and accompanied mo to the residence and farm of Mr. Daniel Koith, situated in (lie south east comer of Ooffey County, 6 miles north of Neosho Palls. Here I was conducted to a small pen or inolosure which contained 12 head of yearling calves. This pen measured about 10 by 60 feot, and was in

closed on two sides by a rail fence, by a hay rack and corn crib on the west side, and horse stable, and corn erih Oil the east. The pen was

well bedded with hay and straw. On entering the inolosure 1 walked along the hay rack and gave the hay a hasty examination, but found it clean, bright, and sweet, it being wild hay made on bottomlands. I also looked for ergot among the grasses which composed the hay, but discovered only two or three heads of wild rye which were ergoti�iedj

contagious DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

tho iinioimt being iusiguiQoaut I save it no further tbongbtat tUo time. My expeotation, after remlltfg a deaoription of the symptoms of the dislaquo; ease amoug the oattle, was to discover ex'gol ism, .slum Id the disease prove not to be the geuuine foot-and-mouth affectioiii 1 inquired if any of the preguaut cows and lieifurs Uad aborted, and was told thov liacl not; but my attention was called to laquo;nie white �oav, six years of age, which presented many ulcers on the adder aud (eats. These uloers, according to the description of Mr. Keith, Brst appeared as vesicles oi' blisters about three weeks prevloua, but at the time I saw her they were covered with scabs, and were liealiog od'. Mr. Keith stated tbat this cow was suckling a ten day's old calf when she first evinced symptoms of the disease, and dial two days thereafter the calf died, having suc�cumbed to a severe diarrhea.

The yearliugs in the pen presented the following conditions: Four of them had lost both hind feet, the separation taking place at thefetlook joints; 5 had each lost one hind Coid ; and. .gt; were almnt (o lose both hind feet. The latter cases presented a well deilued line of detuarkation at or above the let lock joint, extending and encircling the limb in a straight or slightly oblique line; the upper parts of said line presented a healthy surface,discharging a small amount, of laudable pus, and were bealiug under a scab; the limbs below this line were perfectly devital�ized and shrunken in a dry gangrenous condition. In the clefts of sev�eral of the feet, 1 I'oiind considerable evidence of previous ulceration, and looseniug of the walls of the Coot around the bulb of the heel. Those animals which had lost their feet were apparently in a healthy condition, a slight elevation of (emperature l)einl^#9632; the only appreciable evidence of functional derangement remaining, aside from (he crippled limbs. They ate well j licked themselves; the stumps were scabbing over and healing; they occasionally got up and hobbled along for ii few steps, (hen dropped down.

I next examined their mouths, whieli revealed denudation of the mu�cous membrane and discolored patches on the nose, lips, totigne, and roof aud elastic pad. In some of them only two or three of those dis�colored spots would be found on the lips, pad, or the roofof'the mouth. The discolored or denuded patohesdUl not extend deeper than the suh mucous connective (issue, and presented a brownish yellow or rusty color; they were Irregular in outline, and of various dimensions, from the size o('a pencil's point to half an inch in diameter, and were not circumscribed by any reddish or inflammatory bolder.

No soreness or inoouveuieuoe was manifested in the act of eating. Temperatures ranged from 102deg; to 103.8deg; P. I saw a uumber of other cattle in various stages of lameness, also some which had recovered from lameness, yet no very recent cases wore reported by Mr. Keith, from whom I received the following brief history!

lie, first became aware of the trouble among his cattle on or about the 23d 01quot; 25th of December hist, when he noticed a peculiar jerking up of

mm 1

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOME8TI0ATBD ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;91

the bind logs among a auniber of tii*gt; oalvesi They would first jerk ujraquo; one loot and then tiic other, or .siiiiktgt; the foot :ih If they wanted to shake

off a forolgD body, and acted as If they could not place the allccted fool

to the groimdi They would then hobble along a few stops, ami walk

off moderately well or lie down. Wliea they Stood quiet they arched the back and dropped the head.

Some of them slobbered or frothed at the month, and would not eal hay very well. In the course of two or three laquo;lays they persisted in lying down nearly all the time; swelling about the ooronel then be�came apparent, extoudiug as high up as the fetlock, or even higher in

some cases, which was attended by groat heat and tenderness.

Soon after this swelling appeared�a very few laquo;lays�a band around

the leg would then appear, the skin beeomlug laquo;�ontracled, ilry. ami hard ; next the,skin broke and a sore made ils appearance. This sore

enclrcletl the leg and gradually deepened until complete separation of the limb at one of the joints occurred^ The time oonaiitnud from the first appearance of the disease until the dual dropping off of the dead

portion of the limb wonld be from three to lour weeks. In some cases he noticed soreness and nlceration in the laquo;dells between the (daws. When he lirst noticed the jerking lip of the feet and limbs he thought

it was due toinipactlon of mud between the laquo;daws; therefore he ex�amined some laquo;gt;l' the feet, but found no Impaotlous. On the Ist of .Ian-nary about 30 head of l Im calves manifested laiueimss. All of these calves werlaquo;' fed upon wild hay and shelled corn during the fall and winter. All the medical treatment which these cattle received was laquo;me application oi inuriaticacid around the limb where the line of soreness existed. The described 13 head of yearling calves, and �l more of the same age, he bought from Mr. J. Davis on the llth of December,and took them home on the li'lh. Mr. Davis bail bought these calves from different parties within a radius of 10 miles south and east ofNeosho Falls.

Leaving Air. Keith's plaoo, we went to llm farm owned by Mr. \. 0. (loodrh'h, which is occupied by Mr. Edward llimlman, who is the over�seer of the stock on the farm. The Q-ooddoh farm is divided from the Kcitli farm by a public road rnnnlng north and south, lt;)a the Good�rich larni wlaquo;¹ saw 20 bead of cattle, all of which were two years old ami upwanKjwhudi had then lost or would eventually lose one or more feet, or parts of them, and 2 of them wem about to lose all their feet.

In one of these cases the line of demarkation was (i Inches above the fetlock, and In theollmr I inoheH, while, some of them had lost only one (daw or one foot at the second Joint. Alt of these cattle presented greater or less dlsoolorations, erosions, or uloerations on the lips, tongue, or roof of the mouth, and in several the mouth lesions were much more prominent than in any of the Iveitli cattle, A two-year old red and white steer, which had lost both hind feet at the fetlock joints, pre�sented, upon exaiinnation of the mouth, brownish yellow-patches on

92nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; O�NTACUOUS Dl.SEASKS GP DOMKSTICATKl) ANIMALS.

tue roof, ooveriug two-thirds of tUe spaoe between the pad and soft p.ilak'. Tbeso pafcobea ooalesoed and were elevated one-sixteenth of an inoh, possessed a well-deflned border and a flattened surface. On the pad were two large oval or oblong ulcers, one of wbluh ueasared an inuh and a quarter lu length. lt;)u the gums of the lower Jaw, Inslda of the lateral and oorner-luoisor teeth of the rigbtside, appeared one large uloer, whloh possessed a more rcddisli and iiidaiunia.ioi'.v appearance than those on the pad. On the right side of the thick portion of the tongue existed an ulcer which bad au excavated bottom and a greasy and dirtydooking appearance; this was u Inches in length and of an oval shape, Temperature 103,8deg; F. A. two-year-old red heifer, which had lost, one bind foot at the let lock joint, and the other was in process of separation at the same place, presented a month with lesions exactly similar to I he lirst one, only t hat I hey were Confined solely to the roof of the mouth.

A third ease�a live year-old cow which Was losing both bind feet at the fetlocks�presented discolored patches and small erosions on the tongue, lips, and roof of the month, also eoohymosed spots appeared on the mucous lining of the vulva, and mucus mixed with pus flowed from the vagina. An ulcer the size of a silver dime appeared inside of the sphinc�ter aul. Tempera tu re 101 gt; !�'. Mr, (loud rich, among his held of 95 ani�mals, had l'I cows and a number of heifers which wen? pregnant, but none of t hem aborted.

in an adjoining lot I saw a number of young calves; upon inquiry 1 received the response that these calves were all well, and had not been with the diseased cattle, A number of hogs also were inclosed in an�other lot adjoining that of the diseased cat lie, and I was told that they had not been in contael with the eatlle. Ni^ht was now approaohlug,

and owing to the nurnber of people which had gathered, and the excite-mein which prevailed, it was impossible to obtain any definite or ex�tended history of the outbreak, manner of teeding, surroundings, amp;c. Therefore 1 deemed it liest to return to town and compare notes with Dr. 1 lolcomhe, and return ou the next day to make a more thorough Investigation, and to obtain a full history, I was now told by some of the stockmen present that they desired to 'nave my opinion on the nature of the disease; thai they intended to have the cat I le appraised, killed, and buried ou the next day, if my diagnosis corresponded with that of Dr. Holcombe, Two of these parties came from IDmporla for this expressed purpose.

This placed me in a very delicate and unpleasant position, as I had not given the matter the thorough investigation thai 1 desired to do before making my diagnosis, I had to rely almosl solely upon a history as given to me by parties upon whom 1 could not place absolute reliance; nevertheless I felt compelled to make a diagnosis under these pressing circumstances. Taking, therefore, into consideration, 1st. The history

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;03

which was glveu to mo by Mr. Keith, which so closely dcscrihctl the lirst syiiiptoins of tin' toot-iuid-niouth disease; the aloers and previous vesicatiou on the udder of the Keith cow, and the death of her call'soon after the disease nnmitested itself in the mother) the absence of ahor-

tious or the superveutlou of nervous affeotloos which 1 expected to Und ia ergotlsitii 2d, Attributing the dlsooloratlous of the mouth to the reoiftins of previous vesioatloua; tlu^ loHing of the feet as a sequelte to footand month disease! aggravated by negleot_t and exposure to intense cold. 3d. Accepting the history of a case described to me by Dr. llolcomhe, where he discovered an animal on the, Keith place in the second or vesicular Stage of foot-and-mouth disease in which he found several distinct characteristic vesicles in the month, accompanied by salivation, and another vesicle in the cleft of the foot near the heel the size of a silver dime, and which he caused to ru|iture by a pressure with his finger, and registering a temperature of 104.4deg; K. 4th. Ac�cepting as true the positive statement of Mr. .1. W. Beard, who lives 2 miles south of Mr. Keith, lie slated that he had exchanged cows with Mr. Keith on the L8tb of February, and that two days after he brought the cow home from the Keith place one of his cows con�tracted the disease, aud that several others followed In quick succes�sion; (this was strong evidence to prove the contagious character of the malady); in the absence of recent cases, placing reliance upon the statement made by Dr. Qolcombe, and upon his diagnosis, having no valid objeotious to offer to it, I- was led to concur with him, and announced my belief that the. disease among the cattle on the Keith and on the Goodrich farms was epizootic aphllne. I went out to the Keith farm again on Sunday, the lgt;th, with the intention of obtaining a complete history of the outbreak, to examine the quality of the feed.

water, and soil, to make a more ex tended examination of all of the dis�eased animals, and to make ^ost-woj'tefraquo;-examinations if opportunity afforded it. But when 1 arrived at the Keith place a stream of people werelaquo; passing in and out among the cuttle. A delegation of stockmen were there with the avowed purpose of paying for and disposing of the diseased animals, and another number of persons were holding fl con�sultation in relation to petitioning Governor Q-llck, requesting him to convene the State legislature for the purpose of euacting laws and to make provision for the stamping OUtof the disease. These parties were monopolizing the time of the owners of the cattle, consequently 1 had to wait for a more favorable day to accomplish my work. This day, however, I made a more extended observation of the cattle on hoth farms, as i was exceedingly anxious to find a recent case. My search was rewarded lgt;y finding a red yearling steer at Keith's, which pre�sented a blister at the nnteiior border of the soft palate: it was about the size of a silver dime, and had a thin raised pellicle of mucous niern-

brane which ruptured when 1 touched it. Two small pointed vesicles

appeared on the upper surface of the, tongue. No excessive salivation

94nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC'ATIOO ANIMALS.

was present! A pinkish color was tliffused over the membrane of the mouth and bonguei Breathing aooelerated) temperature lO^S^. In withdrawing the iuatrumeal from the rectum an uloer was exposed tlt;gt; view, which lilt'il sllghtljquot;. (On the following day I saw lliis animal again and found tlilt;' oonditions unohangod, except that the blisters in the mouth had assumed the oharacteristio brownish-yellow color, simi�lar to those lomid in the mouths of the worst oases, [n the course of

leu days this animal had ftboul I'eoovored.) On this day 1 noliccd sev�eral animals frothing ai the mouth,although they showed but slight in-dications of lameness, hut for wanl of |iro|iei-assistance was nnalde to catch Ihem lor closci-inspection. ()n the Ooodricli farm I I'onnd a niim-her of cows and heifers to have discharges from the vagina, aooom-panied by thiokeuiug eoohj'mosis, or uloerations of the mucous mem�brane of the vaginal walls. I noticed also small blood-clots and mucus or recently-dropped feces,

On Monday, the 10th, 1 looked again for recent cases, bul did not succeed in 1111(1111^' any.

Mr. ilindman gave me the following history: He lias lived elghl years ou this place, and has been engaged in raising and feeding stock during tuat time, lie never before had any disease, among his cattle. lie took into a herd 5 miles east, which was in charge of George Grant, 72 head of cattlb last spring, and on the lOth of October brought

home 78 head. During I lie summer 3 died and 5 were sold. Since t he return of the 7lt;s head 8 calves have been born. Those cattle, since the 10th of October, have been kept in a feed-lot, sheltered by timber, south and east of the house. They derived their drinking water from a pond (surface water) located in a Held -igt; rods north of I he house, and at about the same distance from the residence and yards of Mr, Keith. On New Year's week he look all the cattle, except a few cows and a hull, out of the feed-lots, driving them through a gute south of the house, and then drove them down the public road a distance of 40 rods and turned thein into a stalk-held and meadow, from whence they could again return through a yap in the hedge to the old Iced lot and drinking place, lie kept .quot;. cows and a hull in a small field mirth of the honse, from which they went to the same pond for water as did the other cattle. On or about the lOth of January one of these milch cows he-came lame in one hind loot, and was yet lame when 1 saw her, hut mani�fested no indications of losing any part of her foot. The next cases of lameness appeared on the Mill or l.'ilh of February, the day after a heavy rain and sleet storm. On that morning a number of cattle wc-''lame, and new cases appeared daily for a number of days there�after. The lameness attacked cattle regardless of aye. sex, or condi�tion, old as well as young, and Just as Severely. As soon as they he-came too lame to get around to Iced and water they were driven into a small yard on the east side of Ihe house, where they had a covered shed for shelter, and Iced and water was carried to them. In this shed

----:--;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANlMAI,laquo;. 95

the worst cases wore kept, and in the west end of it a sinnll stall was partitioned off by a few fence boards, in which the bull was tied. Tills bull never manifested any Symptoms pf the disease. This is siiKslmi-(ially the history wliicli I obtained from Mr. Ilindinan on this day. With regard tu the kind of feed winch the cattle, received, Mr. Ilind�inan told me that all the cattle one year old and upwards were fed upon hay made on the bottom lands, that they depastured 30 acres of corn stalks, and lately received wheat straw in addition to the hay. The milch cows, which were kept north of the house, the ball, and the young calves received corn in addition to hay.

On a subsequent visit I was informed, either by Mr. liindnian or one of It's hired men, that, the hogs had been allowed to remain in the yard with the diseased cattle until they began to gnaw at their dead feet, in consequence of which they were lamed into the orchard. I also dis�covered that the young calves had remained in this yard until tliey were, crowded out by the rapid increase of invalids.

Mistory,�On the llth of December Daniel Keith bought lt;!.'! head of yearling calves from Mr. Josepb Davis, and brought them home on the 12th. Four days previous to this time he had bought 5 yearlings from Nelson Stride, 2 miles south, lie, bought one from William luge, 2 miles southeast) about a week later, bought one from lialt. King, 2.1 miles southwest of Neosho Falls, a day or two alier the Inge calf, bought one 1 miles south of Neosho Falls Oil or about the 101 h of Feb�ruary, and on the 20th bought (raquo;head from Alex. Linn, 1 mile down the river from Neosho Falls. Ou or about the 23d of December ho first noticed the lameness to exist among the calves which he had bought from Mr. Davis, and described their actions and symptoms as slated in the early part of this report, but he also stated now that in the com-inencenient of the disease many of them slobbered profusely ; numerous small blisters appeared in the mouth and on the tongue, and that they then refused to eat hay or rough feed; that they manifested an inclina�tion to lie in the snow, and on warm or sunshiny days they sought cool and sheltered places. On the Ist of January about 30 of them were lame and new cases developed daily for a number of weeks thereafter, also that some, were yet taking the disease while others had recovered from it.

After the lapse of the first lew days of sickness they regained their appetite and ale as well as ever.

The best animal In the herd of yearlings, which was also one of the first ones taken sick, died on the .quot;ith of January j he refused to eat corn, frothed at the mouth, and suffered intense pain. The *'quot;#9632;#9632; ml death occurred on the 281 h day of February) this was the calf, which died two days after the mother of it was taken sick. One died CD I he 8th of March; this one had been suffering for leu weeks, and had lost both hind feet at the, fetlock Joints. Three were killed. TheS head which he bought since the disease broke out, all became sick within two or

96nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

three (lays ftfter they arrived on fcho place. About a week after 1 ob�tained the above history Mr. Keith's hired iiuin told me that only 1 or .j of the 8 head bought .subsequent to the outbreak of the disease be-eame affected, 1 also learned from Mr, Keith that in the early part of March he received the report published by your Department for the year 1880 and 1881, wliieh eoiitains a brief history and description of the foofc-and-�)OUth disease; he read it carefully, and then made his first examinations of the months and states he found the conditions to accord exactly with the descriptions there given. Mr. Keith had another lol of cattle, uumbertng 40 head. These were

two-year old steers and heifers, and a few cows. They were kepi in a timber lot, separated from the yearlings by an ordinary rail fence, and run into a stalk Held and received flic same kind of wild hay as the

yearlings. These ctittle were bought on or about the 1st day of Novem�ber. On the 28th of February the first case of sickness appeared in this herd, 15 or 20 of which manifested symptoms of the disease {.March 10), Nearly all of these cattle wore ill excellent growing condition.

On the 13th 1 separated all of the well cattle from those showing any evidence of the disease on the Ki illi farm, and had the Sound ones cor-raled by themselves, 1 recorded the temperature of a uumber of the yearlings which were diseased, which registered as follows: 103,8deg;, 103deg;, 103,2deg;, 10P, 1.04.8deg; 103deg;, 104,8deg;. A nnml.er of the milder oases regis�tered 100.3 ', 100,2 '. 101.80,1000, 101,6deg;, 101deg;, 100.4deg;, 102deg;, 101.5deg;, 100.2deg;, 102deg;, 101.6deg;, 101,5deg;, 101,2deg;, 101deg;, 101,2deg;, 100.8deg;, 100.2deg;, 101.2deg;, 102deg;, 1(gt;^.l'\ (Here 1 broke my thermometer). This was quite a warm day, and 1 noticed an increase of temperature of nearly 1deg; over the tests of the '.(th and LOth on the same animals. I found, out of 118 animals then on the place, 7 1 affectedj of these 2 will lose all four of their feet ; l have lost both hind feet; '.I have each lost one hind foot; 1 four-vear old cow has lost, both hind feet and one front toe : '2 lost each one toe ; .'! are affected in one foot ; fi in two feel, and 1 in three feel, all of which will probably lose the parts affected. The rest wer(gt; lame in various degrees.

During my two weeks'observations among these cattle 1 found only

the one ease (the yearling red Steer) which 1 could consider in any man�ner a recent case.

On this dav (the 13th)] also examined the ])ond of water from which the cattle were in the habil of dlinktllg, bill found nothing contained in it to which I could attribute the origin of the disease, and from the history which j was enabled to obtain I could not discover any origin by contamination with foreign cattle, yet it appeared to me thai this outbreak was very evidently not so contagious as the foot-and-month disease is known to be, ami I began to have very grave doubts about its being contagions at all, or its being the genuine epizootic; aphtlnc

On the l lib, in company with Mr. J, W, Beard, Judge Thatcher, and lion. Eli K. Titus, 1 drove out to the. farm of Mr. Beard, and made a

t^mmm

CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

iiurric.d examination of the oattle on his igt;liie(', situated -1 miles north di' Xco.slio Falls, in Wooclsou Cimnty.

I there found � animals, out of n herd of 75, afi'eoted similarly to those of Keith's and Q-ooclrioh's, although only one will lose both hind feet, and a second one one foot. Mr. Board attributed tbe origiu of the diS' ease among his oattle to Hilaquo;! introduction of the cow from Keith's, as before mentioned. As soon as be noticed any evidence; of lameness he separated such a one from the rest of hi.s cuttle, and thereto attributes the small number affected among Ins herd. Two recovered from lame�ness after a few days. His cattle were fed on corn in the fodder and wild hay. The cattle drank froin the Neosbo River, which supplies good, clear water, and the approach to the drinking place, is a gravelly bottom, free from mud. These, cuttle possess a timber shelter, with shed and hay-racks, and the feed-lot is sloping and well drained.

On the ISth 1 again visited Mr. Hoard's place, accompanied by Prof. M, Stalker, of the, Iowa State University. No new cases had appeared since my previous visit. .Mr. Heard was absent, but we saw .Mr. A. W. Orrill, the hired man, who made the following positive statement; That he came to Beard's place to work on the i6th of Februaryj tlial on the following morning he noticed the old cow to he decidedly lame (this was the first one affected), and that on the LStli he assisted in bringing the cow from Mr. Keith's for which Mr. Heard had traded.

The Keith cow was the Second one to showlaineness, which was on the 22d. On the 1st of March, the third one; a day or two later, the fourth one was .slobbering profusely at I o'clock p, in., and died thenextday at 10 a. in, The fifth one became lame on the�th,and several others manifest od slight lameness, but have recovered therefrom. At this visit to Mr, Beard's we examined the. feed and hay very closely, endeavoring to lind some cause for the, appearance of this disease, We found mixed with the hay a large proportion of the wild rye, and found this wild rye, to to be extensively ergotized. This discovery at once accounted for the gangrenous phase of thedisease. We followed up this clue with avidity, and went directly to Keith's and to (ioodrich's place, and found the same conditions present among the hay there, but not near so exlen. siVely as at Beard's. I had examined the hay at (ioodrich's several times, but was unfortunate each time in seeing hay in the racks which contained but; very small amounts of the ergotized grass.

On the llth 1 separated Hie (ioodrich cattle, placing the Well Cattle Into a field by themselves. 1 found IS which had lost both hind feet} 5 had each lost one hind foot; 1 had lost both hind and one fore foot, and 1 was about to lose all four feet; -ft) others were lame in one or more feet. This left 31 well out of the, 98head. Xo new cases had appeared in this herd during the time of my stay.

On this day! left for El Dorado, Huller Oounty, at the request of Governor Glide, to investigate a disease among cattle said to be exist-ngat or near that place. 5701 i) A------7

OONTA�IOUfi DISBASES OP DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS.

After my arrival l oallecl upon Dr. A, Bassett, mayorof the city. Ho told mo that Mr, W, B. OollinfiM'ortli, residing 14 milos west, reported to liim tliat he bad laquo; cow wUoli appeared very stiff and lame, and that sbehad sores on tbe tongue. 1 drove out early in the morniugof the 15th and exarainecl the cow belonging to Mr. OolUusworth, and found her to be recovering from n mild attack of puerperal apoplexy. 1 re�amed to Nroslm Pails on Hie same day. Onthe ITlh I went to Hall's Buuunit, Ooffey County, al the roquesl of the couutyoomraissionor of thatdistrict. I was directed to visil the residence of Mr. George 1gt;. Smith, who had a cow whiob had lost some of her feet. I idimd the eow pre�senting the following conditions! The left forefoot had come offat the joint within the hoof, the left hindleghod broken offhalf way between the fetlock and hook joint carrying the lowerendoi the motatarsal bone with if,and the right hind leg was coming off at the same place. The riglit horn had also broken off close to the head. Tbe cow was re�duced to a mere skeleton, and was suckling a calf. Mr. Smith ^ave the following history:

On New Year's night the cow beoameoastby being tangled ap m the rope with which she was tied; she was found by him in the morning| was loosened, when she got lip and walked away. She ate and drank as usual. About a month afterwards she, began to show lameness in her hind limbs; frothed a little at the month, and did not eat well. She gave birth toa calf on the last clay of February. This eow was bought just before the holidays, and at about tiiesame time he bought another cow. This second row had a calf one day later than the diseased one. Both cows and calves have been kept hi the same yard and on the same kind of feed, but only the one developed t he disease. They were fed on chop feed and wild hay.

j returned again to Neosho Falls on the 18th.' On the 19tb, in company with Professor Stalker, I visitedthe Keith and Goodrich herds. On the 20th,ln company with Dr.D.E. Salmon, of your Departm6nt,Dr.'Stalker, Dr. (l.C. Faville, of Colorado, and Dr. 10.T. Haggard, of Lexington, Ky., 1 visited again the three affected herds, and also a fourth one owned by Christian Prihbcniow.on Owl Creek, 12 miles south of FeoahoFalls, Woodson County. Mr. Pribberuow owns L83 head of cat tie, 54of which arc yearlings, 24 two-year-old steers, 15 three-year-old steers, 13 heifers with calf, the remainder cows and calves. At this place we found L6 affected, the symptoms and lesions being similar to those of the Keith and the Goodrich cattle. Seven of I hem will lose one or more feet, and the other 0 manifest lameness. T wo or .'! which were slight l,v

lame have recovered. Mr. Pribberuow staled that the disease made its first appearance on

the 15th of Febmaiy, when several of the older cattle were noticed to be lame; soon thereafter swelling of the hind feet and extreme lameness appeared, rendering them unwilling to walk. He then placed 7 of the worst cases into a small yard by themselves. This yard was

OONTAOIOUS DISBA8KS OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

dividedi'rojii the yard wiiicli held the yearlioff cuttle byau ordinary rail fence. NToneof the yearlings beoame affooted. The large cattle had been fed on ooru-fodder and wild hay, and the yearlings In addi�tion received millet hay and oats, The wild bay on this place contained a great amount of gt;vild rye which was extensively ergotized.

On tbe20tfa we saw the cattle at Beard's, Keith's, and Goodrich's, and found the couditions as herein described. After making these inspec�tions, it'was dooid�d by Drs. Salmon, Stalker, Paville, and myself that wo believed the origin of tlm disease among these lour different herds of cattle to be due to the consumption of theergotized grasses contained in the bay. But in order to more, fully satisfy myself, J requested Dr. Salmon to accompany me to a farm lying adjoining that of Mr. Keith ; therefore, on the next day, we drove out to the farm of Mrs. Dipple, wliidi is situated west of Keith's. We there, examined the hay and found it to contain a very small amount of the ergot. We also exam�ined several of the cattle and found alight discolorationa of the mouth, yet the cattle had never shown any lameness or indisposition whatever. We then looked over the well cattle on the Goodrich farm, which had been separated from the sick by me on the 14th, but found no new cases.

During the course of my investigations 1 killed 3 animals for the purpose of examination into the condition of the internal organs. In one, I foiiud enlargement of the heart and softening of the muscular walls; in another 1 found an inliltrut ion of a purplish-colored fluid into the ineseiitcric glands, and in the third one 1 found no abnormal condi�tion of any Organ to-he present, in all of these ','gt; I examined the alimentary canal very closely, but failed to find any pathological changes In its membranes OX glands ; these animals had each lost both hind feet. In carefully considering the conditions presented by all of these diseased cattle, and well weighing the value of the histories as given by the owners, I thinly believe that the, disease may be called the quot;chronicquot; or ''gangrenous form of ergotism.quot;

Ziems.seii says:

It is noi ccrliuiilv kunwii wliy in the one ease the orgotUm assumes the spasmodio. in tlic, oilier tlic gangrenous form. But it seemraquo; remarkable that the spasmodio form forniiTl.y ptovniled chiefly InQorraany. while the gangrenous form was found prlnol-imlly in KiiiMcc, and tbolo particularly In the Sologne, But (his difference dovn not hold imiviTsally, lor epidotnics of the gaiigronous form have appeared also in Ger�many, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. It is aol known whether this variety depends upon the dllfersnoe in the activity of t he orgot in diiforenl seasons, or whether such changes aro the result of some peoullar property of the ground in which the corn grows, to the Sologne it was generally the ergot of maize which produced the poisonous symptoms, \\ lieroas in Qorraany the ergot of rye was almost exclusively men�tioned as i lie cause of tho disease, li is, however, verj improbahle that thedilforence between thoseiliuesses isdopendenl on thodiffereiit parent plants, because ai least, therapeutically the same elfoots can ipe produced by the orgol of maize as by that of rye, wlien the quantities are equal, li is most probable, then, that there is a simple quantltatl vo dlfferenoe In i be absoluto and relative quantity of tlie poison taken into the Hystem.

100 CODTA.GUOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Of the action upon the luuuau system the Name writer saya i

The poison of tbla drng (orgot) lias a spoolal ami mosbpoworfu] aotlou upon the nKmi. Besides very abundant pevsplration, puwtnlos often break out, or even larger furunoull, The exanthoniata soraotiraes resemble soablous eozoma. Thoy appear la ihr later stage of tbo malady ; as, e.;/., tn A-solioff's oaae, fotirtoon days after the Qrat

appoiirauoa of symptoms of polsoulug. �.....thor dlaturUano�a of nutrition Iti the

porlphornl organs are also roportod, as, a. ff., whitlows on the ttngors, ooourrlng as late as tbo fourtli and �ftli week, ami diseases of the flugor Dalls, wlilch are enoir-oled igt;v a d.nk ring. Cardiac contractions are generally slowami feeble, the arteries me oonstriotocl and contain little blood, The respiration Is very labored during the *)ii.sii.s, 1ml tolerably regular In the free Intervals, When death supervenes II is usually nol until after afortuighi orlaterj the oouvulstons may have ceased, yet loss ofaighi and bearing, with vloleni headache, stupor, and dellrmn, may sei in, attended with dlarrlieai and thus the fatal stage may assume the form of typhus and general collapse. Death is generally ushered In by either convulsions or paralytic symptoms, Tho whole form of the Illness, therefore, is very variable, and Its oo�rse highly Irregular. The Illness may lasl four to eight weeks, ami even longer,

Ttesyinptoma whloh oharaotorlzo gangrenons ergotism ossuob, often appear within �'omtwo toeeven days, bul are frequently delayed for two and throe weeks. An crysipeiatous redness shows Itself on some spots in the periphery, most frequently

on the toos and feet, bui also on tho fingers and hands, .....re rarolj on the oars ami

nose) sonn after, the opidormis is raised liken bladder by serous exudation j the I.borons oontentsof this are soon discharged, and a gangrenous spot more or less largo is loft. Then dry gangrene develops very rapidly at the affected spot.

The par! affected is very painful laquo;-bile the redness is invadingit; but lateronitbe-oomosauite insensible. The gangrenous spol may exhibit either tho dry ormolsi lorn., according to-whether tho discharge was checked or encouraged; npon this also delaquo; ponds tho greater or less Intonseness of tho odor or putrefaction. In some cases the Kamrronevas limited to one or more toes, Bomotiraes only to single phalanges; ill other oasos however, the ontiro foot or hand was affected; uoi infrequently the gan-arene extended to the trunk; l( was possible for tho patieni to lose botb feel or both arms Indeed, o few oases are reported in which all four extremities were lost. The �anu'ronous parts become separated from the healthy tissue hy a well-doilued line of de-niarkatlon and the affected par! may fall off Itself or must be removed by an opera�tion ThtB process of demarkation Is often attended with serious disturbanoos of the Banoral condition of the patient; sometimes a modi�ed tonn of continued lever Is de�veloped followed by phthisical changes; in a few cases. Iron, absorption of iohorons matter, pyamda and septicamiia sol In, and are. of course, fatal. When the gam crene was conflued to partsof minor importance, the patients usually recovered; areater losses were naturally more frequently fatal. In some cases obstinate diarrhea brouoht on marasmus and death, even when the extent of the gangrene was not very consldorablo We muai mention, liowever, thai In many eases the diseased process laquo;lid not advance beyond the erysipelatous redness; markedoyanosismay be observed, ,,�, _Vot i, separation may take place and the circulation bo restored. The duration of tl. e entire illness varies, and maybe protracted through several months. In favor-able oasos the course is ended in a few weeks.

' This fom. of gangrene, like all other lorn..-,, depends on the fact thai the part al-feotadis deprived of Its blood supply, and its nutrition thereby arrested; consequently, it must pass lutoastateof doooraposition. The only question which can be advanced hero is whether it Is Inflammation which leads to gangi-ene, or whether the process is of aiion-tnflamniatoryobamoter,r6sombling that whichooourswhen allthovesselsgo-ln� fco a limb are ligatured. When we consider thai the Initial, so-called evysipela-tons redness is simply dependent on tho cyanosis, and thai these spots are not, as In ., omio of inflammation, hot and swollen, bat, on the contrary, thoy become very cold, and-warmth cannot be restored In them, and that the affected limb is not at all laquo;wollen,

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CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

101

the bypotliegls llm( sik'Ii u gangroso Is of an ItvAammatofy ohnrooter miint, lt;) priori, be rojeofcodi When wo fuithoi reflect that there La no fovor ui the outset, ihn second hy-pothests beooinos stllJ mote probable. ISxolnslou of an ostretnity from Its ordinary blood supply i* qultu oonoolvable from laquo;mr current views of tlm action of lt;ii'^igt;t on tlilaquo; vessels and the distribution of blood.

On the lotii of April i was reqaested to j;'lt;) 8 miles north of St�rung to the residence of Mv. John Krntz, who said that lie had a iiuinher of cattle affootfid with lameness and sore feet. 1 proceeded to his place at once, and examined his herd of cattle, numbering 30 head, i found 11 cows and heifers more or less affected with excoriations in the clefts of their feet, in several cases I (bund these excoriations to extend around the hull) of the heels, causing a separation of the homy walls at the coronet from the librous strnctnre of the foot. In one cow, twelve years old, I found considerable nlceratioii at the bulb of the heels of both tore feet} the matter burrowing beneath the horny wall caused a destruction of the wall to the extent of 1 inch downwards, and the im�perfect formation of an inch of the horn at the front part of the feet Indicated that she had been affected for two months or longer. These excoriations discharged a semi-liquid matter, which gave off an odor like to that of thrash in horses' feet. Mr. Kratz stated that two of the cows walked with dillicnlty for several weeks, and that for a week or more previous to their lameness he detected the peculiar odor arising from the feet while milking. On the. 13th of March he bought a thor. OUghbred short-horn heifer, and one week after he brought her home she also became lame. When I saw her she was affected in all four of her feet, and was excee'dinjdy lame. All of his cattle, with the excep�tion of two that were over two years old, were affected. In none of the feet was there any swelling, but they were extremely sensitive to hand�ling. The disease appeared as frequent in the fore as in the hind feet, and in several eases three or all four of the feet were affected alike. The majority of them became lame while the ground was yet frozen up. Mr. Kratz has one of the linest bank barns in the county, and takes excel�lent care of his stock, lie stables his cattle at night and on stormy days; they have good bedding at night, and the stalls are cleaned daily. In pleasant weather the cattle were turned into the barnyard. This yard is covered almost daily with clean straw to be worked into manure. The yard is sloping and well drained, and the cattle drink well water from a trough laid in the yard. During the winter the cat�tle received ground feed, timothy, and clover hay, but about the 1st of March he began to feed rye bran and second-crop meadow hay; the latter contained a large proportion of bine or June grass, and an exam�ination of it revealed that it was ergotized; almost every seed capsule contained the fungus. If the ergot in the bay did not produce the dis�ease I am unable to account for its origin. The cattle were not in a plethoric condition; the yard was free from mud, and they were well housed, and the stables kept scrupulously clean.

102 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

The disease was whal would commonly be called foul in blxe foot, r treated tUem by cleaning out the clefts of their feet, applying oarbollo add solution and tar secured to place by a wad of oakum and bandage. In ten days recovery was complete.

Mr. Thomas Oomboy, of Hmue Township, bad 2, and Mr. Edward Tyno had 1, att'eotod similar to those of Kratz.

Eespectfully submit led.

M. B. TRUMBOWEB, V. 8.

SlEBLiNG-, [LL., March 27, 1884.

svivoAmrs tkaciitams.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate T, Fio. 1.�Tho traohea of an adult pbeaBant, whoso deatli was oaused by the sapea, Hlii open longitudinally, andshowlug, In its Interior and attached to the miiiciiis meinbrane, aboul thirty pairs of syngatnea in various stages of development (natural size),

Fio. 'J.�A pair of syngames, attached with the inoulh of the male and that of the female (enlarged I diameters),

Fio. 3,�A pair of syngames enlarged 10 diameters ; A. mnlo : B, female; showing tlie Intestinal caual, the oBRophagHB, and the buccai capsule, fn the female J5 maybe seen, in addiliou, the uterus and its horns filled with ova and the ovarian tube coiled around the uterus and the intestine. In tlio male A the testicle is seen coiled about the digestive tube.

Fio, 4. Mouth of n Irin nie Kyngatuo ; A, seen from its face : ('gt;, from the side (enlarged 'in diameters),

lio. .^rgt;.�Portion of the necli of a female (enlarged 25 diameters), showing at quot; n the cuticle fiuely striated; nt b the subcutaneous, fusiform, ninscular fibers; ai o i lie rosophagua ; at d a salivary ^rland ; and at e i he antei iorcxtrem-ity of the intestiue into which the tEHoplmgus opena, ant! which is wen lined wit li hepatic cells.

PLATE II, Fig. 6.�lioprodnctivo organs of the female (enlarged 8 diameters); a, ute�rus : /,#9632; 6, uterine hornn : e o, oviducts or Fallopian tubes; d lt;1. ovaries.

Fio. 7, Reprodttetive organs of male (enlarged 20 diameters); a, spicules; /). sper�matic canal; c, vesicnla semiuaiis; d. festes,

1],;. 8.�Ovain diHerontstages of deveiopuient (enlarged 260 diameters). A, vit,Uns, segmented and muriform ; B, ovum with granulai' vltollus, becoming con�stricted at its middle, the embryo developing laterally; C, ovum with embryo fully developed, folded like i he figure 8 : D, ovum with the valves at the extremities detached, and the embryo emerging,

FlO, 9.�Embryo directly alter leaving the egg (enlarged 860 diameters),

p_10c 10.�Embryo somewhat older, undergoing the first molt (same enlargement).

Fig, 11.�Nymph (enlarged 100 diameters); a, rudiment of the genital organ.

5751 v A

~^B

#9632; i

#9632;

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�

#9632; #9632;

#9632;

#9632;

Plate I,

M�gnin ~vi

A HoonICo tlrtia .t. i c Baltimon,

THE GAPE -WORM OF FOWLS, Syngamus frachaalis tv Siebold.) - Soleroatoma syngamus ( Diesing,)

Plate II.

#9632; \

¹⁰ %

A I

260 1

^ / ^j

i ' i i i ^:: II #9632; I i I til i

i i it

�I i J i gt; . ^!|

M�qnin id nal del!

^ :':,��!:,. #9632;::::,.;,_i.li;,Sallin

THE GAPE WORM OF KOWl.S, Syngamus trachoalis (v.Siebold.) -Sclaroatoma syngamus i Diesing.)

'HE GAPE DISEASE OF FOWLS, AND THE PARASITE

HV WHICH IT IS CAUSED.

UBMOIU ON A VEBMINOXrS TSPIZOOTIO DISEASE OP Till-: raBASA.NTJt.TES*AND ON Till; PARASITJB WHICH CAUSES IT. Tin: SVNQAUXrS TRAOHBALIS {SIEB.), SOLBB-OSXOMA SYNQAMITS (DIES.), ST M. P. MECWIH, LAVJiEATE OF Tin: INSTITUTE IAOA VEMIE DES SOIENOES), MEMBER OE Till-: UOVItiTf: VK BIOLOOIE, UOSOltARY ASSOCIATE Of THE ROYAL VEVERISAKY CO],LEGE OP LONDON, ETC.

[Translated by Dr. Tiikohai.i) Smith.]

For several years past (lio pheasantries of tlie hunting forests of France have been ravaged by a most, destructive malady, which lias killed the fowls by the hundreds and even thousands. The cause is a parasite, a so-called red worm, which develops in the trachea of birds and Anally suffocates them. Particularly the young subjects, from six weeks to three months of age, are apt to be the victims, although adults by no moans are always spared. The chief symptoms of this affection are a suppressed or aborted cough and a characteristic gaping, whence is derived the Etaglish name quot; gapes.quot; It appears to have been ob�served long ago in England and America, whilst with us it has not yet been studied, afact wiiicb seems to indicate that it has been Introduced from Bngland, and that wo owe its Introduction to commerce by which the hunting grounds have been restocked.

I investigated tins disease on the site of its activity in the inclosnresof the forest of Fontaineblean in 1878 and 1879. 1 received many cadavers killed by the red worm from different localities of central and northern France; from the poultry-yard of Baron Rothschild, at �ambouillet, where the daily losses amounted to L,200 ; from M. de .Janze, of Gournay ; from the duchess de la Etoohefouoaalt, at Moutmlrailj from the inolosures at Ohauteau-neuf, and from various looalitiea of Loiret and de l'Indre. Finally a dispatch, in October, L880, iuformed me that the epidemic had appeared hi the royal pheasantries at Turin, and was threatening to do much mis�hief.

This disease is not at present raging on the continent only. For ten years it has been Die cause of severe losses in Kngiand. Dr. Crisp estimates that the red worm destroys aunually half a million chickens, excluding pheasants and partridges, so that be says it would bo of truly national importance to lind the means of preventing the invasion

* This monograph,flnlahod Novombor, 1880,Laa r�forouce Id the epldomlos In (ho pheasEintrlos of Franco.

103

104

OONTACtlOUS DISEASES Of DOMBSTICATKD ANIMALS.

of tlii.s red worm or of destroyiug lt.* Parthertuorej the following statement is taken from the report of the meeting of the London Ento�mological Society, October 1, I.ST!raquo; :

The president aunounood ih;i( Lord Wtilslnghamj In Donjunotlon with othorgentlo-men, had placed :it the disposal of the oounoll the sum of X100 to lraquo;) awanlcil in two prizes of �60 oacli for the following suhjeots:

1. The best and most ootuplote life history of Solorotlonta laquo;yityumiiH, supposed to produce theso-oalled gapes In pimltiv, game, and othoi blrdsi

'~?. The host and most ooinploto Wfehistovy oS Stvonffijlus porffTdollis (Ooh^j supposed to produce the gronso disease.

No life history would be considered satisfactory unless tho different stages of de�velopment were observed and reoorded; the competition was open to naturalists of all nationalities, Essays in English, Qortnan, or French wore to be laquo;out to the aoo-retary of Hie society on or before Gotober 15, l�8Slt;

Although birds only are concorued in this matter, it is obvious that the economic interest involved in a solution of the questions con�cerning the gapes is sufflciently great, The soientiflo interest Is no less so, because there is to be determined not only the zoological position of the worm under consideration, and its role in the terrible disease which destroys the gallinaceans, both domestic and wild, but also its mode, of reproduction, a point hitherto entirely unkuowu.

This is the subject of the present memoir, a memoir in which 1 be�lieve I liave cleared up all t be pending questions upon the zoological position of the red worm, on its anatomy and physiology, on its r�le as a cause of the gapes, ihmlly on its embryogeny and metamorphosis, and consequently upon its mode of propagation, and upon the best means of preventing its multiplication and arresting its ravages.

IflSTOKlCAI..

The first mention of this disease was made by Dr. Wiesenthal, who observed it in 170!), at Baltimore, Md., among hens and turkeys.! In 1806,1807, and L809, Georges Monfaguf saw this epizootic among chick�ens in England. He believed that of all the birds of the poultry yard only the hen could be its victim, because he observed that the turkeys and ducks living with the infested liens were not attacked, lie ob�served the same malady in young pheasants at a time when they as�sume the livery which distinguishes the two sexes, and in partridges whether the locality was elevated or low and humid.

Both Wiesenthal and .Montagu recognized that this disease was caused by worms occupying the trachea and extending occasionally to the phar�ynx, but never as far as the InngS. They found as many as twenty at -tacbed to the mucous membrane, which, together with the lungs, was

* Path. Soolety of London, Ootobor irgt;, 1873, and lt�ed, Times, L�78, p. 17 1. iMetiical and PhyticalJournal (.1190), II, p.80.1,

(Acconnl of a species of fasclola which infests the trachea of pouli i',v_: with a mode of cure, Trans, of the Wei'nerian Xni. Uitl. Soclely, 1 (1811), igt;. I�5,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

105

in an inflamed comlitiou. Tlie.so ontOZOa, acting finally as an obstacle to tUe passage of air, prodnoed death by aspiiyxia.

Wioseathal ililt;l act occupy himself with the specific determluattoa of the worm, but Montagu regarded it as a dlstome, a fasoiola (fluke) of a particular kind, having a round cylindrical body with two .sucking disks, borne on two peduncles of unequal lengtb.

Kudolphi* aiul the authors of his time continued to regard the cause of the gapes in the galllnaoeaus as a dlstome, and included it in the spe�cies JHstoma lineare (Hud).

Shortly after, helmlnthologists discovered, upon a variety of birds, a curious parasite likewise inhabiting the trachea, but this time belong* m\x to the order of nematodes, and especially characterized by the sin�gular habit of permanent union of the sexes. Siebold t made it the typo of a new genus�the genus Syngamus j later, however, yielding to the oBservations of ifathusins, he renounced his lirst idea and united this helminth with the strongyli In naming it StrongylustraoheaUs.lj.

After the creation of the genus Solerostoma by Dnjardiu, in which this author unites the old strongyli possessing a mouth which is armed with a tough coriaceous capsule, Diesing placed in itthe Strongylus traehealis of Xathusius under the name of Solerostoma syngamns, Finally Dnjar�diu sect; restored for this parasite the old genus Syngamus of Siebold.aud gave it the old specific name of Sytigcdmus traehealis of the same author.

Dujardin ascribes to the genus Syngamus the following characters:

Wiinii.H ordinarily couplod in.a poTimuiont manner or by union ol'tlio Integnmenta ; the male, cylindrical, tnuob smallst than the Irregularly oylindrloal female, with con�stricted nock and tail tapering to a point; head globular, large, supported by an in�ternal corneous capsule; mouth large, irregularly rounded, with six or seven broad�ened lobes; pliarjnx provided with lleshy paplllte; Integument folded or wrinMed without regul�r stria¹. The male lias a truncated tail, the latter provided with a mom-liranenus expansion which fastens itsell'to the iiitoj;uineiit of the female. This femalo has the tail conical, elongated ; vulva situated anteriorly at the base, of the, constric�tion forming the neck; eggs large, elliptical,

The following, according to the same author, arc the characters of the only species Syngamus traoheaHs, which this genus includes :

Body soft, colored bright red by aliquid interposed between the viscera. Male 4 to 4.5^mquot;¹ (.157�.177 inch) hmg : .1quot;quot;quot; (.016 inch) wide ; enlarged, obliquely truncated head aboat .7quot;quot;quot; (.O'iri inch) broad. Tail terminated obliquely by a convex, unilate�ral, ineniliraiH'ons sac or bnrsa .'i'gt; to .:iquot;quot;quot; (.0011 to ,018 inch) long, attached to the superior border of the valva of the female and supported by t~ to 15 equal rays. Fe�male 11?quot;quot;quot; (.518 inch) long; .;! to Iquot;quot;quot; (.(It to ,04 Inch) broad, irregularly folded and wrinkled; bead 1.;!quot;quot;quot; (,05 inch) broad; tail resembling an elongated cone; aims 1.3quot;quot;¹' (.017 inch) from extremity; projecting vulva at the base of a neck 1.5 10 2quot;quot;quot; (.058 to ,08 inch) long. Inclined to one side ; eggs smooth, elliptical, ,087 to .OJWquot;quot;quot; (.0034 to ,0030 inch) long, With a short terminal neck.

'Sfltiopi. pp. 414, 415.

t Archiv/. .Vff/Hn/eve/uV//^-, Wiegmann (1835), p. 1.

tL, c, 1836.

v\ Histovei lt;ilt;ii, da helttiinth$s in suites ii Btiffon. Roret, Paris, 1845, pgt; 260,

#9632;

106 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

�iijiu'din ionnd tlic Syngaviustraokealia to the umnbar of flvo pairs iu the trachea of two magpies {Oorvus pioa) al Bonnes. He was able to determine that even after maooratlon the iiiiilt^ could nol be separated from the female withoul rupture of the integuments^

This parasite has been found by Nathuslus either in Germany or in E)uglaucl within ihf trachea of the following species: The swift {Ci/ii.se-Ins apus), the starling [Sturnus vulgaris), the green woodpecker [Pious viridis), the pheasanl cock {Phasiamis galhis), and the black storh [Oi-cotda nigra), granting thai it was the same species.

What relation exists between the two parasites of the bird's trachea spoken of above�the fasoiola of Montagu, the cause of the gapes, and the Syngamus ot Slebold?

Dujardin and Dieslng regarded as entirely erroneous the classilica-tion among the distomes of the parasite fonud by Montagu in the trachea of birds affected with the gapes. Tliis parasite was to them none other than tlio Syngamus, but as they did not enter into any details concern�ing the accidents which it is liable to produce, some doubts appear to have remained in the minds of French helminthologists concerning this assimilation. For we read In M, Davaine's treatise on Bntozoa (2d ed. p. 37) the following statement concerning the parasites which cause the gapes among the Q-allinae;

Those I'litozoa, whlob for a long fclmo have tlaquo;^,i^gt;M referred to the distomes, arc probo-bly identical with the Solerostorm syngamus, a netti^todo worni, to which the permalt; neut union of male and female lias given a partloolar physiognomy wl�cli Iuih delaquo; coived tin' earlier observers.

The, word quot; probably,quot; iti the above extract well indicates that for M. Davaine there was as yet no certainty that the gapes was caused by the Syngmms traohealis } there was only a probability. .Moreover, in the latest, fullest, and most noteworthy article which has appeared in France on the subject of helminthology as applied to domestic ani�mals,* the author, M. Baillet, without saying a single word about the terrible disease, the gapes, with which in fact he does not seem to be acquainted, limits himself to noting the existence of Syngamus by the following sentence ;

Before oooclading the tribe of sclerostomos, wo will meution the gonus jSi/moodhw (Siobold), a parasite of various birds which has boon ocoasioually observed in the i raohea of t he cock and the hon.

This is all he says of this parasite. I'p to the present, then, there have been only vague conceptions or none at all. concerning the patho�genic action of synganuis.t Even its natural history is poorly known, since in a remarkable monograph on a new nematodoof the genus Hid-mris\ Prof. F. Perrier, citing Inoidently the helminths which present the

Artlolo Helminthe, Diet, VMrin. oi Bouloy and Royual, vol. III. Paris, 1866. \ According to Cobbold t bo Syngamus Is i tic sole cause of the gapes. ; ifouvelles Archives lt;lii Museum, vol. VII.. Paris, 1~7I.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTIOATED ANIMALS. 107

peculiarity of a mule united permanently to u female, says, oonoerniug the parasite under clisousslou, page 6 :

Among tha aomatodea igt;r tho geDiis Syugamus ihv male lives atiai'lieil to thlaquo; female by mciiriH of :i caudal suokiug disk aud Iwlnea hlmsolf about hev as does ililt;' male 0/

lliilrui*.

Thla lust statement italicizetl contains an error whloli proves thai M. Perrier had not yet seen the syngaroes in the position v\ liieh thoy occupy in tlie trachea, for the male is never coiledabout the female, as we will .show further on, and as we have enabled M. Perrier to demonstrate tor himself.

We are now permitted to say, after having studied the gapes in llio various pheasautries of central France, and the environments of Paris, where this terrible, epizootic lias claimed thousands of victims, that we know positively that the parasite; which causes it, the so-called forked-worm, or red worm of the pheasant breeders, is none other than the Syngamus traoliealis, and by no means a distome; we know that it cor�responds entirely with the general characters traced by Dujavdin and Oohbold, if we except a considerable number of anatomical and physio�logical details which we have to add or to rectify, and its migrations and habits which have thus far remained wholly undescribed. There was complete ignorance of its mode, of development, reproduction, and its transmigrations. All these we have been able to follow experiment�ally or in the poultry-yards, and hence to deduce the most rational in�dications to combat the gapes successfully and to arrest its spread. Experience has fully confirmed our deductions.

ZOOLOCUOAL AND ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION.

We must, at first, rectify the diagnosis of the genus and species as given by the authors, because it appears to us faulty, especially in that which refers to the mouth-parts. We present the following diag�nosis of the genus :

Mouth large, supported by a hollow, hemispherical, chiti nous capsule, its background furnished with six or seven ehitinons, cutting papilhe; border thick and burned back (retroussv), out Into six symmetrical lobes, united to the integument by its entire external face, and famished by il with four equal membra nous lips, which form a prolongation tothclobed border of the capsule. To this they are united by lour bands, which attach the commissures of the lips to the four deeper notches between the lobes of the capsule. I'Vmale fixed by its month to the tracheal mucous membrane of its host ; the male likewise attached by its mouth to the same mneons membrane and united immovably by Its caudal bursn to the vulva of the female, around which it is soldered, as it were. The two spicnles equal, contiguous, extremely tine, and very short. Ova provided with n valve at each end of the longer axis. The eel-like embryos are developed within the uterus of the female whence they

108 CONTACHOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS.

emerge only at the deatb of the latter. Outlole, wltli vei-y delloftto Btrifraquo;, disappearing witli age, but porsistlng In the oorvioalregion.

Arc there several speolesofSyngamas ! Up to the presoat time hel-mluthologlsta have agreed to atlratt batasingle npeoles, fehe S^raquo;;/laquo;.raquo;laquo;laquo; traohealis of Slebold ; bat the oliamoters wlilob they attribute to It differ in certain points from those of the spedes which wo have studied aslu-festlag the pheasants In France. Tims the latter attains twice the dimensions given by Dujardiii. The head of the male, aa-ys this ob�server, ia obliquely truncated, while in the species oxamiuetl by us It is squarely terminal. The tail of the female, Dujardln continues, is an

elongated cone and the anus 1.2...... (.047 inch) from the extremity,

while in the parasite of our pheasants the tail Is either abruptly conical or rounded like a stump and pointed; in other words. It has the tonn of a oylindro-coulcal appendage, springing from the middle of the rounded posterior extremity (Plate I, Pig. 3); the aims opens at the base of this small tail, which is uol more than .1 to .3^mm (.0(M to .008 inches) lung.

Unless there Mas some error of observation, or some bypographical mistake in the figures, or unless Dujardiii had not seen the. highest

degree of development which thosyngames attain, the parasite of the pheasant would constitute a distinct species, oral least n variety.

Without wishing to decide this rpiestion, which is only possible by making a direct comparison of the individuals found on different species Of birds, we shall give the diagnosis of Syngamus traohodis after the Species or variety which infests Mir pheasants before otferi Ug a detailed description.

Body cylindrieal, becoming with age, in the female only, more or less slnaoasor toralose; colored bright red by the coloring ma.tter of the ab�sorbed blood which tinges the nutritive lluid Interposed between the organs.

Male 2�^m (.019 inch) long and .2......(.0078 inch) broad at the beginning

of union with the female, and reaching a length of6^ram (.236 luoh) and a breadth of .6'.....(.02 Inch) at theendofovulatlon. Body always cylin�drical, surpassed in its diameter by that of the head h.\ .Lquot;quot;quot;' to .S^mta(.0078�-.012 inch); posterior extremity slightly olnbshapocl, Inclined, ob�lique, terminated by a membranous bell-shaped sac or bursa, higher anteriorly than posteriorly, where it is cleft and notched along its entire height, supported by twelve simple rays, iiniteil to the vulvii.

Femaleabont 5^mm (.107 inch) long and .36quot;quot;quot; (.(11:57 inch)bmad at the beginning of copulation, attaining n length ofL'd'quot;'quot; to 22^mm (raquo;787�.866 inch), and a breadth at the mi.Idle of the body of 1.1quot;quot;quot; (.043 inch) at the end of ovulation : body at tirsi cylindrical with delicately striated integument, becoming later more or less sinuous, toruloae,and smooth,

the stria' persisting only in the cervical region. Head P..... (.030 inch),

broad at the period of complete development, surpassing the .liameler

of the neck by .2^mra (.0078 inch), vrhioh is itself amaller by .3^mm (.0118

OONTA-QIOUS DISB�.SBS OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

109

incli) lliiiii tho (lianieU'r ol' the middlo of the body. Vulva spi'lugiug

from I lie base Of an inclined neck, wliich is 1,6.....' lo.'iquot;quot;quot; (.080�. I IS inch)

long. lt;gt;vii iiiimiii('i'iii)l(', smooth) t'iliptical, .0S.#9632;(^I,|quot;^, fco ,0�^mui (.0033�,0035 luoh) loug, mid .or)quot;quot;quot; (.002 imdi) broad, cadi pole closed bj'a hood-like,

liemisplieneal valve, wliich becomes entirely detached at the time of hatching, Bmbryoa eeMike, developed in the body of the female, which sets them at liberty only by its death and the destruction of Its body; at birtb fbey measure .28quot;quot;quot; (.Oil inch).

iltthildt of Ihr ddultn.�Trachea of pheasants.

We shall now study in detail the various parts of the body in the fol�lowing order:

I. The general envelope of the body, consisting of the cuticle and the mnsciiliir layer lining it ; 2, the digestive tube with itlaquo; accessory parts: 3, the nervous system ; 1, the system of excretory vessels; 5, the male and female genital apparatus as it exists in the most highly developed adults.

Body eurelope.�Tlw, cuticle (Plate I, Pig, 5, laquo;, a) is very thin, about .05quot;quot;quot; (.002 inch) thick, diaphanous, In appearance homogeneous, for we have been unable to distinguish several layers, as has been done with the larger neinatodes. in young subjects it bears tine transverse strite but in old and united pairs of which the female is bearing eggs, and es�pecially when these eggs contain well-developed embryos, the strise of the trunk are completely elfaced, but persist ou the neck, where they can be best seen in the female, in which they are .087quot;quot;quot; (,0031 inch) apart each fourth or lii'th being deeper than the rest. Around the month the cuticle expands like a collar or gamopetalous corolla, with four equal rounded divisions forming four lips. At the same time it furnishes a broad margin to the thick and scalloped border ofthebuccal armature. In the male the cuticle goes to form the caudal, bell-shaped bum which is cleft posteriorly ami longer anteriorly, the latter aspect being probably the true dorsal aspect of the worm. This bursa is supported by six simple rays on each side. It caps thehemispherically projecting vulva of the female and is united to it so intimately that even after the death of the worms and their maceration In water it becomes lorn be�t�re it can be separated from the vulva.

The muscular Inyer which lines the internal surface of the cnticlo forms four longitudinal bands, as among the other uematoid worms, two dorsal and two ventral, separated from each other by four linear inter�vals. These muscular tracts are very delicate and permit the internal organs to be seen through them. Only the superficial layer is distin�guishable. II consists of longitudinal fusiform libers (Plate I, Fig. � M and is lined with pareuchymatous colls, which may be regarded as a deeper muscular layer.

Diffestive wpparatus.�ln the digestive tract three regions may be dis�tinguished�the mouth, the oesophagus, and the intestine.

The month (Plate I, Fig. i, A, B) opens on the anterior extremity of

110 CONTAGIOUS DISEA.SES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS.

the body. It Is surroundod by lour equal symtnetrioal lips already de�scribed. At the four oommissuros of these lips may be seen tour stroug hands or uervures, whlcb unite the memhraneoua labial circle to the cori-aceoiis armature of the month. This armature, made up of brown ohl-tiue has the form of n complete bemispherloal capsule or cupulo, the thlolc border of which is divided Into symmetrical bul unequal lobes. These consist of two large lateral lobes, eaob corresponding to a lip,

posterior corresponding to the posterior lip. metrical .ioirl.es al the extremities of the largo lateral lobes are in-sorted the hands or ligaments which separate or wliiH. mute the mem�braneous lips. The bottom or background of the bucoal cavity Is a true pharynx, to which is attached the superior end ol the oBSophagns. It is pierced by a round aperture opening into the ousophagoal cavity. On the periphery of this opening are dispose,! six, sometimes -seven, radi�ating papillaMiard like the capsule itself, with dorsal cutting edges. They are real Bxod lancets, performing a function similar to those ol the surgical instrument known under the name of bdellometer oi Soar-

^he^ffisophagus (Plate I, Pig. 5, o) is relatively short, extending from the pharynx to the middle of the neck; it is club shaped and very thick Its lumen appears to us tetraquetral rather than triquetral, as among other nematold worms, in Pact, thepharyngeal Insertion of the tube is conical, i. e., with lour, not three, branches (Plate I, Fig. I, A). The mucous membrane is surrounded by a longitudinal muscular layer, Which, in turn, is enveloped by a. layer .,1' very stout radiating fibers, longer interiorly. The whole is inclosed in a structureless membrane. The upper extremity of tbelntestine into which the oesophagus opens is

very wide. Et is continued by a straight, wide, cylindrical tube, lined, in Its entire extent, withbrownisb, distinctly nucleated cellules, and termi�nates in a short oblique rectum, bavin- the form of an inverted cone. The anus is situated at the base oC the very short tail which measures only 1. to .2quot;quot;quot; (.004�.008inch) in length, It appears to open most com�monly on the dorsal aspect, that aspect which is opposite to the ineli-inlion Of the head and neck or to the vulva. This is due to the spiral twisting of the female body when the uterus is laden with eggs. The amis of the male opens near the notching of theoaudal bursa posteriorly. This shows that in the male also the ventral aspect is uppermost, which In the female is indicated by the vulva. In both sexes the anus is very small; and in fact an animal food, made up of the blood of the host, ought to furnish a very small quantity of solid waste.

Nervous system.�The nervous system of Syngwimis trachealis, like that of the larger number of the higher nematodos, consists of a flattened ganglion forming a collar about the a3sophagus₎ and giving off four quite symmetrical cords anteriorly and four posteriorly, The former

CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Ill

pa.ss to riic nioiith parts, the latter to tlie digestive and reproductive organs.

Seoretory apparatus,�Tlio most eminent helminthologists, amoug them Bastian, Solineider, and E. Perrior, Inivr seen in certain tiematodes sooretory strnctux'es (�(imposed of ntrioles sometimes double, provided witli a canal wliioli opens on the skin in the middle of a papilla. These structures have been observed uear the postox'lor extremity of the body

in the male, and in the region of the neck inliulh sexes. We have sought them without success in the Syngamus of the pheasants. Once however, wesaw, quite distinctly, an oblique canal opeuing on the skin a little below the oesophageal nervous ring aud arising from a glandular mass situated in the. regloUj where, in Plate I, Pig. �, \\^re have shown the position of the longitudinal fusiform muscular fibers. Alongthe oesophagus and under the same muscular layers there is situated an elongated club-shaped gland, which opons at the, base, of the pharyngeal capsule (Plate I, Fig. 5, lt;/). This is a true salivary gland ; its wallsare lined with ovoid, doubly-nucleated cells.

h'eproduciivc apparatus! Genital organs of the timle, (Plate II Pig, 7.)�In the nematodos generally the testes consist, of a long tube uni�formly cylindrical in its whole extent from.] to .2quot;quot;quot; (.004__.01)8 inch)

in diameter, in the. male Syngamus of the pheasants it presented quite characteristic differences from the known type. It Is possible to see, through the. translucent tissues of the body, and still better when the testicle has been forced out. of the body of the worm, a large, abrupt

expansion of the tube 1.....' (.04 inch) from its inferior termination.

This bag-pipe-like enlargement gradually contracts anteriorly and con�tinues as a cylindrical tube slightly narrowerthan at its commencement. At the middle of the worm's body it twines about the intestine, then re-descends ami terminates in a o�l-de-sao near the posterior extremity. The disposition of this seminiferous tnbe may be better seen when, by a fortunate compression, or a patient dissection, it has been forced out of the body. The three portions of which it is composed may thou be readily distinguished; the first as a vas deferens, the second as a vesi-OUla seminalis, aud the third (which coils about the intestine) as the tes�ticle proper. The latter is tilled with an opaque, amorphous substance thecontentsof the vesiculaseminalis and the vas deferens beingllkewise opaque but segmented Into granular corpuscles of very varying forms having each a nucleus of .01 to .OSquot;raquo;⁰' (.0004 �,0012 inch) in diame�ter. These are the sjiermato/.oids. The vas delereus, about .075quot;quot;quot; (.00;; inch) in diameter, opens at the posterior extremity raquo;if the body in the center of the caudal bursa, between two very small, shoii and nearly straight spicnlcs, the extremities of which rest Immovably in the vagina of the female. The vesicula seminalis, enlarged in the form of a pear, has its walls made up of tnuscular fibers which arc all obliquely placed and inserted into a longitudinal raphe like the barbs of a feather into the shaft. The object of thisarrange.....id undoubtedly Is to cause

112 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the expulsion of thospermatozoicls and their prqjootion Into the vagina of ilu¹ female, the long duration of Uns fnnotlon requlrluga special and powerful apparatus!

Female genital apiiaratus, (Platell, Vig. lt;gt;).�As iu almosl all uerna-todes, the female generative organs comprise a uterus with two long bmnoUes narrowing abruptly Into a tubular portion, the ovary proper. We have not been able to discover a bag-plpedlke swelling near the oommenoemeut of the ovary which B, Perrler has seen in Qxq Eedruris armata, and which ho calls the copulation pouch (vesloula oopulatrix). Neither this pouob nor anything similar to it exists in the Syngaiuus.

The vulva, as has been stated, is a small opening pierced through the summit of a UemlapUerical papilla which is permanently oovered by the caudal bursa of the male. The vagina, the canal which penetrates the

papilla, is very narrow. Lodging the spicules of the male it serves as a

passage for the spermatozoids which the male pours into it during his entire adult existence. It will he readily understood thai it never ful-tills the function of oviduct, since, the Inseparable union of male and fe�male renders the discharge of ova tlirough the vagina impossible.

The vagina is continued Into a short, enlarged uterus, about .il^iiira (.024 inch) long and broad, whicli divides into two long cylindrical horns,

bavins a diameter of ^quot;quot;quot; (.012 inch) at the base and .25¹..... (.009 inch)

at the apex. They arc about three times a.s long as the Intestine, about wldoh they coil in the most capricious windings. The uterus and its horns are filled with ova, the development of whicli proceeds with the age of the worm, as we shall see further on. Bacb horn at its apex contracts abruptly into a short cone, and is continued by a small tube a hont .0quot;)quot;quot;quot; (.002 inch) in diameter, which might be likened to a Fal�lopian tube. After a distance of 3quot;quot;quot; (.118 inch) these tubes gradually dilate into tubes of twice their diameter, filled with spherical, granular corpuscles, compressed and crowded together in one or two rows. These are the ovules, the tubes containing them, the ovaries. As long- as the uterine horns, these tubes arc wound in a thousand different ways about the intestine, then contract each into a tube as narrow as the Fallopian tubes (or oviducts), COUtalnlug only amorphous matter, and lastly ter�minate in a cul-de-sao devoid of dilatation or enlargement.

Amongst the ova ftlling the uterus and Its horns, we have determined the presence o!'spermatozoids closely resembling those contained in the vesloula seminal is and the vas det'erens of the male, but we have not succeeded in seeing them elsewhere. We believe that the fecundation is effected In the uterine horns near the ovarian extremity upon the

ovules brought there by the fallopian tubes, since there is here no or�gan similar to the vesloula oopulatrix, which B. Perrler has pointed out

in the Uctlntris nrmata.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

113

Egt;IBRVO(iKNY AND DKVIOLOI'MKNT.

It lias already boeu stilted that the narrow tortuinal extremity of the ovary is flllod witU a finely granular, atnorphous,opaQue, aiilt;l Uotuoge. noons substance. On approaoliiug tlic coiled portion of the ovary this

granular matter is seen to unite into spberules, wliidi are the ovules proper. Tlie.v are rauged in a single row OWiDg to the narrow tube, the internal dinweter of Whiob tiie.v almost till up. In the wider portion of the ovary they range themselves in two or three rows. Xear the ovi-dnet (Fallopian tube) tiie.v first become slijjlitly ovoid, with a loug dilt; ainetcr of .08quot;quot;quot; (.(K).'5 inch), and they possess a distinct gemilual .spot and vesicle. Still without shell or distinct envelope, they are led, one by one, through the oviduct into the corrcsjtondinyuterine horn, whore they lind tlieiuselves in eonlaet with the speiinatozoids, and where they become inclosed in a shell. When this is completed, and the egg con�sequently perfect) it presents the form of an ellipsoid, with a lonj^ di�ameter of .0�^mm (.0035 inch) and a short one of .05quot;quot;quot; (.002 inch). The egg Is not truncated nor provided with a neck at each extremity, as is the case with many ncmatodes. There is, on the contrary, at each polo a thickening, beinispborioal externally and almost flat within (Plate, II, Pig, 8, A, B, 0). Tnis is an actual cover, detaching itself completely when the embryo emerges. Only the empty ovum, therefore, is really truncated at its two extremities.

In the uterine horns the ova undergo complete segmentation. Their vitellns divides into 2, Iquot;, 8, !(gt;, amp;0., small spheres, which assume the mulberry form (Plate II, Fig. 8, A). The development proceeds in the lateral regions of the egg (Plate 11, Pig. 8, H), and at its close the embryo may be seen rolled up in the lot m of a circle or a figure of eight. The egg is now .1quot;quot;quot; (.004 inch) long and, .0(5'..... (.0021 inch) broad.

lint it, is not to be supposed that all the developmental phases of the ovum can be followed out in every syngaine. Only In case of the largest specimens can this he done by examining successively the genital organs of the female, from the extremity of the ovaries to the body of the uterus after they have been taken from the body and well spread out. It is also possible to trace the series of successive transformations which the ovule undergoes from the embryonic to the perfect State by examining a series of females from the moment of their sexual union with the male to that of their greatest development. Thus in the syn-games recently conjugated, at a time when the female is scarcely �quot;quot;quot; (.2 Inch) long, only spheroidal ovules are found in the uterus ami its appendages, which are very short, but slightly developed, and not dis�tinct from the ovaries, their diameters being the same. When the female has reached a length of 1quot;quot;quot; (.1 inch), the, uterus and its hoiyis, DOW qnlte distinct, contain eggs fully formed and inclosed in a shell but the, vitellns is not yet segmented. When the body is l�quot;quot;quot; (.51raquo; inch) long the vitellns i.s already segmented, and has even passed 5751 I) a------s

114 CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF DOME8TI0A.TBD ANIMALS.

beyoud tlugt; morula staj;�, as many of the eggs, particularly in the body of the uterus, reveal tlie embryo in process of developmout. Finally,

W�eil a loiiK'tli of 20 to -i-quot;quot;quot; (.787-.8�� luoh) lias been reached, eggs

contaluiug fully formed embryos, rolled up and moving within their narrow prison, arc observed in the two divisions of the uterus. At this period they may bo forced out of the shell by pressure between two glass slides: the ('overs at die extremities dctacii themselves completely and I lie embryo emerges through either openlug When it leaves the egg spontaneously, an act we have frequently observed in the water, tlie cephalic extremity always emerges first.

The embryo, on leaving the egg, exactly resembles an agamous au-guillula (Plate II. I?ig. 8, U), li is about .28quot;quot;quot; (.011 inch) long, and

lias a diameter of .013...... (.0006 inch) at the middle of the body. The

obtuse anterior extremity reveals a puuotlforin month. Opening in the middle of a papilla and continued into an oesophagus which occupies the cephalic Ihiid of the body (Plate II, Pig. 0), and whose cavity Is distinguished as a very line median line. This portion of the body is clear : the remaining two thirds is filled with granulations or fine glob�ules. The tail is conical and elongated.

The embryos never leave theeggwlthin the living body of the mother, however complete the development of both maybe. Only by the death of the female and the destruotion of Its body are the ova placed at liberty. The embryo will then emerge If the medium otters favorable conditions. These are moisture and a temperature of atleast20^c G. (68deg; F.). These facts we have frequently demonstrated by experiment and In other ways. We have even found still attached to the trachea of pheasants destroyed by the gapes couples of dead syn games, with thesoft, tlaccid body of the female, 24^mra (.945 inch) long, opened in several places by the commencing process of maceration, through which a large number of eggs had already escaped. It still contained many of them, each inclosing a fully developed, very active embryo, but there was not a single empty egg or free embryo in the entire cadaver.

We have subjected the eggs to various conditions in order to deter�mine those most, favorable to the hatching of the young. I. When In a dry medium, as in sand, their contents dry up more rapidly in propor�tion to the elevation of temperature. _'. In a moist state, they preserve their vitality for months, even for a year, without any perceptible modlfl-oatlon of their contents, if the temperature is kept below loot'. (59deg; F.). Under these conditions theconients linally umlergQ fatty degeneration and are dissolved. �quot;gt;. If, while in a humid state, the temperature be raised to 20deg; 0. (08deg; P.) or better, to 25deg; 0. (77deg; P.), the embryo within the egg moves and turns aboul and finally escapes by pushing away onlaquo;¹ of the coverlets.

The combined conditions of moisture and warmth arc powerful enough to bring about the development Of the embryo and its escape from the egg, in which at first no trace of it can be distinguished, ami which con-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS.

115

tains only the vitcllus. In the watci^- contiiined in crystallizing dislios, small euougb to be placed on the stftgeof a micioscojie, we have Studied day by day the fortnatiou of the embryo during the month of -July of this yeiir, when the tempemtine inaintiiined au averagoof 28deg;0.(77deg; P.). We have deteiniined that in preseuoe of these conditions tweaty-eiglll to thiity laquo;lays snllice for the ilevelopmeut of the embryo and its escape t'roin the shell.

The emlnyos or larviu live in the water, where they swim about in a scrpenthio nianncr like the auguillulro (vinegar eels, amp;0.). A't a tom-peraturo of 20deg; or 20deg; C. (0S^o-T7^o F.) we have been unable to keep them alive lor more than eight or ten days, whilst at. a lower temperature they lived far many inonths, almost a year. During this time, they molt, the tail becoming less elongated, and assuming the form of a short cone (Plate 11, Fig. 10). When the batching has been delayed from iiKsulHcient warmth, and the embryo finally escapes from the egg, it leaves within the shell an envelope. This fact seems to prove that the molt, which takes place normally one or two days after birth, occurs in the egg Itself when birth is retarded, hi the expcriment-glas.scs larvu¹, with short tails were often seen moving among those with long tails. The former were simply elder than the latter.

The following questions now arise; Does the larva molt a second time before assuming the adult form, and what are the ways and means employed by It to reach the only place where adult and paired syn games are found�the Irachea of birds ?

Some species of Solei'�stomata presents a nymplial phase, during which the young parasite is provided with an almost complete huccal armature, and lives, rolled up and encysted beneath the iimcons niem-brane to which it attaches itself in its adult state. Repeated Investi�gations have failed to reveal anything analogous in the syngame of the pheasants. We have every reason to believe that the nymphal stage, no doubt very short and active, is passed in the air-sacs and pulmonary bronchi, which, as is well known, Intercommunicate very largely in birds, and which the larva' may readily reach by traversing the intoa-tinal or (csojihageal tunics after escaping from the ingested eggs. We also believe that the parasites very soon after reach the trachea, to be-como adult, pair, and attach themselves. The following arc the facts upon which this opinion is based;

I. The larva-of Byngamus, according to our observations, do not develop well, nor will the.v leave the egg and become vigorous except-lug in a moist and warm medium, approaching the conditions offered by the interior of n bird's body.

_�. In a young pheasant, dead from the, gapes, we found in the mucus obtained bj scraping the lining membrane of the (esophagus, a larse number of eggs of syngames with the shell opened and abandoned by the embryo. We have preparations to demonstrate this fad.

�'!. In the serous fluids which lubricate, the walls of the air-sacs, more

116 CONTAGIOUS DISBASIS OF DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS.

particuliu'l.v those in relation with the dnocletmiu, we have Ibiiiid in the case of young pheasants attacked wltli the gapes very active larvae, almost twice as large as those just emerging from the egg, seeking their way.

4. in tbeoellular peritracheal tissue, In the neighborhood of the, crop of one of the young pheasants referred to above, we found, stretohed

out parallel to the trachea, a young female syugame, already colored red, �quot;quot;quot; (.2 inch) Ions, with the mouth formed like that of the adult, and even sexually matured. We think that it was a syn^une which, having been delayed in the mi;;ratioii, failed to reach the inncosa of the trachea in due time and now could no longer do so, because the adult structure of the mouth-parts presented an Impediment to its march across the tissues.

�. In the indosures of M. de .lanx.c, at Gournay (Eure)j which were desolated last year by the gapes, and which have presented this year some cases of this disease, the following fact has often been observed and verified by M. de Janz� himself; The young pheasants affected with this malady frequently expel, in a fit of coughing, pinmp, fat syn-games full of eggs. The other fowls near by consume with avidity the worms thus ejected, which they, no doubt, regard as earth-worms, or the red larva' of the large, tipnhe which resemble them, and of which they are very fond. Two or three weeks later these young pheasants are sure to present symptoms of the malady�the slight, aborted hiss�ing cough, which is so characteristic, and the gaping, which has gained for this disease its English name.

(i. For the purpose of verifying experimentally the accuracy of the facts related above, the authenticity of which, however, did not give rise to any doubt, we fed to a female parrot, on the 7th of August, four

pairs of large syngames. We had just received from Mine, de la �------

de Moutiuirail some young pheasants, dead from the gapes, from which we obtained an amide number of syngames.; the parrot being the only subject we had for experiment at the time. Ou August 28 this bird

began to cough and to gape. On September 10 it died, suffocated by

numerous syngames which we found, at the autopsy, crowded in the

trachea.

Oonsidering the large number of eggs�several thousand�which a cadaver of the female syngame contains, and the relatively small num�ber of parasites�about thirty or more pairs�which reach their destina�tion, or. In other words, come to maturity, we may turm an estimate of the prodigious number of larva- which die on their way or never sue-ceed in finding it. It is, moreover, a law of nature, especially true of parasites, that the number of eggs laid is larger in proportion as the Chances of destruction during the earlier period of existence are more numerous.

The great variation in the size, and hence in the age and the degree of development, noted among the syngames attached to the trachea of

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 117

a bird shows that there are ordinarily several suooessive infections or ingestions of t'SRraquo; at intervals more or less extensive. This fact may also be due to the oircumstance that the eonditions Cavorable to the de�velopment of the parasite have not been the same for all.

The feeding of healthy pheasants upon s.ynfjaines tilled with eggs, which have been ejected by pheasants sufl'eriug from the gapes, is not the only means by which tins disease may be propagatedlaquo; The observa�tions which we have made concerning the vitality retained by the eggs of the parasite when in a moist medium�a. medium in which the em�bryos are born and developed If the temperature reaches a suitable height (20^o-26^o 0.)�prove that the ingest ion of water and liquid or pasty aliments, containing these embryos or eggs, furnishes two other means of infection perhaps more active than the first. In every case the only media necessary for the propagation of epideuiicsof the gapes are food and drink contaminated with the eggs or embryos, and the birds themselves when affected with the disease, as they are then the source of an abundant emission of eggs of the parasite. No other ani�mated medium, neither adult insect nor larva (the larva¹ of ants, for example, which are a constant element of food for young pheasants, and which have been suspected with some appearance of truth), nor any mollnsk, in short, can be incriminated.

MEANS OF DESTROYING TIIK BYNG-AME AND OF ABEESTlNd EPIDEMICS

UK THE GAPES.

The disasters caused by the parasite above described in the parks devoted to the rearing of pheasants, point out the extreme importance of finding rapid and effective means of arresting the spread of this de�structive worm.

A remedy, common in England, consists in mixing the grains which are to be fed to the diseased birds with urine instead of water. Mon�tagu, who tried this remedy without having any faith in its eflicaey, was surprised at the success which he achieved, and which proved to him that it was not without utility. It is probable that the ammoniacal emanations arising from the urine are poisonous to the red worm or its embryos.

\Viesenthal relates that in America a hen's feather is stripped of its barbs to near the point, introduced into the trachea and rotated like a brush to detach the worms. We strongly question the effldenoy of this practice; in the first place, because we know from experience that the worms are too firmly Attached to be removed by the friction of the barbs of a feather. Should they be detached, however, they would only be pushed to the root of the trachea, where, forming a ball, they would augment the obstruction in the tube and thus bring about more promptly the death of the bird. On the other hand, the diameter of the trachea of a young pheasant from five to six weeks old, being scarcely equal to that of the shaft of a hen's feather, will not permit the introduction of

118

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UOMKsTICATKD ANIMALS,

the latter. Oobbold,* on the coutfary, believes in the efflolency raquo;gt;(' tliis method, and adds that this efflole�oy may be tuoreasocl by impregnfttiug tht' feather with a germlolde substauce. Bartlett, who used salt for this end, or a weak IniUsion of tobacco, informed hiin that the e�SeD�O of turpentiue also had given excellent results. Oobbold adds with reason, that unless great care be exercised with this met hod the birds may be seriously injiirod.

These means, at once ineehanical and uiodicinal, have been suggested several times and varied in dilTerent ways. One of our correspondents

Informed us that he had cured pheasants or the red worm by removlug the parasites with a small rod and pouring into the mouth of the birds a few drops of Fowler's solution. Another pretends to have removed the parasites with a piece of copper wire, which had one end ourved like a handle and dipped into oleum hyperioutii (red oil). We do not doubt that they could have succeeded ill thus removing red worms lodgecl in the pharynx, but we do not believe that they could have ex�tracted worms by this method from the root of the trachea near the bi�furcation of the bronchi, where they are most frequently lodged) for it is actually impossible to employ a rod. and ahoveall,a metallic wire curved intoa hook.as it would undoubtedly tear the trachea. The fact that young pheasants, and more frequently adults, sometimes recover spontaneously from the gapes, may have given rise to their apparent success. This happens when Ihcv are affected by only n small number of parasites, which may go through the phases of their development to their death without producing suffocation. This is the only mode of fatal termination, and it, requires a certain number of parasites, from twenty to thirty couples for adult, and from live to ten foryonnlaquo;-pheas�ants. In these cases the disease is cured in spite of, and not because of, a certain mode of treatment.

One of the most rational methods of treatment has been pointed out by Montagu, who did not stop with the common method above men�tioned, but wl.....blained ......sh success with tile following aieanscoMi-

bined: Removal from the infected places, complete replacement of the

'ParaMtesi London, 1870) p. 4I5.

i Cobbokl'a oxaot words ooncornitift tbla iii�thod are as follows {ho oU);

quot;First. Tin' simpleat plnn coiiHists, as lraquo;r. Wieneutlial long ngo pointod out, In

Btt'lpplng a feather from tbo tnbo ti.....ar the nurrow end of the sbaft, leaving only a

IVw uiiiiijinnl webs at Hu-lip. The bird boingseourod,tlio webbed oxtteraity of thu

irivilier is intiiMluccd Into the windpipe. It is then twisted roundafew ti.....sand

withdrawn,-when the wonna are found uttacbed, In soiuo luatanoos this plan sue-cocda entirely,

quot;Sooondly. The above moUiod la rendered more ofFootual when the feather is previ-onsly steeped in some mecllcatod solmlon wliioh will destroy the worms, Mr. Bart* li'tt otnploys suli for this pnrpose, or b weak InfUsion of tobacco; and lie iuforma me that the simple application of turpentine externally Is safflcienl to kill the worma. It should bo borne in iniml that the bird Itself may 1raquo;' injuriously affeoted by these drngs If they are oaroleasly employed,quot; Note thai the turpentine is to be nseel ex�ternally.�Ed.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

119

fornuT aliments by now ones, in wliich hemp-seed and fresh grass figure prominently; tinally, for drink, an infusion of rue (ruta) and garlic, in�stead of ordinary water.

The eiHeacy of thegarlie was demonstrated to ns under the following eircnuistanees: The pheasantrv in the forest of Fontainehleau was laid waste by the Kiipt'S in 1877 and 1878, This malady, which we studied OD the site of its activity, was arrested and eompletel.v driven out by feeding the pheasants with a mixture, eonsisting of hard boiled eggs, boiled beef's heart, tliecrumbsof stale bread, and salad. These ingredi�ents were chopped)pounded) and thoroughly mixed so as to make a paste. To this paste was added pounded garlic in the proportion of one cloveor bulb toten pheasants each day, the garlic being fhoroiighiy distributed through the paste. This mixture was relished very mueh. Great eare was bestowed upon the drinking vessels ; the very pure water used was renewed twice a day. The same treatment was successful in the sev�eral inelosums belonging to the country-seats in the neighborhood of Fontainehleau and Melun. A large number of correspondents to whom we suggested it were fully satistied in having applied it. We also learned that the pheasants occasionally refused the garlic, and one of mil' correspondents informed us that he bad succeeded in making them lake it. by preparing a real garlic salad; for lie had accidentally ob�served bow the animals which had refused the garlic paste cast them�selves voraciously upon a garlic salad which was not intended for them.

We can readily explain the virtue of garlic, known from time imme-niorial as an excellent anthelmintic, as it is volatile and is eliminated by the respiratory passages, reaching, in this way, the trachea, where the syngames are lodged. The proof that the essential and volatile prin�ciples of garlic are eliminated by the lungs is daily furnished by those persons who, like the Inhabitants of the south of France, are fond of ibis condiment. The odor of their breath betrays them immediately.

Besides garlic, we have experimented with another substance, which. like the former, has the advantage of bciiigastrong-sinelliiig vermifuge and more stupefying than ether (which might, also be employed), prop�erties which enhance its parasiticide powers. We refer to assabetida, which we have used as a powder with an equal part of yellow pulver�ized gentian, mixed with the paste which is fed to the pheasants, in the proportion of 50centigrams (about 7\ grains) per head each day. As a complement to this treatment we have added to each liter (or quart) of drinking water the following solution : Salicylic acid, 1 gram (about 15.] grains); distilled water, 100 grams (about ;gt;.] Iluid ounces).

The use of the salicylic acid, the toxic power of which upon the em�bryos of syngames we have recognized experimentally, had for Its sole

object, the destruction of those embryos Which might be present in the drinking water of the young pheasants.

This treatment we have employed In the parks of Barou Rothschild, at Kambouillet, which were ravaged by the gapes in a manner so dis-

#9632;

120

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMKSTICVl'Klraquo; ANIMALS.

asirous tliiit ii]) to 1,200 young plioasftnta wore found doad each mom-ing. A letter from the baron's atawawl, dated Sept�rober 7,1lt;S7!), testi�fies that the treatment luis fully snuceeded in arrostiug, Id a few days even, the epldeiulo.

VVc will ooaolude those suggestious by stating thai it Is alway bene-lieiul and even indispensable to distnfeotj the soil of the Incloanres alter having transferred tue young pheasants to a virgin soil. One of the best means of destroying the eggs and embryos whicli may possibly ex�ist on the soil of the oontamiuated inolosnrea, consists in sprlnklng it with water oontiilnlug in solution a suflloiently largeqinantitj' of .salicylic' or sulphurio acid, one gram (15^ grains) tlaquo; a liter (about I quart) for example.

Groat care should also be taken to isolate the sick birds on the first appearance of the symptoms of the disease, and to keep them closely oonflned (ill complete and well-oonfirtned recovery- The cadavers of dead birds must be bmied deep, or it were even better to burn them.

STITLKMHNT.

in the Investigations which we have madeooncerning the develop�ment of Sy%gamus traahealis, and which are reported in the preceding memoir, written about twenty months ago, we pointed out that t he eggs ejected during the coughing tits hatch in the, water, and that the em�bryo, resembling an angnillula, may live in this medium for many months, because we have kept some alive almost a year in a low temperature. The birds are infected by drinking the water containing these embryos. But how are they developed in the body of birds, and in what way do they reach the trachea, where they are found, in the adult state, fixed to the mucous membrane like leeches, the two sexes united Ina perma�nent manner and the females crowded with eggs?

In the preceding memoir we stated that, we had every reason to be�lieve that the nyinphal phase, unknown to us, was passed in the air-sacs and bronchi, and that later on the worm reached the trachea where it became adult. We offered as a proof of fins hypothesis the discovery of embryos of syngames, in every respect similar to those, which we had obtained from the hatching of ova, in the air-sues of several young pheasants killed by the gapes.

There was, therefore, only a presumption, well founded, it is true, of the existence of the nymphs in the bronchi of the pheasants. At pres�ent it is no longer a presumption but a certainty. At the autopsies, lately made, of two red partridges, killed by syngames, we met the nyinphal form in the pulmonary tissue itself, rolled up in the, bronchial dilatations. (Plate II, Fig. 11.) It is cylindricnl, very elongated, about 1.6 to 2quot;quot;quot;. (.063 to .07!raquo; Inch) long, and .04 quot;quot;quot;. (.0010 inch) in diameter, It is, oonseqnontly, ten times as large as the embryo when it leaves the egg, and one tenth as largo as the adult worm at the period of its great�est development. The armature of the mouth is already cupulate or

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

121

cuiKsluiped, but still without color, border, ami lobes. The muscular (Bsopbdgas is very long and oylluddoal. The lutestlae, wbicb extouds iu u straight Hue from the termluation lt;gt;(' the oesophagns to the anus, fills almost the entire body, and is already coloml red ; near tho an�terior third of the body may bo seen a fleshy thick oil in jj, wbich somln a prolongation forward beyond the posterior extremity of the u'soplm-gus, and one, longer than the tirst, backward toward the caudal ex tremity. This is the rudiment of the sexual orsan.

This discovery of the nyniph enables us to say that all the develop-mental phases of Syngamua traohealis are now known. The only two media which this parasite Inhabits daring its entire existence are the water or moist earth during its embryonal condition, and the respira�tory organs of its victim during its nymphal and its adult phase. It is, therefore, developed without the aid of any other medium than the water, corresponding in this respect to the immense majority of vermiu-ous parasites.

INTERNATIONAL VKTEHIXAKV CONGRESS.

REPORT 01' DU. JAMES LAW,

Smi [ have the honor to submit the following report on the Inter, national Veterinary Oongresa at Brnasels and the European Veterinary Schools:

In aooordance with tin* call issued by the committee of arrangement, the Fourth International Veterinary Congress met at Brussels on Sep�tember 10, 1883. There were present 311 veterinarians, of whom 218 were, Belgians, und 93 from other countries of Europe and America. The congress remained in session seven days, and engaged in the dis-cusslon of the following subjects:

1.nbsp; nbsp;THE ORdANl/.ATION OF VKTKUI.NAltV SEEVIOE.

2.nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGHOUS I'LEUEO-PNISUMONIA OF OATTLE.

,quot;gt;. Edxioation in vi:rKui.NAi;v medicine.

o FURNISH MEDICINES.

1. Till', WKillT OF THE VETEBINABIAN .quot;), I'UI.MOXAI! V I'll Til ISIS.

1. THE OBGANIZ�.TION OF VETERIN�RE SERVICE.

This subject was ably presented 1gt;\ Zundel, of Strassburg, the reporter of the committee appointed to introduce it.

The veterinary profession can no longer bo estimated only or mainly by its knowledge of therapeutics and its success in curing disease, other�wise it would be to the pecuniary interest of the veterinarian to keep the community In ignoranceof the causes of diseases, epizootic, and

sporadic, while lie fattened on the proeeeeds of an extended practice.

But to-day it is the glory of the veterinary profession that it is pre-emi�nently a sanitary and preventive body. It can point today to the com�parative absence from European flocks and herds of those plagues which but a century ago'desolated the countries at frequent intervals: it can show pastures now salubrious, which were formerly pregnant with the Heeds of death : it can offer immunity to the system from poisons whose touch was heretofore deadly ; and it can show how to extinguish in animal hosts the causes of disease, which, when conveyed toman, would entail extended suffering and death.

By his knowledge of zootoohny, the veterinarian contributes to the Improvement of the different races of domestic animals: by his knowl-

CONTAGIOUS U1SKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 123

edge of santtary polloo be proteots tUo puroUaaer of autmals against im poslttou, and kaowing how to exclude epizootics he protects lutonialt; tional oommeroe, whiob theoonstau�y luoreaaing faoilities for oommiiquot; uloation rencler daily more important; by his special kuowledge of ani�mal diseases he can insure tliat maladies Intercomntunioable between animals and man shall not be conveyed to the latter through meat and other animal products.

The question of the organization of the veterinary service as a sani�tary branch of every government had been extensively discussed at the Third International Veterinary Congress at Zurich in 1867, and at the following national veterinary conventions! For Gerinany,at Frankfort-on-tlie-Main, in 1872; for France, at Paris, in I.S7S; for Italy, in Bo-longe, in 1878; and for Belgium, at Brussels, in L880,

The Zurich �ongress pronounced that ;

l. The practice of veterinary medicine should be regulated by law.

#9632;J. The veterinary art ought to be an integral branch, but Independ�ent, of the sanitary administration.

.#9632;'gt;. Veterinary medicine should be represented by competent persons closely related to the authorities; inferior, medium, and superior.

I. No one should be allowed to practice veterinary medicine unless he has pursued the required studies in a public veterinary college, and lias acquired after examination the diploma or the legal character of veterinarian.

6.nbsp; nbsp;All veterinarian a.may be called as experts by private individuals, but the judicial authorities ought only to call as competent persons vet #9632; erinarians who are officially recognized.

(i. In cases of sanitary police the administrative authorities ought

not to have recourse, save exceptionally, to those who have not been officially recognized as competent.

7.nbsp; The expression quot;competent personquot; should be understood in the sense that be is a diplomaed veterinarian.

8.nbsp; nbsp;All veterinarians ought to have the right to furnish the medicines required in their practice, but always under a suitable control.

The tour national conventions pronounced In similar terms for a guar�antee of education and competency on the part of the veterinarian, and for the organization of a sanitary veterinary service in t'ach state, which should deal with epizootics, advise how to render districts salubrious-and how to improve the races of domestic animals, and inspect abat�toirs, slaughter-houses, and rendering works. The German convention pronounced in favor of a nnilication of the laws of the different German states in regard to veterinary sanitary police, and veterinary jurispru�dence, and for the freipient pnblicatioii of statistics of contagious dis�eases and mortality. The French convention pronounced in favor of including in the sanitary corps all the veterinarians practising In a de-partinent, and for the election of a departmental veterinary director by their votes.

W⁹***

ri4 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMBSTIO/ITBD ANIMALS

In the spirit of those anteoedent oouventlons the folluwtug resolu�tions were submitted:

1. To organize In every oountvy a veterinary sanitary sorvloo oborged cxclusively with all that pertalna to voterlimry Sblenoe, and the aiombora of wliioh raquo;liall liraquo; cduii-ael of every depftrtmenl of the Goveruroent, Imt wbloh hliall lraquo;; more oapeolnlly repre�sented dlrootly in ivlaiion to the central power�that veterinary medlolne shall them have her chief of servioo.

'gt;. The veterinary sanitary service should utilize the greatest possible Dumber of voterinariftns. To do tliis offlolently and eoonomloally there shouUI be feoognlaed two degrees or classes of yeterinarlana. The one of a local nature ooaneoted less with the state than with the muulolpal ami provincial authorities and charged with tinquot; survoillanoo of fairs and markets of animals, the iaspeotlon of meats of tho butchery and abattoiros, the bontrol of rendering works, the luspootiou id' breeding animals, the inspection or direction of imitnal iusuranoo companies against the morquot; tallty ol animals, the revision of the census of domestic animals, amp;o.; the second charged with a wider range of duties, comprising the service of the state,and capable

of becoming international, embracing especially the suppression and prevention of

contagious maladies and epizootics, and also (lie control of the dilVerenl other veter�inary corps.

:{. Hid ween the various states which by a regular repression and preventive serv Ice against epizootics, can furnish the guarantees of a good veterinary sanitary police there should be established a treaty having for its object i 1. To apprize the other states as speedily as possiide of any eruption of Rinderpest, pleuro-pnenmonia con-tagiosa, aphthous lever, sheep-pox, maladls du ooit (doniine), glaiidors(or farcy),raquo;mi Of scah in sheep, 3, To publish periodically a sanitary bulletin upon these diseases,

their extent, progress, and extinction, which documents should also bo published in ihc international bulletin if judged necessary. '#9632;'lt;#9632; To oppose these diseases by meas�ures of sanitary police whidi have first been discussed and adopted as the most ad�visable, 4, To furnish with animals and herds thai are moved into and out of a ter�ritory certificates of origin and health of a gnaranteed admlulstratlvo value. 0. To contribute to the publication of an international veterinary sanitary Imllelin.

FIRST RESOLUTION.

Among the argamenta advanoed In support of the first resolution were the following:

In various countries of Europe andi America these duties essentially veterinary are left too much in tho hands of persons ignorant of veteri�nary science, In some they are largely dealt with by bodies mainly medical�sanitary boards. No one denies the great debt of veterinary medicine to that of man. The works of the physician In anatomy, physi�ology, pathology, surgery, amp;c., furnish the most valuable material for the medicine of animals. The principles of both branches of medicine are the same. The observations and experiments on animals made to advance the one are of the highest value to the other. Many of the parasites and zymotic poisons of man arc common to the animal as well. Hut when we come to the application of these principles to the diagnosis and treatment of disease in animals the physician finds that

the two medicines diverge at every step, and that without a special training he Is helpless to deal with that of animals. At one time physi�cians could lie found who were more accomplished in microscopy, amp;C.,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMKSTICATKU ANIMALS. 125

than the veterluftrlan, but to-day in the veteriuaiy schools of Barope the subjeots receive, a.s ample attfcntion us in the medical.

In some oases the bureauoratio element tends to the subversion of the

veterinary, and men whose only knowledge of veterinary matters come

rom ootisulting the writings of some one veterinarian will pass Judglt;

ment u])oii the advioe of the most skilled expert, and even deollne to

employ it. It is for the Jurist to formulate and prom nlgate the laws, hut

it is his duty to base these on the best counsels of veterinary medicine, To maintain a satisfactory system not only must the veterinary sani�tary work in departments and cities hiraquo;, carried on bv veterinhrians, but there must be at the scat of power a Veterinarian or commissioner of veterinarians as a centralizing point for all that relates to the veterinary service, and for the direction of that service. As countries in which such centralization exclusively veterinary has been secured may be named Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, some of the southern (ler. man states, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, and Alsace-1jiurain, Portugal, and Belgium. In Austria there is a consulting committee on epizootics, but which occupies itself with prevailing maladies alone. In the depend, ent Austrian stales the Landesthierar/.t is a simple member, sometimes a simple agent of the sanitary council. In Prussia there is not even a chief veterinarian In relation to the minister, who only consults the technical deputation in which veterinary science is represented. In each provincial government of Prussia a departmental veterinarian or assessor is attached usually to the medical council as councilor (referee) for veterinary service. In Prance the veterinary element now predom�inates in the superior committee of epizootics, in Bnglaud the privy council veterinary department has three veteriimriiiiis in a body of six members. In Switzerland, attached to the department of agriculture, is a veterinary commissioner of epizootics as counsel on the whole sub. Ject of federal veterinary police, but he has no vokie as to the compe�tence of cantonal authorities. In Italy there is no central veterinary officer, and the bulletin of epizootilaquo; statistics is compiled from data fur�nished by municipalities.

A.fter considerable discussion the following was passed with only four dissenting votes:

To organize in eaoli oountry a veteriuary .sanitary nervloe, obarged exolnstvely with all (hat iici'tains to this servioo, of wliicb the membei'a, all votetinarlaus, nIiuII be councilors of all brauohosof the administration, lint which shall bo cspccialfv rep-tespatocl near the central authorities, where the ohlef voteilnary oMolal shall bo .sia-tloned.

SKCONJ) UKS�LI TION.

In regard to this the reporter pointed out the impropriety of binding the Government fco employ as its local expert the veterinarian who hap pens to be in attendaneo upon the infected herd, the danger of such a person carrying infection to other herds in the round of his practice, the suspicion, usually unmerited, that he may hide infection in the inter-

12()nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISKASWS OF DOMKSTIOATKI) ANIMALS.

ests of liis employers rather than apply rlaid moaaures of extinction for tliegood of the oommouwoalth, bho fact that lie may be au excellent general praotltloaer and yel not a specialist in epizootics, who may oottn-sei treatment when the best sanitary science imperatively demands sac'

rilicc. who Will make a dangerous (listinctioM between farcy and glan-(lers. or wlio will prefer preventive inoculation in pleuro-pneninonia to slaughter. What can be expected of the veterinarian who lias become hopeless and apathetic, whose calling is to himbitl aliaudloraffc, or who lias become morally debasocl?

The inereasinji nnmbers of live stock, the facility in transporting them lOBg ilistances by steam, aiilt;l the great demands of Western Europe for oataide supplies demand for the inspector of to-day a very different offloial from those of the piist. The lack of a thoroughly effloleut vet�erinary sanitary service was fell when the lung plague attained such a wide extension In 1840, wLeu the Uindeipesl ravaged lloilainl and Eugland In 1805, and France In 1870, when laflueuao spread over America in L872,lung plagulaquo; in 1878, or when hogcholera destroyed in a single state bogs to the value of $20,000,000 in one year.

A1 readv a good begiuilillg has heen made in different states. Hol�land has nine district veterinarians under slate salary. France, has in the department of the Seine live exclusively oooupied in the state serv�ice* England has twenty-fclifee salaried port inspectors; Portugal has

twriilv-one oil state salaries, not large enough, however, to make them iDtlepeildent Of practice, and the same applies to the states of (Jer. manv and Austria where tlir Government velcrmary ollicers have reg-alar salaries, hat insnIUcient lor their entire maintenance.

The held with which a departmental veterinarian is charged should be large enough to insure that the otlice shall be no sinecure, and that heShall not by private practice interfere with that of the local veteri�narians, lie should be appointed after aspecial examination, or exeep-thmally for signal services in sanitary police.

The department veterinarian should counsel the central authorities, advise legislation, take the direction in The prevention and extinction of epizootics, and direct tillaquo; work of the local veterinarians. To these last would he left the inspection of fairs and markets, meat markets, slaughter-houses, amp;o., of animals sent by railroad, and the general local work of the service. They should ia;dgt;e to the chief veterinarian writ�ten reports of any extraordinary occurrence in their district and periodic reports of the general work iiooomplished. These will furnish data for ,1,,, publication of statistics of the animals kept, bred, purchased, sold, killed for food, dying of sporadic and epizootic disease, attacked by epi�zootics, amp;(i. These in relation to geology, soil, drainage, meteorology, culture, breeds, breeding, alimentation, use, ^c, will supply data of tliogreatesl valueto stockholders, veterinarians, hygienists, physicians. dealers, and political economists.

As a rule the destruction of animals to arrest ail epizootic should he

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 01-' DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 127

ordered by the chief or departweutal veterinarian) thereby soouriug at ouoe tUe guarantee lt;gt;iquot; a diagnosis by more than one export and saving the local veterinarian from the unpleasant duty of (raquo;nleiinflaquo; a work that may be unaeeeptable to his regular employer.

Not the least important duty of the local veterinarian is in connect iun with the mutual assurance of iinimals against deaths from sporadic! dis eases. Losses from epizootics are indeinnilicd by the state, but losses from diseases that are not communicable Justly become a tax on the stock owners of the municipality or district. Snob an arrangement en�gages the interest of the stock owners not only to report the contagious diseases early, but the non-contagious us well, and to use all resources of science for the cure of the latter, but much more for their prevention. The local veterinarian as a. regular oifloor of such societies, directing. supervising, inspecting, finds his Interesl consulted in urging all that can conduce to health in breeding, management, and treatment, and

wherever such associations have been introduced there has been a nota�ble improvement in all that pertains to thequality and numbers of Hie live stock.

The local veterinarian, being an essential part of the national veteri nary sanitary service, it should not be in the power of the local authority to discontinue his services, nor to appoint to the position any one but a competent veterinarian (a graduate),

After discussion mainly of the right of the sanitary veterinarian to engage in ordinary practice, and of the desirability of specifying two classes of veterinary oHicials, the following was adopted by a large ma�jority :

'i, That I liu votoi'iuni'y aaultary service alioulcl m ili/c the greatest possibto uumbei' of vcii'iiinniinis. It ciniinicilaquo; the inspection of fairs and markets of aniumls. of meats of the butohery and abattoir, the control of rondering winks, tin! inspection of breeding animals, the supervision or direction of mutual nlaquo;suranoc societies against the mor�tality dI beasts, the revision of the census of domostio animals:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; * It oompro-liomls the service of the state and may become International, embracing especially the repression mul prevention of contagions maladies and epizootios, also the contro of all other veterinary servloo.

THIRD BBSOHIIION.

in support of the third resolution Znndel advanced that contagious maladies are no longer recognized as of spontaneous origin | that day by day the advocates of spontaniety yield the point, and that well-ob�served facts prove that it is b\ contagion that these maladies are at once propagated and perpetuated. To prevent the propagation of these maladies it is necessary to have in all countries enjoying an internu. tional commerce in live stock a common, permanent, and efficient sys�tem of preventing or at least of arresting them in their inception. The value of an international arrangement for the Control of Rinderpest has long been recognized and becomesyearly more important. Thedeinands of Western Europe for a moat supply are constantly increasing, while

128

CONTAQIOUS DISBASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

the animal prodnotiou in Western Barope remains stationary, or oven (inniiiishes. This Imperious demand for beeflaquo; and the facility for its suplaquo; ply by cheap railway transport from the Bast) cannot fail to insure an increase of the Eastern traffic, and unless conducted under ellicient in�ternational measures of protection this must deluge the West continu�ally with this most fatal of all bovine plagues. The improved culture on the Steppes and the iiitrodnctioii of better forage plants enable the BtOOk owners to tide over the dry summer and the frozen winter more satisfactorily, and thus contribute still more to the numbors and excel�lence of the Eastern supply. Austria imported 20,()()() Itnssian cattle in 18(Jl, 30,000 in 1868, and 55,000 In 1872. The more stringent restric�tions have later lessened the numbers, but the Increasing demands of the West and supplies of the BftSt must, ere long, turn the tide once more, and bring large installments of these Eastern beeves. Hitherto proteotion has been sought by the more or less perfect exclusion of Steppe cattle, but the time must, come when this shall be superseded by an international arrangement founded on solid guarantees of the soundness of the cattle exported,

Already in regard to Binderpest this has been attempted ; to-day all the different OOUUtriOS of (iermany act on the same law, that of 7th April, ISO!), in repelling and repressing this plague, and in April, L872, Austria called in Vienna a Conference to consult as to the requisite in�ternational guarantees, and delegates attended from (iermany, England, Auatro-Hungary, Belgium, France, Italy, Kouniania, Russia, Sorvia, Switzerland, and Turkey. If each country would organize an elUcient service to stamp out Rinderpest as far as possible and to prevent its radiating outward from any existing center of infection, every state might by this perfect isolation of its limited infected area secure an untrameled cattle trallie for its entire territory besides.

The same can he done for contagions plenro pneumonia, and it is easily demonstrated how much evil has already resulted from the neg�lect of other (iovernments to respond to the Swiss movement in this di�rection in ISTti. Prom this England loses yearly about 6,000 cattle Belgium, 2,000 to 3,000; Prussia, 2,000 j Wurtemberg,600j Austria, 2,000 to 3,000, and Prance and Italy corresponding numbers. Rinderpest is comparatively easily suppressed, because its prompt eruption and fatal issue, strikes the population with terror and it cannot he hidden ; but the lung plague strikes slyly, hides its tracks, and, creeping into the stables unseen, it diffuses its poison, infects, benumbs, and paralyzes the lungs without the body appearing to sutler, and it only manifests itself by outward symptoms when all is lost. More than this, the lung plague often assumes the benign and almost latent form, so that after months of incubation it still rests unrecognized and nnsuspeeted, as�suming a chronic type, but still scattering the poison, and the subject even appearing to recover, without an abatement of Its infecting power. Often, too, the laws, and even very recent ones, take but half

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 129

measures against this plague, leaving it to intrench itself more and more firmly and to inaiutain itself perinanently in a country where it is only ail exotic, a foreign invailer, and where it conkl easily hi', excluded through an efficient international system. For this, therefore, even more than for rinderpest, an ellieient system of mutual international protection is urgently deamiuh-d.

The aphthous fever is largely eomhated by restrictions on the move�ment of cattle and the interdiction of fairs and markets, yet those rarely arrest its progress, but the harriers that put a stop to the rinder�pest allow the aphthous fever to pass, as happened in Saxony in 1867. With such a ditlhsible poison success must be sought in its declanition, suppression, and seclusion in the home herds and by preventing it from passing at all into the channels of traiTic, and this can only be secured through a common international system.

Formerly lung plague, aphthous fever, and sheep-pox remained habit�ually oiroutnscribed in particular districts ; today, with the great move�ments of stock in mass, their concentration in vast markets, and their constant changes in the large feeding stables, it has become impossible to deal effectively with these plagues except in native herds, and this Imperatively demandsa uniform international system, with solid mutual guarantees.

Glanders and farcy occurring in an occult form with lesions internal and unsuspected, and following a chronic; course, is another fruitful source of trouble, and a country that pays for such animals when slaughtered especially suffers, as the diseased animals are smuggled across the frontier in order to secure the indemnity. Even the residence of several months required in order to the payment of indemnity is insufficient to guard against this sharp practice.

The mad dog docs not always take the road to the custom house, nor recognize the,colors of the frontier posts. Here, therefore, it becomes necessary to maintain a common system of repression and the mutual notification of the existence of rabies.

Maladie 4uooit, thoagh unlike the two last, in that it respects the human family, should yet as regards the equine races Itc made the ob�ject of international guarantees.

.Anthrax and several parasitic maladies, including even measles and trichinosis in swine, are more purely matters of local danger, and are to be controlled by local measures and by inspection in the great meat markets.

Energetic sanitary measures within the limits of a single state have been often notably successful, as against lung plague In Switzerland, I lolland, Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark against sheep-pox, apart from Northern Germany and Hungary, and against rabies in Ihideu. How much better if there were a common international co-operation, which #9632; would at once mote effectively repress animal plagues and release the commerce in live stock and all their fresh products (hides, hoofs, hair, 5751 d a------0

130nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKST1CATKO ANIMALS.

bristles, fat, guts), as well as fodder and straw, from the present obnox�ious and injurious restitutions.

Unfortunately in all modern legislation 00 the subject not only are the laws peculiar to the individual state, but tbo.vretiect tlie,jealousies and lacli of adjacent states. Tims in tlie absence of official trust-

worthy and trusted reports a whole oouutry has its trade restricted,

delayed, and seriously injured for a slight ontbreiik which OOnU easily be sequestrated and a perfect guarantee of its non-extension furnished. It is to be feared, indeed, that in some instances what is practiced un�der the name of veterinary sanitary police is conceived more ill the spirit of maintaining the high price of meat than of restrioting and ex�tirpating animal plagues.

If the work could be made international, and if I lie plngltCS eouldbe effectively dealt with in Che local areas of their prevalence, all the, more obnoxious interference with commerce might be done away with, the present temptation to clandestine trade ill infected animals obviated, and a better and more reliable protection afforded.

Tlieinspeetionofanimalsa ft be frontiers has proved practically useless, because animals that have become infected but do not yel show signs of disease are necessarily allowed to pass, and with the modern iirnnenso railway traflic in fat animals a sufticient quarantine is practically pro�hibitory of importation.

Another grave objection to this system is that animals found diseased are simply sent back over the frontier, and as t lie service is national and not international, the neighboring state is not warned of the active focus of infection thus created within it.

Certiflcates of origin and health emanating from officials and based 01) expert knowledge of the sanitary condition of tlie district furnishing the stock should be really valuable documents, whereas certilieates made out by irresponsible Individuals, and with which the smugglers are now most numerously supplied, are grouuda for suspicion rather than conlldcnce.

The following sum up the principles which OUghl to dominate in an international veterinary sanitary service:

a. Kaoh state ought to notify the governments of adjaoenl states of those joining the international agreement, and of all that desire It, of every outbreak of rinderpest, lung plague, sheeppox,maMi� du coil,

glanders, and rabies, its exact locality and extension ; and this should be done as quickly as possible, even by telegraph.

other grave maladies transmissible and Importable, and especially the typhoid affections and sheep scab, should be made tho object of ex�traordinary precautions ami mutual notification.

The authorities ought to carefully investigate the channel by which contagion finds its entrance and is propagated) and the officials of the country from which it was derived should be furnished with the infor�mation necessary to enable them to trace it to Its earlier sources.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 131

Baob Government ongbt to i)uiiii.sii In Its otiicial organs a sanitary bulletin upon tbe sanitary states, tho progress of epizootics, the meas�ures enforced, tUe lutecdiotlons of imports, the obanges made in tiiese proliibitioiis, and of the suppression of the plague when that lias been effected. This bulletin should be sent to editors of ofliolal journals of states that request it ox that have, signed the agreement.

/gt;. The authorities of frontier districts ought to notify directly the authorities of neighboring districts whenever rinderpest or apbtbous fever has been delected within 101) kilometers (63 miles) of the frontier, lt;ir when lung plague, sheep-pox, glanders, or rabies has appeared within �l) kilometers (.'il miles) of the frontier. In rinderpest, sheep-pox, and rallies the notiliealion should be made by telegraph.

0, Every state should SO organize its veterinary service as to be able to rapidly stamp out rinderpest or other contagious maladies.

(1. Every state should provide that the laws of sanitary police should bo rigorously enforced.

C, By previous arrangement the laws of sanitary police! in dillcrent slates should be almost identical in measures of isolation, veterinary surveillance, sequestration, removal and burial of carcasses, and in dis�infection of all persons and animals, of objects, clothing, and harness, stables, and of railway oarlaquo; that have carried animals or animal prod. nets.

/. For all animals attaehed or suspected of one of the contagious mala�dies above mentioned, and killed by police order, an indemnity should be paid, which each government may lix by special law, but which should in no case be less than half the value of the animal if it had been sound.

g, A previous arrangement should prescribe the principles which ought to control the international relations, the roads and means of transport; to be taken, the conditions of movement of stock, and, above all, that which refers to certificates of health and origin, which ought as much as possible to be uniform in the different countries, and for the Important asslgtimeuts vised by the consuls of tho respective countries.

//. The laws of sanitary police should order the transporting agent to make instant declaration of diseases that may supervene in transit, and aboukl prescribe the measures of sanitary police applicable to them.

i. There should be published an international sanitary bulletin at in�tervals of lifteeu days, and giving the sanitary condition of each country accordlugto the special bulletin, which by international agreement each government should publish. The international guarantee should be based on government morality, on a spirit of justice, on practical reason, thus commerce Will acquire that freedom and integrity which are essen�tial to it. It should prescribe the movement of all stock coming from a country, the sanitary condition of which is unknown. The great pub�licity given to the official reports, often sent: by telegraph and diffused through the most rapid channels, would give a guarantee of their

....^*/i;...-.. ...i-WM #9632; #9632; #9632;

132nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

veracity ; tiiov ought to ernannte from the authorities of the counliies and be drawn up hy veterinarians.

With this bulletin they would know at each eustom-house what coun�tries can supply stock to international markets, and from what the stock must be refused; this international bulletin should be a check on certillcates of health and of origlu, and should enable theollicials to ap�preciate their value.

The bulletin would thus furnish the best mutual guarantee for niter-national commerce, and give mutual oouflclence between nations carry�ing on with each Other a traffic in domestic animals.

The nations will better comprehend on the basis of epizootics what they generally fail to arrive at on that of politics. One step may per�haps lead to others.

The third resolution, adopted unanimously, reads as follows :

Between thedlfforoul states, whidi by a regular aervioe represalve and prevent�ive of npizootioa arc able to furnish guarauteea of n good veterinary sanitary police, thero should be established an agreement having for Itsobjcct! I, To notify other states, with the leosi possible delay, of the eruption of lung plagnc, aphthous fever, sheep-pox, malmlie du coit, glanders (or farcy), and aheop-soab, 2. To publlsli a pe�riodic veterinary bulletin on these maladies�on their status, extension, and termina-tionsi which Information should also be sent to the International bnllatin, If Judged necessary. 3. To combat these maladies by measures of raquo;anitary police which have been previously discussed and adopted as the best. 4. Not to permit the delivery of animals nor of Uerds which are being sent in or oat of the territory, except on cer. liiiciitc of origin and of health of a guaranteed ndrainistrotlve value. 5. To con. tribute to the publication of an international veterluary bulletin.

mm auks.

The above has been reported at considerable length because of its manifest bearing on the problems which now press on the American people for solution. In America, as in Europe, the medical and polit�ical authorities have undertaken too muoli of what properly pertains to the veterinary profession, and, as a consequence, we have had measures that aimed at repression rather than e\tiiiciion of animal piagliea, and the administration of these and even of better measures has been made in such an irregular and badly sustained manner that what had been gained today by much effort and outlay was lost on the morrow by a relaxation or entire suspension of the rules.

To have efficient legislation the best available veterinary advice should be secured as to the measures to be framed in a bill, and a vet�erinary authority should be Intrusted to see the statute rigidly and im�partially administered. Place it In the hands of a mere beaurocracy and this will too often, as in the past, result in its administration in what they consider the spirit�not the letter�of the law, until all its valuable provisions are frittered away and lost. A knowledge of the

diseases Is essential to a knowledge of the fundamental principles on which suppressive measures must be based, ami, in Ignorance of these

CONTAGIOUS PISE�SES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 183

prilioipleij, auy attempt to carry out tlie law in its spirit rather than its letter is sure to end in bluildoring and failure.

Then, again, as regards interstate administration, uotbiug can bo mure instruetive to Amerieans than tlxe Europoaudifficultiesiu dealing with the. animal plagues under the modern oonditioua of great manu-

facturiiig prosperity ami the unprecedentecl activity of the traffic by

rail. I'jxamination.s of cattle in transit must be given lip as absolutely iuellicienl, for herds that formerly developed disease during the tardy and toilsome movenieiit: by highways can nolaquo; be sent through in a few days by rail and long before the deadly germs w ithin them can manifest their presence by overt symptoms, ^s'o better commentary can be fur�nished on the utterly futile provisions iu a number of successive Con�gressional bills for the inspection of cattle in transit in our inland trade and of beeves about to be shipped to Europe. Again, the enor inous proportions of the constantly increasing cattle trade toward mill-. ing, mauuf.ictnring, and commercial centers in WestOMI Europe has been found to be utterly ineoinpatiblc with the maintenance of such a quarantine as would protect against imported contagion, and they are for the first time brought face to face with the fact that the protection of any country in the line of this great cattle traffic inust be secured, if at all, by a perfect system of seclusion and suppression in the country which furnishes the supplies of live stock, and by an honorable exclu�sion by such country from the, channels of traffic of all live stock and their fresh products having their origin in an infected district. Amer�ican lawmakers and administrators must see that our uninfected States and Territories can have no guarantee of continued safety in our present system under which live stock from infected States and dis�tricts, without even tbepitiful and comparatively useless form of inspec�tion and certificate, are sent to the very source of our great live-stock traffic. Fortunately for ns our westward traffic in live stock is so lim�ited that it is quite possible to impose an effective quarantine on all subjects moved in tliat direction. If nothing more can be done, this at least is within our power. Bach State can quarantine all cattle or other live stock from an infected State, or If the State tails in its duty to itself and neighbors the United .Slates can step in and regulate this item of intestate cotumorce.

Again, the experience of Europe with her groat live-stock traffic by rail shows how utterly helpless we would be in any attempt to control these animal plagues if they once reached the source of this traffic, As is now the ease witb Texas fever, our first resort would be to prohibit all movement of susceptible stock from the infected areas, and the next to seek by every possible means to stamp out the infection on the native herds. If Europe with her extensive, not to say universal, fields of in�fection, liuds her profit in maintaining a uniform veterinary sanitary service, operating at every point over the broad continent, and suppress* ing and secluding animal plagues wherever they may appear, how much

134 CONTAGIOUS DISKASES OF DOMKSTIOATKD ANiMALS.

more profltablo must It be for the dnltod States in dealing with her one exotic and Imported plague, that of the lungs of cattle, tfhloh is stil conanecl to the merest strip of Uer territory, and when the proposed

OOUtrol is to prevent its extension over the whole .'ontinent, and the ne.'

cesslty for a similar service aud control from the Atlantic to the Pacific 1 It would require but tinlaquo; outlay of fl sum equal to'nalfonr yearly losses on cattle exports by this cause alone to abolish this cause forever; it would require bnl the expenditure of a trifling fraction to save us iron, the future loss of millions. Again, if the independentniatious of Europe and it necessary to have an international system of repression and ex�tinction to expel their prevailing animal plagues, and If they have to sink national jealousies ami rivalries in t he presence ol these interna�tional laquo;..0..^ will the united states of America, with a Podera Con-#9632;gress and one Federal Executive, sacrifice to a sentiment our blrthriglil to the most extended live-stock interests in the world I

Shall we calmly see the European states, with a legacy ol ages ol warfare and mutual hate, and ground down by their immense stanclltig armies, the root ami fruition of their common suspicions, unite cordially and loyally In a common international worl? tocrusli out the prevailing Infections of centuries and to secure an nntrammeled traffic in healthy livestock aud sound meat while our mutually dependent States, bouml i,, ,��, federation, an unit in war, an unit in conunerce, and an unil In all that relates to foreign nations-shall those Stales let a mutual jeal�ousy prevent an interstate aanitary work cant the general diffusion oi

one. .,

modern conditions must be more ruinous even than those ol Europe In the past, and sluit themselves oat from supplying the meat market oJ the world which it is now theirs to take and to hold .'

2. CONTAGIOUS PLE�EO-PNEUMONIA OF CATTLE.

This subject was introduced by an extended report by Professor De-give and two supplementary reports by Messrs. Leblanc ami P.lte. Degive arrived at the following conclusions :

A. -tnir lair.NK.M. DIAGNOSIS. l.lM�n,:nwUKUonu,nl₁HMn,.rvi₁.vw_lMn_!n-.nnsi₁|,₁asr.,₁Un^ous:nul_M,izo,,U,all

_lnt_W8tltlal rn-uo.onias of n certain oxtent of which the rtevolopmcnl does uol dopend

on local conditions or causes. S. promttphysiologloal stand-point,epizootic plenro-pnenmonia is osp.....'quot; . ' ' ';

1' aoterized In the living animal by its oontaglons

character and the syinptons of lobnr

' a tn an infected stable every animal thai shows fever will, one or more symptoms aonoting irritation of the respiratory organs, cough, htmled.plaititivohvoath.ng.amp;c.,

should be suspnotod of plouro-pneumonla.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.;,,,,�.�

.1. The spontaneity of one case of pleuro-pnoumonla will not oxolode the existence

of the contagionlaquo; ftffeotioni

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 135

li. �I'lIUI'lIVI.AXIS.

I.nbsp; Tlic dovolopment of plcuro-pnentuonia may soni�tlmos be preventetl by a siiii]illt;i recourse to good Iij'glonlo oonditlons.

�i. AniniiilH nffeoted with the malacly, lt;gt;r siispootecl of ii, sbould be saoi'lflood igt;s quickly as possible.

#9632;i. Animals snspootod lt;gt;! infeotloU) or very inncli exposed to contagion, should be isolated or sacrificed, The slonglitcr of anitnals suspected of infection is mor� espe�cially Indicated when the disoasc manifests Itself very Dxceptiouallyi or for the flrot time, in ,-i stiililc belonging tquot; a o�mtnune rieb In cllllllt;^,.

#9632;t. Ahiiiiiil.s suspected of iufeotloi), or very much oxpused to contagion, nijd not sac-rlflced, would bo prolitably submitted ilt;gt; Inooolatloii or to an appropriate preventive inediciii inn. [uoculatiou is especially applicable when the iuiiiiial.s make port of a large herd, subject to frequent changes, lt;gt;i- where the malady lias already appeared several times,

r,. Inoeiiliiiioii slmnlil not be proscribed iis ii general or obligatory measure until a method is devised which can bo practiced withoul danger to the health or life of the

beasts operated on.

(i. iiKM'iiliition should not bo practiced without tho previous authoriuatlon of the local authority, [t should only bo done by n vetorinarlan and under police survoll-lauco,

7. Bv cry Inoculated animal sbonldbo considered us suspected of contamluatiou and ticalcd as such.

�, The diseased and suspect eil animals slion id lie reported to t lie aul lioril \ v, hh tlie least: possible dolaj . This report should be made obligatory on owucrs and uttcudiints, veicri iiariiius, and iospeotors�the experts of the abattoir or butchery,

'.). Qnnrautiiiud (isolelaquo;) aiilnflvls should bo made tho objocl of a special census and should receive a ilistinrtive brand wiili a hot iron.

In. No animal suspected of Infection should be moved wilhoul ptevious authoriza-Ciou of the communal adtuiiilsti'ation. The permit to move should only bo granted for an in nils destined to the butohory ; it should only take place in special coiidilionK, under tile supervision of tile police and in such a manner as to prevent all propaga�tion of (lie malady,

II.nbsp; nbsp;Every bovine animal ofToroil for sale onght to be accompanied by a certi�cate of health testifying thai no epizootic has existed for al least six weeks in the com-iinine from which it camo,

13, in cert a in special cases to he dele mi ined by the velerinavy ofticial there ni.iy be

prescribed the suspension of fairs and markets, the prohibition of tho importatiun of animals from n suspected country, quarantine, the posting of notices at tho eutranoo of infected eheles or farms, mid the writing of handbills and instructions wocning the population of t heir obligations and of the prccaut ions to bo taken to prevent tho appearance or extension of the malady,

13,nbsp; An ad ive suporvisionshould he exercised, nut only over the quarantined beasts, hut also : raquo;. Of animals exposed for sah- in markets, Holds, and fairs, ''. Over ani-mals lodged temporarily In the Stahles of inns adjoining the markets, o. In stablos containing many animals snbjeot to IVequonl changes, and when the malady basal*

toady milde one or several oiitlgt;reallt;s.

14,nbsp; The duration of quarantine should bo for 46 days at least ufter the disappear�ance of the disease.

15,nbsp; At the release from quarantine the cattle should receive a second murk to annul

theoffeot of the tirst.

16,nbsp; The flesh of an animal slaughtered should not he used for food unless authorized by the veterinarian making tho autopsy.

17,nbsp; Tlic skin should not be. utilized until it has been steeped for at least twenty-foni'

hours in an approved dislufootant solution.

13Gnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UOMKSTICATHD ANIMALS.

i-. Ciucussi's and oadavrlo debris uufll for food should be burled orao treated as to become absolutely luoft'enslva,

10, siiiUlcs, fair-grouuds, markets, iiml velilolea whioli have beeu oooupled lgt;y dislaquo; onscd or susyeoted anluials, aliould be carefully oleausod, dlslnfeotott, aud pnvlfled. These dlft'erenl operations sbould be andorthe direction of u veterinarian.

SO, A stable perfectly disinfected and purified by elgbt days' free veutilntiou may la; refilled without danger.

81, Pastnrnges tbai have been oooupled by diseased cattle shciuld be shut up for

forty laquo;lays al least.

�gt;J. The dlfl'orent inateiials, objects, nnd instnuucnts that have been employed In the slaughter, transportatiuu, nml burial of diseased or suspected animals Sbould bo destroyed or thoroughly dislui'aotod. Forage and litter should bo utilized for hprses and other solipedee,

�:!. Persons who have bocomo soiled by Infecting materials should wash theirbands, brush or wash thoir clothes, and wash their boots with a disinfeotaul solution.

84.nbsp; nbsp;All persons und animals capable of carrying the virus should be, as far as possi�ble, kepi from disea-ed animals, their uavcassos, and oadavrlo ddbris.

85,nbsp; nbsp;Indemnity sbould be aocovdod i I. Kor animals slanghterod officially, �. for those thai have died from luooulation, 3, Vov dilferoul objects or Instruments of whioh thodestrnctlou is judged nooessary.

8i8. Very heavy penalties ahould Iraquo;' iraposed on persons who violate the different sanitary' regulatious ordered by the authorities.

87,nbsp; nbsp;A good organization of the veteriuary service is the igt;i'st guarantee of the ap�plication of the dlfToront measures proscribed,

88.nbsp; A last and potent ineoBiire forseouiing the extiuotlou of contagious pleuro-pneu-inonia consists In adopting a provision for t he contagious diseases of animals as has been done lor the phylosera of the vine; to formulate an luternatlonal agreement, in whioh shall be Indicated the essential elements which ought to form the baslsof the legislation to be adopted by lt;'alt;-li conn try which shall Join it.

Deglve justly accorded to lung plague a principal place among the plagues which arc most detrimental to agriculture and the public wealth. In enumeratiogits anatomical lesions be lays stress on the inflammatory action being especially provocative of exudation into the Interstitial connective tissues of the Inng�interlobular, perivascular, interalveolar, and subpleuml�upon the prominent implioation of the lymphatics, upon the great extent of lungs involved even when the general symp�toms of Illness have only just appeared, upon the presence of lesions of differenl ages, implying a long standing and a slow and occuli progress of the disease, and (he existence in the exudale of the specific microcoo-cus �f Willems, Brnylant, and Vorrlest. (Strangely enough, he fails to emphaslzethe infarctions and encysted sequestra which are sooharao-

teilst ic of the affection.) Under the head of physiological characters,

beside the general symptoms of fever and inflammation of the lungs, he laysspecial stress on the two types of the disease,rapid and slow, the latter remaining insidious, hidden, and apart from indications furnished by anscnllation and percussion, hardly recognizable throughout its

entire course; on the mortality aroragibg 30 per cent.; on the Infectious property, very variable in differenl oases, but always highly oonoluaive when well marked. He seeks to establish a theory of spontaneity from the facts thai in many cases contagion cannot be traced, that (liawitz, Greenfield, and Bnchner have cultivated pathogenic Pungfand bacteria

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

187

until they liavc become liannles.s, ami liannless germs, until tliey have become palhogenie.

CJuderprophylaxis Deglve.addnofts instances in wlilolxa thorough at tention to the laws of hygiene in veatUatlou, lighting, feeding, amp;o., have Seemed to arrest the propagation Of the poison. In this as in the ques�tion of spontaneity the experience of Derive, limited to a country in which the disease constantly prevails, is misleading. He fails to take into account such sweeping evidenco as the entire, absence of the lung plague from America, Sonlh Africa, and Australasia until the occur�rence of a single importation of disease, and its deadly prevalence in all three from that moment onward, notwithstanding that in the two last-named places the victims enjoyed an open-air life in mild and equa�ble climate, the most favorable possible for the lungs, lie further ig�nores for the instant the irregular ami occult oases of the disease which confer immunit.v, and at onee explains the sudden disappearance of the disease in particular herds coincidently with a better hygiene oi¹ a worse one, and the introduction of infection into a new locality where the best efforts of the veterinarians have failed to trace its source.

Degive Strongly advocates inoculation, supporting his view by the following facts :

1.nbsp; Out of 0,700 inoculated cattle placed in the same pathogenic con�ditions as 2,453 non-inoculated ones, ISli only, or about 2.71 per eeid, among the first, and 000, or 26.90 per cent, among the second have con�tracted lung plague.

2.nbsp; Out of OS previously inoculated in the tail or by intravenous in�jection, and in which a second inoculation was practiced in a region rich in connective tissue (a deadly region), 01 have shown no local re�action, and 5 presented a slight Inflammatory swelling, which in 0 beasts inoculated for the first time in the same dangerous regions, as test cases, all had an extensive luflammatory engorgement ending in death. Out of 0 animals inoculated by intravenous injection in the Jugular and afterward subjected to 17 inoculations in the space of 10 mouths, t proved unaffected, 13 had slight Inflammatory reaction, and 1 only had a considerable engorgement which did not prove fatal.

The immunity secured by inoculation has lasted four and tive years, as observed by Ziegenbein, in animals constantly exposed to in�fection, and for one year in 10 test cases in the experiments of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine of Paris.

The drawbacks to the Operation are ;

1.nbsp; nbsp;All the inoculated do not acquire a perfect immunity.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Inoculation preserves and spreads the poison.

3i A certain small proportion die from the extensive swellings and gangrene consequent on the inoculation.

That all the inoculated are not protected Is shown in the above sta�tistics ; some highly susceptible animals still contract the disease as some men contract smallpox after vaccination. To secure a better im-

MHMMHi

^arn^^mm

138 CONTACilOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

inmiity it is advised to make more vmvW� selection Otquot; tlie virus from a luiij;quot; oufforsed yellow and already slightly �brtiioua,or from tlve sub-ontaueous oonneotivetissueinan inoculated region rich in that tissue, to repeat the operation alter a certain lapse of time, as advised by Willems, and with weakened virus to luooulate In a region rich in connect ive tissue. This, it is claimed, can be done safely with virus which lias been kept six weeks in a hermetically sealed tube (I'asteur), or with what has been cultivated lor a lengtb of time in flasks in a special manner (Bruylants and Verriest). Virus diluted with 50, LOO, and 500 times its amount of inert liquid still remained dangerous. (Vaudermies: Oentral Society of Veterinary Medicine, Paris.)

The danger of the, propagation of the disease by inoculalion is really very slight Vet he acknowledges the presence of the virulent micro-coccus in the inoculation exudate, and advocates inoculation as a means of procuring pine vims for Savthevprotective inoculation.

To obviate the slight danger of lung Infection through inoculation he advocates the use of attenuated virus [� la Pasteur, or ii les Hruyl.mt.s ei Verriest) and the Intravenous injection of the virus pure or attenu�ated. (It is to be noted that an absolute immunity is^not claimeel for any method, nor an absolute proteotion agaimt the propagation of the dis�ease hgt;l the imoulateil; the claim is that these may be reduced to a very small figure. It follows that the protective inoculation is a measure of repression, mi exUnetion,mlt;\ to a ease like ours, where a prompt stamip-

ingout is imperative, it is quite inapplicable.^ Tins is the.....re evident

from Degive's opinion that -all inoculated animals are to he regarded as suspected of infection, and treated as such, and that after the com�pletion of the operation all virulent products should be thoroughly de-stroj ed or buried.quot;

To obviate losses from inooulatiou he particularly advises the use of attenuated rims or intravenous injection, and to avoid the operation during hot and ralnj seasons.

Pov tho destmction of the poison it is necessary to attend to all fodder (which has remained infecting for 3, 1, and even 9 months), all articles �bout the stables, or suspected cattle, all other animals (uol bovine) thut have cohabited with them, all places (buildings, amp;c.) where they have been, all vehicles used for their conveyance or that of their prod�ucts, and all persons that have come near Ihein or the Infected places. The infected herd, the carcasses, and fresh produels mast receive, of

course, the tirst attention. Thorough destruction ordisinfectu.....if all

these, is absolutely essential.

As the discovery,of infection Is the corner-atone of success, ii must be made obligatory on all owners and attendants on cattle, on all veter�inarians and inspectors of abattoirs and meal markets, to promptly re�port all eases ofthe disease, under a heavy penalty for disobedience and for the owner a liberal indemnity for cattle ami objects destroyed.

At hism/f the Official veterinarian must note the animals sick ami

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF OOMESTIOATED ANIMALS. 1 39

exposed, the source of tiilt;gt; Infection, what objects have beooaie in-feoterl, what persons and animals may become vehicles of the virus, and what tneasures (especially isolation and Uilling) arc requii'ed^

Tnamp;peotion of fairs, marliets, and her�s in an l�feoted district, and visit, every fortnight.of large stables, then having frequent changes, and those those that have been Infected, are requisite.

Slaughtm' should he resorted to for the sick and all suspected of dis�ease, no treatment being permitted. Recovered animals should in all cases be used for meat only, All slaughter of subjects out of an In�fected herd should be in the presence of as few persons as possible and under the Inspection of a veterinarian. The animals suspected of being infected should be inoculated. (The provision against treatment should also preclude inoculation if extinction of the disease is desired.)

For indemnity as a means of securing early reports lie advocates, at least one-half the sound value for beasts suspected, yet lit for human consumption, and at least threo'fourths the sound value for those that arc diseased anil unlit for food. Better still to completely extirpate the infected herd and indemnify to the extent of the. full value, as in Bolland and England; the stale to retain in such a case all proceeds from flesh and hide.

Under iso/fl^'on come: [a] Sequestration in a particular'place near which no other cattle nor other animals are allowed.

{h) Gantonneinent or parhage in a secluded place inclosed by walls, hedges, harriers, palisades or water, and safely apart from roads, paries, amp;c., frequented by other stock.

(o) Sanitary zones or circles, including a part or whole of a village or ootnnnmo or several communes, separated from all communication with outside districts,

[il) Census and marlciny arc essential to a perfect control of such secluded places.

[c) Prohibition of movement of all sick and suspected animals is iibso hiiely essential, ruder special precautions fal cattle may be moved inclosed wagons to slaughter, and work-oxen may he utilized on certain prescribed fields if there Is no danger of communication with other cattle, director indirect) no cattle should be exposed for sale anywhere without an ollicial certificate that no epizootic has existed for six weeks or more In the commune from which they were drawn.

(/quot;) Suspension of fairs (nul markets Is only demanded when the lung plague has attained to an extensive prevalence.

(//) Importation of cattle should be interdicted from any infected country unless they are accompanied by a .certificate Of health dated six days before and showing thai no lung-plague has existed for at least six weeks in the place from which they came. (Such provisions show the aim at restriction rather than extinction of the malady, as they could not arrest;

the occult cases nor those having a long period of incubation.�J. L.)

140

OOtfTA�IO�S DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

(A) Quarantine ot uovfly�bought animals for five or mx weeks is an important preoautlou.

(/) Posting notices of infection at tlie entrane.e of infected zones or fiiitns.

(/) lliinil/iill* and imtruotions for Hie people in or near tlie infected area.

(A) Sttrve-illancevtith very frequent visitation lgt;.v Inspectorsaud jiolice.

Preventive medioation for animals exposed to infection may embrace setoua medioated with hellebore, and antiseptics, suoli as ferric sulphate, alkaline sulphites, carbolic acid, borax, tar, chlorine.

.1// restrictions may be removed forty days after the last case of disease has been disposed of and the place and objects disinfected. (This is en�tirely inconsistent with what he lias already advanced as to occult cases, chronic; cases, and lonj;' periods of incubation which could so easily ex�ceed twice the forty days required. It is another indication of an aim at restriotioii rather than extinction.)�.). L.

If carcasses have to be removed, this should be done in wagons with close joints, so that nothing shall escape, and drawn by horses under police supervision, The carcass and diseased products may be deeply burled, burned, rendered, or dissolved in sulphuric acid, it is often utilized for food, but this should be prohibited when the lung lesions are very extensive, advanced, and complicated by gangrene, when there is ulceration of the bowels, or when the llesh is 6accid, decolorized, ecchymosod, or the seat of serous iuflltratiou. The shin may be sent, to the tanncrv after steeping a length of time in milk of lime, or solution of chloride of lime, or zinc, or carbolic acid.

Disinfection of stables demands washing, scraping, and the thorough application of liquid disinfectants. .Manure, fodder, and litter should be burned or disinfected, or the latter may be fed to horses. Horses and other animals that have been with diseased cattle should have their surface cleaned and disinfected by an antiseptic solution,

LBBLANO'S VIEWS.

Leblanc soughl to throw doubt on the diagnosis of lung plague dar�ing life, on the specific character of the lesions seen in the carcass, and on the value of inoculation, Many inoculated animals have already had the disease and are protected by that; eases already infected before

Inoculation have the disease aggravated by the operation : the poison, and therefore the disease, is preserved and perpetuated in certain dis�tricts by the practice of inoculation; iuoculatiou is no certain prophy�lactic, for just as in the same lung we see chronic lesions side by side with the acute, Implying a second attack, so may an attack follow a successful inoculation ; and finally, the same measures of segregation and slaughter usually employed with inoculation would be successful without that operation.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS 141 1'UTZ's VIEWS.

Put� does not hesitate to prououuo� tho physiologloal sytuptoms and pathological lesions as together reasonably pathognotnio. lie is a strong pai'tisau of Inoculation) provided the operation is repeated after a lapse of time) and above all if repeated again and agaiQi [t is use�less or injurious for animals that arc, already lufeoted, and theduratiou of the immiuuly acquired in successful cases varies with tho individual susceptibility, as does vaccination for the prevention of small pox. it is especially valualile in places where movements of great numbers of cattle are continually j;'⁰'¹¹^' on, and where sequestration is in conse�quence impossible. Where, on the other hand, there are few move�ments of stock the isolation and slaughter of the diseased and strongly suspected beasts is speedil,v effective. In Holland with inoculation the disease has been confined to the narrowest limits, while in most parts of Germany it has been stationary or increasing, and in Saxony with little inoculation it lias in recent year� attacked three times the number of victims seized in lS7�-'7().

In addition to the measures of sequestration he advocates: 1. That the quarantine mark should bear the year so that, it may be afterward known when they were diseased or suapeoted, 2. That all diseased and strongly suspected animals should be killed, and that the entire herd should be slaughtered when Judged necessary, indemnity being granted for the same. .?. When, owing to frequent changes in a large herd, or when, from economical considerations such herd may not be slaughtered, the same should be compulsorily inoculated. Inoculation may be au�thorized in an infected country, if desired, by the proprietor, and conse�quent losses should lie paid for. 1. Every beast from a qnarantiued herd which dies or is killed ought to be the subject of an autopsy by a competent person. With this precaution such cattle should be devoted to slaughter for beef as much as possible, no necessary precaution being forgotten.

ACTION OF THE OONCHJESS.

A. � I IIAOKOSIB,

Thequestlonof flfia^ttosis of lung plague gaverise ton somowhal leugi hy, animated, and fruitless discussion as to whether this disease can arisespon-toiuionsh/, or whether it is everywhere and uXwaya the result of contagion. The advocates of a spontaneous origin of the disease acknowledged tdiat the occurrence of a spontaneous ease, was extremely rare, and that In spite of spontaneous cases a system of repression, based on a constant assumption of contagion, was the best; yet they claimed, as already stated of Deglve, that the malady may originate by the transformation of harmless germs into virulent ones, or it may be by the transformation of normal histological (dements of the body into diseased elements having a power of propagating themselves Indefinitely. The opponents,

142 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OU' DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

on the other IkiikI, held that the nonappoiirauco of this disease in iiis-torie, tiiiic, 111 anv eoiintry III which it h:ul not previously existed, unless in wises where its iiitroiluetiim could bo clearly traced to the Im�portation of a diseased animal or its products, uud its coutiimed absence from all ooautries Into whloh uo such Importation had been made im�plied, uncqiiivocally, Unit the ussmnecl cases of spontaneity were, also cases of iiil'ecii.in, thougli Investigation had failed to show the precise chaunel by which the gorlns hail been introihiccd. A comparison of the natloualltlos of the advocates of spontaneity and against it is very instructive as showing that the believers in apontaoelty are those whose experience has Ween gained at the termini of the cattle, tmfflo from ()�uI ral and Basleru Buropo,at points( Belgium,Frauoe),!raquo; short, where the infection of lim-- |)la-iie is being eonstaiitly itu]iorl ed, and from which it is never entirely absent, whereas the disbeliever.-, in spontaneity are inainly from countries (England, Sweden, Switzerland, Uouniania, America, \c.), in which lung plague has been stamped out, or into which it has been lirsl introduced in recent times by a well-attested Importa�tion of disease, and where Its area of prevalence is sharply limited to places infected through such importations.

This well illustrates the predominating influence of the immetllate surroundings. Had the able advocates of spontaneity lived in Spain or Portugal, where herds abound, but to which the Inns' plague has

never penetrated, or In Scandinavia, where its occasional importations have been as persistently Stamped out; or in Switzerland, the, imme�morial home of the plague, but from which it has been expelled; or in England, Which It respected until it was Imported in is;}!raquo; and where it has prevailed ever since, but still spares the exclusively breeding districts; or ill the I'liited States, where it was imported in ISIS and ISO!raquo;, and where it was effectually stamped out in the fenced farms of New Englaud but continues to prevail through the constant changes and successive ipfeotlons in the city dairies of the Middle Atlantic States, and li aally where the whole West and South maiiilaJiis a per�fect imnninity; or in South Africa or Australasia, where the disease. Ions unknown, has spread from single importations and from the con-stanl miagliug of herds maintains an universal prevalence; or, linally, in Canada. N cwfound and. Mexico, or South America, to which the

plague has not yet been imported and where, as in the exclusively breeding districts of infected countries, no spontaneous case has ever occurred to start it Oil Its desolating career, they would have realized that they were advocating a mere phantom danger and that the plague which has failed to appear in historic time in a country not already ill. fected from without may safely be trusted not to appear in the future with SUCll OXOticcontaglou, They would DO more argue from the first case of the plague than the botanist would argue from the first oak that oaks must UOW appear without seed or slips; they would accept the Unvarying testimony from all parts of the inhabited earth which are

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIM�.LS. 14.'}

not yet infcotcd or whioh have been lafeoted in bistorio time that every extoiislon of tills plague liigt;^s been by contagion and by contagion alonelaquo;

On motion of Wir/ the. following was adopted as the first resolution:

1. I'iom mi iiiiiitoinii-al point of view, at Imist 111 its relutioi) Iraquo; votiTinury iiolicc, every puomitouin (of Ollttl�) which i.s loblllar and at the sainlaquo; time inteilolmlai', and the devuloptnout of which docraquo; not dopend on traumatic local cnu.scs, should lie oou-sidcred as epizootic ooutaglona ploui'o-pnoiinionla.

The second resoltitiou was modifled by adding the vvorcl contagious, so that it might read i

�J, Prom a pUyslologloal stand-point,epizootic ooutaglotisploiii'o-pnonnioiiia Is spe.

ciall.v cliai'acterized, in the living animal, by the eontn^'ions characler anil by the Symptoms of loliar-pnennumia.

To the third resolution the following wording was given!

',',. TIiitc ought to be considered as �

(a) Suapcctod of epizootlo cutitagioiia plouro-puoinnouia every animal wliiob in

ail in reded place nninil'esls .symptoms of lever 01' of disease of tile chest.

(/lt;) Snspeeleil of contamiiiat ion every animal found in an inl'eeted stable, or which has been in one within three months, or which has been exposed to infection in any other way.

The fourth resolution was suppressed on motion of Dydtin and VVirz.

H.�I'uiien vi.axis.

On motion of Zuudel and Lydtin the congress decided to take tip first the question of stampiug out.

On motion of the same, Article 2 was modified and finally passed so its to read as follows:

2. Recogal�ing that from the point of view of .sanitary pullco epizootic plcnro-

puomuouia propagn-toa Itself only by contagion, and Is usually iponrable and fatal, this congress declares that animals att'eoted by the malady or suspected of it should bo sacriilcod as quickly as possible.

The third article was adopted with the single change of substituting contaminated for suspected of contamination or very much exposed to

contagion, the word retaining the idea of exposed to contagion. It read tints :

:!. Contanilnaled animals should be isolated or sacriliced. The slauj;'liler of eon-tamimiled aiiimals is especially indicated when the disease manifests itself very ex�ceptionally or for the lirst time In a si able, beton giug to a com inn ne rich in cat tie.

On the question of the value of inoonlation as a preventive, much discussion ensued, the great majority, however, aecording to it the power of protection to a certain extent. A number, however, of these last, and especially those who like Herdez (Switzerland), Law (New Voik),and others had had a favorable experience of stamping Oltt, dep�recated inoctthttioii in any connlry where it was possible to promptly extirpate the plague by the radical measures of slattgVterand disinfec tion. Wir/, reported that of the 183,308 cattle inoculated in llolland, in the past four years (1878-1S82) the losses from the operation had been under 1 pet cent., and the protection had been satisfacrory. Law re�peated the inoculation of 10 cattle with sterilized virus whioh obivated

.#9632;#9632;;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632; -#9632;.-#9632;,::-. .#9632;#9632;.,. #9632;Jb.i #9632;

144 OONTA�IOUS DISEAIES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the danger of iofeotiou from the inoculated, and which, in a six-month's test, by inoculation with attested virulent lymph, and by residence in infected herds, had proved perfectly satisfactory. Willein's proposition that quot;all aoientiflo Interpretations being reserved no fact in practice has proved the contamination of n healthy by an inoculated anitnnlquot; was voted down, and the following of Potteral adopted i

There is no proof thai on luooulated nulmal oannol (ranamit the disease to a licallhy one.

The following, moved by Bouley, was adopted ;

3,nbsp; nbsp;VVe have to-day expecltnental proof thai ii is possible to In veal the orgaulsiu oi aulmals of the bovine speoles with an immnalty from contagions plonro-pnoumonia by inoo.ulatton with i he virns of this malady.

Twraquo; applications of iuooulatiou were recognized�preventive luooalalaquo;

tion (inoculation in the ubscnci- of the disease), und inoe.uliition of neces-, sity, (inoculation of animals dangerously exposed to Infection). As an amendment to Article i the follownig was passed :

4,nbsp; Pjeventiva Inooulation, that istosay^bat which Ispmctlood where the malady docs not prevail iun country, ought to be absolutely rejected j Inoculation, so called, ofaooosslty, thatistosay, thai which is praotloed when the malady exists iu a herd, may bo permitted, but not made obligatory.

On the motion of Wirz, Article 5 was stricken out; Article � was modified so as to read: 6, The inoculation slionhi always lio d......by a veterinarian.

Article 7 was dropped.

On Degive's motion Article 8 was altered to� �^ [nocnlatod animals should be reported to the authorities.

Articles 0 to 13, inclusive, wore not called in question. On motion of .M�ller the following was adopted :

II. Theduratiou of qnaran tine should bo six monthsai least alter thertisappearanoe of the disonso.

Articles lu to Li), inclusive, were not objected to.

On motion of Lydtin, Mllller, and Potteral, Article 20 was altered as follows :

�ju. A stablo should uot bo uaed again, for aulmals until it has boon coiuplotoly evacu�ated and properly dlainfeotod, and then purilled by eight days' exposuro to free ven -tilation.

On tnotion of Bouley and Anne, Article 21 was altered as follows:

81. Pastures thai have i.....n frotiuented by diseased animals onghl to be rpiaran-

tincd for al least lil'tcen il;i\gt;.

Articles 32 to -l, Lncluslve, were passed.

On motion ofQuivogno, Potteral, and Lydtin, Article25 was modifled

a.s follows:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;*

85', It is proper to graul an Indemnity to owners for animals saorlflcod by ofllclal order, and for the expense of dlsiufectlou. The Indemnity should amount to, four-flfths of the value of the animals i and to the fall value, dednotion being made of the value of portions of the oarcaso that can bo utllizod if the animal should prove healthy. Articles 26 to 28 were adopted without question.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATEP ANIMALS. 145

It KM ARK*.

Without seeking to detract from tlie ItnportaiQoe of anyone positioti taken by rlic congress, It may still be well to etnpliasize some that Lave a special value to the American statesman.

1. The extension of tlie incubation of iung-plagne for months, and the frequent occurrence of oocull and imrecoguiised oases of the disease show how essential it is to stop all movetn�iit of animals in lufeoteddis-tncts, except under license, alter an extended supervision, including statistics constantly corrected; also to kill out an entire infected herd, or to maintain the above-named strict supervision for a long period (six months); also, to pi'ohibil the contact of adjacent herds in neighboring parks. laquo;S:e., and their successive presenceraquo; in the same pastures, on the same roads, or at the same drinking troughs. These dangers are Just those of which it has been most difficult to persuade onr United States legislators and oar non-veterinary administrators of State sanitary laws, ami on the fundamental blunders madlaquo;' on these points depend onr fail�ure hitherto to extirpate lung-plague.

L'. The idea of the spontaneous origin of lung'-plague in tlie present day is effectually set aside. An abiding coufidenoe in onr perfect se�curity from this disease apart from imported virus is essential to thor�ough work. Whenever the possibility of spontaneous cases is admitted this will be made a oloak'for slovenly and ineflfeotive work.

.'i. The voice of the representative veterinarians of Ehiropeand Amer�ica has been given against the assumption that Inoculated animals can�not infect a sound animal. This is a decision of no small importance as this operation of inocnlatiou is extensively practiced among us, und though it enables the individual owner when left to his own resources to save the great body of bis herd, yet when the state undertakes to stamp out the plague, its practice becomes a serious hindrance by increasing and diffusing the virus.

#9632;t. In spite of the diffloulty or impossibility of controlling the enor. mous cattle traffic which is constantly flowing westward through the center of Europe, and the consequent temptation to adopt measures of repression and restriction rather than those of oxtincHon, the congress declares strongly in favor of the instant slaughter of all diseased ani. mals and of those suspected of disease. Mow much more should we who have to deal with but a mere patch of inspection ((datively to our territory promptly destroy every animal and every herd in which infec�tion is found t

quot;raquo;. Even in Europe the veterinary sanitary authorities feel that action

by isolated states aiming at the suppression or extiucthlaquo;) of lung plague is wofully Ineffective, and they demand that the veterinary sanitary police administration shall overstep the national boundaries and be made continental, to the extent that the different nations shall agree Upon a uniform law, u nder which tliediaeasc .shall be promptly stamped out 5751 i) a-----10

146 CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

or honorably and effectually shul up in any dlstriob where it may appear, so that an offlolal cortifloate may give an absolute guarantee of sound�ness How inuob more should the �uited States, hound into 0.10 na�tion and having one common Federal legislative body, and one. Federal administration, arrange for a single law on tU's subject for all the States and Territories and for its uniform administration, whether through State or national officials? Hitherto the varying laws in different (States haveboeu raquo; source of constant unoertalnty, trouble, and loss to dealers, and yet no certain guarantee against the extension of the

ulngue from State to State.

6 [n dealing with an insidious affection like lung-plague the voter-inary profession in Europe realize, the necessity of adopting every means calcuiated to secure iuformation of outbreaks, and the restriction ot surreptitious movemens of animals; they accordingly declare m favor of indemnity to four-flfths of the sound value for sick cattle sacrificed and the ftill value for cattle exposed to infection but not vet diseased, and also for hcaw penalties for all failures to comply with the law. in

our own Slate of Pennsylvania, infected herds have been taken posses�sion Of bv the State, and all that subsequently sickened have been paid

for at lull appraised value, with results incomparably better than where the law has been to give small indemnities and impose large penalties. Our legislators should roalize from this combined experience of Europe ami America that niggardly indemnities mean concealment, smuggling, and extension of the disease, while with liberal remuneration for the

cattle taken tbe disease may be stamped out at a mere fraction ot thcopy; outlay that would otherwise be necessary. Iraquo; city dairies, where most of our lung-plague is to be found, the lull value of the animals killed is far from compensating the owner for the Interruption ol his business until his herd and stables can be pronounced sound. No economy 18 more false than that which saves on the payment for infected cattle Slaughtered at the expense of concealment and surreptitious diffusion of the disease.

3. EDUCATION IN V I'.TKHIN AHV MEDICINE.

This subject was introduced by t wo separate reports�one byHugues, of Brussels, the other by Professor Wir/,, of Utrecht, andjlliiler, ol Berlin.

inouc.squot; UP/PORT.

_A_Eduoatiouluveterimirj medloine ami tLo sooial positlotilof the Teterioarian

.,��;��, _n thorough preliminary Instrnotl.m comlaquo;!......ling to tlie .1� In humanity

or the comnlcto ptfifessioual ones.

B-Education in veterinary modloin.o sboultl bo theoretical, scion ifle, prneical, e^rhnental.anrtoancafonal.in giving to each of tbesettho relalivejmpcrtance which tlie real needs of profosBional Work demandraquo;.

To tlii.H ond wo mhU�

1, That the stodies raquo;1 ould oxtend over live j-ears.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMAI^. 147 2. Thttt tho cxl�i'ior of dORlOBtlo iiniiniils bo miulo tlio Hiiliject of uri BSSOplially

juadiciil ooiirso, 6f wliloh tliquot; stmlv of niiiiiial aioa1tagt;nlos sliull bo tlio basis. !!. That tlioi'o onglit to be cioatod In evei'y sohool u oourso of olt;iiiitfttlou.

4.nbsp; Tlmt (vxcrei.scs at tin; forge slioulil bo abollshecl,

5.nbsp; That the oovrso of speolnl pathology uliould bo aliollshocL

lt;gt;. That there ahoald be theorotlcal uml pcaotioal instruction in the inspeotion of alimentary luattoi'B of animal origin,

7.nbsp; Thai tbero shonltl bo .'it leasl two prefossors of clinics In oaoh sohool,

8.nbsp; Thai :laquo; resilience (citside ilie walls (external) Bkonltl bo obligatory at least, for the last two yoai's of stneiy.

it. That a period of prebatlou (laquo;laj^c!) be Imposed as oompieiueutnry to the sohool studies.

111. T'lmt praetiliDiicis should be mailc part of the oxaiiiiiiinlaquo;; boards.

II. Thai tlic appolntmout of profoasors shoald bu made on I bo doiiblo basis of con-oomj's and of soionblflo reputation j that assistants or tutors shoald be uominatod on the proposition lt;gt;!' tlic professional oollego.

While weoannot follow Qugnes fcbrough his elaborate report, yet wc may cull h few of the poinla made in fUvorof hia propositions.

A llborui profession Is marked by solidarity ; it is cosmopolitau, knows no territorial frontier, uo uationallfcy; it is the product raquo;if civilization, and protected bynniversal science. The liberal profession of medicine isone; its methods only differ according fco the species to which it is applied, Tlic two professions of medicine�lnmnm and veterinary� are sisters, equally liberal, and demand an equally extended preliminary training; and give an equal right to consideration. To scenic tins equality the education for the one musl be as thorough as for the other, alike in its literary, scientific, and special features.

(Jontinenial Europe lias thirty-three well-equipped veterinary schools, each a Govornraont institution, controlled and supported lgt;y the state. Great Britain lias four veterinary schools, none of which is under state snpporl nor control aside, from the charters ander which they are main-tiiined. In England and Austria thecourseof study extends over three years; in Germany and Switzerland, threo years and a half: in Prance, Belgium, Holland, Donmarlc, Sweden, Russia,and Italy,fauryears; and in Konmaiiiii, Spain, and Portugal, live years.

Asan exampleof the curriculum, that of the Brussels school will alone be given.

VKTUHINAKV SOHOOL OK BBUSSEXS. eiKsr YKAK-wiNTicn si;.mi;sikh. Dosorlptive anatomy, u houiquot; pet week. Botany,:! hours.

Dissections, 9 hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bxaminatlou la ohemlstry or physios, U

Tuition in ohemistry or physics, 1^ hours, bonr. Lci'.tuivs in oliomlstry or physics, 4A hours,

sr.Mjiia!nbsp; suMKsna!.

Botnny, 'li lionrs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zoology, :i hours.

Botnuioal exciirsloiiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tnltlon in deeoripti-ye anatomy,!^ hour

Tuition in biiinny, 1) hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;dally.

Chemistry or physios, 4i hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Examiuatlon In ohomlBtry or physios, li

Taltion in chemistry or physics, i^ hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;hour.

148 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

SECOND VKAB�WINTBU SU.MKSTKK.

Tuition in oUoraiatry, l.i liour, 'nbsp; nbsp;Descriptive iiniitoiny, ;i houi'B.

Tuition iquot; plivsicN, l.i Uour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dlasootloiis or exurolaea In histology, ii

llxaiiiiiiiiiiini in olxomistry or phyalos, Unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; boura,

limn-.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DisscMttions, 15 llOUl'8.

Oeueral anntomyamllphyBlology, 4ibonrB,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Plij'slcs ok obooiUtry, l j liours.

Tuition, general auatomy and physiology,nbsp; nbsp; Comparative auatomj'. If bour,

I) licmr.

SUMMKII 8KMBSTBR.

Tuition in nhyslea or cliemlatry, 11 l^|lgt;ln'-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Compai'ative anatomy, 1? boiir,

Tnlti�n in oliomial i.v, I^ hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Tnitlou iu comparative auatouiy, 1 i bour

Tuition In general anatomj or physiology,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; every 15 days,

ii Ijohj.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Work at llic forge (mmrWm/cWc)!! liouis.

Worh in Uiatology, Ii hourlaquo;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lixamination on chemistry or ]ili,\si.'s, (^

PhyBies or chemistry, 41 lionrs,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;bonr, General anatomy andpbysiology.^honra.

niiui) yi:.M!-winti:!! si:.\ii:si i-.i!.

Clinics, 8 bonrs ihn ly.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Exorcises In operative medloine(anra6ry),

Pharmacology, 3 houw laquo; ooklj.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3 hours.

Tuition In general anatomy and physlol-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bxterlor (form), 3 hours,

H bonr.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tuition on exterior, 11 bonr every 1quot;gt;

Theory of shoeing, U hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; days,

aoueral pathology, and special ond pa-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Special therapeutics and pliarniaco-dy-

(bologlcal anatomy, U hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; namics, 3 hours.

Tuition In geuornl and spoolal pathology,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Topograpliicol anatomy, 11 Ii.....#9632;.

and patliological anatomy, 1* hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Work at forgo, 11 horn.

SUMMRRnbsp; nbsp;BEMI58TER.

... . ,, ,,,..,i,,ii.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Pharmacology, 11 bour.

Clinics, 3 hours ciauy,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;bjj raquo;

Operations on the foot, 1* hour per week,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Coneral thoi-apeutios and pliarmaoo-dy-

Operative medicine, 41 hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;uamics, U hour.

Demonstrations In pathological anatomy, Phar.....ceatioal man Ipillations, 11 hour.

Tuition in general pathology and special

Oenen�pathology andapeolal and patho-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; pathological anatomy, 11 hour.

logical anatomy, 4t hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zootechay, 1 h.....#9632;.

Tuition in clinics, 11 hour,

POUUTH gt; I'Ali--NVINTKU SBMESTRU,

Clinics, 2 houra dally,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Work at forge 3 hours.

Tuition, clinical, 11 hour per week.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/ootecbny, 11 hour.

SurKlcalpa'tliologyMl hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Tuition in snrgical pathology, 1* hour.

PTuTrmaceuticalmonipnlatlons, 3hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Couatitntional law, li hour.

Obstetrics, H holaquo;'.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Equitation, 4 hours. Practical oporntlvo medicine, 3 hours.

SUMMEHnbsp; nbsp;SF.MKSTKIt.

OUaloa 8 hours dally (8 hours weeklynbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zooteohny, Sboiirs,

clinics In chair).nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Examination of meats, H hour.

Work at forge, H hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Zootechnio oonferences, 1 hour.

Pharmaceutical manipulafcions, 3 hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tuition in zooteohny, I i hour.

Tuition, clinical, U.....ir.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Equitation, 4 hours.

Medical Inrlsprudeno.....id sanitary police,nbsp; nbsp; Tuition In medical JurisprndBiioo and

quot; ,. _ll,₎,j_rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;sanitary police, 1J hour.

Tuition In surgloal pathology, � Lour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Constltutloual law, Wbour,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMKSTIOATKU ANIMALS. 14!)

Others of the schools, and notably tlms^ of Prance, give lustmctlon in tnoderu langnagos and litertituro, wbioli Hugues holds should lu^

obtained before eutui'iug the veterinary sohool. To furtbor relieve tin* cnrriouluin and give more time to theexclumvoly professional studies,

he wonld aholish tlie class on eoiislitiKional law, that on shoeing, and even that on special pathology as taught from the chair, thus throwing the stiulcni hack on hooks ami clinical teaching for iiistruotiou in the practice of medicine. The need of some relief is well illustrated in the fad that a largo proportion of students to-day exceed the allotted period of study preliminary to taking a degree. Tims at Brussels in former times ti failure to pass in four years was altogether exceptional, while under the modern crowding of studies but33 mil of 77 students have passed in bids prescribed period; of the remaining 44 students 20 took live years, lit) six years, 1 seven years, and .quot;) eight years.

The cnrncnlnm has greatly outstripped the ability of the student to cope, with it, and the two should he adjusted so that the majority may he aide to graduate in the prescribed period. Though something may be done in eliminating subjects that are not purely professional, j'et,

with the rapid advancement of science, the exclusively professional work inoumbent on the student tends oonsfcantly to increase, and the strain mast be met by securing a better preliminary training, and by extending the ourriouluin to live years. Thus, for admission to the school, a knowledge of one or more modern languages should he de�manded; (hose of the adjoining countries being always valuable as giving a key to their literature and as being essential in the adminis�tration of sanitary police. The rudiments tit Latin are very nselul, but mil indispensable. Xational and foreign literature ha ve no ocea-sion to appeal' in the carricnluni, and shouhl not be a condition of en�trance. Soot mathematics and the natural sciences. If the samocould be applied to physios ami chemistry it would be well, bul this would be asking too much of a boy of seventeen,and would endanger superftoial-ily in all.

Then if I lie cnrrienliim were extended to liveyears, the present double examination might be profitably extended to three; theflrst In sciences, the second as candidate in veterinary medicine, on anatomy, physiology, histology, physics, chemistry, and perhaps the, exterior, and the third one, pathological biology, therapeutics, surgery, clinics, hygiene, zoo-technnics, sanitary police, amp;c.

The examining hoards shouhl be composed of the faculty of the school and a certain proportion of veterinary practitioners. This will tend to correct any tendency in the schools to a too exclusive attention to sci�entific ininutlce at the expense of the oven mure Important matters of daily practice, and give a Special value and guarantee to the examina-tion and diploma. On the other hand, the iutiinate knowledge of the candidate oil the part, of the professor will enable the board to qualify

150 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the results of r hurried oxamluation by tlie record of live years of coutiuuons work.

In the appolntmoatof teachers much is required. The professor kIkhiM ba 11 man of high morality, onlaquo;' inspiring respect and eateein, who knows his subjeol thoroughly, and who yet can condense it to the demands of the oase, and present it clearly, plainly, and oonoieely, yet in such a way as to engage the enthusiasm of hla students. He may be ji good professor wlthoul being a savant, and be may be a real savant yet a very poor professor. To know and to leach are diUVrent things. A mind quick to write, subtle In the analysis of fads, facile in the as-slinllation of all contemporary progress, a ripe judgment, the power to present the analysis or synthesis in the form of a clear attractive r6-suine; these are the essential qualities, the role and mission of the professor. He must besides have such a knowledge of the entire curric�ulum as will enable him to direct his work parallel to that of his col�leagues without exposing himself to contradiction, or unnecessary rep�etition by another chair. To successful teaching there mnst be a unity raquo;nd harmony In the entire field of work. This necessitates thai every professor in a chair bearing directly on specific veterinary Instruction should be himself a veterinarian.

In the appointaient of professors regard should be had to the apti�tude for scientific work already shown by the candidate, and the apti-itude to tench, as shown experimentally before a concows. The conoours alone in which i lie candidate is made to exhibit his teaching powers practically may often select the fluent but superficial man and reject the real scientist, as it has actually at different limes rejected the illustrious Bichat, the creator of microscopical anatomy, Claude Ber�nard, the founder of general physiology, and Unpin, the learned pro�curator-general of the court of causation. But, as corrected by rep�utation for work .lone outside the oonooun the latter becomes a means Of the highest value in selectliiR a man who joins superior didactic power to a profonnd scientific knowledge and acumen.

Tutors should only be chosen from graduates. In which case the ex�cellence in examination should coincide with the judgment of the pro�fessor in charge of the departmeni In making the selection. When pTofessors are recruited Iron, the ranks of the tutors they should have the experience of several years' practice.

REPOBT BY PBOPBSSOllS Mi'l.l.f.li A.ND WllJ/..

Milllerand Wirz indorse in the main the principles enunciated by the International Congress at /mich in 1867, but propose certain modi-floatioUS. The Zurich resolutions were as follows:

1 Theproparotorystutllosshouttl bo as sxtondod forvetorinarymefliohie asfot hu-_miVu modlolne. It Is desirable that wo �honld, as far oh possiblo, domaud for entrance to the-veterinary sohools the same knowledge .is for the university studios.

Since for various roasom, we are not yet abla to enforce such a rule, the congress la of opinion that the mlnlrauni knowledge preparatory to the special studies ol voter-

0ONTA.�I0US DISEASES OP DOMESTICATKD ANIMALS. 151

itiftrv ttiediolno should ootreapond to thoao aoqulvod in thi' aeooud (class) of asoliool proparatory to nuivevslty studios.

Thoso who have not piirsued tho coui'so of suoli an Institution should not bead-mitt eel di the spfciul votorlnary studios Tinttl thoy prove that thoy are possessedof :in edaoatlon oorrospoiullng to thciit of tbo olass above namedi

�. Three years of special studies al lonst are nooessary to soouro the rank lt;gt;f veterinarian #9632;

There Is no call for tho creation of veterinarians of �llfemit classes based on (lill'or-laquo;iiiiics in the ilcsi't'o of Instruction.

:i. Veterinary schools may lw separate, Independent ostablishments, or Joined ilt;gt; by unlvoraltlea or oilier institutions of bigh�r learning, but their lastrtiotlou slum Id bu spoolal chairs. We cannot but oondomn tho arrangonient in which a single professor is cbarged with ilu^ duty of oduoatiug voterlnar'ans, this modo of teaching being ul'-soln tidy insiifllolunt.

�1. An orgaul/.atlon of tho instruotion conformed to the above principles should be adopted above all when the practice of veterinary modloine is well established and regulated.

PROPOSITIONS iir SI�LLKB AND WIKZ. I.

1. The prsparatory studies deinaudod tor the si ndy of veterinary modiotue ought to be t'Ue satne as those exacted of the studenl of human niodlclno,

y. As for various reasons this first prinolplocannot yet boeul'oroed, wooughtjit least to rciiuiretliat ail who wish to enter on tho simiy of veterinary niBdicluo should al /6^^ possess tiie acqnlronients nooossnry to adtnil them to the iilghost classea of asulaquo; porior school giving an ordinary good cduoation.

Asan instil iition giving an ordinary good odnontton, we mean those schools which given right to stndeuts thai haveoomplrttod tholroourse to admission to the higher or university studios. (Gymnasiums, iyoouins, afchono�s, Latin schools, oolluges), (ami superior professional schools, Beahelntlen, crater ortltiung, of Germany), (Wlrz and M�ller), in which l.alin is obligatory (Miillei).

:i. Candidates unprovided with a oortiftunte of admission to the I'nsi class of one of these schools should show by n special esanilnatloa thai thoy are. possessed Of an ecpiivaleul education.

11.

There is no call for the creation of veterlnnrlnns of dlll'erenl classes having a diflter. laquo;ut anionul, olquot; preparatory und veterinary education.

111. 1. Pour years' study, at least, are requisite to make u full study of veterinary ined-

iclue, jf lliut is made to emhruee physloill :iml nalural seienees.

'i. Tile Instruction of tho liest two years (four liisi somostors) should embraoe the following bran chos: physics, oheinlatry, natural hi story (geology, mineralogy, botanyraquo; and zoology), anatomy, histology, physlolog}', nnd shoeing, with the practical work attaohlng to t hem. A course of praol loo und doraonstratlons in micrography should always be Included.

:i. In the same period may ho taughl thezootechniobranches, comprehending the mil nral history of domeslie animals, t he exterior, and zonteeliny proper.

�I. Clinical toaohlllg should coiiliunc through lhlt;^ whole of the last tw'raquo; years of

study. That the practical Instruction of tbestndentsmny bo complete it, is absolutely necessary to have beside a stationary und consulting ollnia (hospitalollnlo and poly, ollnlo), un ambulatory clinic (outside olllno).

152 CONTAGIOJJS DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

rgt;. Praotlonl lustruotlou in shooing uaiiuol bo coiidoiuiiod ms mncIcss, but it, ought to be limiicil to tho owl (irojiosod ; this lustnictlon is ou tUo whole vory degirablo. ii. Tlio iuHpoottouof mualsof thobiituhary is mi absulutoly ossoutiul bnmohof vet-

ciiiKirv I'llncatinii,

tv.

1. At the oud of tho second year of study (fmirtl) somostor) tho stndeiita ought iraquo; In' examined on the branohos Ihey have stnulled during tho two preoeding years. None should outer on thestudicsof the ihinl yoar until ho has satisfuotorily [Jassed

tills ex a mi mil inn (nf ciiinliilulc, 01' ill physical mid nalui.il soieneos),

S, None should be admitted to the exauiiuntiou lor votoriuarian until ho has passed thai nl caudidate in votorlnary tuodiciue.

(The examination in votoriuary inodioiue should ombraoo only those branches which Imvr imt formed part of the cuhdiilature exan�natlou.� Wir:.)

(The examination in votoriuary inedioinoshould ombraoo, besido anatomy and phys�iology, all brauohosof iustruotion imi included in the examination of tho candidate.� M�ller.)

;gt;. The rogtilations for votoriuary oxamluatlous should, as far .as possible, lie abso�lutely, oral least essentially, tho same for all countrios.

I. Thesystem of residence in tho school (intorual) igt; noi the liest for the pursuit of veterinary studies and thosoclal education of votorinarians.

3.nbsp; If jieculiar oircumst aucos, proper to any country, forbid tho abolition of residence (lutcrnul), tho students should ai loasl be allowed entire llborty outside the prescribed course ; the control of the internal ougbi to bo as liberal as possible.

;!. Obligatory quot;intcrualquot; should bo abolished.

VI.

Veterinary schools may be ludepeudeul ostablishmcuts, or they may bo conneoted with univorsitios or lustitvitions for the higher oducatloti; but veterinary niedloine slimiiil have Ms special chairs. One oaunol but disapprovoof lustitutions in which nil branches of veterinary edacal ion are divided in a very I imi ha I number of university chairs; such a system is absolutely insuflicleat.

VII.

I. Professors in veterinary schools slionid 1quot;- possessors of veterinary diplomas; an Bxccptlou to i his rule may be adrail ted In ( ho case of those toaobiug i he preliminary conrst's quot;t physics and nat ural sciences.

�2. It isvrty desirable thai voterinarlansboforo being called to aprofessorshlpshonld have practiced veterinary niedloine for some years.

:i. Thediploma of physician or M. D.slioulduol in itself roudor the holder eligible to a veterinary professorship.

4.nbsp; The professors ought tn be selected by preforouoe from among the assistants, ami upon the proposition of the faculty of the school in (inostion,

B. Finally, in bo able always to complete the professional body, there ought to in-created numerous places for assistants.

REASONS.

As the requirements for entering the university are more, than win at present be enforced, and mine than is always required for (he .study of medicine, for poly tech nie .schools, schools of mines, amp;c., they should not

CONTAGIOUS DlSE�SK� OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 153

bo required tit present. The same conditions of adinission sbould be nuiititHlned in �ll veterinary .schools, and for nil stiidents, natiotuil or foreign, for all, Indeed, laquo;ho do not attend sis simple auditors. The i'n-trancc exuiniuution should Ik* made before a ooiumi�sion of the faculty who best Know the accjaireuionts requisite for the pursuit lt;gt;!' the study.

Since tlie Zurleh congress the great additions to veteriuaiy studies in practical cheiuistry, micrography, amp;(;., necessitates the extension of the course to four years at least. Wir/, Uiinks even live years desir�able.

Hugues' proposal to abolisb the chali of special pathology is untena�ble. So long as the clinic does not furnish abundance of material to show and (Icinon.stratc to all the students cases of every disease it is Impossible to agree to his proposal..

While reuogiiizing how much veterinary medicine is indebted to hu�man medicine, they ennuut admit that the knowledge of the one fits for the teaching of the other. .Medical professors are far from comprehend�ing all the requireuieuts of veterinary education, or the exigencies of veterinary practice. Most of them continue Iguoraut of these from lack ol inclination as much as lack of opportunity, and theeduoatiou suffers proportionally. For professors and assistants alike a veterinary diploma is a sine lt;iult;i nan.

ACTION or THE OONOaESS.

After dismission the following was adopted as the lirst propositiou i

I. For tiduiission in votoriuary sttulios ouo must be bfitchelor^s lotlves ov ds seiencoSf that Is to say, he tnnst have Uultibiid the studios of tho socondar}' udncatloa.

The second proposition of M�ller and Wirz was adopted, and reads:

S, There is do laquo;quot;ill for tbo creatiou of vetoi'lanrlans of dilfuroul olassos, having a diffen.'ut amouul of proparatory and voteriuai'y Gducntion.

The third proposition was adopted with modiQcations of the second paragraph, so ;is to drop all reference to practical work, and of the fourth paragraph, so as to provide for two clinical professors in each school, and by the dropping of paragraphs 3 und �. Asaltered,!! reads thus:

li. B'our years of stiudy raquo;t least are requisite to malce ii lull study of votevlnary medicine, if that is uuule to embrace physics and natural scloncos.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

(k) The Instruction of llii^ two lirsi years (('our first semesters) shonld embrace the folloAving branobea ; physics, chemistry, natural history (geology, uiiuoralogy, botany, and zoology), anatomy, histuloy, physiology, and shooing. A course of prootioe and demoustrations in mlcrograpby should always ho Included.

(/)) Cllnloal teaching should continue through the whole of the lust two years of study, 'I'llat i lie praollcal Instruction of the students may be eomplete it is absolutely uecessftry to have besides a laquo;ml lonary and consulting Dllnlc (hospital clinic und poly. clinic), an ambulatory olhilo (outside ollulo)j there ought to be at least two profsss* oi'M of ollnle.

(lt;#9632;) The inspootlou of meats of the butchery ilaquo; an absolutely esseutlal braooh of vo'terlnary education.

The fourth proposition was modified by adoption of a mot ion by

-*freg;mm

154 OONTAGHOUS DISB�.SBS OP D0ME8TI��TBD ANIMALS.

Quivogne and Larmol to havo yearly examinations, by one by Wehon-kcl to make a two years' clinical coarse obligatory, and by one by Eroers and Loblanc tlmt examiniug boards should be composed of pro�fessors and praotitioners. As adopted, it reads thus :

#9632;I. At the oiul cil' eurli vraitlie veleriimry stiulcnls slioulil lie exumineil nn t In' si mlies

which iliey lime boon taiiftht that veur; no Din' slionld lieniiowecl to follow tlioconrso of tlie. iiilviineeil year without having passod tills exatnlnafcioui

No one siiiiiilil lie .�iilmiiieii to oxamlnatloii for the degree of vetorlnarlan who has not followed n coarse of clinical instruotion for two years after having passed the exftinination of the aoqond year of study.

The board of examiners for conferring grades should alwaya be formed partly of jirofessors ami partly of practitioners,

Ou motion ofQuivoguo proposition third was altered to:

5i quot; 1 niernal quot; Mini quot;externalquot; aro optional in veterinary aohools.

Proposition lt;gt; was adopted unohanged, wud on motion of Wirequot;, Flem�ing, and Laiutard, an expression in favor of the maintenance of all vet�erinary schools by tlic state. As adopted it tends;

(i. Veterinary soliools may bo indopeudenl lustltiitlona, or tlioy may be oonueotod with universities or Institutions fur the higher oducatiou, bill veterinary medicine should have its spoolal chairs. One oannot bill disapprove of the oreatlun of those Institutions in which all branches of veterinary education arc given in a very limited number of nnlversity ohn Irs. 8uoh a system Is absoliilol)' insuffloienl.

Ii is very desirable thai in every country the vetoiinary schools shonld bo state

insl i I ut ions.

Proposition 7 was altered by n proposition of Qixivogne to omit the second portion of paragraph 1, wliicii offectnally suppressed paragraph .'i; and one by Whz to drop paragraphs4 and .quot;) as affected by particu�lar local conditions and inisuitcd lor a general decision. As adopted it leads :

T. The professors of veterinary schools onglil to possess diplomas of veterinary

liieiliciuc.

11 is very desirable thai veterinarians before being called to the professorship should have practiced veterinary rnedtoine for some years.

Ur.M.AKKS.

The liisi thing thai strikes one In connection with this snbjecl is the contrast between the Old World ami the New. Knrope seeks to protect;

her animal wealth by the creation and maintenance of thirty-three state veterinary colleges. The united States, with practically the same area, and witlia wealth in live stock whieli is lust makin,quot; her the meat market of the world, has not a single institution of the kind supported and con�trolled by State or Federal �overntnenti Europe lias learned, by a sad experience wit li animal plagues,thal her only safety consists in tlie crea�tion o ted nea led veterinarians by maintaining asnffloient number of thor�oughly etlicient establishments, the diplomas of which shall besnifloient guarantee of the knowledge and ability requisite to carry on an effective veterinarysanitaryservicetocarefortbecavalryand artillery horses, and to provide everywhere the men wanted for the, treatment of hor lloek,s and

CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 165

herds. In the united States, in tlio abaenoo of any Gorornraent college, the puhliodoliiand for veterinarians lias led totbeostablishmentof sobouls as private enterprises, some, of which, like the eailier sohooia of Boston and Philadelphia, have prostituted their charters by inaUlngit a mere ex�pedient for the sale of diplomas to all who would pay the price, irrespeot-he, of education or titness, while others have filled their chairs with men who were themselves destitute of a veterinary diploma, and made, them veterinarians by bestowing the diploma of their own institutioii. The result is that the country swarms with empirics, and thai even the possessioa of a diploma is no guarantee of education or ability. If sud�denly called upon to stem a great wave of iiil'cclion among animals it would be no easy matter for this country to speedily provide the neces* sary men who could be relied upon for the work. 11', again, it were neces�sary to secure the public health by the suppression in animals of plagues communicable to man, such as anthrax, tuberculosis, glanders, and Carey, milk-sickness, apht lions fever,diphtheria, trichinosis,amp;c., wo have no State accredited school from which we could draw the requisite ex�perts. Physicians are not Instructed in the diagnosis and management of these affections in animals, and what have we done to secure reliable veterinarians 1 The numbers of our horses audcattle are I wo-lil'i lia those of Europe�the Britisli Isles included�and the number of our sheep and .swine is over one-third of those of Europe, including the same islands.

Our latest census makes the value of our live stock in quadrupeds $1, quot;MMmtraquo;,ooi), which Is, doubtless, like all offlclul valuations, considera�bly below the mark. This greal moneyed interest, liable to injury by plagues,which tend to increase in geometrical progression, is left with�out that protection which should have its foundation in a national or Slate guarantee of veterinary education. Such a guarantee cannot bo secured by granting charters. These have too often been made the mere occasion of the prostitution of the science to mamiiiouworship. To fur�nish it the institutioii must he placed above the temptation to acquire, and indeed beyond the possibility of acquiring, meaus by sacriflciug the profession. This may be secured by making the veterinary college part of a well-endowed university, and subject to the laws of the same, or it may he made an independent national or Stale veterinary school, like most of the schools of Europe, under such laws as will preclude the en�trance of the debasing Intlueuoe referred to.

In view Of the foregoing recommendations of the, international con�gress, it would bo snperlluous to enter into the organization of veteri�nary scliools and their curriculum, It may, however, be well to give some further data as to the facilities furnished in the European veteri�nary schools^' It may be permitted me also to hint thai wein America cannot abate one Jot of the provisions made for this education in Europe, irut rather increase them. In sixteen years si nee the, congress at Zurich it has been found necessary in Europe to demand an increase of the period of study by one third, because of the. increasing extent of the

156

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOA.TBD ANIMALS.

liclds to lgt;e studied. In fidditiou to ;ill this wo are to-dngt;y con fronted by tlu' great question of the life-history of disease serins, whioh opens up a new world in patholoyy, and wlneh can lie nowhere so appropriately investigated as in a veterinary college. This the G-overnmenl owes at

once to the great live-stock interests of the nation, and to the cause of sanitary scienoe as applied to the imtnan population. The maladies tnmsnussiblf lict ween man and animals must b� investigated through the latter, and from this man will prolit directly by the restriction or extinct ion of those affect ions, and, indirectly, by analogies with the newly discovered trnllis in the case of other affections peculiar to the. hnnian race.

In Are of the state veterinary colleges of the Oontiuonl whioh I have visited the gl'ouuds cover f) large area, though situated in a city, as at: Berlin, Utrecht, Brussels, and Lyons, and are provided with dwellings aud offices for the faculty, library, boarding accommodatlous for stu�dents, musemns, dissectiug-rooms, rooms for autopsies, laboratories for physios, chemistry, pathological anatomy, microscopy, and biology, pharmacy, locture-rooms and instrument and retiring-rootns for the different departments, surgical operating theaters, furnace for burning infecting products, horseshoeing forge, halls for clinics (averaging .'gt;rraquo;� by ;io feet each), provided with forge, means of fastening for operations, amp;c., and separate buildings for the accommodation of the different kinds of hospital patients (solipeds, cattle, sheep, and swine and dogs), and with special stables for those of each kiud suffering from contagious diseases. These last were paved with grauite or hard burned bricks, set in cement, and lined for S feet from the floor with enameled tile, set in cement, while all the fittings (stall, rack, inanger, amp;�.), were of iron to facilitate disinfection. Then each school had its botanical garden, and in some the different Held crops wore cultivated, and several speci�mens of each of the liest breeds of domestic animals of the. same or adjacent countries were kept for purposes of instruction.

Those state veterinary schools further have bursaries for poor but de�serving students, the FrenchGovernmonl providing no less than 240of these under conditions which demand excellence alike in deportinont and study. The minister of war can further send a certain n umber of students (in France 60) to bo educated free for service in the cavalry and artillery.�J. I..

1. Tilt: RidllT OF \T/nilMXAIMANS TO FtJRKISH MEDI�CINES FOB THEIB PATIENTS.

This subject, introduced by �ossignol, apropos of a recommendatioii of a commission of the French legislature to abolish this rights was Shortly dismissed, and after securing a statement from the attendant representation of each country in l'�irope and America, as to the practice in that country, the congress decided as follows:

CONTAGIOUS m.SKASES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS. 157

1. Qonsldoring that vetortiiariaus tut' Initiated by tho toolmioal atudiea pnrsuecl in their schools lutotbo poaology which portnlua to tho admlulatratlou of medicines deatiued to the dift'erout species of utilmals ;

#9632;#9632;i. Cousiderluj; furthef that from this polul of view they possess better gnarauteoa than do druggists agalual the dangers whlob result fro.....rro......ua presoriptious j

3, Considering that the righ| tb prepare and sell modioines, especially destined to

tho treatment oftllscasetl animals, Is ludls).....sable for voteriuHrians who have ready

all the- inodloinea m.....saary for the troatmonl of the animaia to which they are oalled

and who ran dmiisli fchu same to their employers at a low price;

#9632;I. Cousidering that n law prohibitive of this is no( only nseloaa bul opposed to hoiiikI ocouomy�

Tho International oongresa exproasos ita opinion thai in all countries veterinarians should have tho right to prepare and sell medlclnea doalined to tho treatmenl lt;.r (li.s-eaaed anhnala, ai leoal within the limits of their practiclaquo;. ami thai it shnnld bo for-bldden to ouiplrlca te keep pharmaooutical aubataneoa,

5. T�BEBOCJLO�IS IX ANIMALS.

This subject was .....st extensively and ably treated by Lydtln of

Carlsrnhe, reporter of the comrnisalon appointed to bring 11 before the congress. CJnfortuiiately so rauob time had already beeu consumed on the preoelllng subjeota tliat the coiigrosa could not give it the full and deliberate oousidoration which its overwheimiug Importance demaiKls. Its full conalderatiou may therefore be held to be deferred until tho next veterinary congress shall meet In Paris, when the increased knowl�edge of the disease will doubtless strengthen views which may to-day be looked upon as in some respects premature. Meanwhile a summary of Lydtiu's excellent report, and the action of tlie congress on it, can�not fail to have a high value. It concludes by proposing for the adop�tion of congress the following resolutions!

I. Tuboroulosla is fcranainlsslblo hereditarily, �'. It is ooutaglons,

;i. It should bo iuoluded among affections which should be opposed by raeaaarca of sanitary police.

1. The measures thai ong�l to be adopted Tor ihis purpose are the following!

(a.) Every owner of doracstia animals inusl report promptly to tho authority charged with tliis police aervioe every case of tuberculosis, and any symptom causing suspicion of the exiatonce of this affection : he must keep every animal attacked ,�� suapocted onl of any place where it may be able to transmit the malady,

The same obligation should bo luoumbunton the steward, or representative of the proprietor, on the person conducting a herd or (look in transit, also on theproprl^tor of n st�hle, yard, pasturage, or park whore animals arc temporarily received,

This report Is equally obligatory Oil veterinarians, and on any person who practices by profession the ail of veterinary medicine, on meal inspectors, and upon every per�son engaged in the trade, of the destruction, utilization, ormanlpulafclons of cadavers or (heir products, If before u.....tcrvoutlon of the police he discovers the exlstenoe of

thberoulosls, or recognizes symptoms winch lead him to suspect the presence ofthis malady.

(6.) The appearance of the affection and the partlonlar herd infected ought to be published.

(o.) The snspeoted m well ng the diseased animals should be sequestrated, and their alatighter ordered by tho police, animals suspected of being infected should be kept in quarantine, unless there ate oomparatlvoly few, in which case they should be

sjz�iisamp;zamp;asimm

168 CONTAGIOUS DISEASP8 OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

sluughtered by offilolal ordor. If o lurge number aro Biiapeotodi Uioy nmy be fattened

ami hi-iil In I In- ftbattoir us qulukly alaquo; possible,

(il.) [iifootml stablus nutl other places should bt? uudor the speolal survelllanoe of i lie imliiio for an outlro year, oouutlug from the la si oaso of tha (llsaaso, The sallaquo;', of beasts saspeoted of hifuotlou sbouid bo lutordlotod, unless it is for slaughter, and uudur the Inspeotlou of a vetorlmvrian.

(b.) Thoplaoa occupied by u tuberculous animal oughl to bo cleausodanddlsiufqctod, tin- animal having been provlously removed ; it onghl to bo the sann- whon the malady has dUappoarcd from stables and other closed places In which tuberculous an mala have been kepi ; it Is only after dislufootlon thai I ho preaorlbed police measures should be removed. I luring the whole ooiirso of the pamsootlc thu stables should Inlaquo; ospeol-ally well ventilated.

(;'.) The flesh and viscera of a tuberculous animal can only ba ui ilizml for eousnmp-linn when the disease is found in llieuvlaeef in irs Inolpienl stage, when llii! losioua

are conflued to n very small porti.....gt;f the body, when the lymphatic glands are si ill

free from all morbid tuberoulous lesion, whon tie tubBrciiioas formations have not

yet undergouo softeulng, when the llesh presents the chanwiters of meal of tbo Hrst

quality, ami when the animal is in a good si air of nutrition at the time of slaughter.

11 slum la im i bo pormitted to removo the tloah of tuboroulons animals, admitted to

oonaumptl.....oul of the locality whoro thoy liavo boon slaughtorod, ami II should uol

bo oflfori'd for sale in the ordinary butcher's stall.

Every quarter of meal and all vlsnera showing lealoua of tuborouloa^, as well as the flesh raquo;f any other animal lu whioh tbero Is found at the necropsy n tuberculons infeotlou more pronounced than thai refcrrod to above, aUouid bo watered with pe�troleum nil. ami afterward buried under police supon IhIoii. The ostraotion of fat by cooking and t ho utilizal Ion of I ho skin may bo permitted.

Xho in-|.....linn ofovcry animal attacked by tuberculosis should bo made by a vet�erinarian, who alono should doeido If the llcsh Is lit for humau eonsumptiou,

(;/.) The milk' of animals suffering from tuberouloiis, or suspected of it, should nol Iraquo;- consumed by man nor certain animals. Tin- sale of such milk should bo severely laterdiotod. The milk of animals suspooted of inloutiou should only bo used after

boiling,

(A.) Under proper aafoguards against its abuse, il would be proper to furnish in�demnities for cattle slanglitcred by offlciiil ordor In consequence of tuberculosis, also for those thai have died from this malady, and for those found to ho tnhorculous alter they have boon klliod for hainan food. Tho Indomnity may bo paid out of theatuto treasury, or to creato the requisite funds reaorl may be had man obilgotary Insur�ance.

(i.) Violations of orders relative to moasuroa provontlvo and repressive of tnbercn-

losis should be punished.

(/.)Asa aafoguard of tho public healtli againsl the rtangars which threaten it through thecouamnptlou oil flesh furnlshod from diseased animals, of stale or putrid meat, and of falsldod sausage and mluce-moat thore should bo establlshodin every ooramuno a oompotenl aorvleo for tho inspection of meats.

(/,-,) l�stablishmenta whioh make n specialty of furnishing milk for Invalids, or for iiiliints, (muht, as regards these milch animals, to bo submitted to a coustanl control ,.....aded to voterlnarlanaoniotally designated for thla purpose.

In recoiuinencllng thoae resolutions for the adopbion of congress it bus been folt fcliat bhoy are rally called tor in view of tiio danger vvliicli lias long threatened the Interests of stock owners and tho health of the coiiiiiiiiiiiiy, ami which constitutes a veritab'o calamity.

Lydtln begins by tracing the history of buboroulosls, showing how like other diseases, and notably glanders, It appears In forms Hint am

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS. 15J)

not reoogulKed as idoutioal with the common typos, and liow, In conse-quenoo, its true chanictms, its prevalonce, and, above all, Its eouta-glous property wore ignored, until auatonio-patbologioal observations showed the identity of the lesions in tUfferent organs, and biological ex�periments established the true nature of the disease germ.

lit' thinks Muses refers to plitliisis in the word laquo;liine�(leanness) Luv. xxii, 22�and Oolmnellu, as phthisis (De re Rnsllca)) the same idea is embraced in most of its common designations�as pining, consumption-decline. Srlnrindi'ii, Schwindsucht, phthisis, uloercttion piilmoiKdrc, [jungen versohwUrung, lungensucht, litngenf�ule snfhuieutly illustrate.

Another form lias been named and classified, on account of sexual aberrations, nymphoinania, sutyriasis, SUorsxtelit, geilesuolit, Monalsrdterei (German), niiij'omania, furore uterino (Italian), Bruimnol (Swiss), bull* lug (English).

Another form lias been named, from the more or loss linn excrescences whioh appear on the serous membranes and skin�Perlsucht, Hirse-Nik lit, Meerlinsigheit, Z�p�gkcit, Kraniohtlmt, liiwhhammen^ Trauben-kniiilJiiil, pearl disease, knots, kernels, grapes, anglcberries, elvers.

The supposed sypliililic cliaractei' ol' tbe disease produced the follaquo; lowing names: Fifinzosriikniiikliril, Fraiicamowitost pri Krawaoh, Lust-.soitchi-, (Inreinigheit, venerie et morbus gaUicus liomn.

The implication of the glands and the sarcomatuus and librous cbarao ter of tlie growth has given rise to still other names: Drilsenltrarileheit, malaUia glundulare, sarkomclyslcrns'ie, caheMa lioum sarcomntosa, sctr-comatosis infectiosa-, mrco-tuberculosis, tuberculosis fibromatosa, riml-s-tuberoulose, amp;o. Again, as it appears in the pig in the form of scrofulu, it. has been called scrofula tubercle.

No wonder that the identity of all those forms of the disease was slow to be recognized, and that pathological an a torn;* and inoculative experi�ments had to be invoked to determine it. The name to be preferred is the generic one tuberculosis (or tuberculosis panzooticu coniagiosa), and yet this must not bo held to imply that the nodosity (tllberolo) is a con-stanl ami patUognomonic ['eature of the disease.

The manifestations of the disease are entered on fully, showing that after the preliminary slight lever (marked symptoms often subside and of the local lesions are con�ncd to certain non-vital organs) there may be comparatively littlo sign of illaesj for months or years. Tho flow of milk may be abnndaiit, and though variable, yet of no lixeil quality, and the animal may breed, work, or even fatten without suspicion. As the diseased processes extend over the system febrile symptoms reap�pear and tend to assume a remittent character, the temperature, becom�ing abnormally low in the morning and higli toward night, and at the same, time wasting advances more or less rapidly. Fadargmcnt of the cervical lymphatic glands, irregular appetite, tympanics, colics, con�stipations, and diarrheas, and indications of lesions of the respiratory organs, are especially common. In certain cases there may ho inuscu-

160

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOME8TICA.TED ANIMALS.

laror nervous cllsordor, cramps, paralysis, wrviM'ck, epilepsy, burning in a olrole, ooma, blindness, in others disease of tlio testicles, or adder, of

the bones, Joints, and skin.

The aU'erlion may prove fatal in less Mian throa months, or it may last fjr an ordinary llfutime, it may iaduue otliop diseases of tln^ organs in wliloh it is located, and thus greatly compliuate the symptoms or Imsten a fatal result.

It follows that the disease is not always easy to diagnose. Vet its symptomatology la quite as advanoeil as thai of many other diseases, and with the recent demonstration of its gBnn�i'/oi//laquo;s tubereuloais� it is snilieient for the purposes of veterinary sanitary polloe.

The pathological anatomy of fcuberoidosisis.....re perfect. The lesions

most constantly met in the cadaver are the neopliisins on the pleurae and peritonenni. These vary In size from U nullet seed to a pea J tliey are single or united in hunehes (grapes), pednni-ulated, polypoid, or warty, red, flesh-colored or brownish yellow.....il of most varied con�sistency. Very often the center of theaol't nodosity is deep red, while that of the liar.1 one is yellowish and caseated or of the consistency

Of mortar. A-OCOrdlllg to Vlrohow they appear lirsl as little nodosities

or pearls in groups projecting slightly from tlie surf ice of the serous meinhranes ; later they become pediinculHted, remaining connected by vascular bands of connective tissue: si ill Inter earthy salts are deposited in them, and dually they soften, undergoing fatty degeneration, and be�come like a thick mortar.

Changes in the lymphatic glands of the head, need;, chest, ubdomeo, amp;0., are also present in all bul the most exceptional cases. These are swollen, ami of a dull, yellowish color, Impmguatod with Juice or pig-mented. They show hremorrhages as largeas it pin's head, irregular enlargements, and indurations. Onseotlon tlie surface shows numerous Infiltrated pants of the size of a millet seed to a pea, of a grayish yel�low or whitish color, and the consistency of cheese or niortac. Larger centers of Irregular shape, but the same characters, arc also met with.

The lungs In most eases present similar lesions in nodules and no�dosities in all stages from the simple hoinorrllftgic point to the caseous or calcareous mass, also connective tissue neoplasm, which obliterate the pulmonary lolinlcsand attain considerablesizo, and finally caseous masses in the midst of lung tissue, otherwise unaltered. Sometimes the iiDilosities of the pleura covering the ribs adhere to those on the lungs, and they may baoome continuous into the Lung tissue for an indefinite distance.

The softened nodosit ies may open into the plenral sac with fatal effect, or into the bronchia, causing a gm�ious discharge from the nose and mouth, and when empty they form cavities�vmnica'.

The nodules are common on the mucous inerabranes of the trachea, larynx, pharynx, and gttli�b, and in tho siihiiiueous tissue of these parts,

and aofteulng and discharging they form foanehshaped ulcers, which

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMK STIC ATE O ANIMALS. 161

become eonlluent iind cau.se deep and extensive sores Invading the sub�jacent cartilage and other tissues.

Sometimes the brain and spinal cord are inviidod, but especially tiie pla mater and arachnoid, giving rise to the, most varied nervous symp-toms, and passing through the same chaugea with an especial tendency to jMiriform softening when in the brain substanoe.

Tubercular deposits in the coats of the bowels are found in cattle in the form of nodules varying In size from a pin's head to a hempseed on the. inner surface of the peritoneum (Niklas), and in plgg in the forms forms known as scrofula or caseous entorites.

The. miliarv nodules and aggregations of them are also found in the liver and spleen, less frequently in kidneys and bladder, and in the gen�erative organs (tunica vaginalls, oord, testicle, uterns, ovaries, Fallo�pian lubes, vagina), and in the mammary glands. The muscles arc occasionally the seat of tubercle, and the bones rather frequently 80. The neoplasm takes place by preference in the cancellated tissue of the extremities of long bones, and in thai of the bones of the cranium, and the spines of the dorsal vertebra'.

The relative frequency of the more ooraraon seats may be deduced from the following table of 1,590 cases observed in Baden :

LoMoiiN ol Hie Innga ouly...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,.

Lesions of perltoDonm ami pleura only........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;��

besions puhuoimry nnd pleural..................____...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.quot;J'

Ijesioiis uf generalized tuberoulosls............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' ₀

Lesions of gun era live (ir^iins only............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

Microscopically the tubercular products are composed of� (a.) Excessive growth of uew couuective lis-n.. which, in the lungs may amount to 56 to 100 pounds.

(ft.) Connective tissue growths interspersed with ceiKersof desenera-tion: .jto-s*, hemorrhnglc points; seaond, anal] vitreous looking masses, and, ihird,mft caseous collections, both these forms show a stroug propensity to calcification, and in bones to gomjine ossilicalion.

(o.) Sarcomatous neoplasms or tuberculur uodosities. These have a vascular stroma of connective tissue inclosing masses of round Ivm-phoid and fusiform cells. The periplienil cells have a clear out Hue and there are few bee nuclei, whileiufcheceoterthe cells become opaque and indistinct with little protoplasiu and shriveled nuclei and free nuclei and granules abound, these also are often calcareous.

{lt;/.) Tubercles varying In size, from n millet seed tolaquo; hen'aogg. These appear in the parencb.vmatons tissue of Ihe lung, Ac, while those for�merly described affect rather the surface and the serous membranes. These are at first small and translucent, bat increase by juxtaposition and confluence, and being exclusively cellular become early calcifled or more frequently easeated. These are mud. more numerous in an in�fected tissue than any product likely to be mistuken for them. (c.) Ulcers of various forms ami dimensions. In all these lesions 0751 D A------11

' r #9632;#9632;T^ir¹^

mw~~iiW~~ n vyrr- ~~raquo;~~miwitnTw vwwiwmmmti mrammimtWmiassSKSSSaXm

16^ CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMKSTICATE1) ANIMALS.

there la the same luitial change�proliferation of tlie conneotlTe tissue. Tlie variations in the naturo of the lesions depend on the different ac�tivity of the Intercellular stibstauoe and the connective tissue and endo-thelial cells, on the disaggregation of the elements and the ooourrehoe

of ulceiation. Thus the tibious growth is usually greatest whore eon-nective tissue is most abundant, as in hones, cartilages, and Interlobolar hing tissues, while the more oellnlar and rapidly disintegrating growth occurs in oonneotlon with epithelial structures, as In the air ceils and on the inner coat of blood-vessels. This tendency to attack the connective tissue and lymphatics, and to show products varying according to the nature of the surrounding structures is common to other infections dis�eases, and notably glanders, chronic lung plague,acthiomykosis. amp;c. As in these cases, too, the morbid process is first localised and only becomes diffused when it has attained a certain local intensity. Again, it agrees with other infectious diseases in being favored by certain unhygienic#9632; conditions, as dan)]) pastures, dose filthy buildings, overcrowding, poor food, excessive work or milking, amp;c., yet is not absolutely dependent on any one or more of these, nor due to these alone. As in these other aftections there is the disease germ�bacillus toibermlods�the presence of which is essential to the development of the disease, and its recogni�tion completes the diagnosis.

Again, there is a special constitutional predisposition in animals hav�ing an excess of connective tissue and of lymphatic development as in cattle and swine.

Climate seems to have much effect, as the disease is virtually un�known In northern and arcticclimates�-Iceland, Northern Norway, and Sweden, Finland and Lapland�and very common in the temperate. and tropical regions.

(While frost doubtless chains up this germ when out of the body, as it does others, it must not be, forgotten that the paucity of cattle in the extreme north will even more tend to retard the propagation of this disease. Other countries formerly free from tuberculosis have now, by the Influx of consumptive patients, and, in some, instances, by the � '#9632;realer density of the population,become extensively affected with this disease, as witness the Hebrides, Australia, and our northwestern States and Territories.�I. U)

To the same effect speaks the great prevalence of tuberculosis in dairies near cities where the stock is often changed and new stock is being constantly purchased, and Its almost complete absence, from dis�tricts exclusively devoted to br.....ling and never importing strange

stock. This is but a repetition of what is known of other contagions diseases. Wild races, too, living in the open air are largely exempt.

Heredity as a cause of tuberculosis,�In flavor of the heredity of tuber�culosis Lydtln qaotes from over a score of veterinary authors. The congenital presence of the disease is proved by quotations from K�nig, Stiruimiinn, Adam, Butscher, Virchow, Semmer, Jessen, Fischer, Miil-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

J63

ler, Zippiius, amp;(�. Tillaquo; iiitVelt;|iuMit reoogultlou of the 'lis('aH(! in veal calves is noteworthy, bel�g generally only a fraction of 1 peiquot; coat., but it mn.st, bt* added tliat tnborcnlosis in the dam, affoofclllg the fettJS, usually deterinincs the death of the, latter, followed hy ahortion, ami that of those in whieh the disease stops short of this the tubercles often rest (sircuinserihed and inactive 111 an nnimportant organ until the young animal is more fully developed, or even grown up.

(I have repeatedly seen abortions as the first indication of tuberculosis in a herd, and calves of healthy breeds infected by milk grow to ma�turity and then fall victims, where the ancient calcined products were found side by side with the recent. It is further to be noted that the calves more severely affected perish of indigestions, diarrheas, amp;e., and aye buried by the owners without any uotiflcatiou of the antlioritics These, therefore, eaiuiot lie fattened for veal.�I. L.)

Goring noticed that in bovine tuberculosis 123 were iufeoted by (he (lam and i'.'t by the sire. The hereditary cases constituted V2 per cent, of all cases of the disease. All veterinary and agricultural writers at�tribute a most disastrous influence to in-and-in breeding (in infected families).

The special predisposition of animals with much loose connective tis�sue has been already referred to. It is further uoticeal #9632; that this is a prerequisite to aptitude to fatten, and it is notorious that many fami�lies of our best breeds of meat-producing animals are affected with tuberculosis, while the disease is less prevalent among uniiuproved races.

(In this coDueotion we must not ignore, tha close breedingol'tho latter, their residence in a hot forcing atmosphere, and their preservation for breeding purposes, even when manifestly unhealthy, nor tlK' free open-air life and the prompt disposal of unthrifty beasts among the less val�uable breeds. The disease being due to a specific germ, it should he limited by the repression of that and not by abolishing' in our meal producing; animals those; qualities which constitute their value,�J, L.)

The conclusions as regards heredity are thus:

1. Tliiii heredity is not without lufiaenoe apon illlaquo; propagation of tubm'onlosis.

#9632;J. That this iiuihiily Istrausiuittod alike by the sire and tho daiu.

;gt;. That the tranBiuission o� the inorblfto priuoiplo to the ovuleorfetus Inoonrso oC development, 'lt;*raquo; ouusoof sterility In the parents, And fteqneutly oooasiousabortions nnd proinature parturitions,

4.nbsp; That n t'cins afiected with tnboronloais rarely attains complete maturity or comes Into the world in coiiclitlons of normal viability,

5,nbsp; That notwithstanding these lii^ts, we cannot douy the possible birth (pothapa In great numbers) of tuberculous descendants whlob can develop and mnltlply equal to animals, lu perfect bealtb and wttbont any predisposition.

Contagion ax a cause of twamp;ej'ou/osilaquo;.�Lydtiu refers to the above proof of the transmission of the disease through the ovum, sperm, uter�ine secretions, ilvc, ami proceeds to offer further evidence Of direct con. tagiou. Heipiotes ibihliiig. Kiunit/., I'romage, liu/.ard, Splnola,Orugel,

v-^wi-^w*gt;.-quot;-^-'-^f''--v^^:-:-^j-vquot;quot; #9632;'#9632;'--�

164

CONTAGIOUS D1SKASK.S OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Litlosse, N'illeiMin, Dtipont, and Zailgger, lU support Of tills, and ad�vances the following proposition;

Tin' morlrilla pvlnolplo fiui outer the syatom oitlu-r by the respiratory or digOBtiTo anparatns. The luspirod air ami the forages and driuks oan aot us voldules; It may also lie trans] 11 mi ii i'lt;l lgt;v way of the genoratlvo organs (coitus), or by woiiiuls, aooldoatal or experiniental.

Instances of lafectiou by OOhabltatlou are ((noted from Stahl (to 4 stud bulls by a newly bought tuberculous one ordiffereut blood); Ueu-uer (to cow and oalf from bnberoalous cow ofclifferont blood); Fisohor (heifer from tabercalous cow and 3 cows and ox from tuberculous oow of alien blood); and Jautl) (11 cows from a new tuberculous one); lloss (i cows I'roni a new tuberoilloilS one); ami others by Visen, Zundel, Grad, llausbatler, beutz, lluzaril, Tessier, D'Arboval, iieiuy, and Bugues. Oasesbf inieeiion through/bod are quoted (Vom dessen (calves sucking siollaquo; cows, died in six to twelve inenth.s) ; Volkers, Lelmert (li pigs lt;d' healthy parents in one montb after feeding unboiled milk of .sick cows); Bromley, Walley, Fleming, Zjppillus (oalf sucking tuberculous dam diedof diarrbea witli circular, boltdike uloers of small intestine): Qerlaoh (many calves and ))ijjs Infected by milk of sick cows), amp;c,

Traiismissiou by coiV/rm is less deliuile, but , is inferreil iVoin (lie oc-

ourrence of tuberculosis iu the womb, Fallopian tubes, and ovary oft lie female (Adam), ami the testicles of the male (Sohlotterer), also from the abortions in tuberculous herds.

Of transmission by raw surfaces, all the oases of experimental iuooala-tion are instances, bydtin took lyrapli from lung affected with tuber�cle and luugplague, but carefully avoided any point where tubercle could be detected, and avoided also the blood us far as possible. With this he inoculated 10 cattle, � of which, when killed twenty-three days later, showed niiincrons distinct miliaiy tubercles In the inoculative swelling, and one tubercle in the right lung; the remaining four showed tubercles of older laquo;late in the lungs.

Tonssaint itioculatod a tuberculous cow with cow-pox, furnished by a healthy heifer, and eight days later from the resulting cow-pox vesicles inoculated four rabbits and a pi};'. All of the rabbits became tubercu�lous in two months.

In the field of the experimental transmission of tubercle, the work has now been extensive and the results most convincing, Villemin, (ierlach, Chauveau, Colin, Soujou and Court Paul, GHinther and Hanns, Rivolta and Peroncito, Bagge, Bollinger, Kohue, Sommer, Biffl and Verga, Bouley, I'euch, Aufricht, Toussaint, and others quot;nave oon-tributed in varying degrees to the solution of the question, and the quot;#9632;rand resnli attests indubitably the comraunicability of the disease.

(liintber and Harms conveyed the disease to 5 rabbits by making them breathe the expired air from tuberculous cows. Tappeiner con�veyed it to dogs by diffusing the tuberculous sputa of man in spray In

the air they breathed.

CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTICATlil) ANIMALS. 165

ICxperimeiils in fetdlng the infcclhiy mailer arc luhalakd ax fulUnon bj/ Johne.

Hl'SllllS.

AnimalM expdrtiuetitod on*

NuiuluT of animiils

Atiiiiiiniivc. KegaUvolt; Poubtful.

fttoent.

[InrseB......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 i.O ]W0.0percent. O.Optremt.

Calrlaquo;a.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; uio.unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;oonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; u.o

Sheep......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;35nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;M.lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8.7

UoBtlaquo; ....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ISnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;l.linbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;liJ.4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0

Swlno.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;80nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;5.0,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1laquo;. 3nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;10,0

Rabbits.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 171nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;81.9nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66.nlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3.8

DiiUlaquo;......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J.^.Onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;75.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.0

Oatraquo; ...................'.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '.Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; B5.raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 41.4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.1)

Qulnoa pigs.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lt;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 83.8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 16.6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;O.O

flgiious.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 o.i)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 100.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0

43.5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;51. 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; S.O

Tahlo giving the results in Ihe same animals aooordlng to the food eatamp;n,

MiitiTiiil M.

Allinnativc. ^: Kegatimnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Doubtful.

7*lt;'r rent.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l\'r cent.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Pet- cent.

117 tiibnroular matter from heifer..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; laquo;1.5nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;34.2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4.3

4trawfligt;Rhof tuboronlous cows.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18.1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8laquo;. onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.o

81 milk of tuberonlims cows................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 30.7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;m.3nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1.0

1nbsp; milk of tuboroulous rabbit................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1�0.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;u.onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.o

S6tubercular matter of mnu ..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3raquo;.onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(it. onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.o

88 tuberoulnr matter of pig................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; B3.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;47.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.o

2nbsp;tuhoroalarmattcrof shpep ..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1laquo;), onbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.raquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o.o

2 tubercular matter of rabbit...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; so.o ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;50.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0

8 tubercular matter of ape ...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;100.0,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0

S tubercular matter of blras................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;10O.0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.0:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.0

Joline conolndes�

1.nbsp; Tluit tuberculosis can bo transmithul Crom iniiinal to aiiinnil and from man to animal by feeding on tiiberculotta substances, but this mode of transmission is inucli less certain than by iiioculiition.

2.nbsp; The materials which most certainly traiismit tuberculosis by gastro�intestinal iugestlou are tuberculous matter taken from the lungs, plenree, and lymphatic glands ; milk of tuberculous animals, as regards its con�tagions properties, must bo placed near to those. Infection by tuberculous matter taken from man is less certain tban by tliat taken (Voin animals.

.'?. Infection is less certain from the ingestion of muscle, than by the substances indicated under 2, and yet it occurred ill .seventy-six cases in the above named experiments.

4. Calves, sheep, goats, and swine present the greatest susceptibility to tubercular contagion; the pretended Immunity of carnivora is not so pronounced as certain authors have alleged.

Gerlach found that of 40 animals fed raw tnherculous mutter-SS bc-oame infected ; that of .'55 fed raw nmsc-le from tuberculous subjects 8 became infected, and that of 15 fed cooked tubercular matter 10 wore Infected.

#9632; ^,?r?:^w~~raquo;~~'*~~^g'^~~'^laquo;Blaquo;^

166nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS �I8EASH8 OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Bolliuger pvoduoed tuberuulosiB in pigs by prolougetl feeding of the milk of tuberoulous cows.

The saboutaueous inooulatious of Villemlu and his .successors were hotly disputed on the ground that they gave rise to lesions aualogons to those produced by inocculatiou with uon-tuborctilar matter. These were praoticallj⁷ settlud by the intraoonlar iii.jee.tion of white rabbits with tubercular matter by Colmheitn, Saloiuonsen, Hausell, Denlschmunn, and Baumgarteu. A-ftev an incubation of twenty to thirty days there appeared in the ] )i;,^r men t less eyed is ti net tubercular nodules, and this was followed by a generalized tnberonlosis. Bauiugarten developed tuber-eidosis in the eylt; by Injecting the blood of tuberculous animal infected by inoculatlou, In lest experiments with the blood of healthy animals 1 lie eyes reniaineil so mid; w leu lie used t lie blood of septiea'inic patients intense inthiiiiinatioli of the eye ensued, lint never inhereulosis.

ToiiBsalnt found the tubaruular luug produets of rows constantly in-feotlng to rabbits and pigs alter they had been subjected to 55deg; to 58deg; lt;quot;. in a water bath, anil even after they had been roasted like a beef�steak in the gas llatne. lie found the nasal discharges, the saliva, and the urine infecting, and as already noticed the lymph of a vaccine vesicle, Lydtin conchules;

Thai Uiborculosis Im eontiigloiis, like glanders or limn pln-gue, and fchnt contagion lills a more hnporlHiil riilo than lieiuilitj¹ In tho propagation of tho disoaao.

As showing the identity of tuberculosis in man and animals, Koch's demonstration of the bacillus tuberculosis must occupy a prominent place. The disease hadalreaily been proved a hereditary and an infec�tions one, and this organism, found in the growing tuherole of man and animal alike, suggests itself at once as the morbific germ. It is found alone and unmixed witli any iiiicroc.ocens. in deep seated tubercles, which have had no exposme to the air, while in sputa, votnicte, and other tubercular products exposed totheaira multiplicity of other organisms a Won ml. In all cases of vapidly growing tubercles the had I Ins is present in great numbers, while in those of slow formation they are scanty. These bacilli have a length of half the diameter of a red blood globule ;uid a. breadth of one-fifth of their length j they are motionless and form spores within llie body even during the life of the animal.

After man J attempts Koch succeeded in procuring a pure culture ill blood serum of COW or sheep In a preparation of gelatine, on which the bacillus appears as line scales at the end of two weeks. They grow SO slowly that it is only al the end of the third or fourth week that the mass attains the si/e of a poppy seed. It does not develop save at a temper�ature of 30deg; to 41deg; t'. These peculiarities of culture identify the para�site.

The bacillus, whether derived from the tubercle of nuiu or that of ani-mals, always shows the same lonn and the same habits during culture, and on inoculation has produced the same pathological lesioirquot;. imply-inir the essential identity of the two.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 167 By nmiierous carH'tilly (jontiolled fxpcrimiMils Kocli liiis proved tlnvt

it is impossible to prodnoe i'he typical alterations of luillary taberon-

losi.s by the inoculatioii of other matters than tlie baeilli; in these ex-Ijei'iinciits he has taken all neces.siir.y precaution.s to avoid coni'iision with spontaneous tnbereulo.sis, und to exclude all inl'ectiou from any ueeideidul source of the subjects on whieh he operuted. lie OOQOlQdes that the presence of the baeillns in the tuberculous musses is not a sim�ple coiicoiiiitant of the tuberculous process, but the cause, and that we must recognize 111 the bacilli the cause of tuberculosis, hitherto unsus�pected, but uow evident in the form of a vegetable parasite.

Koch hits found this parasite in all lorins of scrofula and tubercle in man and auiinais, and in 10!) inoculated subjects (rabbits, guinea piffS and cats) in the nodosities of the luugs.

Add to this flint Villemin and Klcbs have demonstrated that the tubercle of man, on inociilalion, produces phthisis pulinonalis in ani�mals, anil that this inoculated phthisis is transmissible by inoculation to other animals.

.lohne mentions a case of aucceastal inoculation of tubercle from man to man, and Stanlaquo;;' a case of the accidental infection of the son of healthy parents by habitual drinking of the warm milk of a tubercu�lous cow.

Another argument in favor of the identity of the disease in man and animals is the perfect, analogy of the disease as regards heredity and contagion In the t wo.

The heredity in man is shown by the presence of the disease in the fetal offspring of tuberculous parents. VValshe records the frequency of abortion and sterility in tuberculous patients. The doctrine of the contagion of tuberculosis in man has been sustained by (lalen, Norton, Swieten, Home, Maret, and many later observers. Instances are quoted of infection through clothes and beds, and from husband to wife. Wichmann, in 1780, said thai one death in six in the population of Zurich was from tubcrculosis, and details tin different channels of direct and indirect contagion, going so far as to advocate a supervision of the sale, of old bedding und clothing. Cullen.ai the smne date,) speaks of its propagating itself most readily in the warm climates of Southern �nropo, where (Italy, Portugal) to the present day the cloth�ing, bedding, and other agents used about a person deceased of phthisis are invariably destroyed. Lydtin concludes:

I. Thai biiboronlosis Las boon observed In iill (varm-bloodod animals Biibmittod to ilomi'.si.U'atiiin uT dopflvod of their liberty.

�gt;'. Tiilii'iviilosis of inihiTiils mid of mall im sent aiialogotis manil'ostatloiis in the liv-tng mill in the oadaver.

3. The con ine und termination of ilic two maladies are the same In man und animals.

#9632;I. The hibercnlar masses, and, above all, the oxpeotorotlou of phthisical men delaquo; tcniiincs tuberoulpsls in animals when those masses arc introduced Into the latter bj i lie respiratory or digestive apparatus, or byaduop wonudlt; Tub�i'oOlosls Inoculated from man to animals can bo thencoibrward bransinittod from one animal to another, prodiiolng In all cases toberoulosISi

t^m

#9632; ---gtry-w^-Trjwi'Wt^siwiiS^

168

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTI0A.TED ANIMALS.

�. Tuljcn-ciilii.sis in man ami in animals is liaiismiltecl by liorcclitv. (i. Tiilii'nmlosis is apntagiong lo man a-s it in to animals.

7. TIiitc arts oltuioal obaarvtltlons provlug Mil' transmissinn of tnbi'roulosis IVom aninmls to man throilgb tinraquo; U8fl of the milk of plithisical animals.

81 Tllboroulosts of man ami that of animals are rare in the odd climatrs, anil rvcn

appear not to iraquo;' dovelopodi They arc more frequent in warm olituat�Bi the geolaquo; graphloal dtatiibutlou of the two maladies is almost the snino,

!t. It Ik (U'liumstrati'd that a pathogeillo mirrobe having llicstinm morphological and

blologtoul characters, exists in the tubercle of man and in that of animals. This or�ganism, wliotbor developed In man or animals, can produce tnboroulosls when, culti�vated in a state of purity, it is transmitted to a susceptible animal.

It is only necessary to add that tubtir�iilosis in animals tends to con-oentration in the large dairies and feeding eatablishments which supply the groatcenters of population. The fanner, watohing closely tho imi-iniils ho has owned since their birth, i.s led, by the instinct of self pro�tection,to sell oft'those that show symptons of failing, and these usually go to the large establishments neat the cities, there to be crowded in clo.so buildings with triany others, to which they in turn convey tho in-fection. If in it dairy, these supply milk for the population at large, including tho snsceptibl^infants and invalids, and finally till or nearly all of such animals find their way to the butcher's stall, when they can no lo�goi' be tttilizeil for oilier purposes.

(To show thai America is no better than Buropein tins respect, it may bo stated that 2!) per cent, of the adult males dying in New York City arc tuberculous, and that in certain of the herds that supply that city with milk, L't), 30, and even 50 per cent, are affected with the same dis�ease. In some country districts of New York can be shown large herds with !�!) per cent, the subjects of tuberculosis. Were all the, known facts published concerning the ratio of tuberculosis in certain communities and in the herds supplying their meat and milk, there, would be a tos-timony far more telling than even the striking example of New York Oity. One stands appalled itt tite immensity of this evil, coveting as it does the entire country, threatening at every step the health of the community, and crying loudly for redress.)�,T. L.

Nothing has as yet been said as to the propagation of tuberculosis from man to animals, in the large Stables adjoining cities the, feeding of products from the kitchens, mixed with excretions of man, doubtless contributes to this, and the contralaquo;t lt;gt;r the frequency of tuberculosis aniOng these and its absence amoiijf the wild oxen of Hungary suggests the importance of,stich a factor.

PEEVENTIVB Mi:A81 KKS OALOULATED TO ('HKCK THE EVIL EESDLT-INCJ PROM 'lilt: CONSUMPTION OF THE MILK AND Ilt;quot;I.KSII OF TU-BEUOULOUS ANIMALS.

Lydtill refers to the law of Moses, under which the pining (d�rre

Schwinden) animal could not beeaton; to the Mischua, which expressly condemns carcasses the lungs of which cannot bo inflated, or have at�tached growths; to the continuation of tills law among Ohrlstians until the third century; to the Roman masters of markets (a'dilcs), who saw

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF D0MB8TI0ATBD ANIMALS. 169

tlmtbadand oorrapt nient wsib thrown into the Tiber; to the chureh law jmblislied in the tenth century again.st the consumption of diseased meat; to the ancient laws of Italy, rrance, Spain, and Germany against the sale of diseased meat, and to the more modern statutes on the same subject. He quotes from Zuckert (1775) the case of tin; deatliof twelve students from eating the llesh of cows of which the viscera were cov�ered with a great number of vesicles, tubercular nodules, and purulent tumors. In furnishing such meat for the soldiers a I'Veuch butcher was, in 1710, condemned to nine years' exile, a line of ,�5,000, and permanent prohibition from engaging again in the same trade.

A (icrman law of 17;52 imposed a penalty of 50 rix tiuilers, with the addition, in certain cases, of corporal punishment for the sale of such meat or for evading its inspection. About 1704 the doctrine of the iden�tity of tuberculosis and syphilis was contested by Zink, Kuhling, Ueim, Ciraumann, and Zwierlein, and the German law was abrogated while that of Lower Austria was modified so as to condemn only advanced cases. Jn Sonthein Germany, Austria, and Switzerland the meat of tuberculous animals has always been more or less forbidden, In the main, however, it is only advanced cases, those with pmlound and ex�tensive lesions, that have been condemned. The same has been the case for France and lielgiuni. France was the first) in 1810, to abolish private slaughter houses in large and medium sized cities, and to intro�duce that essential condition of all etlecli ve inspection�municipal abat�toirs. Later this has been adopted by nearly all the cities of lOurope and a thorough inspection rendered possible.

Oooking of diseased meat in general was held by Payen, Renault, and others to render It innocuous. I Is value as regards tubercular prod�ucts was first investigated by Geiiach, who also led in the inquiiy as to the danger from the diflfereut portions of a tubercular system. He found that the morbilic matter resided mainly in the tubercle, from which it spread slowly along the lymphatics to the next lymphatic gland, and then still along the same vessels to more distant glands, and finally il became generally distributed. He farther attached much importance to the multiplicity of caseous centers, especially in the lungs, as the breaking down of the nodosities as well as the extension and increase in number's of the tubercles Imply a greater danger of the conraniiiiation of the llesh. Emaciation is another indication of the general action of the poison. A very advanced condition of any one of these morbid stales should forbid the use of the llesh as food.

The Veterinary Council of Germany (1875) and the Berlin Veterinary School (1878) respectively pronounced OU the subject with great reserve, virtually holding the matter still sub judke. .lohne held that the mere extension of tuberculosis from the first seat to the nelghbofiug lym�phatic glands did not imply unwholesomeuess in the flesh, and that it was only requisite in such cases to cut out the tubercles, enlarged or dis�eased glands and adjacent connective tissue. He pronounced the llesh

170

CONTAGIOUS UISKASKS OF POMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

as daugurous wheu tlu* exteuded lesions implied an [nfcotiou of the blood; wlii'ii, for oxiinipie, from jji'liuary de[tosit8 elsewhero there are rasuitiug tubercles in lungs orpleurEB. Znndel) basing bis opinion on

the failure of Koeii to (ind the baeillus in an.y part save in the tubercu�lar centers, eonelndes iliat no meat should be oondemnod except that furnished by animals einaokited aiilt;l thoroughly infected.

That measures protective of the public health should be taken is in�disputable. The demands of those who demanded new experiments have now been realized. The experiments demanded have been re�peated, and when praotieed with all needful precautions have given posi�tive results. The bacillus of tuberculosis has been isolated, cultivated, and transmilled by inocnlation. and whatever the soil from which it has been transplanted(tnau, animals, gelatine preparations, amp;0.), it has always determined the clevelopineiit of true tuberculosis in the inocu�lated animals, and this tuberculosis has proved transmissible from one inoculated animal to another) Tuberculous meat Is certainly infecting. How, then, can we protect the community against its effects^ One says: by tharottffh oooMng: another, % oon�scating the diseased meat.

While the boiling irnifieriitiiycis destructive of the tuberculous bacil�lus we cannot rely on meat being heated to this temperature. In North and Middle Germany people continue to eat raw meat, notwithstanding the frequent outbreaks of tuberculosis. Again, In ordinary cooking tbo center of the meat often remains below 212deg; F., the color of the, blood indeed frequently persists. The proposal to sell this meat only in sepaiate stalls at a lew price,so that the purchasers would be warned to cook it thoronglily, would be ineffectual, as it would not change the general habit of cooking, and above all it would furnish 110 safeguard against its careless preparation in public institutions and elsewhere where it is used on a large scale.

(.'(HijismHon, applied to all oases, would be far more effectual, and with competent Inspectors this could be carried out; but in practice it is surrounded by numerous dlffloultles. Diagnosis is easy, and with a single municipal abattoir all cases shoidd be detected, but it is found that all the infected do not come to such abattoirs. In Baden 20 per cent, of these are killed elsewhere. An attempt to apply the law stringently in .Mauiiheim resulted in an organized effort to thwart the officers of Justice. Stock owners refused to sell to the city butchers un less relieved of all responsibility as to the soundness of the animals, and the butchers declined to use the city abattoir and insisted on handling only dead meat which had been killed outside. The opposition even extended to the OOllSlimers, on whom the price had been raised, and the vigorous measures were finally abandoned.

If the diffloulty is met by inspection of herds a considerable expense will be incurred and other objections invoked, in short, asound public spirit is essential to the maintenance of any really effective work.

Another diffloulty arises from the degree of infection. If all tubercu-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 171

Ions carcasses are seized the way is plain, but If a select ion must be made disputes will constantly arise over the hrterminable shades of dif�ference in the various snltjects. The delicacy of the quesbioil to be prOhotUVCed upon in these cases would demand for each comimme a vet�erinarian exclusively devoted to the work of inspection, hut tins would add con.siilcrably to the expense incurred.

Turultlff to milk, it ciinnot he denied that boiliug would j(ive the ie-

qulyed guarantee of safety 5 but in the miikcurc establishments and where this liquid is produced for infants, it is sought Fresh and used without boiling, and yet these places seek for the heaviest, milkers, and often secure tuborculous cows. For these, and indeed for all dairies, theiv should be a State control of the milch animals and their products.

In the preseill state of public opinion it may be impossible to apply measures that laquo;ill be really cllcctive in preventing the side and use of Inberculons meat and milk, yet, where already applied, the preventive measures have proved so beneficial that we must advocate their main�tenance nnd extension. It Is euoouragiug to kuow thai public; opinion is gaining ou this matter, so that ere long more effective measures will be sustained.

The present dilliciilly resides in the inevitable imperfection of any control of meat and milk by themselves, and that any permanent sur�veillance of the cattle.witlmut the conciirrencc of the owners will fur�nish no guarantee commensurate with the gravity of the danger.

The dillicullies of the case will be largely met if the State will deal with liihirculo.iiH in iminuiLs an with other contagious diseases, The owner', well accustoined to the elfects of the disease and practiced in weeding out the, consumption and sendiug theni to market, can be called upon to report all oases to the authority. The veterinarian can easily diag�nose the disease, or in the few uncertain cases can decide positively at the autopsylaquo; lie can further, as in the ease of glanders, maintain a prolonged surveillance over the inmates of that stable, and above all on those related by proximity or by blood to the animal slaughtered. Thorough disinfection of stables, utensils, clothing of attendants, lt;amp;C., can be carried out. tf the great majority of a herd are Infected, the apparently sound may be taken to another building. The diseased and suspected may be slaughtered at once or alter a few weeks' fattening. The sale of the milk and flesh of all tubercnlous animals should be for�bidden. Finally the owner can be imlemnilied for every beast eonlis-eated. This alone laquo;ill secure the cooperation of the owner, without which all efforts will be very partial and imperfect.

In view of the insidious progress of the disease i! is desirable even to furnish an indemnity for the carcass of an animal found to be diseased after slaughter. This will do more to check the clandestine sale of tuberculous meat than the most rigid administrative control of the abattoir and butcher's stall.

This Indemnity Will remove all injurious pressure from the veterinary

172nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMKSTICATKD AN1MAI-S.

inspector, mid enable liim to dooido witli a safe DlArgln what moat and jiiilk can he .sent to maiket without injiirv to hninan health.

The mderiinity may he a tax on the8tate, on thecominune, or on the stock owners and hutcher.s who will eventually profit most by the sup�pression of the disease.

ACTION OF TllK OOKGBBSS.

On account of the short time available for the consideration of the question, Wolienkol opposed any action at the present coiij;ress, but Quivogue, L�rmet, Anne, Etossigliol, iind Bouley urged a decision of the question) quot; In ahat oases can the meat be used/or Jona f quot; This was agreed to.

Lydtiu furnished a resume of his report and concluded by presenting' paragraph/'of bis resolution for the acceptance of congress.

Bouley held that one of the most diflicult questions in practice was what an inspector should do with the (jarcass of a tuberculous beast. It is established that tuberculosis is a malady dangerous to the animals which are able to contract ir, not only by the respiratory passages, but also by ingestion into the stomach and by inoculation in any part of the system, lie referred to Toussaint's experiments of which the re�sults were, frightful. The tuberculous element did not reside only in the tuberculous lesions, but is diffused through all the tissues. The juice of the flesh of a tuberculous animal, even after it had been heated to 50deg; or (JO⁰ (quot;eat., that is the, temperature of roasting beef, has proved virulent for the ox, pig, cat, rabbit, amp;c., even when given only in a virulent dose, a small dose ; large doses are, not necessary. Consider�ing the facts in this light we ought to establish no degrees in tubercu�losis; when it exists it renders the consumption of the flesh dangerous. He is convinced tbat tuberculosis, whatever maybe its degree, should entail the condemnation of the meat; it can only be utili/ed if well cooked.

Tuberculosis of man is certainly contagious, as is known to all the world, being principally transmitted from husband to wife, 'flic disease is very widely spread, alfecting onelifth of our population. We must look to butcher meat as one of the principal causes of this great prev�alence of tuberculosis; it is probable that the infection enters by the digestive passages as in the experiments ot the laboratory. Fie con�cluded by proposing the following amendment:

Tuberculosis liciiiK oxperimeutally demonstratod a-i :i malady trausmlsaible by tuo digestive canal and by Inoculation�

The oongr�ss declares thai moat provided by tuberonlous animals sbonld be excluded (vom Mio food of man, wlnttever may be the stage of the tuberculosis, or the apparent

qualities of I hit meat.

In his judgtuont, stock owners should be indemnified, and butchers urged to establish mutual Insurance societies.

Van llertsen detailed the practice, in the Brussels abattoirs, long in

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK OOMESTICATKI) ANIMALS. 173

use, ami wiiidi he liad set loith in a papQV laurcated by tlic Vetorinary Socloty of Eure and Seiiie in 18�9. He seizes all loan tuberculous ani�mals, all having nntnorous and generalized tuUercleslaquo; oi* with tubevoles softened, enseems or purulent, lesions wliioli create the suspicion o\' gen�eral inlection of (lie system. When tlieir lesionsare frra\'e ai laquo;1 multiple,

whatever may he the quality of the meat, seizure is always ordered;

wlien the tnbeie.les are localized and recent, and provided tlieciacass is snllicieiilly Cat to guarnntee good meat, it is allowed to be used. As to the dnnger from unboiled mills lie had with Degivo, in 1808,presented a paper to the Belgian Acudemy of Medicine on the frequency of tubercle in the nianmue of cows, hat the academy discarded the subject without discussing the important question of hygiene therein presented to them.

Wir/, proposed an ainondnient of/ill Lydtin's report, that in place of quot;toH very small part of the hoily, when the lymphatic glands are still free,quot; lt;S;c., read ''to hut a small part of the thoracic or ahdominal viscera, wbeii Ihi^ lymphatic, glands which do not belong to these, are free,quot; amp;c.

Van Ilortsen believes that tuberculosis can Invade the lyinplintio sys�tem when the disease is yet 111 its earliest stage. He has observed that the gland situated between the first and second rib is tuberculous eight times out of ten. This gland is of the greatest importance in determin�ing the quality of the meat, as it establishes the fad of tuberculosis without the necessity of examining the viscera. It serves to distinguish tuberculosis from lung plague in carcasses from which the pleura' has been removed, tltc ohest slcimod, as the butchers say. (This gland has been called the motive {molt/) gland of the inspector.)

Lydtin advocated his proposition as more practicable under present oirctimstances than Bouley^sj while Boiiley called for the laquo;^#9632;raquo;ocaoy of thorough measures, their administration was the concern of the au�thorities.

After further amendments of Uossiguol and Van Ilertscn, paragraph f of Lydtin was adopted, several members declining to vote.

Bossignol proposed to amend paragraph g by omitting the last sen�tence, permitting the use of the milk alter boiling, and as thus amended it; was adopted.

lhailey requested a vote on paragraph A, offering the following modi-

tication :

It is propelquot; lo fui'Ilisll mm im lei unity lor onttle III good comlil Ion fun ml to 1m tnlnT-ciilons after slaiiglilor.

Uossiguol supported an indemnity lor animals in good condition, hut only when killed for human food.

.Kits, Welicnkel, ami li.vdtin opposed on the ground that this was only a question of goods of bad quality, the use of which for a purpose to which it is unlitted is forbidden. An indemnity should only be given when an owner must give up his chance of the recovery of a sick animal in the interest of the public good.

As a prolonged discussion was threatened and time pressed, M�ller

174 , OONTA�IO�S DISBASES OF POMESTICATBD ANIMALS.

proposed tlie closure of the questfou wbicli bad olroady exceeded thai proposetl for the ordo-v of ihr. dai/, iiainely, the utiliieation of the /lesh. The disuuusiou wus accordiugly elosed.

A paper was lianded in signed by eleven merubers explaining that i hey had declined to vole (in tuberculosis on the ground of lack of time tp suffloiently discuslaquo; siusli an itnportanl subject.

Ai'i-'i providing for the next international veterinary congress to be held in Piiiis. the meeting adjourned,

RKMAUKS.

(The iinporlnnce of the question of the sale of meul :iii(i milk from tu�berculous animals cannot well be overrated. Bufcto control the fonner we need a complete reformation of our syste n of slaughter In the large eilies and villages. One municipal almltoii- should bo established in each greal center of i)opHlati�u where alone stock should be slaughtered for lood and where the carcass and viscera of every animal slaughtered would lie examined by a competent: veterinary inspector. All estab-lisliinenis for the killing of meat to be shipped fresh to the cities, to be salted or canned, should be placed under similar supervision. Meal IVom micontrolled slaughter houses should lie excluded. So far as we know no American city has adopted the system of unniicipal abattoir and complete veterinary inspection, and the great majority have neither. The expense would be considerable, though only a trifle as compared with that caused by the/sicknesses, incapacity, and death now occurring from a disease which affects one-Qfth and upward of the population in the great cities. We say nothing of the other contagious diseases from which this measure would protecttliopeople, Willi regard to the milk supply there should be frequent visitation of the dairies supplying the large cities, the maintenance of a census of the animals, and an inspec�tion by a competent veterinarian of all cadavers of animals killed or dying- by natural cause. Not only would this protect the human popu�lation against infection through the milk, but it would overcome the present greal difficulty in dealing with the lung plague, which would i hi is be traced to every center of infection and could easily he stamped out. The question of the suppression of tin's disease over the entire national domain is by no means such an ea^y one; the (ask is so gigantic and the outlay would be so vast. In many herds in the Rastern States the proportion oil ubercnlous animals range's from 10 to 30 per cent., and in the West with freer range it is doubtless far less frequent, yet if we were to estimate but one infected animal in thirty It would enfbrace over a million ca.ttle and one and a half million hogs, [mlomnities alone for this number would amount to from $30,000,000 to $40,000,000, to sa\ nothing of all contingent expenses. That it would paj in the single item of the preservation of our live slock there can be no doubt, while its ellect on the health of the population would be beyond all estimate. To the professional man. fully acquainted with the enormity of the evil.

CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

175

if Is hard to wait for tlio slow growth of public opinion while infancy and manhood are bolug cut dowu tiidi8ui'iiniuatel,v by a preventable con-tagion, mill wiiilo even he himself must continiially run the gauntlet of

the deadly blow of the Insatiate enemy. Every instinct of sanitation. ofju8tioe,of humanity, of self-preservatlou, and of morality rebels againsl the inditlereuce of the people, but more particularly of the statesmen. But if is with tuberculosis for animals in general as with lung plague for cattle in particular, or with glanders for solipeds and man. the retri-butiou for nefflecl is not executed with that promptitude which strikes terror to the mind ; the laity fail to connect the final desolation with the distant cause, and the most deadly of all contagia is permitted to hohl on its darksome way unchecked.

A single case of cholera, yellow fever, or even of small-pox in a large city is cousidered good cause for excited editorials in the newspapers and for extraonlinarv oiforts Oil the pail of boards of health, while everyday from January to Ueceiuber scores are perishing unnecessarily from the more insidious and far more deadly tuberculosis.

The control of this affection cannot be advocated aseither cheap or easy, or likely to be crowned by an early extinction of the disease as would be the case with hing plague. It will entail an Immense organ�ization, large expenditure, and persistent .application, not only until all our flocks and herds arc purilied, but until the present tuberculous gen�eration of men have given place to a healthier,and until by a slow Im�provement, generation by generation, the population shall lone finally risen above this liane.of our civilizalion. It is, however, a work that may be profitably undertaken by installments, llrsl in the ahatloirs and dairies of our large cities a ml suburbs, then in our markets for live stock, and our great emporia for butcher meat, then in all our large public in�stitutions, ami finally in our flocks and herds at large. It may safely be predicted for the city that will take the lirst effectual step in this direc�tion that the showing made by her vital statistics will soon attest the wisdom of the course. The results will Inraquo; no less beneficial to the stock owner, for apart from the protection of his own health and the assur�ance furnished him that he is providing a wholesome food for the people, his herds will be saved from a contagion which now causes incalculable losses over the entire count ry.

Upon our statesmen the burden of allthis responsibi'ily rests. They are intrusted with the expenditure of the nation's money, and with this t rust tlie\ become severally responsible for e\ cry c\ il whicli it is in I heir power to ward off. To wail for the irresistible pressure of public opin�ion in a uiattcrsueb as this, which appeals so strongly to their human ity, their religion, their patriotism, and self-preservation, ia unworthy of the high place they hold and thecharge which the people liavecou tided to them. They have been chosen to do the work of legislation foi which the people at large have no time: il is thoirdutyio consider these matters when laid before them and to act on them, and on I hem must rest

17fi CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

all the blame of the deaths and diansters (hut result IVom their apathy and ueglect.)��!. 1^.

KESOIjUTIONS adopted.

First question,� Veterinai'y service.

1.nbsp; Toorgunizoin uach country a veterinary service, exclusively oliarged with all that pertains to this service, of which the members, all veter-inariuns, should be counselors of every departmenl of the Government, but which should In-innre especially represented inclose relation to the central power; thai veterinary medicine should there have her chief of service.

2.nbsp; The veteriuarj sanitary servlceshoukl utilize the greatest possible number of veterinarians. It embraces the surveillance of lairs and markets of animals; the inspection of butcher meal and abattoirs : the control of rendering works; the inspection of breeding animals; the surveillance or direction of mutual assurance against the mortality of Stock: the revision of tlie, census lists of domestic animals, amp;c.; it com�prehends the service of the stale, and mas- be made internal ional. em-bracing especially the repression and suppression of contagious and epizootic affections, also the control of the various other veterinary services.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Between the various states which, by a regular repressive and preventive service against epizootics, can furnish guarantees of a good veterinary sanitary police, there should be established a treaty having for its object�

(a) To apprise the other stales as speedily as possible of an\ out�break of rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia, aphtbous fever, sheep-pox, mal-adie du coil, glanders (or farcy), or of scab in sheep.

(h) To publish periodically a sanitary bulletin upon these maladies, their extent, progress, and extinction, which particulars should also be published in the international bulletin if judged necessary.

(c) To oppose these maladies by measures of sanitary police, winch have first been discussed and adopled a-lt; the mosi desirable.

{(I) To furnish with animals and herds, moved into or out of an\ territory, ccrtiticates of origin and health of a value guaranteed by the adininistration.

(e) To contribute to the publication of an international veterinary saiutary liullel in.

Second question,� Pleuro pneumonia,� Lung phu/ne.

A.-Ho i kui:ntia[. oiaonosis.

1. Imoiu an anatomical point of view, at least in its relation to veter�inary police, one may consider as epizootic contagious pleum-pneu-inonia ; every pneumonia which is lobular and at the same time inier-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17?

lolmlar, aiul llii' dovolopmeul of which docs not depend oil traunudic causes.

�.;. From a pliysiological staudp�iut in the li\iii,L; auimal, opizootio coutagioua pl�uro-pueiiiuouia is specially ohq.ractorizod by Its conia-^ioiis (diaracter and by tUe symptoms ot'lobulai' piiuiunouia,

3, In aa infected place cvoi'j auimal which shows febrile reaction or symptoms of disease of the cliesl sboulcl be considered as suspected uf pleuro-pnoumouia. E\'ery animal found in an iufected stable or whicb lias hccii in one within i luce luonths antecedent, or which has been able to be containiuated in any other way, should be considered as suspected of contamination.

I!. - I'KoCIl Vl.AMS,

1.nbsp; nbsp;Recognizing that from the point of \ie\v of sanitary police epizo�otic pleuro-pnenmonia is a disease which propagates itself only by con�tagion, and is usually incurable and fatal, tlie congress declared (hat to piwciii the development and propagation of this malady there should be applied the measures against contagious diseases that are at the same timc fatal and incurable.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Aiiiinais diseased or suspected of the disease should he sacrificed as quickly as possible.

.'!. Ooutamiiuited animals or those very much exposed to the conta�gion slionltl he isolated or sacrificed. The slangliter of contaminated animals is especially indicated when the disease manifests itself very exceptionally, or for the first time in a stable belonging to a commune or country rich in cattle.

1. We have to-day experlmeutalproof that it is possible to invest the organism of animals of the horned species with an immunity from con�tagious pleuro-pneumonia h,v inoculation with the virus of this malady.

quot;gt;. Preventive inoculation, that is to say, that which is practiced when the malady does not prevail in a country, ought to be absolutely re�jected, luocillatiou, so called, of necessity, that is to say. that which is practiced when the disease exists in a herd, may be permitted bill not made obligatory,

ti. The inoculation should always be done by a veterinarian.

T. It i.s not: proved that an inoculated animal cannot transmit the dis�ease to a sound animal.

8. [uoculated animals should he reported to the authorities.

i), Quarautinod animals should bo made theobject of a special census, and should receive a distinctive brand with a bot iron.

10, No animal suspected of infection should bo moved without pre�vious authorization of the communal administration. The permit to move should only bo granted for animals destined to the butchery: it

should only take place in special c.....litions under the supervision of

the police, ami in such a manner as to prevent all propagation of the malady.

�7�1 i) a------12

178 CONTACUOl.'S DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

11,nbsp; Every bovine animal offered for sale ought to be accompanied by a certifloateof healtli testifying thai no epizootic baa existed for at

least six weeks in the ennmnine from whieh it came.

12,nbsp; nbsp;In certain special eases, in he detennined by ilie official veteri-nariau, there may be prescribed the suspension of fairs and markets, the nroliibition of the importation of animals from a suspected couutr.v, quarantine, tbe posting of notices at the entrance of infected circles m-farms, and the issue of handbills and instructions warning the people of their obligations, and of the precautions to be taken to prevent the appearance or extension of the malady,

13,nbsp; nbsp;An active supervision should be exercised, not only over the quar�antined animals, bill also, a-, over animals exposed for sale in markets. Iiehls,and fairs; /*, over animals lodged temporarily in the stables of inns adjoining the markets; c, in stables containing many animals, subjeel to frequent changes, and when the malady has already made one or more outbreaks.

II, The duration of quarantine should bo six months at least, apart from the last ease of the malady,

10. At the release from quarantine the animals should receive a second mark to annul the effect of the first,

16,nbsp; The tlesh of an animal slaughtered should not be used for food, unless authorized by the veterinarian making the autopsy,

17,nbsp; The skin should not be utilized until it has been steeped for twenty-four hours in an approved disinfectant solution.

18,nbsp; Oarcasses and cadaveric debris, unlit for food, should be hurled, or so treated as to be absolutely inoffensive.

1!(. Stahles, fair grouuds, markets, and vehicles which have been oc�cupied bj diseased or suspected animals, should be carefully cleansed, disinfected, and purified. These different operations should be under the direct ion of a veterinarian.

20,nbsp; A st�hle should not be rclilled with animal,- nnli! it has been en�tirely evacuated and thoroughly disintected, and then purified by eight days of free vent ilat ion.

21,nbsp; nbsp;Pastures that have been occupied by diseased animals ought to be quarantined for at least fifteen days,

�2'J. The different materials, objects, and instruments that have been employed in the alaughtcr, t ran sport at i.....or burial of diseased or sus�pected animals, should be ilest roved, or t lummghly disinfected, Forage ami litter should be utilized for horses or ot her solipeds.

23,nbsp; nbsp;Persons who have become soiled by infecting materials, should wash their hands, wash or brush their clothes, and wash their hoots with a disinfectant solution,

24,nbsp; nbsp;All persons and animals capable of carrying the virus .should as far as possible be kept from diseased animals, their carcasses ami ca�daveric dehris.

25,nbsp; nbsp;It is proper to grant an indemnity to owners for animals slungh-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMB8TI0�.TED ANIMALS. 179

tcrod by official order and for the (tost of dlslnfeotlon. The Indemuitj¹.should araouul to four-flftbs of the value of the animal, and to the i'nll value, doduotlon being made of the value of portions of the oaroass that (quot;in be utilized it' tho animal should prove healthy.

26, Very heavy penalties .should be imposed ou persons who violate the different Simitsir.v regnliitions decreed h.v the authorities,

l'7. A good organization of the veterinary service is the best guaran�tee of the application of the dill'ereiil measures prescribed,

28. A last and potent measure for scouring the extinction of conta�gious pleuro-pneumonia would he the adoption of means for the conta�gious diseases of animals similar to that in use for the phyloxeraof the vine; to .formulate on international agreement in which .shall be indi�cated the essential elements that ought to form the basis of legislation to he adopted by each country which shall join to carry it out,

'/'/(ird tjuention� Veterinary education,

1.nbsp; nbsp;To be admitted to veterinary studies one must bo batchelor es-let-(res or es-seieiices ; that is to say. he must have liiiished the studies of the secondary education,

2.nbsp; nbsp;There is no call to create veterinarians of different classes having a different amount of preparatory or veterinary education.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Four years of study at least, are requisite to make a Ihll study of veterinary mcilici uc, if that is made to include physics and natural sci�ences.

(a)nbsp; The instruction of the two lirst years (four first .semesters) should embrace the following branches: physics, chemistry, natural history (zoology, mineralogy, botany, and geology), anatomy, histology, phys�iology, and shoeing. A course of practice and demonstrations in mi�crography should always be included,

(b)nbsp; nbsp;Clinical teaching should continue through the whole of the last two years of study. That the practical instruction of the student may he complete it, is sibsolutoly necessary to have, beside a stationary and consulting clinic (hospital clinic and polyclinic), an ambulatory clinic (outside clinic) ; there ought to lie at least two professors of clinics.

(c)nbsp; nbsp;The inspection of butcher-meat is an absolutely essential braucli of veterinary education.

I. At the end oi each year veterinary students should he examined ou the studies which they have been taught that Near. No one should he allowed to follow the course of the advanced year unless he has passed this examinal ion.

No one should bo admitted to examination for the degree of veter�inarian who has not followed a course of clinical instruct ion for two years after having passed the examinat ion of the second year of study.

The hoard of examiners for granting degrees should always be formed partly of professors and partly of practitioners.

180 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED A.N1MAL8,

5. [utorual (board uuder militniy rule) and esternal (residence out�side) are optional in voteriuary schoola.

(i. V^oteriuary scliouls iua,v beindepeudeut establishiuentSgOrthey may be couaectoil with universities or institutions tor the liiglier oduoatiou, hut veterinary tnodiciue sliould luivo its special chairs. Onccaunot but disapprove of institutions in which all branches of veterinary educatiou are divided in a very limited number of veterinary chairs; such a sys�tem is absolutely inaufflcieut.

Ii is very desirable thai in eveiy country veterinary schools should be state institutions.

7. The professors of veterinary schools ought to possess diplomas of veterinary medioiue. Ii is verj desirable that veterinariaus beforebe-iug called to the [)rofe8sorsliip should have practiced veterinary medi�cine for some years.

Fouvth question.

(See body of report.)

Fifth question�Tuberculosis.

The llcsli and viscera of a tuberculous animal can only bo utilized for human food when the disease is fount! in the cadaver in the incipi�ent stage, when the lesions are conflued ton very small portion of the hods-, when I he lymphatic glands arc still free from all morbid tuber�cular lesions, when the tuberculous formations have not yet undergone softening, when the flesh presents the characters of meat of the first quality, and when the animal is in good state of nutrition at the time of slaughter.

It should iii)i lie permitted to remove the flesh of tuberculous animals admitted to consuiuption oul of the locality where they have been slaughtered, and it should not be offered for sale in the butchers' stall.

Every quarter of meal and all viscera showing lesions of tuberculosis, as well as the flesh of any other animal in which there is found at the necropsy a tubereulous infection more pronouucod than thai referred to above, should be watered with petroleum oil, and afterward buried under police supervision. The extraction of fat by cooking and the utilization of the shin may be permitted.

The inspection of every animal attacked by tubercnloais should be made by a veterinarian, who alone should decide if the flesh is lit for human consumption.

The milk of animals affected with Luberculusisor suspected of it should not be taken by mmi nor by certain animals. The sale of this nnIk should be severely interdicted.

Respect fully submitted.

JAMES LAW.

Hon. QEOBGKI3 1!. LoilINO,

Commissionev of Agriculture,

EAMB�RG [NTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

KBl'ORX OF J, ii. s.i.\hi:j;s

lion. (1k(j. B. Loring,

Commissioner of Agriculture. rii�: On the I9tli day of May, 1883, 1 bad the honor to receive an ap-poiutinenl from yon witb the folloAviug histmotions!

\'oii arc hereby appoiuted and cummissi......d ;iii agenl of the United States Depart-

in.iii of Agricnltm-o to attend the [nternatiomil Exhibition al llumburg in 18�3, and you arc instructed to examine and roporl ii]..... the followiug special imiiiis:

The character op the Bxhibitlon in all Its dopartmonts of live stock aa coiuparod wii h onr nun.

The general oondil Ion ami supply of live atoch in England and on the Continent.

The broods most .....( willi and thai seem to bo raosl desirable and popular 1 also,

thoir relative merits as compared with nur own,

The probability of Improvomonl to our o\\ n stock by furtbor importal inns......1 the

breeds most desirable for this purpose, if any,

Tho dangers from contagious diseases that may be apprehended from continued im�portations, if any.

The methods of live stock husbandry practised compared with ourown.

The probable future demand from Europeau countries for American livestock ami meats,

The prasonl hiudrai.....sand restrictions thai aflfeot tho exportation of livestock

from the United Stains, and how Ihey may be modified of re.....ved, ospociall.i with

reference to the exportation of our livo cattle to Great Britain, and our bog products to i lormany.

In pursuance of the foregoing instructions, I started upon my mission May 26, landing al Liverpool. After a brief sojourn in that city, de�voted mainly to an examination of ita can horses, i proceeded to London, where I spenl several days familiarizing myself with the markets, the modes of travel, and other matters of importance connected witb the

live-stoek industries ofthat city. As oi.....f tho principal objective

points of my visit was the [nternatioiial Live .Stock Show at Hamburg, 1 determined to goal once, to the continent, leaving England and Scot�land loiin.v return trip. A.ccordiiigly, Juno lit, I left London purposing to makemy journey to Hamburg via Paris, stopping eft remte to make a study of

THE DUAPT HOUSES OF PHANOE.

The constantly increasing popularity of the Proncb draft horses in this country, as evlacod by the large numbers nunnally imported, and the

181

182 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

luterosl 1 niyselt' bad taken iu some of tbo cllsousslons growiug laquo;ml of the business, led rac to attaoh n good deal of Importance fco what 1 might loarncoaceming thorn by a careful personal iiivesfcigafciou of some of the controverted points. Amongthe mosl imporfcaat of these were the fol�lowing!

Ist. Arc there any well-established clistiiict breeds of draft-hoi'ses in Franco? 2il. Wlial guarantees, if any, can �.inerican importers ob�tain in Franco thai the iiorses pnrcliased by tliem belong to any par ticular race or breed,and that tlieyare purely bred? Aud3d. To what breed do the horses nsnally broughl to America from Franco belong, and in what pari of France are they bred .'

Ir may uo( be out of place for me to remark here thai during the past six years i liavo, myself, boon compelled to participate in several con�troversies, througb tbeagricnll ural and live-stock papers of thocountry, touching the draft borsesof France and the name bj which they should he known in the United States, Throughout those controversies 1 re�lied mainly upon such of tiie printed history of these horses as had be�n translated into English, and upon what I could gather from intelligent gentlemen winraquo; had persoually given more or less attention to the sub�ject In France, it was therefore with a good deal of pleasure and he teresfcthat I embraced the opportunity afforded me, by my present visit, to go into this question thoroughly for mysolf. And first let me say that many American importers, ospooially the earlier ones, and some even at the present day, go to Paris, buy their horses of a dealer who has gathered fchem up from various quarters, and then return without the slightest knowledge of the breeding of their horses, or of the region where tlieyare bred. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that sneh men can toll nothing of the breeding of these horses when they get home, because they know nothing, beyond the faol that they had bought them of a French dealer at Paris, Dieppe, or Havre, [f they attempted to say anything beyond this, they simply drew on their imagination for their so-called facts. After awhile, however, those with some, experi�ence in the business, and with some knowledge of good horses, began to inquire into the Hiibjoct, to try to thul out where the good horses came from, so thai they might get them, if possible, from first hands. 1 began my investigations in the same way. I went first to the sales stables raquo;if Paris, fortified with all the knowledge 1 had been able pre�viously to obtain upon the subject. 1 went first to M. Vidal, who is a noted horse dealer of Paris, ami who has undoubtedly sold more stal�lions to American importers than all theothcr horse dealers of Paris combined. In reply to my question, he said: quot;Fully 90 per cent, of the horses I hat 1 buy to sell to Americans, for stallions, come from be�yond Ohartres, in the Perche; the others are picked up here and there, wherever we can find one good enough for the market; but we sell them all as Pcrdierons.quot; The ot her dealers all told substantially the same story.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 183

A.fter apeaiUug a few days in Pads, talking witl] Uors�inen audgath' erlug what luforaiatiou I oould, I detertnlued to see the PeroUoron breed-lug distriol for myself. All antliorities agreed in pointiug out Nogeut leBotroa,situated about 100 miles southwest from Pari8,in the ancient province of La Perolie, as the heart of the Percliurou breeding country, ii is at and nearthis place that Mr. Dunhaiu has bought hundreds ol horses within the past throe years for the Auierican trade, and where the .Messrs. Dillon and several of the other importers have made most of their purchases for some time past; and In this region is the only place where any attempt is made to maintain t he Percheron race in its purity.

On the day of my arrival at Nogenl le EJotrou, a large number of Percheron breeders had met to consult upon the propriotj of establish�ing a Percheron stud-book, in order to proservo the purity of the race and to protect themselves from uuscrapixlous dealers in Paris and else-wlicre. I was much interested in the discussion wliicli look, place, The gentlemen present, represented the principal breeders for some 20 or 30 miles around, and I was told that they owned at least LOO stallions that had been kept for service this season. I questioned many of them. Among others, the .statement of Mr. Krnst Perriot, one of the most noted of the breeders present, is a fair sample of what all had to say. lie is a very intelligent gentleman, and has sold man)- liorsos to Ameri�can buyers. I should judge him to be about fifty years of ago. His statement was in substance as follows:

I have been breodlug horsu� righl bero all mv liir, iiml mj fnbhoi' iiml grnudfatlior wore in tbesame bumueas boforc mo. Wo uovur breed or srll any other llian [hu-o Porcbcrons. Wo have nsnally kept (i orTstullionscach your for service, Tboy travel nronud the country, serving man's owned by tho fanners al ahonl 25 francs each. We keep an eye on these maros, know whore the best ones are, and when the teals are weaned we buy many of the best ones eaeb year and keep I bom until we can sell thorn at a fair prolit, i aiumiro there has been notbing hut recognized pure Percheron stallions used in tmr stud since the timo of my gnuulfatboi', ami nothing else has been used in this whole Porcheton region laquo;iiliin my knowlodyo. Tlioro is a tradition that about the time m.v grandfather engaged In the bnsinesH some Boullonals blood was introduced into this country for tho purpose of increasing the aizeofthe Percherons, but eertainly there has been nouo since about fifty years ago, Tho true Perchorons will mow average as large or larger i ban tho Uoullonais, NeithorlVlr. Dunham, Mr, Dil�lon, nor any othorAmorican importer has ever bough tuny Normal) horses hero. Wo don't lia vi- a ii v sucl i horses. You can see plenty of Normans in Paria; they are all small borsos, mostly bays, and arc used in tho cabs and carriages. They are generally half-bloods gol by English thoroughbred sires, ami some ol'tliom me owl of Percheron clams, aud are usually called Anglo-Normans,

The same statements, substantially, in regard to purity of race and the name, were obtained from all the breeders iuterviewed, notably Auguste Tacheau (province of Sarthe), Pierre Sagot (province of Eure-et-Lolr), and Oelestin Oagei (province of Orue). In fact, so far as I could learn, it- was almost an insult to ask- one of the breeders present If they bred or .sold any other than Percheron horses, nud they spurned the term quot;Normanquot; with contempl.

184: CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Thosofir�tli�inenofwliorn nil tho loading Aniericau importorshavobeeu buying for several years past. They buy these horses as Peroherous, from moil who will call them nuthing rise, and yel a few of them vim\o home and abuse everybody who refuses to call them Nonnana. There is uol iiiucli in ,1 name, bul sometimes a name ooutaius a deal of aieau-ing with in itself.

It was an agreeable surprise to me to learn that so much pains had been taken Iin these Percherons breeders to preserve the purity of the rare It had been asserted thai nobody knew anything aboul ii ; thai the Percherons were mongrels, and thai no man could give the pedigree of his horse. 1 fouiul, on llie eontrary, that, while they have not paid much attention to preserving the maternal genealogy, many of the sires ran casih be traced six or eighl generations. One young horse, now owned hv Mr. Ernsl Perriot, is a noteworthy example. This horse is a three-year old, and is so highly valued by his owner thai he has ab-solutelj refused to name a price on him. Fifteen thousand francs wei'e offered for him by an American buyer in my hearing; bu( the owner shook his head and said, �� Yon llliglll safely double it,quot; This young horse was gol by the black horse Brillianl (No. 1271 of the Percheron-Norinan Stud Book), thai now stands at the head of Mr. Dunham's sind, at Wayne, 111., and the linoof sires hack ofhim is known for seven generations. Mr. Perriol proposes to raise the service fee of this horse to 10U francs next season, a price that has hitherto beeil unheard of in the t'erclieron breeding district. A.s another instance of t he care which Kreuch breeders are raking to secure good breeding stock for themselves I may mention the fad that Mr. A.uguste Tacheau recently paid 3,000 francs for a suckling colt, which lie designs to use in the stud.

Von will doubtless remeiuber that one of the things discussed between us at our interview a few days prior to my departure upon this mission was the desirability of a Percheron si ml hook in franco in order to pro�tect Aineriean breeders from imposition, and to afford some guarantee of the purity of the blood of the horses brought to this countrj from Prance. And yon will also no doubl remember that the desirability of such a publication was made the subject of a special conuminication from you to the French minister of agriculture, at thai time. It is therefore with mi small degree of satisfaction thai I am able to report thai the Percheron breeders ol Prance have fully resolved on a stud-book. The meeting to which I have heretofore alluded, as having occurred on the day of my arrival at Nbgenl le Kotron, was simply informal and pre�liminary, but on Saturday, .lane 23,0 largely attended meeting was held at thosanie place, about one hundred breeders, representing the provinces of Bure-et-Loir, Urne, Sartho, and the whole of the ancient province of La Perche, being present. At this meeting a permanent organization was effected under the sanction of the Government, with .M. Pardonot as president, and Messrs. Vinanlt, Perriot do Champoau, Sagot Aimlote Miard, Poullain, Lucas. Launay, Aveline, Tacheau, and

�

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 1 ^.^r)

Oaget its viccitrcsiili'iils ; M. Bonllay-Olmutnarrt, socretarj'-treftsuror. These, witb tUo mayor of blie city igt;t' Nquot;ogeu1 le Botrou, the prefool ol the departmenl of Buro-ot-Loir, antl the prefect of ffogoul le Rotrou, constitute the quot;board of clireotion quot; of I lie Soci�t� Uippiqne Perchoronne. The rules for registratiou are very strict, and every a]iplicatioii must be sworn to, giving the genealogy as fur as it lt;^,:iii be iraced, and establishing beyond controversy thai the animal is-'lmni Peroheronuc.quot; Penalties are provided to prevent fraudulent entries or disreputable transactions generally. In short, it looks like a strong, resolute, aggressive organi�zation from the start, and will mark an era in the Percheron breeding business.

1 coucludo, from a considerable sojourn in France, thai Amorioaus who buy directly from the breeders and quot;stallionersquot; (stallion keepers) of the Percheron district have heretofore had a reasonably certain guaiuutee of purity of blood, and henceforth the assurance will be as complete! as can be obtained witb any breed of draft horses in the world. Those who buy of the dealers in Paris anil in the cities on the coast can have no such assurance, and their own oyesmust judge of the breeding H is to be hoped that hereafter no imported horses will be admitted to registry in the Percherou-Norman stud book of America thai are not previously registered in the Percheron Stud-Hook of France. It would have been iutinitely better for the reputation of the breed, and for oar own horse stock, ifsncha regulation had been practicable and. enforced years ago.

There are many must excellent horses working in the drays, trucks. and omnibuses of Paris. Theraquo; omnibus horses will average much lar�ger than has been represented by mosl writers. They are usually thill in flesh, and the weights, when given at all, have been with reference to that condition. I stood on the street one day for an hour in company with two experienced importers, watching these horses, especially with a view to estimating the average size. The verdict was: average weight in good llcsh�fat as stallions are usually kept in America�between 1,400 and l,500pouuda. Theseoinnibusos are enormous, groat double-deckers, holding about sixty-five persons, and are drawn by three horses harnessed abreast. Fully seventy live per cent, of those horses are white, and they nearly all have the usual Percheron characteristics' M. Vidal, the Parisian horse dealer previously alluded to, told me thai he sold about 1,100 horses a year for use in the omnibuses; that nearly all of them came from beyond Ohartresin the Pcrche. and that theavorage weight was about 1,400 pouucls. The horses one sees in the drays areraquo; larger; an average lot of imported Percheron horses is but little if any better or larger than the average cart-horse as seen in the, streets of Paris. They are massive, strong, patienl fellows, anil are nearly all Percherons.

In no city that I have visited are the horses driven so hard and treated SO nmnercifnlly as in Paris. The drivers whip their horses and rush

LSn OONTAGIO�S DI8EA.SBS OF DOMESTICATJ�D ANIMALS.

about like mticlmen, ami altliougb the streets are very wide and rarely orowdotl, yel the pedestrian who attetupta to cross must iceep a sharp lookout or be will be run over. The oab-horses of this city are a sorry, rough looking lot, whioh I attribute mainly to their bad asag�i The drivers of the cart-horses do noi seem to be ([iiilc so uumeroiful, but throughout all Paris the prevaleul idea with a driver seems to be, that a horse was made to use and to ahme, Bveu in the Poroherou brooding districts 1 noticed traces of this same feeling, and henraquo; also I noticed the most striking lack of a knowledge of the value of cleanliness in the uianageinonl of a horse. The French are miserable grooinersj their horses are filthy and dirty, and are left mainly to take care of themselves, so far as cleanliness is concerned.

THE HAMBURG INTERNATIONAL BXPOSXTION,

From Paris I went direct to Hamburg to visit thoexposition, or quot;In�ternational Show,quot; as it \v:is called, which opened July 2. It was in many respects a disappointment. In some features it was efpial loan ordinary Ohio, Illinois, or Iowa State Pair, but in many others it was far behind the tisualannual exhibit in those states, in the single feat�ure of dairy stock it was groat ; and 1 never had so high an apprecia�tion of the quality of the Dutch-Friesian or Holstein cat tie as since see�ing them at this show. It is, however, so far as 1 can learn, the best exhibition of the kind ever held on the continent, the number of entries largely exceeding those of the Paris Exposition of L878.

The �'classes'quot; were legion. There were 50 classes for horses and mules, with l-l entries; 111 classes for cattle, with 902 entries: 88 (dasses for sheep, with 728 entries; and 50 classes for pigs, with 277 entries�certainly classes enough and entries enough to make a grand show. But, unfortunately, many of the entry numbers were blank, a condition of things which seems inseparable from the system of num�bering and cataloguing an exhibition of this nature in advance of the opening.

The various breeds of livestock of (lermany and of Northern Europe generally were well represented, with the exception of thoseof Russia, from which country I was not able to lind anything. In this I was dis�appointed, as I bad hoped to see a good representation of the famous Orloff trotting horses. The show of draft horses was scarcely worth mentioning. There were a few creditable specimens of the English cart

horse, and some draft horses from Belgium, but m..... worthy of especial

notice. The govermneul breeding studs, of Germany, were pretty well represented with horses of the thoroughbred type; scry fair specimens, Inn in no wise remarkable. In short, the horse-exhibit generally impressed me as a heterogeneous mass of no especial excellence in any particular. There were some dun ponies, from Norway, about, 11 1-2 bands high, very beasily built, and blocky�enormous draft horses in miniature, that were much admired. There were no Freneh horses on

#9632; h

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMHSTICA'IT.I) ANIMALS. IS?

exhibition. In faot QO stock from France, so far as I could learn, ex�cept FrciH'li meiiiu) slieep.

The feature of the cattle show was the dairy stock,and in this i never saw anything that oould approaoh it. Hundreds of the Friosian or Hol�stein cows were there, with their grand udders, and every Indication of niilk-piquot;odnctiug capacity of the highest order, I oould not help remark�ing to some American friends who were with me that 1 feared our im�porters had net yet taken across the waters any of the best of the race, for I certainly never saw such dairy cows in any show-yard in America as 1 saw at Llamburg. I am now more than ever convinced that, all things considered, the Dutch cow is the general dairy cow, par exceltoice, of the world,

I was also very much interested in the Oldenburg cattle, a race that in color closely resembles the Holstein or Friesiau breed; rather darker in color, nol quite so good, 1 should say, for the dairy, but very much better for beef. In faot, the very best beef cattle on exhibition, in my opinion, were these same Oldenburgers. They are smooth, rather fine in bone, handle fairly well, and bear every indication of good feeding quality. If it were possible to combine the beef-making quality of the Oldenburg cattle with the greal milking capacity of the Dutch cows ii would come very near making the model cow for the average fanner.

Another class of cattle that interested me much was the A.ngeler, a race that seems to be peculiar to Schleswig-Holstein; little fellows rather smaller than the average Jersey; very dark red, bordering on brown in color, very line in the bone, and evidently deep and very rich milkers. Mr, II. Chandos-Pole-Gell, one of the delegates from the Royal Agricultural Society of England, remarked to methat to him this class was the most interesting one in the show; but while I freely con�cede to them great milking and butter capacity in proportion to size, I could not help thinking of quot;Uncle Billy Smith'squot; amp;on mo*, aneni the Jerseys, at the Illinois State Fair two years ago: quot;They will do for u man who is too poor to keep a cow and who is ashamed to keep a goat.' They are too little to be of much practical use, hut they are evidently ;i very pure race, and good machines for making milk and cream, in pro port ion to their size.

There were some short-horns on exhibition, but they were, with the

possible exception of one or twlt;.....ws, miaerable specimens of the breed.

There were also a few Ayrahires, and one or two Pollod-Aiigua, of very ordinary merit. The Swiss cattle were, out in considerable force, and, from their uniform gray color and the Immense bells that accompanied lliein, attracted a good deal of attention. They were of fair size, pretty good on the back, many of them, but coarse and bad handlers, evi�dently lacking in what cattle breeders usually denominate quot;quality.quot;

As a matter of curiosity 1 was interested in the little cows from Norway. They are little things, much smaller than the Angeler cows above alluded to, with remarkably thin, Hat bodies, on very short legs,

18S OONTAGKOUS DISEASES OP DOMfiSSTlOATBD ANIM.VLS.

while on baols aiul belly, the sides a ligUI yellow, streaked laquo;'iih black, marking them muoli like ii tiger. About :i dozen of them were in the show,

The show of sheep \v;is not remarkable in ans- feature. The Freuoli merinos rather took the lead in numbers, closely followed by the Eng�lish nnitton breeds, the various classes of Downs, with a fewOotswolds and Lincolns, Of the French merinos, there were many most excellent

specin.....s, better ami larger than any 1 had heretofore seen. 'Ida' pen

pie of lt; lennany appear to bo quot; taking toquot; the Southdowns, Shropahires, Hampshires-, and Oxfords largely.

In the swine department of the show 1 was pleased to see, onr American-Pol.....I Chinas holding a prominent place, and, in my judg�ment, t he very liest specimens of swine on exhibition were of this breed and imported from America. Mr. John C. Punch, of Uldenhurg, was the enterprising gentleman who made this exhibit, and his swine are certainly most creditable representatives of the breed. In point of numbers, the white breeds, mostly of the various Xorkahire families, made up aliont GO percent, of the show, while the remainder were about equally divided Wet ween the Berkshires and Poland-Chinas, with a few Essex.

I may sum up my impressions of this show by saying that, while it was very creditable in most departments ami great in display of dairy stock, I saw nothing worthy of especial remark in the management. The system of classiflcatiou was very complete, and the several breeds were usually grouped together in their stalls or pens so that one desir�ing to examine any class of stock found but little difficulty In doing so. The published catalogue of the exhibits was also a great convenience to visitors, as in it full particulars as to name, age, pedigree, owner�ship, etc., were, given. The custom of issuing a catalogue of this sort is general with European agricultural shows, and might be followed in onr own country with profll.

1 saw no breeds of live stock at this show the importation of which to the United States, in my judgment, should be encouraged or recom�mended other than the Holstein or Priesiau-Dutch dairy cattle and the Oldenburgs, to which I have alluded in the foregoing. They are cer�tainly most excellent breeds of cattle for the purposes indicated. The former have already been extensively introduced in our country, and are certainly rapidly growing in public favor. To what, extent, the Oldenburgs mighj be profitably imported, if at all, 1 am not prepared to say. I can only reiterate my former statement, that they were cer�tainly the best beef animals on exhibition, and thai they also seem to possess an adaptation to the uses of the general dairy farmer, but little inferior to the Holsteins or Friesians, which they closely resemble.

OUU PORK IN G-ERMANY.

While in Germany I made diligent inquiry in order to ascertain so far as possible the feeling of the Govermnenl and people concerning the

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMBSTIOATBD ANIMALS.

189

iidiiiission of Anioricaii pork to thai ootintry. A.uiong I he trades people in the cities, so far as I conld learu, tho ['eeliiig is very strong agaiust the prohibitory policy of the Govorument, but among tho besl informed people, and those connrcted with the Government, tho case is just about as follows:

The swine of both Germany and tho Uultecl States are confesscrdly, to some extent, Infected with trichina, TlieGerman authorities recpiire thai tli(! tlesh of all swine slaughtered in thai country shall bo subjected to a mlcroscopioexamiuatiou by a Government inspector, and pronounced free from trichina, before it can lie offered for sale. No suoh examina�tion is practicable with salted and packed meats from America, and as no pretense of an inspect inn of our meals is made by HS under lt; 'lovcrn-meiit authority, or even under tho supervision of the packing firms, the German Government says, quot;We cannot accord to American packers and butchers a privilege which we refuse to accord to our own.quot; So far as I could gather, it is generally conceded that whenever an inspec�tion of our pork is made, under careful governmental super vision, similar to thai now made by the German authorities, there will be no objection Ilaquo; its sale in thai country. Indeed it strikes me that were such an in�spect ion made there would be such a strong pressure brought to bear upou the German Governmeul by their own people thai the embargo would be speedily removed. The presence or absence of this miorosoopic parasite in the pork of this country is a matter of but little interest to us, as Americans cook their pork before eating it, and thorough cooking obviates all danger, but in Germany, where much of it is eaten raw, it becomes a .serious matter. Should further experiments confirm what, has been already partially shown, that thorough curing in salt destroys the vitality of the trichina, if not entirely, at least, to so great a degree as to reduce thedanger from meats that hare been thoroughly cured by this process to almost uotbing, it will doubtless be a strong point in our favor, and a proper presentation of the facts to the German Government, should this be clearly proven, ought al once to bo made. Until this fact is clearly established, however, and in the absence of any pretence of

inspection of American meats, either under govor.....eubal or individual

supervision, the position of the German Government is obviously sound upon tliis question, and cannot be assailed without lirst, demonstrating that their own inspection is useless.

Ofli K.xroliT OATTLE TKADt; WITH QUEAT BBITAIN.

From all that I could learn while in ISnglaml, the trade in dead meat between the 1'nited States and (Ireat Britain is not at all satisfactory either to those engaged in the trade or to the consumer. The facilities for securing the exact temperature necessary in order to maintain the proper condition of the moat during the ocean voyage are so imperfect that the meat not unfrequently reaches the consumer in a more or less

damaged condition, and large losses have resulted. All well-informed

190

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

persons agree that the most satisfaotory mmlt.s will be attained when we shall once more be able to show a clean biUoi liealth, and send our live cattle, under suob regulations as will insure their health and com-fort, to the farms and pastures of England and Scotland, there to be slaughterotl when tbelr condition and the state of the market requires it.

ll ought nut to be considered strange that British farmers should make strenuous efforts to still further restrict or totally suppress the importation of live stock for slaughter in their country. They have suffered ouormoua losses in times past from imported disease, and dur ing the last few years they have been contending with great obstacles, not the least of which has been the great supply of agricultural prod�ucts that America has sent to that country, under these circumstances it is not to he expected that Uritish tanners will be inclined to take, a strictly judicial view of the case. Naturally they would like to secure a better market for their own stock, and equally naturally they magnify possible danger of importing disease, from this country. On the other hand, it should be borne in mind that the English Government has steadily refused to yield to the demands for further restrictions, and has in the main done full Justice to American interests, especially in the recent alarm over the reported existence of foot-and-mouth disease in this country,

It is doubtless true that British farmers do not regard the existing condition of the meat trade with this country favorably, and that when�ever they are satisfied that it may be done with safety they would much prefer that the restriction should be removed altogether, rather than thai the present arrangement of compulsory slaughter be con�tinued. As the trade is now conducted the supply received from the United States detracts just so much from the demand for home prod�ucts, aud the British farmer has no opportunity for even an incidental share in the profits of I he business. ()n the other hand, could our cat�tle be safely admitted without restrictions, immense numbers of store or partially failed cattle would he shipped to that country, and would be taken inland to British pastures and finished upon British food, thus enabling Uritish farmers to reap profits oul of the better tilting of these cattle for the market, and also to utilize them in the converting of the provender of the farm into manure, a very important considera�tion with the farmers of that country. During my visit to thai coun�try I conversed with inanj farmers upon this subject, and 1 never met with a single man who expressed himself as otherwise than favorably disposed towards the free admission of American cattle whenever it could be done with a reasonable guarantee of safety from contagious diseases; ami in nearly every case the hope was expressed that the time would soon come when the present restriotious might safely be re�moved. Instead of being opposed from motives of self-interest to the free introduction of our cattle to that country, the feeling seems to be general among English farmers, so far as I heard any expression of

CONTAGIOUS DISBA.SBS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 191

opinion, that the profit derived from the quot; finishing upquot; process wonlcl more than com'penaato for the resulting oompetitiou.

Feeling certain that this i.s the view geuerally liold by intelligoul and progressive Britlsb farmers, and also strong in the belief that we shall at no very (listunt (lay he in such a ooiidition as to enable ns to give our British cousins assurances concerning the sanitary condition of our cattle that will be satisfactory, [ confidently look to the entire removal of the present restrictions as a thing reasonably certain to occur in the near future. Of coarse tliis belief and hope is based upon the confi�dence 1 feel in the course which our Geuoral Government, aided by that of the infected States, will take in rospecl to the stamping out of con�tagions diseases and in otherwise improving the sanitary condition of our cattle, and also in the surveillance which, in my opinion, will at no distant day be exercised over onr exports.

The importation of cattle from foreign conntriea was a fruitful theme for discussion in Great Britain during the time I was in that country. The nnnsiial extent to which fool and inonth disease has prevailed there during the past year ami the losses resulting therefrom to British farmers have made them extremely restive, and while the Government lias been active in its efforts to stamp out the disease, it has lieen con�stantly importuned to adopt still more stringent regulations to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases from abroad. All Americans interested in thesubject are aware that forseveral years past a regula�tion has hern enforced which requires thai all cattle brougbi to Great Britain from the tJnited*States musl bo slaughtered at the docks where landed within ten days after their arrival, no matter whal may be their condition or the state of the market. This edict of compulsory slaughter is based niion the assumption that to admil the free transit of cattle from the United States to the farms and pastures of (neat Britain would expose the cattle of British fanners to increased dangers of infection from pleuro pnemiionia or lung plague, the presence of which disease along a portion of oar Atlantic seaboard is admitted.

In the mean time Canadian cattle have been freely admitted without compulsory slaughter or detention, no contagious diseases having been Ion ml among the cattle of that country, and the Canadian Governinonl maintaining a rigid quarantine against the cattle of all foreign conn-tries, the. United States included, and also making a caieful inspection of all exported cattle and exercising a rigid supervision over the ships in which they are carried. In consequence of these regulations a Ca�nadian bullock will bring $115 to$25morealt; the Liverpool or London land�ings than could be obtained for the same bullock if exported from the United States, To some European countries where the sanitary condi�tion of the cattle is not so satisfactory as in the United States even the grace of compulsory slaughter is not accorded, but the landing of live cattle therefrom is absolutely prohibited.

In January last a shipment of cattle was received at Liverpool from

192 CONTAOIOUS DISEASES OF D�1IEST10A.TE� ANIMALS.

Boston, which, upou inspection, was fomul to bo suflferiug from foot-

iiud moutli tlisoase. In Marcli n shipmeul was I'eoeived from Baltimore iu the saino comlitioa. The publication of tlieso faols letl to a strong

iiopular (Icmaiul ii]..... the (lovernmenl thai absolute prohibition should

be applied to all cattle from the united States; and in July, while I was in London, Mr. Chaplin introduced n motion in the House of Com�mons which was, to all intents and purposes, a demand upon the Gov�ernment that such action should bo iinmediately taken, Inspiteofthe opposition of the G�verninent imtiv. Mr. ( haplin's motion prevailed by a majoi iiy of eigiit.

I listened svith a good deal of interesl to the discussion which this motion elicited, and, in common wit Ii all other Americans who toollt; any interesi whatever in the subject, I regarded the vole by which it was carried as a very threatening oineu. [ndeed, the agent of the Domin�ion Govemmenl of Canada said to mo the day after i his rote was taken that he was certain that within a week i.....rder would be issued abso�lutely prohibiting the lauding of American cattle at British ports. I set ai once actively to do what I could to counteracl this, The pretext set 11)1 for this action was the presence offoot-and mouth disease in the United States. My position as an accredited representative of our De-partmeul of Agriculture, and my opportunities for ascertaining the facts as a member oi the Treasury Cattle Commission, enabled me to make representations touohing the actual condition of our cattle that attracted atteution, and which I believe were quite generally accepted as time. Through the London Times and by personal interviews with members of L'arliamenl and with the chief veterinary adviser of the privy council, aided, I may say, 1gt;,\ the efforts of others, i was aide not only to counteracl the effect of the vote on Mr. Cbapliu's motion, but to bring about a much more satisfactory state of feeling, solar as the security of the present condition of the trade is ooucerned, than had previously existed.

I was able to explicitly deny the existence of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States, except in eases of ilirecl importations from Great Britain, which cases had been prompttj detected and closely quarau-tined. and to state positively thai the cases of foot-and-mouth disease alleged to have been broughl from the United States were due solely to the infected ships which had broughl diseased cattle to ourown ports. and without proper disinfection had been loaded with fat, cat lie for

Liverpool,

The effeel produced by tills plain statement of facts was so consider�able that Mr. Arnold called attention in the House of Commons to the assurances contained in my letter in the Times of Julj isth. and also to one of a subsequeul date from General lt; 'aiman. of the Dopartmeut of Agriculture al Washington, and asked the Government: quot;Whether, in view of these tacts, the present restrictions might not safely bo re�moved so far as cattle from the Western States were concerned.quot;

CONTAGIOUS 0ISBA.SE8 Of DOMK.-TICATKI) WlMAI

193

Tlio iiiiswiT iVom ihr (iovcninuMii was, as I Hiippos�il ii w.iulil bo, to the eflfftol tliin. muler the existing ao( of Pai'liamoiit, no �oncession could lie made in lUvor of n portion of any counl ry tiial could nol In- accorded tu it as n whole. I succeeded in obtaining from Professor Urown, the chief \eteritiar\ adviser et' tin [raquo;riv.y council, an admission thai in his opinion a plan inighl be devised lgt;.\ vvhieli � n lie fVom our Western States miglit now im admitted with reasonable safety. This 1 i'egardod as ,i very hnportaul admission ; but the neuruessof the end igt;r the ses�sion of I'a ilia.....nt made it useless then mask for such additional legis�lation as would bo iieeessarv in order to enabip the privy conncil to carry oul this idea, I may add. in this coiiiiootion, thai Professor Brown, sjx'aking for the privy council, expressed hiiiiHelf as greatly pleased with the steps laquo;iiiidi the Agricultural and the Treasury De�partments of the United States had taken within the past year or two to i in] nine the saniiai \ condition of our live stock and to proven I the im-

porlation and spread of (.....tagious diseases; ami thai tlie impression

is rapidly gaining ground ihai we shall soon be in such a condition that cattle from all parts of the United States may be admitted and taken inland without any danger from disease. Tins feeling ^is hased mainlj upon tlie steps which our CTOverunient has already tnken, and a faith thai wo shall continue to go forward in the same direction.

I cannot but regard it as extremely fortunate that some one who could speak with some degree of assurance, and whose opportunities, from knowing the facts, were acknowledged, should have been on the spot ¹¹ London in July last to correct the misapprehensions that existed

touching the prevalence of footand-n.....th disease in this country; and

I think it reasonably safe to predict that, with the enforcement of such regulations as are now com em phi led by our Treasury Deparlmeni. and with such additional legislation as may be reasonably expected from our Congress at its next session, the time is nol far distant when American

cattle will be placed upon an equal footing with those fr..... Canada so

far as admission to British ports is concerned.

tMPBESSIONS OF HBITI8I1 BREEDS OF CATTLE.

However much the substantial merits of short-horns in ('.real Britain, as well as in America, may have been damaged within the pasi twenty years by blind allegiance to what has been called quot;fashionable breeding,quot; it is evident that the quot;color craze,quot; which prevails to so great an extent

In the United States, has not yet had any serious effect on tl.....Una'side of

the ocean. In the stables, the pastures, ami the show-yards of England andSeoilaiid 1 -a w comparat ively few red slmrl horns. Roan appears to be the favorite color there: the all white being quite as frequently met with as the all-red. In the show yards Ihe rich red roan�-a color that is peculiarly characteristic of the short-horn breed�appears to be in a decided majoritj over all others.

in point of real merit, however, I think no candid man who has seen .-)7.-)I ii a------13

104 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF IJOMBSTIOATBD ANIMALS

theoattleof botli eoimtrioa will dispute my iissortion when I say that, judgecl by tlie'cuttle shown at the Royal this yoar, Gugiish sliort-homs arc not equal to those shown al our leading fairs in Amcricn. There were no representatives of the breed at the show of the Royal A.gri-cultural Society, al Vork, this year, worthy of being compared with the show herds thai Potts, L'ickrell, Sodowsky, Croft, and Pulroor exhibited throughoul tin' Western States al our principal lairs last year. In this opinion I am sustained by every Ameriean quot;cattlemanquot; thai I mel at York during the R'oj al sliow, and i iiere were several of i hem�1 [erefoid, Aimus.ainl Devon, as well as siiorl horn breeders. With the exception of the .yearling and the two-year-old heifer classes, 1 tlioughl the show weak throughout, so far as ipiality is concerned, although it was quite strong in nnmbers. Al this writing I liave nol read any of the com�ments upon this show b\ the English press, so I am nol prepared to say vvlietlier il compares favorably with its predecessors or otherwise; but indgiiilaquo; by what I lieard among the breeders, it was certainly up to, if nol superior, to the average of the pasl six years.

The show of breeds, other than shorthorns, ul (he Royal was not laim*. The llerefords were reasonably good, the cows very fa I and very quot; patchy,''as a rule. There was a fair show of Welsh cattle� vigorous looking animals�uniformly black and possessing a good laquo;leal of quot;stylequot;; they impressed me as being really much better beef cattle ti_i;lll [ had been led to believe from what 1 had previously lieard of them. Theie were a few very good Aberdeen Angus and Galloways, but these breeds were nol largly represented.

Fnnn m.s fitand-poinl the very best beef animals 1 saw at York were of the Devon hived. Of course they were not so large as some of the other breeds, bul they were iissquarcaiul blocky almosl as model Berk�shire pigs, on very short legs, with tine hone, neat heads, and such handlers! As an old butcher remarked in my hearing, they were quot;all good bee f from 'orus to 'ocks.

F [ also liked the red polled eattle of Norfolk and Suffolk quite well. They are uinch like the Devons in shape and color, bul are hornless. While they possess all the characteristics necessary to entitle them to rank as a ilisiinei breed, yel if is conceded thai the cattle of Suffolk have been a trille coarser than those of Norfolk�a difference,however, thai is fast disappearing under t lie system of blood-mingling thai is now practiced between the two counties. In addition to a high order of merit as beef producers, the Norfolk and Suffolk breeders claim greal superiority for the cows of the breed as milkers, and certainly their published records go far toward sustaining the claim. To those who have a deeided preference for hornless cattle, yel with a dislike for the black color, I can heartily recommend these beautiful red cattleof Nor�folk and Suffolk.

The show of Jerseys al the quot;Royalquot; was mnch larger than that ol any other breed, except (he short horns, and many of the cows carried

CONTAGIOUS DISHASES OP D0MK8TICATKD ANIMALS. 195

\\ itli them evicl�uo�s of largo milkiug oapaoity. TUo A-yraliires were iiol coiiBpicuous, fill um' in numborsor in quality, and tlio honors in tho dairy classes wovo oarried oft' hy the sliort-horn cows. I may remark here t hal the prevailing type of short-horu cow, as exhibited al the �� Lloyal,quot; ap-proaohos much more nearly to thai of the model dairy cow than does the type usually mol with in our American show-yards. TUey are more after the quot; wedge-shapequot; pattern�heavy in the hind quarters and ta�pering toward the iieacl�than is considered tho highest model of form in a beef-producing animal.

Nexl to the quot; lloyal,quot; tlie most important agricultural show of Grcal Uritain is thai of the Higldaiul Society, held this year a( Inverness. The loading feature was, of course, cattle, and of those the G-alloways, Highlanders, and �.bcrdeen-Angus look the lead. Many who had made cniiics liere, however, as al 'i'ork, were deterred from bringing tlioir cuttle on accouul of danger from the wide-spread infection of fool and-moiilh disease, Among others there were many entries from Sir (reorgo McPherson Grant's fa mous 1'.all im In I loch herd of Aberdeen Angus cat�tle, bul Tear lost they migiil incur the dreaded infection linally led Sir George to keep his favorites al home, although several of his choicest animals had been especially lined for ihis show, and with every prospect of carrying a large share of the honors hack with thoni to Castle Bal-lindalloch.

The short-horns were mil numerous, bnl there were a few good ones;

notably Cloldttnder, a yearling bull bred by William II.....lley, Greou-

head Milnthorpo, gol by Sir Arthur Ingram (;524!)0) oul of Princess Flora, by Alfred the Grcal (30121). This young fellow, a beautiful red roan, exhibited lgt;\ .lames Bruce, who is recognized as one of the besl feeders in all Scotland, was shown in tho very pink of condition, and is certainly the best young bull I have seen Ihis year, [In deservedly won the highesl honors in his class and also tho gold medal as the best short-horn bull of any age in the show. Among the other short horns there was nothing particularly noticeable; and certainly any of the American herds mentioned above would have had an easy victory over the best of them in the show ring. I cannot help repeating here my strong conviction thai our besl American short horns are superior, as a general thing, to the besl 1 have seen here, either in the shows or al home on the furms of tho breeders. The best specimens of the l.iced I have seen (with tho eseoption of tho young bull above mentioned) were on the pastures of the farmers of Aberdeeushire�beautiful, smootli, flno boned cattle�such as would delight the heart of a Smithttehl butcher.

The \\ est Highlanders were nnmerieally stronger than any ot her breed al Inverness, and with the Scutch people they appear to be prime la

vorites. I fear, however, they are t.....slow in maturing, and loo small

to be of value to American breeders. Hardiness they imdoubtedly pos�sess t(..........isnal degree, bill if hardiness alone is what our Western

196 CONTAGIOUS DIskasks OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

lanchinni want fclio.v can laquo;ol plonty of that ulummUu'i.stlu b.y talniig n cross back to tho Toxan raquo;r to thai Ktill moi'� hardy iiml botter quot;wrest-Umquot; tin- Aiu.'iiran iuiiV.iln. 1 take il thai wiiat is wanted by our West oru ninchmeii is a cross Ihul will give earlier iiuiturity, fluoiieaa of bone, lightness of odal, and a laquo;reatev toii(leiic..\ to take on tle.sh. The quality of Imrtliness is already attained in the foundation stock.

for the same reason lam rather disposed to (jaestioii thedesimbiliti of the (iallo\va.Y as a cross loronr \Vesterii ranehnicn. Hardy they mi-doubtedl.v are, and of most admirable form in carcass, bill i have a feai i'nai this cross upon the tbimdatioii stock in useon our Western [ilains _vvjll i,,. Cound coarse-boned and slow in roaohing maturity, [venture ihis as an oiiinion, based cut irely upon I he prevailing tyito of t liese cat�tle as 1 have seen them in their native. lt;;.....itry. When inaturo I am

inclined to think they are superior in shape of carcass, judged from a beef-producing standpoint, to their rivals, the liucr-boned, (Iner haired, and radier maturing Aberdeen-Angus, hnl as a cross for the purposes

above indicated i certainly look Cor mnch more satisfactory results IV.....

the latter breed, unless il be upon herds thai have already been im�proved by several crosses with the earlier maturing breeds.

A.nioiig the herds visited by me in thiscountry 1 have been especialh pleased with the short horns of Hugh Ay liner and Amos Cruickshank, _ail(l the polled herds of Sir George Mcl'berson laquo;Irani and Mr, George Wilken. Mr. Aylmer is an ardent admirer of the liooth sari, and as his breeding is confined to that line his herd may be fairly taken as a repirseiitative one of that faniily. Mis cattle are distinguished for blooky, beefy form, on short legs, with well-sprung ribs, and straight topitntl bottom lines. N'ot remarkable for llneuess or sniootlmess, or style, or finish, bill certainly most excellent becf-prodnciug cattle.

Mr. Crnickshank is not a follower of either I5ootli or Bates, He has been breeding shorthorns at Sittyton for about litty years; says it has always been his aim to breed good short-horns, regardless of the cn-priecs of fashion; has tried bulls of Loth Bates and Booth sorts, but

thonghl thej did Ins herd harm rather than good, .....I so discarded

firstone and then the other. The bull that, in Ida opinion, has been most productive of good results in his herd�the greateat^ short-horn bull, in his judguient, thai lias existed within the past fifty years�was Champion of Ruglaud, a bull bred by himself. He used this bull on his herd about ten years. Among the sous of the old bull he regards Roan Gauntlel as the best�bul little, if any. inferior as a getter to his illustrious sire, lie has now ahont 120 femalea in his herd, nearly halt oftiid number being red, the balance red-aad-whitc and roan, with a lew all white. Elis cattle were not iu high condition when Esawthem;

thev were running on..... pasture, and had not been in stable, nor had

they seen any other feed than grass since last spring. I was particu�larly impressed with theevidenees of early mat uiaty m ihis herd; In�deed I have nowhere else seen such perfectly developed cowlaquo;, uinong

quot;

OONTAGHOUg DI8EA.SK8 OF DOMKSTICATl�D ANIMALS. 197

yearlings and two-yoar-olds, as al Sittytou; ami it is boro I iliink that tho oliiof excolleuco of Mr. Cruitiksliank's broiMling lies. This featuro lias girt'ii uharauter to the short-horns of Aberdeoushiro, and so imiv'or-sally is it recoguizod, that even the broedors laquo;W the Abordeeu-Angns cattle of thai region all concede, so far as I beard an expression of opin�ion, thai up lo two years old no breed uill slmw sncli a gain as the siiort-liorn, Mr. C. says Ids aim has been to produce a first class beef animal al the earliesl possible ago; and in selecting iis breeding bulls, he says : quot;The only questions have been, is lie a good short-born.! and. VA'iil be nick well witli my lierd .'quot;

I liarc seen nmch of tlio Angus-Aberdeen cattle on their native heath� or. the pastures of I beuommun farinersof Abordeensbire�and 1 certainly like tbein well. They are good looking, smooth, fine-boned, early-matur-lug can le h lierever you see them. The Rricas (a family of this breed), as bred li\ Sir Greorge McPherson (ir.int, [gt;leased nie best, on accounl of thoir eoniparative lightness of hone and compact, level, beefy, car-cassi's. Sir George lias either succeeded in llxing a strong family type in these Ericas, or else lie has shrewdly retained tliose that apiiroxl-inato closely to this type among tliose bred by him, and has sold the rest, The Prides (anwther po])u]ar Aberdeen Angus family) arc larger than the liricas, and certainly have uot quite the finish and style of tlie latter, but, judged by the show-yard trinrnplis of this year, they are not a whit he hi ml them in popular fa vor; indeed I am Inclined to the opin�ion that the show-yard ledger of this year displays a decided balance to t he credit of t he Prides. But this may be, to a considerable degree, owing to tin' absence of the Ballindalloch herd from the Highland show.

I regret exceedingly that ! was compelled to forego the pleasure of a visit to Herefordshire. The quot; white-faces,quot; as the Hereford cattle are often called, have gained so linn a footing and have become so widely popular in America that I May nuicli desired to see them on their native pastures, I had arranged, while al the Royal show, to spend all of the last week of my stay in England among the I lereford breeders, tim ing my visit there, by special im itat ion, wit h reference to an important gatliering of [Jereford breeders that was to take place at that time, ^1,111 at the Ltsi momenl I was eompelled by urgent business demands to semi my regrets to Hereford and turn myse f homeward, without the coveted \ isit to I lerelbrdsbire, as well as to many other places that I had hoped to see before my return. What I have seen of this very popular breed, however, has only confirmed my previous favorable impression quot;I them as grazing cattle. But niual I be permitted to say of them, as 1 have already said of the short horns, thai judging by what 1 have seen of them in both countries, the enterprise and good judgment of American buyers have already transferred the cream of the breed to the United Slates

1!)8 CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OF DOMK8TICATEU ANIMALS. iSNGLISH AM) SCnl'CII DUAl'l' ttOBSES.

A im Hier very [raquo;#9632;oniiiieiil feature ol the �tiglisli and Scotcb ahow-.vards

was tin'carl or draft holies, tho�lydesdales taking the lend in Scotland and the slnre liorses in Kagland. So mucli cross'ng ami mingling of blood lias been practiced lu iln horse breeders of these iwo countries thai ii is really very difHcull to tell where the one leaves ofl and the other burins In lad, I liavo never yel been able to llud a horseman whose eye was cnticjal enuugli to enable him to saj positively whether a givoii animal l)ehmgol to the one or the other bro.'d, unless he knew belbreluiml who the animal belonged to, or where it came from. But as each breed now has its own stud-book ii is not unlikely thai a greater distinction than is now apparenl may grow np in the near future. Judg�ing by wlial appearetl to be the prevailing type of the two breeds, as 1 saw them, 1 should say, if there ilaquo; any difference in them, thai the shire horse waa relatively better and ati'onger in the heart, back, and Hank, than Ins Scotch rival; bnt, as before remarked, I lie must critical horse�man would be puzzled to give n good reason why they might not be classed as one and ilie same breed. They are certainly most excellent horses, and for heavy draft il is doubl ful if I heir superiors can be found in an\ country, f/argo numbers of them are now annually being taken to the United States, the honors being nbonl equally divided between ihem and the Perelieron horses of hVance. The Clydesdale and the Siiire 11arses have each bad a stud-book for some5 or 0 years past, and tlie ell er; has don in less been to cause greater attention to be paid to genealogy than was possible undei' the tbrmer order of things; and American importers now have a much more reliable guaranty of purity of blood than they con Id possibly have wit linn t these published records. \\\\]\ the publication of the Perelieron stud-book, to which 1 have be�fore alluded, it may now lie said that our American importers have a stud or herd book to rely up gt;n for every breed of horses and eat tie thai is brought to our country, whether from Great Britain or the Conti�nent.

DANREES I'K'OM INFEOTtOUS DISEASES.�SUGGESTIONS iPFEOTING oil! lAl'i HITS OF LIVE CA.TTLE.

In conclusion permit me to say thai I am aware of the fact thai 1 have only imperfectly covered the subjects to which my attention was directed by you in my appoint ment. The time which I was able to give to each branch of the subject was necessarily brief; and some of them 1 have been compelled to forego almost entirely. 1 cannot close, however. without again calling attention to the very general prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease among the eat tie of Great Britain, and the great dan�ger which exists of the transportation of this pest to our own herds and flocks, through the frequentimportations that are uowbeing made from that countrv. The sj'ste.....f quarantine now being maintained by our

COXTAGIOUS DISKABKS OF IJOMKS lUATKI) ANIMALSnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 199

Government laquo;.gainst all iinportad cattle affor�s very good soeurity agivli st tnfeotiou, througlj Llie boviue species5 igt;hi sheep, swim', and goats, are equally siisuoptiblo ilt;gt; i his disease, und arequito aaUUely to bring it to

our shores as art' the (Ml lie. I' nl'ort m lately t here is no law antllOl'izillg n qiiaraiitine of any impoi'tad animals other than cattle, and herein lies our greateal present clanger, it is to lgt;o hopetl that Congress may be induced at :i very early period in its next session, to confor the neces�sary authority fovenforcing quarantine against sheep, gouts, and swine, as well as cattle from all foreigu countries, so that our flocks and herds may be effectually guarded against this the most in fee lions of all animal plagues.

I deem ir important also to call attention to the fact that the ostab-lishment of a rigid system of inspection of all live cattle exported from this country and a strict supervision of the ships used for the purpose of carrying the cattle from our ports, to the end that none but healthy cattle shall he placed on board and that the facilities forpromoting the health and comfort of the auhnalsduring the voyage shall lgt;e ample, is of the liighoal possible importance in its bearing on the future of our export trade with Great Uritain. la a conversation between Professor Brown, the einer vetenuary adviser of the British privy comioil, and myself upon this point, he dwelt with especial emphasis upon the im�portance of at l en I ion to these ma 11 ers on I he part of our Government, A merica ns as a classare very Jealous of governmental interference with trade and coin me ice. and eat tie shippers especially are opposed to any regulations that shallquot;interfere in the least with their present freedom of action, But the inieivstsof the farmers of the I'liitcd States, the men who raise the cattle for export, arc paramount to those of the few who are engaged in the export trade. Ami no consideration of a very slight reduction in the per cent, of prolit which these dealers may real�ize should be allowed to stand in t he way of the adopt ion of regulatious

which are absolutely essential to the permanence of the traffic,

llespcctfllllv submit ted,

J, II. SANDERS. Ohioago, Ootober .quot;gt;(). 1883.

REPORT OF Dll. RUSH sillI'l'K.X UVIDEKOI'ER,

SiK: Twenty years ago an Interiiatioiial Cattle Show was held at Hamburg, Germany. This exhibition attracted a groat deal of interest; it proved a fnianeial success to the citizens who guaranteed the cost; it brought valuable agricultural products and animals from England France, and other countries, and it was encouraged by numerous ex�hibits and an aci ive conimittee from the United States. The idfcets of this exhibition in North Germany were lasting. Valuable breeding animals wei'c bougbt from the foreign exhibitors, and the numerous

German fanners who attended saw and appreciated the Improved

200 CONTAOIOUa DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

methods of tilling tbo soil, breeding, oaring for and feeding their an! tti als, and econoinizing the products. S.....e of the ooinmitteo lt;gt;i' the exhibi�tion igt;r 1863 were still taking an active interosl in agricultural matters \\li('ii tlie present Hamburg Oattle Show was proposed, and they found a 1110 in | )t supporl in offering to tlie pro pic another ^(l conooursquot; to sbow tin' Htlvance whicli Imd been made in the two decades. In the exhibi�tion of 1883 bill tew of the foreign countries lenl the supporl which such un undertaking deserved, and the exliibits were confined almost entirely ilaquo;¹ Glerniany, with her closely related neighbors of Holland, Denntark, and the Austro-riiingarian Empire.

The exhibition was opened on the 3d of July, 1883. The buildings were well arranged and cvcrv accommodation for the animals was pro�vided, tlie details of which will be found in the accompanying catalogue.

The exhibits were divided into nine sections, viz ;

1. Horses.

3. Horned call le.

o. Sheep.

-I. Swine.

�. Bees and the apparatus connected with their care.

ii. Fish.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Powl,

8.nbsp; Stalls, buildings, agricultural implements, amp;c.

9.nbsp; Seien tiflc apparatus and met bods ol teaching all mal tcrs pertain injr to agricnllure,

Section 1.�IIokses.

Division A,�Classes 1 to I were composed of thoroughbreds, which presented no pnrticular interest. Among the stallions one of the best was an American, #9632;#9632; Imagination,quot; born 1874, by Longfellow oul of a Lexington mare.

Classes.quot;) io(i contained several excellent Arabs, which have been of great use in Germany, as in I'quot;ranee ami elsewhere, in improving the Ideal breeds of horses before crossing them with the thoroughbreds.

Division It.�Glasses 7 to 12 called for riding, liuating, and cavaln horses and mares, of three years and over, raised in Germany, A astro-Hungary, Denmark. �wcdeii,aiid Norway. These classes were largely lllled with good nnimais. espeeialh from Austria, as the horses from this country showed iiniclt more blood.

Dirision /'.�('lasses lli-15 were for the same class of animals from any country. England only of foreign countrios was represented with sev�eral good animals from the Stand Stud Oompany, bat the flrsl prize was awarded to the representative of the Boyal Prussian stud, In this division American horses eonld have been shown with special profit. Kipialh good horses mighl have been sent from New Sfork Stale and the whole Alleghany ridge, with an advantage of price on their side, even with tlie cost of transportation and risk added.

�

CONTAOIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATKD ANIMALS, 201

Dirision A'.�l^oals of tlie previous classes.

Division /�'.� Henri/ o�rriage horses,�This division was complete in stal-lious, inat'os and cults, ami presoutoil, perhaps, one of tbo vlcUest shows amoug the horses. From the mau^'studs i'epresouted the most asoful

for the United States would probably be the an!.....Is of the Grand

Duke of Oldenburg. These are inagniflcenl beasts offull 10 hands, shoi't coupled, tine, strong nook, legs well placed {iVitjilomh), and good feet. The developing horses are of sufflcient size for the farnior in use economically while he is preparing uuimals, which, if the) are at fault as valuable carriage horses, are still strong enough iigt; sell or keep Cor hard work.

Division 0 contained, in addition to the preceding, a few good Eng�lish horses.

Division II.�Strong horses for ajjiicultural and iudustrial work, The ('1 vdesdales were entirely wanting. Several line representatives of the Shire horse were shown, the largest weighing some l.'.iou pounds, but all except a Stylish mare were sleopv and had unfortunately Mat feet.

Glasses 31 to 34 failed to obtain any representation from the superb French, Belgium, and Norische or Pinzgauer races. Tlie llrst two are so well known in the United Slates that it is useless to speak of them, bin the PhiKgauor should be better known. Originating (historically) in the Pinzgauer and Styria these immense active horses have ever since been kepi in all their purity. They were described and drawn From by the ancient Romans, and in the Middle A.ges they furnished the mounts of most of the German and North Italian warriors. Their full blood has always exercised a strong influence upon the countries directly surrounding the South of Austria, but the limited territory in which they are produced in their purity has been a barrier to their i wider disseiniuatlon, and of late years their export has been almost entirely limited to Munich and Vienna, Fine examples of this race can be met with in these two cities, but I hey are best seen on tlieStyriau Mountains, where they usually work with a load on the back and go over the heights, on a narrow fool path, as surely as a mule, with the advantage of greater speed and tlie strength for a greater load, As our agrionlturists are now bringing so many of the large European horses to America, and the price of English and French horses have advanced so much in the last few years, it would he well for them to pay attention to these animals, which can be procured for less money. Prom Denmark were shown some flue horses with a good deal of blood and weighing from 1,301) to 1,500 pounds,

A lew Ardenners were exhibited in harness, hill none of the pure type which was so renowned in the old posting service, and lias now become so rare, as it has unfortunately been rendered coarse and lym�phatic by crossing with the large Flemish and English animals.

202 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATUD ANIMALS.

Section B,�Ponies.

Ainoiig the ponies no type or nice was especially exempllfloci, except

iVdih bforway. The Soandiiiavian Uorses are mngnifloeut heavy poules

of 13 to HlmiulB, witli shorl backs well i.....leled, short, strong set legs.

good feel, and an inteiligeul head with a largo open eye. These animals keep in good condition svith a small quantity of poor

food, and arc adapted to inountaiu work. They walk very fast and duI wouclorfully. They arc good workers in harness, though thev are

usually used .....ler saddle, and cany the big Norwegian peasant a.s

easily as tli.y would a child. They could be profitably raised in any ot the uiouutainoas districts of America, and would make an excellent mount tor the cavalry in the West. Their price is very low. and the cost of transporting them would be less than For large horses. There was mi exhibit uf mules and asses.

Section 11.�Cattle.

The show of cattle was the greal I'cature of the exhibition, although it was almost confined to the series of coast cattle. The present divis ion of these cattle deserves special attention, as the American nomen. elature has been decidedly arbitrary.

It is only within recent date thai the proprietors and agriculturists have become convinced of the necessity of establishing definite lines between the cattle of eacli locality, where the animals showed some pailicnlai-merit: and In order to retain the purity of their herds, which was threatened by tiie increased facilities of commerce, tlie^ have found the solniion of their problem in the establish men ( of quot;herd books,quot;'

The catalogue called for a first division into the Marschschlage, or those families of iinimals coming from the lower country and into the Geestschlage, or those coming irom the higher and more inland conn tries, lu the Marschschlage series are the East Frisians, Oldenburg, ers, Hollanders. Wilstermarsoli, and Breitenburgers; in the second scries (here are families from the first three of the preceding, the An-gelers and the Jntlandcrs, Of these groups the Wllstermarsch, Breit�enburgers, Angelers, and Jutlanders are in general terras quot;Holsteinquot; cattle, and, except the last, have nothing whatever in common with the Weal Frisian, Oldenburgers, and Bollanders, which are the so-called Holstein cattle in America. The generic mime of quot;Holsteinquot; as applied to any race of cattle does not exist in North (leruiany or the Netherlimds. The Wllstermarsch und Breitenburgers present no special

interest fur (he American, as (hey are simply two good breeds of cattle which are fair milkers, and owe (heir milk qualities to tho crossing of short-horns on the large native race, a bony and coarser cattle. The Jntinndors, Oldonburgers, and a part of the Frisians, especially that part of the hitter to the east, have also foil the influence of the short-

horus to a very great extent, but the native breeds were generally

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOM KSTU'ATKI) ANIMALS. 203

stroug enough to retain their color and their milking qnalltloa, The contlneutal preference, which Formerly bought only white short-boims, aided probably in tlu^ retention of the white and black color. While some of the families of those breeds are almost typical short-borus In form, a large number approach the Dutch and Prisluu so closely that mistakes between tbem would be excusable. However, the lower flank, the larger hip, the flner development of the thorax, tho abonlder-guttor, the flue head, and the other milllt; cliaraoteristlosdistinguisli tho families from Holland and Priesland. At present the most of these cattle, if of anv value, are registered In the herd books. While the name of a herd does not all'eet its value, it would bo bettor that the proper name should be given in the establishment of foreign herds in the United Slates. The two groups of these cattle, with their predominating qualities of milk or heel', should be better understood and separated at the outset.

The Angeler cattle area beautiful race of milkers, with most of tho cliaraoteristics of the Channel Island cattle, inelndinu the riehness of the fatty parts of tho milk-, but they have their beef qualities better developed. They are of a uniform red color, with black muzzles and legs.

The Swiss eat lie were scarcely represented hy u few Shauienl halers and Allgauers, while the other celebrated breeds were absent. The few examples of the beautiful Swiss eat tie in the Coiled Stales are too little known. Their special adaptation to high regions, their great milking qualities and ecoiioinieal transposition into beef, would make them a most profitable animal in the high cheese-producing counties of New York, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.

The Austrian and Russian cattle were want inn'. A few Rhenish (Jura) and Scandinavian cattle presented only a zu�lechnieal interest, and the great milk race of Flanders and the North of France, and tin¹Salers and other groat work and beef cattle, were entirely absent. The short-horns and Ayrshires were shown both from German and Ehiglisb herds that would readily have yielded the prizes to Amerioau repre�sentatives had these been sent, A test of the quantitative and quali�tative milk production of the various races was carried on during the exhibition, of which an analysis is subjoined.

Skction 111.�Sheep.

This section was only notable for the magnlScenl specimens of the Rambouillet merinos, which are owned in quantities in many parts of Germany.

Suction IN'.�Sw ink.

The exposition of hogs contained many tine Vorkshires mid Berk-shires, both IVoin (iernian and from Buglisll proprietors; hut the finest, show was in Poland Chinas, which were almost all Imported from the

204 CONTAQIOUS DlSKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Statoof Ohio, ami they attracted n great deal of atteutlou aud favor�able comrneiit,

Seotu in V,� Bees,

1 ii ili is (li\isiiiii was a complete collection of the breeds iraquo;t' hoes, with all the apparatus connected laquo;iili their raising and the utilization of the honey and \va \.

Skci'ion '\i,� Fish and I'isii Bhbedxng.

Besides n show of tlm iinpleineiits connected with Bshiug, a few mod�els of flsli-breeding and artilicuilly developed tlsh were shown, nmong which was the tine collection of carp from the farms of A(lol))U tiaschat Kiiniow, in Gulizia. This exhibil reqniroa, however, no details after the larger ones which have recently been lield.

Beo'iion \'iI.� Fowls.

As no foreign exhibil was made, the collection of fouls can best be criticised as being composed of German birds. The representation of pigeons was wouderfnl, ami the catalogue will probably be of intoresl to breeders of these semi luxurious bul useful birds.

Seotion VIII.�Stapling, Machines, ami Implements.

The moderate exliiliil of wagons,agricultural impleineuts, amp;C., was almost entirely from the hands of German and English workmen, and certainly would have been innch inure valuable if it bad had the addi�tion of the standard Ainericiiu machines. The few machines which were modeled from Amei'ican patents were of old patterns.

Section IX.�Sgientifio investigation and imoiu'crs in itEFgt;

KHENCE TO A.NIMM. [NDIISTUY.

This section contidned an exliibil wliich would possibly have been oneofibe lensl understood at first sight by many Americans, but when once studied would have been thoroughly appreciated and would have proved of great usefulncss in showing the extent to which [Suropean governmenta inferest themselves in aiding the agriculturist, by fur�nishing him with properly educated men to assist him in the selection and care of bis land ami animals : and to care fur his anil mils and pro�tect them when they me siek era re threatened with the opizooties. The first collection was a well selected museum igt;r the books, specimens, ap�paratus, and Kootechnic products from the lioyal Prussian Agricultural IIigh School in Berlin.

The second was n similar collection from the Saxon .Agricultural School. This included n complete display of wool from nirthe oviuo races and breeds, with an appendix giving a detailed repoi I of the feed�ingund producing cosl of the animal which furnished the samples.

CONTAXHOUS DI813A8KS OK DOMESTKUTKI) ANIMALS. 'iOquot;)

From tlie veterinary departinonl tbc exhibits contained n oollection of skulls of all i he dotnostio anitnalH, unntoinical ami pathologioal specs iinciis, Injected preparations, parasites ami wax models of the same, apparatus connected wiili the use and oareof the domestic animal, amp;o. An interesting selection from tlie library showed the gradual develop-iiirni of literature pertaining to agriculture.

The veterinary school ami school for blacksmiths, of �axony, were also represented by complete examples of their methods of teaching ami the means employed in their practical ileuionstrations,

Instrumenl makers sliowed microscopes, tridiina microscopes, tlier-mometers designed for stable and dairy use, lactometers, apparatus for cjuaiitat ive milk analysis, amp;c,

Agricultural and veterinary literature was completely represented, and contained nian,\ useful models of records for dairy ami farm use. and an extensive collection of all existing sind and herd books. Silk and bee culture was shown by a full series of the natural insects and their products, and a duplicate series of the same, enlarged in wax and papier macho. There were also coinpotitive prizes for essa-ys and de�signs for stables and farm buildings, to he adapted totlal or hilly conn tries; essays on the liygienic and other arrangements of farm buildings, manure, amp;c.; on tlie removal of animals from burning buildings: nti animal produotiou (breeding), amp;c.

Throughoul the entire exhibition the most rigid measures were ob�served in regard to the sanitary police. A sufiieient corps of veterina�rians was constantly on duty, under the direction of Professor Johne. All animals before being admitted to the show-grounds were passed through an inspection yard and carefully examined. A constant watch was contiimed, and notwithstanding the imiuense number of animals collected from all of Central Europe and transported through the great centers of animal commerce on railway wagons and by other means of public conveyance no cases of contagious disease were detected, and none developed during the ten days on the grounds. This fortunate result is Justly to be attributed to the present complete and thorough precautions taken by the �erman Government for the protection of its animals. Each district is provided with an official veterinary surgeon, to whom all cases of contagious disease must be reported, and this offi�cial isempowefed with theproper authority for enforcing the law. Each department has a superior veterinarian, llt;gt; whom the district veterina�rians report, and he is invested with greater powers. Il'llie proprietors make ail immediate report of any suspected ease of contagions disease on their farms, they are liberally indemnified in case of loss, after i he offi�cial investigation, which Is one of the offlcial acts in Germany, and ex�ecuted promptly. If, however, a proprietor attempts to conceal any case of contagious disease in his animals, lie not only forfeits any right to indemnity, but is punished. A veterinary surgeon who attends such cases and does not report them is even more severely punished. This

20d CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

law of liberal iiulfiimii.v and puuisluuent combined has proven most satisfnctory ; ii leads to the prompt declaration of any outbreak of dislt; ease, and allows the Govcrnmenl id exert active measures at Hie outset. In addition to these rigid measures, tiio precautions taken on all niciius of transport for their proper disinfection are thorough, no( only In the law luit in practice. Lhiilwaj cars which bave served for the transport of any of the domestic animals are immediately disinfected, The large railroad yards are provided with special tracks at tho side of a building containing boilers for an unliinitod supply of lint water. After the ear is swept it is washed from a hose witb water as hot as can be handled; after another sweeping the Interior of the ear Is washed with water heated to 70deg; C, with soda added. Tliis mosi satisfactory means of disinfection is carried onl ai an expense of only two marks (50 cents) a car, and is paid by adding thai amomit to the freighl lgt;ill.

The slaughter of all contaminated animals, whotlier executed as a measure of sanitary police or for food, is done under the supervision of a responsible veterinary inspector, and so all attempts to evade the law lor a little additional gain are avoided.

It is greatly to be regretted thai Americans could tiol have been en�abled to e \li i hit their auric nit ura I products, especially animals, at Uaiu-burg, that they might have shown the great resources of the United Slates, and, what is more important, the facility with which these re�sources can be placed ai the disposal of tho flu rope; in market, as this is as yet little appreciated outside of ICngland. The cavalry horse and the beef cattle are now the two nrticles which otter a favorable and profitable iield for export, but it will be bul a very few years before the heavy draft horse can he added to the list. For the establishmeul of an active and [laying commerce, however, the European Governments will demand a greater .security and guarantee of tbo health of the ani�mals shipped to them than now exists. The necessary encoiiragemonl for the education of a suflicienl number of men to cany out the State laws and the work of the Governinenl in regard to the diseases of our animals will aid very nmterially tiol only in our own protection, bul in the ad \a nee men! of our cattle hade with Hi I rope.

Very respect fully,

LiUSll SilllTKN UUIDEKOPER, M. D.,

Honoravy ('omm�sioner, 1 Ion. GEOUOK i'gt;. LOUING,

Cotnnrissioney of Ayrivulture.

OUTBREAK OF SOUTPIERN CATTLE FEYER IN KANSAS.

HEPOIIT OF M. R, TJiUUBOIFElt, V,

lion. (5EORGE 15. LORING,

Gomviissioner of Agriculture: laquo;ik: [11 obedience to .vom- telegram, dated at Washiugtou, Oetober 9, 1883, requesting me to proceed at once to Harper, Kans.,there to in�vestigate au outbreak of disease among cattle, 1 forthwith made the necessary preparations and left on the I o'clock train the same day airiving al Harper on the morning of the I2tli. Mylnstractious not having yet arrived, I remained in town and made inquiries of different individuals in rdn i ion to the cattle disease. I soon became overwhelmed with reports of the magnitude laquo;if the mil break and extent of losses throughout Harper and Barbour Oounties. 1 received many reports from different individuals, stating thai such and such persons had cat tie dying daily al that dale. Alici deliberating overthe mailer, I came to the conclusion that 1 con hi do no heller l hau to remain in town over Saturday and have some person who was well acquainted with the people to point onl lo me the men who were then losing cattle, as many of them would probably be in town on a Saturday. Here i mo( with disappoint men I. 1 met a number of men of whom il was said that they were losing cattle daily, bnl on making a direel inquiry they almost in-variably said: ��No; they were not losing any now,quot; bul named some

other person who was. 1 soon i\......1 out that the heller plan would be

to go directly into those sections where tlie greatest mortality had pre�vailed, and there endeavor to find suitable subjects for examination. Therefore, on Sunday inoruing, the Nth, i made arrangements with Martin Coohran, of Harper, who is well acquainted with that country to take me onl into Barbour County, We left Harper about 8 a. ^m' The first place we stopped was al Dr. Joseph Brockway's, on the Nine Cottonwoods Greek, 18 miles southwest of Harper, in Har�per Oonnty. He made the following statement: That ho moved his cattle, numbering 75 head, from his place of residence, taking them northwest 2 miles, on or about the 1st day of .May; that on or about ^{hi' Wtl' day of July his cattle begau to die, and 10 head died within eighteen day's time, nearly all of llieni being two and three year steers. The disease, then abated, rainy, cloudy, and cool weather super-veuiug. On the 1st of August l or 5 were still sick, but making a slow recovery. Ou the iL'th of September tho disease broke out again, and

�-t'.'T

quot;208nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS mSKASKS OP DOMKSTICATEU ANIMALS.

I.! licail more died in iMp'nl snooessiou. He thou foucecl in n pfW�fcnre for his cattle,placed them therein, and has nut losl any .since.

The Boyd iierd of cattle (suspected�of which more hereafter) were driveu on their way west from Harper into Barbonr �ounty, along a freight i'oad whicli crosses his range, upon which road also oxen ai tauhed to wagons and small herds of cattle were driven back and forth all sixin-mer, and cattle passed in the care of herders every inorning,

Mr. i'^. Waiden, 2 miles north of Dr. Brock way's, lost all the cattle he had�T head. They died in the month of September. Hia cattle have been near the Boyd trail, and also near the Anderson trail (another suspected herd).

The nest place I visited was, Williaiu A. Wood's, on the line of Har�per and Barbour Counties. He made the following statetnenl i

Mr. Boyd, in ilir rnontli of Ain-il, crossed my i'nugo with Ins unltlo; I drovo my cattle iiMrk. I!) in iimiiiK-r. io allow him lquot; puss. A fuw days iator ;i Recond liord, mimbi'i'iiigOOO, wovq di'ivtsu througli on thusaiOQ trail. I again turned my oattlo back to iillnw this second herd to p.-iss; thoy sto|)poil ou my ranj^c to graze for two liours; tlicv then went west to the lalil.. Sandy, whore thoy tiu'iiod and wem northwest. Th�sa cattle were long lion is. 1 plokotod I cow and 3calvas on the trail of those two herds. The cow was taken sick mi the Ut of Oofcobor, and died on tho ISth. Allot my onttlo crossed this trail daily; 5 of them were taken slok, iml oulj the 1 diod.

I went oul on the range to see I lie one thai died on the 12th (I wo days ago). I Councl her in a fair slate of preservation, and decided to make a post-mortem examination. I removed the wall of the chesl and abdo men of the rigid side. Found the lungs in a nearly normal condition: the perieardinni contained four ounces of bloody colored serum; the heart was extensively ecchvinosed on both the evlernai and internal surfaces, the endocardium being somewhal softened and pal r than nor�mal ; no heart (dots were present. The liver weighed 13 pounds, the enlargeiuenl being due to hypertemia ; gall bladder contained Hi ounces of a dark olive colored bile, of n thicker consisteucy than normal; spleen weighed I '. pounds : contents, a dark purple serai-fluid pulp : a general disinfregration had taken place; urine bladder empty J kidneys normal in color ami size. The fourth stomach presented extensive congestion of the mucous membrane, especially towards the cardiac end, and many #9632;small erosions exposing i he vascular membrane were visible near the nyloric end; redness and congestion, accompanied more or less by thickening of the mi icons membrane id'the small intestines, was maid lest, upon (dose inspection : interstitial extravasations of blood between the membranes of the ciocum and also of the rectum were found, and the

feces coaled with mucus mixed with blood. The uterus contained a male calf six and a half months old; the liver of the Ictus weighed \\ pounds; spleen apparently normal ; pericardium contained 2 ounces of very dark-colorerl bloody ilnid. also an abnormal amount of bloody colored fluid was discovered in the thoracic cavity.

I exaniitied a white cow, six years of age, which was supposed to he, recovering: she had been sick for two weeks; pulse 11-, temperature

CONTAGIOUS l)ISKA-~l-;S OF DOMKVriCATKI) A M M A 1

209

10fl^o P, She was lying down. I matlu her gel raquo;pj lier gait airaquo;[)enrelaquo;l very stiff and pniufni, andna she slowly moved awayalio voided bloody-colored mini'. Sheontsandrarninatos. I exaniiiioilanotliex'cow whicli had been siols for ten days; pulse Ciraquo;, temperature nraquo;r !#9632;'; very thin in flesh ; eats and mmiimtes. (Mtober l'I saw Mr. Wood in tolaquo; n : ho stated thai both the eovlaquo; which i oxaminod vvei-o alive and gaining in strengl h ami liealth,

Prom Mr. Wood's place we proceeded to Mr, JesseBoyd'laquo;, in IBarbour (Jounty, [lere we reniained oveu night. During tlie evening and the following morning' I received the following information from .Mr. Uovd and Mr. (Joohran, viz: Mr, Martin Oochran,of Harper, spenl nearly all winter al .Ind.si ail a, on Ked lii vor, White (Jounty, Arkansas. Mr, Cocli-ran l)oiighl #9632;quot;gt;i'J head of cattle in this county, must of tlieni beinraquo; in a very poor condition, attribuletl to cold weather and InsiiHlcionl iced. One liniidrcd of this uiunber were bouglil 12 miles north of Scares'. Mr, Cochnui en lice led 242 liead and lt;lni\ #9632; them to Jndsouia on or about iln'-Iiii day #9632;! March, Mr, Jesse LJoyd came to White bounty. Ar�kansas, aboul the Isl day of February, tie bouglil 228 head of cattle in iliis eunni \. broughl them to Jiulsonia, and there he and Mr, lt; lochran pooled i heir cattle, the combined herd then numbering I To head. They drove them �� miles to Couway, n railroad station, adding al Searc^ 100 head more (those which Mr, Cochran bought 12 miles north of Searcy). They shipped al lt; louway, on the Ist das of April, the whole nnmberof the combined herd (.-raquo;7(1) and unloaded at Harper, Harper County, Kan-sas, on the�ih. quot;About 50 of them died on the cars before thoy ar�rived al Harper; gol down in the cars and were trampled to death, Al Harper these cattle (520) were kept for throe or Tour days, ranging north of the railroad track and traveling over a space of 2 miles, the range extending northeas; to Sissou's Grove and to a small creek where they had to go to water. Al uighl they were yarded al the stock-yards. Twenty of them being disabled laquo;ere watered in the yards and fed

on corn, cane, and millel has for a week or longer. Oil the !raquo;tii of April

Mr, Boyd drove 500 head of them from the stuck.yards, in a south�western course, to the edge of town, passed [. J, Gaiupbell's Held, thence west I mile, then soulhwest 1 mile, west again 8 miles, crossing L. M. I'nttl's range one-half mile north of his residence,, then came on the road at the school-house on Bluff Creek, fchenco along the main road as far as Richard Botkiu's place, beyond whose place they encamped one night. From there they lel'i the roild lo the south of the trail, bill canie back to the road again at W. K. Kline's. From Kline's they passed in a, southwesterly direction to the Nine Cottouwoods Creek, east of Mr. (.ardner's; hero thej stopped the secoi'd uight. From this place they passed due west until they icaehed Boyd's range, on the Little Sandy lt; quot;reek. 1 miles across the Harper and Barbour County line. From Boyd's rauge 1.02 head of these cattle drifted away and were gathered in again in the round-up in June and July. They went south to the, line of the, 5751 i) a------14

210 CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OV DOMESTICATED .ANIMALS,

_[ntliail Territorv, weraquo;! 12 mil�s to Modioiuc Liiver, oast 2 miles to the limits of the mngo. On the lOtli day of July several of these onttle were raquo;oti�ed to be siek, ami in a week 8 were dead. Mr. Boyd, at the same time thai he hold this herd of cattle, also had 1 10 head ol Arkan-_Bas eattlowhioh he broughl In last year, and were wintered hy him j _lie ,,,,, .._n ,�,�, ₀f �Htives besides, which were also wintered by him. _Vl ,,�. ti_ule thai the recently iinportetl Arkansas cattle began to die, two uf the natives also became sick and died, both the latter being veurUn- heifers All of these three differenl lots of cattle were herded on the same range and .hank out of the same creek until the latter part of July, losings of the suspected cattle, two of the natives, and none of the wintered Arkansas eatile.

_Tlieo_()lieaa of crippled laquo;attic which Mr. Boyd left at Harper were ₍lnven into I. J.Campbell's jmsture � eld, located al the western edge of _t0Wn �n or about the 18th day of April: there they intermingled with t�O head of native cattle belonging to Mr. Campbell. They remained .... _Cainobeir_� pasture for a week, then they were driven out over the

_tnli, of the previous......f cattle, as far as L. M. L'ratt's, where they re-

_mained _0Ver uight grazing with some of Pratt's cattle. From Pratt s thev weid in a direct course to Boyd's range.

On the 20th dav of Jnly, Mr. .less.- Boyd was arrested and brought _t0 _trial ,,�. _br\ug\ug into the Slate of Kansas, em,trars to law. w,Id and �aaon.esticated cattle, which had spread a disease amoug the natives kuown as Texas fever. Four hundred and thirtj head ol the Boyd cat�tle were seized and quarantined by the sheriff ef Harbour �onnty, were _1)la(,,₍₁ i_nto Mr, Cook's ,gt;as_luie ti, ld,2 miles south of Mr. Boyd's house, u,d there were kept under sitrveillane.- b.gt; the sheriff's assistants. 1 he .vittresses on part of the State were: William Garrison, Mr. ^^ David Clonsli VV.W. Cook, Albert Cook, M. B. Moore, George M. Card-�_ei, ,| n Warren. A. B, Rannais, W, �. Matt..n. all men holding cat�tle close m Mr. Boyd. Mr. Boyd was fined b} the court in the sum ol raquo;300 andsruleneedtoimpri-nnmenl in the comity jail for a tern, ol one month, lie took an appeal to the higher court. His second trial has

not yet taken place. On the loth of October, 1 went to see Mr. Jackson, who has chaigt

of the onara.dined cattle, Ho reported six deaths i......ng til em since

,,�. 09th of Julv. On the 18tli 1 was again at Mr. Boyd's place. 1 then tested the temperature of I head of his wintered cattle which re;;, sie red ms follows 101 8deg;, 100O, 101.4deg;, and 100.9deg; Fahrenheit. I proceeded to the qnaraiitined herd and tested the tomperaturoot^O head among them.

We drove them into a branding pen. Thev registered as follows: One fonr-year old cow,102.1Oi two-year old heifer, 103.70; bhree-year old steer 101.00 ; two-year old steer. 103.4deg;; yearling heifer, 102.6deg;; three-year old heifer, 103.7deg;; pulse, 00; two-year-old heifer, L01.8deg;; two year

old heifer, 102.9deg;; yearling heifer, 102.2deg;; four-y(

ir old cow will, calf

1,1 heifer (scouring), 102.4deg;; three-year

at her side. 102.9deg;; three-;-ear

contagious DISEASES OP DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS. 211

old steoxquot;, loii^; six-year old cow. 103,8deg;j two-year nl'l steer, 102.4deg;j i wo-yoaa¹ old steer, 10y.8deg;) three-year old heifer, 103,0deg;j three-j'ear old steer, lOL'.ii⁰; tou-year old oow, 103.1deg;) six-year old cow. 103,2deg; j l\vo-iuouths old oalf of the latter, 104.9deg;) one laiae cow, a .stray, on yoke brand, which lias been lying around with these cattle since the July rouud-up, indicated a iemperat niv of 10.!.7 ' \lt;\

Tbese cattle did not appear wild and undomestioatod, and stood very kindly under my examitiation. Here 1 wish to mention a word about the July roundup, I a the latter part of Jane or the flrsl of July about

2,000 head of catt le were bl'OUghl fo and centefed upon lioyd's range in the fon i id iip ; nearly all of t lie neighbors of Mr, I'.oyd. and many otiiers, came to this place and out out their own cattle. Some of the strange cattle remained several days on the Boyd range. If any cattle were in this herd that carried the germs of the Southern cattle fever, it. p 1-lows that all t he cattle in this round-up were equally exposed, or nearly so. In this herd of 2,000 were about 10 head of Stray cattle, for which no owners appeared,and it is not known to-day where they belong, nor from where they originally came. Again, Mr, K. B, McGee, secretary of the Cedar Hills and Sand Creek Pool, gave me the names ot the membership of said pool, as follows: McGee and Lovott, Jesse Boyd, M, rgt;. .Moore. Williain Garrison, Mr, Hufacker, Mr, Heals, David (Jlongh, Perry Olough, John McKeever, .lohn Elmore, I link, Moore, Munger Brothers, J. il. Warren, B.C. Davis, Mr, Mohnes. M. McGuire, and Mr. Cross. All. or nearly all of these parties, had a greater or less mi in her of cattle in this pool during the winter or spring, w here they remained unl II about the Ist of July, If any of the grountl over which these cattle passed was capable of imparting the Southern cattle fever, or. if any cat tie were in this herd carrying the germs of this disease and discharging them, then all of I lie cattle in the herd were exposed to such grounds or cattle. On Monday, October 10. Mr. I'.oyd and Mr, Ct ich ran accompanied me to M r, John Blmore'a ranch, located on range l� and 10, T. .'5.'!, It. 10 W,, Barbour County, or four miles southwest of lioyd's range. Mr, �lmoro staled thai he held on his range 210 head of grown cattle and 40 calves, all wintered cattle except 38 head, which were brought in from Atchison �ounty, Missouri, in the spring, Mr. I'll mo re's cattle began to die on the Ist day of July ; 13 head died in two weeks; the disease then checked up but broke out again abou! the Ist of Sep�tember. During this month 143 died, including '#9632;gt; or l spring calves. Out of the 38 head brought from Missouri, I� died, lie stales that he does not know of his cattle being exposed to any through cat tie. or other diseased cattle, except the Boyd herd. Several of his cattle drifted away

in the spring and were gathered in the round-npj one of them was gathered in the Territory round-up some lifty miles smith of the line.

Last year Arkansas and i ndiau cat tie were held on this range by Munger Brothers. Late in the fall Mr. Elmore brought 302 head of cat�tle from Northeastern Kansas and Xorlhw estern Missouri and placed

�212nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAdlOUS 1HSKASKS OF I X'.MKSl'lC'Al'KIraquo; ANIMALS.

the in on this milge : 111 two weeks 11 km rafter (I of tlicm dioil wit li Sollt li

ern cattle lever. (See lgt;r. Dctiner'Brepovt'of lust year's iuvestigation � Moon' and Eluioro ) During the winter they loat L08 bend, including ihr (ijnsi mentioned, out of the iiiiinbcr.

l^rom Blmore's wo di-ove to ( IooIc'h ftnd Baimal's, 1 miles sout iiwesl of ihr former, located on the western side of the Oodar Hills. We found �0 sick miimals unionlaquo; this hcnl; onh a suiiill hoy was with tlieill, and he did nol know how many tliey had lust.

1 saw w. w.Cmik at Medicine Uulgo on blio 27tli, when lie gave me

the l.istoi'\ of his losses, He owns a 000 aeiv pasture 2 miles south of Boyd's residence, which was an open range until the l-'ih of May, when hefoacedlt in with barbed wire, �obouglil from Mr. Perry Olough

Inbsp; 10 head of cattle on the Ist day of .Vpial. 'Hiev were wintered on this _milgo, hi the month of May 5 bulls were added, and on the l�th of Jtuie2l7 head of cattle were brought iVoin Kingman County. These 217 head were bought from three dio'ereut parlies�Williams, Lowry, and fowler. Uedrove them in two lotlaquo;. The first lot, composed of

IInbsp; head, weie driven south along Sand Creel;, eorraled one night ill Mr. Carlvsl.-'s eorral, lii miles northeast of Medicine Lodge, and then

brought on the range,

The second lot, ITOhcad, were brought from thelaquo; Miikaskia [iiver,driven south through Dr. Wisner's range, and on south, crossing Mr. Boyd's range on their way to Cook's pasture, arriving at their point of destina-tion on the 13th ofdnno. His cattle began to die on the 9th of-Inly: on the llih.li were dead and 7 sick. The cattle were then moved south of Liannal's mngp, south and west of the Cedar Hills; the 7 sick ones were allowed to remain in the pasture, 5 of which died and 2 recovered. On the'J'.ith of August his cattle began to die on the range, and he lost i,, �il T�outof 3;n head: 10 or 15 that wore sick recovered. Change of pasture was not beneticlal in this case. Mr, Albert Cook, who took care of W, VV. Cook's cattle, testilied at the Boyd trial that some of their cattle not out of the pasture and others got into it, by breaking down the wires. This must have occurred between the l-'th of May aud

the llth of Jnly. Mr. Ri.....al's, north of Cook's ranee, lost 30 out of

L50 head during the month of September. These were close herded since the 1st of July. Mr, Rannal'a and a part of Mr. Cook's cattle were exposed to the Boyd cattle, and also to all other cattle III the

county ronnd-up.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Prom Mr. Cook's range we went to K. B. McGee's, on the Little Salty, _T ₃₄ _R I., \\r_t McGeeand Lovctt bold 200 head of cattle ranging on the east side of the Little Salty, I mile north of lla/.letoii. The first loss in their herd occurred on the l�th of September; 21 died to .late: 8 remain sick, hut are recovering. lt; hie. a �-ycar old bull, died last night _or this morning. 1 desired to make a post-mortem examination oi the bull to which MoGee readily gave his consent and assistance. We

found him lying On the left sale; a few drops of bloody water were dts-

'raquo;

#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;

^^^^#9632;^quot;

OON'l'Afiious DISBA-SES OV DOMESTIOATKIJ AK1MAL8, 21 i

tiibutod over tho Burfaco of liis body, 1 removed the right fore leg uud

fihoiddOI', tlic wall of the rlicsl ami aliiloincii. Tin-aniiaal was �OtVery

fat, Inn the t'ut was thf eolor of yellow beeswax, with :i slight greoidsh tint added in it. I removed the spleen, but in doiug so 1 had to use tin¹niimist precaution in liaiidling; il so as not to rupture its covering mem�brane. Tiie organ was ofnu enonnous si^e, and apparently distended to its iiiinosi capacity, weighing after removal 13 pounds and measuriug 30Inches in length. I next removed the digestive organs. Tlieeoutent s of the ildrd stoninch were slightly hardened; tiie lining of the fourth stomach presenttnl numerous and ex tensive pa I dies of denuded surface of irregular forma, and many of them having an ulcer-like appearance.

Tli ere was considerable ctijiillary congestion of the mucous mem braue throughoul t he infest iual canal: a few of the intesl infil glands appeared in be enlarged and were changed in color to a grayish black. Theliver weighed i-'l.¹, pounds; its structiire was soinewhat softened by a fatty degeneration, and inipressiona of the fingers were left upon ii as is com�mon in u'deinaidiis swellings. The gall-bladder contained 32 ounces of bile of normal color, but was rendered more or 'ess viseid and ^Inl i-nous liv the admixture of mucus from the internal surftice of the gall�bladder; the walls dt the gall-bladder itself were thickened, caused by tuniefaei ion nl the mueous coat. The urine-bladder contalnod a gallon or more of a brownish-red colored urine, specific gravity 1.008, The left kidney weighed U pounds; was darker in en! or than normal. The gland�ular structure of the rigid kidney was entirely absorbed; the pelvis and some of the larger duel s had become changed into cysts, containing a cleiu¹ amber colored fluid possessing the smell of healthy urine. It presented eight of these cysts, each one distincl and separate from the other, and all taken togetheir formed in bulk a hoi it the si/- of a normal kidney. Aller ilie letting ou( of the llnid, 1 had nothing in my hand except a mass of ill irons I issue�tlwreexisU A no /1 lie least remains of gland�ular tissue. The hear! weighed 8 pounds; was enlarged and flabby; the external surface was extensively occhymosed along the anterior and posterior ventricular furrows; internally, the (leshy eolumna were al�most of a black color from ecchymosos; no hearl clots in the cavities. The animal seemed a In nisi bloodless, tiie veins and arteries being empty and collapsed. Mr. McGee stated thai this animal had been lame for i he past fifteen montlia In his right hind leg, andthatat times he though I he could not well serve a cow on accounl of weakness or pain in the back. In the latter pari of dune. McQee saw 350 head of cattle crossing his ranne. They were said to be going into Arizona; they looked like Arkansas cattle.

Krom Mc( lee's we drove to the plac #9632; of Robert .1. Bvans, having heard that he had several sick cat tie. lie lives ahunl (i miles cast of Kiovvn, Barbour Oounty. When we arrived al his place no one was at home, but we round a dead cow lying not over ten rods away from the house; she had the appearauee of having died within a lew hours. I proposed

'il 1 OONTAQlOUa DISBASBS OP UOMl��TICATED AMMAl.s.

to umken post mortem 6xtnuination,evoii ifthoow.....'wnsabsont. VVo

ibunil her resting upon tho st�ruiiin, the lioaO throwlaquo; back to the right side. Sue was propped u p in this way by the nose toii�hiug the ground. Oadavorie i-igidity liad already sol in; dropaof blood were dried on the hair along the sides of the neck und liauks,

Wetnrned her over on the side and [opened her in the usual way. I found iIh- lower parts of tho posterior portion of the lungs in a state of red liepatization, and (tonsiilerable serous ott'nsion had collected in the thoracic �a\ ity. The einlooardiiun was heavily eongestod, thickened .mil tliseolored ; the tiesliy pillars in the ventricles were of a dark purple color, and the auricular iippendagelaquo; were extensively ecchymoaed. Weight of liver, 20 poumls. Weighl of spleen, I pounds, Che gall�bladder contained' one qMarl of very dark green bile, whieli was of a granular appearance.

A serous ami bloody iullltration was discovered sui'rounding the kid�neys.- The nriuc bladder contained a very dark blood-colored urine; specific gravity 1.012; tho organ was thickened by capillary congestion of the mucous coal, and a few ecchymosed spots presented themselves. The contents of the third stomach wore very much drier than normal, and the folds presented laquo; congested and irritatelaquo;! appearance; fourth stomach congested, and numerous small erosions and granular elevations were to be seen on the iniirous surface. This animal did nol present much biliary discoloration of the fat, and the blood was not as thin and watery as is usual in Southern cattle fever. The uterus contained a fetus about four or live inonths old; it presented a liver enlarged to three limes the normal size; the kidneys intensely congested, and par�tially disorganized by softening and disintegration; spleen nearly normal in color and size; Hie perieardial, I In Marie, and abdominal cavities con�tained considerable bloody colored effusions of serum. When 1 was nearly clone with the dissection. Mrs. Evans returned, and she told me that thi'cow had been sick Ihrer days, Anolher cow was sick ill the herd: aller some lively i Ullllillg we sneeeeded in la-ssolllg her; she had

been sick fourdays; temperature, lO-t.�⁰; pulse, 96; nose dry; ropysallya flowing from the mouth. October 20tli met Mr. Bvans, who reported two additional deaths, and two more sick, lie brought I LI) head of good grade cattle from Allen Oounty, Kansas, arriving on his present range with them on the llth of May. Since thai time the cattle have not strayed in any directions miles distant from a central point on the range. The first loss occurred on the #9632;'^gt;gt;nl of October, and �'gt; have died to date.

I he 20th.

We next visited Mr. Parsons. He lost some cattle last year, attrib�uted to the bringing in on his range of Indian or Oliootaw cattle bj Morion ami Tullivcr. This year lie lost 3 out of80; they died in August. October 30th he reports 14 more deaths October 23d reports 2 head of the oil-brand cattle, on the same, rangowith his, as being sick, llinlc Moore lost T) out of Til) head. Iloyd's cattle ran with his for several weeks before the round up in July.

OO.VTAOIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED A.NIMAL.8. 215

\\'c went tioi'tli from Parson's to Thoiuas Brakey's raaoli. ire lives on the Moilicinc Blvor, in Biwbour Oomity, #9632;gt;#9632;- miles southwest from Harper and3 miles from Klowa. W� reinalned witli Uim over niglifc.

He eaine fl'OIU OliaSG Ooilllty, Kllisns. hist Soiit�iub�f. W-ltll .in:) IhmiI

of flue Uigli grade cattle. In January tliuywore in good ooudition and thrived well. Aller a week's sleet iiml rain in Pobnuiry they b�gan to slokoii andclie. During the inoufcbs of February and March ho losi LIO head, Soiuo of thetn died in goodcoiulifcioti and inosl of tlioin retained n good appetite until death, The inajority would Ursl show lameness mi the left foreleg, would thonporsisl in lyiugdowii, and mauy of them lingered along from two tu four weeks before thoj died. He fed all the corn, sorghina, and millet-bay they could eafc. Two of them died in the month of Mas^-while mi grass. On opotiing them, after death, the fal presented n very yellow appearance. Mr, Ridor also bad LOO head of oattleon this same range; ho lost 1~gt;: they were att'ected siinilar to Urn key's.

.Mr. Brakey gathered 201) of his entile in the round-ups in Juneaud July. Almnl the middle of September one cow was taken sick; she. died in afow days. Then others sickonetl; some of I hem lived five laquo;ir.si.v days, nntl others would be found sick in the morning and dead at uoom 1 le took i hem off the range and turned them into a cane Held, In it tlie\ still eonliiuied to die. He lost 13 head.

October L(J, visited Harry Matthews, adjoining Mr. Brakey on the uorth; helms held 30 head of cattle in his fenced range for two years. On the Olli instant I ID head owned by lt;'hniiquot;s lllaekstone, of the Ellglo Chief Pool, were turned Into Mr. Mathews' lield. A few days ago a three-year old steer of Blackstoue's Wiisfouud sick; he died last night.

Postmortem: weight of spleen, 8 pounds; liver, 18^ pounds; heart, T).] pounds; extensive extravasations of blood into the walls of the right ventricle ; bile thick and gnunous; urine bladder cont ained four pints of bloody colored urine: tat the color of yellow bees-wax.j third stomach B�ghtly itnpaeted with dry food,

A three-year-old white steer was pointed out to me, which showed evi�dences of sickness, manifest by segregation, a weak, staggering gait, drooping head, and feces covered with ninetis. cine of the boys lassoed him. Temperature, 106deg;; pulse, 90, October 23, 2 more reported sick and the white one dead. I saw Mr. Ewell, secretary of the Eagle Chief Pool, in Harper on the 25th. He stated that no cattle died in their herd this season. Mr. NT. Sherlock, of the same pool, corroborated the state�ment of Mr. Ewell,

Prom Mathewa we drove through a drizzling rain southeast to the line of the Indian Territory; stopped nl W, E, Oampbell's COW camp. Campbell's pasture is fenced lu, locatedou thelndlnn Htrip, .'gt; miles wide and 1^5.] lonj;-. The cow-boys told me they lost (raquo; or 7 outof 3,500 head. They did not show any particular iinxiety to be interviewed. We then proceeded to Pryoc and Miller's ranHi. They own a fenced range in

21(1 CONTAOIOUS D18KASES OV DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

tlic torx'itoi'j' m11mi;' ilie line of 1 larpcr ami Bai'bour Oouutles, Tlie cow�boys hero reportotl n loss of in out of 500 head of oaltlfl boitgbl from iiink Moore on tliu lutli of Soptember. Las! year they losl on tliis raugR 50 or 00 oul of 4,000 witli Texas fever. Losl last wintor fl per cent, Hold this yeai' 0,000 bead, Mr. Lathun, oast of W, E. Camp�bell's, losl 10 onl of 500.

We next came to II. Male's ranch, 38 miles soixthwosl of Elarper, in Barbonr County, lie liohls 300 head of cattle. The disoaae broke out among'hiraquo; herd about the middle of September, lie herds hi.s cattle on an open range. Lost .'J.'l out of 300; 20 recovered.

The next place we stopped was at .lohn Peters' camp, lie is located on an open range 0 miles south of Mr, Boyd's, He lost, out of IAS head of grown cattle and 100 calves, si grown and 12 calves, Throe of the calves were only 2 months oldj the other 10 were March calves. One animal died in duly: the remainder of the deaths occurred duriDg the first llfteen days in Sept ember. A fter 91 had died, lie left t lie herd and

laquo;�cut home, stating, so 1 was told, thai liies might all go to--------, he

was not going to stay any longer to see them die. Alter a few days he returned, and found '1 more dead; no deaths have occurred since his return to the herd. Let us suppose tor a moment that, had lie com�menced to exhibit medical treatment at the time be left them, and only 2 deaths occurred subsequently, would be not be jtistifled in believing that bis treatment had effected the change?

The Peters cattle wore mixed up witb the Boyd cattle from the middle of April iintil the loth of July. A staue road passes across tbe Peters range, and ox teams frequent this route. From tbe Peters ranch we drove to Mr. Boyd's and stopped for tbe night.

On the inornlng of the 17th Mr. Cochran and I lefl Mr. Boyd's and went west .quot;. miles to the residence of David Clougb. lie gave me the following history: His cattle began to die soon after the 1th of duly. Hi'lost 35 head out of 300 during this month; tbe disease then disap�peared, i le sold tin head of his call le in August, 1 i the earlj part of September the disease reappeared and he losl 30 head more oul of li��. lie wintered 150 bead; among these the mortality was the greatest, The wintered cat tie intorinixod, more or less, wil li the Boyd catl le from the middle of Xpril unt i 1 I hey began to die. Two more deaths reported October 21, Mr. Clougb and several of bis neighbors mad.'a number of /*;laquo;' mortem examinations, and he described the appearances of the patbologictil lesions of southern cattle lover very accurately. Mr. E. ('. Davis, 3 miles iiortlnvcst of Mr, Clougb, ori tbe Medicine Lodge stage road, and west of the Illinois colony, states that one of bis cows died on the 1st day of .Inly, and that the last death occurred on the Oth in�stant, the first aniaial that died had been running with the B�yd herd: tbe rest of them had been exposed to oxen that Mr. McQuire bought from Boyd in tbe spring. Loss 0, and .'! recoveries.

Thenext person we saw was Mr, William Garrison. Garrison, Beals,

^#9632;^

OONTAGtrOUS DISBASES OF DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS. 217

and ETafaoker hold �� Load of cattle togofclier, oaaoopou rango novth of tlic .Mfdicinc Lodgu stage road, and south of Dr. WIsikt's raugo. The three parties live In the Illinois colony, A II of Dholr cattle excepl 80 head have been in the Sand Greek and Cedar Hill pool. They lost 30iii the mouth of July. On the 10th of September the disease broke out the second lime: they thou losl 55 head; LOO that wore sichre-covered. Those same parties hold cattle on this range for four succes�sive years, and this is the first year that tliey niol with any loss by disease. .M r. (Jarrison stated to nie tliil h � boaghl 811 lie i I of vaci�llated cattle from the vaccine farm at Webster Grove, Mo., all heifors, yearlings, and two-year-olds, with the exception of 12 head which were yearling steers.

He told me, in answer to my question whether or not the steers had also been vaccinated, �#9632;Yes,quot; said he, quot;they told me tho.v could not always procure a suffloinnl nnmber of heifers ; consequently, had to use young steers.quot; He says he loaded them outhooarsal the old National stock-yards at Saint Louis, ami landed them at Harper on the L8th of dune. Mr, Garrison reports thai the Anderson herd of cattle went as far west as P, I!. Cole's ranue, whieii indirectly north of their range, Mr. While, in the same colony, lost 3 cows and I ox out of 1 cows and Boxen, ETo kept them strictly nuder his careat homo. Be bought one id'the cows in Harper County, and she came over the same road where the McG-uire.oxen had been travoling. These cattle died in the aiouth of September. Mr. Pelton, in the colony, lost 2 out of 20 head, 1 in July and I in September, T. B, Stookstill, on the Medicine Lodge road, between B.C. Davis and M. B. Moore, holds L50 head of cattle.

Two died out of 5 thai were sick. The tirst one was sick on the 6th instant and died on the 9th; the second one died a week later. These cattle were close herded all sniinner, ami were, not ill any way exposed io the I'-oyd cattle, lie thinks Ins cattle look the disease through M. I!, .Moore's. We then visited M, B. Moore, directly west

and adjoining Stookstill, lie stated thai his can io began to die on the Lltli or I'-'lli of duly, and 7 head died during tho month. On the Ifith Of Sept em her a not her outbreak of t he disease set i n ; I hey then died off rapidly for about ten days, when the death cite began to diminish. Altogether be lost 10 out of l-.i head ; � recovered and 3 are yet sick. After deal ll drops of blood would be seen to oo/.c out of the skin be-

t ween the legs ami under the jaw and side of neck, I examined a sick two-year old heifer which ho was bringing in from thu herd as I drove up- Her temperature was raised to 107.8deg; I'.; she passed fecos cov�ered with ItlUcus and idood. 1 also examined ;i while cow with calf at lierside: had been sick for three weeks; temperature 103,2deg; K.

His cattle have been close herded since the Kith d;iy of dnh . Three of them weie (ait onl of the I'.ovd herd at the rmmd np in .1 ime ; none of the rest have I ceu exposed to Uoyd's or any other known diseased cattle, as far as he knows. On the '25th I saw Mr. Moore again, when

21!quot;! C0NTAQIO�8 DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ho stated thai the sick oattlc whiol) I Uad seen al liia plnce were grad�ually recovering. Mr. McGuire, In fclie colony, lost 0 ou( of CO lieiui of cattle. Mr. McGnire boughl twoyoku of the Arlsanaas oattlc ft'om Mr.

Bovd in the spring.

From Mooro'swe drove to B. F. ICemp'a place, 4 miles south, and weal of the Oedur Hill. lh' made the following statemont! Uui of 108 head of cattle, 65 got awa.v in A-Ugnsi ami ranged over tho same ground tlmf Boy d's cattle had been grazing on; they remained from theeveu-iug until uexl moruiugi twenty days after this exposure tiiej began to die; 10 were Ibmid sick in one day; Hiey died in frovu si\ hours to ten days after they were taken sick; 15 died and t.'i recovered. He know/ofquot;! thai diedwiiich had been mi the infected ground. Oneoalf tiled, and l ortlf that was sick recovered, lie brought his cattle from lo miles cast of Harper, on the 27 th day of March; close-herded them all snmin.'i-. Some of the Boyd cattle came over on his range in June and duly. Everyone found dead wjuslying flat on the side. Wheuthoy got sick they qui( eating.

Prom Kemp'awe retur.....I to Boyd's andreinained overnight. Next

morning, October i^. I took the temperature of the quarantined cat�tle as recorded in the early part of this report. We then vventsouth to the ranob of Mr. W. 1-;. Mattox. Wowcre there told that he lost 7 out ofl25 head ofoiittle. He brought his cattle on therange in Lhoapriug, and they were frequently among the Boyd herd in tlie early part of the summer. All of the deaths took place during the month of duly.

Prom this place we turned and went north of Mr. Boyd's, 2 miles, to see Mr. James Roberts. He loal I cow on the (ith, after a sickness of live days; nootliera were taken sick. His cattle have been on the Boyd range several times during the snmmor. Mr. Itecder, who lives Smiles east of Boyd's, held 27 head of oattio; 3 of them died during the month of July. Next we stopped al Mr. Crawford's, 2 miles west, of luv., poatofllce. They close-herded 80 head of cattle near home; lost none. They ace on a road leading west toward the colony and north to Dr. Wisner'a. Crawford, jr., reports having scon a herd of cattle pass�ing between their house and that of Mr. Dougherty, half mile north, early in the season. They were going wesl.

We then drove to Dr. Henry Wisneis residence, 5 miles northwest of Invo post-ofllce, in Barbour �ounty. Dr. Wisner was not at home. so 1 applied to Mrs. Wianer for information. I found Mrs. Wisner to be a regular M.D.; more than that, she look as much interest in the welfare of their stock as her husband did. She superintended a post�mortem examhmtiou of a bull that died about a week previous, and described the pathological lesions as follows; she round considerable enlargement and engorgement of the radicles and blood-vessels of the liver; the gall-blailder was distended, with a greeniab-blaok bile; spleen very hyperBemioj occhymosis found throughout the peritoneal sac; urine bladder lilled with a highly bloody-colored urine�a deep wine

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTJIOATED ANIMALS, 219

color; kidneys iimisinilly pale and raquo;oinewbaC enlurgud; feces in colon liaidcncil. Dr. VVisner bought in the montli of July 120 liead of tbo

Mc.Miillcn cattle on the I'.otkin range5 a number of ihcm died before

they were taken home, lie took lliem home in the early pail of Sep-tember, bul did nol bring them into his Inclosed pastare-fleld among Ins other cattle until later: 29 of them died before they were placed in the Held, and I after they were moved in. These cat 1 le were close-herded and kept on pool- and dry feed by Mr. Bot kill: alter 1 gt;r. Wisner took them home he fed I hem oil ROrglmni, millet, and had good |iastiir-age. On an open range, north of I he pasture lie Id where I lie above men tioued cattle were held, grazed .quot;gt;00 which were being close herded.

Mr. William Garrison, on or about the 20tli of July, drove his cattle on to Dr. Wisuer's open range j Dr. Wisner drove them hack abonl the 1st of October. Several of the Garrison cattle died while they re�mained on this range, and were left to decompose near the pools and stream of water where the Wisner cattle had to drink, During the month of Uctober Dr. Wisner lost l thoroughbred bnll and 2 high-grade calves out of the 300 head. In the montli of February Dr. Wis�ner brought from Waco, Tex.. 7 car-loads of Texan eatile, unloaded them at Harper, and then drove them out to his place. These cattle intermixed with his oilier cattle during the summer. An ox-team, bought from Dr. Wisner's herd of Texan cattle, was employed all summer in hauling hay from lliyo, or near Inyo post office, to Mcdi cine Lodge. They are owned by Mr. Downing. This hnuling was over a distance of from 10 to IS miles: would probably take.three days to make the round trip, ami it is the oustom of men driving ox-teams to stop any where along the road to feed and to allow their cattle to graze. These cattle passed by Moore's, Stockst ill's. Davis', McGuire's, and others living in the colony and alongthe road to Medicine Lodge. 1 met the team about 1 mile east of Mr. Davis' house, and received from the driver (an Englishman) the facts as just staled. ,(. II. Warren, 5 miles northwest of Boyd's, lost t oul of 10 head of cattloj they died in the month of September. His cattle strayed away and went on the lioyd range aeveml times during the summer. On our way back to Harper we passed Mr. Gardner's place, near the Nine �ottomvoods Creek. Both the Boyd and the Anderson cattle crossed his range. He lost 1 out Of 3 (tows. Mr. Kepler, I mile west from L, M. Pratt, had his cattle staked on and near Hie Boyd trail all summer: uo loss.

We next slopped at L, M. I'ratfs, 12 miles west of Harper. He lost (1 cows and 1 bull. The lirsf one was taken sick on the llh day of July. All died within the space of ten days. He made post-mortem examina�tions of several that died; found the spleen enlarged to three times its

normal size: gall-bladder greatly distended with bile; liver enlarged;

bloody water in the peritoneal cavity ; tallow of a saffron-yellow color; in one the urine bladder was tilled with bloody urine, in another it was empty. Many of them passed bloody mine bet�re, death. Mr. Boyd

_^ta.

220 CONTAGIOUS DISBASBS OF noMKS laquo;'ICA'I'KD ANIMALS.

passed ouo-half milo nortli of Prntt'a bouse with his oattle ou tho Otli �r \m�;a finv days later bi-ougln 20 head of his cattle to Mr. Pratta house and left them there overnight. Mr. Pratt bad 9 bulls mul several milch cows al homo; these oattle graaed with the 20 bead of the Boyd oattle, and also grazed over the trail of tho Boyd berd, On the loth of June Mr. Pratt took 8 of the bulls about 8 miles southwest to Ins herd, and brought back with him one cow and lier oalf. This was the flrsl cow to sioken and die. The 8 bulls remained well, �u the 23d oi ,,�,�,,�, _tool( to the berd a dry cow and n bull; on or about the Otb oi July both these died. No strange cattle, to bis knowledge, passed aloug thequot; range where the cows and halls grazed except the Boyd cattle. After 1 obtained the above history from Mr. Pratt I learned that a team of oxen coming from Fort Mil, near lied Itiver, Chiekasaw Nation, were driven througli l)v Mr. Pratt's bouse and remained witb him overnight; this was in the nmnili of June, From Pratt's they wont west, passed Otega posto�ice mid crossed Jobu Peteis's range in Barbouv County. ll was now getting dark, so we returned to Harper.

October 10, I � met Mr. T. A. Barton, who lives in town, lie slated that be bad his cattle on the range north of the railroad track, but did not lose am. This morning we drove west ti miles to the residence oi Mr. P. P. Melviiii lie lost 2 out of 4 head of cattle; one of these died on the 8th of October, and the other on the iTih. 1 went out into the Held to ascertain the postmortem conditions of the latter, but fonnd that the dogs had anticipated me; had mutilated the body to such an extent as to render ilnnlll lor Inrt her examination. Mrs. Melvin staled: quot;In the mouth of August I saw a herd of cattle going west, but 1 don t know whore they came from nor where they went/'

We then drove I mile further west to 0. P. Bradford's. He stated that he lest .-.out of 0 head�2 bulls and 3 cows. Two died in October and ;; in September; Lrecove.ed, lie saul:'� 1 n skinning them Hound the flesh blubbering behind tin-shoulders ; urine bloody before death. This was all bo could tell of the symptoms lt;luring life and the appearances

after death. All of these cattle had boon picketed .dose to the house, and small herds of cattle weir frequently driven past bis house during the summer. He stated, also, tltnt Mr. Burr's cattle came over among his cattle while they were picketed, and that his cattle had not been within a mile of the Boyd trail at am time during the season.

From Mr. Bradford's we went 1.. Louis IlildehranCs. He stated that Glmrles Martin had bougbl 00 or?laquo; head of cattle from Mr, Potter and had driven them wesl and laquo;outhwesl of Harper, passing bis (Hd-

'wo weeks bhereafter llil-

debrant's) place on the Uth day of August.

debrant lost 3 milch cows out of a herd of 12; they wore all lake, sick, and 2 thai recovered aborted Iheircalves. The Martin cat tie were taken to the I'.otkin herd.

Mr Welker, 8 miles west of Harper, lives .dose to the Boyil trail; lie settled on this range on the Ist of April. He picketed � head ol oxen

CONTAGIOlia DfSE�HKS OK Hd.M i-STK.'A TKl) ANIMALS, 221

und 2 cows (in the Boytl imil. No Iosh, Wuiiextauw Mr, S. El. (ioyer, IJmllea noi'tlieast of L. M. Pratt'laquo;. Flu took 18 cows into the Botkin herd aoon after the I toyd cattle passed his pi net', One of them died on I lie Botkiu range, In July j lie then took them home, but i liey nontinuod lo die until II on I of the 18 head were dead,

We ilifii proceeded towards Silas M, 8hafei^,'s place, north of Attloa post-oflico, Od the way wo inel his brotlier, who told us thai Silas lost, 10 out of 18 head of cattle; they died in .inly ami September, These cat tie crossed the Boyd trail in the spring. On the 1st day of July they wore taken into the Botkin herd, and romainud there until the middle of the month, In the latter part of April, or beginnlua of May, a small herd of strange cat tie were driven over the same trail thai Boyd's cattle passed oxer. This trail is located a mile soutli of Shafer's house, Mr. Shafor baa resided here for 5 years, and has never before lost any cat�tle, 1 saw Air. Ilelliert, who lives 2 miles west of Pratt's, at Ainhonv,

on the Lsl of November, He stated that he liad two oows which fol�lowed the Boyd herd on t he 9th of April for a distanoo of 2 miles, and tbatduring the summer they grazed over the Boyd trail, off and on, withoul any bad results following. We then turned toward Harper, and en the way slopped at Klijah Vian's phi e, 10 miles southwest of Harper, He lost .'its out of 100 head of cattle during the month of Sep�tember, Their range was south of the Boyd trail, On the liOth we drove north of Harper to gather the history of an out break which had iHTiincd in that locality. We tirsi saw Mr, A, S, Woodward, who re�sides .quot;! miles north of Harper. He reported n hiss of 1 I head of cattle out of 32, These cattle, together with 29 head helongingto D, W. Fye, were herded on the same range all summer, said range being U miles square, (hie cow belonging to Mr. Carpenter, another to Mr. Orelghton, were also kept in this herd; both of them died, and -!� out of the 29 belonging to .Mr. Pye died. The disease manifested itself about the 1st of September, and in the space of three weeks'time all of these deaths occurred. Elighl in the herd which presented evidences of sickness re�covered. They were all good grade native cattle. The history as given mo by Mr, Woodward of the symptoms during life, and of the post�mortem appearances, leads me to theconcluaion that these cattle died with sent hern cattle fever.

Proceeding from Mr, Woodward's place eastward. I mile, to the resi�dence of .lohn (iiallis, I was there informed by Mr. (quot;hallis, Jr., that 12 Olli Of Hitraquo; head of their cattle died and lt;i recovered. Here, also. Hie #9632; disease appeared about the 1st Of September, forty head of these cat�tle were brought from Honiphan Connty on the IL'th of May, and were driven from the stockyards at Harper. I miles northwest, to Mr. ('hal�lis' herd. Two of the Doniphan Coimty cattle died; the oilier Id were of the domestic herd. On the (1th of ,lime, 200 head of eatt le. said to have been from Memphis, Tenn., were brought into Harper, nn-loadcd at the stock-yards, and driven north �'! miles, where they were

immmmmmmmm

'I'll CONTAGIOUS DISl�AS�S OF �0ME8TICATED ANIMALS,

afterward uloao-herdetl by Mr. Scobs-, the reputed owuor. These cat-blri ranged soutli mid oasl of the Clmllis Uerd ami soutli of Woodward :iii(l Fye's liord, h public road being tlie dividing lino between the three herds. 1 could get no definite history of these cattle, .Mr. ('alihui, whose range was southwest of the Booby cattle, states that 8 or LO of the Scoby cattle died In the inontli of September; thai the oattle were sold and driven north toward KingmauOoiinty; the owner t hen left Harper. 1 went to see one of the men who assisted Mr. Seohy ill hording the cattle, bul could gel no satiatactoi^y replies (Vom him, other than that if I had money to pay for inforinatloii he might toll me what, I desired to know: that he was paid by Scoby for the services he ren�dered him. Some of these cattle were shipped to Kansas ('ily, the, re�mainder were taken northwest by trusty men who would not discdose their destination.

1 went to see Mr. William A. Creightan, of Harper, lie made the fol�lowing statement! That he wintered 27 head of cattle. They wen', in t lie stockyards at night with the Boyd cattle, and ranged over the s;ime ground north of the railroad track with them several days. In the hit�ter part of dune they were driven out to K. M. Pratt's herd, passiug along and over the trail of the Boyd cattle; one of them, a bull, was left at Pratt's lor two weeks: he was then also taken to 1'rat t's herd ; he died jive days after lie entered the held, None of the rest of (lie 'JT died, although all were equally exposed to the Boyd trail.

October 21, being Sunday. 1 remained in Harper. At the hotel where 1 was stopping i met a gentleman from Linn County, who told me that a Mr. (loss, of t hat county, losl 00 out of 70 head of cattle this summer with Texas fever. I met also Mr. Donahue, of Atohisou, Kans., who holds cat He I miles cast of Caldwell. Sunnier County; ho lost li out of 11 head in the moiitli of September, 'these oattle he bonghl from Mr. Cox, who, it is said, lost a large number of cattle this season. Having heard that hog cholera existed at or near Wellington, Snmner County, and as yon desired to secure virus for the use of the I raquo;epartinciit. 1 therefore took the night train for Wellington, I there made inquiries in regard to the truthfulness of the report, and was re-feired to t he mayor of the city, Mr. Hamilton, lie informed me that a fatal disease had prevailed among the hogs on several farms south of town, notably so on that of Mr, John Botkin. I proceeded to Mr. Hot-kin's place, located one mile south of lown, foil ml him at home, and ob�tained the following history of the disease among his hogs! Mr. Smith, a near neighbor, received some hogs last year from .Missouri ; soon alter he got them home a disease appeared HinOllg them and many died; soon thereafter, Mr. Botldn's hogs began to die, and lie lost nearly all be had. Those thai remained well besohl in the fall,keeping uo hogs over winter. The hog p ist me of Botkin adjoins that of Mr. Smith. A largo pond of surface water is inclosed in Mr. Botkln's pasture, and the surface water from Mr. Smith's pasture flows into this pond. In

CONTAGIOUS DISBA-SBS OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS. 2quot;j;}

ilie moiiili of June, this year, Botkiu boughl a uuiubor of suws and pig8_t took IIhmii home anil phiccd t hem in 1 In¹ s:iiiir |)as| mc i hat held Liis liogs last .M'nr. Within a inontb his hogs begau to niauifosfc ovl-deucos of disease. As there were iiiine in a dying uouditlou when I saw them, I requosttiil tli(t privilege quot;f killing one for oxuiniuatiou. Mr. Botkiu willingly granted the request, and oaughl a �-nionths-

old hoar [tig, lie presented the ibllowillg syniplinas: pulse, weak

and, couipresslbl�j teiuperaturo, 100deg;F.j considerable swelllag across the. nasal hones, posterior ti) the nates; a large nicer, one inch in diameter, opposite tbe first molar tooth in the superior maxilla,form�ing a deep cavity in the tissues oovering the alveola; this ulooi' was of an unhealthy, foal, and sloughing oharaoter. Several small ulcers were, present on the tongue, possessing well deflnod borders, surrounded by a darkened, brownish-red areolaj a very offensive odor was emitted from the mouth. Several abscesses and ulcers of variable sizes, from that of a pea to a silver quarter of a dollar were discovered on the abdominal surface, and one large atul deep ulcer itnmediately about the coronet of the right lorlaquo;' foot. (Several other hogs on the place pre�sented similar symptoms to this one, but not so far advanced, the first and most prominent symptom being that of the swelling across the nose, accompanied by more or less snuffling,) LMioy continued to eat, and do not lose flesh very rapidly : a few of them suffer by diarrhea, and colliqnative diarrhea sets in before death takes place. (There Is no special tendency to hide in the litter, nor is there any roseate Idnsh present at any time during the progress of the disease, as there is in true hog cholera.) I severed the jugular'vein and carotid artery on one, side of the neck and lraquo;lcd it to death, then removed the wall id' the chest ami abdomen. I discovered a greenish yellow serum in the ab�dominal cavity j heart pale and tlaceid ; tower lobes of luiigri in n par�tial state of hepatization, abscesses and tnherclea being distributed throughonl the affected parts. The stomach presented two extensive, irregnlar-ahaped ulcers, apparently in process of healing, one of them measuring two inches in length j they were covered with a yellowish deposit of pus. mucus, and feed mixed, which was strongly adherent to i he surface of the ulcers. The intestines contained a great number of lonjj worms, iiHcuris snillif. and the intestinal glands presented a thick�ened, infiltrated, tuberoulotic condition, The liver was enlarged to three times the normal size, was of a light olive-yellow color, and nu-merous small ahscesses were found wildiin t he st rnclure of the organ ; the biliary duets were literally tilled with worms of the same species as were found in the intestinal canal. The worms in the liver obstructed the flow of bile, The gall bladder was lilted with briffht green colored bile, thinner and lighter in color than normal. The urine bladder con�tained three ounces of light green colored urine; kidneys were en�larged, softened, ami partially disintegrated, presenting an olive-green color. The fat, and also all of the internal viscera,,presented an icteric

#9632;te

V*^Bm

#9632;J24 CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMESTIOATtCD ANIMALS.

appeamiiooi I roootmnBinluil h ohange of pasturu itad water; tlie hogquot; liens itraquo; be removed and the boards used For somo other purpose; the old hog pasture to be plowed up, and seeded with wlioat or other grain for nt iensl two years before ii should a^nin Uw ased for a hog pasture. 1 iil-.o advised a destruetion of all the hogs that ludioatod plain aymp-loms or thedisease, and afterwards an entire change in the breed or family of hogs. I inclosed in a tin can a portion of the lung, liver, in-testine, and stoumch of the pig oxanaiued, and sent it to yum- Depart-menl by express, for microscopic exaiuiuntion.

After my return in Wellington 1 saw Mr. Hamilton again, when lie told me that he and his partner, Mr. Flint, lost 1(5 or 17 head pf their cattle out ofUOOhead. Their pasture is fenced in, and is located in the corner of Kingtnau, I'i-aii. and Harbour Counties, and comprises 30,000 acres. This pasture held Texan cattle last year. The cattle this year In Hie (leid were not exposed In other cattle. The disease appeared in the menih of September : 10 or 12 that were sick recovered, Ohangiug

pasture and water seemed to oft'ei' a eheek to I lie disease,

I returned to Harper in the night. Onthe23d it rained hard all day, and i remained in town. 1 saw I, J. Campbell, esq., who gave me the following history: lie owns a fenced pasture on tlie western edge of town. On the 10th day of April Mr. Boyd placed II head of lame cattle in this field, whicli already contained 150 bead of natives owned by Mr. Campbell; the Boyd cattle remained for a week or mere to recuperate, and were then driven by the way of Pmtt's to the boyd range. Some time during the month of July 2 steers that were brought from the norliiern pari of the comity were turned into this field; soon thereafter both sickened and one of them died. The steers in coming to Harper crossed a nnmher of cattle trails, None of Mr. Campbell's cat lie died. 3lr. It. A, Jones, from Labetto Comity, told me that while on a visit to his brother at Santiago, Cal., last year, his brother told him that cattle that were brought from Old Mexico and driven north into colder and freezing climates in California impart disease to native cattle.

October 24 we drove southwest Hi miles to sec Mr. Kichard Botkiu. He held cattle belonging to Shafor, Coyer. Arnold, Collins, McMnllen, and Martin, the total number being 562 head. All of them were native, cattle except the McMnllen cattle, which were brought from Webster

County, Missouri, reaching Botlcin's range in tl......onth of May, and

remained until the 1st of September. Dr. Wisner took away 120 head of them, and the remainder were sold to and taken away hy Mr, Potter. The Boyd cattle passed over his range in April, and all of these cattle have been grazing over their trail. All the deaths in this herd which occurred while on the Botkiu range look place between the 2(1 of July and the middle of August. Loss, isi, Mr. Campbell, at Otega, lost one work ox out of a yoke of oxen in the month of July.

Mutiger Brothers, of Harper, started from Harper in the mouth of May Hi thoroughbred and high-grade hulls; by mistake the driver

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 225

tiuiicd tliwn in with the Boyd cattle, where they retuaiited overuigbti Seven of these died, and .'? others in the herd of 50O,ou the Hiak Moore raugelt; They began to die sixteen days after exposure to the Boyd

cattle.

October 25, we drove 7 miles west t'mai Harper, stopping lirst at Mr.

II. F. liuir's place. Mr. Burr stated that lie shipped into Harper, then drove to his place, four lots of cattle ; the lirst, one in the inontii of -March, one in April, one in .May, and the last one in .I line; total niiinhcr, 4�0 head. These cattle were brought from Colony, A nderson Oouuty, and from Ooffee and Allen Counties. Mr. linrr wintered 18 head of cattle, lie has been on the same range for live successive years, and has never before lost any cattle, lie lost; 175 head out of the 408 head this season, and Mr. Moier, his soii-in-law, lost on the same range -1 oat of 7 bead. Mr. Burr thinks that, all of his cattle excepl 25 bead had been sick, lie used tincture belladonna asa curative agent. Severalof hla cattle died in the month of,) nly, but the greater uuinber of deaths occurred in the month of September. Mr. Boyd's cattle crossed his range in April. We went out to his herd and I tested the temperature of several, which registered as follows:

Two-yoar-olcl heifor, has beou alok ..........................................nbsp; nbsp;102.7

Oiic-\ sar-okl heifer, Ims been sick...........................................nbsp; lo-l.ii

One-year-old heifer, haa boeu sick ..........................................nbsp; 104.8

One-year-old heifer, Ikin been sick............................................nbsp; 104.8

Four year-old bull, has not boon sick ........................................nbsp; nbsp;108.9

One-year-old heifer, has not been side...................................___nbsp; nbsp;103.4

One-year-old heifer, has not been sick........................................nbsp; nbsp;103,1

Two-year-old heifer, Ims not been sick.......................................nbsp; nbsp;L03.0

We then drove 1 mile southwest to A. llillinrd's farm. lie lost Icow on the 20th of July, and another on the 10th of .September. Mr. Boyd's cattle crossed his range half a mile south of the house. On the KSth of June .Mr. Anderson's cattle, went across the east, end of his range, leaving probabljquot; 80 rods between the two trails. Hill iard has owned a work ox for the past two years. This ox was picketed on the Boyd trail a number of times during the summer, but remained well. While 1 was there I noticed a bull corraled near the barn; he appeared thin in Itesh, and I inquired if he was sick. Mr. Ililliard replied, not that he was aware of. I tested the temperature of the animal; it registered

1020 P.

An eight-year-old cow was in a separate pen ; I tried her temperature} it was 101.so it'. On the 30th, as I was going toward Harper in the evening, I met .Mr. Ililliard. lie stopped meand stated that the eight-year-old cow which I saw in the pen at the time of my visit to his place was sick. quot; She appeared stupid last, night, and this morning yielded no milk.quot; That this COW had positively not been exposed to the Boyd trail, or any other infected place; that sheliad been kept closely yarded, and bad been well fed on dry feed for the past three months. I prom�ised him to see her in the morning. The following' morning I drove out 5751 D A------15

226

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS.

to liilaquo; place, and foiiml Iut luauifestlug tlie following train of syinptoue: Pouud Uev \yUta ou the steruuui, head well poised; horns wanuj nose dry) 11 laquo;lull and drowsy appearance lt;gt;t' tlie oyesj sensible to the llkvs; pnlse depressed; respiration 22 5 temporatare 104deg; F,; passage of ma' nurc slightly covered with mnons, and of a tinner oonsisteuoy than it slionld bo. I learned that tills COW liud been turned oil! to graze with the other cattle on the 29th, and as .she bad been kept up on dry feed for the past three mouths I eeiieluded thai she had overcharged herself with food to winch she was not aoonstomed, and that this was the cause of her disability. Oil the.'UHh she wonld neither eat nor drink, hut was disposed to lie down all the time. When 1 saw her on the morning of the .'Ust, she drank half a pail of water, and ate a tew ears of corn; therefore I eonelnded that she must he Improving; that she was better the day I saw her than on the day previous. On the .'id of November I again saw Billiard, in Harper; ho reported that the cow had recovered her health.

From llilhardquot;s we went to .Matt. Miller's, ,quot;i miles northwest of Har�per. He stated that in the month of .Inly Hugh MoOlnng brought from north of Little Rock, Ark., do head of cattle ; that he bought .'50 head of these cattle from MoGlung, and placed them with 40 head of his domes�tic cattle on the same range; he lost !t head, while McClung, who held the remaining 30 head on a range of Mr. .Matthews, lost none. His cat�tle died during the first and second week of September, after a sickness of from two to five days. Miller sold 30 head of his cattle on the LOth of September.

.Messrs. Got and Weaver, of Springfield, Mo., brought into Harper on the iMth of June, HO*) head of cattle from Missouri. They drove them ont.'i miles northwest, and had them herded on the Matthews range. About the -Oth of .Inly deaths among this herd began to occur, and they lost 24 head of their cattle in rapid succession.

October 26, we left Harper for Medicine Lodge, Barbour County, a distance of 35 miles. We arrived toward evening. I saw several cat-tie-men in town; made the usual inquiries,and wastold that many cat�tle died during this season all over the county ; but. when I endeavored to obtain a more definite account as to who the suffering parties were, and the extent of their losses, I could get but little reliable Information. I concluded to remain in town over Saturday the 27th, and endeavor to get a inoredetinite history of the outbreak in this part of the county, tu the evening I was introduced to .Mr. Lbersole, who lives 7 miles west of Medicine Lodge, lie told me that on a range, next to him 10 had died out of 700 head dining the month of September, but that he, himself, had not lost any out of the 50 head which he owned. 1 also met Mr. Springer, who lives � miles southeast of Medicine Lodge. He; lost t out of 420 head this summer, and 12� out of a herd of 500 last winter. Mr. Springer iilso stated that his neighbor, Mr. I'.nlliiigton, lost 12 out of 100 head this season.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIUATKD ANIMALS, quot;227

On October 27 I went to the office of Mr. T. L. O'Bryan, a livo-stook broker. He told me thai some eiuig'rauts passed tbrough the, town of Medicine Lodge, going north, ou the 23cl or the 26tb of May, They were supposed to come by way igt;r Anthony, Harper Ooiinty, and were going to Ooiorado. They bad with them l or � ox^teams, with fvova one Ugt; three yoke in a team, tod 50 bead of loose cattle. They told Mr, Biggs, the sheriff igt;r Barboar County, that they came from Texas, hut told Mr. O'Bryan that thoy were from the Ohlckasaw Nation, near Red River. Their cattle were in good condition and bad the appearance of genuine Texans.

In Mr. O'Bryan's office 1 entered into conversation with Hon. T, J, Shepler, who told me that In the year ISTfi, when the througb trail for Soutberil cattle to DodgG Cilv passed along the eastern hanks of the Kim River, near Medicine Lodge, 2 head of domestic cows which had been kept in close oonfluement all sammer, were allowed to graze over the trail late In the full after a fall of 3 inches of snow, and after so late au exposure both cows died, lie als,) told me that a prominent stockman (Vom Montana assured him last spring that cattle coming from the State of Kansas would transmit to their cattle the Texas fever in the most mallgnani and fatal form. Mr. Shepler thinks the only way to obviate the annual losses among cattle in Kansas by the Soutbeni fever, is to establish a holder line of Infection and compel the S�utberu cattle to be slaughtered within the limits of such boundary line.

I then went to see Mr, Prank II. Shelley, secretary of the Salt Forks and Bagle Ubief pool, lie said;

A uumber of through onltlo, pxirchosod atCnlclwell, wore located on the Raglo Cbief Creek adjoining us on the sontheast; ROmoof the Salt Forks cattle drifted mi the quot;T .^rr' range, belonging to the TexasLand und Kansas CHy Company; several of onr cat�tle died, hut not many; two of them were hlgh-gratjo bulls, [ don't know how many of our cattle wore exposed. The pool bolds 30,000 head of cattle,

I next met Mr. ,1. A. McCarl.v, in the offlpeof the Harbour County Index, lie is the captain of the Sand Creek and Hackberry pool. He stated that in the month of August, Mr. Lookhart, a member of the pool, brought from Kingmau County several hundred head of cattle aud placed tlieni in the poo] herd. Three weeks thereafter the pool cattle began to die; 15 out of 3,500 head exposed died It is supposed that .several head of Arkansas cattle were ainoiiy the Loekharl lot. Ten per cent, of I heir cat tie died last winter. I met Mr. William Kelley on t he street; be lived 8 miles soath of Medicine Lodge, llclost luout of loo head this summer, lie, does not know in what manner they were ex�posed. Last winter he lost .quot;io out of 600 head; they generally became lame in one fore leg; persisted in lying down; would continue in this way from one week to a month before they died. Many of them were valuable cows. They were well sheltered and well fed after they be-oamesiok, bur the majority of them ultimately died. Several died after the grazing was good in the spring. In 12 or L5 cases that recovered one or both horns came off. Mr, Vaughn, -A miles south of Medicine Lodge, brought 60 bead of cattle from Kingman County about the 1st

228nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATKI) ANIMALS.

of July. DnrUig tbe'tuontb of September lie lost 3, Last win tor he lost in Kinji'tnan County 42 bead out of bis herd of .'too. The best cat�tle in fcbe herd appeared to be the iiiigt;st susceptible. His cattle were fed on corn in the latter part of tiic winter. James Wilson, � railos .south of Medicine Lodge,stated thai he gathered one bull at the couuty

ronnd-up which died.

Two other animals died subsequently, and lie does not know where these were exposed, except to the bull. Lost last winter (J per centlaquo; Mr. Ilamlin, neighbor to Wilson, lost out of 3 head gathered on the Boyd range, one bull. Mr. B. 1). Keyes, on Elm lliver, 18 miles northwest of Medicine Lodge, reported a loss of 10 head out of �oo last winter, He fed millet, hay, and corn. They were sick from two days to two weeks. Some got lame, and would then lie down nearly all the time ; most of them ate well until they died. One cow ate two quarts of soaked corn, then dropped over dead. He turtherstated that this trouble was almost universal in that part of the county. After skinning the dead cattle be found inflltratious of bloody waterunder the shoulder blade and foreleg. Mr. Igt;. T. .Shields, a uoigbbor to Reyes, lost this summer 16 out of 225 head.

On October L'.Sth we left Medicine Lodge and drove west toward Lake City; the first place at which we stopped was Henry Morebead's, 3 miles west of Medicine LodgOi lie told me that he had Ml head of cattle in a herd, under the care of P. I!. Cole, on Antelope Flat, north�west and north of the Illinois colony. Also, that his neighbor, Mr. Updegraf, bad 00 or 70 head in the same herd: neither of them had suffered any losses. The next place on our way to Lake City at which we Stopped was Mr. Sanderson's, who lives on the north side of the Medicine River, s #9632;�#9632;'#9632;''quot; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' '

cattle out of 40 in not known, lie ti miles west of Med Manner of exposu which is 1.8 miles northwest of Medicine Lodge, and from there we drove 2 miles north, to Mr. \V. Lraquo;¹. Gordon's ranch. Mr. Gordon holds 400 head of cattle on a 7,000 acre fenced range. This range is supiil ud with water from several clear-water springs, all of which head within the inclosed range. Mr. Gordon lost .'iri head of cattle. The first one, died on or about the 25th of September, and the last one. on the 25tb instant. Tenor Hi that were sick recovered. Mr, Gordon knows of no way in which his cattle were exposed, only that once or twice the gate at the north end of the ticld was left open by persons passing thlOllgh, and a tew of his cattle got out, bid were always returned within a few hours. One hundred and eighty nine head of these cattle were bought from Reuben Lake, of Lake City, on the 1st of duly. They were Ar�kansas cattle, wintered by Mr, Lake in a fenced Held adjoining that ol Mr. Gordon. The balance of Cordon's cattle, LML' head, were doable

OONTAQIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

229

wintered in iiis licld. As l was anxious to make aposl^mortom examina�tion in order to discover theexnol uature of tlio disease, 1 went out late in tUe evening to sec tlio oonditiou of tbe beifer which died ou the 30th, three days agoi She was badly bloated, i opened her in the usual nianner, und found lliiil the internal viscera were undergoing deoouipo�sition, and were scarcely tit to handle. I removed the spleen, which weighed 4 ponuds. The liver was enlarged. A bloody-colored fluid was contained iu tbe pericardia! sac; also bloody-colored urine in the bladder. The fourth stomaeh presented the eharaeteristic erosions and gastric redness of soutbern cattle fever. Mr. Gordon stated that in 1858 he lived in the State of Missouri, on the throngb cattle trail. The trail led around ii*eorner ol'his pasture field, the corner not being quite square: late in the fall he hnilt the fence out 80 as to form a square corner; by so doing he inclosed a part of the trail. Tbe cattle which were in the field soon began to die after the moviii}!; of the fence, and continued to die until some time in the month of January; 50 out of 100 head died.

We remained overnight with Mr. Qerdou, and next morning retnrned to Medicine Lodge. As we passed Mr, Morehead's place his wife came out to the road and told me that her husband had found the day before a sich heifer among his cattle on the Oole range; that be had started her toward home, but she dropped down near Elm River, and was un�able to rise, and that he desired me to see the animal. 1 was directed where to lind it, and 1 complied with their wishes; I found the heifer dead, [saw tbe animal at 2 o'clock on the i-Mith. and Air. Morebead had found her sick at about the same, time the day previous. She appeared to me as if death had taken place in the night or early morning; was badly bloated : a few small balls of feces, covered with dried blood, and mucus, were lying behind her. The mucous membrane of the rectum ap�peared inflamed, swollen, and protruded several inches from the. aims. 1 opened bei-on the right side, following the usual custom. Decompo�sition had taken place to a much greater extent than any that I had ever examined after so short a period after death.

The blood-vessels contained more blood, and of a better quality than is usually found after death from southern cattle fever. The animal was excediiigly fat, and the fat was of a very high yellow color, very nearly a chrome yellow. All of the internal viscera were, more or less, distended by gasses. The pericardium contained 10 or 12 ounces of bloody-colored serum. In the arterial side of the heart I found a very extensive and strongly organized librinous clot, extending through the valves, and into the aorta for at least S inches. The spleen weighed .'W, pounds, and blood extravasations were found under tlio peritoneal covering. The liver was enlarged, and tilled with blood, and enormously distended by gasses. Erosions and snbaeute congestion of the. lining

membrane of the fourth stomach were present. The urine bladder con�tained a few ounces of bloody-colored urine. The kidneys were almost completely disorganized by the ravages of active decomposition.

280 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

At Medicine Lodgrel saw Mr. Staiidifortl, of tho eat tie flnh of fStaiuli-ford, fouuiaus amp; Co. Their range is located lt;gt; miles Boutbeasl of .Med�icine Lodgej between bbe Medicine River and Oedar Hills, lie made the followiug statement i

About 150 boat! of cattle, lt;'(iitiiii};' from noav VVlolilta, Sodgwiol? Comity, wow driven aloug somli ou tlio divide between Aiitolopu Flat aud Mini Creek, and woro bi'oughl in aud campud on the ooutor of our range oue iiij;lii. As near iis 1 reinom-bor tbu date il was nboal tlto uiiddlo of Juno, I woul oul to see the oattle; they lookud'vory suspiolons, Mr. Slmuatroin, who was with tho oattle, told we thai the {�iilile came from Arkausas; thai he bought them In Pobruary, and shipped them Into Wlohltn ahoul the Ul quot;i Aprllj that they woro kepi on rough feod, and afterward hordud on the Niuuoscab liiver until thoj wore started South. Bovornl well-bred bulls, which were in mi; hi mi Wichita, wore among the herd, bul n large proportion o' tlie heril looked bad. I'm in inj place they went south wesl 100 tulles to the C'iinai ion

River, and were pla.....1 with Mime other cattle which were in a small pool formed by

BInckstoue, Tucker, .Mills, Conner, and SbatiBti'om,

Ahoul mie week a Her Slianstronr's ealtle lell my |iliiee Mr. Tliokor (of the above. men I loued pool) eame In my pi are ami lelil mn that the Arkansas cattle wliieli Slian-stroui iimk ilnvn wore dying oft'rapldljquot;; also, thai Mime of the other oattllaquo; in the liunl were dying, 'in tho range where these cattle oanipod one nighl we have 7iHi head: they have been oloao ranged in the spring and summer, bul several of them drifted away: afterward '#9632;' were gathered ou the Boyd rangB al the time of oonnty round-up. Two weeks after the Shanstroui cattle were on our ranee one of ours died; soon another one; the second one was gathered on tho Uoyd ranee. Texan cows which had been double wintered, aud had also boon exposed to the Boyd oatl le, remained well. Oue ball died that 1 kepi n|gt; and stall led all winter, which I know had im eb a nee for expoanre to the Boyd eat Me, nur did ho stray away from our hard. lie died in tho Hist n eels of Ootober, Another hull which had been kepi exactly like

the lirst one died nil 1 he ?5th. Oneenw thai I kepi lU tOWU Until tile last of JlJllO and then took her to tlie In-nl, whore she was kept within sieht every day. also died. Altogether we lost ten of i he very clioicesl ealtle in the herd, laisi winter we lust In per cent, id' our domctitic cattle, and � per ceul of the Texan cattle.

I met Mr. A. L, Diinean, of Medicine Lodge, who told me thai three different herds of cat tie passed through their place in the latter part of Mas and earlj June. Oue of the outflta told him they were From Red River, Ghiclcasaw Nation, and said they were g;oing into Colorado. The second out lit were going to Moni ana, und 1 lie third into Utah. The three herds nuiubered about 500 head of cattle, and looked like tndlan or Northern Texans. From Medicine Lodge they passed in a westerly direction toward Fort Dodge.

While at Medicitic Lodge 1 met Mr, P. B, Cole. Me lives 2 miles wesi from Dr. Wisner and tioi'th of T. B. Stockstill He owned 250 head of cattle, and held 130 belonging to other parties. These cuttle were nearly all gathered in the county round-up on Antelope Flat, between the 1st and l�th of duly, where they had been with several hundred other cattle. In this round-up 25 or .'in stray oattlu were found for Which no owners appeared. The Anderson herd of cat lie grazed ou the Cole range for several days in the latter part of June. Mr. Cole lost nut of his herd of 400 25 head �L* in duly and !-'�'! in Seplaquo; tember. William Dark, north of Cole's, lost 16 out of 350 head of cut�tle during the month of September,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 231

Tlie first place at which we stopped, after leaving Medloiue Lodge, on October 30, was the llulitt, or opeu A range, on (Jitiiiigt; Orsok, Har�per Cuiiutv. Ilulitt, Brothers brought 260 head of good bigh-grade cat�tle on tliti range froip Iowa a. year ago, which have remained on the .suiiu', range up to this time. Mr. Millor, lt;gt;l' Washlugtou ('(unity, Iowa, unloaded at Jlarpcr, on the 9th of April, 220 head of towaoattle, kept them on the range north quot;(' the stook-yarda and in the yards al uight for three successive days, then drove them out on the range ooonpied by ilniiit Brothers, aud placed them under their oare. Mr. Aincut, of Amthouy, Harper Oounty, shipped from Ooffeyvllle, Mo., aud unloaded al Harper 300 head of uattle; they arrived al Harper on the 28th of June. He then drove thein southeast Into the eastern part of the county on a school section, and herded them thereuntil the loth of July. They were then taken west and placed on the Ilulitt Brothers range, arriving on the l-'th. One of tbese cuttle died on the same day that it arrived upon the range, and others of the Ament oattledied daily thereafter, until the number of deaths reached 17. None of the .Miller nor.of the llulitl Brothers oattledied.

The lu.st death among the Aineiit cattle occurred on the 1st of Octo�ber. This was a black hull, bought in Kansas for $540. Forty head which had been sick recovered. The sick were treated by giving one quart of raw linseed oil at a dose, and lgt;v usiug the same by iujeotion into the rectum. Seme recovered after passing bloody urine. The Boyd herd of cattle ranged over this ground in the early part of the summer, and 3 head of them were with the Ilulitt Brothers cattle later in the season, I remaining six weeks.

The Miller cattle, which were unloaded al Harper on Ilie'.Mh of April, were with 20 bead of the crippled Boyd cattle in the yards and on the range north of the yards, and ale corn, cane, and millet-hay from the same piles. The description of the puxt mortem appearances in the Ament cattle, as given me by Mr. 11 uliit, convinces me that they died with t he southern cat tie fever.

We next stopped al Attica post-oflBce, Harper County. Therelsaw Mr. (i. W. Markham, who stated i

One of my i wo-yenr-olcl stoon got nmoog the Boyd herd as they wore piMaiiig nlong uorth of my range ou the LOtL of April, I followed blm and lironglil tilm bnok homo thesnme evening. Two days theroaftor 1 soldhlra iquot; II. lgt;. Drunim, of Klowu, who

lias since I old me I li:if I h .slcer ilicd.

Mr. Drumui had 2 head of t he Boyd cattle among his herd from the latter part of April mil ii I he Ist of .July, lull did not lose any of bis cattle except theonebought from Mr. Markham. At Attica 1 was told thata yoke of oxen had been staked on the boyd trail, south of (lurdner's; they were used for breaking sod, and remained there all summer. No sickness followed the exposure, tnthecvening 1 met Mr. .1.0. l-'ox, of Seymour, Iowa, at the Olenil House. Harper, lie told me that he

brought lour carloads of cattle into Harper on the 12th of April. He

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOME8T1 GATED ANIMALS.

held bis cattle in tlieyardamp;t at nigbl aud igt;n tbe range noiili four or five days, i of the Boyd oattlcopy; being witli them all tbis time. These oattle

woe taken not tInvest IS miles, on ;i range, and remained there until I he 20fcli of August. No loss or siokness appeared in this herd. Mr. Ilurd-wiok, of the Glenn Elouse, told nie thnl lie had a sick oow, also that be lost one several days ago. I [iromised (laquo;i go oul lu tbe morning to see

her.

OntbeSlsl 1 drove out 2nailos wesl to Mr. Forrey's inclosed pasture held id see t he lln rd wiek cow. I luiiiid tbe cow iu the following condi�tion at 9.30 a. m.! Temperature 100deg;| lying ou tbe left side with head thrown somewhat to tbe right : was apparently suffering great pain, as was manifested by her deep and agonizing groans; eyes prominent j left horn tnuob ('older than the right; nose dry ; skin a deep yellow color | pulse 86; respiration 20; painfnlaud prolonged expirations; eon Id feel through tbe abdominal walls posterior tc the ribs decided enlargement of the liver: ausuultation ami percussion revealed no lung troublej tbiek viscid saliva stringing from the mouth�not profuse. At 10.15 the temperature was ',raquo;7.5deg;. At 10,30 1 introduced the Instrumept into the bladder, where it registered 07.-1deg;. I cut a deep laquo;;ash into the tail, 1 inch in length, about dincbes below the root, in order to observe, the How and the color of tbe blood, lull only a few drops oozed from the incision ; It was very thin and watery. I cut another gash into tbe flesbyparl of tbe thigh, but only a slight triokllug of blood followed. In making these in�cisions tbe animal evinced no pain. At 11 o'clock she made an effort to get up, luit failed. A sweat iiowbioke out on the nose; pulse very tense, yet weak. As 1 stood by her side 1 could hear distinctly each heart, beat. It appeared as if nature wa-s concentrating all the strength that was within the animal to maintain the heart's action. She is now rest�ing on the sternum, with head extended, the lower Jaw resting ou the ground, and groans at each expiration of breath, to wbicb it is painful to listen. Tremors of the vast! muscles, and also of the muscles of the neck, now appeared. At 11.15 temperature 98deg;. I then left her; re�turned again al 2 p. m., and found her dead. The surface of the body was .vet warm, and out of curiosity I inserted the thermometer into the rectum, when it registered lo.'J.�⁰ F, An hour later I returned prepared to make a fiost mortem examination. There were present at the exami�nation Messrs. Bwell, Cochran, and Boss, of Harper.

Tbe animal was lying on the left side, ami a quart or more of a greenish watery llnid had escaped from the mouth aud nose. After exposing the internal organs to view I found the lungs slightly emphy-sematons and a frothy sputa in the capillary tubes; pericardium con�tained about 6 or .S ounces of dark, bloodyeolored fluid ; external surface of heart extensively ecchymoscd; in fact, looked limp, braised, and worn out by sheer exhaustion; the internal surface, of the heart was almost black, caused by capillary congestion and extravasation of blood into the endocardium ; no blood dots in the heart. The heart weighed .^ri

pounds. The spleen weighed 1 pounds, and presented a disintegration

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS.

283

of the glandular structurc; the extenifil surfaoe preseufced tiutnerous eoohytnosed spots, and a purple und gray-niottled appearance. The Uvor weighed i'^rgt; pounds, and possessed a spongy feol to the touch; was darker in color than normal, and manifested fatty degeneration. The gall bladder contained 30 ounces of thick, granular appearing bile, of a greenish-brown color. The third stomach presented nothing abnor�mal,'but the fourth presented the characteristic redness and erosions, exposing the vascular rofiinbraue, indicative of southern cattle fever. Surrounding the kidneys was discovered a yellowish gelatinous Infiltra�tion. The kidneys were darker than normal, und cuiitaineil hloody-oolored urine in the ducts and tuliuli. The uterus contained a six-weeks'old Ictus; this or^uu presented no marked lesions. The urine bladder was distended with - gallons of a dark, almost brown, colored urine; specific gravity 1.012. The blood in the blood vessels was not so thin us is usual in such cases, but was deficient in quantity. Mr. ilardwick boughl these two cows, together with -IS other cattle, on or about the LOth instant, from Mr. Bailey, who lives 2 or ','gt; miles north�west of town. The 48 head were taken down into the Indian Territory on the Kith�the same day the two cows were placed into the Forrey Held. All of these cuttle crossed several cattle trails before they readied the Forrey pasture. This duy I saw .Mr. !gt;. (#9632;. Bidwell, of Anthony, lie owns 2,000 head of cuttle, which are pastured in an inclosed field COUtain�tg 12,000 neues, located in the Indian Territory, along the south line of Harper County.

He staled that cattle hud been dying all around his pasture, but that he did not lose a single one, Mr. .1. W. Waleott, of Harper, kept If cows from which he supplied milk to the citizens of Harper. He herded them north of the railroad track. The first loss occurred on the 4th day of duly, after six days'sickness ; 10 head died before the 1st of A.ugust. The remaining one was sick three or four days, then began to improve, and in a week was again apparently well. Mr. H. �). Jones picketed his cow north of the railroad track for the space of a week In the early part of July j no sickness followed. He has owned the cow for four years, .lohn FIrod, of Harper, owned 8 head of work oxen, all of them wintered cuttle. One of them was a Texan, eight or ten years old, and had been owned in the county several years. These cuttle were pastured north of the railroad at Harper for a inontli before any disease appeared among any of the cuttle in or around Harper. In the

month of October I out of the 8 oxen died, the old Texun being the lust one to snecumb to the disease.

On November I we drove to Anthony, !) miles south of Harper, prin�cipally for the purpose of seeing Mr. Ament, who suffered such a heavy loss on the Hulitfc range; but we failed to find him at home. Herel made inquiries relating to disease among cuttle, and was told no cattle in that immediate locality died this year. Mr. Northup, a prominent cattle man of Anthony, told me that nearly all the domestic! COWS along

2;-U CONTAGIONS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the frail of Mio Anderson oabtilo died. The Amlurson cattle pnssed 6 miles wcsl of Anlhon.v on their way south to the Territory line. He silso told me thai Mr. Singer, 10 miles east of A�tUouy, lost a large per-oeutageof bis cattle last winter j they are said to have been in good

coiulition and were well led. They had iteen brought from Iowa and Northern .Missouri in (he fail. After returning to I larper 1 traced up

the town cows thai died in Harper as follows;

J. M. Bloom..

JollD (i rilllfS.,

0. Arthur .... R. Qorman Mr Schwenk . .1gt;. V. THomiia -

E. Koofur.....

Georjro( look.. John llviid .. M. Coohran... B. Ornngo.....

.l.Hunl ......

Mr. Oyphora #9632;#9632; S. Roovor.....


	Niitn-
	lost.	V'illll�.
	I T	$7laquo; #9632;10 75 #9632;W
	1 1
	1 I 1	88 m 90 �to 80
	1 1	B8 (0

Total

All of these cows grazed nortli of the railroad track. The town cows which were not allowed to graze nortli of the track escaped the dis�ease.

lllsrOKV OF THE A.NDKUSON CATTI.K.

Sis carloads of cattle shipped from Springfield, Mo,, in the name of the Hank of Spriugfleld, and consigned to Mr. Anderson, were unloaded at Harper on the 6tli day of Jane. These cattle remained at the stock-yards about ten days, ranging northeast of the yards daring the day. They were thou taken out west about 4 miles, southwest until they reached the Medicine Lodge road, foliowed this road Into Barbour Comity, tlirough the Illinois colony, and rested upon t lie range of 1'. 1!. Cole a weeh or more. They then were driven back again by wayoflnyo post otlice, thence by Joppa post-offlce, passing over W. B, Kline's range 5 miles west of Attica post-offlce, then Ina southeasterly direc�tion toward Anthony, but leaving Anthony G miles to the cast, then south to the line of the Imliaii Territory, then cost along the line to (lilmorc's range, 6 miles west of Oaldwell, in the Indian Territory. Hev-enty-oight head of these cattle were sold before they left Harper to a Mr. Simdley, in the southwest corner of Kin^uian County, and were driven by him in a direct course northwest from Harper to [Cingmau County, Mr. Anderson stated that those, were Arkansas cattle. Mr. Cochran stated that he bought conditionally KMraquo; head of cattle in White County, Arkansas, last winter, but that Mr. .Anderson afterward saw the. same lot of cattle, and by offering more for t hem closed u bargain, and drove them to Springfield. Mo.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 235

On November 2, we drove OUt to see Mr. Potter, but lie not beiUg :it

home his sou gave tue the following luforraatiou; They held cattle 12 miles northwest of Harper 5 they bought 131 head of oattle oul of the MoMullen herd on the Botkiu range j afterward added 106 head ofdo-mestio cattle brought Prom the line of Kingman County. Two native inilch cows were also turned in with ibis herd. Out of the first herd (131) 32 died; out of the 10� Lead 26 died. All of those, excepting l head, died previous to the 10th of August�the Idled in September, and 10 that were taken sick in September recovered. The first lot of cattle were bought on the 1st of July, and were taken on the range on the 8th; theseoondlot were bought a few days later. The McMulleu cattle begau to die on the 8th of July. Mr. Toiler knows of no other cattle dying near their range.

Olotfelter and Thomas have a fenced pasture,!! miles square, in King-man and Eai'per Counties. This Held contained oattle belonging to

Olotfelter and Thomas, 300 bead ; Aaron Canall. 160 bead : Mr. Blake, 300 bead; Harroldson and Sheldon, TOO head. All of these oattle, ex�cept (!1lt;) bead of Harroldson and Sheldon's, were wintered in tills field, and during the winter lquot;gt;o head died, the loss being attributed to insuf-licienl food and water, and want of shelter. Harroldson and Sheldon placed into this Held, in the mouth of June, 700 bead of cattle, said to have been brought from Missouri; RTuuger Brothers put in 400 head after the disease broke out, and allowed them to remain until the 1st of October. In the uioulli of .Inly disease appeared among cattle in this tield, and Harroldson and Sheldon lost 30 head. They removed their cattle early in September. The loss among Blake's cattle I could not ascertain. Olotfelter and Thomas lost .#9632;! head: Munger Brothers, 16. No other cattle adjoining this Held died, except a few In Flint ^ Hamil�ton's field, located in the corner of Klugiuail, I'rall.and Bai'bour OoUU-ties.

William Nance, 15 miles northwest of Harper, bought '! steers out of the Boyd herd in i he spring, took I hem home, and picketed them near his house. After the steers were removed a cow was picketed on the same ground; In about two weeks she became sick and died. Soon afterward Mr. Nance bonghl two cows, picketed them on the same place; both of them became sick, and one died. The steers remained well. This completes my Investigation of cattle disease in the counties of I larper and Harbour.

Lint of herds of cattle suspected of conveying the disease,�No. I, the Boyd oattle, arrived at Harper April (i; No. l', the Anderson cattle, arrived at EInrper June 6; No. 3, the Sooby cattle, arrived at Harper June 6; No, 4, the MoOlung cattle, arrived at Harper July; No. 5, Arkansas cattle, which crossed Mc(ice's range ill Jnue; No. 0. three emigrant herds through Medicine LodgeJnne I ; No. 7, Sbanstrom cat�tle, .I nne I ; No. 8, Garriaou cattle, arrived at Harper June KS; No. 1),

286

CONTA�IOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTIQATED A.NIMALS.

oounty lomid up. in Barbour, July 1 bo I6j No, 10, Territory i'oxind-up, in Bai'boar Oouuty, .Innlaquo;' and Julyj No. 11, emigrauts whicb passed by Pratt's in Juuej No. 12, the Wlsner oxeu, inobiding the Downing yolte, arrived nt Harper in Pebrnary ; No. 1.quot;laquo;, Martin cat He, from Mr. Potter, Ootober (i.

Et may be said thai all of these herds rest tinder greater or less sus-pioion ; lud. owing to the limited time allotted to me for my investiga�tions, I have mil been aide to establish the laet that any of them laquo;ere, capable of oomiuunioallag disease to other catlle, directly or indirectly.

The followiug summary may be readily nudorstood :

Exposod m lierda

Dill i

of 01

�alt,

Value

County.

I)i'. J ose p!i Brook \\ ity

1,11

1,2

8,0,10,12

9,9,10

1,5,7,9,11,12

680 200 331

160

11laquo; 80 70(1 200 llll

;i, r.oo 600

.-.(in

1.quot;gt;I1 Id

30 166

5 July in. Sept,

12.

#9632;#9632;�#9632; Sept........

I (hi.. 12......

.....Pntv lO.Sept,

8 Sept. 16.....

15 July 0, Aws. 2!).

#9632;-#9632;#9632; SBpl .......

.....fulv l.SepU.

I ()(t. :i.......

___ Auj;., Oot.20,

'.'.'.'. 'SeplTis!quot; .... Got, 12

:iii

1)211

Ilnrpi'l

Do.

Do, Barbou

Do. #9632; Do.

Do. Do.

1)0.

B. Waiden ......

Willi.um A, Wood

.Tesso Boyd .......

J{. !!. UoGee......

\V. \V.rnu\i......

, 0011

A. B. lUvualls..........1,6,7, '.i, 11,12

John Elmoro .......... 1.5,0, n¹. n

R. ,1, l-A-ans.........................

ULr.Parsons...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5,6,0,10

Mink. Mourn...........:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5,0,0, HI

Thniiias Brakoy........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5,6,0,10

O. Blacks!...... .......................

W.B. Campbell........ Ponoetl......

TrvoiA' Millof.............lt;1,,.......

0011

4, 1180

300

200 150 600 SO 210

800

480

llilll 2,280 2,460

236

2, 260

121)

111)., 1)1). 1)1.. Dp. Cndlau Ter�ritory.

10 53 130

111

Sept, 10....'

Mr. I.atliain

U. dale.......

tTohn Peters .. David Cloufib.

.1... 1,5 6,0,10 1,9,10,11 I 1,8,9, 12 i

1,2,8,0,12

1.2.8 ^:gt;. l�

20 Sept. ir......\

40 July, Sept. 1. 10 I July 4. Sept, I to 10.

3 : July 1.....

100 ! .Tiilv. Srpt.io.

.....! Sopi.........

.....I July, Sept ..

3 Oot, laquo;.....

S Jul.V I l.Snpl.

15.

Barb. Do.

Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. I),..

Do. Da Do.

Do, Harper Barbou

Pi).

Do, Hnrnor.

Do,

K. 0. Davis William Gui'risou.

laquo;on

150

lLgt;o

S,quot;, 8

Mr. White.............! 1,3, 8,0,12

Mr. Pull

T. I!. SI. M. 11. M

1,2,8,0, 12

�i. K, 12 1,2,8,0,12

gt;r. MoOulre..., B. V. Komp....

laquo; . E. Mai lux ./niiii'N Robertlaquo; JFr. Remlor....

.....; 1,3,8,9,12

____j 1,5,6,11, 12

.....:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,0,10

.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,2,8,12

. ...jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,0, III

( '. 1,2, II, II', 18

� \nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7,8,12

.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,2,8,12

1,2,11

1,11

..... 1,2,11,13

�rlt;

1211

300 40

I 0

Ilaquo; 18

IN KH)

.',li 101)

200

900

c, 30

;laquo;) ⁱ

3nbsp; :

4nbsp; nbsp;i I i

II in 14 111 llll II IS III

15nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Aug..

...nbsp; nbsp; July.,

...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(iit.o.

...nbsp; nbsp; .InK ..

...nbsp; nbsp; Sept. .

...nbsp; nbsp; Oct ..

...nbsp; nbsp; Sept. .

240 4SO 245 21) 100 lino 500

1(10

840

305

130

660

300

1,260

1,270

400

2.quot;0

300

1, 800

660

W. II. Wlsner....

J. II. Warren.....

Mr. Q-aiilnor. ....

L. M, I'rall .....

P. P.Molvln ......

C. P.Brndford ... Lnuis ritldebrant

S. H.Coynr.....

S. M. Shat'or......

K. Vlan..........

A. '1'. Wooihvanl ..

John i iliallls .....

Mr.Seoby.........

W. A. Urolghton .

T. (iiH.-t...........

Mr. Dojmbiio .... KliTii ti Hamilton

... July 4.....

... Oot. 8......

i o.i........

7nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Auk. 20____

...nbsp; nbsp; July, Si.pl. .

...nbsp; nbsp; July, Sept .

--#9632; Sept.......

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Sept, 1.....

ii Sept.].....

llai per.

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do,

Do.

Do,

Do, l.iim. Sumuer, K legman, Pratl laquo;nd Borbonr. Harper,

liu. Barbonr. Harper,

I. #9632;-'. 11

1,2, II

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1. 11, 13

3 1,2, l,H, 13, 13 Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,11

July

Sept Sept.

1!. Botkln's herd . Mr. Campbell.... Unnier Brotbers

II. I'. Hm r.......

1,2, II

#9632;J. 6, 11

1,2,6

1. i, 18, 13

510

�17D

ISO

111 17laquo;

....., Julv 2......

.....j July........

.....^; Hay or June

271 Sept........

7.quot;)0 B, 496

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTK'A TF.l) ANIMALS.

237


Ownor, A.HiUinrd............. Mat) MilliT.......	I'lxpoHfd to herds number� 1,2 4 1,2, 3,8,12	'Si ' 21111 700 420 60 1110 20, 000 8, 500 400 . 550 :i 225 40 50 400 Ml 700 400 850 300 I 48 11 8 IK 2:i() 1,500 8	2 0 24 10 1 3 12 10 3 1 10 3 6 47 1 10 111 87 1 2 11 4 18 08 49	i) 24 HI 4 a 13 sevoral IB 10 a 1 16 8 6 35 1 111 25 10 47 1 10 4 IK 58 4ft		Date of out-n reale, � Iiilv, S.pl .. Sept........ July 20..... Sept........	Value. $811 2011 mm BOO 125 400 ....... 500 300 150 100 5011 180 210 1,555 80 5211 1,0011 480 2,1181 311 80 500 200 (11)5 1,100 1,470 80	County, Harpor. Do.
Got .'i Woiivet ........	I'lxpoHfd to herds number� 1,2 4 1,2, 3,8,12							Do,
	'quot;laquo;'7'							Do.
Mr. \'(iiiquot;liiiii ......						Sopl........		Do.
Mr, liMllin^iiiii.........						Sopl........		Do.
Suit Forkraquo;raquo;and Eaglo- ohlof pool, LandOroelt and Haok-	5. 8, 7 0, 7,11 1,0,1), 12							Do. Do.
bovry pool. William Kolloy........ Jamea Wilson .........						Sept........		Do, Do,
Mr, Ihvnilin ...........								Do.
B.P.Shlolda ..........								Do,
Mr. Sniulorson.........					quot;12' 40	(let......... Get........		Do,
						(let......... Get........		Do.
W. R Gordon						Sopl. 25... . ()il.2fl...... July, Oil. .. July, Sept.. Scpl......... July 13.....		Do
II. Morolioad ......... Standiford amp; Co....... P, B.Colo.............. William Dink .........	2,8. 12,0 1,8,6.7,9 1,2,7,8,!!, 12 1,2,7,8,0, 12 1,3,8,8 quot; (V)...... ({)							1)0, Do. 1)0. Do. Uarnor. Do.
'� MinUluuii BioOF quot;.....								1)0, Do. 1)0. Do. Uarnor. Do.
Mr. ITnrdwiok					quot;l quot;'i(V 1	Oil. SO..... ,hilvl ...... Got......... July 4...... July 8...... July........ July........		Do
.1. W, Walcotl .								Do
.[..Iiii Elrod.......								Do
Town oows, Harper ... Potter Sc Son .........	i,2,:i,8,i2							Do, Do.
William Kanco ..								and Hur- piT. Harper,
								and Hur- piT. Harper,

Total.......................... ll),22l) 2,272 1,788 004

$53, 750

* Supposed Arkansas cattlo. t All of the (rails at Iho west edge ol ; All north of the railroad al Harper It will bo safe to raquo;av that 9,000 head the southern oattle lover, and that the

of oattle died this year, in Harper and Harbour Counties, with dlrool and Indlroot loss will not fall shorl of $70,400,

GLANDBBS AMONG HOUSES.

Before leaving Harper, r went northeast LI miles fco Mio. residence of Mr, Alexander Oheostnau, to Investigate the natareof a disease atnopg horses, supposed to beglanders. After arriving at the place, Mr. Ohees-iinin led the affected horses out of the stuhle. The ftrstone I examined wasa ten-yeiir-old horse belonging to Joseph Oheesman. This horse had a discharge from both nostrils, of a greenish-yellow color; considerable tumefUotion across the external surface of the nasal bones; dullness upon percussion was manifest over the maxillary sinuses j numerous

ulcers of various sizes were visible upon the nasal septum, chancre-like, and of a dirty yellowish color, with elevated serrated borders j milliary tubercles appealed in clusters on Hie schneidcrian membrane, extend�ing as far up in the nasal cavity as I could see. Both the SUbmaxill-ary lymphatic glands were enlarged, hard, and nodular to the sense of touch, but not strongly adherent to adjacent structures. An abscess was in process of formation on the lower surface of the chest, one on the inside of the right hind leg, another one on the molar bone, and oiieou

2iiS CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

the loft fcoinpoval bone�veritable farcy buds. On peroaseion, daUuess was iiiauifosf over tbo Inforioi' lobo of fcUe left Uiug'j rosplrat/lon was aoeelerated. There was also a discharge of thick viscid matter from the left eye, aucl swelllug and partial protruslou of the membrane nie-titiiiis, I was lolil thai this horse had beouooughing, more or less, for a vein'.

The Hext one which was led out for examiuation was q sixgt;year-old bay mare, also belonging to Joseph Cheesmau. She had a discharge from the right nostril, which was of a very gluey character, adhering around the marain of the nares, uumerous small characteristic glan�ders ulcers on the septum uasi, and cnlargemenl of the submaxillary lymphatic glands on the corresponding siiic. Both hind legs were edema tons and presented swelling and tumors along the lytnphal los, ex�tending iVom the bock upwards to the inguinal region; the inguinal glands also were enlarged, hard, and sensitive to touch.

The third animal examined was a gray horse, Qftecn years of age, be�longing to Alexander Oheesman. IIlaquo;' had n discharge from the left nostril ; a hard .swelling�the size of a walnut�of t he left snbmaxillary lymphatics; a few small circumscribed tumors distributed over the sur-lace of the body�farcy buds. This horse presented Do visible nasal tdccratioiis. 1 examined two other horses, which have been in the same stable with the affected ones, but could discover no evidence of disease in either of them. Mr. A. Oheesman told me that a four-year-old mule died in the same stable in the mouth of .March, and that she presented symptoms similar to the ttrsl horse that I examined. 1 pronounced the three, horses tobe affected with glanders and urged the owners to have them destroyed ; but they did not promise to follow my advice, unless they could get some recompense from the county or State. On the loth

f November 1 addressed a letter to lion. (!. W. Glick, governor of the

State of Kansas, stating to him how 1 found those horses affected, and requesting him (in the absence of a State board of health) to lake the matter in hand if be had any authority to order the destruction of such diseased animals. In reply 1 received from him the following answer;

I have no authority iiiulor the laws of this State to do any tiling in eolation to the diseased hovsos of whioli yon write, but [shall laquo;all the attention of the oonnty attor�ney in tin' him11it mill see wlu-tluT he can do anything by communicating with the parties to indneo them to kill their diseased stock.

HOC CIIOLEBA, OR SWIM'; PLAGUE.

Having heard that hog cholera proved very fatal to hogs in the vicin�ity of Mulvane, Sumner Oonnty, Kansas, 1 lefi Harper on the morning of tin 'lb and arrived at Mulvane in the evening. There 1 saw Mr. E. V. Osborn. He informed me that Mr, �ueker, Mr. Kennedy, and Mr. Smith had suffered heavy losses this year by the death of their hogs. Next mornins; i saw Mr. A, A. Rncker, who resides three-qnarters of

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

239

n mile south of Mulvane. He told roe that n year ago a uumber of lion's were shipped Into Mulvaue^ ooiDing from the State lt;gt;(' lowu. Several of

thcni broke out Of the yards and had the run of the town for several days. Tliey not in witll some hogs belonging to Mr. Hill, of Mnlvane; soon afterward Mr. Hill's hogs began tosiokon audtodie. Mr. I'uekcr's hogs escaped from their pasturage and gol in with Hill's bogs, rooted around, and probably ate of some of the dead; in seven or eight days Mr. Backer's lion's became sick, and many of them died�lie lost 20 per cent. Ton females recovered, and were kepi until this spring, but tailed to breed. Last spring Mr, �ucker bought 110 head of hogs from his neighbors, and placed them on the same grounds where the hogs had died the year previous. In the month of Juuo they began to die; and this time he lust, including small pigs and shoats, L50 head. 'Pen of them were large, fat hogs. Estimate of loss, $800. I then saw Mr. B. A. Kennedy, who lives 3 indes south of Mulvane. lie lost this year 1�0

oat of 3�0 head of hogs, so of them being large heavy animals. Esti�mate of value, 11,000. Mr. Smith, a neighbor to Kennedy, also lost a large uuiuber of hogs this year. All the hogs in these three different herds have been indirectly exposed to the imported hogs, or to euch other. From the description of the symptoms of the disease, as given me by Messrs. Ruoker and Kennedy. I conclude that the disease lias been true hog cholera; bnl none were sick or recently died, therefore no opportunity was afforded me to establish the nature of the disease positively.

OLTUKKAK OF SOITIIKHN CATTLE PEVBB IX BUTLEK

COUNTY, KANSAS.

In your instructions of the Qth of October, you referred me to Sena�tor P. U. Plumb, of Bmporia, for Information in relation to the locality

of a disease ai......g cattle in Butler County. I addressed a letter of

inquiry to Senator Plumb, dated the 13th of October, and received the following 1 ( ply :

Wasiunotok, I). ('., October 20, 188�, Dkah sue JT�ura of the i:!ili Imsjiisi rcMclicd inr. [ do not kuow exactly whom to suggest that yon oall upon in Bntler County for Informattoo abont oattlo diseaso, but if you call on Hon, A. !,. Rodden al El Dorado, or Hon. .Veil Wilkie, at Douglas, they lt;'iiii put vein on the track.

UVspcct llll ly,

I', li. PLUMB. M. R, Trumbower, V, 8.,

l/iiy/nr. hanx.

After the receipt of Senator Plumb's letter, 1 addressed the parties referred to and received answers from both, stating that 1 should go

to El Dorado to And what I desired. I reached El Dorado on the 7th Of November, and proceeded to lion. Redden's office, but (bund him absent; his clerk took me to the bank of Bl Dorado and Introduced me

240

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

to Mr. V. Brown, who, in turn, iKiconipainod me to the city iniiyoi's ollice aud iutroduoed me to biin�Dr. A. Bossett.

Dr. Bassett assisted mo very materially iumyluvesttgatloasaucl mau-[fested the greatest degree of interest in my work while I remaluod at El DoradOi �.thiaoffloe 1 was introduced to the Bev. S. P. 0. Garrison) who resides 3 miles west of 1011 )oni(lo. Etemadetoiuethe following statement: That he placed under the care of Mr. Matthew Boheson LShoadof cattle on the iTdi day of April�17 of them being grown caitle, the re�maining one a oalf j thai all of these cattle, excepting - head, were to be Kept in the dry herd; that on the 1st of Jane l of these cattle was taUeii away from the herd, and on the 1st of duly a second one was re�moved, leaving 16 head (including the oalf) to ivmain, On the 24th of September the 10 were also taUen home; this took place owinjraquo;' to the report that cattle were dying In this hen! under suspicious oiroum-stances. When Mr.Garrison took his cattle, home he turned them into a field with 1-' head of other cattle. On the 30th day of September 1 cow died after a sickness of two or three days; 11 of them died in rapid succession, the last death occurring on the LOth of Ootober. All of the 11 that died had been removed from the Boheson herd; none, of the home cattle became affected. Mr. Garrison observed the symptoms

manifested during the course of the disease to be�

A pooullar odor arising from the skin of the aifeoted animal; tboti n dry, hard, husky cough, espeolally whon urged to move around j head oarriucl oxtendod; cars droop; pushing the headagnlnst straw-staok or fence ; loss of apputito; iki doslre Tor water; ruiuiuatlon suspended ; segrogatiou : weak aud staggering gait ; saliva flow�ing from the month; whites of Hie eye assume a yollow tinge; porspirlaquo; esoesslvely toward evening, which is of m very disagreeable odor; sliake the head from sitllaquo; to side us If in pain ; treinbllug lt;gt;l' I he muscles sots In upnn tIh- R�ghteHl exertion ; pulse boats rapid and hard ; booomeunable to rise; partial coma and death ends thesoene. Quo of them lived eight days; another tivo, and otliors'from thv.-c to live days be�fore dissolution took place; sovoral died in strong paroxysms of pain, niAuifest by getting np and lyinj; down very frequently, accompanied by violent ufforts to urinate and dot'aciiio. The manure was usually covered with blood and luuous and the aot of urination was very painful.

Mr. Garrison made three yost-Mortem examinations, and describes the following appearances i

Lnngs tillod with air ami inl'illralnl wit II mucus; the lining iih�mlira no of 1 lio nir-

tubessoonied slightly cougestod and Irritated ; the obost cavity contained some bloody-colored water; the contents of the paunob were hard, and the medicine which liad been administered bad not been absorbed; the contents of the manifolds in I wo of tlio animals was baked and dry as tobacco, and the folds softened and rottenj the lutostiuos seemed swollen, and the lining membrane ooatod \\iili niaous; the kid�neys were of n greenish color, softened, and enlarged; the urine bladder wasdistended with dark-colored urine, one of them containing fully one gallon of clotted blaok blood; the heart was pale and (laooid; the blood in all three oases was darker and thicker than natural; It seernotl fco bo more like palnl than blood; the sploeu was great ly enlarged, and i ho insido of ii broken up into n pulp ; I he Ih ur was thickened ami flllod with blood, the outside oolor being a glossy green, soniw parts more highly colored than others; the gall-bladdor contained in one ease one quart of thick, viscid, yellowish grauulnr htloj the large blood-vessels along the spine soonied diseased,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 241 pceaenllng raquo;n unhealtb; lotornal surfaooj tn oue of (beai)luii)gt;l8one of tlia horns be-

cimiraquo; loose bffbro ili-ulh.

Loss, 11 out of 18; value, 8-77; 3 recoveries.

Joseph Sharp, living- in ESI Dorado, said that he had 3 cows with their CaIvcopy;B, iind 2 weaned calves in Mr. Hobeson's dry herd; they were put in on the 12th of May, and removed on the 2Stl) of September. One of them manifested signs of sickness ou the evening when she was taken home, and ill a week thereafter she died. This cow seemed to suffer more- pain during tiie middle of the day than in the morning or evening. At the. time the first one died, two others were found to besiokj they both died; the last death took place on the �fch of October. Three of the calves were sick, hut recovered. Loss, ;! out of lt;gt; ; value, ��jlLT). Post-mortem examinations of - of the cows were made by Mr, Sharp He found the bladder distended with a brownish-red urine, spleen twice, or three times the normal size and very dark colored on the surface. In oikraquo; of them, which had been purged by feeding corn and millet, the coiiteuts of the third stomach were found soft, in the other, the contents were hard and dry, quot; could be shaved down inio chilis.quot;' and the folds black and rotten. The blood in all 3 of them that died was too thick. (July 1 of these cattle passed blood with the feces.

Mrs. Smith lost one heifer in the Kobcsou herd on theliiM of Septem�ber; another oue, which she took home on the 25th, died oil the 38th. She- had only 2 head of cattle in the herd�value, $00, On the 23d of September Mr. Bobosou called upon S. P. Harnes, a butcher in El Dorado, to make examination of 2 head of cattle that died in the herd. Mr. Harnes gave the following statomeul :

tfouud oue cow bod boeo purging, nud lu this tbe ooutsuto of the third stomach were natural; the raquo;eooud cow liad Ueon coiiHtipatcd, and In tier I found the contents of the third stomach harder and drier than uatural. The li vers and kidneys in hoih animals appeared pale and faded in color, as If the coloring mal ter hail been removed.

In one 1 found the urine bladder was eniply ; 111 tile oilier ii wms llllerl wit h liloodv-colored urine; In the latter the inside of the bladdtir soemed hni'd and tanned, and almost black in color, The spleens wore three times as largo ns nal mal, bul t ho iiv-ei'S were not enlarged. One of the aniinal.s�a t liree-year-old COW � was not quite dead when I arrived at the place where she la^, I out hor throat, bul hardly any blood escaped; the small amount which flowed was too thin and watery. The cow thai I

round dead, also, Was llllUOSt destitute of blood. The tallow in both these COWS was

nuudi too yellow.....d I found this same yellow condition of the tallow in - or io other

cattle which died afterward on the same range with tbo same disease, I'll #9632; meat of

these cattle was \\gM colored, like veal, and a (lisagrooablo odor was presenl ill all

of the animals, dead and living, [ never before saw tiny oattk sick with or die. of Texas r'ever, but the moment 1 saw these 1 was saiisiied that fchoy died with that

disease.

B. B, Cook, residing 7 miles northwest of El Dorado, stated that he placed 6 head of cattle�all cows and heifers�in the dry herd of Mr. Uobeson on the 6tll day of May, and took them away on the 2;{(1 of September. One of them died on the 27th, another on the 30th, and a third one on the 4th day of October. Two of tlietu passed bloody urine. Two that were sick recovered. When he took them home lie [raquo;laced 6751 u a-------16

mtm

242

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

then) lato n field with 14 head of other cattle, Noiic died but those ex�posed on the Robeaou range. Loss,.'! out of (i; value, $100 5 -* rooov-

cries.

Mossniuii Bros, reside 8 miles northwest of El Dorado. History by Henry Mossman : On the 6th. day of May 18 head of cows and calves wore taken Into the Robeson herd, and remained until the 20th Of July. They were then sold to Bearsley gt;!lt;: MoAnaly. Twenty throe head of Steers were placed Into this same herd on the 25tli of July, and 17 cows on the 21st of September. On the 23d of September the steers and cows were taken home. One of the steers was sick on the day lie was removed from the herd, and died on the day following j () more died in the course of three weeks, and 4 that were sick recovered. Of the 17 cows which remained In the herd only 2 days, I sickened, and 2 of tliein died�the first one. on the 10th of October, the other one a few days later. The medication resorted to consisted in ^''quot;K' quot;'it' gallon of melted lard at a single dose. In three cases this dose was repeated, and in a fourth one an addition of ten drops of orotou oil was given. Out of the 4 so treated 1 died. None that recovered had been seen to pass bloody urine, but in a few the manure was covered with coatings of mucus and blood clots. Mossman Brothers made two post-mortem ex-aininations, which revealed the following pathological conditions : Blood was contained in the bladder; in one blood extravasations were found in the region of the kidneys; also on the surface of the body, extending along the spine for a space of 18 inches. This one died twenty-four hours after the first evidence of sickness was discovered. The spleens were greatly enlarged ; livers appeared about natural. The contents of the third stomach were normal in one case; in the other they were dry. Loss, 7 out of 23 steers, valued at $.'515, and 2 cows out of 17, valued at $00; 0 recoveries.

1 tested the temperature of 4 of the animals that had been sick, laquo; hieb registered as follows: 103.2deg;, 10;}deg;, 102.6O, 102deg; j of one which hud not been sick, 102.2deg; V. These cattle are all looking well, and are fatten�ing rapidly. They are confined in a straw yard, and get all the corn they can eat. The hogs at .Mossmairs ate one of the dead cattle; ten laquo;lays thereafter 4 of them were noticed to be sick; 3 recovered in about ten days; Idled in live or six days. The one that died had a tit of apoplexy two mouths previous, and had never entirely recovered from the effects of it; was subject to involuntary discharge of feces and urine, and had an imperfect control over its movements. Matthew Roheson, a herder of cattle residing in El Dorado, made the following stateinent to me: That he has held a range for four successive years, extending from the corporate limits of the city of El Dorado 5 miles northwest, by 2 or .'( miles wide; that he has been herding cattle be�longing to himself and to other parties on this range this season, be. ginning to take them in on the 17th day of April. The first death among his herd occurred on the loth day of September�a cow owned

f------r iilaquo; n

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 243

by Mr, Saxton ; the second one wliich died was an animal belouglng to Mis. .Smith; she died on the 22(1; oil the day following 2 head died be-loiiS'iiifi' to Mr. Ivinj;.

He then had an examination Instituted, and as a result of that ex�amination notified all the owners of oattle in his possession to remove them forthwith. Mr. Bobeson also stated thai he received into his herd

on the 20th day of duly 75 head of eattle belonging to Davis amp; Con�nelly, butchers, Of Bl Dorado ; that some of these eattle remained on the range until the 28tli of September. They were half breeds with the ex�ception of T head, which wen; supposed to he thorough Texans. The Texans were in pool' condition when they were brought on the range, and were marked on the middle of the left side with an inverted A (y) brand. Again Mr. Hobeson stated that he received from Isaac King 300 head of cattle on the 9th of,lane.

Mr. King bought, during the winter, along the north line of Arkansas and south line of Missouri 1,001raquo; head of eattle, collected them at Fort Scott in March, shipped them at, the latter place,and unloaded at El Dorado on the 201 h of April, lie drove them on the range north and northwest of El Dorado, and there herded them until the 9th of dune. He then drove 700 of them into Colorado on his eattle ranch, and placed the remaining 300 head under the care of Mr. Uobeson, who already occupied the range at that time with a number of the town and other cattle. On the 9th of August 120 head more of the. King cattle were taken into Colorado. 1 next saw Mr. Connelly, of the firm of Davis amp; Connelly, and got from him the following history:

I bonght quot;n the 18(11 of July 68 head of Imlf-breed oattle ftom Mr. I'iifflaquo;'. These oattle had been wintered on Deer Creek, 12 miles soatheast of Caldwell, Suumor County, Kansas. When I bonght them tliey were on a range, owned by Mr. Cox, 6 inilensoutheast of Caldwell, on Blnll'Creek, I bought? bend more to (ill out the car; these were bronght to Caldwell early in the spring fmm lienton County, Arkansas. 1 unloaded at El Dorado on the 80tll of July, and placed my cattle in the caro of Mr. Bobeson. When 1 bonght the 7 head of Arkansas cattle they were with a herd of .^r)0 or 60 good grade native cattle, a iJiMIO bull and .several polled Angus oattle. None of the latter died dining this season.

Mr. Connelly also informed me that Mr. Carter, whoso farm adjoins that of Mr. Cox, lost ;i8 out of 50 or (gt;0 head of cattle. Five of them were full blood polled Angus, and another a Hereford bull, for which Mr. Carter paid $1,000 last spring. AH of Carter's cattle were, held securely in an inclosed field, and have nor, been exposed to any foreign cattle.

On the 10th I saw Mr. dames Mossman, who had just returned from Caldwell, where he had been to ascertain where the Connelly cattle came from. As near as he could discover the, 68 head were, bought from Mr. Carter; had been wintered cattle, half-breeds; that Mr. Garter lost many cattle at about the same time that the cattle began to die at El Dorado, and that Mr. Connelly had bonght the 7 head from a Mr. Smythe (the agent for Mr, Donaldson, of Arkansas City). These 7 head were supposed tobe through cattle from the PaV Handle, and

#9632; -#9632;�-��quot;quot;

^^^^^^^mmmmmmmmmmm

244 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

were bought out of a herd on the Johnson anraquo;! Hosraer range, neap

CiiUhvcll, in the ladlau Territory. On Sunday, November Il,accoiii-panled hy Dr. Bassett and Mr. Davis, I drove out to ex-Brig. Gen. G. T. Wilde's, wlio, with his copartner, Colonel Mason, are engaged in the breeding ami feeding of cattle. Oolonel Mason was absent 1'rom liome, but General Wildes H^ilVt' 'quot;e the following history;

Mr. Muson vlsltod Halsteurt, Harvey County, Kansas, iquot; the raonfcU of August;

huio he found tliu......unber lt;a' outtlo had died�town cows�with the Texas fever,

attributed to infeottou received through a herd of cattle brought from the line of ArVansaa nnd Missourlj thai those were the only foreign oattlo hronghl Into Hal-stead this season. These cattle must oqme very nearly, if nol quite, from the same section of country as that from which the King cattle are said to ho derived,

On the 1-tli I went out o\er the range where Robeson had herded his cattle during the summer. I found it to be au elevated ridge of limestone soil, extending for miles northward along the west side of the Walnut Creek. The Walnut Creek supplied the eattle with water morning and evening. The water was perfectly sweet and pure. At noon the cattle draulc from a spring creek, which takes its origin from several springs located on the range. The grasses are the usual prairie grasses found throughout the middle section of the State, composed chiefly of bunch grass or blue top, blue grass, and here and there is to be seen small pnlcbes of Imflalo grass, the latter occnrrlllg where there is alkali soil or the remains of what arc called buffalo wallows.

1 also went out with .Mr. llobeson to examine and to see the condition of the King cattle. These are the only cattle wbicb yet remain in the charge of Mr. llobeson ami are located in a corral 2 miles west of town for winter feeding. 1 found them to be very diminutive cattle (mullet heads) and also In a very poor condition to withstand tin ineleiiieney of winter. Many of them were three year-old steers, hut none oftliein exceeded 600 pounds weight. .Many of lliem, however, have been sick, but have so far recovered as to begin to lay on flesh again. 1 tested ibe temperature of 7 head that had been sick, which registered as fol�lows : UM)⁰, 100.2deg;, 90deg;, 101deg;, 101.4deg;, 102deg;, 101deg;; of four that have not, been sick, 97.7deg;, 101.4deg;, 1(raquo;1.:P. ami 100.8deg; K.

Through the kindness of Mr. Robeson 1 am enabled to make an accu�rate tabulated stateniont of the number of cattle that were placed in his care during the season, the dales at which he received them, and the time when they were removed from the infected rang'e:

Dale ill'

raooptlun.

Ownoi'S.

Nionlirr Numbor Xmnlii'v ; v.l.. When id i-ocolvcd iliort. recovered.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; moved.

April 17 Rnv. 8. F. C. Garrison.

17 Mi. Iliir.'S............

17 inbsp; Dr. Gurdon............

17nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11. Saxtoii.............

17nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;v. Iiiuwii .............

�j.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Mr. Mil' ii ............

May 11 , Mr. Cnpiltoa...........

�J i Mr. Cillms............

8 I Mr. White.............

IKnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S 1^77 Sept. 24.

;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i ............ Hi Sept. 21.

tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....................do ...

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' 1............ 40 ..........

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 #9632;........... #9632; laquo; .........

:i .............................. Sept. S3.

�jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;l in .. do ..

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;........................do ...

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 ............ -10,..........

mimtnr�r'-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

245

Date of reception.

Owuers.

Xiimbrr NmiiliiT Xinilhrf

rocciTsdi diocli reoovored.

Volua

When re-tnoved.

Mfiy

^Ir-, Pascal.... Mr. Cai'pentoi MoBsmnn Urn; B. li. (!ook ... M. Roboson .. Mr. Jonoa ... Mt-. McAualv Mr. Stllor .... .los,.|,l, Sharp

G 8

T e

..... Sept. I

$10 ... da .

..... duly !

mi) Sept.

.........do .

40 40

do . do .

Sept.

#9632;

July

Auk.

tTuno

Jnlv

May

July Sept.

Mr. Molutyre.......................

Mr. Olaae..........................

Mr. Sapplnfctoi)......................I

Uoardsly amp; MeAualy................|

Isaac King..........................I

Boardsly amp; MoAnnly................

Davis amp; Connolly....................

Mr. Tlltllo.....'......................

Mrs. Siaith..........................

Mnsspnan Bros.......................

.....do..............................

Milk herd...........................

....do Aug.

27.

:laquo;(gt;

10. 24.

600!

Aug. I

(')

⁽i Nov. 4raquo; Sept. (*)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (*)

118 ......

00 ......

8is Sept.

11(1 .. (1(1

;iL'r. ...do

'-', AIT

124

#9632;l'i.liil

Were removed In small lots, Soptombor -S,

The milk herd contained exclusively miloh cows from town, but were herded on the same range with the dry herd, although the two herds were .kept separated for convenience. .Mr. X. Rittenhouse herded ;j(K) head of cuttle north of the Robeson range, but he oame no nearer than 1 mile to the range of the latter ; neither have the cattle in the care of Mr. liittenhoii.se crossed any of the trails of the Robeson cattle or been exposed to them or any other cattle in any manner whatsoever. They have been supplied with water from Walnut Greek, and have grazed over the same character of soil and grasses as have the cattle of Robe-son's. Kittenhonse has not lost a single animal out of bis herd during the whole grazing season.

In view of all the facts and the circumstances, as they appear to mo, 1 am compelled to attribute the appearance of Southern cattle fever at Bl Dorado to the importation of Southern cattle by Mr. Connelly.

APPEABANOE OP DISEASE THREE DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE,

On my way to Harper, in October, I met Mr. E. F. Osborn, of Mnl-vane, Sedgwick County, Kansas, who related to me his experience with southern cattle fever, viz :

On or about the lai of Ootobor, 1869, my partuor add [atartod from Salina with

840 head of lii^li grade native cat lie, bred by ourselves. We drove sontli 80 miles (o

Sedgwick City i (hen we crossed the through cattle trail, driving our cattle as fast as possible. We then drove 30 miles fartlier sontb and jstopped for winter feeding. On the third day after orossiag we found one high-grade cow sick ; on the 5th she

laquo;lied, and a hundred more were sick : in ten days after I he disease lirst appeared 200 o f the 840 were dead. We then drove the remaitiinj; 40 head Into the Arkansas River, and lell them Standing there in the water. Some of I hem were so siek I hat. when

they first went into the river they could hardly keupon their feet. Many of them re�mained there from seven to ten or twelve days; could not bo driven away ftom tlio

water; but they all recovered. These 40 head were, the poorest in the whole herd of 240 when we started with them. Before we left Satina wo had a hard frost, and dur-

246

CONNAGIOUS DISBASKS OP DOMESTICATED AX1MAES.

iiiH the drive Houth wo had saveral frosts and oontlnuouB oool weathori We oonsld-laquo;ml onrselvea raquo;nt'i; Instarting; after the frost ; but to obviate all daagei we endeavored to keepa safe distance away (torn the through trail; therofore we kept '-iO miles west of it until we had traquo; oross it; we thou turned a square ooruer and drove across the trail.

I asked Mr. Osbora it' it might not bo possible that they crossed trails of Southern cattle between Sallnaand Sedgwlok, but he said he was sure they had not. If their cattle were exposed only to the through trail then the stage of ineiibution in the first cow was probably less than three days, positively not more than four.

Respeotfally submitted.

M. B. TBUMBOWBE, V. S.

Stermnu, 111., December 20, 1883.

fir r ^,~i�rriTin�tniiaMi

INVESTIGATION OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.

unroitr or du. ii. ./. VETMERS.

Hun. Geokgk H. LoiUNti,

(.'ommisioner of Ai/ricullHre :

Sni: In the following 1 have the honor of submitting my report on southern cattle fever. In my last report I took the liberty of stating what has been accomplished, and what yet remains to be done; also what 1 considered as the chief object of my investigation, namely, to discover the true cause of that apparently mysterious disease. My ob-servations and experience of last year more than ever convinced me that the (exciting) cause of southern cattle fever consists in something Intimately connected with or dependent upon the peculiarities of the Southern flora, and not�at least not directly�due to the climate and higher leinperatureof the Southern States, which only indirectly exerts its Influence or aids in its production and propagation. The cause of southern cattle fever consists in something that requires for Its produc�tion certain conditions given in the Southern States, or in those parts of our extensive, territory in which the fever has its origin or permanent source. Some, perhaps most, of the conditions favorable to its develop�ment) and some of those unfavorable to the same, are Unnvu. If one carefully studies the facts communicated in my last report, lie will lind that decaying vegetable substances, a certain degree of warmth and moisture, and a low elevation above the ocean, are necessary requisites and important factors in the development of the infectious principle; while a low temperature, a high altitude, and, without hardly any doubt, an absence of moist and decaying vegetable substances are detrimental to its propagation, In proof of this, allow me to briefly restate some of the more salient factS) apparently in part contradictory of each other, but facts notwithstanding. As, however, thy experience has only been with Texas and Western cattle I will limit my remarks to them, without intimating, though, that I regard the disease in question as an exclu�sive product of Texas or of the Southwest, for it Is a well-known fact that other Southern States and the West Indies are just as well a source of southern fever as Texas.

1. Native Texas cattle never contract southern cattle fever, and pos�sess immunity against infection as lonyastbey remain on their native range or north of the same, provided they are not kept long enough north

347

laquo;MMUmiJ.L..-

218

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED A3JIMAL8,

(in any of the Nortbern States) tobeoome there acollmafeotl, or, in other words, have never passed a winter in the Morthi But the same cattle if taken from their native ran^enncl driven or shipped soutli will grad�ually lose their Lmniuuity in proportion to the dl^tanoo they klaquo;¹ further southi and thus, it' going far south, finally become liablti to be iiifected and to conlraot the lever. Tlii.s sliows the Infectioos principle must he the more intense the further sontli the locality.

2.nbsp; If Texas or other Southern cattle, to all appearances themselves perfectly healthy, are shipped or driven North, away from their native range, after new grass lias appeared and become interwoven or inter�mixed with the old dead grass of last year's growth, wliiclraquo;, owing to the warmer weather and the usually abuudaut rains of tie early South�ern spring, is in a dcoayiug condition, ami these cattle, thus ooinpelled to eat both the intermingled old and new grass, have but OQoe taken a good meal of this mixed herbage, they will as soon as bhey arrive at a certain latitude further north infect every trail and pasture on which they graze, and every water-hole out of which they drink, with the in�fectious principle of southern cattle fever. �.nd the native Northern (rattle following them will, after some interval ot'time (period of incuba�tion), contract tin' disease, as a rule, in its most fatal furni.

3.nbsp; If Texas or other Southern cattle are moved to the North before any new grass has made its appearance on their aative ratige, or rather before the dead grass of last year's growth lias e.omineiiecil to decay, no infection of Northern pasture, raquo;Ke., will take place, no matter how far north the Southern cattle may be Shipped or driven. If, however, the cattle, thus leaving their native range in the South early in the season, or in the winter, should travel slow enough to be yet within a part of tho South in which the southern cattle fever has its pennaneiit source, when warm weather and abundant spring rains cause si decay of the old grass and start a vigorous growth of the new, the effect will be precisely the same as if (he cattle had been kept that long; on their na�tive range ; only the infectious principle imparted to the Nortliem past�ures, amp;c., may be a trifle less virulent, and taken up by Northern cat�tle may cause a somewhat milder, though in a majority of cases yet fatal, attack of the disease. 1 had repeated occasions to observe that the fever, as a rule, is the more severe the further south the, soaree of the infectious principle,

4.nbsp; Northern cattle shipped to Texas, or to other parts of the South, will contract the disease, and as a rule die of it, if only onecopy;pastured soon after their arrival on land that contains both old and new grass� particularly If it is so-called hog-wallow land�or If only once allowed to drink out of a water hole receiving the drainage of such land.

quot;). Grown Northern cattle Imported into Texas usually contract the disease with more certainty, and in a more fatal form, than Imported) Northern calves and yearliiiirs. Whether such is the case, because the

f gt;

�raquo;#9632;

latter have a snia

er mouth, are more dainty eaters, and better able to

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTICATKIJ ANIMALS. 249

pick out the bliiiles of grass they want, and to refuse what they lt;!raquo;gt; not like, or whether their yonug orgaalsiu la better adapted to resist the in-fluenoe of the pathogeuio priaoiple, i will uot now (lecill(^,, and will only nieutlou that some youug anliuftls, even calves, ooutraut the disease in

just as acute and severe a tonn as fall-growraquo; cattle.

(!. In theNorlli�say north of tiiesoiiliicrn boundary line of Kansas� tin'disease is only comniiinicated tiiroagh trails, pastures, and grazing grounds, uv rather their grasses and ether food-plauts, and water holes previously infected by Southern cattle; but it usually does not make Its appearance until the latterpart of .Inly or in August, or until the North-era prairies, tields, and pastures, owing to the heftt and often abundant rains of the summer, contain a comparatively large amount of vegeta hie debris or decaying vegetation, which, it seems, is an important fac�tor in propagating the pathogenio pvinoipie If onee deposited. That a propagation of the, once deposited patiiogeuio pi'inoiple actually takes plaee on the grass or herbage of the trails, pastltros, or grounds, amp;0., and outside of the, animal organism, is demonstrated by the fact that the, period of iacubatiou, as a rule, la a long one, if the native Northern cattle immediately, or within a few days, follow the Southerners on the trails, pastilles, amp;o.j while it usually is considerably shortened if a few or several weeks intervene between the time at which the Southern cat�tle loft and the time at which the Northern cuttle entered the infected preiuises. .As, however, the, infectious principle is not volatile, and is not disseminated through the air or by winds, its propagation on the grass and herbage of the infested grounds inny not be the sole cause of shortening the period of incubation, and the difference Just stated may also, toa certain extent, be accounted for by the following fact: In about two, three, or four weeklaquo; after a herd of cattle bus left its grazing grounds (trail, pasture, prairie, amp;0., sis the case may be) a line crop of young and Juioy grass will be found, if the season is not unfavorable to its growth, wherever the cattle baCvegrazed} while at all those places or spots where they have not been grazing the grass will be comparatively old and tough. If a herd of native or Northern rattle immediately fol�lows a herd of Texas or other Southern cattle, which have infected the premises with the pathogenic principle of southern cattle fever, the /nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;former will principally graze whore they lind grass, and not where the

Southern cattle have cropped it, and where they,iittlie. same time, have deposited, as 1 shall explain further on,the in lections principle. But if the herd of Northern cattle enters the pastures, amp;o.,formerly occupied by the Southern cattle two, three, or four weeks alter the latter left them, or after a new crop of young grass has made its appearance, the former, for obvious reasons, will prefer to graze at the very places where the Southern cattle have grazed, and deposited the pathogenic princi�ple. As it is well known that the length of the period of incubation depends, to a certain extent at least, upon thequautity and intensity of the infectious principle taken up by the animal orgaulsm, no further ex�planation will be necessary.

250

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESIIOATED ANIMALS.

7.nbsp; nbsp;In higher altitudes, such as in Colorado tor instance, the south-cm cattle 1'cvcr, although sooietimosappearing after an infection of the grouuds lgt;;y Souttaeru cattle, is mucli less molignant than in the lower countries farther cast, ami coniparativel.v seldom proves fatal, a fact which may liiul Its explanation that in a higher ftltitudo the atmosphere

is thinncrand dryer, and less charged with organic substances j besides, the temperature, on an average, is lower. All this Is less favorable to a decay of vegetable substances and a propagation of bacteritic growth than the warmer climate and the more dense, and moist atmosphere of a lower country. The dead or dried grasses of the Colorado plainlaquo;, under the influence of the dry air, and often prevailing dry winds, are ground to dust, and thus disappear before any decay sets in.

8.nbsp; The morbidly affected tissues of animals affected with or killed by the southern cattle fever, even if examined at once, invariably contain bacteria* of the inicrococcusand bacillus kind, and it appears tobe very probable, particularly in the light of recent research in regard to infec�tious diseases and their causes, that at least one of these two kinds of bacteria bears some causal connection to the morbid process. My own observations, examinations, experiments, and a careful consideration of undeniable facts, point toward the bacilli, and not to the micrococci-My reasons 1 shall take the liberty to state further on.

!t. If all the facts known in regard to the commnuiciition of southern cattle fever to Northern cattle by means of trails, grazing grounds, past�ures, water-holes, Ac, are duly considered as they present themselves, there, can hardly remain any doubt that the infection of the trails, past�ures, laquo;Jtc, must be elfected by means of the saliva or slaver of the south-era cattle. In proof of this assertion I may be allowed to state a few facts bearing on this point, and also to brietly dwell ii|)ou other theories now and then advanced. First, as to the latter. One theory charges the infection to a deposit- of the urine of the Southern cattle. If it were the urine that causes the infection only those comparatively small and far apart spots in which the urine of theSonthern cattle is deposited would be able to communicate the disease to Northern cattle, for it has been established beyond a doubt that the infectious priooiple is not car�ried through the air or disseminated by winds, and that even a wire fence separating a pasture occupied by Northern cattle from a trail or pasture of Texas cattle ((/. my last report) is ample protection. Besides, cattle are not apt to graze where another animal has urinated ; and as the urine is soon absorbed by the ground or evaporated it could never be explained how it can be possible that the infectumsness of a pasture ordrail increases in intensity, at least for several weeks after the South�ern cattle have left it. If the urine constituted the vehicle of the infec�tious principle, the wholesale infection of every Northern herd of cattle that passes over and grazes on a trail of the Soiltheruers, or feeds on

* The wont quot; bacteria,quot; nulcsraquo; othorwise statoil, iraquo; nsed as a Konoria term, booause bettor uutlorstootl by the average reader than Sohizopliytes or Sohizomycotcs.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 251

a pasture that lias been occupied by the latter, would hardly be possi�ble, and, at the utmost, only one or a few iiniinals of a herlaquo;! would contract the disease. Another theory charges the excrements of South�ern cattle with constituting the vehicle of'the pathogenic principle. The objections just made against the urine theory will also dispose of the dung theory; besides, all cattle, but particularly jjrown animals, carefully avoid to graze where other cattle, have deposited their exere-nients. They are apt to snitfat places where horses have voided their rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;biiraquo;fj, and when suffbriug from certain digestive disorders, attended

with a vitiated appetite, may even eat some horse manure, but they will never raquo;raze if they can help it where the dung' of their own kind has been deposited, a fact well known to every cattleman. It may be pos�sible that some pathogenic bacteria pass oft' with the dung, or even with the urine; but if they do, they most assuredly do not furnish the princi�pal source of infeotion. Another theory charges the hooft of the Southern cattle with beingthecominunicatorsof the infectiousprinciple. This the�ory, too, can be easily disposed of, even if it were possible that the hoofs were able to take up the pathogenic principle (bacteria, for instance), at the native range, and convey it to some other place, that other place could only be in the immediate neighborhood, because at every step in the grass the hoofs are wiped, and in mud or water they are apt to lose whatever may cling to them ; besides, neither the horn of the hoof nor the skin of the foot constitutes the soil or mediuin needed for the reproduction, preservation, and propagation of such a pathogenic prin�ciple as that which causes the southern cattle fever. Even if the skin of the foot, particularly in the cleft, between the hoofs, constituted a .suitable medium, and afforded all the conditions necessary to the exist�ence and reproduction of the pathogenic! principle, the constant wiping and friction Which those parts are subjected to on the march would pre�clude the possibility of conveying the principle (bacteria) in that way a thousand miles or even farther. Still another theory, which has yet a great many adherents even among practical cattle-men, charges the ticks often found on Texas cattle with being the bearers of the infectious principle, or even with constituting themselves the pathogenic agency. The principal objection that can be brought to bear against this theory is the fact that Southern cattle free from ticks will infect Northern past�ures, amp;c., just as soon as those that have them, and that ticks of the same kind also occur in countries in which the southern cattle fever never originates or makes its appearance, unless it is introduced by Southern cattle infecting a trail, pasture, water-hole, laquo;Jcc. The perspi�ration (through the skin) of Southern cattle, and even the expirations (from the lungs) have been accused of constituting the pathogenic prin�ciple, or the. vehicle of the same. But this theory, too, is fallacious, for, if true, the pathogenic agency would be of a volatile nature, and be communicated through the, air, which it evidently is not, as already stated. Hence, the only thing that remains as the probable vehicle

252

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANTMALS.

and iiKuliiim of the pathogeuio principle is the saliva or slaver of the Sotithorn eiittle deposited lgt;y tliem, not only wherever tliey graze and wherever they drlllk, bat also often dropping in strings from their months when on their march. Any one familiar with droves of Texas and (Jherokee cat tic will have observed that they produce more saliva and slaver more profasely than any other cattle not driven, or at rest ; and cattle, when grazing, while grasping with their tongues abuaoh of grass, and drawing it into their month to he cutoff by their incisors, necessarily soil the stubbles which remain standing with their saliva, particularly if slavering, as traveling Texas cattle always do. This saliva or slaver is somewhat sticky, and the microscopic organisms (bacteria) it may contain are thus temporarily glued to the grass that remains on the ground. The bacteria, thus deposited with the shiver (saliva and mucous secretions of the month), dud a new soil which offers them all the conditions necessary to their existence and prop�agation, particularly if old and decaying grass or vegetation, as is usually the case, is existing among or between the stubbles of the grass that has been torn off. Dew and rain afterward provide the neeos-sary moisture and also the means of further distribution. If the South�ern cattle, before being shipped or started on their journey toward the North, take up on their native range or at anyplace between their Southern home and their Northern destination, but south of a certain latitude, the pathogenic bacteria of southern cattle fever�and there can be hardly any doubt that bacteria, which have their source or origin in the South constitute the Infectious principle or the cause of that dis�ease�either with their food or their water for drinking, the bacteria, of course, will tirst pass into the paunch, where they lind all the condi�tions (a suitable medium, warmth, and moisture) necessary to their ex�istence and propagation. Ascending to the cavity of the mouth with the Juices of the paunch when the animal is ruminating, they find a new and, at the same time, excellent medium in the saliva and mucous secretions, and thus it becomes possible not only that the bacteria re�tain their vitality, and that the same vastly increase in numbers, even if the journey of the cattle, as to time and distance, is along one, but also that one herd of Southern cattle is able to infect a large territory quot;(trails, pasture-grounds, amp;o.), at a long distance, a thousand miles or more from their native range. I might advance several more argu�ments in proof of the assertion that grazing grounds, trails, pastures, yards, water holes, amp;e., are infected by means of the slaver, and that all other theories are untenable, but to do so will be in time, and can be done with much more force, after it has been proved beyond adoubt that a certain kind of bacteria constitutes the true and the sole cause of the disease. To conclude, I maybe allowed to remark that all the phenomena of an infection�the non-volatile character of the infectious principle, the varying period of incubation, the more frequent occur�rence of the disease in different seasons according to latitude, the kill-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 253

ingot'tlie infectious principle by oontinuons cold wcatluM', or by ii heavy frost, and the wholesale inieetion ()t' Northern herds of Otittlo�will liiul a full explanation, if the slaver constitutes the niedimn, in which the pathogenic principle lives and propagates in the Soutlieru cattle when

taken north, and in which it is deposited on the grass, in the water, amp;c., vliilu the sainecauuot be explained, if not the. saliva, or rather the siiliva and. mucous secretion eombined, but sometliiug else eonstitute.s the medium.

As above stated, 1 have reasons to believe that of those bacteria

fonml in the morbidly affected parts, particularly in the liver and in

the spleen of cattle affected with the sontiiern fever, the bacilli and not the luiorococol constitute the pathogenio principle, or bear a casual eoinu'ction to the morbid process. Still, 1 will not deny that the mi-orococol, too, may possibly possess septic properties, particularly if ob�tained from a part in a state of dissolution, for instance, from the spleen, mi or^aii which 1 invaiiably, at every ;w,sY-wor/(;w exaniiiialion, found to be in a disorganized condition, even if the affected animal has been killed by bleeding01' by a pistol hall. Such inicrococci, if inocu�lated Into the organism of a healthy animal, may have a septic, effect, and may even cause disease and death, and Still may not constitute the infections principle of the southern fever. According to what Is known of the behavior and the pathogenic action of the various known path-Ogeuio bacteria the morbid process and the morbid changes in southem entile fever point toward bacilli and not-at all toward inicrococci as the probable cause. Particularly the fact that the infectious principle, wlhiitever it may be, is never conveyed through the air from one place to another, and requires In order to produce morbid changes in an ani�mal n very long period of incubation, and then rather suddenly de�velops Its tnalignaul action, it seems to me almost excludes the possi�bility of a mierococeiis constltating the cause, it is true, in anthrax, a disease known tobe caused by a bacillus, the period of incubation is a verj short one, at least in those cases in which the disease is coni-tnunicatod from a diseased to a healthy animal, but the attack invaria�bly is a sudden one, and liiicillns anthraois not only shows a very rapid propagation, but is also otherwise entirely different from the hn-eilli found in southern cattle fever. A inicroeoccus, as a rule, propa-' gates totraquo; rapidly to require a very long time for the development of its patliogctilo action, and would till the whole organism, ami very likely be found in every drop of blood, long before the sometimes very long periods of incubation of the southern fever has expired ; besides that, every infectious principle known to consist of microco�cl or Uiplococd is more or less volatile and can be communicated through the air, while those consisting of bacilli usually show a ditfereut behavior. Bntof course, itquot; there were no other reasons, those .just given, resting Olllj upouanalogy, might not carry much weight, or decide anything, and migllt he met by saying that the inicrococci or diplococci found in

254

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

BOUtberD oattle lever may bo entirely dift'ereut In tlieir behavior Iruui any other known species of pathogenic iniorocoooL There are, how�ever, .some other tacts which tend to show that the baoilli and not the inieroeocci most likely constitute the pathogenic priuolplo.

I. The bacilli are a constant occurrence in the diseased parts, but par�ticularly in the liver and in the spleen of cattle that are atl'ected with or have died of southern oattle fever.

3, Tiie bacilli siilliciently differ in shape and si/.e from all other well-known species to be at one recognized when seen ander a siilliciently high power, a tact which I intend to demonstrate, not by a description or by drawing, but by photo-tniorograpbs, ns soon as I shall be able to obtain fresh material in which the bacilli have not been subjected to any change whatever by the action of hardening fluids or reagents.

,'?. in three sections of liver ami spleen recently mounted in balsam, but cut last winter from pieces of liver and spleen which were hard�ened thirteen months af;quot;o, when perfectly fresh, in alcohol and in a a solution of bichromate of potash, and have since been preserved in alcohol, the bacilli are yet intact, and under a hiyh power homogeueons immersion objective are easily recognized as the same kind of bacilli which 1 never failed to find in the diseased liversand spleens when exam�ined fresh. Besides, the bacilli do not merely adhere to the surface of the sections, but appear to be imbedded in tbc tissue, because they are found at different depths, and require to be, seen under a high power and different focusing', according to the plane in which they lie. The sections, when cut last winter, were stained in quot; Beale's carmine,quot; and before being mounted were restaiued in an aqueous solution of methyl-violet (1:000), but after they had been in alcohol and oil of cloves, and been mounted, the aniline staining bad almost entirely disappeared, been washed out by the alcohol and oil of cloves, and thus the bacilli, which did not take the carmine stain, appear but indifferently stained with methyl violet, and are, rather pale, but are, plainly seen and easily recognized.

t. The micrococci or diploeocci that may have been present in the liver and spleen are now absent, at least cannot he found notwithstand�ing a most careful search, which proves to me that the same, if they have, been present in those tisssues, iiiust have been there by accident, or have existed only in the fluids, and have never been imbedded in the solids like the baoilli. In my opinion the facts Just related plainly show that the presence Of the baoilli cannot bo an aceident, but must have, some connection with the morbid process.

Last year, when investigating the southern cattle fever in the South�west, and even before, when 1 mademy ftrst observations on that disease! and several po^-tttortom examinations of cattle that had died in Cham�paign, I became fully convinced that 1 had to deal with a bacteritie disease, or with a disease that owes its existence, to some pathogenic bacterium. As it is admitted that the soutliern oattle fever has its

quot;*

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 255

origin or penniuuMit source in tlie South) � oould not help arriving at the oonolusion, after taklog sill the peoullarlties preseated Into consid�eration, that the pathogenlO principle (bacterium) must be connected with, or igt;e dependent upon, the Mora of the Southern States, and cannot be the direct product of the climate or the higher average temperature. Having found the bacilli In the morbidly affected tissues several years ago at my first examination of the southern cattle lever at Ohampalgn, and considering them, even at that time, us the probable, oral least possible, cause of disease, 1 naturally looked, when in Texas, for something corresponding to bt3 found On, or to beoonueoted with, the herbage and grasses which constitute the food of the cattle on the Texas cattle ranches. The well known experiments of Dr. liiichner directed my attention to infusions�natural and artificial�of the dead and decajing grasses of Texas hog wallow land�to those of the latter in particular, as it was repeatedly stated by experienced Texas ranch�men that hog-wallow land is considered as the most dangerous grazing ground for cattle recently imported from the North. The natural in-Cusions l found in the spring prepared in the so-called hog-wallows themselves, and the artificial infusions were made by putting some of the dead grass in a vessel and pouring rain-water over it. When ex�amining my infusions, 1 found, as could scarcely otherwise be expected, a variety of microscopic organisms (bacteria), but among them, in larger or smaller numbers, invarially a bacillus which, in every respect, closely resembled both in size and form those bacilli which 1 had found before and found afterwards in the liver and spleen of the diseased cattle� certainly something worthy of further investigation.

As I look upon it, the principal object in investigating an infec�tious disease, particularly if the same is very fatal, causes great losses, ami is capable of spreading a great distance, must be to ascer�tain the true cause, and to become acquainted with its nature and its modlaquo;laquo;, of action, and the means and conditions necessary to its exis�tence, propagation, ami communication. As long as we are in the dark in regard to the cause of a disease, particularly if the latter is infectious, our treatment and our prophylactic measures can only be of an empirical character, and at best be very uncertain. But as soon as we know the cause, its mode of action, its means of existence, and its manner of propagdion and Communication, we have gained a great advantage, for then, if the cause is accessible and can at all be de�stroyed Its effects can be neutralized or its propagation and communi�cation can be prevented. The possibility is then given to devise rational measures which will have the desired effect. Therefore, sin�cerely believing, nay. almost convinced, that my endeavors to discover the cause of the southern cattle fever are in the right direction, it is and has been my desire, to subject my conclusions, above stated, to a practical test, and to decide by experiment whether the same are cor�rect or erroneous. Last year 1 made some efforts in that direction, but

256

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the experirueuts, for reasons stated in my last report, did not meet

#9632;with satisfactory results, and some unavoidable mistakes were com-mitted. So, for iustanee, I inoeulaled a Texas cow, wliieli undouhtedly possessed irainunity, but was the ouly animal at my disposal, and a.s^I had to remain in Texas 1 delegated llmt purl of my experiments, of \vlii(di success tuiglit have been expected, because to be carried out in the North) where the cattle do not possess inimnnity, to a friend. It also miscarried for reasons stated in my last report. Another experiment, made by myself in the North, wasmadeon very young animals, and too late in the season, and besides this, some other mistakes, partly un�avoidable, and known to be mistakes when made, and partly due to a want of facilities and inexperieuee, were committed, which it will not be necessary to enumerate, for they will be avoided in the, future. All this combined, however, amply accounts for the want of success, which, therefore, has not decided anything, besides it is to me exceedingly doubtful whether a disease not known to have ever been directly or indireel lv communicated liv a diseased animal tea heall liy one can at. all be inoculated in the usual way. At any rate no well authenticated case of any direct Inflecliou or communication of the disease from a diseased animal to a healthy one is oil record, while many cases are known in wliieli animals took sick with southern cattle fever and died of it in the midst of healtliy herds ami none of the heathy animals, unless previously infected, ever contracted the disease. Neither is it positively known thai Northern cattle or cattle themselves susceptible to an iiilection ever infected northern pastures, amp;c. Still, whether under certain circumstances they are able to doso is another question. North�ern or susceptible out tie, grazing on premises or drinking out of water-holes infected by Southern cattle almost invariably contract the disease and die of it before the system becomes accustomed to the action of the pathogenic principle (the bacteria), and charged with the same to such an exlenl that the laller will lie present, and be con�stantly reproduced in the mucous secretions of the mouth and in the juices of t he paunch.

But it. stands to reason, if they (the Northern cattle) gradually ao-quired immunity like the Texans, and then continued for a certain length of time to occupy infected premises and to take up the infec�tious principle, or if it were possible to charge their system with (he pathogenic principle, as just indicated, before they contract the ills-ease and die of it, then those Northern cattle, if driven to uniufeclcd pastures, would probably Infect the latter just as effectively and just as soon as Southern cattle, particularly if the Northern cattle were first driven like a herd of Texans, and thus caused to slaver. That susceptible cattle, or such as will contract the disease, do not com-mnnicate it. to others, strange as it may seem, probably also admits an explanation, if all known facts are taken into due consideration.

In the first (raquo;lace, the pathogOllio principle (the bacteria) of south-

i v

mmmmmmmmmmm^mm

CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 257

ern cattle fover does not seom to bo indigoiions to the animal system but very likely belongs to the deuaylng grasses ami lierbage of the Soiitli, ami only by wliat may be called aooidenl outers the animal organism, in Sonthern oattle, or in suoh us possess Iramunity, that is, in such in which the pathogenio principle (the bacteria) produces no morbid changes importunl enough to seriousli'disturb the health of fclie animal, the organs, which constitute the principal seat of the morbid

process in diseased cattle, the liver, spleen, amp;0,, il .seems, have either become accustomed to the action of the bacteria, or else have gradually become sterilized ground, and thus cease to be a favorable medium.

That such is I he ease will he understood, if il is kept in mind�1, thai the first introduction of the bacteria into the organism of Southern

catlle takes place while the latter are ybling calves, which, ns is well known, possess much less susceptibility than grown cattle; 2, that t lie

oumber of bacteria taken up tho flrst time nudoubtedly is a compara�tively small one and not siiiiicicur to cause serious mischief, bul just large oriough, particularly if supplemented hy successive small inva�sion's, to gradually cause an immunity, which, although bul temporary, will last for some time after the invasions have ceased. As long OS Southern cattle occupy infected territory the bacteria will enter their organism with the food and water for drinking, and findiug in the paunch all the elements necessary for their development and propaga�tion, many Of them probably reach the cavity of the month by ascending With the food and tlie juices of the paunch during I lie process of rumina�tion, and then in the mucous secretions and saliva again lind a favor able medium in which their existence and propagation are fully se�cured, and by which they become glued to the grass, amp;c., as has been above, explained. It is possible that a -real many of the bacteria, taken up with food or drink, or developed in the paunch, and, may be, the majority of them, pass on with the food through the digestive laquo;�anal, and are discharged with the dung j bat if fchey are they will be comparatively harmless, because they will he confined to (hose spots al which the dims- is dropped, and al which oilier cattle, as a rule, do not like to graze.

If Northern cattle, not at all accustomed to the action of these bac�teria, take them up with this food or drink for the first time, the bacteria likewise enter the paunch, and propagate in that Organ, but passing on Into the other stomach's and the intestines, they probably cause in�creased activity and increased absorption, or even lesions, by Irritating the mucous membrane, and thus may lind their way into those organs� the liver and the spleen�in which afterward the morbid process of the Southern fever has its principal seat, while in Sonthern catlle such an irritation of the digestive canal, which in them has become accus�tomed to the presence of the bacteria, is either very limited or does not take place. That the bacteria, or whatever may constitute the infec�tions principle, produce irritation and congestion in the digestive canal 5701 i) a------17

25S CONT�.QIOUS DISBA.8K8 OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

resulting In most cases in ineroased absorption in the third stomaub,

and in lesions in tin- fouvtll sloniMch nnd a part of tbo intcsl incs, [s

cleinoustrateil by the morbid obangea usually found in those organs at post Hiorton oxaininations. It is, however, als., possible that tbo bac�teria, or a large nuinbev of tiicni, reacli the liver, the principal and, according to my observations, primary seat of the morbid process, in a more dneet way�tlirough tbo duotlenum. The bacteria, if onc� passed beyond the second stomach, or domiciled in interior organs, for instance, ill the liver, spleen, amp;c., oanuot very well ascend to the mouth, there mingle with the saliva ami mucous secretions, and thus be.deposited on the gromul; cousequently Northern cattle cannot very well lut'ect pastures, amp;C., unless everj laquo;lay a new lot of bnoterin is taken up and propagated in the paunch, as is the case with Southern cattle. Of course the exphumtion Just given 1 wish to be considered only as a stroug hint. Something inorB deftnito maybe said after it has been conclusively demonstrated what bacterium constitutes the true cause Of the soul hem fever.

When returning to Texas last spring-^-i arrived in Sau Antonio about the 1st of May-�it was my inteutiou, as 1 explained on the -Mth of April., when in Washington, to collect and to prepare what I believe to be in�jections material, ami to ivtmn to the North in ahout a month to com�plete my preparations (bacillus cultivations, amp;c.), and then to put thorn to a practical test. 1 intended to return to the North for two reasons: First, no southern cattle fever could be found in Texas, nor c.uihl it be expected to occur before December, because the native Texas cattle possess immunity, and the Texus ranchmen, al least the more intelli�gent ones, and all those who have had any experience with the South�ern lever, take care noi to import any Northern cattle except late in the fall and in the winter, for they have found that to he the least dan gerous season ol the year. Secondly, my proposed experiments could only he expected to give satisfactory results if made on susceptible Northern cattle, and at a phice where a natural infection is out of the qnestion. But in the latter par! of .May. when my preparations were nearly completed, and 1 aboul ready to leave for the North, circum. stances beyond my control compelled me to remain in Texas. Of course my plans could not be carried out, my preparations could not be used. and the question 1 was so anxious to decide for the time being luul to remain unsolved. 1 had orders to investigate, besides south.�m cattle fever, also other infectious diseases of more than local importance.

But in Texas the infectious and contagious diseases of d.....eaticatod

animals, which are of general interest, or of an epizootic character, are very few in number, and without any fear of contradiction I may say there is hardly a country on the globe in which cattle und live stock m general are less subject to disease than in Texas. It is true Texas ranchmen sometimes suffer great losses, particularly in the latter part Of Winter, but these, losses mv not caused by disease, and almost with-

!lt;

CONT.UUOU.S DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. #9632;-⁾.^r)9

out exception result from want of food, want of water, or want of .shelter in luolemeut weather. Losses that ooour during the summer mouths

are far less severe, and are mostly caused by insects and their larva'.

Besides the southern cattle fever, whioh does not, at least not visibly, affect the native Texas cattle, the only infectious disease of any im-portanoo is so called quot;black lej;quot; or �#9632;black quarterquot; (�xQ cmthrtfjufiymp' toviatique ot the French), but even this disease occurs only at curtaiu localities and during certain .seasons of the year, particularly in the spring, and in my opinion will become a rare occurrence in the graz�ing districts of Texas as soon as Texas stockmen will learn t hat dead animals must be buried or be cremated, and that ii is bad policy to allow livestock to drink the water of stagnant pools. The infectious and epizootic diseases occurring among sheep were Investigated last year, and although I do not claim thai everything worth knowing about them has been broughl to light, enough is known to enable the Texas Bock-master to apply such measures of prevention as will protect bis Hocks. Besides, the Spring is not the lime in which those .sheep dis�eases make their appearance, and, owing to a severe winter (sovoro for Texas al leas)), hardly any ease occurred or came to my knowledge. Last year an epizootic disease occurred among the horses on the Gulf coast, bul this year nothing of that kind happened, al least not as far as I was able to learn. Wo not much eoidd be done, except exainhiiu^0,some cases of so-called quot;black-leg,quot; and in regard to these | was not able to ascertain anythiug that is not already known, because being in a thinly settled couutry and far from h.....o 1 lacked the necessary fa�cilities, such as a laboratory and experimental .station. It it is desired to study and to thoroughly investigate the disease known as quot;black�leg,quot; it can be done more easily and with belter facilities in a more

thickly settled country, where the distances are not so great as they

are in Texas. Hence toward the end of,Inly.or about the flrst of August, I asked the Department, briefly statiug my reasons, tobe re�called from Texas, and in reply to my letter J received orders which as-Signed me to other work. So i left Texas in the forepart of August. Very respectfully submitted.

11. J. DETMEUS. Deoembeh I, L883.

#9632;#9632;^,^^^^quot;

#9632;#9632;�

CONTAGIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES.

#9632;

Br EZRA m. niwi. if. n.. sc. i)., ri;i:.\rii\. v. J.

Xho relations ol domestic animals to the public health�to food and milk supply�tbe comparative study of their diseases as throwing light _on _human uiiuieuts, und the immonse fluancial and commercial import of any serious diseases occurring to them, canuol bul impress any one who will give to Hie subject thai lt;.....slderation whloli its importance

demands.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

in L802the medical officer of the privy council ol Great Britain made _an important report on the diseases of livestock in their relations to the public supplies of meat and milk. En tlnii paper Prof. John �am-gee states the number of homed cattle in the United Kingdom at 7,64=6,098, and calculates the loss by deaths among tin so animals at �6 000,000. The census of 1880 states the number of food animals in the united States at 91,805,332. The chief opizootios named in the re�port referred to arc rinderpest, or typhoid or enteric fever of cattle which always spreads from the Russian steppes: contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, a disease always extending from Central Europe, though probably traceable to Asia and Africa, in some parts ol which It i_s a very common disease; the epizootic apbthro, murrain, or the foot-and-mouth disease, and sheep pox. Of the enzootic diseases, which de-peudon local causes, and one parallel to endemics in man, anthrax or carbuncular lever takes the lead. Of this there are so many varieties of elassilieation and description that we .-,.11001 yet be said to have a settled nomenclature. Thus, splenic apoplexy, braxy In sheep, the black-leg or quarter-ill of Britain, and other erysipelatoua forms m the sheep and pig, boils and carbuncles, parturition fevers, bog cholera, Texas cattle IVvcr, and some other ailments have heel. Included In this dags Add 1lt;i these (he parasitic diseases of animals, ami we have a seme or more of diseases which are either deadly to the animals or in-iurious to meat and milk as food products, .Many of these are commu�nicable, not only to different varieties of animals, but to Imman beluga

^N.me oft hese diseases are claimed to have originated on American

soil excoiit it be the Southern cattle fever, which is regarded by many alaquo; only a variety of anthrax. When we consider, too, that rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia, and foot-and-mouth disease, were brought to Great Britain from the Continent, and that the ravages of these diseases have S60

OONTAQIOUS DISEASES OF DOMISSTICATBD ANIMALS.

261

ciist iiinl arc oostiug the lirilisli Govemment millionsof pomuls sterling amiually, is it not wise for ua to uooepl the sigutils of precaution and preveul tlieiu from becoiuiug iudigonous? As yet rinderpest and foot-aud-montli disease have notgt; obtained a foothold, and contagious pleuro-piieiinionin has not passed the polntof possible extinction. Plenro-puouiuonia roachecl England about 184�J foot-and mouth disease in L830) sheep-pox in isir. Of rinderpesl there have been four out�breaks, viz.. in 1745, 1803-06 (the most tlestructivo one), 187U, and IS77. We have Wren singularly fortunate in that wo have escaped two of these formidable diseases, [iinderpest is not very likely to obtain a foothold here, but fool and month disease, with its great contagiousness and its immense loss to milk-produclug animals, is greatly to lie feared. Portunately, minors of an outbreak In the Par West, proved to be un�rounded. But the fact is well known that more I hau once it has arrived at our ports tVom abroad, and has been prevented from spreading here by rigid Inspections on arrival and close quarantine after landing, Dur�ing the past year the disease has been so prevalent in the United King�dom as to cause widespread alarm and great pecuniary losses.

We propose in this paper to state some facts,observations, and opin�ions as to contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and also, in connection with tho detail of some experiments as to foot-and-mouth disease, to oiler a few comments upon i(.

co.VI'.UtKM s PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

The general course and symptons of pleuro-pneumonia are so well known, and have been so fully and accurately described in the reports of the United States Department of Agriculture, that there is tio need of

repeating them here. The only points upon which perhaps there is need of more extended observation and a more concurrent testimony is whether climate or other conditions have modified this disease as found on American soil, and whether dift'erent grades of stock are equally sub�ject to its ravages. No one can sec innch of the disease without being struck with the great variations in its malignancy. We have seen out�breaks in which every animal attacked seeuied early to become mortally sick, and where one or both Inn gs changed in a short time from a weight of three pounds to over twenty. In other cases the course of the dis�ease lias seemed mild, and most of the animals were likely to recover. 'I'his has led to a. distinction aaioii^- some veterinarians, so that they have come to speak of ceitain cases as English or Kmopean, and of others as American cases. lb would boagood service if this Depart�ment could obtain the comparative statistics of Btlgllsh and American cases, and the accurate testimony of creditable veterinarians who have had in charge many cases both in this country and abroad.

It has been asserted that in ceitain exposed sections, as on Stuten Island, common pneumonia is frequent and latal among cattle, and that some of these have been mistaken for contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

�^^��^^^^MBlaquo;

262 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

Wg lasl j'ear oft'orocl to visit, ou uotico by telegraph, any anoli cases of

c.....iinoii pneumonia, which an extensive practitioner there assorted ho

had Fi'cqnlt;mtly seen, but as yol have received no such notification.

Tiie eoutagiona character of pleuvo-pnounionia in iliis couoti'y has certainly nol dlminislied with the change of climate. Still there is some reason to believe thai our severer winters tend to freeze onl the disease, and, w hero i here lias been a i'nll exposure, give us a bettor hope lt;gt;r inter-ruptiug Itscontagiousnessj yel the contagion itself seems very persistent unless there is subjection ilt;i freezing and to various methods of ilisin-fectiou. Ii is well established thai after an outbreali had ceased Tora, year or more, the removal of the old ha ins and i he exposure of the un-frozen grouiul beneath at oucc revived the disease. A case not long since occmied on Long Island where the transfer to the new sheds and the desl rucl ion of the old, near by, seemed to originate or reproduce the plague. Pacts are accumulating to show that the accidental protection from frost caused by slielter seems to continue some of the ooutagious both of men and of animals. This is one of thecontagions probably not watied far, but quite imlestructible unless largely exposed to air, to severe cold, and to disinfection.

Bui the niosi importanl (piestion of all pressing upon our attention ai i he prosenl I ime is laquo; hel her we are to forsake the metliod of stamp�ing oul the disease by occision, and to substitute the system of inocu-iation as first practiced in Belgium and Flollaiul, and as revived in Soot-land under the auspices of Rutherford and Williams, and as sanctioned also by Fleming and others. This is the more injportant becauseraquo;, under the advice and approval of the Drs. McLean, the hoard of health of the city of Brooklyn has allowed or authorized this system in its stahles. and at a point where the disease has long had a toot hold. At. one time Professor Law expressed the hope t hat the inooulation method, under some modifications, would bo revived. In New Jersey the Slatlaquo; law permits inoculation, under expert oversight, in a herd in which there has been an outbreak, if such inoculation is ordered or approved by the hoard of health. In the last instance the law was based on the views of Rutherford, Williams, amp;c., and ou the fact thai the State despaired of securing riddance of the disease, with reasonable oxpondi-Inre, if It must be constantly subjected thereto by the transportation or driving of cattle from infected localities in other States.

The d.'tails of iuoi'idal ion as followed out in New Jersey are of much interest. Through the influence and practice of Mr. Lamerz, a German veterinarian of Newark, it has for several years been a custom with dairymen in Essex County, and especially about Orange, to inoculate their herds, not, only when (here was an outbreak among their cattle, bill as a customary precaution. It is worthy of note that all who have, pursued this plan express themselves fully satisfied therewith, and aver that they have never known any case of the transmission of the OOllta-jj-ion bv this means. While inneli of this is negative testimony, and

CONTAGIors DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 268

may be partially 86lt; aside by saying (lint most of tlicm would have laquo;soapocl ooutagioo without tills, it is yet worthy of record that while there have been sporadic, eases of the disease in Orange and adjacent

localities, these have been no more autiierous than at some other points For over a yearit has been the habit of the veterinary service of the raquo;state board of liealth of Sew Jersey to seek to eradicate the disease bj^T slaughter if only one or two oases had occurredi But if there had been more extended seizures before notice, or if the disease threatened to spread, resort has been had to inoouiatiou. Dr. J. VV, Hawk, of New�ark, and Dr. Leatherman, of ('union, have had ocoasion thns to inocu�late several herds. In abonl two hundred cases of inoculation they re�port that the results have been altogether satisfactory. Herds have been protected and the disease limited. While a few ol' the animals have lost their tails, and some have been for a little time quite sick, no deaths have occurred H'oin this cause. Great care has been taken in the selection of the luocnlatiug Juice, and it has been generally intro�duced, by a scion of woolen yam, into the muscle just beneath the skin of the tail.

While thus feeling our way on the basis of the authorities before al�luded to, and by a cautious use of the met bod in general acceptance, t he following series of cases occurred;

A farmer and dairyman having about thirl v head of animals in his herd, and not having and never having bad any oases of contagious pleuro piienmonia among his cattle, was Infortned thai twoor three of his neighbors had the disease among their herds, lie was a mile and a hall'dislani from the nearest one. The cat tie lind not come near to

each oilier by neighboring fields. He had no occasion to take any of his cattle to other yards, or to have any brongbl to bis. lie bad not purchased an animal for three years. Not knowing the law of the Stale, he concluded to have his cattle Inoculated by a veterinarian of Newark. His entire herd was inoculated in the month of lgt;cceinbcr. One or I wo of these animals lost their tails, several were some what sick am! recovered, and did not contract pleuro-pneunionia, though after�ward exposed. On the tenth day after the inoculation two calves had convulsions and died. Throe of the heal I hies! cows were taken severely

sick with all the symptoms of contagious pleuro-pnoumonia, and hail to ue slaughtered. Pos^-winWem-examination left nodoubl as to its being genuine contagious pleuro pneumonia. Some of the other cows did not seem to recover their usual health or milk supply. A thorough exam�ination four weeks later by II. VV. liowland, 1gt;. 7.8, of Jersey Oity, and J. Gerth, Jr., Igt;. V, s.. of Newark, showed conditions of lung that would indicate nothing else than contagious pleuro-pneumonia. As the cows were gaining, the owue/wa? permitted to keep them, on condition that

they si.....hi not be sold until fit for slaughter, and then not for any

other purpose.

Here we have a series of eases in which either the veterinarian caused

HHH!^quot;^^^^^^^^�quot;quot;quot;quot;laquo;

264 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the disease to the herd l)J person or liiiiiiles, or ijitrocluced it by illOCU-lation. H' I lie latter, it would seem to SlippOl'l llie livpolliesis oC some,

who, while aclnaitting tlinl the iutioduction of the virus in lt;� ;i muscle,

inslead of hy I lie liical li or into tllO lung, gOllcraliy en uses u mi lil er dis�ease, which is protective, j'el thn( occusioually, utulor ouuclitious not yet known, it will resume its uiuiigliaul activit.V and light upon the organ wh (di seems loallord Ms eiiesen nidus. It seems somewlial analogous

to the old fitots as to the inoculation for sin ll-pox, in which uudoubtedly the i ui rod net ion of the virus into the skin or tlesli Instead id' into the luug did modify and uiitigate the ilist-as*¹. But in this it was a Known fact that now and i lien n strange exception would oocitr, resulting in second�ary fever and death. While single cases prove but little, and the miud must suspend iis judgment until other cases occur, or until the occur�rence is explained, il nnisl be confessed that these eases were a re�straint upon what had b fore seemed to us to he legitimateoouclusious. The groat asserted facts upon which the more recent hopes as to in�oculation of eatl le have been predicated arc (a) thai t hi' virus I has intro�duced never causes any atTei tion of the lung, and (b) that the animal that has been iuoculated does not impart the disease toothers.

In view of the immense interests involved, this Government should institute a series of experiments to settle this matter, and either arrive at the conclusion that systematic and rational extinction of the disease is to be secured by slaughter,or define how ii can be aided or secured, if at all, by systems of regulated inoculation. Since the important ex periineiits and deductions of Pasteur, Ohauveau, Tonissant, Koch, and many others, it seems almost imperative that I his Goveruiuent should, by systematized methods of histology, pathology, and laboratory inves�tigations, and by the experience of skilled observers, determine the means of obecking those marauding epizootics that imperil the health and life lt;d' so many millions of animals of various species, and with It imperil the industrial interests of all classes and the very life and health of a race so dependent on good meat and good milk for food.

FOOT AM) MOUTH DISEASE.

We are fortunately dependent on foreign authorities for the most accurate descriptions of this disease. Unlike pleuro-pueuniouia, it is readily communicable quot;to sheep, goats, swine, and poultry; it is easily transmitted to the Imman subject. It has been described as existing in the horse, dog, ffilcl fowl, deer, wild boar, eat, amp;0.quot; The milk of animals in many eases seems to have conveyed the disease to man, al�though some regard this as having occurred only when there were vesi�cles upon the udder or (eats, (he secretions from which had mingled with the milk. (quot;Walley, Eclinburgb, 1870.) The same author also speaks of il as quot;one of the most infectious and contagious maladies Which affect domestic animals, and the easiest of transmission,^v and as remarkable quot;in the effect which the milk of animals affected with it

COOT-AQIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTXOATED ANIMALS.

265

produces outliQJi'5'ouog audevon the young of other spooies.quot; Because of its rapid and clitTuslve contagion, and of the fact that one attack docs not protect from another, thai both the meal and mill; supph arc jeopardized tlierel raquo;y, il is probable thai its actual losses to food prod nets are greater than tliat of auy of these pervasive plagues. Hecontly J. W. st irklcr, AI. D,, of Orange, N'..i..m physician winraquo; hail become inter�ested in the disease only because of its comparative relations and its part ial similarity to curtaiu apbthous diseases ol'children, prooured from Professor Williams, of Edinburgh, some of the sir us of the disease, and iiioenhilcd some cah'es therewith. The saliva was taken from a cove affected wi tli the ibotand month disease, and put into glycerine tightly corked in a hoi tic, and im mediately forwarded to the doc tor. In a recent note to tlic writer, Dr. Stickler says:

The history of this oase is ns follows! Aldirm-v calf, two and ouo-lmlf wooks old : before Inociilntiou seemed porfootlj well j vislblo inuooua meuibraues free from any eruption and disobni'aej skin and bitordigital spaces normal In appearance. I in-oonlatod tlio animal by subcutanoons iojoc�on of the virus just postorior to the elbow ,ilt;iiiii and anterior to tlio sttflo, Nothing ni all positive developed till .Innniny 'i, when i In' lotnpsmture rose to 104 .0 Foil, There was a dischargo of quite tenacious ninons I'nnn the nosirils, and iii various points npou the mucous meiubraue of each there were sniiill papi�u'.. The mouth was hoi ami red, although there wciv no ilis-tinot ulcers or itpbtliMi, The neai'esl approach loan ulcer vros an apparent tbiunlug of the mucous momlirano at one ortwo points. The saliva seouied to bo increased smiii'wliat in i|iiantiiy. The bowels were loose. A tntcroscoplo oxamiuation of the lillt;io(l shoved I lii^ existence of small round or oval bodies of n faint port-wine color. They bad an aotiv ity wliiob, 1 think, was independent of I hat caused by any mot ion of the blood idasiiia. To detenuiue this point, i was careful to place upon the glass slide only n drop of blood, adjust ing iIk^ cover glass with snlliricnl Hrmnoss Iquot; cause an oven disperaion ofthoiluld. 1 thou noticed that those 11 ttlo bodies seemed to have tin¹ power to move in various directions. The saliva and nasal discharge contained the monads Bpokon of In the various works upon quot; cattle diseases.quot; I am notaware, however, thai tttteni Ion has been called to the existenco of small, activo bodies in I he blood id aiiinails atlVcdi'd with quot; idid-aiid-muiiiliquot; disease. The foel uow became sllglitly reiliti'iu'il, imt showed no blobs or ulceratlous. There was also a little swell�ing Jusl above the hoofs, The oondltion of the calf remained essoutially as just given

till .Ian.....y in, when tlic feel became swollen to a marked degree and the redness

more pronouueed. In the intordlgital spaces tlraquo;' skin was found to 1quot;' loosened from its attacbmoDl, although there was no fluid to bo seen. There was but little heal of ooronots, 'J'ln' back of the animal was arched. The redness of the foel became more intense, tho iiali'coining oil', leaving (piiti^ large areas of uncovered red integument. Tin' bowels again boonme loose, the animal feeding Insufflclently, till, tinally. on .liiimary 17, it died.

As seen by as the disease was In its subacute stages. One calf had Just died of it. When the vesicles break-, (lie red or scarlet surface becomes covered with a secretion, bill shows little, tendency to return to its normal condition. The emaciation of animals is rapid, both from the disease itself and the Intor/erence with feeding, which it causes.

We do nut know of other experiments with the virus in this country. It is very certain that the most aorupulous vigilance should he exercised as to the disease, and that it should never be allowed to obtain a foot�hold here, There is no disease against which the veterinary Inspector

266 COXTAGKU'S DlSKASKS OF DOMESTICANBD ANIMALS.

I #9632;

iu [jnglaiul watches wit h groater onro. Onr system of large, liords aud laquo;�attic ranches has no parallel 111 the cattle culture of the l^Tnileil King�dom, Its spread liere would, if it should gel fall headway, compare with that abroad as does the sweeping tire of the prairie with thai lt;gt;r � city block, where the provisions for extinguishmonl are ready to the liand. Well may a 11 owners of cat tie urge t he National Governinenl to exorcise its preventive discipline over iinportation and all movemonts of cat tic from the seaboard, all the more because recently n new demand lias sprang np in the West for young stock from the Bast. The transpor�tation which has heretofore been toward the seaboard is now likely to lie met lgt;v a counter ('in rent in be inland west, since I he stocl;-breeding there docs not supply the doaiamls which the fields of space in the mid�dle land between the oceans provides for the feeding and fattening of young cattle.

We scarcely need to emphasize the application of the same precau�tions as to those diseases of swine and sheep which are equally de�structive to these smaller Hocks, and which alike imperil interests in which large capital and greal commercial enterprises arc involved. The census of 1880 gives as for the United States 10,357,488 horses. 1,812,808 mules and asses, 12,44-3,120 milch cows, 903,841 work oxen, 22,488,000 other cattle, 35,192,07'! sheep, and 47,081,700 swine, or an aggregate of, or about, 131,000,000 in all, When we consider that the yearly Increase is constant, we ought not to need extended argumeul to show that the sums expended in competenl investigation and iu skilled oversight of these interests, if honestly and intelligently expended, is among the verj'besl investments the General Govenuuenl can make. Perhaps I lie lack at present is tnore in competency of observation and in tried and successful met hods of protection than in a recognition of the desirability of sucli oversight. But as n demand creates a supply we are already seeing Harvard University and the University of Penn�sylvania with veterinary departments, Toronto and New York with worthy veterinary colleges, and the American Public Health Associa�tion giving it prom i iu'tit con side rat ion, t be medical profession alive to its importance and co-operating here with something of the same spirit and ability with which in Bnglmul the foremost member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons is found conducting and aiding in investigations of a similar kind.

It is only by a combined and continued system of surveillance thai we can hope to prevent or arrest the wandering epizootic prstilence or those euzootics which spring up in locnlities and are dependent upon causes which, althougii dilHcult of detection, are, in the light of the past few years, likely soon to be unraveled, liy such a course, and by put-tingon record the facts and experience obtained by skilled local observ�ers, we shall succeed in arresting or abating mangt; of the vagrant diseases, and thus greatly appreciate both t he wealth, the com fort, and the health of our people, and be able to furnish the markets of t he Old

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 2(17

quot;World with a surplus meat supply excellent in quality mul abundant in quantity^

(il.A.NUKHS AND PAUOl .

The (list'iis(gt; known as giandora or farcy is so insidious in itsoharaotor us to need most o ireful inquiry and inspection on the part of local, State, and national authorities. IJulesa largo powers arc given, the laws will be evaded and the disease perpetuated. This lias been signally illus�trated in a series of oases thai haA'o occurred in the South Orange car stables, in Newark, during the last year. There is reason to believe that over a year since n case of glanders occurred in those si a hies, which was claimed to have been cured, About August I, 1883, the nttention of the local boards of Soutb Orange and Newark, and of I lie Slate, was called thereto through a legal process of inquiry. The disease was found so extensive that about sixty head of horses had to be killed. Nol long alter the veterinarian in charge, Dr. J. W. Hawk, of Newark, condemned three more. The owner consented at once to their destruction. There was delay as to one. wdiieii bad the Least external manifestation, and during the delay the owner, under unfortunate rival advice, concluded that the animal was sound. Afterward the certificate of the veterina�rian was given to thai effect. The Slate hoard of health and ils vet�erinarian were re ('used enl ranee In I lie stable. Owing to alleged 01' pos�sible delects in the law a new one was passed, ll was not, therefore, until April thai the board was again aide to secure undisputed entry. On the first visit this horse was round with symptoms of glanders, and w jKist iiKiiiini t'\i\nuui\\Un\ fully attested the former diagnosis. There were oilier suspicious cases, ami ii was found necessary soon after to condemn two more. The disease is now in sueli a clironic. and in some cases proba ly in such a concealed form, thai it is claimed by some that nothing short of a destruction of all the live-stock and the buildings will eradicate it. Occasional cises arc now occurring in other parts of the city. The whole history of I hose cases illustrates the persistent infec�tion of the malady, and shows how delay by the interposition of legal obstacles may result in cut nil in ^ upon an entire city the continuance of a disease Which could have been eradicated in the start.

As there is mucb difforpneo of opinion as to the possibility of the spontaneous development of glauders in stables whore horses are over�worked or illy kept, it seems very desirable that the General Govern�ment should Institute a series of experiments and investigations for 1 he. purpose of determining this point. The disease is of a very threaten�ing character to the great iudustrles which so much depend on this class of animals. As, too, it is admitted thai stables which have con�tained affected horses, and all the harness used come to be Pomites or foci of communication, there is need of the most precise directions as to the choice of disinfectants and their accurate and successful use. It id doubtflll whether this can he left to owners or even to the m'lieml vet-

^^^^��quot;-quot;--quot;quot;#9632;#9632;quot;quot;#9632;^#9632;quot;W^^WWWiPHIraquo;

268 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

eiiuui'inn. it is bettor rather to coinmit il to those who uuderstaud nil the clotails of fumigution, [iihalation, and the washing and saturation of raquo;dl exposed sureomidinga ami inaterial.

Our experiences in this State for tlie past year with pletiro pneumouia, glanders, and hog uholera arc snflloienl to emphasize the itnraensc Im�portance of (dose investigation of all oontagious animal diseases by the General Govei'ument. There is need nol merely of hurried Inqulryinto allegerl outbreaks of contagions, and tho rapid application of methods of isolation, destruction, or quarantine, but of soieutiflo and laboratory Investigations and such skilled observations and experiences as will prevent tlieir occurrence. The notable results that have already oc�curred from the combined inquiry and insight of medical and veteri�nary experts into the general developinenl and life-history of these ma�rauding pestilences, is enough to assure us that our neglect will bo culpable, if we fail to protect our great conunerolal and Industrial Inter�ests by saving as far as possible the live-stock of our country from inva slous as disastrous as those of pestilence and famine.

TIlirillMASIS.

[The foll�'wlng artloloon TrlolilniB [tucl Ti'lchiatasls whbcoutrlbuted by Or. D. 15. Salmon, Chipfoftlie Bureau of Auiuml ludustry, to tho roport ol' tlio Goinmtsaion, of whlcti bo was u luutobor, nppolutcd by tho Prcsiduut to invostlgato ibe ooudltiou of the ewlue lutluatry, aud (bo pork prodnol lt;gt;i i!ilaquo;' rnii^il stiitis. It ombraoea the rosearclioa whloh have boon made In regard to this aul^joct hiraquo;',raquo;) ihis tlroe.J

EXTENT OP TBIOHINIASIS IK A Ml'.lilCA AM) 12UEOPE.

This .siilijciM being, iu the presenl attitude of certalu foreign Govera-meuts in regard to American porh prodnots^tbe unosl importaut of a II \\h; questions thai have received our attention, we have given ii a very care�ful consideration. The alleged frequency of trlchiuiasis in Ajnerican liogs lias been the reaeou insisted upon by the various couutrieH which have prohibitejl the Irnportation of such products; for, while it is true that oilier objections have been advanced, particularly in Prance, none of these have sufQcieut fouudation in fact to stuud (lie test of even a superficial examination. It is, however, not a question of the preva-leiice of trichiniasis here aud its absence in other countries, since this parasite has been found infeotiug the hogs and other flesh-eating au-imals in the most widely separated portions of the earth. Dr. Mansou examined 2^5 specintoDS of Chiuese pork and found 2 or ueaiiy 1 per cent, infected.* Dr. Wartable has described epidemics near tho sources of the Jordan resulting from eating the flesh of the wild boar.t and in every European country Iu which inspections have been made a very considerable, proportion of trichiuous animals have been dis�co veml.

Certain writers have pretended that the animals of France have never been affected with trichiniasis,} bat this couolusion seems to have heen reached without any investi^atioms. A large proportion of the rats of Paris were long since found to be infected,sect; and in IST!) a serious epi-demioof trichiniasis, known as that ofGr�py.en Valois, occurred, in which .sixteen persons sickened from eating the tlesh of a native animal.||

That trichime also exist in America and infest a small proportion of American hogs is a fact that must be admitted, but it is a more diili-cult mutter to compare the frequency of American and European Infec-

* Im)). Customs. Mcd. Report, Shaughai, XXI (1881), p.86,

I Lancet, August 4, 1883,

J.I. Chatiu i La triohlueot la trichin�se.

J Davaiae: Traitddosentosioalres, ifec, p,766,

jj Gazette des Hdpltanx, ITebruarySO, is''.).

J69

270 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS.

tiou Hian lias usually been raquo;upposeil. (Vmorican liogs have asnally beon examined by micx'oscopists laquo;im were competeuf tlt;gt; do the work and win) would noi overlook a single case, while in Germany*there lias been an immense number of inspectors employed (18,581 in 1881), many of whom were utterly iucompetont. An examination in is77 showed thai many igt;r the mi�x'oscopea were useless, that glasses used were too dirty to permil the examination, and thai some of the iuspectors were incapa-ble of detecting i lie parasite.* Even as laic as 1881 there were com phiinis lu regard to the incompotoncy of inspectors, and the continued recurrence of triciiiuiasis among people from eating inspected meats demonstrates thai these oomplainta were no! made without reasou.t Even the G-erman inspections of American meats cannot be taken as a tail- comparison with the average of their inspections of iadigououa animals, for the reason that our moats are examined In their larger cities and by their mosl competent inspectors, it is absolutely necessary to bear these facts in mind, in considering jihe llgures which are given as representing the results of the microscopic examination of American and European pork.

PROPORTION 01? AMi;i!t('AN IIOOS INFECTED WITH i't; K'll IN I ASIS.

The hogs In Dearborn I quot;ouiity, imliana. seem to be infected lu a largei proportion than any whore else in the country, or al least were in 1871. Drs, Harding and Kobbins examined 245 animals slaughtered near Lawrenceburg, and found thai 10,or HI¹, per cent., contained this para�site. This seems to be far beyond the average, however, even in this eenter of infection, for I gt;rs. ( oileh and Miller examined 200 animals at Hie same place and only found l-gt; Infected, or O.S per eenl.i:

In L8�6 Belfleld and Atwood are reported to have found 2 percent, of the hogs slaughtered in Obicago infected, and in 1878 an examination

of HH) animals at the same place indicated thai S per cent, contained Irichime.

i-i-om 1879 to 1881 Dr. V. S, Billing's, of Boston, examiiiod S^quot;. hogs, of which �quot;gt;17, or I per cent., were reported as containing Irichiine.

Igt;r. Deveron, of New Orleans, inspected 5,400 hogs in 1881,of which only 32, or 0.4 per cent., were t rich imms.i Of these animals �Lquot;.raquo; came from Saint Louis, and among them were 18 Infected ones, being .'i.-l per cent.; 241 came from Louisville, and 2 of these, or 0.83 per cent., con�tained triehimc : ist from unknown parts of the West, had bill 2 in feeted. or (). I percent., while the remaining -1,1 Hi, mostly from the South, were free from this parasite.

Dr. C A. Simpson examined 30 hogs at Atlanta, which were mostly

�Vlerteljnlmo�rlfl f. Gor,, Med., ifco., X.I'. W.N. p. 175-1S1,

t Loo, olt. WWH, |gt;. 345-351.

t A Report on Triciiiuiasis us obgervoci in I learborn Co,, Indlaun, In 1874. By Qcorgo

.sun..... M. D., Aurora, lud.

JRoporl of Amorlcan Mealtli Assoo., vo].7,p. 130.

CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OF DOMIOSTICATKI) ANIMALS. 271

from Toiincsscc, witlionl Hadillg any iufcclod, and Dr. 1J. W. Stegerox-amined 180 �t NasUvllle/roun,, all of which were also free. Dr. \\^,illiaiii Myers oxaiuined li'M bogs at Wan Antonio, Tox., fluding liicliimc in but 2, or (raquo;.() per cent. *

Dr, II. J. Dettuers linsoxamined from A.ugust to Decomboir, l.ss;!, for tlio Departraont of Agriculture 3,33) at Ohluagoj of whlcb 80, or 3.4 per ('('iii., wcic found to lie Infected. Of this Liuinber l,12G woi'e from miknown districts of tlie West) 46, or 1.08 per cent.) coiitaiulng tii-oliino); 50 were from Michigan, amoug whioli I contained the parasito: 831 were from Cowa, of whiob in. or 2.27 per cent,, were iufeotedj 50 were from Dakota, of whicli l was infootedj 620 were from Illinois, among which were 7, or 1.35 per cent., contaiuiiig ti'ichinm; 304 were (Vom Wisconsin, with but 2 infected, or tMifi per cent.; 350 came from Nebraska, having but l infected, or 0,28 per cent.) 100 were from Min�nesota, and were free from infection.

In the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture specimens from #9632;'iiMi hogs lane recently been examined, and of these 5, or 1.60 jut cent., were found to contain this parasite.

We have above the records of the examinatlou of 18,880 bogs from various parts of the United States, of which 517, or 2.7 per cent., con�tained trirliiinr. It is evidonl from these records that a considerable proportion of the hogs from some sections of the country are trichinous, while those from other sections are practically free from infection While il may be dillieull to outline the trichillic districts and to trace the infected animals to the farms on which they were raised, it is be�lieved that such a study would do much to clear up the origin of this in llielion.

In addition to the inspections detailed above, Drs. Osier and Clement examined at Montreal 1,000 hogs from Western Canada. Unding 4 in lected.T The I'Vench inspectors report the examination of 103,528 pieces of American meal, containing2,080,or aboul 2per cent., infected.}: The (Jennan inspectors, during the year 1880, examined 78,880 pieces o Ainericnu pork, of wlilch wo have record, and found 1,205, or l.lt;gt; per cent., to contain I rirhme : and in ISSI t hey examined 00,485 pieces, lind lag trichiiiH! in 2,11 I, or 2.6 per cent, s^

Taking all the examiuatious of American pork thus far made, both at homo and abroad, and we have a total of 298,782, during which trichina! were found 0,280 limes, being 2.1 per cent., or I to 48.

It would seem thai this number of pieces, considering the closeagroo-ineut between the results reached by American uoicroscoplsta over this limited territory and those obtained by the inspectors of Ameriean pork

quot;Report of Anioi'lcan Hoaith Asaoo,, vol. 7, p. I3tf-145.

l.\u [nvcfitlgatioii iniigt; (In- Purasltu In the I'ork supply of Montreal, 1883, page (1. t dial in, La Trichine et la Trichinoso, Paris, 1883, page VIT. ^11. Bulontjei'g. Ueberdlo Im Jahre, 1831, auf Trlclilnen und l'Munou uufcersnohtoii ScLwciuo. Viei'telJiihrsohrlfP, f. Qer. Mod., laquo;fco., 188�.

i nil iiii_apiraquo;^wi[iilt;i^

272

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

iii Europe,povhapa represents tbe condition of Amorlcan porls so far�s examined.

in Europe there are some localities where the inapeotions have shown a greater proportion oflnfeotlon than the average in the United States. AI Stockholm 2,000 hogs contained 58 infected oues, or2.0 percent.; at Tannefors 300 bogs oontniued 10 Infected ones,or 3.3 percent.) :iii(l in 112 Bavarian hams 3 were trlchinous,* while Dr. Ritie, of Linten, re-ported i infected ;miiii;ils in 11. or nearly 0 per cent.t In Prussia, where the only really effective inspection is matle, the proportion found infected with triohinre was, in 1870, 1 to 2,000; in 1S77, I to 2,800; in 1878,1 to2,000; In 1879, 1 to 1,632; in 1880,1 tol,460; in 1881, I to 1,830; in 1882, I to 2,050 | The nnmher of inspectors in 1882 is plaoed at 20,140. Several inspectors a( Urfurl wen' removed on aoconni of in-capacity, and complaints were made as to the condition of the micro�scopes. I udeed, il seems that t lie village barber Is usnaily trusted wit h tlie inspection of hogs in the smaller towns and villages, and that ho is required to make but three preparations from eacb animal.

Kreipienl Iv, or generally, the specimens tor examination are taken from the I la ms and hard muscles, where the trichina! are least abundant, instead of from the pillars of the diaphragm and tenderloin, where they are most easily found. Since; the great epidemic; of trichiniasis in Sax�ony ii seems to he admitted that these inspections are totally inade�quate, and in order to make them more efficient the magistrates have awarded sums varying from 13 to 30 marks for each trichlnous animal discovered. Asa result of the rewards, and possibly of the, fear ex�cited lgt;.v the recent terrible outbreaks of the disease in people, ail in�creased number of iufected hogs seem to have been discovered. sect; These facts, as well as the extraordiuary number of people recently infected from eating pork which bad been inspected, are su�icienl to demonstrate that large numbers of trlchinous hogs pass the inspectors without being discovered, and that consequently the Qgures given above are not a correct representation of the proportion of hogs which are infested with t his parasite.

In nearly every country of Europe lio^s have been examined and a certain number found to contain trichina', but the records do not seem to have been carefully kept : the data are not fully given, and there is reason to doubt the accuracy of the work. It is difflcult, therefore, to reach any satisfactory conclusion as to the proportion of infected hogs. We may safely assert, however, that no country can with reason claim that its hogs are free from trieliiiue, while, the probability is that Mu-

� Warfwlnge, Nord,Med.Ark., 1875, VII, 3, No. 18,

(Mi'issmM-, Sclunidt's .Tahrbtlober, No. 130, page llrf. Quoted by (Hazier Bopgt;, page (i-..

III. Eulenberg, ViiTtH.jidir.sclirit'f, f. Qer, Med., 1877 to 1883.

JDlspatohos of A. A. Sargent, Amerioan mlnlsteral Berlin, toState Department, dated October 86 and November 13.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 273

ropcaii hogs generally are Infected in a nuicli larger proportion than is at present admitted.

In some parts of Europe rats seem to have been examined more eare-f'ully than pigs; thus in Saxony one-half of tlie rats from flayers con�tain triehime, and 20 per cent, of all tiiose ciiughtare similarly infected; in Moravia sixteen out of one lot of twenty rats were infected, nine of a second lot of twelve were Infected, seven of a third lot of eight were infected, lu Klederling, a suburb of Vienna, seven out of forty-seven, and at Untermeidling two out of thirty-one were infected.* In France, where the authorities now deny the existence of irichimi' except as Im�ported, and where one of the reasons for prohibiting American pork is the alleged fear of scattering this parasite over the country,! the only outbreak of tricliiniasis ou record was caused by the flesh of a native hog; and the rats from the ditches and sewers of Paris, examined by Drs. (ionjouaud Legros, were infected in very large proportion; one lot of thirty-two contained three with triohime, and of seventy-two rats, live were full of these parasites,t

EFFECT OF THE OUBIN� PB�OESS ON THE TUICIIlN.i;.

If we admit that about 2 per cent, of Ameriean hogs contain trichi-me, it becomes a matter of the greatest importance for us to inquire into the condition of the parasite after it lias been subjected to the ac�tion of salt a sntlicient time to enable the pork to be carried from the packing-houses in this country to the consumers abroad. And here the effect on the consumers is entitled to more weight as a matter of evidence than those scientific experiments which are simply designed to prove the life of the parasite; for the trichina may soinetimes still be living but not have sntlicient vitality to develop and reproduce itself. Such trichi-me would he perfectly harmless even though the pork were eaten with�out previous cooking.

In France it is said in the report of Academy of Medicine of Paris, that 05.000,000 kilograms or 200,000,000 pounds of American pork pro�ducts had been consumed from 1870 to 188J without causing a single case of disease. And notwithstanding the fact that large quantities of such pork have been consumed for a number of years, the one outbreak of triehiniasis at Crepy, which was clearly traced to a French hog, is the only instance of the appearance of this disease among people that is recorded in that country.

In Germany; where it is the habit of the people to eat pork without cooking, triehiniasis among people is common, and it has been very frequently asserted in some quarters that many of these oases were due to American pork. During the recent terrible epidemic at Finersleben and neighboring towns. Dr. Brouardel, of the Paris Academy of Medi-

' In. (iluzk-r, Report on Trlohlnra and Triolihiiasls, WaBhlngtoti, 1681. i.J. t'liatin, TrlohlueotTrichinose, p, 153, foot-noto. tThfcsode Paris, 1806, ami Davalae, Tfciltdcios Ent��oalros, p, 765, �T.jl i) .v------18

274

CONTAGIOUS DISEASKS OF DOMKSTIOATED ANIMALS.

duo, went to Prussia ilt;gt; Investigate the origin aud nature of the disdase aud learn what lie could In regard tlt;gt; the health fulness of American pork. Not only tlilt;l lie lind that these particular eases of triciiiniasis were due to (iernian bogs, but such eminent and welMaiown authori�ties as Professors Vlrohowand Hertwig, who haveoharge of the pork In�spection at Berlin, asserted most positively that no case of trichiniasis in Germany had ever been clearly traced to American pork, although the people, as is their habit, persist In eating It raw.*

The so-called outbreak of trichiniasis on board the English reforma�tory sohool-ship (Cornwall has been inneh quoted as illustrating the danger of American salted pork, but when closely Investigated it proves tobe an illustration of jumping at conolnsions without evidence, as al�ways seems to have been the case wberctriehiiiiasis has been attributed to our meats. This outbreak of disease occurred between September 23 and October 23, 1879, and forty-three boys were attacked out of a total of two hundred and sixty-two boys and fifteen officers on the Ship. The idea that the disease was trichiniasis seems to have been an after�thought, for the only examination made was of the body of one of the boys two months after it had been bnried. Doctors Powell and Cory thought they found trichiuffi in the muscles, and concluded the disease must have originated from the American pork, which was used on hoard the ship; but no examination of this pork appears to have; been made, and we are not at all certain that English pork was not used as well. Fortunately, specimens taken from the corpse were submitted for ex�amination to that well-known scientist, 1 raquo;r. (Jhaiiton Bastian, and he pronounced the worms not tiiohinse at all, but a hitherto unknown ncm-atoid, which he classed with the genus I'ulodera, calling the species I'doilvra Nclif/era. Dr. Cobbold, who is one of the very best authorities on this subject, asserts very positively that the worm was the Pclodera Urcx, ami had probably invaded the body after death.t As this worm has never been known to exist as a parasite in the hog, the assumption that the disease was produced by eating pork is an entirely gratuitous one, and the further assumption that it was duo to the American pork is evidently without the least foundatioii.f

England has been one of the largest consumers of American bacon, hams, and pork, taking even in 1880 and 1881, when this trade reached its largest proportions abroad, live times as much as either France or Germany. Belgium has also been a large consumer. The C'omite con-stiltatif cPhyg�ne publiqm de France said in a recent official report that in order to determine the danger from the use of American pork they had recently made new inquiries in England aud Belgium. In England they were told that trichiniasis was so completely unknown that it was

quot; 1'. Bronardel, L'Epid�inlo do triohinoso d'Ermesleb�n. Bui. dol'Acad. de MM^Ptiris, 1883, |gt;. 1601.

i Veterinarian, l^s^l, p. i.

I Power, Wi H. Outbreak of Eevor proved to be Triohlulasis ou board Reformatory Sohool-ship Cornwall. Rep. Med. Off, Local Qov. Bd., 1870. London, 1880,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

275

never nientioiHrd, either in tlie newspapers, the hospituls, or in tenchiny inedieine. And this was also the ease in Heljjmin.*

We may (tone! tale, there tore, thatnofcwlthstandlugtlioeuomousquftu-tit.v of AiiKM'iean pork wiiieii luts l)eeii eonsumed in Bnropo, tliere is no reliable evidenee that any (lase.soi'triehiniasis have evei'originated from its use.

We can now eonsider more intelligently the COIlflioting testimony in regard to the condition oft he trichime in American salted meats when

they reach Europe, in 1870 it was stated in the German reports that

although a very coii.sidenihle iiiiinber of examinations had lieen made at Minden, no living triohlutebad been demonstrated in preparations of American pork.t This statement was repeated in 1.S80 by the same au�thority.:}: In France, Colin and most others who have experimented with the trichime of American meats have loiind them dead and inca�pable of produoillg any injurions effects when led to other animals. It

was also found that even slight salting killed all the triohinai within

two months, ('cilin concludes, therefore, that the danger from eating American pork, considering the time that it nuist have been in salt be�fore it can roach I'airope. is sliglil or inapprcciahle.^ Pourment|| and ('hating have contested these results, hut their opinions are so extremely radical as to lose mncli of their force on thisaccomil. It is not Impos�sible that in certain very rare oases the capsules containing the trich�ina' may have become so dense or so impregnated with lime salts as to protect the parasites for a longer time than usual against the action of the brine: but the complete innocnoiisness of our pork as demonstrated by its use on so large, a scale in England, Prance, Belgium, and Ger�many, with no cases of disease clearly traced to it, is the strongest: pos�sible evidenee of the destruction of the trichina' during the process of curing.

Dr. Brouardel, of the Paris Academy of .Medicine, who investigated the recent outbreaks in Ermsleben, has fuinislied new and very im�portant evidence on this jioint.** He learned that the meat of the dis�eased hog was chopped and mixed with sufficient salt to preserve it, and those who ate of this meat soonest after the killing of the animal were not only more severely affected, but their symptoms appeared in a shorter time. The animal was killed the 1.2th of September, and of those who partook of this meat ou the 13th 33 percent, died, while of those who did not eat of it until the ISth ami l!Hh none died. In fact, there was a very regular graduation ill the Intensity and fatality of Hie cases when they were classified according to the number Of days which

#9632; II. Bonley, Bui, del'Aoad. tie mod., Paris, 1884, p. :'.:!. tEnleuberg, VrtljUraoht. I', ger. mod., l-wji.

Inbsp; Loo, oit,, 1880.

*lt;i. Colin, Comptoa Rendas, xovi (1888), s�ii-'s.

IInbsp;L. Fourmont, Comptoti llendus, xolv(188S), 18ll-'13.

f J, Chditln, La Trioblno of la Trlobluose, Paris, 1883, L64-190. quot; Brouurdel, Bid, lt;!(#9632; I'Aoad. de mdd., 1883, 1601.

276

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

had olapsed between the killing of the animal and the eating lt;gt;lt;' the meat, it was very evident that the parasites were rapidly losing their vitality and their power to produce disease. \l. Uolin thought this was due to the effects of the slight salting, and M. Hrouardel seemed will�ing to admit this.

If, then, so marked a result Is produced in a single week by the slight salting which this chopped meat received, It is very plain that the high decree of salting to which our packed meats are subjected must be auf-licient in the vast majority of eases to completely destroy all triehimn and to make the meats perfectly safe. The question cannot be nar�rowed down for this reason to a comparison of the proportion of animals affected with tiichime in America and Europe, even if this were actually determined, which is not, the case, but it necessarily turns on the health-fulness of the meals of these count ries at the time when they are offered for consumption. And when the matter is viewed from this stand-point the very great superiority of Aineriean salted meats over even the in�spected German hogs is too apparent to be questioned by unbiased scientitic men.

In the latest discussion on this subject in the Paris Academy of Medi�cine M. Proust said :

The questiou Is not n dotoruiinatlon If Araovioau meats oontaln trlohiuie, but In what oonditioD tlieao briohiuvo are fomul; If they are alivo or dead ; If tbey are Inju-ricuiH or uol ; In a word, if the oonsumptiou of American salted meats is dangerous or not to the public health.

In this oouneotiou t ask permission of the academy to read a passage from a most Interesting letter that 1 received tliiraquo; morning from Dr. Gibert, a health offloor and distinguished sanitarian of Havre :

quot; In issi quot; says M. Gibert, quot;American salted moats entered largely Into the food supply of the working elass of Havre; but in regard to this it Is important to divide the oonsumers Into two classes;

quot; 1. The people Inlying American salted meat for family laquo;'011x10111)11011 always cook-ins; it ami never eating it raw. The inhabitants of the quarters of Eure and Saint Francois nourished iborasolves exolusively with it.

quot; �raquo;'. The worknidn employed in handling the packages of salted meat, who during fifteen years continued to eat this meat raw, MM. Bouloy and Cbatin could easily have seen in their walks on the wharves of Havre workmen breakfasting on a iiiiiuo of bread and a slice of raw bacon, eating not only the fat hut all parts of the moat. Any one could repeatedly see these workmen day after day, even when at work, eat�ing pieees of raw salt pork without fear,

quot; It is certain, then, that at Havre, for more than Qfteon years, hundreds of work-in.'ii consumed salted meats trichinoua as well as not trlchlnous, and never during this long period of years has a single- workman been Incommoded igt;y this food.

quot;No physician in Havre has seen a disease resembling in the least the Erinslebeii diseasedesorlbed by MM. Brouardel and Qranohor. Such an assertion demands some proofs which il is easy for me to give,

�' I would remark, in the first place, that if the meat consumed raw had aliected the

health of the workmen employed In such large numbers handling salted meats the directors would have soon discovered the vacancies In the ranksofthe workers. After

an investigation carefully made by me, ami which it is easy to make anew officially, it was found that never had there been a knowledge of sueli a fact In any of the large importinghonsea of Havre.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

277

'#9632;'I'lio wDikniuii, after thu arrival of tbfl PftHa savantH, took pleasnre In eating the pieces theiaselves that were pronouuoed triobtnous, so oertaio were they of their per�fect iwirinlcssneBM. And aeithsr during the stay of thesu geatiemen at Havre aor afterwards was there a single oase raquo;t disease, or oven a simple ladisposition^

quot; In theseoond place, l would romarb thatdarlug this period of fifteen .years we have

had no .serious epidemic of typhoid (over. That of 1880-1881, the only one at all serious which lias occurred in our cily, allected the quarters occupied by the well-to-do or rich people, while the quarters where the American meat was consumed siitlered very little. There was then no possibility of an error on the part of the physicians, even if such a gross error could have been eominitted.

quot;It follows, from the facts t hut I have just related, that the salting of Ainerican pork is siitlicieut to kill the trichime ; and if, in addition to this cause of security which has been experimented upon by the workmen of Havre for fifteen years, WO add the cook-inj;, OS it Is practiced everywhere in France, the conclusion is forced upon every one not prejudiced m advance that Aiiierican salted meats are ahsolulcly Incaplde of

prodnoiug triohiniasis in the oousniners.quot;

In the same disoussiou M, Leblano said:

The discussion appears torao exhnustedj; however, I ask permission of the academy to communicate in support of the note of Dr. (�ben the following observation. It was furnished to me by the principal meat inspector of Paris!

The veterinarians under bis direction exainined during six mouths In 1881 6,000

kilograms (11,000 pounds) of American salted meat per day. Sixty ihousaud kilo�grams were seized as trichhioiis, and a large part was shipped to England, During

these si \ nioiilhs the employes iiud draymen of the dealers in salted meats who came to the station ofBatignollcs ato meal in presenooof the inspectors uiiicli was noto�riously infected with trichime. Not OUC of them became sick.

One of these, M. R., employed by Caiman, II Rue Bergbro, was aooustomed to this, and look pleasure in eating the parts of the pork in which the microscope had demon�strated the presence of trichime. To-day, alter three years, be is well; more than this, having been received at Beanjou as n patient of our colleague M. Tillaux, for a fractured arm, .....1 having related his bravado, ho was the subjeot of a .special exam�ination ; his musoular i issue was recognized to be healthy, and no tricbinie could be found in lt.*

EFFECT OK OOOKtNO ON TRICHINAE.

If the trichina' of American pork arc destroyed by the curing pro�cess in a time much shorter than is necessary for such meats tobe shipped from onr packers to any of the consumers in Europe, it may seem superduotis to go into a consideration of the effect of cooking, and yet it is not wholly so. Under certain conditions it would appear that the triohinte do resist the curing process for a considerable time; and though these conditions occur so seldom that uninspected salted meats arc much safer than inspected fresh ones, it is still worth our while to inquire if perfect safety against infection cannot be guaranteed where ti reasonable degree of cooking is practiced.

There is some conflict of opinion as to the temperature necessary to destroy trichime, and yet the results of experiments do not dift'er so widely. Valliut concluded that a temperature of 54P to 56deg; 0. (I2!i to

quot; Bulletin de I'Academiede Mddecine, 1884, No. ti (February 6), pages SMI and 347.

t E. Vallin. De la resistance des I richines � la chalenr el de la leiiipeialnie ceu-trale des viaudes preparees. Rev, d'hyg., I'aris, 1881, 111, 177-188,

278

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED A.NIMAL8.

133deg; F.) kills most of tliem, ami that (Uio 0. (140deg; P.) is sale. Fied�ler's experiments show that triehime are quickly killed at (52.5deg; 0. (144,0deg; P.) Fjord's Investigations show that the interior of a ham weighing 8 pounds reaches 68deg; V. (149deg; F.) after boiling two hours and seventeen minutes; one weighing lo pounds, al'ter throe hours and six minutes; one weighing l-Pf pounds, al'ter tour hours and eleven min�utes; and one weighing 16 pounds al'ter lour hours and thirty-seveii minutes, Vailin found that a ham weighing 12 pounds had an interior temperature oft).quot;raquo;⁰ C. aller three and a half hours' boiling. These re�sults, therefore,correspond very closely. Hein* found that a L',2 pound roast readied a temperature in its interior of 69deg; 0. al'ter one and a half hours. Bupprecht observed that rapidly fried sausage only had an in�terior temperature of 53,5deg; 0., and was still capable of producing in�fection. Collnt had a steak weighing half a pound boiled for ten iniii-utes, when its appearance on cutting' was white, without any red points, it still contained living triehime, however, which, beiii};' fed to a bird, were afterwards found developed in the intestine.

The indications from these experiments are that while fresh meats may not always be cooked sulliciently to kill trichina', salted meats are almost invariably cooked for more than the necessary time. This con�clusion seems also to be borne out by the experience of people in all parts of the world. Trichiniasis from cooked meats Is an exceedingly rare disease. In the CTnited Slates, where pork in its various forms is consumed to as large an extent as in any pail of the world, and where more than one-fourlh of the hog product of the world is eaten, it is seldom. Indeed, that we hear of any infection among our native popu�lation, because the habit of eating raw meats, particularly when fresh, does not prevail. The few cases which occur from lime to lime are nearly always among Germans and are traced to the Ingestion of pork in some form, which has not been cooked at all.

In this connection Dr. Brouardel brought out a very interesting fact in his investigation of the epidemic at Brmsleben. ITo cases of disease occurred there, except with those who ate the neat raw. The family of Herr Heine, the mayor of Brmsleben, consisting- of live persons, con�sumed some of this same meat in the form of sausage on the loth of Sep�tember. The sausage was cut in pieces about 1A inches in diameter and was cooked by placing in boiling water for only live minutes. Not one of this family suffered in the, least degree, but the cook who ate a small piece of the sausage before it was cooked contracted the disease. Moil�ing for so short a time has never heretofore been considered sufficient to destroy this parasite, and yel in this instance, it undoubtedly pro�tected the consumers from the infection.

At the session of the Paris Academy of Medicine, January 29, 1884, a report was presented by the special committee appointed to consider

' c. llrin. Rop. of a caac of trtoliinlasis, with remarks on diagnosis and prophy lasts. Minli. d, Vcr. d. Aerate In Nled Post, 1888. (G. Colin, Snr los triohincs. Hiillctiu ilo I'Aoad. do mdtl., 1881, 843.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

279

(1)nbsp; the report of M. Brouardol in regard to his nii.ssion to lOiinslehen,

(2)nbsp; the coniuiimicatioii of M. (rraiielier on flic symptoms and patbolog-ical anatomy of tUo epldemlo of Brm^ilebeu, and (3) a letter ftom tlio niinister of COmmeroO asliing the advice of the aoademy in regard to the question of triobinlasls. In this report appear the following points of Interest:

A oonsiderablo lovoslou of Geituan rats lias been notlootl of late yoara aftor the freezing oftho Rhine, and M. Broaarde] no longer sees tlio same Bpeoies of rats at ilie morgue that lie formorly found tbere. M. Laboulbene iiiid M, Colin had oooasion tigt; observe f|iiitlt;! � liu'lt;;(' aumbor oftrioUiuoua rats iliiit bad been found in tbe sowers of Paris. Finally, we aro mIso Lnvadod by Hilaquo; triohiuin which penetrate France with the Qermau Imgn, which are Infected in tlio proportion of 1 to 1,000 to 1 tu 9_t000.

Without doabt wo do not know proolsely, solcutifloally, the degree of activity of the irichinto aooorcllng to the tluio that they have boon eaoystod In American meats, their vigor, the condition of the moat and the stage of the curing�desiderata which fhtore experiments can alone supply.

The siune ignoranoe exists In regard to our own hoga�are any of them trlchinons ? If so, what proportion? What is the oondition of those in the suburban zone sur�rounding Purls which, nourished like the raquo;ewer rats, may be trioliinons like them '

11 comains for ns to speak of the action of American salted moats in the protluotion of tlio epidemics of trichiniosis In Germany which have been observed at Dasseldorf, Rostoch, and Bremen, bui our information in this respect is entirely iusufflcient, and aooording to tln^ ladioations that M. Brouardol has already presented to the academy the exotio origin of thos� opidorulos is denied by several of the principal German siiviuis, and particularly by M. Virohow. OarGovernnaeut might address tlio Gorman Elmpire in regard to this in order to have offloial documctits; but the results of such an inquiry have for us, from the standpoint now under discussion, an almost secon�dary importance. If in fad we, like the Ehiglish and the Belgians, have boon free (torn epidemics of tricliiniasis altliouj;h we roooived salted tiieiiinouB meats and even fresh or slightly salted pork of Qerman origin more dangerous than that which comes iVoni Chicago or Cincinnati, since it had only to cross the Rhine and the Vosges, this is because our culinary habits are entirely different. Lei us remark also that in America it Is above all the Germans who are affected with triohiniasis�an additional proof of the effect of laquo;nlinary habits.

But already wo can ooDolude from the developments which precede thai no ease of triobinlasls having boon noticed either in ITranco or in England from the consumption of American salted pork, the itnportal ion of these moats may be authorizod in France. This decision lias boon reached by the commission by a vote of 5 to I.

At the same session of the academy M. Lanier presented the follow�ing table, showing the importation of salt-pork products for eight years, in kilograms:

Year.

TTnlted States. Elnfflnnd. Gormany.

ISTlaquo;...............................'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3,269,800nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,878,780nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;702,630 1 1,047,020nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7,890,148

IS77...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;13,462,078nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,880,005nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;094,384nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,078,806nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10,424,722

187S..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 28,102,290nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,434,884nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;921,107nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,814,437 |nbsp; nbsp;:il. 7!)#9632;.^,, T7K

187raquo;...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31,784,013nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,107,001nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,030,073nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,742,864 1nbsp; nbsp; :!.quot;.. (i7.^r., 1:) 1

1880...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;84,240,106nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,283,228nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8ni,17Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2,887,671nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 38,718,208

1881...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17,128,787nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;686,826nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;723,406nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,182,474nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19,710,231

1882...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4,(gt;11nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,109,870nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1,066,783nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,074,260nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8,244,623

188:i...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 62,806nbsp; nbsp;............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1,136,708nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2,001,779nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3,274,906

It follows IVoni this table that the importation of Atnericau salted meats, which had

augmented rapidly from 1876 to 1880, began to diminish in 1881, after the decree of FVlutiiiry li-⁵, 1881, which prohibited the Importation of salted moats (Vom the United

280 CONTAGIOUS DISEA.SKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

States into till the Fivnoli ten'itory. The 4,til I kilograms which appear in the year 188S oame ft'om a sioek taken from the warehouses Deoember 31, 1S8^. The 58,396 kllogiams of 18s;i were iutrocliiced after the prouilllgation of the decree of Noveniher yT, 1883, whioh removed the latoicllotlou.

The same gentlemau presented the following table, which shows the number of live liojjs imported into France in the years 1877 and 1882, and the countries (Vom which they came:

Coirotrioa.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1877. ; 1882.

licrnmny ...........................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;18,088nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1laquo;. IflB

Bolglum............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57,811laquo;nbsp; 1 OS, 710

Spaiii ..............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4.'j;i4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'J, 204

llaly...............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 00,301!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8,687

.Svvitzerhiml.......................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 904nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1, figlaquo;

Other coi mi trielaquo; ....................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SMInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 913

Total........................................................................ 140,294 �9, 148

in this oonnectlon he remarked, '#9632; ii Is then, today, Belglntn and Germany which farnish us the greatest number of living hogs. Is it not from this direction that there is reason to fear the invasion of tiichina' and trichiniasis ?quot;�

TEIOH1NIASIS IN AMEEICA AND EUROPE.

The uumber of cases of trichiniasis occurring among people in the United States is actually very small. The records of these have not been brought together in a thorough manner, but, as far as we have been able to ascertain, the disease has never occurred in more tliau three or tour localities in a single year, and during the last twenty years there does not appear to have been more than thirty different outbreaks. In none of these outbreaks have a sufficient number of people been attacked to allow of the term epidemic being applied to them in any proper sense of the word. Usualh but two to four people have been affected at a time, and never, so far as wo have been able to learn, more than ten. All have resulted from eating raw or very imperfectly cooked meat, and in very few of the instances had the pork undergone any preliminary curing, Sonic of the cases reported as trichiniasis were never demonstrated to be this disease, but seem to have been the result of poisoning by meat which bad been preserved without snffloient salting until It had under�gone partial decomposition. It has long been known that extremely virulent poisons are produced daring putrefaction of flesh, and the effects of these have been observed so often In Germany when sausages were eaten that they have received the, special natiie of wnmiyift or sausage poison. This does not seem to be understood by many Ameri�can physicians, and -so nearly every case of sickness arising from the consumption of the raw or Imperfectly cooked flesh of hogs In the vari�ous forms in which it is preserved is reported as trichiniasis. So that while it may be true that some cases have not been reported or brought

' Bnlletin do l'Aoad^tnie de M�deoine, 1884, pp. 180-811.

CONTAGIOUS �ISKASKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

281

to our notice it is equally true that DOt all the cases reported as trichi-uiasis were really due to trieliime.

In the debate which occurred in the French Senate .luue 20, ]882,.M' Festeliu referred to seven epideinics produced by American pork.* One of these so-ciiiled epidemics consisted of a si ngle case of the disease which occurred in New Y'ork. Another was the disease on the English ship Cornwall, which was at first supposed to be typhoid fever, and was only decided to be trichiniasis when a body was exhumed two months after burial, and worms, which the examining physician took to he trichime) were found in the muscles. Hut we have, it on the very best authority that these worms were not tricbime, and there is no evidence even that they caused the disease. The most probable theory is that they gained access to the body after burial. No tridume or other parasites were found in the American meat consumed on this vessel.

Another epidemic he referred to as having occurred at Bremen, in which forty persons became diseased from eating an American ham. M. Ohatln has mentioned thisoutbreakagainandagain, and insists that it is a demonstration of the dangerous character of American meats. The charge was so serious that it has been investigated as carefully as possible. M. Testelin does not give the authority who is responsible for this statement, nordoes he so much as say in what: year the outbreak occurred. M. Ohatin Is more definite, however, and says the disease was observed in I870.t Ee refers to the Tntitc (�h/ygi�ne Jiubliqwe et prirre, by fronst, published in 1877. as his authority for asserting that forty persona were affected at this place as the result of eating an Ameri�can ham. Bj'consulting the yearly health report of Bremen for 1875 we tind that no cases of trichiniasis in man are recorded during that year. There is simply fl statement that two tiichinous hogs (native animals) were discovered near Bremen. The outbreak of trichiniasis referred to by Testelin and Ohatin seems to have been one that occurred at llastedt, near Bremen in 1871, during which forty-two persons snllered, but all recovered. This epidemic was first announced August 15. and was caused by eating the liesh of a hog that had been slaughtered July 31. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of a piece of muscle from one of the SUfferers.J There had been a habit here, as in most other parts of Germany,of attributing all cases of this disease to American pork without investigation, and this may have been the origin of the story so industriously circulated by M. Chatiu. At all events, this is the only extensive epidemic of trichiniasis which is recorded as occurring at or in the vicinity of Bremen from 187.'! to 1877, inclusive, and there is no question but that this was caused by a native animal.

One of the other epidemics referred to occurred in Madrid, and an-

'Cliutin, La Trichine, Ac, p. 210. tctiatin, La Trichine, Ac, p. !(!quot;gt;. t Dritter Johresherlchl Itbei don off. Gtasttudheitszustaud, iamp;o., in Bremeu, In Jahre

1874.

282

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMBSTICATBD ANIMALS.

other in Liege, in Belgium! it la doubt nil if in either oamp;mq the trouble was traced kooni pork; but no tacts in regard to tlicm have yet been obtained. M, Oliatln, in Uilaquo; recent work on triohinte and tiichlnlasis, .states that

quot;.such i.s acluallv the tVcqiicncy (if trichiniasis in the United Stutes that the newspapers consider themselves happy it' they have but a few deaths to record each week.quot; Whether any one in France believes this remarkable exaggeration may be considered questionable, but still it is seriously advanced by a'soientiho man as a reason for prohibiting our pork. Those who see. the Anierican papers know very well that not only weeks but months elapse when no deaths arc recorded from this cause. And if it were not for our foreign population, who have brought with them their dangerous habits of eatlug nnoooked pork, Aineriea would be as free, from trichiniasiis among her people to day as is Prance.

When we examine the records of Germany, however, we And that, in Spite of the small proportion of infected hogs which they admit, in spite of the inspection, there occur a very large number of cases of this disease. In 1877 there were 1() in K�nigsberg, 1 in I'otsdam, 0 in lier-liu, 98 in Stettin, 1 in Oppelu, 61 in Merseberg, and �-! in Minden. In 1878 there were -7 in K�nigsberg, 8 in Marlenwerder, 102 in Potsdam, 50 in Stettin, and ,quot;gt;0 in Merseberg. In 187!) there were 50 eases in K�nigsberg, 03 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 82 in Berlin, 7 in Marien�werder, .'! in Schleswig, 60 in Erfurt, 7 in Merseberg, and several in at least three other places. In 1880 there were 149 in Merseberg, 83 in Erfurt, 4!) in Frankfort-on-lhc-Oder, .'! in Marienwerder, 21) in K�nigs�berg, and 16 in Berlin. In 1881 there were 3 in Marienwerder, 15 in Berlin, 10 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, an indefmite number in Posen, 4 in Stettin, 118 in Merseberg, and 58 in Erfurt. In 1882 there were �'{ cases in Berlin, 60 in Cologne, 4 in Merseberg, 4 in Ileiligenstadt, and several in Posen.* In 1883 the remarkable epidemic in Saxony occurred from eating pork which had been slaughtered and inspected in the town of Brmsleben. In Brmsleben 2.quot;raquo;7 persons contracted the disease, and 50 died.⁴ In Deesdorf there were 40 oases and � or 10 deaths; in Nieu-hagen 80 cases and 1 death. There were a number of other epidemics during the year, the statistics of which lane not yet been published, but we have already recounted sufficient to show that trichiniasis is In�comparably more frequent in Germany than in America.

Indeed, for the seven years from 1877 to 1883, Inclusive, the very in-coinplete statistics given above show that l,s;gt;rgt; people contracted the disease, being an average of 202 cases per annum. When in addition to this we consider that the United States is really the greatest pork-eating nation in the world, that, we consume more than four times as many hogs as are raised in Prussia, that a considerable portion of our population consists of (iermans who retain their habit of eating raw jxirk,

raquo;Enlonberg, Vrtljrscht. ('. gor. Med-.N. K , XXVIII-XXWII. t Dentsoho med, Wooh., 1884, No, 1. p.7.

CONTAGIOUS DISKASES OK DOMKSTIOATKD ANIMALS. 283

the woader ilaquo;, not that wo have a half raquo;lozen or si dozeti eases of fcriohi-niasis In n yt'ar, but that \vlt;'do not have niany times this limn her; nnd wesoe no way of ozplalnlug the oompartirtlve Immunity which our people enjoy except by the conclusion that our pork, even when fresh. Is not so oiudh more dangerous than the Qerman article as the results of micro-scopio examliiatiou thus far published would lead one to suppose.

ItKPOKTS OP BOARDS OF HEALTH.

The ooinmissionors prepared and forwarded copies of the following circular letter to the various State and city hoards of health;

With ii view ifgt; ascertalnlug the extent iigt; wTiloli iricliiniaKis nrovaila in the CTnited States, the following quastious have been foriaulated, ilt;; 1raquo;' addressed to the seoreta-rics lit' the various State and oity boardraquo; of hoall h,

As it is desirable that the report of the oommission should be presented bo Congress ;it (mil', I he audersigued would beg as speedy ii rosponse as possible:

1, I low iiiaii.\ cases of ti ich i niasis liavc ooiuet-otllO knowledge of.your board .' Please give dates as far raquo;s praotioablo.

S, In Inraquo;laquo;- many oases was fchero a mlorosoopio tdeiitifloatlon of tho trlollnic in the human subjeot and in thesuspontod moat?

:i. Bow niany ol the oases were fatal ?

Responses have been received from lliirty-niiie of these boards; of this number twenty-two give negative replies; they were as followsi Ala-hiima, Arkansas, Califoi'iiiii, Delaware, District of Oolumbia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Albany (N. Y.), ()liio,Penu-sylvania, Ehode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia.

The secretary of the State board of Alabama says that no case has ever occurred in that State, though infected meat has been reported.

The secretary of the health departmeut of Maryland says that after an exMiiiiiiation of the records from .liinuary 1. 1834, to December 31, 1883, covering a period of flfty years, lie finds ao cases of triohlnlasis reported.

The health officer of Cleveland, Ohio, says that in IHT^-'T.'J there were some oases of trichiniasis reported in tlmteity, but no deflnite record of tliem can he found.

OASES OF TinCHINIASIS BBPOBTBD.

Oases of trichiniasis are reported by the following hoards, vi/,: Oonneotieut,� Three in 1882, all from the same pork and at the same time. The suspected meat was examined by Air. 0. W. Chamberlain, of Hartford, secretary of the board, and others. No deaths resulted. Tllinois.�The registrar of vital statistics for the city of Chicago says ;

Three deaths (com trlohiuinsts have ooourrod in this city within the last tan years. Two of these occurred In Deoemher, 1880, and Hilaquo;¹ last one in Jannary, 18SS. There

was a inid'oscopii! tdontl llciilion in tlic two tir.st oases anil probably alsn in the last.

The secretary of the State board of bealbh says:

Botwoeu 1866nnd 1881 there had been sevon outbreaks of triohinltisla In Illinois, resulting hi elovoii deaths out of some seventy or eighty oases. Since 1881 there have

284 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

hccu two deaths In Cbloago; throe outbrealcB, resulting lu three deatbs, and some twenty-five or thirty ciisch in ISf.i, and one in Fulton County in 1884, details of which have not yet been reoelved. In nine of the fatal cases the disease was idoutltted by mloroaooplc oxainluatiou (if the human aubjeot, and of the suspected meat in all cases'

Joivn.�ThK Seoretary of the State board of healtb reportaas follows:

Since 1880, in oomplllug deaths, I have found :i recorded as from trichiuiasis; in 1880, S in Adams Conuty, probably geaulue cases; In 1881, 1 in Duller County, a very doulitfid case. None of the cases were Identified by microscopii; cxaininatious.

Maasmhmetta.�ThQ healtb officer for the State board of health for Massachusetts says:

Tlic mimber of cases of trlohinlasls that have come to the knowledge of the board are as follows:

Cases.

In Saxonville, Mass., February, 1870...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;!

In Lowell, Mass., March, 1870.............................................____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (i

In Framiaglmm, .Mass., Dooomber, 1878.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :i

In Mcekot, Mass., May, Is*:!...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1

III Wakclield, Mass., March, 1880........................ ....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

Total miliiber of cases................................................... HI

One death occurred in I he oullireak at Saxon ville.

lileiilillcation of trichina' was made in the fatal case at Saxonville by tquot;quot;¹¹ mortem, In the Lowell eases tricliina- were identilicd in thi^ pork, as also in the Fraiiiiiif;haiii

cases, in the seven remaining oases at Bocket and Wakefleld the evtdetloe was syrap-tomatio and by exclusion, i. e., inombersof families who had not partaken of uncooked

pork were exempt from Infection, The evidence, however, was satistactorv to the board,

Michigan,�The secretary of the State hoard of health of Mlobigan gives the following detailed reporl of ten outbreaks of trichiuiasis In that State since December, 1800:

I. A fatal case of Irichiniasis occurred in Detroit, Mioh., in December, 181)1). Upon

poraquo;i mortem examination large numbers of triobimo were found in the abdomen and

a lesser immhcr in the muscles of the leg. (Dr. Ilcnimn Kiefer.)

�.'. Five eases ocmnvit in I'mi Huron, Mich., in January, 1874, with 'i deaths. The cases oecuiTcd ini..... family, and were caused by eating salted smoked ham. (Re�ported by Dr. M. Northlip, Porl Huron, Mich.)

:!. Several eases of triohinlasls oconrreel near Flint, Mich., in the fall of the year 1870. Coses also occurred there in Juno, I87(i. In the last outbreak, at least, triohlims were feimd by microscopic examination ill the meat, and also in a particle of nniHcle of the leg of one of the patients. (The cases were in the practice of Dr. A. B. Chapini of Flint, Mich., now of Detroit.)

#9632;i. Five cases occurred In Otsogo Township, Allegan County, Michigan, in Febrnary, 1877. All recovered. All wore In one family, the members of which had eaten raw ham. Members of another family nte o small quantity of the meat, and were also

sick, but recovered without medical a I tendance. Trieliime were found in the meat by microscopic inspection.

�. Three cases, with one deal h, occurred in the city of lona, Mich., in 1878, In the

family of Mrs. Strunck. The meat waseaten raw. A microscopic examination of the

meat was made, and, 1 believe, trlchlmu Were also identitied in the hiiinaa subject.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Iain Informed thai cases, anil one or more deaths, occurred in the vicinity of lona, Mich.. In the summer of 1880, In the practice of Dr. II. li. lianics. Trieliime were toniid in the pork, and also, I believe, in the muscles of those who died.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Five cases and two deaths ocenrivd in the family of a Gorman named Knin-

sock. In Lausing, Mich., In the last of January, 1881, and the first of February, 1881.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 285

The 00808 wore in the practice of Dr. Dolan, of LftQSiUgi who hiis since died, (ireat mimbers laquo;f noii-CiipsnUMl trichimi) were seen lgt;_tv Dr. Qeocge E. Kiinuey, niyself, aiilt;l others in the imiscles of a boy who died. (I BtiU have slides showing the tiichinu)

us taken from the uiusolea of u person In the family who died.) Piirt, of the meat was eaten raw. It was not examined for triehiine; hut the hog was sick and was killed to avoid loss of the aniinal.

8. FivoenseN of triehiniasis oecarred in Viekery ville, Monlcalm County, Mlohlgan, in December, IHK). AH resulted from eating the llesh of one hog. Ou�doatl) occurred. The hoy who died had at different times eaten small pieces of pork only partially cooked by holding llieni on a- fork before the lire, lie had also eaten raw, on several occasions, little bits of sausage made from the llesh of the hog. Two others hail eaten the meat cooked, hut probably rare-doue. The other person had eaten raw a little hit of sausage, perhaps half an ounce, but the rest of what he ate was well cooked. Trichime iu almndanco were found in the pork, speoimons of which are now in this otlice. (Beportod by lgt;r. J. Tennant, Carson City, Mich.)

H. Fourcases ocennvd in January, 1881, in the city of Niles, Mich, due death has occurred and three persons are now serionsly sick. The pork contains great luiinliers of trichina', as deleiinined by observations made at Niles, Ann Arbor, ami in this otlice.

I'n it her details as to (lie five cases oceiiiiing at I'ort Huron, and also of the case at Detroit, are given in the published report of this hoard for the^year 1875; ami of those ooourdng in OtsegO) in the report of this board for the year 1877.

Such answers as I inn aide to give to the four questions asked by yonf Commis�sion have been summarized from the, foregoing particulars, and are givon with each

question, as followraquo;;

quot;Question 1. How many cases of trichimasis have come to the knowledge of your board .' I'lease give dates as far as practicable^

quot;Answer I. I am able, at this time, to send you facts conceriiing Itn onthi'eaks ol trichiniasis occurring in Michigan. In three of these the number of cases was not stated. In seven outbreaks there was a total of twenty-eight cases. The dates are given in most instances in the report accompanying this.

quot; (Juestion y. In how many cases was there, a microscopic idcntilicatioii of the tri�chime in the human subject and in the suspected meat ?

quot;Answers. In two outbreaks the observer did not state whether any inicroscopic examination was made. It is believed that the hnman muscles were examined In live of the outbreaks, and in each of them trichime were found; in three of these it is pos�itively known that tricliiine wore found present. In seven ontbroaks the pork was examined, ami in each of the seven trichime were found in tho pork. In the other outbreak, miorosoopio examination was made only of the muscles of the human sub�ject, in which trichime were found.

quot;Question ;i. How ninny of the cases were fatal 1

quot;Answers, In oueoatbroak it was stated that there were no fatal cases; In one out�break, where fatal oases occurred, the number was not stated ; in one outbreak it was not Stated whether any fatal cases occurred; in another outbreak, now in progress, one death has already occurred; and in six other outbreaks seven deaths were re�ported ; making in all, In which the number was reported, eight deaths.quot;

New �ferset/.�The records of the State board of New Jersey extend from January 1, 1875, to date, a period of about ulne .years. During this period but ono death from triehiniasis lias been reported. This was in May, 1881, and was a female. The method by which thtj diag�nosis was determined is not known.

Xew YorL�Thti following report is limiislied by the secretary of the board ol'health of New York Oity :

A few cases id' alleged trichiniasis have come to the knowledge of tho iioard, hut there is no record of the number or dates.

286

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

in two famllios, duriug tue pastalgbtoeu yeai's, tliei'e lias beou, within tljo knowl-odge of this boardi mlorosooplo Identlflotitlou oftrlohluiQ in the luiiiiaii sulijcct.

Ouriiij; the post t^n yoiirs livn deaths attributed by attondlug phyalolaua to triclii-niasis have been repovtod to this board : one in 1876, one In 1878, cue in 1880, and two in 1881.

The secretary of the boarclof bealtli of Brooklyn, X. V., saylaquo; that five

(jiises ol'tridliiniiisis have occurred in that t'it.v, of wiiicii a lull history may be Ibund in the proceedings of the Medical Society of [�ings Oounty for IST!raquo;.

North Carolina,�The secretary of the State board says that aneqtiiv-ooal ease of uiehiniasis occurred in Wiluiington, in that Slate, bat no inioroscopical examinatiou was made. It was in the person of a boy of

Ocrmaii pareidai

abituated to using raw ham.

West Virginia,�The health officer of the city of Wheeling' reports live cases�father, mother, and child of same, aged two and one-half years, and two females of oilier families. All ate of same meat�raw smoked ham�on March I, L870. No microscopic identifloation was made in the human subject.

Wisconsin,�The secretary of the Wisconsin State board of health says that some cases of Irichiniasis have occurred in Milwaukee, but does not i;'ive the niimher or diitcs,

CAUSE AND PBEVENTION of Tliieinx.K IN SWINE.

The worm known as the Trichina spiralis has no stage of its existence outside of the animal body, and cannot multiply or even remain alive for any considerable time, so far as has ever been ascertained, alter it quits its host. Every infected animal must become infected either by eating the muscular tissue of another animal which has previously ob�tained the parasite in the same way, or possibly by taking food which has been soiled by the excrement of an animal recently infected. It is generally admitted that eating flesh which contains the parasite is the most frequent,if not substantially the only, way in which trichinsB lind their way into the body. A few cases have been advanced to show that pastures and feeding places may be Infected and be dangerous for a con�siderable time; but, according to our present knowledge of the natural history of I his parasite, it may be doubted if many instances of this kind ooour.

When meat containing trichineB is taken into the stomach the capsule or cysl which surrounds the worm is dissolved by the digeslive liquids, the parasite is sei free, develops into ils mature form, the females are impreguated, and each givesbivtb to one thousand or more youngi The young trichiiia¹ penetrate the Intestinal walls and find their way into the various muscles Of the body, while I he mature worms, and doubtless many of the young as well, are. voided with the excrement. Now, it may Iraquo;' admitted that a large number of the mature parasites will be passed from the bowels before they have brought forth their young, and that if taken into the stoinacli of another animal the act of reproduction

O0OTAGHOU8 DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

287

would continue; but It seonas doubtful if enongb of s�ob mature worms would be oonsumed In this manner to cause any serious infectious. We do not know, however, how long the worms are aide to live outside of the body in this developed eonditiou ; If they can exist but a few days the dangfM' from tliem would be very slight, but if this period can be prolonged for weeks or months the clanger would be more serious, and we might have at least a partial explanation of the many cases of in�fection occurring wbere the condition of life among the hogs seems to be all that could be desired.

The young trlcbinte or larva' which are produced in such enormous numbers in tho intestines within a few days after infected meat has been eaten, and many of whiob are doubtless voided with the excrement, are practically Incapable of dangerously infeotiug grounds or feeding places. Tbese cannot reproduce themselves until they have found their way into the muscular system, and have been encysted for a time, so that even a considerable number of such larva' taken into the stomach would produce no appreciable effects.

In the present condition of knowledge the tendency is to conclude that by far the larger part of trichiuoUS hogs are infected by outing the llesh of some animal which has previously been infected in the same way. Tricbime cannot develop or live for any considerable time in the. bodies of insects, cold-blooded animals, or birds, and, consequently, the infec�tion must result fron) some of the warm-blooded animals, which either habitually or occasionally eat. llesh. Among these cats, rats, and mice are the ones most frequently suspected; but an inquiry into the condi�tions under which hogs are raised in the West, has led us to doubt if the infeotion could occur in any considerable number of cases in this way. Hogs are usually kept in grass (adds, where rats and mice are not common, and where cats certainly do not abound, and in no part of the hog-raising country is it a custom, so far as could be a.scortaiiml, to run the hogs in coru-lields, where there .would lie an opportunity of their finding rats and mice.

It has been charged that there was a custom copy;f feeding the hogs which died from disease to the well animals, and that this accounted for the trichi nous infection. After an extensive investigation, however, we feel authorized to state that this assertion is not correct. Such a practice seems to have been followed to some extend a half dozen or more, years ago, but as the contagioiisv.haractcr of bog cholera became better understood, and as the demand increased for the cheap grease rendered from such dead animals, they were more generally sold to rendering establishments at a price considerably beyond what they would be worth for animal food. The trichime of to-day must therefore be acquired from some other source than the hogs which die upon the farms.

The French and (lerman authors have not hesitated to assume that our hogs wore infected by feeding upon offal from the slaughter-houses, hut this assumption could only have been made in complete ignorance

288

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS.

of the actual coiulition of affairs in the hog-growing SQOtiotlS of tho country, rractically all of the hogs which go to the packiug-hoiisoa are raised npou farms miles, iind generally hundreds of miles, from any large city where offal could he ohtamed, and they are never fed upon anything but vegetable food. The blood and offal at the large pack�ing-houses is dried at a high temperature and sold for fertilizers, ami Is never fed to the bogs even in the stock-yards. The foreign microsco-pists have the proof of this in their own hands, if they would only give the matter a little consideration before accepting the absurd statements of ignorant and prejudiced parties.

During the killing season as many as (!(),(M)0 hogs are received at the Chicago stock-yards in a single day, and it is evident that it would be Impossible to furnish accommodations for holding this enormous num�ber for any considerable time before killing. Xow, the trichina' which are found in American pork are ill the vast majority of cases encysted, and for this condition to be reached time is required, and much more time than it is possible to hold hogs in the cities where alone offal for feeding them can be obtained. It is four weeks after infection before cysts are formed, and it is six weeks to two months before they reach the condition in which they are generally found by the microscopic ex�amination of our meals. While we know from our own observation in all the cities where hogs are packed that the animals are not fed upon offal previous to killing, we have here in the condition of the tricbime themselves the best and the most incontrovertible evidence that the animals were not infected by offal fed while they were held at the pack�ing-houses before slaughter.

It is evident from what has Just been said that we are unable at pres�ent to give a satisfactory explanation of the manner in which Western bogs become infected with trichina-, for the conditions of life, at least so far as we are able to see, appear in the vast majority of cases to be all that can be desired. The infected hogs must he traced to the coun�ties from which they come, and even to the farms on which they are raised, and the conditions studied as they exist on known infected premises, before it will be possible to give a solution to this dillieult question. And until this is dornt no effectual rules for prevention can be formulated further than in a general way to recommend that the hogs have no access to any animal matter except what has been thor�oughly oooked.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;*

SALT USED IN PACKING.

The salts most generally used in packing in the United States are the Syracuse solar salt, of which 2,600,000 bushels were manufactured last year; Michigan solar salt, of which 60,000 bushels were manufactured last year, and Turk's Island salt. Per rubbing hams either the ground solar salt or the Syracuse factory tilled dairy salt is employed.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS.

28!)

Some years ago the War Department of the United States Govern-uient caused some praotioal tests to be made by having meats paokod

with Turk's Island ftutl Syracuse scdarsalt. The meats Mere afterward sent to t lie ditt'erent forts on the sea-coast, on the Gulf of Mexico, and in the interior.

The result of the experiment demonstrated the fact that the Syracuse solar salt is equal in every respect for packing purposes to the Imported Turk's Island sea salt, and since that limlaquo;; the United States (lovern-menl has required that beef and pork packed for the Army and Navy tdiall be packed with Turk's Island or Syracuse solar salt.

American packers fully appreciate the itnportauce of good salt, and arc very careful in seenring the best brands.

The following analyses of American and European salts show that the salts used in this country compare very favorably with those of Europe!

SALT USED IXT11K tJNITBD STATUS.

I)lt;'H(M iptinn.


	A
	'/#9632; ,	- i


	f: m	v gt;4
		laquo;^
	#9632;:-	laquo;^
	#9632;:-

	o	s

Water,

I. Turk's Maud sea sail............| 90,700 ........nbsp; nbsp; O.UO

'.'. Syracuse, N. V., solar salt......' 06.004nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.093 !nbsp; nbsp;0.089

a. Siigiimw, Mioh., solar salt........^I 95.831nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.3SO inbsp; nbsp; 0.140

1. Unooln, Nobr.,soinrBBit........ 08.130 ........!nbsp; nbsp; o.OHi)

6.nbsp; nbsp;Kansas, solar salt.............. 03.000 ........1nbsp; nbsp;o.2-l(gt;

0. Hookiiiff Valley, Olilo, solar salt. 97.512nbsp; 1 0.234 !nbsp; nbsp;0.080

7.nbsp; nbsp;Potll Anso, La., rook salt...... 98.882nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.004 'nbsp; nbsp; 0.008

8.nbsp; nbsp;S\ raouse, \. \'.. quot; tootory flllod

0. 300 0. 330

1.560 1................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0.900

1,316 ........gt;........;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2,50raquo;

0.310................jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8,844

0.250 ................:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1.2O0

1.220 , 0. 180 ........'#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4.lt;.m

.......I........'.......;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2,130

0.782 ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0,880

1,203 : 0. 0211 , 0. 120 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0. TOO

dairyquot;....................... 87.883 .....

u. o:i7 o. 020

ANALXSES OF EOKOPEA.M SALT.

~ o

ca 9 '7. c5

-'3

5 w

^ ''#9632;

^ Water.

�. Lisbon,Portugal, Bratoropsoa

laquo;illI .........................nbsp; nbsp;07.076

10,nbsp; nbsp;Lisbon, Portugal, soound crop

sen sail ....................nbsp; nbsp;1)4. raquo;aa

11,nbsp; nbsp;Avrim, Portugal,iilratcropsoa

null ..........................nbsp; nbsp;!i7, 261

12,nbsp; nbsp;A-Volro, Portugal, aocond crop

laquo;quot;#9632;a laquo;jilt ...... ...............nbsp; nbsp;98.018

13,nbsp; Si. B'ollco sen salt.........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 04 072

it. Vellcka, Gallcln. rook sail.....nbsp; nbsp;00.230

15. Hall, Tyrol, rook salt..........nbsp; nbsp;91.780

10. Sch�uobook, Pruaaia, Saxony..nbsp; nbsp;05.400

17. D�rronborg, Saxony.......'..,nbsp; nbsp;02,643

IS. Artern, Saxony................nbsp; nbsp;84.885

traquo;. Hallo, Saxony .................nbsp; nbsp;112.77a

20, Krfnrtb, Snxbny...............nbsp; nbsp;88.841

31, Loulaentho]....................nbsp; nbsp;90.800

0,777 ........ ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1.538

3.161................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.471

1, 184 ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.046

I). 181 ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.640

0,111 ........ ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.373

0.450 ........ 1.36nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.720

0.090 ........ 1.36nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.100

0.080 ........ 0.41nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.730

0.719 0.307 ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.032

o. um uah* ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.06I

0,806 ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1.200

0.017 0.1149 ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2.093

0,080 ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0.004

0. 665 0, 045 ........

2,337 0. Onraquo; ........

0, 003 I), �ii7........

0. 105 0.800 .........

0.060 0,116nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5,07:1

0. mil 6.880nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0 800

1.310 3.400nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.890

0.470 ,.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2,900

4.700

...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8.O00

....... 6.400nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4.800

..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;O. IHK.

...... (I. I IIInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2,0011

quot;m.quot;raquo;! 1) A-

-1!raquo;

290 OONTAGUOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

AUTHORITIES FOR ANALYSES.

Annl.vscs mmilK'ml 1 to 8, of salts used in the United States, were made by 0. A. (ioessmami, I'll, D.₉professor ot'ciieinistiy iutiiquot; Massa-ohusetts Agricultural Oollege, aucl piiblislied in a lecture on salt and its uses in agrloulfcure, delivered before the State departuieut of agri. agriculture in Massachusetts.

Analyses 9, 10, 11, and 13, of Portuguese salt, is from the Mechanics? Magazine!

No. 13 is by Von Kripp, and is from Oestcrr. ZcilKchrift f�r lUry- %, H�tten treuen, 1807.

Nos 14 and I� are by Von Stoba, and are from Die ohemisohe Mitt' liciluiif/cit, Prag, 1880.

No. 16 is by Heine, and is taken from Knapp's Lehrhueh der efiemi-sohlen Technologie, 3d ed.

Nos. 17, IS, 1!), 20, and 21 are by 1/. Bnders, and are from the Archiv, der Fharmocie, Vol. 143, p. 20.

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENTS.

DISEASES 01? CATTLE.

Bjlaok-leo.�Mr. S. Woodsum, jr., of Wilkin uonntj⁷, Minnesota, writes a.s follows oonceroing black-leg in cattle:

I desire to give you my esperlenoe with the clisoaso known as blaok-leg in cat/tic Several years ago 1 lout quite n uuiuber of i licsc auimals, iimsi |y calves, but J have had a number of oows attacked by tbo disease. Ii lias Invariably been those that were fat that were taken sick. The first Indication of sickness la loss of appetite, stariii},' coat and lameness, very sensitive to pressure raquo;n the outside of shoulders, and very laborious breathing. A jyoal-niortem examination revealed the hind parts normal; the liver very black and tender and breaking Into pieces at slight touch : theairnas raquo;iigcM through the lungs, the heart, and the bear! case congested and tilled with black

blond.

The cause of tins disease, 1 am convinced by experience and observation, ilaquo; ovei-feeding, For instance, flows that were milked all winter, tmd were fed eight quarts per day of corn meal, Unseed meal, oatmeal......hvheal bran, went throngh the winter

without, getting sick ; but cows that came to the barn fat and dry, and were not led

anything bnt hay until after dropping their calf, when they-were put on the same

feed as those that had been milked all winter, were taken sick in every instance, Again, cows that came to the barn dry and fat. and received u daily ml ion of feed of the same quality as the other cows, bnl a much less quantity than bpfore dropping, and then Increased in quantity to the same amount as the ethers, got through with�out being sick.

My experience has been about the same with calves as it has been with cows. A calf that had been allowed to run with its dam all summer, bolngverj (at, was turned Into a Held where grain had been harvest eel anil a verj luxuriant growth ot volnnleer grain had sprung up, and it was soon taken sick.

Araquo; a preventive wc quite oft en read that saltlog twice a week laquo;ill prov( beneficial hut this never made any dlffereuoo with the stock in this vioinltj. from tbo fact that Iwasabout the onlj one thai kept salt where the nnimals could gei it nigbtand morning, and yei 1 lost as many, it not more, than any of my neighbors. I have ai-ways led more, grain than any one else in this neighborhood,

When Dr. Hurn, of the Signal Service, was hen', seine seven or eight years ago J described'^be 2gt;olaquo;2-mor^raquo;i appearanoe of an animal thai hati died of black-leg. He advised me to try drenching with strong salt brine, and I am happj to say that i ac�cepted his advice, und have not since lost either a cow or a calf, I'nt one-half pint of sail intoa quarl bottle, fill with wntor,8hake well, and give about half as the fltst dose ; in about an hour give the remainder, and (.....Iimu later repeat, Tbo fol�lowing day the operation should be again repeated. 1 iiave used this ret^edy In the

ta.se ofsick horses with satisfactory results.

Mr. L. B. Rowe, of Anderson Oonnty, Kansas, recently lost, eicbt head of yearling steers by black-leg. Writing, tmder date of August 8, he says:

I have, lost eighi bead of yearling steers out of n herd of one hundred and thirty-five

brought from Shannon Oonnty, Missouri, to this oouilty this seastn, The disease is

891

292 CONTAGUO�S DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS

oallod blaok-log, aud lean loaru of uo romeily from local scouroea. A utoer, appav. ₈ntly well yestonUy, at ovonlug was obsorvod M^-n-ino-ai^.n, mi dayllglil tins moralugltwasdowu, utTa. m. II was unable ions,-, and at S a. m, 11 was dead. On �uttiugtlie animal open various .la.k, bloodj spots were found uudor the skiu and Involving the tissue. The heart was seriously affuoled.

,Vn epidemic of black-leg prevailed among cat He iu Trego Comity, liansas, during the mouths of November and December last, [n the early pari of Decearber Mr. Bea. C. Rloli, of the above-named county, Lnformed the Department that over one hundred head of cattle had died of the disease in Ogallah Township alone. He bad lost eleven animals himself, o neighbor had lost .seven, another seven, and still others three or lour each. As to the post-mortem appearances of the disease, he says i

l was to-day called upon bv a ueig�bor to make an examination of throe animals wluol. hadjust died, of wbicli I send you the fbllowlug imporfocl report:

No 1 Uielfer oalffonr months old, still fed twice n day on milk and the run oi wlieat and rye. The llrsl symptoms were weakness iu bind limbs and small of back, .��, adragging motiou of bind legs when attempting to walk, When opened, the

blood was found discolored.....nsldo of both bind logs and eve, the lofl ktlney. ll.e

tisane which surrounds the paunob andlutostlnos was also discolored. The small in�testines and raauifoW were very tender and easily torn. There was uo hake. I be melt was much iullamed und bloody and very tender. Other organs seemed normal. YeUowish froth issued from the mouth, 2{o.2. V cow three j-enrs old and giving milk, Appeared well yesterday morning ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; in.,,,1 tsinkiioss discovered In afternoon, and died during la.-l uiglit. lUe

ftXn^t we lameness iurigl.......I log. which was umchiu.h......d at, stifle Join I

H v -re l� tho touch, On opening, f.......1 the wh......#9632;igbl hern very much in-

',. i- ,l,.sl, verv .lark aud bloody, and over righl kidney the same; tissues sur-

Z;,;' , -e^.ml.eallinie.ines.......b discolored, uu.....old baked, llverin-

hnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;m,,1 .tender thai 1 could learit eusilj will, my rtnger. About a quart ol

E/iwattldt the cavity of the body. The,.....-as no discoloration on

ft�nt pari ..r body. All other organs seemed normal. The animal was hve mouths

^ot^fluo large-grade cow, three years �Id next spring, and sis months goue

�n it Tbs cow did uol seem siillin joints or weak behind previous to death.

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lt; i.'loe' n m yesterday, at which time shewas first noticed

:r:;;:.....sr^l^the^gM^losUwe,.....onlaquo;.....i to the breast aud

These �arts were very much inllamod and Ihellesh .lark

' , , , , ' No discoloration was found on hind parts, back, paunch, or intestines.

tJhiu.aquot;:;;;:,::;;.: n...!.,....,.......iaii,_Th.,₁.,_lM,,e.........,.....ashak,.,..

Tho heart was clotted, and the luugs discolored and congested,

Mr. A. B. lIall,oeForl Meade, Dak., writes as follows concerning the ravages of black-leg in thai locality:

_v ,_liM,_!ls,. is ptovalliug among cattle In this county called black-leg, I laquo;afflined

two aidlls ahoni twelve hears after death, upon opening the body he blood

�.. alm-l all quot;-one. What, little was lefl seemed to have settled between he

^ #9632; M ' h und tissues. The ties,, was a little higher colored than beef, The Hrst

^ i, ml had a swollen shoulder, and when rnld.ed with the hand emitted a crackling

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;It was full of air-hubbles immediately ��der the skin, riio last stomach was

v'dn, almost baked. The small lutestluos leading to the last stomach ^re green

, h istanee of thr....... four Inches, Tho animals show different symptoms.

sLebe .....swolleuallover.somein......leg, and some not at all. We have lost abou

��,,,��,.,,,,�.. ,_lut yearlings are not exempt from tho discn^e and sometlmos oows aquot; attacked. It does not �take any dlfforonco as to whether the animals are

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 293

fnt or tliiu, native or thoroaglabrecl stuck. Tosoa animula sei m (igt; lraquo;^ exempt, The

cllseftSO Is very ni|iiil in ils work. An uniiiial thai Is appnvently healthy and vcj'v

lively in the avoulng may bo foandi dead the next morning. Oooaaioimlly ouo um-j bi' stitiiiit for three or four days, bul as a rule they lt;lie In a fow boara.

There is also a disease liele among eallle wliieli nlfocta their feet. The fool swells

between the toes, laming tho animal. In the worst eases the leu swells as high as

six inehes hIhisc the ar.Kle, iileerates. ami exudes a whitu matter. Sometimes the ilesli protrndosfrom those ulcerated places, li generally diaappears of Its own aooonl,

lint llie worst eases either lame for lil'e or kill the aiiimnl.

Cattle in Saline, Mitoboll, Phillips, Lincoln. Ottawa, mid other comi tics in Kansas suffered severely witli Uus disease during the past sen-son. Mr. Obarles IS. Faulkner, of Salina, Kans,, writing in December last to Hon..I. J. [ugalls, speaks of the disease as being widespread and disastrous in the counties above named. The following extract is made from Mr. Faulkner's letter, which was kindly forwarded to tbis Department by Senator lugalls :

Many thanks for your notice of ray counmmioation regarding blaok-leg among oal tie In Kansas. The Departmoni seems to have made no special Investigation of this disease. Losses this season will behoavy iuthaState. Overone hundred head liavc died in this eeiinly (Saline) during the last three mouths, and the end is net yet. Tosses from Mitchell, Phillips, Li�culu, and Ottawa are reported, I hopethol Con�gress will aid the Department In Instilntingn thorough hivestlgation of the subject, in order thai we may hooomo better Informed of the natut-o of the disease, Its oanse, and preventive measures,

CoNTAOiors PLE�BO-PNEUMONIA IN New jEUSEy.�Dr. William B. H. Miller, of Caiuden, N. J,, writing to the Department under date of November 10last, says:

On the 31st Ultimo I was silOimoned to visit a herd of cattle at White House.

Readlngton Township; Hnnterdon County, in this Slate. On the isi instant! exam-

ineil seme cattle on llie farm of Mr. George ('linn. Among Ins herd Of alionl 00 cows

Hound several Infected with pleuro-pneumonia. During the posl fonr months be

haslost '^ head. Soon after the lirst outbreak in the herd he had all llie animallaquo; ill-

ooululed. On another farm owned by Mr. T. W. Pldcock, andtenanted by Mr. Charles

Snyder, near Three Bridges, I Innlerdon Coiinty, is a herd of 85 COWS. About the tirsi of March lust there was brought from Bradford County, Pennsylvania, to Farminjrlon. N.,!., n oar-load of cows. Prom thisoar-lond Messrs; Pldoook and Snyder purohasod 13

head. Ten ofthesoaulmals were put on their rann mid three were sent 1o another I arm, The iiniiinils then upon the fiinn were nearlynll Inoculated, i'leiiro-jnieiinioiiiii broke out among these ten new arrivals, and soon eight had died. One was killed for the purpose of seonrlng Vims for inoculation purposes. All the remaining auimals were then inoculated a second time. There have been several eases on the farm since,. Unt 1 was unable to get the exact nnmbor at the time of my visitation. Every lot of fresh cattle brought on the place since have Immediately been Inoculated, bul out of every lot one or two animals would either die of the disease or be killed. Onan-

Other place Occupied by Mr. Peter PldoocU, where there had never been a ease of con

tagiona pleuro-pneumonia, a bull was brought from the V. X, Phlcooh farm that had

had the disease hut was supposed to have recovered. He infected this herd of 46 COWS, and 8 animals died before the contagion abated. All the ailimals were inoculated as soon as the disease broke out among them. On another farm, occupied by Mr. \V. 1 �. Ainmemiini, 8 or 1(1 animals died of the disease during the summer months. There are 41 head in one lot and 80 in another on Ibis farm. All have been inoenliited. There is one acute case now on this farm. The animal has been Inoculated, but Mil 1

294 COWTACUOIW DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATJ�D ANIMALS.

ahe Is siulriinK (Vom tionte plourogt;i)uouinouialt; ' *ii quot;till ntiotbei Innn, ownod by Sli'. Oftvrol ('. (learhai-i, six atilniftla have beeu uttaokoil iiud four Uave dlotl, All fchs other aulmals hara heon Inoculated.

Yim will obsorvo thai ovi-ry frosli cow bioughi laquo;m to these plaooa, if not, soon iuoou-latod, SHlForod with pluuro-pueumouta, raquo;ud thatvvhllo luooiilatlou prevented the ant-tnals on tinlaquo; finns fiuni dentil, the disease haabeeu reproduced in every llcesh loi in tho geauiue form, Icilllng most of those attacked.

Cause of abortion in cows.�Mr. Robori T. Burbauk, proprietor of Wbite Mountain Stooli Farm, Sbolburne, N. E., writes as follows, uuder date ofMarcb 24 lasl :

In 1879 fourteen of in}¹ herd of Hiirty-flvo tborougbbrod cows ahorted. During the next year I kept, strit-t watch over i liem, guardiug t horn from storms In summer and keeping tboai dry aiul warm in wlntei'i In order thai I might discover the cause of the trouble, Notwltlistanding my oara and watohfulness, dveofthe animals aborted the following year. I then frequently, with tinquot; greatesl care, exarolaod my bay ficlils. In two of these Holds had sprung np, from sood I had purchased for high-grade Westeru timothy, a rank growth of #9632;wild rye. und also weeds ahont twofeothigh, resembling what is sometimes called quot; wild strawberry,⁰ The seeds of these weeds

appearcA muoh like the seeds of timothy, i gathered so.......f the weeds and sent

tbOra to (Ue seed TnereliaMl id' whom I purcboseil my hay seed, stating Unit 1 was sal-islicd tluit, I had disco voreel in this wild rye and its seeds the cause of aboitlou hi my eows, and requesting him to have (he seeds examined and report, the result tome. He treated the matter with such indifference that I have since ceased to parchaae of him.

The hay out whore the wild rye and those weeds grew in the following year (1881) [ put in my young-cattle barn, ami did uol allow my eows to eat any id' ii. [have since raised nearly all my own hay seed, and last year only one of my 0OW8 aborted. This year all bavo escaped, I al ready have seventeen beautiful, healthy oalVOS. Their dams are also perfectly healthy and In good condition. Several y curs since I BKpressod the opinion that there must be sometblug In the hay similar to ergot that Caused this mischief. 1 have from time to time reported these fads to breeders wdio have called upon or written me in relation to abortion In their herds, and several have used eure in regard to hay seeds with good results.

I. not ice that the veteri narlans employed by the (lovcrnmenl to Investigate the out�break of alleged foofc-aud-moutb disease In the West state, that the malady is not the oontagions disease it was supposed to lie, hut was caused by ergot, in the hay. Now, if ergot iu the hay will quot; coutract the blood-vessels and retard oiroalatlou,''as re�ported by these surgeons, have we not discovered the cause of abortion in cows that eat such hay ! in my ease I feel quite sure that 1 have discovered a euro, viz,, feed with hay free ftom ergot, [do nol think hay seed from the West slionld be sold here until after it is thoroughly Inspected.

T�beroulosis.�Dr. J. A.Eice, of Liberty Mills, Orange County, Virginia, in January lust roportod tbe following oases to the Depart' mo ut;

Last simulier a young steer in our herd thai had been Improving so rapidly as to be the anhjeet of remark was one day fonml iipparently sullering with riioutimt ism, lie

continued to decline until sold. I afterwards learned that on being slaughtered bis

lungs were found very much diseased. In October two of our dairy cows (one of them very Fat) were, taken with symptoms very similar to those of the Steer�sepa�rating tlllimselvea from the herd, still'in the shoitldefs anil neck, loss of ajipoti te, 008-

tivonoss, rapid shrinking iu their milk, no cough, and no symptoms by whioh wecould

diagnose i iio disease. The decline lias continued without any special symptoms ex�cept those mentioned, aside from a great shrinkage In Resh.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

295

Vcsifidiiy wis slaugbtorod one of tba cows to see If we could no! (lud tho oause of the disease. We found the heai'tand linif;-laquo; very Inrge aud Bllod laquo;iili tnberoles. The omoatiira fult liln' ii hind, round cord, und was filled with tuborolos, in ftiot seemed tobe ono fcuberoiilous tntiss. We Ion ml I lie liver, Bjgt;leon, stomach, aud in lest Ines all lioalthy. iD.ontting Into the tubercles they presented more of a sarcoinatous appearance than of true tuberonlpslSi Tblnking the specimenB mlghl be of Interest to your vetorlnaraquo; rinn, 1 have boxed up thellungs and omentura and forwarded to yoiu'Departmouti and would be glad to bear the rosull of the examination. These cattle were all bred upon the farm. I have bred their ancestors on dam side for more than thirty years. They were superior dairy cattle,of line constitutions and ronmrkably healthy, I never knew one of theiu to beslokbefore. They were of ditl'eronl .'-trains�the sire of the cows was a Mazurka bull by Royal Oxford, of the steer a Miss Kirby cow by the Uhenisli hull Joe Johnston, [f this is true tuberouiosis, how did it originate .'

A clay or two later (February !) Dr. Eice writes as followlaquo; conoornlng the second cow:

Wo killed the other cow to-day, and round such a growth of fiingoid matter that I hasten to send apooimeus, believing I hey will aid your veterinarian to form a more correct diagnosis of the ooaes. Prom all I can learn aboul the steer, he presented similar growths. They are remarkable, and owing to the previous healthfulness of the animals, and thai of their ancestors on all sides, 1 am able, to form no opinion in the premises. Von will find myriads of small fungi growing from the larger ones�

Some much resembling mushroom growths. The Unit; presented very ninoh the con�dition of the one we forwarded yesterday. We to-day send liver entire, its preter�natural adhesions to midriil'and pectoral coat of stomach by fuagous growtbj a seo-

lion of rib and brisket, showing growth of fungi to the inside memlirane of the ribs ; sections of lung, peritoneal covering of bowels, onientnni, amp;0.; also a piece of stom�ach with growth growing from its outside coat. All of the interior of the ribs were covered with growths such as Hpecimens represent, and many with dark bodies hang�ing attached by long, narrow nocks to the membrane between the ribs, resembling hydalids, but the bodies were hard and llesliy.

There has never been any cough with cither animal, only a gradual decline with the symptoms given in my first letter, except that the ono we killed to-day was taken

a day or two ago with a profuse, watery diiirrhi'.'i, which was weakening her down rapidly.

Tlio specimens .arrived In good comlition, and, ai'tor examination by the veterinarian, Dr. Bice was Informed tbat the disease with whicli his cattle were suffering was undoubtedly tuberculosis. He was coun�seled to destroy sill remaining animals showing signs of the malady, and advised to thoroughly disinfect his laquo;tables, which should not be again occupied for a year.

Impaotiowob¹ tue manifold.�Mr. P. 11. Powers^of Wlokliffe,Clarke County, Virginia, statistical correspondent, recently lost some, cattle by a disease unknown in that locality. Underdate of February 18 last, he wrote the Department as follows:

1 have lost, within the past ten days, two three-year-old steers, affected similarly and so acutely Hint I deem It proper to report the cases to the Department. When first observed, which was about (1 o'clock a. in., each of these steers seemed suffering With violent, itching about the bend, particularly along the,jaw and aronml the eyes. So violent was this I hat they would run to the fence or posts of the. barn anil rub until tlie whole side, of the bead was made raw and bloody. Accouipanying this itching was a spasmodic, twilebing or jerking of the head sideways ami upward, ocenrring constantly, and at intervals of about a iniiuite. There was some foam about the

296

CONTAGIOUS DISKASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

mouth. Soaonte was the dlsoaao tlmt eaoh auima] was dead iu leos than teu Uourg. Ko oMier syaiptonia woro observed. Those stoera were in good ooudition. due was raised on the Pnrm, and the other bonghl in Chicago in Novombor last.

Later, on February 20, Mr. Powers again wrote the Department jfiv-injraquo;^- aclditiona] Information in regard to the progress of tliis disease, lie says:

I have .since lust another very fine animal withaymptoma Idontloal with the others. lgt;(gt;iitli eusned within twenty-four hours. These oattle were all in fine ooudition, have boon well oared for and linlt;l ncooss to water, and were fed on aorn-fodder and wheat-atraw, In faot, the mauageraent has been the sanio thai ' have given tny stuck cattle in the winter mouths for thirty yoais. The difllonlty seems to be that no evi�dence of disease or ailment appeals which is mil Iceablo nntil the animal is in extremis morlis, when all remedies would seem unavailing. A (armer living some ten miles from me in this county has lost, I undoistand, some seventeen head this wintor. As sinm as.l can ascertain the tacts I will report them.

On receipt of Mr. Powers' first letter, he was Informed by the veteri�narian of the Department tlitil lii.s cattle were suffering with impaction or obstruction of the manifolds from eating too much dry food, and ad�vised to give full doses of purgatives combined with stimulants.

The following deaths described by Mr. ,1. B. Warren, statistical cor�respondent of Books County, Kansas, no doubt occurred from acute indigestion or Impaction:

One of my neighbors has lost six lioad of oattle within the jniHt. ton days. They died within Iroin one to three hours alter the lirst aymptoms wore observed. I opened four of them, but found nothing wrong with any of the organs except the stomach and bowels. The inside coalings of these seemed as though badly eaten with lyo or some other strong substance. There was very little blood, and around the stomach it was settled in black clots. A foamy froth, rescmbliiifr thick, sliniysoap-suds, passed from the animal's month while antferlng from the disease. Before death they bloat, badly. All the animals attacked were in apparent good health and excellent ooudi�tion ill) to the time the lirst symptoms wore observed.

Oattle poisoned by vegetation.�Mr. George W. Oarleton,

Ga.voso, Pemiscot County, Missouri, writes under recent date, as fol�lows : Since the February overflow of the Mississippi .Kiver, a groat many cattle have

died, especially cows. They are iill'ecled with weakness In the loins, break down,

dragthelr hind legs, fall down and cannot rise, thrash their heads upon the ground, and die within two hours after being attacked. I assisted in the dissection of a two-year-old heifer that died within an hour after showing symptoms of the malady. Upon opening the stomach we found a quantity of an undigested root of a vino, that grows in great abundance here, known in the country as quot; cow iteh,quot; tnonpet-tlower, or cow-vine�/iigtimiia nulicuiiH. .Near the bank of the Mississippi Kiver, where, the enrrenl in the quot;back-waterquot; runs very strong, the soil has been washed off and the roots of this vine left exposed, and, being very lender, oattlo eat them ravenously. All the inner coating of the stoniaeh was of a very dark purple color ; on the spleen were found a few parasilie worms ; about two inches Square of the spleen was Inflamed and appeared to have been perforated. In all probability these parasites had caused the damage. Upon removing the skull we found a great pressure of blood, seriiui, and water on the brain. This was no donbt cansod by the aetion of the poisonous roots found in the stomach, and was the immediate cause of the animals' death. Within the last ten days several farmers have lost valuable oows, and all of them have eaten-of the root of the Hiynonia radicaraquo;laquo;.quot;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 207

Mr. J. (!. Knapp, Limoiiii, Fhi., wlio is the .stiitisticul agent of tlio Department for that State, forwards the followlug extract from a letter addressed to him by Mr. F. A. Ilendsy, of Fort Myers (C'aloosaliateliee),

Florida, in April last:

Some oattle have (U'oppod lt;lr;iil in this loonllby, numbornot known. For several years cattle have died Lore from this unknown cause, Sn far the oanso is a mystery. A fovr years ago one thousand or more animals died in I'm condition, All ages and sexes were alike affuctod. There is no lingoring; apparently as sound ns can bo and in a tninnto of time lifeless, Ii is nol oontngious�provails only in certain looalities. 1 have dissected the animals and examined carefully, bm foiand nquot; internal ovldeuoo of disorganization,

Mr. Knapp adds that the indioatioiis are that sorao very active veg-table poison is the cause. .Several very poisonous plants and trees, snob as the Ilippoinane and other Eupliorbiaoece, with the lihus meto-pium, grow liiere.

EOBSES.

Horses poisoned BY veamp;etation.'�A correspondent at, San An�tonio, Tex., informs the Department that there have been heavy losses of horses through a strip of country where the live oak, red and post oak, and the hickory grow. This district runs tliroii,t;'h Medina, Atascosa, Bexar, MoMulleu, Live (Jak, Wilson, and Frio counties, and ends about the boundary line of De Witt. The land in this district is generally of a sandy nature, and does not produce a vigorous growth of any variety of grass, though it is for the greater part of the year, on an average, a fair range country. At this time of year (April) there is little grass in this district, and stock have been subsisting partially, for some time, on acorns, to the eating of which the losses of horses are attributed. Mr, Duck, Mrs. O'Brien, and others, have lost quite a number of animals, and it is reported there have been some losses in W. W. Kubbins' past�ure, where stock has been placed for fattening. The horses, when first attacked, seem to bedrawn together as if in loin distemper, and appear to suffer greatly, virtually walkingon the tips of their hind hoofs. Then they gradually pitch forward, fall to the ground, and never get up again. The aftliction docs not seem to have any relation to the condition of the animal, as some of the fattest horses in the country have fallen a prey to the malady. .Mares seem to suffer most. Mr. Duck attributes the losses to acorns, winch are not only wormy, but were not so well matured as in former years. Hogs, however, have grown very fat on them.

Terrible destruction oe farm animals bt buepalo gnats.�

The losses of farm animals last spring in some of the Southern States from the. irritation and poison of buffalo gnats were very heavy. No deadly contagious disease has ever caused such destruction among the herds and Hocks of the Southwest as have these poisonous pests during the past season. Mr. A. P. Osborn, Wiimsborougli, Franklin Parish, Louisiana, wilting to the Department under date of May l� last, says: Fnllyone-liiilf ot'all the farm animals of tllispaHsll Iiavefallon victims totho poison impregnated by the bito of the buffalo gnatraquo;. Horses, mules, cattle, sbecp, and bogs

�)(

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

Imvo alike saoouubod (quot; the suourgo, mid there seems to bo ao nrbntomout exoopt iquot; lacalii it's whore the luaterlal to net upou has disnppeared oc boeu exboiiistedi Some persona have lost nil, others two thirds, and ho is ludood fortunate who lias saved half his stock, The dead carcasses lie bloating around lields and on highways, and nothing�imi even a buznard�will touch thein, ITiestonohai'lsingfroai these putrid carcasses is almost intolerable, and fears aro entertained thatapestllenoo will follow. On the SSd of (Vpril we collected partial statistics from two of tho nine wards into which tho parish is divided. As Car as we were able to ascertain the deaths In those i wo wards amounted, at that date, to ',i,ls~. Mimy individuals, in haudllug and skin-

niiif; the animals, have been poisoned. Some have already died, olliers will probably die, while still others will escape with I he loss of a hand or an arm.

Mr. Thomas JJ. Gilbert writes from Oakley, La., under date of June 20 last, as follows:

About the middle of April last a fatal disease broke out among cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheen in this parish (Franklin) ai|d the adjoining parish of Kichland. It attacked all of the ahovo-uamod animals almost simaltaneonaly, malting its appear�ance first among the cattle a few days after the dreaded buffalo gnats came in. The time for thobutfolo gnats to make their appearanoo hero varies with the heat or cold of winter. They came earlier in 1883 than 1 ever knew them to come before�say, about the 6tl) of March ; hut the. usual t imo is from the 1st, to the 10th of April. This year they came about the 1st of April, and in a few days multiplied into tnillioilB) spreading over the entire country, and no animal could survive their attacks many hours unless protected by smoke. They have a great aversion to smoke, and this is the only protection our animals have firom their ravages. Work animals are greased as an additional protect ion. The gnats wore more nnnierons this year than common, but not more so tlian they were in 1888. In this parish (a small one) about 3,000 head of horned cattle died in a few days, and about 300 head of horses and mules, 5,000 or fi.lllH) head of liof;⁸i a'quot;' ^,ls many sheep. The horses anil mules are still dying at intervals. In these the disease assumed the form of charhon ; it did the same with many cattle; and what is singular, the only entile, horses, ami innles that recovered were those that it attacked in that form. All those attacked in the other form of the, disease (i.e., without external swelling) died. Now, what could have oeeiisioned this dreadful and fatal plague among our domestic animals.' The disease appeared in a belt of country, say 85 miles in extent from north to south, and extended at least, that distance east and west. North of that line t here was no disease, and south of it there was none. How far west on that parallel the disease extended I do not know. Hilton the east, the liayou Maecni was (he line of demareatioii.

It is safe to say that the people of Franklin and Riehland parishes have lost inoro than $150,000 worth of cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and bogs from this fatal disease. 1 think that next year a competent mim from your Department ought to he sent into every county of Arkansas and Mississippi, and into every parish in Louisiana infested with buffalo gnats to study their habits, origin, and the cause of the disastrous effect they are yearly having upon the inhabitants and the domestic animals of the infested district. This pest is assuining such alarming proportions as to threaten the depop�ulation and abandonment of all tho high-land country adjacent to or bordering upon the overflowed regions of the Mississippi Valley, It la not confined to the valley proper, but the highlands contiguous to, and for many miles inland, are worse cursed

with the buffalo gnats than the lowlands themselves. I was born and raised here, Jim 1(1 years old, and never saw or heard of the pests until 1866. Tliey have OOmo With the annual over (lows every year si nee. and their ravages are so far extended over this region of country, and so fatal to man ami beast, that the continued oeenpiitiou of the eon n try Is problematical. Some deaths ami inany casesofeharhon have oecurred .among our people, both black and white.

CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OP DOMESTICATEraquo; ANIMALS. 299

Vatmous bemedibs and I'UKVKNTivilaquo;.�Mr. B.vi'ou L. Sauaclors, Turdy, Tciiii., writes as follows, ander date of April quot;gt;, last:

The new cligeaae which has recantly made its npTOnraiioe lunoiig oattlo iu Illinois raquo;ml Iowa prevailed among my �attlo last winter a year ago. [f taken in time it is

very i'iisy to manage, Strong apple vinegar, oraool lo sold, nm\ 1)1.....Uroot�a strong

decoct Ion or tincture, applied three times a tiny will euro It.

For swine plagne .'11111 fowl cholera; ISqual parts of soda, alum, and copperas, and one-tenth par! of blue vitriol. To prevent the plagae, Coed mandrake to the animals in their slop.

For murrain in cattle, Spanish fever, ami Inllacnmatloaof tholiver; Due-half oup

of lobelia seed, Ij enp of hlood-root, } eup inanilraUe. 1 enp wild-cherry bark,S cups dog-fennel blossoms, a piece of garget, or poke-root, tbosi'/e of a small ben's egg, to which add one gallon of water anil boll down to one pint, and a half of solution, This is,'i dose lorn grown nninnil, and if given intime laquo;dll generally eifect a cure in the

above-named diseases.

Mr. L. A. Cook, Milledgeville, Ga., states that twenty-five drops of tincture of aconite given when symptoins are first observed is almost an infallible remedy in any form of colic, lie li;is never known it to fail, and says that a second dose is rarely necessary. He regards it as the .simplest and surest of all remedies.

HOGS.

Breeds and sanitary conihtiox.�Mr. Henry 0. Mosely, Law-rence, Kans., regards our present breed of hoga and their sanitary condition all that could be desired, lie writes to the Department as follows:

I have traveled for fifteen years in fche groat hog-produolng regions of the Missis�sippi Valley, and have therefore no hesitancy In declaring that the sanitary condition

of swine is now better than at any period in the past, twenty years. Anil why? Be�cause the swine producers are provided with aeclimatized and better breeding ani�mals, anil are not now introducing new stock, wbirh I lie tanners all admit him been

one of the most prollflo causes of disease. The ruost extensive swine producers now allow their animals to range in pastures during the Biimtner months; feed them less

corn; provide, more and better woter; are wotohing them more closely, ami gradually reducing the rearing of this class of animals to a soionoe. The American hog is now, in ray humble opinion, all right, and the way to ooutiimc Its prosperity Is for the non-swine producers to adopt the non-intervention polioy, or bands off, ami leave it where it now Is, at the front.

EPEBOTS OF PBEDINGI SWEET POTATOES.�Mr. J, (i. Knapp, statis�tical correspondent for the State of Florida, writes as follows under date of April 10 last:

Allow rae to call your attention to a remark madebyj, M, Strickland, my corre�spondent from Putnam County, Which is new.to mo, lie says;

quot;It is thought that feeding potatoes (lo hoglaquo;) during winter is the cause of chol�era. Last year I lost all the hogs that 1 put on my potato ground, and this winter they came off in poor condition, with a loss of �� per Cent.quot;

Potatoes here mean the sweet, potato, Batata edtllil. The hogs are placed in the grounds to root for those that are left after the crop is dug. Those potatoes remain

300

OONT-AQIOUS DISBASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Rimml in the grouucl daring the wini.r, as there Is not frost aa�lolent lu many portions oi' the State toclosfcroy thorn If cUsoonaooted laquo;iili the vines. Can Hutu Im^ anything in these potatooa llt;gt; produce oholern '

Oholom oi affine plague is u purely ootttagious disease, and can lt;gt;iily be cointnnuioatod !lt;gt; the aulraal by coming in oontactwith tinquot; virus. Possibly sweet potatoes might render hogs more susceptible to the dis�ease than soiae other kind of diet.

Swine plague in Arkansas.�Mr. Felix G. Davis, of Grand Lake, Ohioot County, Ark,, writes as follows under date of March 5:

Through the kindness of Senator Qarland and Hon. J'. Dunn, of this State, I luivo received three ooplos of the Report of the Department of Agrlonlture for l^^-!, two of which 1 (lisfriimird in mv neighbors. I think a copy oughl to 1quot;^ In the hands of every Intolligeni fa rmer. The re pen huh swim' plague, chicken cholera, and oharbon ore of groat Intoroal tquot; us, especially the report on swine plagno, or cholera, ms it iraquo; vulgarly termoil. On this Die of Hie Swamps, or Mason Hills, ns ii is called, we are now being visited by this hog disease to an alarming extent. I'lne stock hogsthatin January were fa feand lieall hy are now dying on every farm, and those left are gener�ally |Mmi- in flesh, Bolng deprived of i heir usual range by an overflow of the swamps has no doubt had much to do with the spread of the disease.

SHEEP.

New diseaseA.5ioNlt;a lamb,�Some months ago Mr, lt;i. W. Marshall, Eokley, Carroll Oouuty, Ohio, wrote as follows concerning a disease which at that time was destroying a great many spring lambs in that locality:

We have a straugo disease among our spring iambs here this niiriiiK that 1 think should he invest Igated by the Department. They die when they are from three lraquo; five woeksold. Apparently the very best lambs in the flocks will be well, as far as you oanseo, in the moruing, and by night will bo dead. I'hey act as though they had spasms or ills. We have lost sis:, and some farmers have lost as high as thirty or forty this year, It is notlnallflooks, Just here and there. Sometimes you will And five or six lying dead at a time. I hear of it. in places all over the county. Wo cannot tell what the disease is, nor have heard of any remedy for It. Some olaim they got too mach milk ; others say that is ncii the trouble. .Some call it lamb cholera.

In answer to a letter of inquiry asking for further information as to the symptomsof the disease and the post mortem appearances of the animals tlitit had died ot'it, Mr. Marshall writes:

No more lambs have died sineo receiving your note, hence I have had no onanoe to nialu) a post mortem examination. However, a neighbor says he examined several, and there appefired to be water almut the heart, an mmsiial amount; the gall ap�peared dark mul slender, as though rolled np : stomach and other parts all ri^lit, as far as he knew. The lamb when first observed seems entirely helpless. It then has spells as tliougli alt'ecled with a lit: plunges about, works its ears and month, rolls its eyes and froths ul the month. The animals generally attacked are from three to six weeks old, find aro usually those In the best eoiulitiou. They live from six to twelve hours after the first symptoms of the disease are observed. Wo took our ewes Off good blU6-gP088, white clover, and timothy pasture and put them In a woods pas�ture, after wliieh -sve, lost no more lambs. My Observation has been that the, lambs that have died linvo buon those that have had the greatest amount of milk from their mothers.

raquo;

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 301

A pAa'AL local diseasb.�A fatal disease, wliloli is uo doubt local in its oliaracter, is desorlbocl as follows by Mr. L. V. Duprou, living near �a\ annah, (ia,:

A cltsenfie ilaquo; prevailing horo among slioep which sooms to lraquo;' poonliat tu animals feeding on the seaboard, The priuolpal symptona Is a swolllng on the ander Jaw, Tln^ swelling i-oiitiiins ;i Imt, watery �uid ; if opened and the Huld disoUargod ii will soon nil nnnin with Increased boat over the affected part. Diarrhea sets In, wbiob is soon followed by death. Sheep over three years quot;lit frequently die before diarrhea oocurs. The disease ismosl fatal to liimiis, thougli 1 have Known but two recoveries oni of hundreds of animals aUaollt;edlt; Sheep grazed in woods pastures seem as liable to the disease ;is those graised in the salt marshes.

GENERAL CONDITION OF FARM ANIMALS, L883.

A I.AHA MA,

Barbour.�I hftve aot board of the provalouoo of any diseases among liogs aud sheep during the year, and tbero lias been no epldoiulc among either horses, mnles, laquo;gt;#9632; cattle. I ostimate the value of all animals lost by disease at sect;8,170�except fowls�hoiug my estimate of Increase on the census of 1880, Our .State has established a department of agriculture, and will hereafter require statistics gathered by the county assessors.

Biili.�Some cholera has occurred among lioj;s and fowls, and not atuongslioep, bat the aggregate losses cannot he given. No atook-breeding here of any consequence. Nothing would pay better than the breeding of largo draft horseraquo;, and heavy im�proved cattle for beef. The ranne for stock is good for nine mouths in the year,

lihinni.�I estimate the value of losses among farm auiiuiilsand fowls in this county during the year, by disease, as follows: Horses, t3,500; cattle, |5,400; hogs, $3,000; sheep $375, fowls, ijji�OO; being a total of flquot;i,(i7,^r). This statement is derived from knowledge obtained from many citizens of the county. Horses and mnh-s have been afflicted with no special complaint. Hogs have died from cholera, neglect, and lice. A few sheep have died from rot, hut a great many have been killed by (logs. The loss caused by these animals is not included in the above.

Bullock.__Hogs and fowls are almost always affected by so called cholera. The only

disease incident to cattle is hollow-horn. Mules frequently die of colie,and horses of hots and gravel. Not one. horse in a hundred dies of opizooty when it comes around? but at least 10 per cent, Of the mules suceumh to it. It has always been brought liere hv traveling showmen. We have no fatal disease among sheep. I have lived at this place since liSTi', aud have, never lost a fowl of any kind by cholera or any other disease and we have some liens that are known to he fifteen years old. My wife has lived here over thirty years, and says there has never hecn any disease among poul-trv sinceshe can remember. We have no fowl-house j oarchtoken's roost in trees,and we never allow Iheiu to roost in the same tree more than three months fit a time. Year before last n niece of my wife lost all her chickens, and asked my wife to give her a start again. We did so, and furnished her with live hens ami a rooster. Those

fowls were carried a distance of 9 miles, and in less than a week's lime tliey all diedraquo;

Chootaw.__There have been some losses among farm animals, oeeasioned by disease,

hut it is Impossible for me to give anything like aoonrate data. There have been, to

my knowledge, several cases of glanders among horses and mules. Those cnses that

came under my observation were noi healed by veterinarians, but weio neglected and the animals allowed tlt;gt; die.

Clarke,__from my own personal knowledge and the best information I have been

aide to obtain, lam aide to slate llial no epidemic of any kind has visited the farm animals of this eoimly during tin' present year.

Chillon.�It Isvery seldom fhal disease of any kind ever prevails to any extent among farm anima Is in this county, Horses and cattle usually die of old (Ige, About lift V sheep were killed by dogs during the past year,

to/elaquo;.�Quite n dostrnol Ivedisease prevailed among chickens last spring. Seventy-

live per cent, of the young chicks died of It, The disease was thought to be caused by mites. There has heen no marked disease of any kind among slock. Several valuable horses and mules have died, some from staggers and some from colic. Hogs have done well mid are slill doing well where they have been properly fed. Our pco-308

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 303

pTc are turning their attention to tlio finer breeds of hogn. Hog oliolera lius not prelaquo; vailed to iiny oonslclerable extent this .yonr, tbougli nt least 50 per cent, of the hoga of the oounty (tied of it last year, li Iuik been prevalent In several neighborhoods In adjoining oonntlei) the past season, Stock comes to Quo porreotioD In this ooiiutj' and sheep-raising Is very easy and of great profit. The largest mule in the State wan bred and is still owned by Col. Thonias Patents, of this county.

COOSlaquo;,�No disease of a destniotivo character lias prevailed during (lie year ainoiiir cither horses, cattle, or slieep. Cholera lias destroyed 33J per cent, of the bogs of the county. I cannot give the number of domestic animals in the county.

('mi nil u ir.�There has been no disease of any kind among onr farm animals for tlio past two years.

CiiIIiiuih.�Hogs are more sulijeet lo disease in tills county lhan any other class ox farm animals. Uowcver, hut slight losses have oeenrrcd t'roin disease aniOUff anv class of stock (luring the past year.

Dallat.�Tha value of horses losl by disease, during the year I t hink will amount to about 15,000. 1 estimate the number of hogs in the county at 85,000. Fifteen Ima-drod of these have been affected by disease. Of the number thus attacked 1 i hink 80 per cent. Lave died. The losses among other classes have boon very Itirht.

/�'laquo;.//c/fc�The only diseases that have prevailed to any considerablu extent among

farm animals In this county the past year have been rot ami scab among sheep, A

great inuny fowls have died of a fatal disease called cholera.

. /ViihMh.�With the exception of u few cases of cpizooty the health of horses Uns been good. No fatal cases have oceuiTcd. Sheep are also in good health. Cholera has prevailed among hogs and fowls, and about all those attacked have died. I can�not give the number of farm animals in the county,

Gewewj.�Sheep valued at something like $700 have been lost the past year from various oaases. No widespread disease of any kind has prevailed among our stock during the year.

//lt;(//.�The diseases that have prevailed among onr farm stock (his year arc (#9632;(mi�llion, and such as are oftentimes occasioned by UCgleot and ill treatment. .Sheep die

of a lingering disease called rot by some, which Is regarded us Incurable, Hogs die of cholera, a disease which is also regarded as incurable.

Hemy,�No Widespread disease of any kind has prevailed cither among our farm

animals or fowls during the current year. Some few horses have died, but I believe

the loss was occasioned more from had treatment tliaii disease. A havo been raised in the county within the last twelve months.

Lawderdale.�l cau give yon no dettulte Idea as to the number of

freat many bogs auimals in

the county. A few cases of cholera among hogs have been reported.

/.((ktoicc�Hog cholera has been very destructive in this section this vear, havh,,, destroyed live-sixths of this class of stock. Chloken cholera lias also prevailed. lilind-stiiggers bus been very fatal to horses and mules. ] think the value of onr losses for each class has been about as follows: Horses and mules, |3 360' cattle f 1,000; hogs, $37,600; sheep, 1160; chickens, #1,500.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' '

Umcaiom.-'l cannot procure the data you desire. Thcrchas been no unusual sick�ness among farm animals the past year. Last year many fanners fed shelled corn to their stock without hay, and the result was the loss of n good many animals.

J/ocuraquo;.�Tlicre lias been no destructive disease among horses or other classes of do-mestlo animals for the past year or so. What is known aa cholera has been very do-

struotlvo to fowls. It Is a very common disease, especially among oblokens, �foWe,�No disease of a malignant character has (�wailed among any class of farm

animals the past year. A few cases of catarrhal fever have occurred among horses and mules brought from the west, ami Tennessee and Kentucky, ,�,,; they were at-tcmled wit h no fatality.

Mowoo.�The value of favm auimals and fowls lost in this county by disease the present year Is betweou |6,000 and $7,000, distrlbated among the dlffbrent classes as followlaquo;: Horses, 13,760j oattle, fS.OOO; hogs, flOO; sheep,#300; fowls, #60,

mmmmm

304 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS.

/';/,�('. -Donicsiic aniuKils in this oonuty have boeu remftiUably Uealtliy tills year-NodiaeRsoof an opldemio oliaracter Una prevailed among oiiher Uorsosj mules, oattle, or sheep. Cholera among liogs Imsprovailod to n oouslderable extent over an area of elghl or ten square miles, but tho loss would uol probaWy oxoeod two per oent. of the hogs iu the county. Cholera has also prevailed to a llko oxtonl ainoug ohlokons.

ffusgflH,�TGo onlysorlons loss oooasloned among farm animals by disease lu this oounty the preseul year lias been ooonsionod by oholern amoag hogs. Carbolic aold, whou given aooordlug to directions rooommeuded by youc D�partment, Las proved a n very olHoleui provontatlvo, and soniewhal ofo romody.

Slimier.-lun little disease of any Wud lias prevailed among farm utools the past year. More animals have eliod from poverty and bad troatmeul than from disease.

Talladega.�Vaxm stock has been unusually healthy the past year. Although hogs and poultry are never entirely fi'ee frona cholera, the dlsoaso has uol prevailed as an opldemio thlayear. A disease more fatal than cholorn Unlaquo; provailod among ponltry, having killert on two farms near us all tho turkeys and dnokaand about all tho chick�ens. The symptoms aro paralysis of the limbs and ueok, None attaokod reoovored,

IT^Jcox.�There has been no prevailing disease among horsos this year. Cadi.- have als., remained healthy. Cholera among hogs and fowls has prevailed to a considera�ble extent, and has proved quite fatal.

A II KANSAS.

4cfcaHlaquo;alaquo;.�Horses and oattle have been aflllotod to some extent with diseases inci�dent to them during tho year. The vain.' of horses lost will uol oxoood $8,000. Disease carried off oattle to tho v�\ltto of perhaps |l,60O, and hogs probably to the

value of |l,......#9632;

Ba-rfcr.�A dlsoaso generally known as blackleg bnsprevailed tosomeoxtonl amoiiR cattle. II is gunerally very fatal. Perhaps 100 head, valued at $1,000, have been lost by Ihe disease. About 50 head of horses have died during tho year from disease and o her causes,

CaJ/ioim.�An unknown disease, oauslug blindness, prevailed among our oattle. Sometimes It affectlaquo; but one eye, at othora both, causing oomplete blindness, Those thai svore nftbotod last year aro still Mind ami show no signs of Improvement, Chick�en oholora carries off about 30 per cent, of oar fowls every year,

CVaui/ord.�The only npldomlc dlsonso that has prevnllod in this county has been among hogs and fowls. In one locality a number of hogs have died with what is supposed to be cholera. They Inoltidod all ages. The value of the losses will reach

11,000, til..... h.......y 1 hove found two farms on which ohlckenshave been lost by

cholera, Olio farmer tells me that bis chickens commeuoo dying as soon as his Hook Increases to 200 or more. Cattle and horses arc very healthy.

Cralghead,�! hear of uo complalnl of the prevalence of disease among farm ani�mals except that of cholera among hogs, 1 think the loss will reach ono-thlrd of this cIhss of animals In the oounty. Bnl for this dlsoaso we would have had pork to ox-port,

yorslaquo;!/.�Cattle, hogs, sheep, and fowls have been unusually healthy this year, no destructive disease having appeared among them. A considerable number of horses have been affected with blind-staggers. All those attacked have died.

Drolaquo;! �Thoro has been no disease of any kind affecting farm stock in this oounty the past year. The number of hogs In the oounty lias increased perhaps BO per eeni. cholera has prevailed among ohlckens to some extent.

PVaraquo;*raquo;raquo;.�No contagious upldomio has occurred among cither horses or cattle tin-past year. A horse has occasionally died of hots, blind-staggers, and colic. Cholera has prevailed among hogs, bill not to any great extent, cholera boa also appeared in a limited degree among fowls. GaWawf?.�Thero has been no opldemio of any hind among our stock this year, houce

the losses have boon light.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 305

(irnni.�The only losses that have oooarrod from disease aiuoag om-farm autmnls dming the post year liavo iit'i'ii oouflned to hogs, and the aggrogato has boon so small llial il is hardly worth reoonllngi

llcnijifiicad.�No sorloua disease has prevailed among horses, tnules, cattle, and sheep in this ooauty during tbeyenr. Quite a number of lieglaquo; have died from the usual

diseases.

Marion �No eontagious or Bpidemio disease has visited any class of our farm stock

t lie pasl year. This is a flue ennui y for farm au i inn Is, and tln-y are nsn.illy healthy.

Uisiissippi,�Wo liiivi- been \^,ery fortunate with our fann animals the past year. Wo have had no disease of any kind among them.

l/o/i/r/n/iK;'//. -llurses have noi been aillii'teil with any disease of oousoqiionoo the past year. Cattle audsheeparo always healthy, A (Vw hogs hare died, aud a fow ohiokens have been lost by the usual disoasos.

Newton,�Oo far as I have boon able to iearu, I can state dial stock of all kinds in (his county is in a healthyoondition. There lias been ao uuuanal sickness among any class of farm animals for the pnsl two years,

P/iiiZiplaquo;.�[lorsoa and mules valued at perhaps $6,000 have diod during tin-year, lint lu inosi easelaquo; Ihn losses wen' oooasioued by abuse and bad tcoatmenl ou the part of laborers. The value of the io�sss among oattle will reach about $i,000, and thai among hogs bet woon $000 and $700, A groat many more shoop are annually killed b\ dogs than die of disease. The average quality of all farm animals in this enmity is low,

/'e^c�The greatest loss we have sustained from disease has been from cholera among hogs and fowls, Perhaps sect;,quot;,,01)11 will coyer the losses among hogs, aud |500 the losses occasioned among fowlri.

PoirtseH.�Neither horses, oattle, shoop, hogs, nor fowls have been visited bj any epidemic disease for 1 he pa-4 t wolvo months. We guifored heavy losses from hog el ml. era In the year 1882, It was estimated thai fully 26,000 diod that year in this county.

Praivie,�Wc have hiwl to contend against no disease among our fann animals the

past year. Fowls have been afflicted to some ex leu I, I111I 1 presume $300 would cover t he losses.

Pulashi,�Ai\ kinds laquo;d' farm nnlmals, inoludlng fowls, have been very healthy the p.asl year.

Saline, -Animals of all kinds in this county maintained unusually good hoaltfa In 18a2, and I lm\e no epidemic torooord as having prevailed among any class the pres�ent year.

Sharp,......\o disease worthy of being reported has occurred among hogs^hoep, or

fowls in Ibis county for several years. Some live or sis cattle have died in one sec�tion Of the county within i he past fortnight, with a disease resembling dry murrain, The disease, whatever it is, is noi spreading,

CAI.MiiHMA.

4laquo;mdor,�For three mouths past an epidemic fiosraged among oattle in this county.

The disease is black-leg, 11 at lacks those of the young slock in Hie best condition,

particularly those pastured In the Sierras during the summer. All attacked die,

The exact number thai have 1.....u h�i cannol be ascertained. Two of my neighbors

have lost 18 or 15 head each. No doubl noi less than 100 have died. Thoir average value would be about $15.

Calaveras,�[estimate the value of farm animals lost by disease in ihls county the past year as follows: Horses, $6,000j oattle, $7,500; raquo;wine, nominal) sheep. $2,000,

The principal disease among sheep Is scab.

Contra Costa.�Hotaea have suffered to some extent from pneumonia and eplzooty, and cattle from big-head or rotten-Jaw, A laquo;nod many fowls are lost from a disease

supposed to 1)0 enlargement of the liver. Stock generally seem lo be In good health, l'lacei:�T\w only disease that lias affected tiny class of farm aninials the past year has been scab among slieop. The losses from tliis ciuise have been light.

rgt;ir,i d a------20

306 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

Plumaa.�Aa regards dlsettsea of oftttle, tlxe only tlilugwo htiy aufferej� fVona lulaquo;* l)een black-leg. Only young cutIh�calves and yearlings�bftve been attacked by this disease. The inoviality has been greatest among thorouglibrecl stock.

,S'((laquo; I)i((jii.-�'\'Uv most fatal disease auong horses can hardly he explained. Wbon they ruu out tliey eat wliat is known as tillaquo; quot;crazy-weed,quot; from the effects of which

many of fliem die. Black-leg lias prevailed to n considerable extent among entile.

The losses have been lica\ lei' this year than ever hefoic. ilogs hiivo suffered sotno,

but not to the extent of other classes of animals. It baa been rather an unfavorable year for sbeep. Fofl Is have anffored with all the diseases Inoldent to them, iSofruio.-�There are no prevailing or contagious diseases iinioiiK- any of the domestic

animals in tills County, and I here are no losses to record other than those tliat might

be expected whore buoIi animals are ordinarily healthy.

(gt;,(/laquo;(�laquo;(.�rarm animals have bepn very healthy In this county the past year.

Sheep are the only animals that have been affected, and tin- value of the losses ill this

class will reach f5,000 orifO,.....I.

rlaquo;lifl.�Perhaps $3,000 laquo;ill cover I he value of losses among all kinds of rann ani�mals in this oouutj during the past year from the va riei is diseases w hich alVect I hem.

COLORADO.

Centoquot;,�raquo;There is nol now, nor has there been for the pasl two years, any disease of a general character among the farm stock or fowls of ibis county.

.l/e.flaquo;. - All limn slock has heeu reiinukahly healthy the past year; no disease what�ever. Can hear of no losses, except by accident.

iflrtHtlaquo;¹.�No disease of any kind prevails among farm stock in this county, lean-not learn Of the loss oi any animal by disease during the year.

CONNKO'I ICUT.

FalMd.�l givetho value of the losses of farm aniniiils in this county lor the year _;is follows: Horses, $5,000; cattle 82,50Oi hogs, 1300; sheep. $760j ami fowls, $1,000.

I4tch�eld.~l suppose 20 per cent, of the horses in this county were afflicted the past year with colic, distemper, or more serious diseases, und that one-third of those so afflicted died. Ten per cent, of our cattle have suffored with tuurrain, milk fever, tuberculosis, ami lung worm in calves. About one-half of those at talked died. Hogs

die ofsurfelt, cholera, amp;o, Ab.....all die that are attacked by disease. Sheep have

been afflloted with lung worm, tuberculosis, amp;o., and fowls with cholera, roupe, ami capes. 1 give the follow Ing estimate of the value of our losses for the past year, viz: Horses, |a5,000| cattle, $81,000 i bogs, $10,000 ; sheep, $976 j fowls, $4,500.

Nm tondoH.�There Im sheen no epidemic of any kind among our domestic animals

that has proved generally fatal: simply pink-eye among horses, and distemper to some extent among fowls. The losses have been comparatively light.

Jblim�.�Bni few losses have occurred In this county by sickness among farm animals. The cases that occur are of the usual maladies.

IFilld/mni.�Farm animals in this.....inly have heen a misnally free from all kinds of

diseases during the past year,

OKI..V W VKK,

New Caalle,.....Horses, cuttle, sheep, and hoes now enjoy an entire exemption from

epidemics, and the returns show a gradual increase in numbers. One deplorable fact. exists, and that is the large shipinont of calves to market. An ambition to possess

thorough-bred cuttle has seized some of onr best farmers in Kent County, and iin-ported cattle seem to have hceoiuc a necessity to a large innaher. The, Alderney and

Guernsey breeds arc favored. With the Investment lt;gt;f large sums of money In

quot; bloodedquot; cattle comes a greater amount of care iu t heir keeping, such as the feed�ing of chopped feed, meal, oil cake, Arc, when but a few years ago straw mid coarse

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 307

fodder worn about the only food given. Hotter cure in every way is now taken witli the iinminls, anil they aro furnished with coinCoitable sheds for inelement. weather, rumps in the luolosure with clean troughs iind pure water Instead of that which forlaquo; merly stood in the iniiddy, staguaut water-hole, and good clover lields for posture in-stead of the turucd'out and exhausted lands or wood-raugo, Our cows often n⁰ ^tothu pail at eighteen mouths of ageraquo; Instead of three years, as formerly,

.//((c/iraquo;raquo;.�No (le.siriiciive disease lias prevailed amoug any class of form animals in

this counts in the past year, though a great many fowls has been lust by cholera.

Bmfj/blaquo;?,�Horses hove been afllioted with staggers, cattle with blaok-tonguo, hoglaquo; with cholcr.i, sheep with scab, and fowls with oilulera. These arc thi^ most, fatal dis�eases, und Imvc destroyed horses to the value of {15,000; cattle,$2,500,and hpgs per�haps to the value of |1,000, The health of farm animals atid fowls has been good considering tho care given them.

Hinaid and O/Kraquo;(/c. �Horses, cattle, and hogs liave been alllicted with llic usual

diseases i lie past year. I estimate (he value of the losses al.....I as follows: Horses,

$3,000; cattle, $5,400; and hogs, $300. sheep and fowls have fomalned healthy.

Clay,�A gteal many cattle have died of hollow-born, bogs of cholera, and fowls of swell-1icad. Hogs to the value of |80,(H)0 have been lost, Perhaps the value id' fowls lost would reaoh {3,000,

Columlia, -A good many horses have died of staggers, brought Oil no doubl by snm-mcr past in ino' in sliadclcss ranges. Cattle have beeil lost, by tlllX, hogs from cholera ,'iiicl thumps, sheep from what Is known here as rot, ani! fowls from clioli'ra and sore-lli'ml, I lliink the value Of our losses have been about as follows; Horses, .$2 000 ; cat lie, s-III; bogs, k:!.~50; and fowls, |800,

Hade.�N'either fann aniiiialsnor low Is have hceii attacked by an.N epideniie or con�tagions disease during the past year. We have Inn little farm stock in this connf.v.

//irmi/a/o.�Some epizootic diseases have prevailed anionj. horses recently brought to this county from Kentucky and Tennessee. The malady is the result of a change of clitnatc.

EiUshorough.�] have not heard of I he prevalenoeol diseases among any class of farm animals the past year, except distemper, which affected a drove of horses brought in from Kentucky, But one animal died.

,/i(i7.-stgt;H.�H, is only at certain seasons of the year, ami in certain localities of the

county, thai farm nninmls suffer with disease, Our losses hare been light the past year.

Madison,�The principal disease among horses ami mules are colic, and si aggers.

These diseases cause quite a heavy annual loss. Hogs valued at |S,500 have died (luring I he year id' cholera and tliiiinps. Burned corn is a preventivc of eholera, it is said.

J/nHon,�-Horses, cattle, and hogs arc subjeol to SUoi diseases as colic, blind stag�gers, ami cholera, the latter being OOUfilied to hogs. Cattle in some localities are troubled with a disease known as sail lick. Tl Is manifested by a slow debility, and is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea. No remedy has been found for the disease.

Santa �oslaquo;.�A few horses died during the year in this county. A large number of cattle died in the spring of 1888, mostly from starvation. Very few hogs have been lost by disease this year, but more sheep than usual have died. Cholera has been very ilestructiye, to fowls.

Smno/Hic�Horses and mules die of blind staggers, sand, and colic. No glanders or farcy, but almost every horse that sickens of either staggers or sand disease dies. A great many cattle have been lost, ami fl great many hogs have died, I suppose of cholera. The same can bo said of fowls. 1 estimate the value of our losses as fol�lows: Horses, $10,000: oattle, |18,000; hogs, |8,300 aheap, sect;800) fowls |600.

308 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Taylor,�All l have been able to learn is thai a few horseflbave died of blind stag. gerg) ami gome hogs have died of cholera. There iraquo; but little farm stock in this county.

(iHOUdlA.

Ilaliltriii. � Wf have inure iniiles llian horses in this county. The only deaths among either class have been caused by colic. No epidemic has oceniTcd. There have been but very low cases of oholern amoug hogs. N^Tlt;i disease among cattle to cause serious loss ; a lew deaths here and there.

Brook),�Horses, eat tie, ami sheep have been generally heall hy. Tor t be past eight or toll years our hogs ami ciiiekeiis have died at a rapid rate from elioiera.

/)'i()7iT. �Only one opidemio of glanders among horses has been reported during the, past eighteen mouths, The disease wna bronghl from 80 miles west of here, and was conlined to one pnbllb Stable. Cattle and slurp have lieen healthy. About oiie-liaHquot; of the hogs and tv\'o-thlrds of all the fowls in the county hove been lost during the year by the cholera,

Camrfew.�Neither horses, cattle, sleep, nor hogs have been all'eetcd by ooutagious diseases thr past year. Cholera has destroyed n great many fowls.

Cnmphclt.�Ho destructive disease has s'lsite.d any class of our domestic animals or Cowls during the current year.

('(irn)IL � 1 am unahie tti hear ui' t he jiievalem'e (if*any epidemic disease amoiii; iann animals in i his county I lie past year, Cholera has prevailed among fowls, hut to no great esteut.

Caioosa......Hog oholern has been simply awful in this county this ylaquo;ar. No remedy

wjts et'lieie'iit. tun prevrntive measures were somewhat serviceablo, our hogs have boon singularly exempt from disease lieietofbro, bul we have been scourged at last.

I'litirlloii.� A few horses have been lost Hie past year by the usual diseases. The greatest and onlj loss from contagious or epidemic diseases lias been among hugs, caused by the disease known as cholera.

Chalhavi.�7$o disease of an epidemic character Imsexisted among any elass of farm animals in this county during the year Just closing.

Challooga.�Horses and cattle have been unusually healthy Ihe pasl year. A lew bogs have died from what was thought to be a mild type of cholera, but the disease

WOS not marked with its usual malignancy ami fatality.

Co6amp;.�The total loss of farm animals and fowls from disease in Ibis county the past

year will aggregate about $6,000. There has been no extensiv.....itbreak of disease

oxcopl among hogs and fowls, ami among these the destruction has not been so great as In many former years.

Coffee.�A fewborseshavediedtheposl season of staggers. Cattle have been healthy, though some have died from poverty and negiert. Hogs bave been atll icted with cholera, bul the losses have not boon heavy,

ro/i/raquo;(//.� There have been no losses among farm animals this year except from common casualties, old age, amp;c,

IhiiU-.� l think sl.tifiii will coverall the losses of farm animals in this county the past year from the various diseases to which they are suhjoct.

Dawson,�There have boon a less nuinber of deaths among horses and mules the past year thau usual, Thosamooan besald of cattle. Bog cholera boa been scry fatal

In some portions of the county, bul the disease lias not prevailed generally. But little a I tent ion is paid tothe raising of sheep,

Dooly,�-So\ a ease of contagious disease has occurred among farm animals in this county the past year so far as 1 am able to learu. Sheep have .sullered to some extent Iromdogs.

Early,�I estimate the value of the losses amoug Hie principal olossea of faj'iu alii-inal.s us follows for the current year ; Horses, ^'.2,000; cattle, sect;000; hogs, 11,000.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 309

Sfflngham,�With tho ezoeptton of im^s and fowls, all kinds of taxxa anitnala in this county aro in a lioaltliy condition.

JSmanuel,�The only epiclemlo we have bod to oontend with for some yeara past is cholera among hogg, Those anlmale are more or less nffectod with thlsorsome other disease every year. A lew Uorsos have died of sfaggeiw, and a good many for lack of proper care and attention. They are kepi on the range through the winter, and often die from liungoraud esxtosure, 1 estimate the value of horses lost at|7,500; hogs. *8,500 j sheep, JI3,500.

I', um in.�With the exception of n few cattle that have died of mllk-slokuess, farm animals in this.......ity bave enjoyed exceptionally gootl henlth the past year,

J'niiil.Hii.�There have been no contagions diseases prevalent! among farm animals since 1878. Daring that year a lion I an per cent, of all the lilt;gt;.i;s in the county (lied of cholera. A lew horses lia\ e (heel the present year I'roin neglect and had treatment.

Fulton,�There aru bill a limited uuinbornf farm animals raised in this connty for market, and 1 have bnt few losses to record, Our hogs were formerly aU'ecled with cholera, bnt since the adoption of the stock law we bave had no trouble from it.

Ciliuir. � 1, estimate the value of farm animals and fuwlalosl iu the county the past yearns follows: liorses, $4,000 ; cattle, $1,000 ; bogs^^OOOj 8lio6p,|2S5j fowls, $180.

Conliin.�This has been an excoiitionally healthy year foi farm stock. A few cat�tle have, died of quot; nmrrain.quot; or Texas fever, but SO very few that they are not worth

recording. A good many fowls have died from Ro-eallod cholera, but i; Is Impossible to give anything like a correct estimate of tho number lost,

Orecne,� I have no heavy losses to record as occurring among any class of farm ani�mals in I his eouniy. The year has been an average one as regards the heal Hi of farm

stock.

Uiihi-i-Kiilt;iiii.�\i\ apeotal epidemic disease has prevailed among our stock tho past season. The number of each class of animals has gradunllj' increased. We have moii#9632; hogs in I he coumy than al any previous lime during the past five years,

lln nils,gt;ii. -\ think about 10 percent, of the slioop of this county die annually of I he

disease known as rot, Abotli the Mime proportion of fowls die of so-called cholera,

Horn^-laquo;.�This has been a remarkably healthy year fur all kinds id' stock. Our peo-ple aro giving much more attention than fomierly to the care of stock, and I think the business wllln'titnately prove profitable, We have a climate capable of a variety of prodnotlons�corn, cotton, wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, vegetables, and all kinds of stock.

ffancook,�No diseases have prevailed among farm animals as epidemics; only s|io-radic cases now and t lien, conlined to limit ed localities, I huhs have proved fatal to sheep, and cholera and quot;soreheadquot; to fowls,

Jaohson.�Horses and cattle have not been seriously atl'cctcil with disease during the year. Hogs and sheep have snllered to a consideralilc extent with contagious diseases. Thousands of fowls die annually of disease.

Jasper,�I know of no disease existing auiong either horses or cattle. Occasionally a horse dies of colic and a cow from neglect. Cholera has prevailed to some extent among hogs. It is said it may be avoided by letting tlieiu have free access to salt and wood ashes.

./(W/h-oh.�The only farm animals atfeeled hy disease here are hogs. The cholera never dies out among these animals. Hogs aro dying now in almost every section of the county. Onr losses Up to this time will reach from 16,000 to $10,000.

LamMlaquo;,�Horses, cattle, und sheep are healthy. Hog cholera is not so prevalent as QSUal. Otie-lifth of all the hogs in the county died of this disease in l�8;i.

Mclhi�c.�With the exception of an oceasional case of colic, we rarely have any disease among onr horses. Cattle arc stddotn all'ected. Hogs die of cholera more or loss every year. Increased interest is heing paid to stock, mid tho amount now raised is double that of a few years ago.

Morgan,�Nearly all labor is performed by mules, which, I .suppose, outiininher tho

310 CONTAGIOUS DISBASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

borses font ugt; niic. No spoulal ditioaBe prevails amoug tbont. We frequeutly leso

m.'in.v hi)lt;^.i liy cliolcni, but Hm (liscnsc sim�iih not to btive visited tlii^L county iluriu^

the piist two years. Sbeep arc healthy. Fowls Id some looatltlea havesuft'ered tVom roupe and oliolora. Musoogec,�This Isuot a Btook-raiaiug eonnty, and I have noropoi'l to make relative

to iliseasos.

iiidiuT.�Cattle are iVenuentl.v attacked with bloody murrain and sboep with foot-rot. Hogs ami Cowls suiter to a greater or less extent every year with oliolora.

Pickons,�The greatest losses among oattlo in this county are oansod by murrain and dislem|rer, Clnileia anil quinsy prevail amoug hogs, ami cholera among chickens. 1 estimate the value of our losses in fowls alone at 9100,000.

IJ nil mnraquo;.�No eon tag ions diseases a re prevalent among either horses, cat tie, or sheep. Kecently the hograquo; in many localities have boon attacked with cholera. Which seems to he uuusually fatal, The chlckeua arc being decimated in entire neighborhoods by i he same disease.

Bookdale,�Horses, mules, and cattle have been alfeoted with uo rinnsual diseases the past year. Hogs and fowls, however, annually die in great nninhors of llic dis�ease known as cholera. Our stock has wonderfully improved under the no-fence lawi which lias been in operation in the couniy two years.

Talbot, � Domi'stie animals of all classes have been unusually I'Xeinpl from diseaso the cnrrenl year. Some cholera lias prevailed among chickens, which la generally chccUcd by patting them lip, a few together, ami destroying the dead. Much atten�tion i.s being paid to improvemenl In the breeds of cattle. We have the Jersey fever,

rac-j'fliJ.�Horses are generally lost by poverty, or some disease Induced by Ill-treatlaquo; menl. lint lit tie, small grain Is raised, and 1 hi; animals are fed on chaff, weevil-eaten corn,and poor fodder, which the horses cannot assimilate. The most of the work is performed by mules, and of course the losses are great er among this class. Perhaps the valuo of those losses will reach $3,500 annually. No contagious diseases among cattle. What we term cholera causes heavy losses in poultrj'. About mire in live years it almost annihilates the chickens.

Thotnaa, � Itlaek-longne or innrrain occasionally carries off a few head of entile. Blind staggers Is about the only destructive diseaso to horses and mules, Cholera and sorehead are the diseases which .#9632;iiillct fowls.

Tnniji.�No disease has prevailed among our stock during tho pasl year�at least the losses have been so light as not to he worthy of record.

Union......Distemper is the only disease existing among horses, but I have heard of

no donths resulting. Milk-sick lias prevailed to some extent among cattle, This is

caused by a niineral poison, and iseonl'med to particular localities.

M raquo;.#9632;.7ii/;i//lt;gt;;i.---Ndt mm h disease among domestic animals In this county. Have no means of aecnrlng correct data.

Webster,�An epidemic prevailed among cattle In the northern portion of this comity

in .March last, ll proved latal in almost every case. I'lie disease wasnol idenlilied.

There was inllnm mat i......I' the in lest mes, hlack. watery diseharges, loss of appetltCi

and death within a lew days.

While.�The mi ly contagions disease that has prevailed among onr farm stoek is

hog cholera. 1 suppose hogs to the value of $3,000 or |3,000 have been lost by this

disease.

IliltiH.�Horses and mules suffer more l Vom short rations than anything else. Hogs are healthy, and on the Increase. Sheep snlfer only from dogs.

Uitytli.�staggerraquo; is about theonly disease' affecting horses. Those attacked scarcely ever recover, fhe cattle are of the set ob kind. They are generally brought from Texas to graze on our mesqull grass. A great many of them die from exposure in Severe weather. We have had no rain slnceJnne, The grass is dead, and the cattle look very weak. No disease among hogs. The breed islbe bottle-nose, piney woods, rooter or razor hiuli.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 311

AihiniH.�With tin'oxcopl ion of a few lt;^,hlaquo;()s of pink-cyi' in liorsi's, no disOdSQ of ii so-

rloua ohoraotei ban provalied Rrtuoug auy oIdms of doinestlo uiiiuiiils in tlii.s county tlio past year.

Ildoiic. � During Hie past year all Uinds cit' farm aniaialraquo; liavorcinaincil very licallliy. The ouly dlsoaao worthy nf nods Is ohlokou obolura. This has been very fatal In maay oasesi No remedy iraquo; known.

Carroll.�The largest stook-shlpper in the county lufornia nie thai he has never known a time when all kinds of t'arni animals worn ho free fl'oiu disease as at presenti I give the losses for the year as follows : llorsesj jil^-2,.quot;^lt;47 ; oatl le, $11,131; hogs, $4,463; sheep, $604.

ChrMlan,�About5 percent, of the horses ami cattle of thisoonnty are annually lost lgt;,v sickness, aooidents, amp;o, Twenty-flve per cent, of the hogs and 85 per cent, of

the fowls of the county generally die of some disease Inoldout to them,

('lark.�The assessor's returns for this county give the value of the losses of farm

animals for the past year as follows; Horses, sect;15,TH ; cattle, sect;4,'2',tl; bogs, $5,805 ) sheep, $1,378.

Olinton.�The following is the most accurate catluiato 1 ran give of the value of the losses among farm animals in (his county for the past year, viz: Horses, $15,669 j cattle, $4,969; hogs, $7,098; sheep, $1,398; fowls, $384.

Crmvfnrd.�Many hogs have died of so-called cholera. Losses of all classes cd' do�mestic animals tor the year; Horses, $1,386| cattle, $6,000; hogs, $18,900; sheep, $3,600.

('iniihirliiiid.�Farm animals have been in better health tlie past year than asnal. I think the following estimate will cover Hie value of los.ses among all classes as weil

as fowls; Horses, $8,000; cattle,$450; bogs,$5,000; sheep, $8,000; fowls,$400, There has been some distemper among horses.

De Kalb,�Farm animals have enjoyod remarkably good health this year. 1 think the aggregate value of the losses will hoi exceed $4,000.

Edgar.�Colic, Ixds, distemper, A-e., occasionally cause the death of a horse. There is no general disease among cattle and but little among hogs. The following is an estimate of tins value of the los.ses among the various classes: 1 lor.scs, $12,000; cattle, $5,000; hogs, $3,000; sheep, $300; fowls, $1,000.

Edwards,�Hogs to the value of $8,000 or $9,000 have boon lost the past year by

farmers of this county. A lew horses and cattle have also died of diseases incident to them.

Fniiikliii.�Aside from the ravages caused by hog cholera, 1 have no losses to record among other farm animals. The value of the losses caused by theabove disease will reach $3,000,

Fulton,�Hog cholera prevails in the county, and many cases have terminated fatally. No other class id'animals seems to he seriously affected,

Oallatln.�Perhaps 100 head of horses have died in this county of fistula. Cattle

have been extremely healthy. Murrain and niad-ileli have probably caused the death of 50 head. Some cholera has prevailed among hogs, from which about 700 head have died.

Qrundy,�All classes of farm animals anil poultry have been exceedingly iicalthy the past year. The losses by infections and conlagions diseases will not exceed one per cent, in cither class.

Ihiir/j.�Sonus horses and cattle have heen lost by accident and disease. Hogs are healthier than last year, though I lie value of our losses for the current year will reach $15,000, Cholera has swept oil' fowls to the value of Si,0(10.

#9632;Icjl'd-Hoii.�The, only loss of consequence among our farm stock has occurred among hogs. I suppose $4,000 or $5,000 will cover the lo.ssoftlie.se animals.

Jersey.�The assessors for tins county make the following returns of the value of

312nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

i'arm anlinaU l08t in Irfsli; Hoisps, ijilU/JTo; cuttle, f 16,705 j liogs, $5,000; slioop raquo;1,148,

Johiiion,�Some oortlls brought Into tblsoouuty from the .soutli wore affootod with disease and a few of them died. No losses worthy of mention among ottaei auinials.

Ja Dm-irnH.�Tlii_gt; value of the losses of fartn auimals in the county for tlxe year iciry,

willi slight mod ilirat ions iis given by I lie assessors as follows : lloi'scs, (81,090 ; OtVltlo, $16,705| hogs, 14^,789i sheop, $1,114.

Kunkakee,�But little iliaeuse of any kind seems tohaveprovailod among any oiasa

of OIU' ful'UI animals the past year. I'rom Ihr liest Information I oau got I am led to be lime thai the losses auLOUg all e lasses will not exeeed sl.'JOO ia value.

Kendall, � ilo^s to the \ alue or.siri.�ld have been lost by disease in t his coauty dui-in^¹ the post year. A lew flocks of sheep have been aSUoted, but the losses have been

light,

LaSalle, \ few horses died in this ooauty last spring of hysteria. During the

sutunier a disease attacked the DO WS Heal' Meildota. It was very 1'al at, ami lulled the

auimals in a few hours. A good many liogs died in the course of tda', farrowing sea�son, 1 hear of but one (iook of sheep ail'eoted withsoab.

Lawrence, � Horses and cattle are healthy. Hoes have sufferod with cholera as

nsual. A great: many slieep have died of a disease oi' t be bow els. Large numbers of

fowls have been destroyed by cholera,

l.(i\�As a general thine farm animals have been quite healthy the past year. A few hoes have been lust from various causes : but the value of the losses will not ex-

eoed fjl.OOO or ^1,800, Some foot-rot prevails among sheep, but the disease is not

destrtioti ve.

Milson,�Some pink-eye has prevailed among horses, and a mild type of cholera

among hogs, but the losses have been very light, other classes of stock have re�mained hea It hy,

Mni'iidi.�No new disease has prevailed among any (lass of farm animals the past. year. Cholera among hogs and fowls is about the only disease t hat has caused losses worthy of inentiou.

ifoHen/'y.�The following are the nuinber and value of farm animals lost in this county the past year, as shown by the ret urns of I he assessors ; I [orses, $15,708 ; cat�tle, $1S,879; hoes, $5,330,04; sheep. $8,269; and fowls, .soon. The heaviest losses among all kinds of stock occurred during I he months of Moroh ami April. Xo conta�gious diseases seem to be prevailing at this time,

0(//lt; .--While no epidemic, seems to have prevailed during the year among our farm animals, the losses have been quite heavy. The value of the hisses is given as fol�low--; Horses, $16,000; cattle, $19,800; hogs, $3,900; sheep, $432.

I'rm-iii.�The losses among dornest ic animals in I his county were quite heavy during the year. They are given as follows: Horses,$29,186; cat tie,$10,014; bogs, $20,580; sheep, $2,330, Of the hogs lost 2,895 died of cholera anil 1,803 of ot her diseases.

Perry, -Perhaps $8,000 or SI 0, Dot) will cover the value of the losses of farm stock in this county during the year from all causes.

Pnlaskl,�After the high waters of last spring subsided a disease appeared among hogs which seemed to have Its origin and to more seriously affect those thai had been kept in crowded pens and ill provided places during the continuauoe of the tlood, and wcie returned to I lie ground before it had sufficiently dried. In some instances those¹that recovered changed their color from black to gray.

/'((/quot;laquo;laquo;).- During the year we lost 91 head of horseraquo;, 106 head of cattle, �itli hogs, and 7!raquo; sheep, valued as follows; Horses, $9,369; oaltle, $8,931 J hogs, $;!,r)T(!; shcepi $401raquo;.

Pope,�All classes of farm stock seem Iquot; be healthy�no disease of consequence the past year. In lrjfj2 liiili hogs died of cliolom in this county, ami 803 sheep were de�stroyed by dogs.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 313

Rook Island.�Quito u large nuiiibci' of liofquot;laquo; havlaquo; boon lost by tliu usualdiaeasos tUe pasl year. The losses among otber olassos of anltuala are hardly worth reoordjag!

SaHiie.-r-The loss of doinestio animals by disease lias not boon very great in this county the past yoar. 1 give the value of tli6 losses among the various olnssos, as follows: �orses, $1,996 j oattled�QSj bogs,$)J,40T,50 j 8heap₎9480, Fowls are hoalthy.

So/in;/?laquo;'.�Seven horses affected with glanders have boonoondemoed and destroyed by order of the State vetorluarian, and five others are supposed to have the disoaso. These will be Anally examined by the veterinarian on his return to the county. lt; Ither classes of farm animals arc healthy.

Shelby.�Farm animals in this oounty have been unusually healthy the jiasi yoar, No epidemio of any kind has prevailed. The value of the hogs lost is estimated at bul $8,054.

Stark.�Only the ordinary diseases have prevailed among our horses and cattle the

post year. Sheep have also been healthy, anil liofj cholera has been less destmotive titan for many years pasl.

Siephenson.�Notwithstanding there lias been no special epidemio among horses, I estimate the value ol' those lost in the OOllUty the past year by ordinary maladies at $35,000. The value of the other classes of animals that have died of disease or by ac-oidcnt I give as follows: Cattle, 1113,600j hogs, $1|500; sheep, $1,000,

Saint (luir.�But few farm animals are kept in this county, and what we have are kept in the host possible condition, hence fchey arescaroely ever visited by epidemics.

Tatewell,�No severe epidemio has prevailed among any class of farm animals in this county the past year. Even swine; plague has prevailed to a less extent than formerly.

I crDiilli'Di.�The health of all olassos of doiuesl lo animals has been unnsually good the past year. What losses have oeenrred have been small and were the result of natural causes. A few ho^s died In one township of the cholera; the loss was insic;-nilicanl.

'I laquo;//He.�farm auimals valued as follows have, been lost by I he farmers of this

county the past year, viz: Horses, $l,800j cattle, $976| hogs, |l,680j sheep, $S80lt; and fowls, $8,250.

fVahash.�Pink-eye prevailed among horses not long since in one locality incur eonniy. hat I heard of but one death from the disease. Cattle and sheep have been healthy. A few hogs weie reported as having died late in the fall.

iiiirrcu.�One hundred and twelve horses arc reportedas having died in lids county the past year. They were, valued at $6,780. One hundred cattle, valued at $80 per head, were also lost.

hi//.�The value of the losses among farm animals in this county for the current yoar are given as follows! Horses,$1,360; cattle, $8,000; hogs,$8,400; sheep,$318.50.

}l'iUiamson,�Cars that had been used for transporting cattle to Saint Louis wore brought to this county to be loaded with coal. The manure.was thrown out along�side the railroad track, and all the cows that visited the locality were infected with Texas fever and died.

IV'hini hmjii.�The county assessors return the following as the value of losses among farm stock for the year! Horses, $11,518; cattle, $8,106; hogs, $9,113; sheep, $780; and fowls, $1,858.

Adatns.�No disease has prevailed during the year among either horses or cattle in this county, hat some hogs havraquo; died of cholera. This disease has been neither so widespread nor destructive as in 1888.

/icti/oii.�Sonic few cattle died dtiring the year with pink-eye, We, can't depend on the health of our hogs from one week to another. They arc now stitfering with the old-fashioned cholera. Sheep have died of foot-rot and scab, und a great many fowls have been lost bv cholera.

314 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ciiuion.�The vuliii' of tho losties inuoiij; domestto animals in this comity for tliraquo; year, from the various oauaeaand dtseasos inoldont to Hicm, i,s abont as followraquo;: Qoraes, 813,650; oattle, 110,000) Uogs, |6,000j sheep, 11,0001 and fowls, S'4,^r)0.

Crawford.�Farm iiniiinils in this comity have remained in good bealth lt;lnniiK the year. No epidemia of any kind lias prevailed among tliem.

Decatur,�The loss of animals in this county has liecn very heavy, though no gen�eral epidemlo Is reported as having prevailed among any pavtloular class. Fowl cholera has been par tlonlarlydestruotlve, so maoh slaquo; as to discourage poultry raisers.

The value of the losses for the various classes lire estimated lis followsi Horses,

117,670! caiilc, |4,800| hogs, 116,1075 sheep, |8,S08j mules, |i},400 j and fowls, f8,500, lliilitiilaquo;. � Hogs are the only domestio animals that seem to have been seriously af�fected by disease during the past year, The value of those that have died amount to |9,468, Chicken cholera has carried off fowls valued at *i,8�i). Fayette.�No disease of a daatruotlve character has prevailed during the year among

cither horses, cattle or sheep. Hogs valued at from Sli.OOO to ft7,(MII) have died of the

nsnal diseases,

FrankUn,�1 know of no particular disease to which horses have been subject. About 75 per cent, of the bogs lost durlug the year died of swine plague, and abont

�III per oent, of the losses among sheep were caused by dons. About W per ccin. of nur fowls have died of cholera. The, total value of ihe losses among hogs aggregates $211,05(1. The results of the experiments made by the Department through its agen�cies in the treatment of swine plague have beeu thoroughly tested here during the

past year, and UOadvantage seemed galued either in cure or prevention. Hog cholera, when malignant, yields to no known remedies with us. It is wholly uamauagoable ami fatal,

Fulton,�The county assessors give the following as the value of the losses among farm animals In t his county for the past year: Horses, 11^,400 ; oattle, f4,400 ; hogs, $7,500; sheep, $600,

Cihmiii.�The records in llicconnly auditor's oflicc give Ihe following losses of la nil

Hiiimals for the year: Horses, $17,ti00; mules, $6,075; cattle, 10,540; bogs, $33,710: sheep, ^'.V,'.

HaiTisoraquo;,�No dostruotlvo opldoinio of any kind has visited tiie domestic animals of this locality during the year, I have no luoaua of securing the statistics of losses of those t hat lia\ B died.

/hiniilliin.�A groat many cows base died of milk fever. The disease, is very fatal, and a hull I all die I hat arc at tacked, finite a number of hogs have died in I lie ronuty

ol late. If one of those anitnals die tbo disease is always called cholera, [estimate

the value uf I hose lost, whether by cholera or some ot her d isease, at $12,800, ('llulera

and gapes I't'eiiuently prove very destructive to fowls.

Bancook, � No disease of conscqnouco has prevailed among horses, cattle, or shoep the past year. With a few except ions hogs have bean healthy, ami the aggregate loss will no) much exceed $8,000, Whenever any disease prevails aniong this class of animals it is called cholera. A disease also called cliolera and roupo have prevailnd to some extent among chickens.

Bendrioks,�Losses of animals in this COIlUtJ for the year 1883 are given as follows; Horses, $8,750; cattle, $laquo;1,880! hogs, $18,565; sheep, $8,800,

//ran/, �II is difliciill to answer the desired questions, In sinne localities there have been heavy losses from hog cholerii, but as to the value of t he losses I am at a loss to know. Two men near here have lost about $1,000 Worth each and others quite largely. No disease has occurred among horses or cuttle,

Ilninird.-'So epidemic disease prevailed among horses during the years l888-'83. Anthrax prevailed to some extent amoug cattle, destroying animals valued at up-wards of $5,000, I estimate our losses by so-called hog cholera at $30,000, This dis�ease prevails among hogs throughout the year.

./a.i/.�Occasionally pink-eye appears among otii' horses and distemper rages to

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 315

gomo oxii'iit, but tlm lossusaregoneroilly li^Iit. Quroouuty UflBagatn 1gt;(h^,ii visitod by hog oliolora lu Its worst (brm. Some farmers liavo lost nearly all their nuimnls. XciihiiiK seoms to have any effect on the disease when it n;^lt;'t^s a fair boh!; the animals dio anyhow. Ohiokens also die lu large numbers of cholera- Sheep are fearfully slaughtered by iIo^h.

�l( a a in i/*.�The only disease worth meutlouing among farm animals is hog cholera-This disease, however, is not so widespread and destructive as in gome former years. Last year I lost 70 head myself by the disease.

#9632;IoIiiihoii,�The rooords in the auditor's ofifloo give the following as the value of farm animals lost during the year, viz: Horses, J1,S60) cattle, $300 j hogs, 15,000; sheep, fl,800j and (owls, $850,

Knor.�The most earefnl estimates ^ive the value of farm animals lost in this county during the year as follows; Horses, |l,000j cattle, �5,01)0; bogs, $85,000; sheep, |1,S6S,

Lagvange,�No special disease has prevailed among our horses or cattle. Cholera had destroyed hogs perhaps to the value of $5,000, The actual loss by death ami hindrance in reproduotlon is no doubt greater than this; in all probability it would reach f 10,000. As a preventive of this terrible disease carbolic add and turpentine in swill or feed has been found the most eDicacious.

.l/(((/i,wH.-�Cholera lias prevailed among hogs in some portions of this county, and has destroyed animals during the year worth in the neighborhood of fl0,000, Other classes of animals have been measurably healthy,

ifarshaU,�The followlug figures represent the losses of farm stock in this county for the post year: Horses, �quot;,000; cattle, $3,800; hogs, $3,800; sheep, $350; and fowls. $2,777,50,

Miami,�No epidemic disease has visited either horses, cattle, or sheep. The nnni-her of sheep killed by dogs was 300, valued at $1,468. The value of hog-s lost by the diseases incident to them was |31,400.

Morgan,�None othorthau ordinary diseases have affected our stock during the past year. There lias been a slight spriukliug of cholera amoiig both hogs and fowls, luir il is bard to determine tbc actual less as regards either numbers or values. Perhaps one-third of the ehiekens hatched have died of the disease.

Monroe,�No epidemic disease has prevailed among horses. A few animals have died ofpink-eye ami distemper, and others of old age, colic, bots, bad treatment, amp;0. No disease among cattle or sheep, except fool rot among the latter, caused by keeping too many auiiuale together. In some neighborhoods the bogs have suffered from swlne-plague.

Parke,.....lions have died with i he usual diseases the pasl year. The numhor that

died Is given at 4,885, valued al upwards of $80,000. The loss among sheep has also been {|iiite heavy,

/.'i/f/ci/,-�The following llgures represeni pretty accurately the value of domestic animals lost in tills county the past year: Horses,$11,075; cattle,$3,104; hogs,$4,165 :

sheep, $1,550.

Scott.�Perhaps $5,500 would cover the value of the losses of hogs during the past year, chicken cholera has been very destructive. Quite a number of fowls have also died of fatty degeneration of the heart. The heart seemed to be transformed into a lump of fat. This ruptured, and the fowl dies almost instantly.

SheWj/.�'l'he mortality among (bauest ie animals in Ibis county has been quite heavy

the past year. Cholera among hogs and fowls has proved more destructive than any other disease. Spencer,�Some young horses have died of distemper, A great many hogs have died

of cholera. About all that are attacked by this disease die. Cholera and gapes have destroyed a good many fowls.

Switeerland,�Sixty-six horses died in this county during the year. Of these about 5 per cent, died Of pink-eye. Mr. Perry ColtOil lost 17 bead of cattle by an unknown

316nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

(liai'iiso. Frequent deutlu have occurred oitnong liogs from obolera and Eunong alteep from rot.

Tippecavoe.�With tlie exoaptiou of oliolom amoug bogs our farm auimala have been very lie.-iltliy tlie past year, No iliscasc of any kind i.s provftlllng at present.

rraquo;/i.H.�Almnl 1,800 head ofbogtl havodicd in this county during the year, valued at $7,800. Diseases have also been very ilostruotlvo to fowls.

riflo.�No oplclemio has prevailed awoDR farm stock in this county tlie past year.

The following \ alues of the losses arc the result of deaths from ordinary diseases and accidents, viz : Horses, |16,350j cattle, |7,500; hogs, 15,860) sheep, |816| and fowls, $390.

Ihilnir,!!.�A greal many auiiunls died of liic various diseases fo wliieli each class is sniijcei during the yeur. Tho value of tholosscsare aboutas follows : Horses, |l!{,960 ; mules, $1,7001 oattle, $18,810 j Logs, $19,450 i sheep, $1,434.

tl'ayiw,�Cholera proved very disastrous to hogs in this county daring the year-Thr number reported as having diod of the disease was 9,853, valued at $08,530, Some oattle died of unirrain anil sheep of liver-fluke, Fowls suffered from eliolcra.

Adah;�No destrnotivo disease has prevailed among any class of farm animals In this comity lor the last two years.

dllamakee.�Fatm aniuials have generally continued in good health the past season. In some localities diseases ha vo prevailed among lions, hut not to the sweeping extent of bho years 1880-'81. Tho same iiiighl be said as regards fowls. Some 8,800 hog-s

lias B died, valued al $14,000.

Bremer,�As to diseases nifectiug difforcnl kinds of farm animals, I frequently hear it remarked that cattle, horses, and hogs wore never more free from disease than they have been the past year, one assistant says: Now and then a calf dies with what is known as black-log, but those deaths do not amount to one in fifty,

Huohanan.- Tho Collowlng flgiiros reprosonl the value of tho losses among farm stock in this county for t be year 18S3 : Horses. $15,000 : cuttle, $3,750; lion's, $7,500 : sheep, $180. The mortalitj'among liorses was malnlj caused by Influenza. Abortion has prevailed to a cousidorablo extent among cows, and has caused some deaths. No cmedy or i)l^,ovention is known. Hogs have died of the iliscasc known as cholera.

Duller,�The only epidondo disease tbnl lias prevailed amoug any class of animals

lias been that among hogs. I think the value of the animals lost will not exceed $4,000,

Calhoilraquo;,�A disease leecnlly liroke on t among cattle In 0116 of the townships of this

oounty, which tosultod in the death of n number of animals. The disease was black�leg, or something similar. Cholera has prevailed among fowls, hut to no great ex�tent.

Cedar,�Out horses have been afltlictecl wilh pink eye and distemper. Cattle, us a rule, liavo been quite healthy, A few oases of blaok-loghave occurred. Cholera, or some kind of Inng complaint, caused by worms and neglect, havecaitsed the loss of a great many hogs, Some rol has prevailed among sheep.

CMokasaw,�The disease most prevallaquo; nt among bogsseemsto behard to name* and equally as difiieult to prevent. In some places it la called quinsy, and in other locali�ties cholera. Hut it does not prevail among our hogs to so great an extent .as in other years, In a limited area of our oounty dnrinj; the Call months horses were afflicted with an influenza which it was feared at Hie time would prove very disastrous, lint I believe it has entirely aha ted.

Clinton,�As a general tliinj,' allMndsof farm animals in this county are In good health. Ilo^s valued at $4,000 have been lost daring the year by the usual diseases.

Crtiwford,�I estimate the value of the losses of farm stock in this county the past year as follows: Horses, $3,100) cattle, |1,660 j hogs, $3,600) sheep, |2U0.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTIUATEO ANIMALS. 317

Oouiraquo;.�\Vlaquo; liavo. 1)0(M1 very Inoky witli OUT atook Ulis yi'ili', no di.sciso of any kind worthy of montioii. About H00 sheep htivc been killed by dogs.

Drcuiitr.�Never in the history of iliigt; county have farm animals been so generarlly lioiilthy. livery assistant makos tbo Hnuui report. 1 believe this result is attrlhuta�ble to the shortness of gratu to food witli.

Delaware,�Horsos and oottle have lio(lt;ii healthy, imt hogs have Buffered to soino i-x-tent with the usual dlseoaos. Aulmala perhaps to i lie value of .*.^rgt;,(iiK) have beou lost,

Ihiliin/iir.�The only disease that has prevailed uinong any class of domestla au iniuls lothis county the past year has boon the disease known as cholera among hoss, 1 oanuol ni\i; hhe nnmher or value of those llt;ist.

Emmet,�The losses ainoug farm animals in this county have boon laquo;o inslgnltleani for tin' post year that tbey arc imt worth recording.

Freute.�A few herds of hogs have been affeotod by disoaae, bill the losses Lave boon ooniparofcl voly light. No dlsoase has prevailed In an epidemic form.

Wloyd.�'BphQotio Influenza has prevailed to some oxtenl among horses, ami a few eases of glanders have been reported. Cattle have suffered with lung diseases and hogs with oliolera. The losses, as to value, have been about as follows: Horses, $9,000; cattlo, |3,7501 bogs, $7,600,

Greene,�] iorscs, cattle, ami sheep are in good health, The pre^ ailing disease n inong

lions and fowls is thai kmiwn as cholera. The value of I he hogs lost by this disease is

about $4,000, ami ohiokona about $1)00.

Tfardin,�Some cholera has prevailed aniong lions and fowls. Scum-times this dis�ease will carry oil' almost every bog one farmer laquo;ill have, while those ol a neighbor will nol be affected. I thlnk|ti,0OO n fair estimate of Mio value of those losl by the malady.

Henry,�No disease among ftirra animals, and no losses except from old age,nDoi-dout, amp;o.; cholera prevailed nuiong fowls during the monthsof July, August, and Sep�tember.

Mo.�One thousand dollars will, perhaps, cover the losses amouj; hogs by disease.

No oilier class of animals have been afflicted in this county (he. pasi year.

htirn. quot;farm stuck lias been llllUSliaiiy healIliy the past year. No epidemic bus pre�vailed. Common diseases, iwglect, and aooidont linvo caused about the usual losses.

Jaiper,.......The only disease worthy of notice is that prevailing among swine and

fowls. I'lus per cent, ol'disease among I lie former wi II not exceed #9632;.' )ici'eeul ., and among the latter about 5 per oonl.

iT^fflrsolaquo;.�Chicken cholera prevails to n greater or less oxtenl every year, ami i he losses from this cause are often very serious, 1'arm animals generally are in good

health.

Lee,�Among horses there has been no epidemic of note lor several years, We bear oecasionally of a eascol' pinkeye, colic, bots, and menlugltls. Cattle have also boon affected to some extent this season with pinkeye. Calves frotptontly die of blaok-leg. Sheep arc more freipiently fcrouhlad with scab than any or perhaps all other discuses. Uruli in the head kills its proportion. Some sheep died of hovou during the two past wet seasons. Fowls have been subject to but one disease�thai known as oholern�and this frequently depopulates whole farm-yards of chickens ami turkeys. Almost all epidemics among domestic animals nrc conflned to smaller areas Hum formerly) sometimes to bul one farm, section or township. A few years age, hog

and ehiekeu cholera generally exlended over one or more Slates. Black-leg ill cattle

was never so general or wide-spread as now.

Linn,�No epidemic lias visited horses, but the vast number of unsound ones Is n\gt;-palling. The number of bait, hltiu^rtng-honeflispavined, ifec, is astounding to a close observer, A few cattle have died of ordinary diseases. Some little cholera among chiokeus.

Marion.-�Daring the past, tbri'e nionllis inlluenza lias been destructive to many

318nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

young Iidh'm. Su'ino plagll� Ims ulso proviiilfil in ctTtaiii liiciilitit'.s. Sciil) mill t'oot-rot luivi^ caused losses amoug several dllferent Rooks o{ sheopi

illtoheH.�Domeatio aulatala geuorally aro healthy, and have bcnn so throughout the yeai'c The fliseasos that have prevailed from time to tluio have Veen the usual

laquo;I'll kniiwn tnnladloa. The value, of the losses are. estimated as follows: Horses, 18,350; cuttle, |5,000; hogs, (8,500 ; sheep, 1350, . Moitona.�Some e;itilr Imve iliinl of blaok-leg during the year. Somu little disease

lias prevailed aiDOUg lio^s, lgt;iil the losses have lieen llghti

Miinfdf.�No ooutaglous diseases have provalled among nay class of domestic ani-

niids in tliis county during the yea r except blaok-log among calves^ These cases have been few, Cholera lias killed a great many fowls,

O'Brien. � lquot;or two seasons our horses have sntiered from an epizooly. It lel'l ninny

with n ruuning al the nose, in careless hands the discharge has rna along until

iimiiy horses here are siiUVring from an olfe.nsive nasal disease eallcil every name he-tween bad cold and glanders.

I'iiIo Alln. � I'arin animals generally lire healthy, I have not heard of a case of oontagious disease among hogs for the past year.

J'h/intiiit/i. � Horses in some localities in I his iinnity are said t(i have ehronie ghin-dc is. whirh is causing some exri I em cut, .\ dlsooao called measles has prevailed among hogs, causing some losses.

Pottawattainie.�lMat spring, in ouo neighborhood in tho county, a new and quite

strange disease appeared among hot h horses and cat I Ic. It was pronouiioed quot; liutton-fnroy quot; 111 horses, The symptoms were similar in cattle, Shelby,�Than has been some disease followed by fatal results among horses and

entile tho past year, lint swine have boon healthy, A grcal many fowls have also

died,

Tiiiiik.� I lorscs, caI lie, sheep, and fowls arc in good hcaIth and condition. Hogs are. dying to an nlarming extent throughoul the county with both quinsy and cholera. These diseases broke out about six weeks ago.

Washington.�There is no disease prevailing among farm animals in this county. Even the hog cholera has disappeared. Perhaps this is owing to a very poor crop of corn.

Woodhm'JJ*�Horses arc healthy. A few cattle die aniinally of Idack-leg. Hogs are comparatively healthy. Now and then a farmer loses his pigs, and a few grown hogs die of cholera. Chloken cholera is unite prevalent.

Allen,�Stock has generally been healthy ill thisnbsp; county, i know of some .quot;gt; head

of flne steers, worth w'.lllO, that died of Texas fover,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A few cattle were also reported

to have died after being turned into stock Qelds. 1nbsp; think they died for want of suf-ikicnt water,

Barhouv,�The. horses in this county a re Texas animals, and die |gt;riii in pally from eat�ing Loco, a poisonous weed, They also die of itch and other skin diseases. A great inaiiy cattle have died: perhaps the value of those lost in the eoniity will aggregate

JSO,000, They have logct iheir livingoti the range, und during a severe winter many

die from exposure, The #9632;.nine may be said of sheep, of which there is a large num�ber in (his county.

Barton,�Stock is in good health and condition in this county. Occasioimlly an aniinal is lust by accident, lint one seldom dies of disease.

Brown,�The comity assessors make the following rotunis as to the value of ani�mals lost in this comity the past year from all causes, viz: Horses, $9,000 ; cattle, $8,laquo;80j hogs, f 10,995; sheep, 1345j mules, $1,125,

Butler,�This comity contains a large, number of cattle, hogs, and shoo)), but they have been measurably free from disease, during the year. Perhaps 50 bend of oattle wonld cover nil the loss worthy of recording.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 319

Chm'ohee,�Texas lover previ�lcd to a limitedextout iinionj; Home herds of cattle In this county, lgt;ut the value of the animalraquo; lost by the disease would not exceed sect;2,000. All classes of aniinals are in good health, and tho losses have heen eompar-atively small.

Cojf'ci/.�With the exception of an outbreak of Texas fever among caltle in tho sonllieii.stcni iiortion of this eounty, all classes of doinestic animals havo been freo from contagions diseases during the past year. The mortality among eatllo reached between 3,000 and 4,000 head.

Crawfordi�So far as I am able to learn, all kinds of farm animals are healthy and doing ivell. Grain and grass are hoi li alinndanl. Some fowls have died with roupe ami i holera.

DeoalUV,�Pink-eye is the prevailing disease among horselaquo;,find Idack-leg among cattle. A great many sheep have died from disease and olhor causes.

DfoWnsoraquo;.�The value of the losses of domestic animals the past year in this county from all causes aggregate as follows: Horses, $15,075; cattle, |9,860 | hogs, sect;0,170 ; sheep, $S47.

Vottiphan, � In the early pari of the season qtlite a nmnliei¹ of cattle died. The, cause in most cases was the result of turning the animals into eorn-lields from green pastures,or into yards where they were fed on husks, iso far as I have been able to loaru,about loo head died, mostly feeding steers.

IAH*.�A great inauv of our horses and mules have been attacked with gleel or

farcy, so called by many, and by othors prouonncedglanders. Thoy have invariably

died where not killed. A great many deaths have occurred aiooug eal ves and year, lings from hlack-leg. As a preventive we give salt, sulphur, saltpeter, and eopperas

in the proportion of l bushel salt, 1 pounds sulphur, k pound saltpeter, and 1 pound coppcias; mix thoroughly, and place in troughs where tlie animals can liave free ac�cess to it. Some scab exists among sheep,

Kile,�The aggregate value of farm animals lost in tliis county during the past year is given as follows: Horses, $8,440) cattle, |9,360; hogs, |14,183; sheep, lj!l,:{78. Seventy-eight sheep were killed by dogs.

(Irft'iiicixiil,�I estimate, the value of the. losses among domestic animals in this eounty fur the past year from all causes as follows; Horses, 110,000; oattlo, $10,000 j hogs.

Harper.�Our losses among cattle from Texas fever alone lias 1.....u at least $16,000.

Hy own opinion ist hat the estimate is too low. Pari iesnaturally hesitate to admit their full losses, lilack-leg among young stock lias caused considerable loss. Over one-halt Of the sheep of the county are atfeeled with scab, llie number in the county is perhaps over 30,000, Nearly every thick owner dips his sheep thoroughly aflershear-ing, yet many (locks are again infected by introducing diseased bucks among them. Have not heard of a sick hog in the county the past season.

Harvey,�Stock of all kinds doing well at present. Cattle have died from exposure, and accidents, and some calves of black-leg. A few hogs have died of the usual dis�eases, and some pigs from exposure. A few lambs have also died from exposure, and n great iiiany sheep of scab.

Johnson,�The various diseases alfeel ing farm animals ate hard to determine, but the value of the losses in this county may be stated as follows: Horses, s7,s.|(i_: eat-tledl�j�OOj hogs, $3,900) 8hoep,|107.

Labetle.�I find it difflouli to determine the value of animals lost: by disease, during the, year, but 1 think the following a very fair estimate, viai Eloiges, $16,900; caltle. $0,C4O| hogs, $9,848) sheep, $630.

Lane.�The principal disease that prevailed among onr cattle the, past season was Texas fever. It appeared late in the season, and was caused by driving Texas cattle t lirough the oonnly. Scab is prevailing to a considerable extent ntnong sheep, of which a good many die. Sheep and cattle raising is the |irincipal industry of tliis cmnity.

320 CONTAGIOUS DISKASHS OP DOMESTICATKD ANIMALS.

lAiirolii.�Honn' hornos have died of diBtompOI¹ or pink-eye, and u good many yoniijr

cuttle of bldok-leg. Some older auiinals have (lilt;Ml lt;gt;rdry inuriain. A report reouutly received (Vom the norMiwesteru section of the oojinty states that a ftToait many oattle have died there within tlugt; past few daysof ati unknown disease^ A disease eontiaod to young pigs in the central part of (bo county lias been quite fatal. 1 lost, '27 in I wo

days, and another man 15 in the same toDgtbof tilUO. .Some culli'il I lie disease (lainsy, but I don't I hink il was.

Mdidu.�About 500 horses and mules died in this county the past year of plnk-oyoi and perhaps 900 head of cattle by disease, old aj^c, accident, iVc. There arc about 100,000 sheep in the county, of which �-.'.#9632;gt; per cent, generally die of seali.

Montgomery,�^o epidemic has prevailed ainuug any class of animals in this oonntyi ami the followiug losses have been caused by the ordinary maladies to which domes�tic animals arc subject, viz: Horses, |16,600; oottlo, |15,O0Oj hogs, |18,000j sheep, 16,500, Chicken cholera has prevailed loan alarming extent in some localities.

Neosho,�No epidemic disease has prevailed among onr borses, Calves and year^-lings have been afflicted to some extoul witb anthrax, or black-leg, There aoeins to be no icimsh for this (Usease, �.bon( all i hose t hat arc at tacked die, and are gener�ally dead before thoyaro known to Im- sick. A great many pins under six monthsold have died. Old and fai hogs aro aeldoui attacked by disease, ITowlcholoro prevails

to a considcrahle ext cut.

Oibome, � Horses have been exempt From any special epideiule. Black-leg has pre�vailed and pro veil quite fatal to cattle in some localities. The re has boon no epidemic among bogs. Scab amoug sheep prevails, bnl not tons groat an extent as formerly. Black-leg among cattle is the chief dread among stuck men and fanners.

Ollmm.�l bear of n dock of Mexican or grade Merino slieep, composed of about DOO

head, all of which arc a rilicled with scab, Xo oilier class of animals in I his enmity seems to lie afflicted with contagious diseases.

Pfiionelaquo;,�-The only contagious disease I have to record occurred duriug the post season among a herd of cattle in this oonnty. The disease was Texas or Soatbern fovor. The animals were placed in charge of a veterinary surgeon, who promptly quarant iued the herd and pre vein cd i he spread oft he disease.

PhilHps. � Puoumoilin or iuug fever has caused the death of a few horses in this county. The disease km wn as black-log hue proved very fatal to cattle. Animals one year old and yoiuigor suffer most. Ai least ouo-haif of tbose attacked die The. only disease affecting sheep is scab. Krcal coniplainl preva iIs as to the disease known

as cholera among chickens.

Rawlins,�There have been a few eases of Texas Itch among horses, u disease which is very effectively treat cd with mercurial ointment. There have keen a few cases of black-log amoug cattle, and one case of inurraln. The opinion prevails among the owners of cattle thai the Texas 1 rai I brings fever with it. as the losses generally occur within the near vicinity of this trail, {.'attic along the i rail a re in test ed with lice, or licks, ns they are termed by some. Knt they look like common lice, with the excep�tion of being larger and having gray heads. Sheep are a ill ie ted with the scale and are treated by dipping in tobacco wash.

/.'lt; mi. -il landers is getting pretty well distributed over this county, and many horses iUe every year of it. Sonic elioleru prevails among bogs Moree.ire la being taken of stuck than formerly, farmers arc beginning to learn that inure feed and better shel�ter, with less loss, is the. better way.

Rooks,�No disease of aooutagions character among horses, Ulaok-leg Isabonl the only fatal disease, among cattle. Ihio.s suffer more in hot weather limn during the colder season. A few cases of ijiiinsy have occurred among piys.

Waehlngton,�.Some horses have, died of oatarrhal and IniiH' fever. Cattle, have suf�fered to a considerable extent with blaok-leg, and bogs with quinsy and oatarfbal troubles. The great loss among pigs was caused by the sows having suffered with these dlseasosi The young animals had not, vitality enough to live.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMB�TI0ATBD ANIMALS. 321

it'i/aiKhtie.�Tho only diseuBe of a oontaglous oluvraotoi provalling citDong aDy olaas

of j'iU'in luumais is scab ninoug Bheop^ The disciiso known mh cliolera still prevails among low is.

KENTUCKY.

.lllcn.�Tlierc Imvii been a few easos of otioloca anioug dogs III sonu- localit'K.is, and some oilicken cholera, Imt tile losses hngt;ve been Lighti

BreoMnridge,�With the exoeption of oliolero among hogs, there lias been no disease of ooiigoquenoe provalont among any olasa of animals in the oomity. The cholera lias been very fatal to bogs, but as yi't- (he disease is eontined to one locality,

Boyle,�Plnk-eyo has been quite prevalent, and several fine horses and marcraquo; have died from the effects of the disease, lloj;- eholera and Texas fever of cattle destroyed a good many ol'onr aniinals in 1888, but the diseases have not made their appsarauoe this year.

Galloway,�No disease among horses or Cattle, Hogs are dying atarapld rate in one locality in this comity. The disease does not .seem to lie like, the eholorti in all respects. The animals droop, refuse to oat, have very sore nose, the belly is tlioked

up, and the excrement hard. They die in from 3 to 10 days. About 70 per cent. die. The value of the loss np to this time is $17,860,

Gto'/WV�Horses and cattle are healthy. A considerable nninber of hogs died iill88'^, and also in this year, but I am unable to give the nninber or value of tho leases.

Cholera is quite prevalent among fowls.

Clinton.�With the exception of a severe type of epizootic dUleinper among horses all classes of farm animals are free from disease, I have heard of no deaths from the disease.

('rillenden.�Cattle have died of hollow-liorn, bogs of cholera, sheep of rot, and chickens of cholera. The losses have iwt been very heavy in either class.

Cumberland,�Hogs valued at $3,000 have died of thumps in this county tbe past year. Tie greatest, fatality has been among young hogs. Chicken cholera lias pre�vailed all over the county, and has been quite serious in some localities.

Fniiciie.�Some horses, cattle,and sheep have died from accidental causes, but there has been no epidemic among either class of these animals. Hogs and fowls have died to some extent from cholera, but the disease is certainly less prevalent than a few-years ago.

f.'ni//raquo;raquo;laquo;.�No fatal diseases have prevailed among horses, cattle, or sheep. Great fatality has been caused among pigs in seme localities by a. disease known as luenslos.

(Srccii.�Cattle and sheep suffer from the various diseases to which such animals are incident. Hogs and poultry Suffer principally from the disease known as cholera. Hogs valued at $10,920 have been lost during the year, ami ehickens valued at per�haps |1,152.

Oi'eenup,�Comparatively little disease among farm stock in this county.

Haneooh,�No disease among farm animals at present, though at this season of the year such disorders generally appear,

Haj'tol.�All kinds of farm animals have been comparatively healthy for the past year,

EopMns,�All kinds ef animals and fowls have been exceedingly healthy tho past year. 1 think this is due in a great measure to tho obsorvauco of the advice given

by the veterinary surgeons appoioted by the Governmenl to investigate the diseases

of animals. I have largely distributed I lirse repiuis, and have been greatly beuelitcd

myself by the information they contain, 1 have not lost a hog by cholera since read�ing t liese reports.

#9632;iruMminc.�Some hog cholera has prevailed in this county, bui there has been do

disease anioug oilier classes of aniinals t lie past year.

JotiMon,�la the spring cattle in this section are subject to inurrain, which gener�ally proves fatal. Hog cholera is very troublesome (o farmers and hog-raisers at all. seasons of the year. Sheep are affected with rot to some extent,

5751 i) a------21

-far

322 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

Kmton.�A gi'oal mauy oattle die oyovy season of dry mtirraln. Tlioro have hlt;-o.u some Ioskcs by Uog oLolera.

BTiiox.�Hoge died throughout this county the vast year of cholera. Oilier farm aniiunls have generally been healthy.

Kaiemee.�Farm animala have been uuusually healtbj the past year. Cholera lias preTolled to some extont among fowls, imi it is luipoaalble to glVo the unmher that lun lt;' died.

J.aichcr.�So disease of oonseqnenoe has prevailed among farm animals in lliiraquo; county. A few bogs and fowls have died of the so-oalled cholera.

iewtlaquo;,�In some localities whole herds of bogs have been swept away by cholera.

There have been some losses among other classes ol' animals, bill (hey have not been

heavy.

i.iiu-oiii.�l presume thai 10 por cent, of all our hogs annually die of cholera. Great numbers of fowls also die annually of alike disease.

Madison.�An oeoasiounl case of pink-eye among horses is reported. Cholera pro-vails among swine ami ponltry. When cholera attacks hogs (and it has been more prevalent than usual), it affects most of the herds, and 50 per cent, or more die.

Marfln.�Hog cholera is the most deatruotive stock disease known here. Other classes of'animals are healthy.

MoLean,�The loss of hogs in this county has not been so great the past year as usual. Just now 1 hear of no complaint. The disease did its work dining the months of,inly and Angnsl. A few eases of pink-eye have OOCUriod among horses.

Meilifee.�The disease prevailing among hogs here seems I o be unknown. Some call

it cholera and others pronounce it. sore throat, caused by the faulty mast.

Meroer,�A largennmbor of all classes of farm animals have been lost by the vari�ous diseases lo which they are sulijcet (luring the past year. 1 will slate that more sheep were killed by dogs than were lost by disease.

)/��,.�_f._-]\-₍, epidemie among either horses, oattle, or sheep, llog cholera prevails in some localities in the county, as docs also chicken cholera.

.l/oH/f/cmuri/.�No disease ofany kind among doinest ie animals or fowls in this county the pasj year or in 1883,

afayaeaftlaquo;)^.�After consultation with farmers in difforenl partsof the county, I lind that all classes of Ian.....limalsare in a healthy condition. No disease in 1883.

A^Tic�o7alaquo;.�Horses and cattle are healthy. Some little cholera among hogs, but not much, say �-' per cent, of disease, of which 1 per cent. die. Cholera prevails to some extent among fowls.

(lircn.�Wo have no disease among our farm stock Worthy of note.

OtiwZaj/.�No disease among slock. Something like cholera or roupoprevails among fowls. About all thai are attacked by the disease die. No remedy appears to do any good, The fowls frequently drop oil'the roost dead.

i y-iAc�Horses are afllieled with distemper, hols, and colic, cattle with nmrraiii, quinsy, and sore throal. hogs with qninsj ami occasionally cholera, and fowls with cholera.

RoberliOn,- 1 have no general or fatal disease to reporl as affecting farm animals in this county.

�oofcCasWe.�No prevailing disease among horses, cattle, or sheep. Sonic hog cholera prevails; perhaps 2 per cent, oft he animals in the county have been attacked.

Bnlaquo;gcM.�Hogs have been alVected in a few localities by swinc-plaguc A liko dis�ease has lieen more general among fow Is.

Scott,�Vfe have no prevailing disease among oar farm animals except cholera among hogs. l'quot;in\ Is arc also afll loted with a similar disease.

Shelby,�Hogs valued al between |7,000 and $8,000 have been lost by cholera during

the year. A number of fowls have died of the same, disease.

Taulor.�We have no tosses to report among our farm stock by disease of a conta�gious character.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 323

'lYimlilc.�Our laquo;#9632;quot;imt.v is mm.snall.v licallli.v for I'aini aniiHiils. Novor any iliscnso among any class oxoept an oocasioual case of hog oholeva.

Union.�lliiists and oattlo liavo been unusually licaliliy. A groat 1quot;sh has been oo-cnaloned by bog oholerai Mord animalshavo boon aifooted wiib Mm disease, and i( is

tbougttt that more raquo;lied, this summer than d mini; t he six years prooedl.ng. The value of tlio losses may he set. down at $50,0(10 or $60,000i No remedy has boon ionnd for the disease. A I'ew shee|) have, dii'd of rot.

WasMngiOn,�Horses and mules liave siill'cred from pink-eye. Cattle have, heen visited by an unknown epldetnlo, Cholera Ims been more fatal to bogs than usnal. Sheep bave suffered from various causes and ailments,

ll'hillcj/.�The only loss among farm animals in this oonilty has been among liogs. I think $10,000 would cover the value of 1 Lese losses. The disease a Dec I ingbotll liogs and fowls is known here as eholera.

LOUISIANA,

BienMU,�None bul ordinary and common diseases have affected farm stooli in this county the past year. Bossiw.�Horses, mnlea, cattle, sheep, and hogs have been extremely healthy this

fall, and all are doing well,

Oatahoula.�Value of horses losl tinlaquo; past year, 1^,334.50; value id'cattle lost, $;!,727.50. Hog's have conllnaed very healthy. A few sheep have died of pleurisy

and pneumonia,

I'l-anllin.�Horses have heen atilicted with glanders, staggers, oharbou,and big-bead ; cattle with cdiarhon, big-head, and hollow-horn ; hogs wi Hi staggers, and sheep with rot.

IhirvUh:�All kinds of farm animals have been healthy during the year. There

has heen some fowl cholera.

Jackson,�Less disease among horses this your than for twenty-five years past. Cholera and mange have boeifAltnl to a great many hogs. Cholera has also been de-strnclive to fowls,

hu Fan rchc.�Mo epidemic disease has prevailed among any (lass of onr animals the past year.

Livlngeton,�The following are perhaps oorrool estimates of the value of farm ani�mals lost in this county the past year, vizi Horses, $170; cattle, sect;1,500; hogs, sect;2,000; sheep, $750.

Madison,-�Wo have bul few hogs, and no malady among them. We have a great many fowls and plenty of (ducken cholera.

Morehouie,�All kinds of animals are healthy. Our soil is destitute of gravel, and wo have to grind up old crockery, Ac, for onr fowls. When this Is neglected cholera appears among them and kids from 10 to 20 per cent, of the whole number,

2fio/i?laquo;laquo;lt;?,^-�Much slock was lost by tin- overflow in this county, and many cattle were afterward forwarded to Texas, so that we have hill few of this class of aninnils left. No disease of consequence.

Saint Helena,�During October and November a disease prevailed among onr hogg which was said to bo cholera. In the higher piney woods portion of the parish the

disease killed many hogs�as near as ,1 have been able tn learn, full 50 per cent. Xuiiil Marii't.�We have hilt little stoek in this coiinly, and what wo have, is in a

remarkably healthy condition. Saint Tammany,�None bui common diseases have visited any class of farm animals

Hie past year, and the losses have 1.....n very light.

I'enion.�With the exception of sheep, all classes of (Inniosfic animals have remained healthy.

Vent CnrroU.�We have lost qnltc a nnniher of all classes of farm animals during the year by disease. The diseases, however, have not boon of a contagions character,

#9632;^

324

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ditdvoscogghit�Hoi'.son, ciiitlc, liogs, aud sheon arc in about tbo sumo cotiditlou its to healtb as last year.

Oumhei'land,�Domestic animals have boon very ft'eo from epidemic diseases, Pink-oyo lias prevailed to gome i'xtlt;'iii among horses, but no oases have proved fatal, Au unknown disease provailod among borses to some extent last fall, of which sevoiul died. Some attributed It to poison, and others thought it a oongostivo fevei'. The horse would be suddenly attacked, lose thlt;' use of his hind Icklaquo;, as well as all power 10 swallow, if on the loud, in harness, would fall without warning, never to vise again.

ridiilliraquo;.�An oooaslonal case of pink-oye has been reported amoug our horses,Imt no deaths have oocurred from it. No other diseases among farm animals.

Kennebeo,�Pink-eye and epizooty in a mild form have provailod among horsus. Cattle, hogs, and sboop are healthy.

o.rford.�All kinds of domestic animals are reported healthy in this county.

Ponobsoot.�All kinds of farm animals arc healthy. There lias boon no special dis�ease among oar cattle during the past twenty years.

SomM'set. � Horselaquo; avo reported to have had Inng troubles. .Seme cows oomlng in have been sick. Sheep have hud the foot-rot, but the poroontagoof loss to the whole number has hecu exceedingly small. There base boon no epidemic or contagious dis�eases.

Waihington,�With the exception of pink-eye among horses, with no fatal results, I can hear of (he provaleuoe of no disease among the farm stock of this county.

Voi'k,�The domestic animals of this county have been free from all kinds of epi�demic diseases during the past year.

MARYLAND.

.lane JrHio/W.�There has been 110 epidemic among fafm stock in any part of the coauty, and losses have only been such as usually occur from accident or to such acute attacks as animals are sometimes subject.

liallimore.�My district has been aillictcd by a disease among fattening hogs, which

spread to others in this and adjoining districts. I myself lost all but one sow, some 20 head, and my uoighbors on each side of me for a mile lost all they bad. The dis�ease was so rapid in its results (death) that we were not able, to make much use of remedies, or take, steps to prevent its spread. The symptoms were so dillereut, or were described so differently, that I am unable to give an aceonnt. that would cover any bill my own cases, althougb 1 am sine that what caused my loss was the samo as that which caused the loss of my neighbors. My pigs commenced to mopej refused food; jaws seemed to lock ; some bad cough, and were dead in a day or two, except in one or two instances in which they limped and broke mil Into sores all over file body. Tho first one attacked recovered, which she did witlmut having been given liny tiling in the shape of medicine. The neighbors doclored and gave medicine, hut lost their animals just as 1 did. 1 could not bring myself to use all tho remedies rec-omniended, because I could not tell Just what ailed tho hogs, and preferred to trust lo nal lire and good food and nursing, rather than he dim hi fill after whether 1 or tlio disease killed (hem. 1 know I he. loss must have been innih heavier than 1 haverep-reseiiled ($3,600), as 1 have just learned from one coming in of additional cases in va�rious localities, enough to raise, my estimate $.^rgt;(l().

Calvei't.�This has boon an nnusnally healthy year for all kinds of farm animals in (his eounly. 'flicre have lieen no deal lis (lia( t can hoar of OXCOpl such as are inc.i-dont to accideid and old age.

{#9632;'rt'tlificlc.-'VhfW has heeu no opblotnio disease among eilher horses, cattle, hogs,

shcop, or fowlsj hence (he hisses have boon occasioned bj acoldonl or old age.

#9632;

CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS OF I lOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS. 325

(idjrcit.�l do nut hitiw of tlio provalouoe of any disease arnoDK Uorees, oaUlo, or slici'p. Hog oholora provaila tquot; some oxti'iu, Imi. not so generally :is \aa{ year.

Soitwd.�quot;We iiillt;i' ^miil cnreof ouv slock by stablingftud slielteriug, as m rule) lieuco laquo;�lt;; iailt;^jly have destructive dieoasos among our farm auiaials.

I'riiu-c Ocorgefs,�I have hc-inl of no epiilomio aiuojig farm animals of any kind iu our oounty. A neighbor of miuo bought a yoke of young oxen, large, Queauimais, u liilt;^l[ cost liivn flOO; ampnth or bo ago tlioy were taken wltU weakness aoross (lilt;' loins,

and could not raise upon llicir hind lens or foot. They lingered for fclll'OO weeks anil both died. The ,Slau; veterinarian prououueod the disease Texas (ever.

Somerset,� In some parts of tlio oounty tho swine plague is now prevailing qnito seriously, but tho area over wliiob (Ilc disease oKtonds is not largd I have heard of no disease among fowls tins year.

Tnlbot,� Wo have no disease among stock or poultry. Occasionally a few hogs die but I he canslaquo;! can geueraily bo t raced to drinking impure water or eating poisonous matter. All animals are in remarkably good lienllii at this time.

IVeuhinglon,�The value of the losses among farm animals in this county the past year may be estimated asfollows; Horses,$4,000; cattle,|S,600; bog8,$l,300; sheep, $600; and lewis, $150,

Wot'oesfer,�During the current year there have been no prevailing diseases among

any class of farm animals, and tile sporadic cases of slekness and death inive heen so rare and scattered as to render it impossible to give reliable data.

.MASSACin'SKI'TS,

Berkshire,�Vovi horses have died from the disease, known as pink-eye, Hogs have suffered to a considerable extontfrotn cholera. 1 should think fS.OOO worth have

been lost by the disease. Cattle, sheep, and fowls are in comparative good health,

llukiK.�No epideniic disease has prevailed among domestic unimals in this county the current year.

frmildiraquo;,�Anioug horses, cattle, and iiogs in tills county the losses have not been over 1 per cent, by disease the past year. There lias, perhaps, been a loss of W per cent. amoUg sheep.

Plymouth,�An animal very rarely dies of disease in this county. Much of tills is due to the kind provision made for all kinds of domestic animals.

MKMlKiAN.

.Illef/araquo;.�Our farm animals aro rarely attacked by fatal diseases. Oecasionalh a horse contracts cold wdnch settles on his lungs and lie dies. Cattle, hogs, and sheep

are, healthy.

liiiizic.�No diseasesof an epidemic or contagious (diameter seem to have visited the farm slock of this county the past year.

Oi/AoiiH.�-Horses have Buffered from a mild type of pink-eye, which has seldom proved fatal. Several deaths have occurred from colic, intlainmation of the lungs, and other diseases common to horses. There lias been mi epideinie aniong bogs, cat�tle, or sheep during the year.

Cms.�There have been several fatal eases of pink-eye among the horses in (Ids county. It seems to have prevailed throughout the comity. Milk fever has been the most destructive disease that has prevailed among cattle. There have been some

lung troubles, but no cholera, among bogs. Some loss of sheep from diseases in (he head, lint more friim lung ali'ections caused by colds,

('hnrle.voi.r.�I have heard of the, prevaleneo of no disease of any kind among the stock in this county the enrrent year.

0?(trfl.�So far as I can learn, there seems to have been no disease of conseqnenee among farm animals in this county during the year.

Orotq/brlaquo;!.�Eight horses have died during the .year with what was supposed to bo

pink-eye. No other domestic unimals have suffered (o any extent.

320 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Delta,�i iquot;ni lioar of no tllsoftso of � oontaglous naturo provalllng Bitnong any olass of fivrni iiiiimals in tliis oouuty.

(�'(/((wc.�Xo spldontlc (llsuaBos have prevaiiod among Btook in llii.s county. 'I'lio following is perhaps a fair oatlmato of fcho losses amoug all olassos of auitnals foi tlio yoav, the result of disease, old ago, aeeidenl, raquo;Ve., viz : Horses, 13,500 ; cattle, |1,950 ; hojfs, tl_tlS6; sheep, $1,875; fowls, $1,000.

Uladioin,�No dostruotlvo disease, of any obaracter has visitiul any class of domestic, imiinals in tliis comOy tbo past year.

//inraquo;//.�Xo e]iiiU'iiiic has visited either Olli horses, cattle, sheep, nr lion's dlirlug

the past year. J Lave nol even heard of n case ofglauders^

hif/ltain,�The following is probably a fair estimate oft lie value of the losses amoug farm animals in this county for the current year: dorses, $14,700 ; cattle, $7,000 : hogs, |S,850i sheep, $1,660 j and fowls, $1,000.

Tonla.�We have bad no disease of consequence that, 1 can hear of among' either horses, cattle, hugs, or sheep during I he year.

Jadkion,�There has lieen no disease of any kinil among animals in I his county, and the deaths have only heen lliosc arising from natural causes, and have been rather under than over the usual annual average.

NuIudkcoo�No contagious or epidemic disease among animals in this county.

Lapeer.�Farm animals go Into w tutor quarters in lirsi.-rate condition. No disease of a general character prevalenl.

LeeUnaw.�All kinds of farm animals arc very healthy. Horses liave sulVcred to some extent from epizooty, and a lew cattle have died of dry mnrraiu. A lew sheep

have died of pneumonia.

Livingston,�It: seems impossible to get the tufonnation yon desire. However, there has been no destruotlve disease of any kind among our domestic, animals during the past year.

Macomb,�A good many young horses annually die in this county. There has heen no disease among cattle and hogs. Sheep seldom recover when attacked by disease. Many fowls die of cholera. .Some (quot;armors have lost their entire Rooks by the disease.

Muiiitiiit.�No disease worthy of mention among farm stock. A great: many fowls have been leal hydisea.se.

Marquetle.�Tho only disease among horses is a swelling of the hind legs. They do not die of it, but when they get very bad they arc shot, as the swelling gets so large they become useless. 1 have no other diseases to report.

Mecosta,� 1 can safely say that, there, has been no epidemic amoug any class of farm animals in this county during the present year.

Ociuna.�Tbere has heen no epidomlo disease among the farm animals of this comity

during the past season.

O$ceola,�No diseases among farm Stock in this county.

Oscoda,�Very few animals in tliis county, and, of course, but little disease. 1 do not: know of a sheep in the county.

Ottawa,� But few farm animals are ever alt'ected with disease in this county, and only those that are Improperly treated or exposed to inclement, weather.

Pretque IsU,�I have, no case of disease or death from contagions diseases amoug farm stock to report for this county.

Saglnaw,�AH kinds of domostio animals�horaoa, cattle, hogs, and slice))�In this

county are in a very healthy condition.

Saint Joseph. � I am tinablo to got, accurate Information In regard to losses of farm animals in tbis county, but 1 am satisticd they are very small.

Tliscola,�The only losses that Imve neenrred among out farm animals have heen caused by old age, aeeidenl, Ac.

/'((i/ Bureraquo;,�No prevailing disease amoug animals in this county that i know of, except among brooding sows. Cannol say how many animals have died; perhaps tbirtV head in the county.

OONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMIvSTICATKI) ANIMALS. 327

FTftsAteiwiB.�Horaos, cattle, aheep, ami bogs are all free {vom oontaglous and iii-feotlons dlseasos. Stock of ovary klucl In this county la In good ooudltion,

llaijiic.�l do ikiI know of tin' loss of any stook In tins county the past year, except from natural oaa8ealt;

MlNNKSdlA.

Bcoker.�Aa far as I oan loam, the farm anlmala of tliis county have been i]u\U* free from disease the past year, In cases where distemper, lung fever, and Influenza have ooenrred they have generally been caused either by the carelessness of exposing ani�mals to sudden ohaugoa of temperature from a heated state to a cold or chilled one, or from being couflued in damp stables.

Big Stone.�Thevo are no diseases prevailing among farm slock here. A few horses have beou killed by overwork.

Uliie fuirlli.�Animals of all kinds are free from disease.

Jhvwn. -\ few farm animals have been lost in this county liy disease, more, cattle perhaps than animals of any other class.

Cai'uer,�There has been no mortality from disease among farm animals In this county for the past ten years. Fowls are afflicted with cholera.

Chlaogo,�No disease of any kind is afilietlug our stock, for whioli we are duly

thankful.

CAi/jplaquo;fa.�-There has been no disease among hoiSOS, hogs, or sheep. Some few cat�tle have died of hlaek-lcg, hut not so many us in former years.

Dakota,�No disease among our domestic animals.

�'laquo;(/.(/c.�There have been a few deaths among horses from pink-eye,and from black�leg among cattle. A few hogs have died. Daring llie past twenty-eight years the

farm animals of this county have not snfforod from any fatal epidemic disease.

/''(//raquo;iorc�-There have been some losses of young cattle from the disease known as black-leg. A few hogs have died of a diseaso pronounced cholera, but I have not seen a case of real hog cholera in the county. There have been, losses among fowls, but Ho more I ban usual.

ETouston, � rink-eye has prevailed to some extent among horses, but if has not often been fatal. No disease Ibis year among eattle, or hogs, fowl cholera lias prevailed to a limited extent. This disease seems to be disappearing.

Jackson,�No contagious or infeclious disease, is prevailing among any class of do�mestic animals or fouls. A few young cattle, died during the season from black-leg.

Kanabee, � I have no losses worth recording among the farm animals of this comity for the past. year.

Lao-Qul-Parle.�Stock of all kinds perfectly healthy. Pew animals die except from laquo;Id age or mismanagement In feeding and watering.

Eafee,-�There arc bul few domestic animals of any kind in this county. Tho only losses that occur are among draught horses, caused by overwork, carelosHiiess, amp;c.

LeSuow.�A. few coses of eplzooty have occurred among horses. Cattle, hogs, and sheep arc in good health and condition.

tOIOnto.�TllO losses caused by disease among the farm animals of tills county the lgt;ast year are very small. No epidemic disease has prevailedi

MbLeod,�A few eases of pink-eye have occurred among horses, and black-leg has prevailed to some extent among cattle. Yonug animals of the age of one and two years have suffered most. It would be a great advantage to stock raisers If tlio cause and a remedy for this disease could lie discovered. Duringsomeseasons a great many young cattle die of it.

Martin.�There has been no disease among Stock in this county this year�that is, not suHleient to be worthy of note. Some cattle have died of black-leg.

.I/o*laquo;'.�As far as I can learn�and I have had good facilities for obtaining infor�mation�there has been no loss of stock from disease worthy of mention during tho year.

328 CONTAGIOUS DI8EA.SES OP DOMK.STIOATUD ANIMALS.

Morriaon �Tint vory fow (arm aulninls have laquo;lied of disease during tlio iiasl year. No opldeiuio of any kind lias provailod among stoolc.

Nicollet,�Xo dostruotivo disease to rooord ampng :gt;raquo;y class of larai aiiiniaU in this county,

.VoMis.�Fann aoinials of evory rlass liavo always l)ooii vory healthy. Tho value of tho losses for the past year are. therefore uolt; worth reoording.

.Vomlaquo;raquo;.�No epidemic disoaso has prevailed aiQOUg any olasa of our fann stock the past yeor. The only losses that have ooourrod were caused by want of proper care in lecdi ng and watering animals.

Olmated,~DlaeaBos among fann aulmala are sn care, and tho fatality ho small, that the tosses are no! considered worthy of recording.

Pine,�Allei careful Inquiry 1 oanuol leant that there has boon any particular dis�ease prevalent among the domesUc animals of this county during the current yeor.

This is not a stock-raising county in any sense.

./'oya'.�I'iuli-eye. has prevailed more or less amone; horses. One man lust six ani�mals. Cattle have been affected with black-leg, and hoys with cholera. Some cases of rot have occurred among sheep,

Re�n-ood.�The past year has been a very favorable one for farm animals. 1 cannot learn of a SllQlclont number of losses to make a basis for any sort of a report.

Hire.�No epideinlo diseases have been noted among farm animals the past year. Powlshave been diseased, and tho losses have been quite heavy. Considerable interest Is being man i fested in the raising- of Improved breeds, especially horses of larger types. An interest is also being awakened in the dairy Industry,for which this county seems well adapted.

Sooti,�X'he only losses that have occurred among farm animals In this county the

past year have been the result of natural causes, accidents, amp;o,

Slicrhiinu:�Occasionally u horse dies from old age, a cow from mill; fever, and a calf from scouting. The loss will not amount to 1 per cent, per aminm to any class of animnls.

SiZitoj/.�Pink-eye has prevailed among horses and blaok-leg among oattlo, I pre-

Sinne cattle worth $11,000 have died during the year of the latter disease.

Steams.�Nothing but the usual horse distemper has appeared among any class of our farm stock dining the past year.

Slccle.�No epidemic among farm animals the past year. Losses among all classes have been confined to very young or very old animals, thus greatly reducing the aver�age value of those lost,

Slevcus.�I have, no losses amoug farm animals from disease of snffloient mag nit ude to report.

Travcrnc.�There has been no disease among our stock which has assumed an epideniic, form. A few animals have died of disease, hut tho percentage has been small.

Jfatoiiwan.�No disease among horseraquo;. Occasionally one dies from abuse, old age, or natural cause. The. only disease among cattle has been mi occasional case of blackquot; log. Young calves sillier most. One percent, will cover Hie losses from this disease. There lias boon no disease amoug hogs or sheep,

If'lnona.�All classes of farm animals have remained free from contagious or epidemic diseases during the past year.

(rWj/A/.�There has been no special disease among our farm a nimals during tho year. A great many sheep have been killed by dogs ami wolves, Many farmers have been compelled to give up trying to real' this class of stock.

#9632;MISSISSIPl'l.

Alconi.�Very few deaths have oeeiirred among farm aninmls in this county from disease. The. losses among euch class have boon .small, and generally from natural causes.

ii__

.1___

CONTAGIOUS DI8B�,laquo;B8 OP DOMESTICATED ANIMA.LS.

329

.(laquo;li/c. ~ Aiiioii^ horseSi innli's, and oamp;ttle we, have liud no provnillug dlsoaso this year not i Uo yeamp;v previous worth monttontn^i 1 [*gt;�*, .shoe)), and fowls suffoiod to .H(lllu^ cxtoiit early lu tue spriugg during the wot season.

B�hiOtt.�Tlii'i-c lia.s been very little disease of an epidemie obaraoter among our

farm animals the past year; henoe our losses have, been small.

Valhoun.�No disease among (arm Btook the |)asl year.

'anvil.�No epidemio lias provailod aoioilg the, farm atook of this county, ami the losses for the past:, year have boon nominal.

Choetaw,�The farm animals of this county have been measurably free from disease the post year. There have been a few cases of charbon aAioug cattle and cholera among lui^'s.

Copldh,�Then; has been no disease among onr farm animals. Chicken cholera has been widespread and destructive, Many persons have lost almost (heir entire (locks.

Covinglon,�The only disease of consef|U6noe that has visited our farm animals is that of cholera, whioh has prevailed to sonn; extent among hogs. The losses hnve

been light.

Greene,�The only loss of farm animals in this county has been among sheep. A.

great, many of these animals have been destroyed by dogs, In addition to those which have died of disease.

Harri no ii.�Xo losses from disease among onr farm stock for the past year.

Hinds.�No serious disease, has ocenrred among any class of our farm animals. A number of cattle died during the winter from exposure to inclement weather. .Some winters onr leases are very heavy for hick of adequate protection to stock.

Jasper,�There has been some distemper among horses. Hogs have suffered with cholera, and sheep with a disease called sorediead.

Marshall,�Horses have died of blind-staggers, pink-eye, ami colic, but the majority of poverty. Cattle have died of mnrrain, and a great many also of poverty. Hogs

worth, perhaps, 1*7,(100 or $8,000 have died of a disease denominated swine fever or

hog cholera. Sheep are afilioted with rot, Large; numbers of fowls have died of cholera, as described by veterinary reports.

Newton,�There has been no epidemic of any kind among onr farm animals during the year. Gven fowl cholera halaquo; not been so troublesome as formerly.

Oklihbeha.�Some little cholera lias prevailed among hogs, and occasionally there has been a case of blind-staggers among horses, but nothing like an epidemic has occurred among any class.

Simpson.�Cholera lias swept oilquot; about one-half the hogs in this eonnty : value, over $liJ,000. A new disease prevailed among cattle, which destroyed a groat many head. They lived only about twenty-four hours after being attacked.

y'i/j/xi/i.�There have been no losses from disease among the farm aninmla of this

county worthy of reporting.

Tishomiiujo.�The past year has been a very favorable one for farm animals in this county. No disease of oonsequonee has visited any class.

I'nion.�Hog cholera has prevailed in the northeast corner of the county, hut it has not been very destructive.

irmrcM.�-Texas fever has prevailed among our cattle. All those, attacked died. Nine; of my own cattle died within throe days. Native cattle were not adfected�ouly tlie imported animals seemed to be susceptible, Sheep areafflioted withtlnkes. Those amibted with this disease will all die if not physicked.

(raquo;Xi/hc.�Distemper has occurred among both horses and sheep, murrain among cat�tle, and cholera among bogs and fowls.

Winston,�Some fifteen or sixteen horses have died this year from distemper. No other disease of a destructive character has-prevailed among stock.

^�^-�^mmm

330 CONTAGUOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATE� ANIMALS.

Mair,�No disease of a dostruotive nature lias occurred among fawn animals or fowls in iliis coiiniv (Imiiiij the year.

Barry,�Distemper lias prevailed to some osteut among horses, and raquo; few cases have proved fatal. About viO per cent, of our hogs have been affected with cholera and

about. Hi per cent, of ihoslaquo; affeotod have died. Oholero nlsquot; prevailsamoug fowls.

BoUiliger.�No dostruotive diseases have visited any class of our larui aiiimals dui-lug the past year. They arc, healthy without exception.

CaMweH.~Ouring the past year the losses caused by disease among farm animals in this county have been comparatively small, No disease of a very malignant char�acter lias prevailed.

Cartel;�AU four classes of farm animals have been exooedingly healthy throughout

this county the past, year.

Cedar,-�A few oases of distemper and glanders have ooonrred among horses. Cholera prevails among hoes, and about half the nuniber attacked die, Dogs destroy a great many sheep. Cholera prevails to a wide extent amoug fofl Is, and abonl nil that are attacked die.

CrawJ'ord,~We have had no fatal diseases among our stock the present year.

Dlaquo;JZlaquo;g.�The deaths from disease among our farm animals have hecu so few that I am unable to even approximate the value of the losses.

Ddirteraquo;laquo;.�There has been nodestruotlvo disease among our domestic animals. Chol�era has prevailed to some extent among fowls.

I.Hnl. � l have heard of uo losses among farm animals (Inline the present year.

Douglas,�Out horses arc healthy. Blaok-leg has occurred among cattle, and bogs have been afflloted With cholera.

I'ldiiklin.�The principal cause of disease, among our horses is over-l'ecdiug with corn or oats, and then too much water and overdriving. In winter cattle are lost from neglect, both as to feed, water, and shelter. Hogs are lost, by Improper shelter and too much oom�In other words, a lack of a sufficient variety of food and clear water to drink.

Oaseonade,�'So diseases of a fatal cliaractcr have prevailed among any class of farm auim

ChWtte.�So far as t can learn, there is no prevailing disease among domestio ani�mals. We occasionally have an epidemic among hogs and poultry, but just now not any.

//lorivoH.�Furm animals in this county the past year have been unusually healthy. Mo epidemic disease, has appeared among them.

Hlokory.�We have had no hog cholera In this county since IHT5-'T(i.

//o//,---Xo epidemics exist among domestic animals in this county. 'I'lie. diseases that usually alleet horses and mules are the result, of hard usage. The, losses from various causes may be stated thus: 150 horses, sect;7,500; 50 oattlo, #1,500j 500 hogs, $1,000; 30 mules and asses, |3,2B0.

./lt;/(rlaquo;0)i,�lint few diseases of a fatal character have visited our farm animals the past year. The value of the losses maybe thus given: Horses, $8,000! cattle, sect;10,200; lings, f300j sheep, f800.

Johnson,�la the northeastern part of the county considerable, cholera prevails among pigs and small shoales. 1'nlly three-fourths of those attacked die. As nrule, farm animals are healthy In this county,

l.iitU(le.�V\'c, have no disease to amount to anything ainong either horses, cattle, lings, sheep, or fowls, A very limited number cd'cases of hog cholera have occurred.

/.(iicmiec�Several cases of Texas fever occurred among cattle in this county last-sninmer. Hog cholera prevails to a considerable extent, but I ciiimot give the value of the losses.

Lincoln.�We have, had no contagious disease among horses or cattle. Cholera has

00NTAGUOU8 dishasks OF DOMESTIOAT�u A.VlMAhS. 331

provailod ftnioug both lio^s ami ohiokeus, anil rot and scab among shoop. Tho value of the loases among swine lias boon about 194,000) among aheep, f6,8G0; and fowlsi 18,000 or .s;i,(raquo;0(.).

l.iun.�We have had no dUoase among farm stuck in iliis oouuty tbe past year traquo; amount to anything.

LifiiKjuiou.�No dlgoaso except among lio^s and fowls. Hogsare more hoalthy tban they have boon In the post olght yoata. Tli(gt; loasea this year laquo;ill porbapa root up

$16,000. The losses among fowls have been qilltO heavy; the valllO Will perhaps

reach |T,500.

Maeon.� There have boon hut few fatal oaaea of disease among our farm animals the pasl year.

McKUlOH, � Ahont 3 pel' eenl. .if the IjogS of this connly have died during Ihoyearof

disease. Two per eeni. oft lie horses and one per oent, of the oattle have also died.

Miller.�A large numborol'hogs have died of cholera, during tho year, other olaasea of anlnmla have- remained In good health.

Monllcau,�This is not only a remarkably healthy county for allkindsof live slock, hut this has been an exceptionally healthy year, so much so that wo oousldor it

proper to report no diseases or hisses at all.

Monroe.�No fatal diaeasehas prevailed to any oonaUlornble extent among the domes�tic animals and fowls in this county during the past year. A few casoa of black-log among calves and cholera among llOga have occurred, fowl cholera, has a I so prevailed

to a limited extent. This fatal dlaoaae among fowla can bo controlled or prevented by the uao of hyposulphite. We have fully tested it during the past two years. Ii is a Valuable medicine.

New �lttdrld.�The total value of animals and fowls lost In this county by disease the past year is $18,641,87. Ahont �lli.OOO of this anionut is atlrihulahle to disease.-. among hogs. Several cattle died of an unknown disease. The livers of thoso I ex-ainined were rotten.

Xeu'ioii.�There have been no losses of consequence among our farm animals by disease the past year,

Nbdaway.�Distempor of an opizootio character has boeu quite fatal to horses in this county. I'ink-eye und blaolc-leg have visited our cat tie, and cholera has heeu quite prevalent among hogs and fowls. The following eatimatea of our losses are given! Horses, $30,000i cattle, $4,000; hogs, $30,000 j sheep, $1,51111; fowls, $8,000.

Oeage.�No disease of an epidemic character baa appeared among any class of farm slock except cholera or swine plague. I suppose hogato the value of $fgt;₎000 have died of this disease, the past year.

Ozark,�There has heeu no epidemic or fatal disease of any kind among our domes�tic animals during tho year

Platte, � for the last year or two all kinds of animals in this county have heen re�markably healthy. Thia is no doubt owing to the fact, (hat farmers are taking bet�tor care of theiratook than in funnel' years.

Pttlaekl.�Cattle are ahont the only farm animals that have heen afflicted during the past year. 'The disease known as black-leg has prevailed among them, and a great iniiny calves ami yearlings have, died.

/'laquo;//mm.�The following estimates of the value of losses among farm animals from all causelaquo; are given for the current year: Horses, $85,000; cattle, $68,600; hogs, $10,000; aheep, $8,500; and fowls, $1,000.

Randolph.�The value of animals lost in this county the past year from disease and natural causes is given as follows: Horses, $3,800; cattle, $10,000; hogs, $5,700 ; sheep, $4,600, and fowls, Sl/J�O. When a horse or cow is affected with disease the owners endeavor to cure them, hut with hogs, sheep, and fowls nothing is done.

Snint f'/ilaquo;Wlt;'.i.�I log cholera has prevailed to SOOSe extent, and has proved very fatal to tho animals attacked. The. value, of the losses will reach .*7,000.

Saint Lottlraquo;,�Have heard of six horses diseased with glanders, of which three died.

332 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTICATBD ANIMALS.

Have lioui'd of but onolotof liogx allliotod with (llsonso, TU�y bavo something like diarrhoa or Mux. Sonio flf'toen cir twenty of tliuiu diod. OtUet'auiumls are healthy^

#9632;Srli na Irr.�Cattle Uave sufTevod wltli blflok-l�g and liogs with oholora, Sheep are boooming bndly affootod with soab, fowls have been afflicted with the usual dlseasi� oliolcrn.

Shelby.�I^nrm animals of all kinds are healthy, fowls die every year of cholera and ronpo,

Slo��ar�,�The only loss I liave to record among farin animals in this county Ims boon among hoys. Tbo \ nine of the losses linvu been small, Will not csooed $3,000,

Taney.�i can hear of no disease except black-leg among cattle. This has boon lt;! 11 iir prevalent, and is generally fatal. The vaino of the losses from this disease will perhaps roach Jt4,O00.

l''i'iioii.� S{gt; fatal epideaiio disease has visited any class of our farm animallaquo; during the year,

fVamn,�The health of ali classes of farm animals bore was never bolter than now.

Wayne.�The value of the losses from disease ainiMiy; our farm animals during the past year Isestimatod as follows: Horses, s7,r)(i0 : cattle, 13,750; hogs, $3,500; sheep, $1,300; and fowls sect;^-2^-'r).

NKHIiASKA.

Adame.�So fur as 1 have been able to pscortain, no disease of any oousoquonoe has

prevailed amougour farm animals during the past year.

Antelope,�So iusiguiAcant have been tho losses by disease among domestio animals that I do not deem them worthy of roport,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

lioone,�Horses, oattlo, hogs, and sheep are remarkably healthy�no disease, of any kind, A horse dlos nccosioually of old age or accident.

Ois.v.�Cattle and hogs are (lie, only classes of animals that have suffered with dis�ease in tins comity. Cattle have boon afflicted with black-leg and hogs with cholera and lung diseases,

Cedav.�The losses among farm animals in this county by disease the present year have been very light.

Dawson.�Jiut few farm animals have been lost by disease in this county during the

year.

Douglas, � five or six horses died during the year of pluk-eye. In the fall some cattle died of indigestion, caused by eating corn husks. We have lost some hogs and fowls by cholera, and some sheep have died of scab,

Furnas,�Animals of all kinds have generally been healthy tbo past, year. A few horses have died from change of climate, overwork, Ac. in somo localities cattle have died of the disease known as hlack-leg. I have no losses to report among hogs, sheep, or fowls.

//((//.�Dlaek-h'g has lately made Its appearance among some herds of cattle which

have been allowed to foed without restraint upon newly husked corn fields. I be�lieve this tobe, the principal cause of the disease. No other disease has appeared among farm stock. Chiokeil cholera prevails in some localities.

I In mil Ion. � 1 have heard of but very few cases of disease among farm animals in this comity. There has been considerahle loss by chicken cholera. Some farmers have lost all�others few.

Johnson,�All farm animals are in good health ami condition. No epidemic has oe-enrred dining t lie year.

Kmnu'ji.�I bavo no losses to report from diseases among domestic animals for the past year.

Laneaste)',�I oon obtain no reliable data as to losses among farm animals In this county for the Oltrroilt year.

J/cn/c/,-.�Some burses have been lost during the vear by diseases ineiilent to tliem.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 333 Cattle, hogBj and alieep avo henltliyi Oholora liaa prevailed to some extent among

(owls.

XcnitiJia.�There is so little (llsoase or loss among rann iininial.s tlio current yoav as in luinlly be worth moutloniitg, Some dlsteuipor and pink-eye among horses, liutno loss. A few cases of quot; Uidne.y wennquot; among hogi, whlol) rendily yields to treattuout, and scab among sheep.

I'IivIjih.�The only loss among farm animals worthy of record has been among'

slieep. 1 suppose 11,000 wmdd cover tlio value of these losses.

Platte.�No epidemio has appeared among the domostto animals of this county for

the current year.

Potk,�No fatal diseases among la mi animals. Chicken cholera lias been quite prevalent and fatal.

Bioliardson,�Scarcely any disease anioug the farm animals of this county. I do not know personally of the death of n horse, cow, or hog during the seasou, and my looa*

linn is a central one.

SkuihIim.-l have been unable to hear of the prevalence of any fatal disease among

live stock in this county.

Webster,�With the exooptlon of hog cholera, no other contagions disease, scorns to have visited any class of our farm an duals during this year.

Ksmmitila.�Horses have been allliclcd wilb distemper and hing fever. The, latter lias proved very fatal to stallions. I!liick-leg has been quite fatal to calves and yonr-ling cattle. It has been fatal in almost every instance. The symptoms are the swell�ing of one or more of the legs. Sometimes the swelling is confined to the hip or side of the neck and bead. After death the part affected becomes badly bloodslioltcn, No remedy has been found for the ma lady.

/-//raquo;H.�Lung fever has proved fatal to sunie horses, ami blackdeg lias boon very fatal to cattle. Hogs and slice]) are hcallhy.

Xyc.�The annual losses of farm animals in thisconiily from disease are trivial.

NUW HAMI'smuK.

AVW;laquo;laquo;/).�There has been no prevalllug disease among animals in this county the current year. Some few animals have died, bid 1 am unable to form any idea of the number or valuo. It must he, however, a very small percentage of the whole number.

OheshU'e, �No epidemio disease aiming horses, cattle, or hogs. Some foot-rot among slice]) and diseases among fowls.

Cchlaquo;.--No epidemic disease of any nature ims prevailed among our farm animals during tlio year. The losses have been comparatively small,

llillxhoromjli.�I hear of but few Losses of eat tic, sheep, or bogs (luring I be past .vear. No epidemic lias occurred among either class of domestic animals.

SldUvatt,�The value of the farm animals lost in Ibis county by disease the current year will probably aggregate in the neighborhood of |5,000, as follows: Horseraquo;, s-,gt;,400: cattle, $1,500; hogs, $350; sheep, $700.

NEW .IKHSKV.

dilanlio,�} have heard of no oontnjglous or epidomle diseases existing among our

farm animals. The increase of live stock in Ibis county since I8.s0 has been at least

15 per cent.

I'aiiidcn.�A]] classes of farm nnimals have been nnnsually cxempl from disease the

post year. I oanol hear of a case of contagions disease that has proved fatal, Fowls have suffered with oholora, bu( this disease yields'i'endilj to treatmenl with sulphnr and sulphuric acid.

Ciipc Mail.� 'S it diseases exist a nidug lann animals or fowls in t bis conn I v. Occasion-

334 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMKSTIOATBD ANIMALS.

ally thoro isn coao of pink-aye amoug Uorsos, but tliedlsoa�o ravoly proves fatal. -Hoino loss among fowls by tlisease.

Essex.�With one oxceptlon there Ims boon no contagion anioug horsos or cattle In tliis county. The exception whs In Soutli Orange, whore forty-six horses in theSontlx Orange and Kewark horse-car stables BafTorlug willi glanders were killed lgt;y order of the health offloersof the State.

Crlouoeeter.�TSo disease provalls among any olass of domestic animals In this county. Chicken cholera prevails to u more or lass extent throughout the county,

.i/iiW/wr.� 1 have no losses from dlsonso (lt;gt; report among the farm animals of this county. There luis been a heavy loss among fowls.

Morris,�! have heard of the prevaleaoe ofnodiseoBO among farm stock for the past

year.

Oeelt;Mi.�] am glad to state thai t lie live stock of our county is remarkably (I might almostsay absolutely) free, from all ooutagloua diseases.

Salem.�The losses of farm animals by diseases during the past year were very low in this county.

Warren,�1 do no! think any disease of a contagious character has prevailed amoug any class of our farm animals during the year.

\KW YORK.

.(//cfl,nM/.�No serious epidemic has oocurred among any class of domestic animals in this county during the year. Tho volno oft he losses, from all causes, may be stated thus: Hoi see, $3,500; cattle, $1,600 j hogs, $150 ; sheep, $350 ; and fowls, $1,808.50.

Broomlaquo;.� I have not boon aide to hear of the prevalence of any contagious or fatal malady among any class of our farm animals.

C�HMoa.�The usual diseases have prevailed among farm stock in tills county the past year, though I hey have hecn of rat her a mild form. Pink-eye and Influenza have been the principal diseases. There were T2 eases of pink-eye, of which 13 proved fatal. Out of 33 cases of influenza there were 7 dealhs. Cattle andswlnearehealthy. There were 7;i caseraquo; of scab among sheep, but no deaths. Of fool-red there were 100

cases and ;53 deaths. 'I hen' has hecn a groat deal of cholera I......Ug fowls. About all

that have hecn attacked have died. The same might bo said cd' loupe. These diseases i rouble ns a good deal

C/iau/rtuglaquo;laquo;,�-There has hecn no opidemic disease among farm stock in this part of the State during thepast three years. The following estimates of losses for this county nre for diseases of all kinds liable to affect farm stock. The largest share id'such casu�alties may no doubt be charged to improper feed and care or to neglect. Fho esti�mates are: Horses, $1,875j cattle, |1,100; Uogs,$335; sheep, $160.

Idliimhiii.�While no epidemic seems ta have prevailed among any class of farm stock in this cimniy during tho year, tho aggregate loss foots up quite a largo sum. The losses in detail are given as follows; Horses, $18,500 : cattle, $8,000 j hogs, $3,750} sheep, $8,500 : and few Is, $1,125.

Cortland,�No hisses from disease are reported as having ocenrred among tho farm animals of this comity.

lgt;uli-hcHH.-\ am pleased la say that 00 contagions or inl'cci ions diseases have pre�vailed among our farm animals the past year.

Emlaquo;;.�There has been some liiilc- trouble w ith pink-eye among horses. Qenorally,

however, farm animals have hecn very healthy.

FVanfcHlaquo;,�-None but tho common ordinary diseases incident to farm stuck have pre�vailed the past year. This is a good elimale for both man and heasl.

fgt;Vton.�Horses, cattle, sheep, and hfgt;f;s have remained licalthy during the year.

Some disease, has prevailed among fowls.

Oonesee,�Wo have very little disease among our farm animals, and what wo have

arc isolated caseraquo;, farmers know that good feeding and proper Ireatmenl arc better than doctors' nostrums.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOTTED ANIMALS. 335

Rmiio.�The value of tlio losses among facm aaimals In lliis county for ilio year are given as follows: Horses, $3)186 j oottle, J1,B�0 j hogs, $700,; sUeep/f��i andfovls,

$1,000.

iidiniiion.�There Iiave boon noepideinios during blie past year among oar domestic animals or fowls. Last winter was a very severe one on work horses, and several died, probably more from overwork und exposaro than from disease^

lh rkimcr .�VVe have bad no epidomlo disease among our domestic animals during the past year, exoopt abortion among dairy cows, and this ton leas extent than in former years,

Jicirilaquo;.�I Inivc no losses to repori among fitrm animals in this county#9632; No epidemic has prevailed among any cluss.

LMngston,�The value of farm animals lost in thisoouuty the j)iist year from disease and oilier causes may 1gt;o estimated as follows : Horses, sect;;!,7�(); cattle, SI,250; hogs, |400j sheep, $105, and fowls, 170.

Madison.�All kinds of farm animals ami fowls have remained free from disease dining the year.

Monroe.�Tliis is not a stock-growing county, bni among the limited unmboi of animals kept there has been no prevailing disease, and only the usual deaths from common maladies, aoeideuts, amp;o,

Montgomery,�No epidemic is reported as having prevailed among farm animals In this county, yet a heavy mortality is reported among some classes^ The value of the losses is given as follows: Horses, $3,000 | cattle, $30,000) liogs, |1,200; sheep, $840, and fowls, $56S,

OiagaTft,�There has been no epidemic among any kind of farm animals in this county during the past year, so the comparative, loss has been very small, and the result principally of some acute disease or aecnlent.

OtlcMa.�There has been no disease of a marked nature among any class of our farm stock. This is pre-eminently a dairy county, and the number of cattle varies but little from year to year.

(hiiintliiiiti. � 1 have no losses of consequence to report among the farm animals of this county for the year.

Ontario,�No epidemic occurred among any class of farm animals during the year IBS'.'. Fowls were affooted inlSSSto about the same extent as during the present year and with the same disease, called chicken cholera.

Oswego,�A great many horses wore affected with pink-eye in 1883; perhaps 1,600 were attaclied, causing a loss of 150 head. No disease of a contagions character lias prevailed among any class of animals this year.

Olscgo.�From all the information I have boon able to obtain I am led to believe there have been no appreciable, losses from epidemic diseases among any branch of farm animals dining the year.

SclioliKric.�There, has been no unusual disease of any kind among our farm stock this year.

Seneca.�There lias been no prevailing disease among either cattle, hogs, or sheep. A few horses have died of distemper, Hen cholera has prevailed, causing a loss, per�haps, of .1.1,000 in the eomHy.

Suffolk.�The most fatal diseases among horses in this county are lock-jaw and spi�nal meningitis. Scab has proved very fatal to sheep,

'I'ioi/n.�There has been no disease of an epideinic or fatal character among ourfann stock this year.

Warren,�The losses among the various classes of domestic animals mid fowls In this county for the past year have been so small, that 1 am satisfied no disease of an epidemic character has occurred.

TFaeMngton,�There has been some pink-eye among horses and pneumonia among cattle. Hogs have suffered with staggers, sheep with colds, and fowls with the usual

336 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

disoasos. The value of the losses for tha year ara about alaquo; follows: Horses, $4,r)0i);

cattle, $6,000; hogs, |3,300i shoep, |8,400j fowls, $4,000,

Wayne,�No dostruotive disease sooma to bare prevailed among auy cla.ss of farm

aiiiiiials iu Ihls county the past year.

iii/iiiniiif/.�No lulal disease lias prevailed amongany of our farm animals tblsyeai'¹!'laquo;/(raquo;.�Pluk-eyo lias prevailed to some extent among our horses, but in rather n

mild lorui. Chicken cliolcra prevails in tills locality, and sooms lo ho very conta�gious. Turkeys are occasionally attacked and die. It is plainly a disease of the liowels. .Some seasons the value of the losses in this counly will reach 11,000.

NORTH CAliOI.IXA.

AloJ'diidcr.�There has been no prevalent disease among farm slock in this county the past year, anil no data upon which to base aa opinion as lo the niunlier of animals that have been attacked and died within Iho year.

Alamance,�1 have no diseases to report as prevailing among onr farm aninialsat present. There has been no hog eliolera this season. About 70 per cent, of the ani�mals die when it prevails.

.IWic.�None other than the oommon well-known diseases have prevailed during the year among; the live-stock of this eonnty.

tVirimi.�-The losses from diseases among domestic animals have been comparatively small in this counly the current year.

Casioell,�A tew hogs and fowls have died during the year of diseases incident to them.

Chiil.�Cholera has prevailed among the hogs and fowls of this eonnty to a limited extent during the year. Horses, cattle, and sheep have remained healthy.

C(ilumhiin. � Viii\\\ animals are generally healthy, at least no contagions disease prevails among any class, except among hogs. They are afflicted with cholera, as

are also our fowls. We have found no remedy for this disease.

Ciimlicrlaiul.�With the exception of hogs, all our domestic animals^seem to have been very healthy the past year. Some years the loss is very heavy among these aninials.

Hanv,�A number of horses along the beach have died of blind-staggers. Cuttle, hogs, and sheep have been very healthy. A great many sheep have been killed by dogs.

Dnv'nhnn,�Several of our fannershavelost their hogs�almost their entire, stock� by a disease, which carried them oil' very rapidly. They broke out in boils which had a very offensive odor. The animals only lived about 36 hours after the attack was noticed. So offensive were the tninors that the buzzards were attracted while the animals were yei living. The bolls could be penetrated tea depth of an inch or more.

Fovaylh,�There have been no fatal diseases among our farm animals during the year. A great many fowls have died of cholera.

FriinUiii.�The only loss of any Importance among any class of our farm animals during the year has been among hogs by the usual diseases Incident to these aninials.

QaatOU. � A few horses and cattle have died of disease during the past year, but not. many. Hogs are the niost unhealthy of all classes of farm stock. They die mostly of cholera. A great many fowls are also lost by cholera,

(�nits......1 am unable to furnish the information desired In your oiroular,

Greene,�Since the enaottneul of t lie stools law diseases among farm animahs arc not

so prevalent, We have bad a few cases of cholera among hogs, hut the disease lias

nol been widespread as In former years.

Ilnlifil.r. � All kinds of farm animals ha ve beeil fVoe from disease, and the losses during the year ainomit to but little. Occasionally cholera appeals among our fowls.

Ilnnitll......Cholera has I.....n i|iiilc fital among onr hogs. At least mie half of flioso

attacked havo died.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ,'537

ffen�evson,�1 find it Impoaglbls to prooare tbo statistlos relating tigt; losses among farm antmalsi

/ndell.�Otw Ciinn animals have been uunaaally oxompt from dlseaso, ospeolallj' of u fatal oboraoter. Tbo losses will nol oxceocl, in value, over $3,000 ot (4,000 for I lie

entire coiinty.

Jones.�Tliere ismil iniirh :it lenl ion paid In slock in I Ills eoniil v. 'I'lie .#9632;inini.i Is �#9632;lie nIIowed to ronm Ml largo antl I'uke care of I liemscl ves. But few losses Imve ocemreil

from disonseSi

Montgomery,�We imve no reliable basis from whlcli to report, and do not propose to guess. The returns of assistants aro nol reliable, and I do not propose to make u statotneul unless based on some facts moasurnbly reliable.

Ons/oui,�Cbolern lias provrailed among boga and fowls in this county. No other disease of a oontaglons obaracter Ims appeared among stook. Tbe value of i lie losses among tbe various classes for the ycarrnay bo stated tbus: ITorsos, |1G,350; cattle, $8,475; bogs, #1,800 | sbeop, $318.50.

I'tint lien.�About 40 horses bavo died In this oonnty this year of blind-stnggers. The losses bave not been heavy, but more or less disease has prevailed among the other classes.

Pasquotank.�No special disease lias prevailed among any class of our farm animals

this year, except cholera, Wbloll has caused Ihe death of a limited number of Iiok's.

Penrfc;'.�Blind-staggers has been quite fatal to a i......her of horses in this counts',

and chuiera husprevailcd quite extensively among hogs and fowls. The value of tbo

horses lost may lie slated at about $3,000, and lions a like amount.

Polk.�Vurm stock has generally beeil healthy. There have been some cases of cholera among hogs, bnl I am of theopiuiou thai 15 percent, would fully cover the loss for the scar. Among horses ami cattle the losses will not exceeds per cent.

//oikM/i/i, �Losses among horses and males, $3,175! ealtle, $600) bogs, !?1 illi; sbeep, $580; fowls. $319.

ffo/woraquo;.�Horses have been exceptionally healthy this year. Cattle have been alilioted with murrain. Warm winters seena to be innre imhoaltby for cattle than cold weather. Hogs are afflicted with oholora, and abonl all thai are attacked with

(hi' disease die. We have no remedy for chicken ehdlera, altllOtlgb I lie disease Is wide�spread and fatal.

/.'raquo;//((�r/'ortf.�I lorscs have suffered with distemper, glanders, and blind-staggers, and call le with distempoi and murrain. A large mini her of hogs have died of cholera, and a few slice)) have been lost by scab, Powl cholera prevails.

Swry.�No fatal diseases have visited tin; farm anil mils of ihis county during the current year.

TrwiBylvaiiia.�Th^losses from disease ainoii|; all classosof farm animals in this county for the imst year will aggregate Bbout$5,000,

I ii inn.�The horses and cattle in this county hove been icmarkiildy free from disease t he past year. Dogs have killed about 985 sheep. .V considerable number of fowls have died from oholora and soro-bead.

IVayne.�'No special disease has prevailed among the live-stock of this county. Cholera has been quite destructive to fowls.

)i ill.cs.- The aggregate loss among all classes of farm stook and fowls in this county for the year may he stated at about$8,000.

fTOsoraquo;.�Hog cholern prevailed ton widecxtont In this connty in 1888. I lost hoes

myself valued at $500. 1 suppose Ihe loss in the eonnly thai year readied $6,000 01'

$7,000. i tin-experience is thai it does no good to doctor animals sufi'orlng with the

disease, (teiiera ll.\ ahnnl 75 per ecu I. raquo;file¹ fowls attacked With cholera die.

1 ttdkin.�No destructive disease has prevailed among form animals in I his county. All (dasses arc in a healthy condition.

Prtncfl^.�No very fatal or widespread disease bosvislted any class of onr live-stock

this year.

575J i) a------22

338 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

.UUn.�The losses from diseases limoaK farm aniinuls wuro (|i�te lii�ivy for the past yeai in this laquo;.'Oiiiily. Tin' valuos arc glvop as follows : I lorscs, iill),rtl{v3; oattlOgSOfSOS; hogs, |18,360| shoep, ^8,435.

.i.sAfddlaquo;/laquo;.�No dostruotlvedisoasoshave visited the live-stock of this county duriug tlio yonT) and lionci) tile losses linvlaquo; Daly boon iioiiiiii;il.

Auglaite,�While uo speoial epidomio ssoins to have provallod among any class of

farm aniinals in this comity, the losses for the year arc quite heavy. Tlicy arc, given

asfollows! Horses, 10,746; cattle, |4,7171 hogs, f 13,100j sheep, $1,086,

liruivu.�I (lud it impossible (o make a correct statement in regard to losses of farm stock in this comity, and tliercfine think it, best not to make any.

Carroll.�No diseases have prevailed among either horses, cattle, or hogs. Somo Hocks of sheep are affected with foot-rot, but not many (lit.' pf the disease. Occasion�ally they die of grub in the bead. Pcwl cholera is often ({iiitc destructive, but the disease does not seem to prevail at this time.

Chamjmign.�Only sporadic eases ol'disease have, occurred among onr farm animals duriug this year. Fowls die by the dozens on many farms, but there arc no records showing the nninher loist.

Crawford,�No disease among horses. Cattlo and hogs are healthy and in good condition. There is some foot-mtjiiiiong sheep, ami a great deal of cholera among fowls.

VHnloth�The follovriug are tlie, estimates of the losses of farm animals in this county for the past: year: Horses, $16,800) cattle. $5,190; hogs, $14,416; sheep, $laquo;,488.

Coskooton,�No epldomlo disease has occurred among our farm stuck this year.

Darke,�Horses ami cattle are healthy. Cholera or splenic fever has, and still is raging among hogs in some sections of I he comily. 1 have no data as to the value of the losses, but the aggregate will be large. There are isolated cases of cholera among fowls.

DqflanM.�No disease of any kind among stock. .Nothing lint natural causes occa�sion losses.

Delmeare,�There were killed by dogs in this county during the year ;!3rgt; sheep,

valued at sect;1,^(12. A niiiiiluT of cattle and hogs have died of the diseases incident, to

such stock. The value of the cattle lost was $6,272, and of hogs $7,234'.

I'airfitld.�All kinds of farm animals have hceii free from disease. No signs of an

epidemic, and no losses worth montiotiing,

Fayetle.�No iossosof consequence have been occasioned liy disease among the farm animals in this county.

i'rdtikliii.�No epidemic has occuricd among onr horses and cattle. Hogs have suf�fered from cholera., which has lessened the production more than'one-half. It. is very fatal; 1th per cent, of those attacked die. The value of onr losses among these, ani�mals will reach $37,000 or $38,000,

Oeaiiga,�No destructive disease has appeared among any class of onr domestic ani�inals this year.

Harrison.......The losses of farm animals ill this counl.v by disease during the oiUTeut

year have hecn only noniiiial.

Iliuni.�Distemper prevailed toaomo extonl among horses the past winter ami sum�mer, bill was of rat bora mild form. The value of the. hogs lost liy disease will amount.

to $16,000, Cholera has been quite fatal to some docks of fowls, while others have

remained exempt from t lie disease.

tlooklng,�I cstlmnto the value of losses aiming farm animals In this county for i tic year as follows: Horses, |4,780; cattle, $'2,736; hogs, $1,013; sheep, $3,778,

llolm.es,.....Milk fovor has boon very fatal to dairy cows in this county. Animals of

this class valued at $10,000 have died, mostly of the aliovc-naincd disease. Hogs, by hunching and sleeping together in straw and niannro beds, have become diseased.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. SBl/

While sleeping together In tliiraquo; way tlicy get warm and sweat, and being oalled out to eat In the cold air tbey booome chilled und ihnraquo; contract disease, A largo uumher of (owls have died of diolora.

Huron,�No eptdemlo iraquo; now prevailing among our farm animalH, nor lias anything of the kind prevailed among them during the year. Cholera prevails among chickens, and tnrlioy.s.

./ttcksoii.�Our tann animals have been reasonably healthy the past year, and con-seqnently our losses have be�n only nominnl.

h'nox.�Nospooial malady haraquo; visited any class of live stock in this county Unring; thc year, and the losses whieli have oeenrred have lieen from natural causes.

liohing,�There has been no epidemic among horses, yet some have died of disease-Cattle generally are healthy, yet there have been a number of deaths from milk fever. Slice)) have snttered from a disease known here, as quot;white, skin,quot; which seems to ho attributable to the pant wet season. Cholera and thumps have caused the loss of some hogs, yet neither disease can be said to prevail at present. Cholera prevails iinito-extensivcly among fowls, and lew that are attacked recover. The value of the losses. are estimated as follows: Horses,$11,040; cattle,94)390; hogs, $1,556; sheep, sect;li),7i)7 :, and fowls, |10,619.

Logan.�There has been very little disease among horses except pink-eye, and t hac seldom proves fatal. Hog eluilera has not been as had as it was a year or two ago yet the value of the, losses in this county will reach over |30,000, Foot-rot and paper skin have destroyed sheep valued at |9,435. Chicken cholera has caused considerable' damage.

Lomitt.�A few cows have been lost by milk fever, and quite a nnmber of sheep by-paper skin and gnib in I hi- bend. The value of sheep thus lost ill the county will, aggregate about ST.UIM.

Lnoaa,~lt isdlffloult to determine with any degree of accuracy the number or valno¹of farm animals lost in this county by disease during the year. The following is thought to be a fair estimate of I lie value of I hose that have dieil ; Horses, ^li.'.tfil : cattle, .laquo;:i,.i7'lt;i: hogs, |3,744; sheep, f9B9.

3fahoning,�There in no epidemioclisease prevailing among farm stock in the comity. Some pink-eye occurred during the year among horses, hut there were no losses.

HfelgB,�The heaviest loss that lias occurred among any class of farm stock has been among sheep. The losses have been principally among lambs just coming in, and yearlings. Some farmers have lost a large per cent, of such animals. The nature of the disease is not known. The total amount of the loss will reach about 18,000,

3Hami.�i cannot learn of the prevalence of any fatal diseases among live stock. They all seem fat and healthy.

Montgomery.�The following is as near an approximation of the losses of farm ani�mals in this county for the yearns it is possible to obtain, viz: Horses, sect;17,7^11; cat�tle, $2,000; hogs, $12,600; sheep, $4,000; and fowls, $260.

Morgan,�The statistics desired cannot lie obtained,

Morrair.�Neither our horses, cuttle, nor hogs have been visited by any epidemic Olquot; contagious disease, for some years past; therefore the losses have not been great. This-, is a sheep county. The latter part of last winter was very bard on this stock, par�ticularly those that were mil sheltered. Them was n heavy loss among lambs. Tho total loss is estimated at $18,350.

Muthingum.�The largest loss in this county bus been among sheep, Farmers know

but little abont the symptoms and nature of diseases; hence Itisdiffloull to toll what

they die of, The losses among the various chussny arc estimated as follows: llnrscs,

$0,416; cattle,$7,ti00; hogs. $1,961; sheep, $17,606.

Olliura.� Tho entire aillmal kiiigdoiu is free from all diseases as far as 1 can Iciirn.

I'liuldiniJ.�A few caSCS Of pink-eye have occurred among horses, bill nothing like

an epidemic lias prevailed. There have been some eases of murrain and red-water

340 CONTAGIOUS DI8BA8BS Ob' DOMKS TICATKD ANIMALS.

iiiniiii^ cattle. [logs Beein icgt; have been bealtUlei thau usual. Some fowl oUolern proraquo; vails, Iml, to wluil cxti'iil I am unable to laquo;ay.

Prehle. The loss of hogs in this county lias boon finite heavy, and will atuount In #9632;value to $W,584. There doesuol Beotato liavobeon any umiaual opldemlo amoug (liis or any other lt;-lass of farm Btook, and the aggregate loss for tln^ year is about an average. Kowl cholera lias prevailed quite extousivoly.

Seneoa,�The loss among bogs In thlsoouuty Is estlmatoil at $10,000, Tin-, diseases afl'ootiug these animals are, cholera, lliiim|is, staggers, ami rhoumatlatn, Fowl cholern \isiis us with uuweloonie regularity. The value of the losses for the year will reaoh $5,000,

Stark,�We have bod no special or very fatal diseases among our farm animals for

thopast year. The losses are therefore Only nominal.

Tniiiiliiilt.�No opldotulos have prevailed among oar farm animals during the year,

Tusoarawat.�All classes of domestic animals are free from COUtaglona and iulee-l ions diseases.

Iiiiim,�A great many animals of all classes have died dnrimi;'I lie past year of CllSquot; eases lacldout to them. Among the horses losl were several very volnablo imported

ones. The losses among the various classes are ^ivon Ullis : Horses, $13,760; callle, $4,100; bogs, $35,709; sheep, $9,994.

t quot;m Ion.�There seems to he no com pin in I as regards the health of dornest io anima Is

in ihiseoiinty. isolated oases of fowl cliolorn are reported.

ll'nirni.� I hear of (lie prevalenooof no epidemic except that known as cholera among bogs and fowls. The value of the bogs lost in the county will reach sis,(ton ami upwards, and of chickens about $350,

fFayne,�The pioaent year has been remarkable Cor the good health of all classes of farm slock.

II ii,a!. - 1 hear of no epidemic disease except cholera among fowls. Our losses ha ve

been quitoheavy fr..... this disease; will ainonni in value to $1,500,

Ifyandot.�The total value of the loss of farm animals in this county for the year

laquo;ill reach s7,not), divided among the various classes and fowls as follows.quot; Horses. si.noil; cattle, $500; hoes, $2,500; sheep. $1,000; and fowls, $1,000,

omaaiN.

linker. � Pink-eye has prevailed to somocxtent among iiorsos, hut it has not proved fatal in any ease thai I have heard of. A few eases of black-log in cah es ha ve ocenrred,

�en(oa,�-But lew animals have died from t lie effcets id' disease in t his county the current year, and (hose that have hecn lost have died of (he usual well-Known dis�eases.

' linl.-nniiin.�Tin- only disease worthy of note among any class of farm animals has been among horses. They are afflicted with oalargetnont of the kidneys, which seems

to cause (he ho(s (o leave the stomach and goto the throat. Sonic eases have proved

fatal. There have also been some cases of blind-staggers among horses.

CJa/ro^.�Five per cent, of the sheep of this county are usually lost by dlsenso* ,\imnt one-third of this number die from the effects of the wator-loeob,

Cnl ii in hin......No epidemic diseaso has prevailed among any class of livequot; stock in this

eonnly d n line the past six years. Our hogs are mostly of t he old long-nosed breed,

,ii id 11 a nt their living until they are wanted for fattening purposes.

Curi'y,�Some docks of sheep are affceled with scnli. hill (he disease rarely proves fatal. All o t her (lasses of farm animals are in a remarkably healthy condition.

Josephine,�Thovo are (mi a small number of domestic nuitrials in (his county, and tiie tew we have are in a healthy condition.

Cane.�Since 188] the horses in this county have suffered seriously, anil often fa�tally. Irom an epidemic no( uodcrstonii by Olir people. The disease. I presume, is

glanders. The symptoms are a gwolliiig uiulor the jaw and a ft'co discharge at the nostrils of it grayish sticky matter. Sometimes one nostril or (he other discharges

CONTAGIOUS DIHEA8E8 OP DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS. 841

blood, BUfl suiiill liloiiil-lilistcrs appBfll ii|p(gt;ii (lir bind lt'j;.s of gotUO, whii'li bl'OitlS, ilis-

ohargo, aud liottli Tlio Unlr atlolcBout from the bodies of tho Hriiirnalfi, their appo-

tltOS liiil, and 30011 tlii'.V. run down and die. The disease is contagious In a lllgll do-

greo, -Many line animals, worth thousands of dollars, bavo died of tho malady. The loss, 1 think, will aggrogato $10,000 nnuuallyi Shuep aro oooaslonally aHTootcd wiili, soab; and ronpo, whioh Is oontagtous, frequently sweeps off largo nunibors of fowls,

Liini.�lw some SBOtlous of OIU'OOUUtj' liorses air oceasionally aileeted with IllUg

fever and staggers. A few die of nasal gloet, or some disease rosombliug oatarrh. Sboep are subject to leech and scab, and cliickens to cholera.

Mullnomah,�No contagious disease has provailod among any class of our domestic animals,

J'olk.�The only loss wo have sustained among our farm animals has been among

horses and sheep. No contagions disease seems to have affected any class.

TFoshington,�We have, here, every winter a disease among liorses, culled staggers by some, and by others spinal ineniii;iiti.s, I hear of some suffering thus early in the winter season, I estimate tho average annual Loss by that disease alone at 8 per cent.. There lias been no fatal disease among other classes of stock. Cholera among fowls lias prevailed to a limited extent,

PENNSYLVANIA',

dlleghmy.�There has been no disease ol'any kind among our farm animals. Cholera among fowls has been quite prevalent,

/Ifdford.�A number of horses have suffered with pink-eye, disleinpcr, and lung fever. IIok' cholera has prevailed, anil fowls have also suffered with cholera and gapes, The losses are estimated us follows: Horses, l|35,000| cattle, $1,600j liojjs., 810,0(11); sheep, $6^000; fowls, |9,500,

Bradford. � No contagious disease has prevailed among live stock in this county the past year,

Butln',� I cannot hear of the prevalence anionj; either horses, cattle, liogS, or sheep o� any disease whatever. The deaths have been the result of acciden t, uat iiiu i de�lects, or for luck of proper care,

(.'(imliriii.�No disease of a fatal character has prevailed among any class of our do�mestic animals,

Cameron. � But few losses have been occasioned by disease among the Carm animals of this county during tho past year.

Clinton.� I lind it impossilde to furnish the inlbrmiition yon desire as to losses IVoni disease among I'uim animals,

Crawford, � No contagious or epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of our farm stock the past year. Animals occasionally die, but generally of some eominon disease, old age, amp;o,

/#9632;Hi'.�The losses among domestic animals in this county arc occasioned by had treat�ment, old ago, or accident,

Erie,�We, have had no prevailing disease within the past year among any class of our farm animals, but wo have bud the average annual losses from old age, ncci-

dent, want id' proper attention, laquo;fee,

(li-fcni.�There never lias been an epidemic among the larni animals of this connU that amounted to anything, Chicken cholera lias oansod greater losses than any disease among live stock.

Lawrence.�There has been some chicken cholera among fowls, but the disease has not been so general as heretofore. No epidemic has visited our farm animals during

the year.

Lyooming,�No oontagious or infections diaense lias prevailed among our domestic animals the past year. The losses have, boon occasioned by natural causes.

Montour.�Some hogs have died in this county daring the year. It is Hiipposed thav

____

342nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED AMIMALS.

#9830;lie disease of wliloli they dit'it was oeoasloaed by foedtug thotn with moldy corn. About ono-thiid of our obiokeus liiivo died of obolerdi

yDiilntiiipioii.�No epldemio dlBotise has prevailed among auy class of farm animals in tliis oonnty. The ohlokeu disease has caused oonsiderabio loss, It has also at-taoked turkeys with fatal results.

Sohuylkill.�No serious or destruotlTO disease lias visited our live, stock the past year.

Somcrnct.�I am of Ihe opinion that there lias been no epidomio disease, among our

stock for two or three years past, but of course thore have been some deaths from

natural causes and common aihuents.

Sullivan.�This is a high, roiling county, with line nutritions grasses, and is very

ihealthy for all kinds of farm animals, The losses flic post year were only nominal-

Siuquehanna,�Scarcely any losses have occurred among our farm stock from disease the past year. There has been quite a heavy loss among slieop, caused by dogs.

Union,�No contagious diseases have made their appearance among our farm nni-inals the post year.

liiKnit/o.�There is not, nor has there been during the year, any contagious or infec�tions diseases amongour domestic animals. The losses are such as are incident to al] #9632;slock.

Honrraquo;.�-Of course an animal occasiomilly sickens and dies, hul [ can hear of the provnienoe of no epidemic among our stock during the current year. One Imlcher� tin Isolated case�lost some hogs by cholera.

Washington,�A few horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep have died from the effects of the various diseases inoidout to them (hiring the past year. 1 cannot give the value of euch losses. The cholera or roupo has boon destructive to fowls. The loss will aggre�gate several thousand dollars for the year.

Wayne,�No oontagtous or epidcnilo diseases among farm stock In this county. A great many calves and yearlings have died of inalignanl anthrax or hlaekdeg. From SOO to 300 slice)raquo; are annually killed by dogs.

WestMOI'elaild,�farm animals usually do well in this country. I can procure no re�liable data as to annual losses by disease. The aggregate would amount to but little.

Wyoming,�I have no diseases to report, as prevailing among farm uniuials. 1 esl i-tnate the, value of the loss of fowls at 8-,quot;75.

Fo-fc.�1, estimate the value of the losses among the various classes of farm animals and fowls In this county for the year as follows: Horses, $8,500 | cattle,, $3,000 ; hogs, 113,000j sheep, |65) and fowls, $500.

KIHlUF, ISLAND.

Bristol,�The prevailing horse disease has been pink-eye, of which few animals, however, die, and those ohiofiy from ignorance. A small, cheap pamphlet, in large, type, describing the more frequent diseases incident, to horses and cows, und indicat�ing proper I real in cut, would sa ve mucli loss and untold su Hering to the animals.

AV)/^. The most prevalent disease among horses is pink-eye. Hogs have fevers from exposure, and fowls areaftiloted with roupe, caused by their damp quarters.

.\i irpini. � 'VUi' loss among farm animals in this county dining the past year has not been very largo. Nothing like an epidemic disease \v_l\s prevailed, A large tiiitlic in the produotlon of eggs Ims within the post Pew years grow u np In tin southern part of the coimiy.

SOUTH OAHOUNA,

UnniwdL�Horses, cattle, and sheep In this eouuty are renmrtyibly free'from all

'#9632;untiigious diseases. They die from such sporadic attacks OS aro common every whore, ind in some cases from poverty and hail Ireat incut. Hogs and fowls are sulieriug from a disease called cholera, of which numbers are being carried oil'. We have, no

remedy.

CONTAOIOUS DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 343

Cheaterfield. � I liavo not heard raquo;1 the prevalence of any fatal disease auionjj the farm animals of this emmty dutlug the past year.

('inrciidoii.�The only loss of any oonse^aeuoe that has (icenrred among any class of atoek in this cimnty during the year lias been among lioo-s, Tlugt; valim of the animals lost will aggregate J10,900, Fowl cholera has been widespread and destriiotivii, and lias destroyed fowls valued at $3,350.

Ilumploii.�lam unable to furnish Hie inforniation desired for this eoiinty.

Xeivherri/,� Horses occasionally die of coinmon ailments. Cattle, die of quot; liollow-liorn quot; and exposure No care is given these animals. Cholera is very fatal fco both hogs and fowls. No nnnsnal cpideniic lias prevailed amon^ our uninials during the year.

Iiicliltind.�Cholera has prevailed ton considerable extent, among hogs in thiseounly. Oilier farm animals have remained healthy.

�umter.�All classes Of farm animals in this county are free from disease.

WUliamsbttvg,�No statistics accessible, and cannot, give the information desired.

TKNNKSSKK.

Anderson,�This has been a year quite free from stock epidemics. In tha early

spring quite a number of milch cows died of n disease popularly known as iniirrain. and a few hogs of cholera.

HcdJ'urd.�Tlic only disease, fr..... w Inch our horses suffer is distemper, with occa�sionally a chronic ailment. A disease has prevailed the past summer among our cat�tle called murrain by .some and by others Alabama or Texas fever. It only affects native cattle which are grazed on pastures after Alabama or Texas eatlle. Strange to say, the Southern cattle are never aft'ooted, but fatten well, while native cattle that follow in the same past arcs sonn'times die by the herd. I logs and fowls are all ec led by cholera.

Bettion.�Some horses were killed in tills county during the year that were supposed to bo suffering with glanders. But little disease has prevailed among cattle. Hogs

valued at. about f2,000 have died of disease. Fowl cholera has been quite destruc�tive.

BZottHlt;.�There has been no disease of an alarming character among our farm ani�mals the past year. Swine plague was very destructive, in 1^8^.

Hrndleij.�Tlic. only disease of eonscquence that lias visited any class of stock in this county the present year is what is generally known as murrain among cuttle. Cholera among; fowls prevails to a wide extent.

CUiihorne.�No diseases prevail among our horses, cattle, or sheep. Swine have suffered With swine plague, and fowls with cholera. These diseases have not hern SO destructive, liowever, as in some former years.

Coffee. � For several years past but few diseases have prevailed among any olflSS of our farm animals except hogs.

Ctimbevland,�Our horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls have been unusually healthy the past year. In one noighhorhood hogs were afflicted with cholera, which resulted in a loss of about JiOObead of all ages. The disease is not now prevailiifg.

hdrid.son.�1 lind it impossible to procure the. informal ion yon desire.

Ocoote)',�There has boon but little disease among farm animals in Ibis connly the past year. Several cattle died, but of what disease I am mil informed.

De Kalb,�There has been a great deal of cholera among hogs in some parts of this county this year, ;ind very lillli' disease of anj kind among olhcr classes of farm stock. Choleru has also been very destrnotlve to chickens, turkeys', Ac, in certain local i lies,

Dlokson,�No diseases among horses or cattle in this county. Some clioler.i among hogs and fowls, and occasibnaity rot among sheep.

Finiclle,�No diseases prevalent among horses, cattle, sheep, or fowls, but hog chol�era has prevailed to some, extent in different localities in the county.

344 CONTAOious DISEASES OK DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

HlbsoH.�No disoose exoopt 0idiu(igt;ry illstecnper amoag borB08lt; Bloody murrain iintl Texas fovor repoi'ted in two ortbroo uoigliborhooils; very I'nlnl. In thi'ee lt;ir lour disiricis oholeru is reported as beiug very fatal to bogB, especially to fottouiug hogs. Qupos quite oftou prove fatal to young fowls and oUolora to older ones,

Giles.�lliir.si-s are tiuito Uealtliy, The loss of oattle is tbe result of oontagtous dis-oases produced bj the iraportatlou of cattle from the uionutalnous districts of Alabama. Tlioro sliould bo n lolaquo; onaeted by the presoat Congress to prevent the liniiortatiou of stool! iViim ihk: state tu another in such oases. The disease has proved fatal In every Instance to native stock. Onr oouuty has lost rnauy buudreds of dollars by the im-portation of such stock. Our Iobbosi for the year are estimated as follows! Horses, 112,750; cattle, |18,750i hogs, |8O,0O0; sheep, |850, and fowls, |1,!J00. �

Oraliiger,�There baa boon some hog und fowl cholera In ibis oouuty the past year, imt as in tin! oxteul and value lt;gt;i' the losses no one knows. Cattle, horses, and sheep

seem to have been IVee from disease.

Greene,�Cholera baa prevailed among bogs and ohiokous lu some localities In ibis county. A few horses have suffered with blind staggers. Hos raising Is still declin�ing in favor of cattle growing.

Hancook,�One-fourth of the hogs of this oouuty have been all'eeied with cholera during the fall season, ami the disease is still raging with great destruction. Some

cattle have died of nmiTain; fowls liavn died of cbolera, and cliiekens of gapes. I estimate the valor of cattle and hogs lost as follows: Cattle, $1,080; hogs, $17,500,

Hnrdciitdii.�No epidemic' disease has prevailed during I he year among- any class of onr domestic animals except among liogs. Fowls have suffered also to some extent. The disease prevalent among both hogs anil fowls is known as cholera.

Haywood,�No disease of a general character has prevailed among any class of farm animals in this county the posl year. All thai bave been lost Is the resuil of old age or neglect. Our county Is in a prosperous condition as regards stock of all kinds.

Hi mU i-Kcn......Cattle have been affected lu some localities with what Is here called

bloody murrain. The true nature of the disease is little known. It nsually proves fatal. 1 log cholera lias prevailed to some extent in certain localities, but the disease is not general I lironglionl thecouuty.

Hiokman,�Hog cholera prevailed in this county loan alarming extent during the year 1882. More than 75 per cent, of the hogs died that year. Ii basnol prevailed In adestruotivo form since, A few cases of pink-eye occurred among eat tie the past spring and summer, but there wen' no deaths,

Uitmphrei/s. � I estimate the value of hugs loM by cholera lu this county the past year at $10,000. Cholera has also prevailed among fowls, and has been quite de�structive.

Jumeraquo;,�The most fatal opidemic we have to contend against is that called murrain among cat tie. It is called holh bloody and dry murrain, and kills almost every ani�mal it at lacks. In less some remedy is found fort his malady, it will destroy the cattle interest in t his section.

Johnson,�[a the early spring horsss were affected to some extent with pink-eye. Cattle have suffered with black-leg, bogs with cholera, sheep with pneumonia, and fowls with cholera.

h ho.c.�-Only u small number of our farm anlinals have been affected by disease, and hnt few of those allected have died. No epidemic worthy of mention has occurred. There have been a few cases of cholera among hogs and fowls, but the losses bave mil been SO great as in former years. A few deaths have occurred among cattle, caused by the Introduction of animals from more southern States. For instance, one farmer bought a cat-load of cat tic in Alabama, some bund red m lies south of this locality,

and brought them lo his farm to past tiro through the summer. Those cattle did very

well, but almost all the native cattlo on tbe farm died. The cause and nature of this disease is not understood here.

/.dkc.�The value of the farm animals and fowls lost in this county the past year

0ONTA.GIOUS DISEASES OJ? DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 345

by tlio viiridiin ilisi'iiscs iiiciili'iit tiothoni Isostlmuted uw follows; FIoibbs,$6,000; cnttliquot;, |l,fi90j hogs, Squot;W,7r.O; sheop, .siil ; fowls, $270.

Latoramp;nce.�A tew hovseA liavodiod durtug tlieyoax of blind staggors. Dry murrnin lias boen very fatnl to oattle in souio localities. Hog cliolorn liiis provallod, and bfts

boon vory fatal along tho hi rue w.-itcr-coiirso.i. A niniiilson I lie ii|ilfiMils luivo roiiiiniiod

healthy,

l.nKiloii.�No disoaso of fatal oliaraotor bos provallod among any class of our domes-tic animals the past year. Oooasionally an animal dies, hm no( of a contagious dls-onse,

MadisWi�I'bo losses among some classes of farm aulmals liave been quite heavy In tliis county during the imst year. I estimate the valueof tlie losses among all classes as follows; Horses, $7,500 j oattla, $10,000! hog8,$80,000'| 8heop,$900j and fowls, $300.

MoiyH.�All kindlaquo; of fiuin animals have been in good healtb the imst year. Thoro has boon some cholera amoug ohlokeus, but J have no moans of osoertaiuiug tlio valuo

of tho lossos.

Morgan,�Horses, cattle, and sheep have remained free from disease during the year. Cholera luis prevailed to a ooasldorahle extent among hoga and fowls. Value of hograquo; lost, $6,000; fowls, $H0U.

Montgomery,�I find it utterly luiposslble to furnish the information you desire.

Moore.�An estimate of tho value of the animals lost in this oonnty during the year is given as follows; Horses, |6,000| cattle, $4,000; hogs, $8,600; sheep, $400; and fowls, $820,

Perry.�No disease of an epldeinlc character hau prevailed among any olass of farm animals in this county the past year. Cholera Im.s prevailed among fowls, but I can-not give an aoonriile estimate of the value of the lossos.

Piuketl,�No epidemic among either horses or cattle. Some hog cholera, but nol of an epidemic olinraoter. Not n great amouul of disease! among fowls.

/'raquo;/A'. �Horses have beeil healthy, ami the same may he said of hogs and sheep. Our cattle have suffered with an eptdemio of murrain, fowls have been aililoted with cholera.

I'ntnum.�No disease of a very fatal mil ore seems to have visited any class of farm animals in this county during Ihr n irren I year. There has been some disease among sheep and also among fowls.

Jiobertaon,�There has been noepldemic among farm stock In our county during the past Near. A few bogs insomelooulilios have bad cholera and in Others fowls have died of the same disease, but nothing like an epidemic has prevailed.

Shelby,Some little, cholera among bogs and fowls is now and then reported, hut the losses bavo heen small.

SequatoMe,�A oonsiderable n inn ber of hogs have died of cholera (hiring the year. A

few horses have suffered with what is known here, as pink-eye, bill no deaths have

resulted.

Sevier,�The disease known as hog eliolora has prevailed to a limited extent during the year, lint tile losses have heen comparatively small. Ohiokon oliolera is less prevalent Mian usual.

Wushiiiiiion.� Heavy losses have ooourred among swim; and poultry In this county, caused by tho ravages of cholera. Farm animals generally have remained free from

fatal diseases.

Wayne,�There have been some oases of murrain among cattle and cholera among

hogs. The disease was fatal to cattle, and throed'ourtba of the hogs attacked died.

/) Mle,�Hogs have suffered from oliolera in somo neighborhoods Although the dis-oaso bus not been general, 1 estimate the value of the lossos at ahont SHjOOO. Other

classes of farm animals have remained free from contagious diseases.

Wilson,�Cholera has been very fatal to hogs, hut I have no ineaus of ascertaining the value of tho losses. No special disease among other olossea of stock.

/n/ZinmsoH.�All classes of domeslie animals have boon romarkatdv frei; from con-

346

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMB8TI0ATED ANIMALS.

taglous dlseasea osoopt h'ijif*. Tbore have boeu a few causeraquo; of olioleca among tliese aulmals. Cliolera ta now prevalllug and proving quite fatal to fowls.

liiiroi.�No diseases of a contagions or epidemic oharaotei have prevailed Oitnong our fiiriu stools the past year.

Araiuaraquo;,�No contagions disease lins prevailed among any class of farm animals In tins county the past year, Cholera is the prevalent disease among fowls, and an-

uually kills large nunilicrs of them.

.liiffiraquo;.-�No disease among any class of farm Stock, except the usual sickness among hogs. The losses have not been very heavy.

Handera,�tho only loss I have to report among our farm animals was among cat�tle, caused by the disease known as black-leg,

Bastrop.�1 eauuot give the statistics desired, lgt;ul 1 am prepared to say that there lias been no fatal diseases prevalent among our farm animals the past year.

Beo,�Horsos, oattlo, and hogs have been remarkably healthy the past year. Shoep

hove died of lomhriz and Boob, hut owing to I lie dry weather they have been health�ier than in former years,

Bexai'i�No destraotivo disease has visited mir horses, oattlo, or hogs the past year. Seal) prevails to some, extent among sheep and cholera among fowls.

Bowie.�I have no diseases of a contagious character to report as prevailing among the lanu animals of this comity.

Bratos.�Sheep are the only class of animals that have been seriously affected by disease in this county. They have suffered with scab and foot-rot. Cholera among fowls prevails in some neighborhoods almost continuously.

BfOWll,�Horses, cattle, and hogs have escaped all epidemic diseases the past year. Slice)) had a hard time of it last winter�no shelter and had feed. About one-half or two-thirds of the number In the county died.

CtihUrcll.�Horses and cut tie are. healthy. Hogs are suffering with cholera, which is now prevalent in this county. Sheep are atl'cetcd with seal). Cholera is prevalent and i|iiite destructive to fowls. This disease, annually destroys about half the hogs ami fowls in the county.

Calhilian.�A few horses have been attacked by blind-staggers during the past year, and about all attacked with the disease died. Cattle are plentiful here. 1 know of one man who owns 1,000 head, another 3,400, and several others who own from H0� to 1,900 each. They have been free from disease the past year. I have heard of some few deaths among young cattle just brought in. I think tine stock should be. brought hero in the late fall, say from October to December, In preference to the spring months. Hogs do well, and are healthy. Sheep have largely increased witbln the last year.

There are probably more than 100,000 head in the connty. Some few eases of seal) prevail, but this usually only reduces the clip of wool and rarely kills the animal. Under the laws of Texas we now have a sliee|) inspectoi' in each comity, who ex�amines diseased herds and prescrtbos proper treatment.

(tin*.�Our losses among horses and miilcs the past year from blind-staggers were unusually large. This disease is snpposod to be caused by eating smutty corn. Cat�tle are healthy, but a great many die a mi n ally from poverty and lack of proper shelter. Hogs are alllieted with cholera,

('Iniiiiherx.�We have had 80 few deaths among farm aniiuals the past year thai the number is hardly worth recording. About 10 per cent, of our fowls are annually attacked by cholera, and 90 per cent, of those attacked die.

Cherokee,�No infections or contagions diseases have attacked the farm stock of this county the past year.

Clay.�No epidemic of any kind has visited mir farm animaks this year.

Coleman.�Some little disease has recently appeared among horses in this connty. Vouug cattle on the range are reported Ossuffering seriously with black-leg. Animals

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 347

valued (it. from JIO,000 to $13,000 have boon lust by tlie dlgeaBOi A gwiu many sboep died (Vom the eflfoots of oold aud atarvatlon lust winter. Flook-mastora were unpre�pared for the unpveoedented cold weather, and worn caught without either shelter or food. The. loss in eatituated at $30,000,

(oilier.�Tliooniy epldomio that has prevailed among auyolassof domostio animals is that known as cholera among bogSi A similar alsease has prevailed among fowls,

Dallas,�I think, upon the whole, dial our stock lias beou pretty free from epidemics of any kind. Hogs Imvo suii'circd somewhat from cholera, and the same oan be said in regard to fowls. Wo have but few sheep,and they are healtliy and well cared for.

De /I'l^.�Onr heaviest losses have been in sheep and cattle. This may partially T)e accounted for in the filet that neither class are properly sheltered and cared for during cold and inclement weather. A great many fowls have died of cholera.

Do ii ilaquo;y,�Horses in this county are frequently poisoned by the loco weed. Wo have no antidote for the poison, aud it generally proves fatal, A great many cattle are annually killed by being crowded upon wire fences.

Easllnndi�A very fatal disease known its blaok-log has been quite prevalent among young cattle in this county. We have no ivmedy for the malady. The animal when attacked becomes indifferent, lame in forelegs, with slight swelling, icverish, con�siderable thirst, and (inally drops down and soon dies. The disease terminates in death

in about forty-eight hours after the first symptoms are shown. Calves and yearlings are tile classes usually attacked. All othoroiassosof auliuals have remained healthy.

Earth.�Blind-staggers, a very fatal disease to horses, has prevailed to some extent in this county the past year. A few cattle die annually of blacic-leg, aud a large pro�portion of the fowls die of cholera.

r'niiiiiii.�The farm animals of this county have been exempt; froui all epidemic dis�eases during the past year.

lt;,V(n/slaquo;H.�Native cattle are very healthy, but imported animals almost invariably die. No fatal diseases among domestic animals this year.

Qregg.�A disease has prevailed among' horses in this county for the past, two years having all the symptoms of glanders, but it does not seem to be very contagious. 1 have seen some live cases. None have recovered. Sheep and cattle are free from disease. Hogs and fowls oooaslonoliy suffer from cholera.

(IiKKluliipe,�No diseases of a contagious nature have visited our farm stock tlio past year.

llanlemnraquo;.�Both horses and cattle are often killed by eating the loco weed, It is lore injurious to horses than cattle, and if the former should recover they are never if any use as work animals. Sheep arc sull'cring to some, extent with seal), and ehickens are dying in considerable numbers of cholera.

Jlnrdin.�All classes of rann animals are very healthy. At least quot;Jo per cent, of the entire number of fowls in the counts' have suffered with oliolera, and fully 90 per cent, of those attacked have died.

llentleraon.�I have heard of the prevaleme of no disease among horses aud cattle tills year. Hogs and chickens both seem tobe sull'cring with cholera or some, other fatal disease.

Jolmton,� farm animals of all kinds do well in this county and are moderately healthy. I have no means of ascertaining the value of the hisses,

lt;/onS8.�There have been a few cases ol pink-eye among horses, five or six per ecu I. of the total number Of sheep Of this county died lasl wilder of seal) and poverty,

hiiriielaquo;.�No epidemic has appeared among horses. Short and dry pastures In the early spring caused (he loss of a. great many cattle. These animals are now I'al and healthy.

liiuifmnii.�The losses among our farm animals from disease dnriujg the past year have been comparatively small.

Jsinneii.�Sheep are aflbctcd with scab, hut the disease now seemraquo; to he uiidei- con�trol. The greatest loss has been felt, in a reduction of woid.

#9632;t

348 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Lampasls,�Sheep in tills couuty liave giiiferod sevej'ely witli raquo;oab. Pally lit'ty per criu. of tlicsc nnlmnls liavo died froui tlio ravages of iliin dlseaao and of Btarvai Ion. Horses oud cattle soein to liave sniforod from scmIi also, which was oommunieated to then) by grazipg on tin- snino pastures witli the diseased slieop.

Mt-Ma Hi a.�No I'pidi'inic lias prevailed hero, either among animals or fowls. Dur�ing the w inter of I S83-'83 aboul 80 per oout, of tbo shoop died from exposure to lu-olemonl vs'eather, #9632;which was nuusually severe for this latitude, Horses and oattle are now healthy and in ;;o(raquo;l condition for the oomlug winter,

Ma�ison,�Someoattle havedied of the disease known as murrain. More hogs have died from eating cotton seeds than from actual disease. The greatest loss both to shiT|i and oattle has been ilm lack of proper shelter.

Miiriini.�No wide-spread or epidemic disease has prevailed among any class of do�mestic aiiiiniilM in ihi.s county the past year.

Matagorda.�No contagious disease has appeared among our farm animals this year.

Files and tbo screw-Worm have caused the death Of a greOit many sheep.

McHiint.�Horses have been alleeleil with a ilisease known here as loin distemper. .Seal) is prevalent among Sheep, and has caused some losses. Cattle and hogs are

healthy,

Morris.�The only fatal disease to whidi our horses are subject is blind or sleepy

staggers. But few animals recover from this disease. A few cases of cholera have

been reported among Ii�^s, A similar disease is often very ileslrnelive to fowls.

Parfcw.�Stock of all kinds was never in bettor condition than at present. The loss

on all range stock last winter was estimated m �,' per cent.

Polk.�No losses of any consequence among any class of domestic animals in this county.

Bunnela.�There is no prevailing disease among our farm animals, ami the losses arc principally caused by starvation. The losses for all classes will not exceed 10 poi oont.

/.'/(raquo;/,#9632;. � Hog cholera is now prevailing 01] many farms, and some farmers have lost

a large per cent, of their rattening hoes. They die very suddenly, only refusing to cat n day or so before death occurs, No remedies seem to have anj eff'ect, A change ofrange has boon found bonellclal. Other form animals have continued healthy due of my neighbors, having good Bermuda gross pastures, Imported from Ohio in the month oft lotobcr i hlrty head of high grade Jersey cattle. The lirsi half of Oc�tober wns hotter weather than we had in Augrist. Tbc thermometer ranged from ninety to uinety-llvo degrees dally on the north sale of the house. In about a week after the arrival of tbo cattle some of them began to droop and refuse to cat. Thej were costive, and ii was ditncnll to gel an operation from the bowels with salts and other drenches. One very sick one was drenched with a ipiart of melted ling's lard, which operated, and tin' cow recovered and is now doing quite well. Of the thirty head, eleven died tvithin a 1 pout, a peri oil of twelve days. The remainder are now do�ing well. We attribute the canso of the sickness to the extreme hot weather and the

sudden change of climate. Cholera is prevolllng among fowls on many farms.

San Augustine,�No fatal disease has prevailed ainoiio- any class of onr domestic ani�mals daring the year.

Shelby,�quot;We have hail no epidemic among our farni aniniuls this year. .Some chol�era has prevailed among hogs, and a few deaths have oeenrred. but the aggregate loss lias been light. Cliicken cholera has also prevailed.

Steplums,�No disease exists among farm stock in this comity except scab in sheep, and as that disease rarely kills, the loss lias not been very heavy. The quot;northerquot; struck on r sheep Just after being quot; dipped.quot; and caused the death of a great many.

ThroehnWton,�Heavy losses oeenrred among sheep in tins comity in 188S, caused by the animals eating n weed which grows on the ranges. Sheep feeding upon it-won Id die in a few lion is. 1 myself lost 400 head of high-grade Merinos, worth sect;.^ri per head. Three hundred oftliis nunilier died in twodavs. Similar losses extended over

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS. 349

tho lt;'ntiilt;' oounty. I tolographed Dr. ll. .). Dotniors, who was then ai San Antonin, requostlng him to come and Investigato tho oaiiBO of tho tronblo, imt Im mailc no re�ply. I afterward wrote Ulm and inclosed a laquo;peeiineu o( tile woeil, Ijul Tailed to elich a I'Oply. The only disease now pri'valent is scah, whieh has resiiiled oiirelloils lor inaiiv years, but we are now getting it somewhat ander control.

Titus, � Horses have not snlt'ereil with any opldemia disease . the jmst year. Cattle are geiiernlly healthy, I hougll a good mati.y die of poveity during' the winter, fowls lt;lie here with a disease known as cholera, and when it slrikes a flock it BOldOHl leaves one allvi'. We have no provontivo or cure.

Tom (Iran,� Horses, cattle, and Ii0g8800m to lie in a heallhy coinlilioa. Slioep arc SUffoi'lug with scab, lint thi' losses on the ground arc very small.

THitity,�All kimls of ilomcsl ic animals are free from contagious diseases. .\ dis�ease of soine hind prevails among fowls in certain localities.

Tylev,�No disoaacs of n dostruotivo ohoractor have, provailod among any class of farm animals in this county the past year.

IVashUtgton.�No epidemic worthy of notice has appeared among any class of out farm animals the past, year, though animals die occasionally from various canseN. Some disease prevails among fowls,

ll'dili.�No epiileinic has appeared among the domestic, animals of this county dur�ing the years l883-'83, Sheep raisins; is our largest inlcrest. The losses among these animals are mil largo.

Uillidinxdii.�Poverty and negloot causes more losses among farm animals than dis�ease. .1 listeinpor is the principal disease among horses and cattle. 1 have also Io re�port n fc\v cases of blaok-leg among young cat lie, and some scab among sheep,

('holera prevails to some extent among fowls.

FIcloHa,�Our farm animals have never been visited by an epidemic of any kind.

/'(raquo;raquo;/raquo;(//oh.�from all tho information I can gather I am led to believe thai the

general condition of all farm animals in this county, as regards health, has been good. No disease ol'an epidemic nature has prevailed among neat cattle, and only the ordi�nary distemper of a mild character among horses. The only scrions trouble we ever have among cattle is abortion in cows. The direct cause of this trouble has never boon satisfactorily given.

Caledonia,�Several horses have died during the year with the following sywiiploms: First, dumpish, unable to swallow, low pulse, cold oxtreinitios, difficulty in walking, and in two or three days down and nuahlc to rise; hungry ami thirsty, but Unable to swallow, eonvulsions, and death in most eases in three or four (hivs. On one farm three horses died in this way. The second and third were exposed to the lirst. Whal was the disease? Many young hogs have died suddenly. While apparently well they would give a piercing scream and drop dead, and the carcass would moil |fy in a lew minutes, What was the disease .'

ChUtenden.�A lind il impossible to give llie statistics desired,

Lamolllo, � No epidemic disease lias prevailed among any class of mir farm animals the past year, hence the losses have been very small.

Orleane.�A\] classes of farm animals in this county are very healthy.

Rutland,�There has been no prevailing disease among our farm animals. Horses occasionally have an epiz�Otlo cold, but those arc not as severe or frcipienl as when the disease first appeared, and but few losses occur,

fl'lridso)',.....No diseases of o fatal oharacter have prevailed among any class of farm

animals in this county during- tho curreul year,

VIUGINtA. dlbetnarle,�There has been some cholera among hugs, bnl llie fatality has not been

groat. Some cattle fever was brought here by the importation of some cattle from

quot;-' #9632;

350 GONTA-UIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATEP ANIMALS.

the soatb side of the James Kivcr. This disease was more extended this year tlmij last.

Amelia,�I j^ivo the value of the losses among fumi animals as follows for the jirist year, vizi Horses, P,0O0j hogs, |8,000 j sheep, |4,000| and fowls, $8,000,

Hnih. �] have im losses to report among the farm animals lt;gt;r tliiH county ns ihn result of contagious or epidonlo diseasosi

Bland,�No ooataglous diseases have prevailed among any class of our fartn stools

dnrlng the pitsi twelve montlis.

Hticltdiian.�All farm animals have been entirely free from diseases the past year except horses. An oooasiona] case of distemper has ooonrred among these animalSi lint I have heard of no deaths resulting.

Caroline,�Distemper among horses has been the most prevalent disease that we have had to contend with among farm stock. Oonsiderable disease has existed among

chickens.

Clarke,�So far .as I have been able to leani, no epidemia diseases have appeared among any class of our farm animals the past year. In 18S� hog oholera prevailed extensively, and entailed a loss of, say, �oo animals, valued at 11,500.

ISssex.�kW classes of farm animallaquo; have enjoyed rcmarkalily good health during the past year.

idirfux.�There seems to be no disease of a fatal character prevailing among any class of farm stock in this county.

Frederiok,�From the best informal ion I have been able to obtain I am satisfied there has been but little disease prevalent among our farm animals the past year. A few liogs and fowls have died of a disease generally designated as cholera.

(Irci'iic,�No losses of eonscqnence bavc occurred from disease among farm animalraquo; in Ibis county the current year.

tTanovamp;T,� Hut few losses have occurred from disease among the farm animals of t hi.H county the past year. 1 estimate them as lid lows : I lorscs, 18,500; cat lie, sect;1,000; hogs, $400; sheep, $360; and fowls, $250.

Henry,�No diseases have prevailed among horses and less than tho nsuiil nmnbor among cattle. Hogs and fowls have suffered to some extent with the usual maladies.

Highland,�No epidemic disease lias visited any class of farm animals in this county the past yea I'.

Tele of Wight,�Sheep have died of some kind of head or brain disease. Hogs for many years, and especially the past, have sull'crcd greatly from the ravages of cholera. They rarely ever recover from an attack, and if they do, arc rarely of any value there-after. Great numbers of fowls also annually die of a disease called cholera.

.Inme.n Ciljl.�Horses, cattle, and sheep are healthy. Hogs are alVccted with cholera and mange, fowls, especially hens and turkeys, suffer severely with cholera. If you could banish this disease from this county Hie raising of fowls would he most profitable.

hini/ and Queen,�Prom the best Information 1 can get I am satisfied that our losses among farm animals have not been very heavy the past year, file following is re�garded as a fair estimate of the value of the animals thai have died of disease: Horses, $2,000; cattle, $1,500; hogs, $3,000; sheep, 8850; and fouls, $686.

Lanoasier,�1 find ii impossible to furnish the information called for by your cirlt; cular.

Louisa,�We have bad no epidemio among horses, cat He, or shce]i. In some neigh�borhoods we have had what was supposed to be cholera among hogs, a disease, which proved quite fatal to the animals attacked. The same iniglit ho (#9632;nil! of fowls. Of i he number of Hie latter attockod more I ban 60 por cent, died

I.idk ninrg,� No in fee I ions or contagious disease has prevailed among our farm ani�mals the past year. There bavc been sonic losses among fowls by the usual disease.

Mdtllifir*.�No special disease lu report as prevailing among farm animals. A great mauv fowls die of cholera.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATKO ANIMALS. 351

Aheklenhury.�DlsteinpeC lian prevailfMl quito extciiHivoly aniong liorsiw, and wliilraquo; it lias rarely proved fatal, it has been vury hiconvoiiiciit. There has also beeo wnao distetnpet ainong OUttle ami cholera am0U� hogs. A groat many hogs have also died from eating poisonons mnsbrooms^

Montgomery,�The loss during the pasty-car among IlOgS and fowls has heen heavy. Jt is dilliciilt to get reliable figures, but 1 think at least 7U per cent, of the hogs of the laquo;ouiity have* (lied during the year, anil pevliaps 80 per cent.of the fowls. lt;lt;ardeii rue is used snecessfully as a preventive of oltiokeu cholera. It is used as a tea, which the fowls drink instead of water.

Sorthamjiton.�For the past twelve nioidlis the doinestie animals in this county liavc Ikhmi extremely healthy.

Oramjc.�l lind it Impossible to give any thing like an aceurateestiinate of the value of losses among farm animals ia this county for the past year. No epidemic disease has prevailed among any (-lass.

I'riiicens Anne.�The. only auimals that liave sull'ered from disease this year have been hogs. The disease is not so vrlde-spread as in former years, ami seems to bo of a different Oharaoter, It is called quot; thunipa.quot; Fatal diseases have prevailed among low Is.

Prtm-e Ijlimrd.�The following is regarded as a fair estimate of the value of the losses amonn; farm animals in this couuly for the past year: Horses, $4,(!0(l; cattle, $950; hogs, |0()0; sheep, $138; and fowls, $5110.

Hiohmoiul,�I have heard of no diseases worthy of reporting ainong our domestic animals and lull very little among fowls. TowlssulVer must from the disease known as eholera.

Spotltylvania,�Horses have suffered to some extent with piak-eye and distemper. A great many liogs have died of cholera and black-tooth. Cattle and sheep have heen free from disease. Fowls have been afllicted with cholera.

'/'(iciirt II.�The principal loss among cattle is caused by a disease known ainong ns as black-leg. The disease attacks the fattest animals only, and those that are attacked live but a few hoars,

ll'ise.�Hogs are the only farm animals in this comity that have sntiered during the past year with anything like a contagious disease.

WEST VlllGlN'U.

Hnrboiir,�gt;'o diseases prevalent among Horses, Diseases among eat lie are eoatlncd mostly to young stock. The loss among these animals has been qnitc heavy, and will anionnt in value to over $7,000. Cholera has prevailed extensively among fowls and has been qnite fatal.

Iler'C'tei/.�No destructive disease has visited any class of our domestic animals the past year.

Jioone,�Losses caused among our farm animals by disease during the past year have heen very small,

Cahell,�Hog cholera is about the only disease that lias proved destructive to our farm animals the past year. It is now prevailing and generally proves fatal.

lioihlridjii:�Tile following I regard as 11 correct estimate of the value of the losses ainong farm .�uiimals in this county the pnstyean Horses, sect;100; cattle, Ji:i,;!75; hogs, |3,0O0j sheep, |1,860 j and fowls, $8,500.

I'niiclk.�The only losses of consequence sustained among any class of farm animals

by disease the past year have been among Hugs,

(r'i/i/icr,�Nlt;i contagions or epidemic disease lias prevailed among any class of do* tnestio animals in this county the past year.

(irunt.�A majority of the farm animals of this couuly have maintained good health t he past- year. There has been some cholera ainong both ho^s and fowls.

limiibrier.�There have been some cases of pink-eye', among horses and black-leg among .vcarling calves. Hogs have sutl'ired with ii disease supposed to lie cholera.

352 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS.

They havlaquo; aoougli and aoou qull ilt;:iiiM^. Nmrly all tin' young animals aifootod die. The disoaso seema tit be oouflned to looalltles where the bogs feed 011 acorns. CUolera jilsi) prevails among Covvlsi and the losses hnvi; been ciulto lu'iny.

Hardy,�Very little disease among horsosi Cattle liave snfferod with blaokgt;leg, bollow-horn, mnrrain, and foot-evil. Last spring our yonng Im^s laquo;lied of oliolera in certain loealitios like liics. Sbeop have died of rot, and n great many fowla of oholora. Tbe following is regarded as a fair estimate of tlie value of the losses for the year^!Horses, $8001 cattle, $7,500 ] hogs, $7,500 | sbeop, $2,^60 | mid fowls, $500.

limriniin.�lint few losses have oeonrred from disease among the farm animals of this county tbe ourrenl year.

Jachsoii,�Kann animals of all kinds are looking well. N^ro oonta�[lons lt;gt;r lufeotlous disease lias existed among them the posl year.

.i/r/^oiciV/.--Oui- farm auimals bavo escaped all fatal diseases cluting the )iasi two yearlaquo;. Hog cholera appeared in some localities In the adjoining county lt;d' Buohanan in the early part of Hie fall, but tlio area of lufeotion lias not enlarged.

Mitrshiilt.�There have been no losses I'roin disease among any oln-ssoffarm slock in this county which could be reliably estimated. Some cases of distemper have been reported among horses, but there have been few deaths.

Mason.�Nooontaglous or epldemlo disease lias visited any class of onr domestic animals this year.

Misrcec.�No disease of a virulent type has prevailed among our horses, though an animal occasionally dies of distemper. Cattle have, been affooted with murrain,

lio^s with cholera, and sheep with rot.

Minirnl.�All (dasses of our farm animals are exceptionally free from disease of

every hind. A few eases of cholera have occurred among hogs and fowls during the year.

Monvoe, The loss of hoys In a portion of this county has been considerable. The

disease is similar to scarlet fever, with more or less throat trouble, Some par�lies have lost all, while others have saved a few animals. Those that recover con-tlnuo poor and worthless. The disease is variously pronounced scarlet Cover, diph�theria, and a new kind of chidera.

Morgan,.....The only disease that lias prevailed among any class of (arm animals has

been among hoys. Fowls have sull'ercd to some eMent with the usual maladies.

Monongalia,� Horses are, (Veqnontly attacked with distemper, bui animals rarely die of the disease. Cattle are subject to blaok-log, which usually proves fatal. Sheep die of rot. and fowls of gapes and cholera.

Nicholas,�Horses are occasionally afftloted with n mild type of distemper. Cholera has destroyed a great many hogs, but I hove no means of ascertaining the number

01quot; value. Sheep have the rol, hut, that disease don't amount to niueli.

Pleasants, --There have been no contagions or epldemlo discuses among our farm an�imals. Some losses have occurred, among sheep and fowls, hut it Is very dlfflonlt to value the loss.

PresioH.�Sixty-three horses died in this county during the year of pneumonia, and 87 of ol her diseases. A few cat tie died of murrain, and some hoys of the usual dis�eases, (huh in the head is the only thing that has aftlietetl siieep.

/toJeifl/t.�Hog cholera is the only disease of a contagious oharaoter prevalent among farm stock In this county, [t has been quite desttnetive.

HkihIiiIjiIi,�We have had no widespread disease amony any class (if our doiuesl ic

anlmfila during the year, A few cases of blaok-leg lia\ e ooourrod among cattle.

Ritchie,�Stock Is in unusually good oonditlon and entirely free from disease.

Voano,~A few hoys and quite a large UUinber of sheep have died during the year of diseases incident to these aninials,

Sminnir*.�The only losses of consequouce among farm auimals have occurred

among hogs, 1 think [ can safely estimate that 40 par cent, of the total number In

the oOUUty have died during the year. The disease is similar to swiuc ptoglie a.laquo; dc-

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATBD ANIMALS. 353

scribed in your Doiiai'tniciit report. The !iiiijgt;s were, iimeli discolored; fcbero wns s\ve,lliiilt;f under Ilie jaws; weakneHS iutlie hinder parls, so that when they attempted to gut up they would fall backward. Mnny persoim lust every hog they had.

Tyler.�Occasionally our lies! and must ptomiatug yearling calves are attacki'd and die of the disease known as black-leg. At least 00 per cent, of those attacked by this disease die.

(gt;laquo;/(raquo;/#9632;.�rink-eye has proved fatal to some horses in this county during the year, libiek-leg has been very destnietive to young eallle.

ll'eliKtir.�No epideniic diseases have prevailed iimong any class of our domestic .iiiimals t his year.

It'eUcl.�I lind it impossible to procure the statistics yon desire.

Wyoming.�Hogs have suffered with oholorn during the summer and fall ......iths.

I'he disease has proved lt;|iiite fatal. No treatment seenieil to be of any service.

WISCONSIN'.

.((/(OHlaquo;.�I have but a limited knowledge of 1 he unmlier of farm animals in this eoiinty, and have not Ibeslalislics at band to aiisweryoiiicircnlar letter inlelligenlly. There are bill few diseases among any class, and I do not think thai over I per oentc of the \s bole number die of disease.

AWraquo;raquo;. - There are no special diseases prevailing al Ibis I line atl.....g nur farm ani-

nials. nor hfl ve I here been during the past year.

Brown,.....All classes of domestic animals in I bis eounly lia ve remained exempl from

infectious and contagious diseases this year.

Buffalo,�The losses among farm aiiiuials in this 0......ly caused by disease lia ve

been exceedingly light the past year. Nothing like an epidemic has prevailed among any class.

CWttfraquo;laquo;/.�No fatal disease lias visited any of OUl' farm animals during the past ten years; hence I have no report to make of losses.

ChijfpeWa.Somo lung diseases have prevailed among horses, but the losses have been very light. Farm animals generally arc in good health.

Donlaquo;.�No diseases of any kind prevail among the domestic animals of this county.

/W//.'.-�rink-eye has prevailed ;.....mg horses, bnl it has rarely proved fatal. A

ease of supposed glanders occniTcd early in the year. Two valuable horses were attacked, one of which was killed. I!.#9632;fore the oilier one was killed another Veteri�narian decided that the disease was not glanders, and took the horse in hand and soon cured lilni, There has been no disease ninong other classes of animals.

Dorr,�No diseases of It fatal character have recently visited any class of our do�mestic animals. A few fowls died with the cholera during the summer months,

Doitfli/alaquo;.�There is no disease prevailing among our farm animals, nor has there ¹.....quot; the past year. Our fowls, when properly eared tor, are remarkaMy healthy.

^/'quot;quot;quot;-.......All our farm animals are cxccpliomilly healthy. With the execption of

horses whlobdlo from neglect, old age, Ae., the losses arc so few that they are hardly worth menl ioiiing.

Kan Claire,�No infections or contagious diseases have prevailed among our farm

stock or fowls during the year. i'liml du /.((c�I tind it impossible to give the Information requested in yonroiroular

letter.

Orcen Cafelaquo;,�There has I.....n HO prevailing disease among farm animals in this

oonnty during the past year�not thai all animals are in perfect health, bill there

are no diseases except such as result Ironi Im k of care and other common causes.

Jefferson,�There have been no contagious or epidemic diseases prevalent among farm stock in this connly dining the past year, The mortality has, therefore, been no greater tlian could ho looked for among healthy stock.

./((HcaK. � lIogs valued at U,000 have heen lost by disease in this county the past year. A great many fowls have also died oi the various diseases incident to them.

5751 D a-------2;}

354 OONTA�IOUS DISBASES OF DOMBSTIOATED ANIMALS.

�chohIki.�No fatal iliscascs Iiavo boeu reported as prevaUUig among farm anlinnla in this county the past year.

Kettautiee,�N'lt;gt; louses worthy of record have occurred auiung any class of our farm stock during the past year.

La Fayettraquo;,�Noepidemio disease has prevailed laquo;luring the year among horses, cattle,

hoes, or sheep. Fowls are Buffering W it h cholera to some extent ; perhaps -i per cent.

have been affected,

MarqiWilO.�Soino tow horses and cattle have died during the year, but hoes and

sheep have remained hoaltby,

Pleroe.�A great many horses have been attacked by disteuiper, and several cases have proved fatal, Plnk-oye prevailed quite extensively among these animals last year. , Polk,�The past year has heen one ot' more, than usual health among all classes of

farm auimals lu this county,

Undue.�Pann animals generally have done well the past year, 1 have no meUns of ascertaining the value of llie losses.

Elohlaraquo;d,�l hear of the prevalence of IIO diseases among stock except pink-eye ill horses, A great many of t hese animals are blind or nearly so. The disease is not often fatal.

Sattfc.�The diseases of horses arc mostly caused by overwork. Hogs in one locality have been afflicted to some extent, bill the losses have not been very great.

Sli('hiiii!ilt;iii.~ Sit epidemic cd' any kind has appeared among onr domestic animals the past year. That onr comity is so esceptioually Tree from all animal plagues Is In 0 great Mieiisnrc owing to I he stringent regulations of onr county dairy association.

Trempealeau.�The only contagions disease thai has prevailed among any (dass of live stock the past year has been horse distemper, There have boon some losses from this disease,

IV'nioraquo;.-Horses have hoen laquo;ftlloted with distemper, and cattle with heavl disease, or dry murmln, ami black-leg. Swim- plague has prevailed quite extensively, grub in the head has caused the death of a great many sheep, and ohohro has prevailed to some extent among fowls,

ITai/�es/ia.�All kinds of farm animals are in excellent health. No annsaal or ep�idemic disease has visited llicin during the year.

THE TEEBITOEIE8.

ARIZONA..

jnaoAo.�Aside from cattle aud sheep there are bul few farm animals In this county There are 12,000 of the former and 300,000 of the latter. The county is better adapted,

to sheep raising than anything else. Both cattle and sheep arc in good health,

IViwyan.�N'o contagious diseases have visited any class of farm animals In this

Comity the past year.

jHnmi,--This county has heen organized lint thirty months, and the few farm ani�mals we have were brought III from tile Slates. All classes have been very healthy.

It is reported thai in the extreme southwestern part of the comity a peculiar disease has attacked the horses, causing the death of two or three animals. The symptoms are raquo;iniilar to an attack of hioOOUgh,

Vi'laquo;raquo; //owiHc�l have no losses of ooiisaquenco to report as having occurred from disease among onr farm animals lor the past year,

BrM,~k good many horses died In this county during the year, but none, with infections or contagious diseases. Hard work, no stables, long drives, poor mire, and in some cases poor water, all eonihined made the fatality serious. Black-log or an-

�

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 350

thrax prevailed tosotne extentaiuongoattle lu the sontiiwesteru pottloa of tlio oouutylt; Tlugt; laquo;lisouKc wan quite fiiiul.

Case,�Tliigt; fniui iininuillaquo; of thin oountj have romartued exempt irom all Infootioua and ooiitaglous diseases dntiag the year.

Clay,�No epidemic diseases have prevailed among oiir farm aulmals daring iIh-poet ,\car. An ocdaslonal death baH occurred, Imt always from ualnral or aooldoutal

causes.

('miiiKjivii.�All classes of douiestlo anltualSi with the exoeptton of horsesj have re-malaecl healthy thronghout the year, A. ooi'respondont at Watertown reports x\:\u-dera nlaquo; prevalent iraquo; lii.s part of the county. Ho says there are probably 80 horses affected with the disease at this time, It, proves fatal in almost every case.

chailiH Mix.�IIoihcs have been healthy. A disease has prevailed among mules

which lias proved fatal in ahnest every instance. The disease is called meningitis, lint nobody really seems to knew anything about it. Some spring calves and a few yoarliugs bavo been lost by a disease known as black-leg,

Deitol, � Horses, sheep,cattle, and bogs, whore well taken care, of, have heen excep�tionally healthy. Guv feeding places are high and dry, and conducive to health,

/'laquo;h/A.-TIhs county was only organized about one month ago, therefore we have no statistics as to numbers of animals or value of losses. 1 have heard of no fatal diseases among any clans.

drniil.�It may seem like, a strange report, to say thai there have been no losses

among farm stock in thisooanty daring the year, but such is literally the fact. The county is new. and the stock young, vigorous, and healthy.

HomWraquo;.�The only losses that bavo occurred during the year among our fanu ani�mals have been among horses and sheep. These losses have been quite light, and were not caused by any epidemic disease.

llmifl.�We have but ik small number of domestic animals in this county. No un�usual disease has prevailed among either olass or among fowls the current year.

llnlrhiiiHoii.�There has heen no general disease amoug domestic animals daring the year. Oasi sof sickness are geuorallj¹ brought on by exposure or negleoti Throe or four cases of so called blook-log that 1 Investigated appeared to be intlammatioii of the linij;s. farmers arc abandoning sheep raising.

MoCook,�A great many horses have heen affected with a dropsical disease, which seems to have proved fatal in some cases. Mlack quarter has affected the cattle to a considerable extent. It lias la-en mostly conli.....I to calves, yearlings, and Iwo-yoiir-

olds,

.\/iiiiiiliiiliii. � \ low cattle have heen alfected with the liij; jaw, or swelling of the Jaw and throat. Our heaviest losses among cattle have occurred 1'rom black-log.

Morion.�The only disease of a contagious character among any ela.ss of farm ani�mals is that known as scab among sheep. It prevails only in one Hock�a drovo of S,O0U head, brought from Minnesota in October.

Sanhom,�No losses are reported as having occurred among the domestic animals of this county during the year.

Splnk,�\ have no facilities for procuring the information asked for by your circular letter.

Siuttman,�This OOUUty has been but recently organized, and WC have but a limited mi m her of tarin animals as yet. There arc no contagious diseases prevalent. Expos�ure to inclement weather caused the death of about � per cent, of the sheep of the county, last winter.

J'nnirr.�Some pink-eye has prevailed among horses, hut no deaths linve rctnilted. Other classes of animals arc healthy,

H'ahli.�No diseases worth mentioning are prevalent among any kinds of live stock.

Yaiiklon.� [estimate the value of thet'inin animals and fowls lost in this coinily the past year as follows : Horses, .*l-2,ll(IO ; cattle, $8,400 j hogs, $:i,000 ; sheep, $160 and fowls, $816,

856nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;OONTAOIOUS DISKASKS OF DOMK.SPIiJATKU ammals.

MONTANAt

culliiihi.�There have boeu sonic, deaths among horaoa oauBed by dl�temper aud pnonroouia. There lias been some sciib among sheep, but the lomm have been li^bt. Hog diseases are aol known here

Lewis iquot;quot;' Clarke.�All classes of domestlo animals are healthy and free from de�structive diseases,

NKW MKXICO,

Orant,�l� May lust a disease supposed to bo black-leg broke oul among calves In tliis county, aud carried off all attacked, la September Texas fever was brought Into the county by n herd of Texan oattle, fully 500 bead of cattle wen- destroyed by the disease. During thesumiuor mouths cholera destroyed o large numbor of

fowls,

sunlit /'V.�I lind it impossible to furnish the information desired by the Depart�ment,

San Mii/iicl.� A mnhber of horses have been poisoned and died from eating the loco weed. We have 100,000 head of cattle and 500,000 head of sheep in the county, I lt;lo not think the annual losses among these animals from nil causes will oxcoud 3 per cent. A greul many of thesu auhiiais have died from eal lug the poisonous loco weed. In some localities this weed docs not seem to affect stock.

lUi.r fc'Wer.�No destructive diseases among onr farm animals this year, Lasl year 50 horses died of the disease known as pink-eye, and 160 head of yearlings of horned oattle died of black-leg,

Davis.�1 have no means of nscertainingthe number of farm animals in this county. 1 have heard ol no diseases prevailing among them.

Salt Lake.~A few horses lone died dnriug the year of disease. This is a very healthful county for sleek, and If the animals were properly prote'eted and eared for the losses wonld lie nominal. Scab is the only disease that troubles sheep. Putrid fever has prevailed to seme extent among oattle on the ranges.

.1/W/en/.�This is a very good elimate for stock, and the mortality is never very great among ans class from opldemifl diseases.

.Ue/v/eraquo;.�Horses and horned cattle do remarkably well in this county, and are

rarely visited by opideralo diseases, cholera and black teeth are the prevailing dis�eases among hogs. There is some scab among sheep and the usual diseases anionji; fowls.

7'oooifl.�The value of the hisses among all classes of farm animals in this county from disease the past yearwdl not exceed |iJ,0OU,

WASHINGTON.

JsoMa�We have the disease known as pink-eye among horses. It seems to 1)6 quite variable in its fatality�to depend, to a considerable extent, upon the range. Some eases of black-log have occurred among young cattle, with invariably fatal results. This is a mw county, formed from a portion of QarHeld and Columbia counties.

fV(//e/o(raquo;.�Our farm animals are in good health, and I have no losses to report from disease for the enrrent year.

Gar/lflW.�Pluk-eyo prevails among horses, but generally In a mild form. Rest

and turning out to grass has I.....n found the raosl successful treatment. Black-log

prevails among cattle, but is generally oonttned to young stock. Hogs are never

diseased in this locality,

luldiiti.�There has been no epidemic among fhrm animals here. Fowls, however,

are frequently troubled with a disease that causes the death of numbers of them.

�^^ #9632;#9632;'�'quot;

OONTACHOUS DISEASES OF DOMBSTIOATl�D ANIMALS. 357

both Ml iiuitiirity and while yonng. ICarly spriug tuikoys have a stiffonlllg of the joints of tlio lega that soon oausea doath, It Is apparently a kind of rbeumatUmi Those liiitclicd lute, oaoapo the trouble, I liavo been batoliiug by artltloial means tUe past season. As a result, 1 Und :i oblokou's future is determined by its Bret throe

weeks of eare.

San Juan.�There have been twelve fatal oases of blaok-leg among calves in this locality. Bleeding iu the early stages of tho disease has been found beneflolal. A few fowls have been lost, but with no marked disease.

Spokane.�Horses in this county are tVequeutly atiW-ted with glanders, dlstotupet,

and other nasal diseases. Blaok'foot is the Only disease that ever attacks our eat lie.

Diseases among swine are not known.

I'/i urn I on. � 1 have no losses lo report among I'arni animals or fowls for tho ])ast year. All seem ligt; lie healthy and in line order.

WahMahum �1 am glad to igt;e able to say that ho diseases of any kind prevail among our farm animals, oousoquently I have im losses to report,

Whatoom,�No diseases of a fatal oharuoter have prevailed among any class lt;d' our domestic animals for gome years past.

/r/ii/maH. �Some few eases of anemia and pink-eye have oeenrred among horses, but not more (ban 5 per cent, of those attacked have died. No other class of stock has snlfered with disease.

Albany.�No disease of consequence has prevailed among horses or cattle this year. Sheep have been afllioted with scab. Animals valued at 11,185 have been lost by this disease.

./o/iHai)ii.--Tlie prevalent disease among our horses is called pink-eye, which oooa-Bionally proves fatal. This Is a grazing county, and contains some 800,000 head of cattle of all ages. A few of these animals have been affected with swollen jaw. As

a general thing they have been healthy, and the value of the losses will noi exceed

$6,000 /'or the year. Scab has prevailed in sheep, lint the losses have been light.

(/ilaquo;Ylaquo;/i.�There has 1.....n no epidemic or falal disease among farm animals in this

county for some years past. Scab in sheep occiisionally causes a small loss.

mw'

^^^^^^�

^^^^^^^

''^.....'--

r N D E X .

Abortion in cows..........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;yj.J

Agrioulturo, statement prepared for Huuso Committee on ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; iti

Alabama, general oondltloa of farm animals, 1883 .........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;!02

Aincricaii hojjs, proportion trlolilnosod....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2(!y

pork, ainoiuit consamed in foreign oomitrles..................... 27;i, 27i)

in Qormnny..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

Leblano's view of.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;277

Proust's view of..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 270

trlohlnlaals produoed by, abroad, unfonnded ............... 879,8�l

Aualyses of Amerloan and Europoan salts..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S89

Anatomy of Syngamus trciohealis................. ..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

Animal (list'HHcs that urn contagious.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2(i0

t Imir relation to human health............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;21

Industry at the Hamburg International Exhibition.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;204

Animals of the farm. {See Farm animals.)

Arizona farm animals, goheral condition of, 1881!...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i!54

Arkansas farm onlmals, general condition of, 1883.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 304

Mvini! plague in.................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�00

Bacilli tin' cause of Southern oattle fever..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;868

Qlaok-leg, letters eonoernlng..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

Breeding horses in lgt;a Perohto, franco___..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18:)

Breeds of cattle In England..............................,.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; UK!

British breeds of cattle....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; vxi

draft horses......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 198

liiiil'nlo gnats destroying farm animals.................... ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 207

remedies for.................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;399

California, general condition of farm animals, 188)1.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 305

Cattle affected with vrgotlsra in Kansas ...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;8quot;,t

nt the Hamburg International Exhibition.......................... 187,202

liritisti breeds of___ ..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ii)3

diseases of.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;89t

exposed topeluro-pneatnoniaandslanghterod In Pennsylvania, table of.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13,14

(ever. (See Soxtthern oattle lover.)

poisoned by vegetal ion.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 896

trade with Great Britain...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 189

restrictions of.......................................,........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 191

Chemical com posit ion of ergot.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4H

Colorado, general condition of farm animals, 188:1..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 306

Connect icut, general condition offarm animals, 1883.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:i0(i

plearo*pneumonia in.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; to

('or.stitutional symptoms of foot-and-inoiith disease.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

Consuiuptloiii (See Tuberonlosis.)

:tr)y

86lt;i

INDEX.

Qouttirgiou alaquo; a oauso of tuboroalosis in iininiiils..................

Coutagtous animill dtaoassa, by l^r. B, M. Hunt..................

laboratory for tbo invc'stiyaliDii of.... lu'ccssity of oxaminiug the history of. Coutagioua pleuro-pueniuouia, (.svr Pleuro-puearaouiagt;)

Contaglousnesa of foot-and-inoul h ilisoaso.........................

Cooking, oifool lt;gt;!', cm triohitKB...................................

CorreapoucloutB, lottera from.....................................

du abortion in oowlaquo;.............................

blaok-log....................................

iiupaction eil' ninnii'iilil.........................

]ilriil'lt;)-|ilienmnil ill...........................

poisonous vogotfttion.........................

buboroulosls.............................. .

Cows, abortion in..............................................

Ctiltnrea of tbo miorocooous of swine plague.....................

Caring process, effoot on trlobimo..............................

183

860

:i7

'^77 991 894

�-quot;,i I

�i'.K,

89a

a'.iii, *gt;7

89 I

894

Dakota, general condition of farm animals, 1883............................

Dimmer fi'Din conlajtlons ])ieui'o-pncuuionia.................................

Deaths from ooutagious pleuro-puoninouia in hfew Jersey...................

Penusylvanin.................

Delaware, general oondition of farm animals, 1883........ .................

Description of tbo gape-worin of fowls.....................................

Dr liners, Dr. II. ,(., re purl on Simlliern en I lie lever..............,.........

IMIVeienliiil diagnosis of contagions pleuro-pnen.....uia___ .............134,

Disease of (owls caused by I lie gn pe worm.................................

1 lisenses of animals Hull are contagious....................................

Distribution of Soatbern cattle fover......................................

District of Columbia, contagious plenro pneumonia in......................

I hies, orgol of rye, eifect upon...........................................

Doso of ergoi for medicinal purposes.......................................

I M'nl'l borses, I'reneli___............................................ .....

Bnglisb and Scotch ........................................

Educal ion in voterinory medicine..........................................

resolutions of the Intcniatlonal Veterinary

(lougress...............................

Bfflughatu, 111., mil liiciik of supposed foot-and-raoutb disease...............

lOmerslelien epidemic of trieliininsis........................................

Enzootlca of ergotism...................................................#9632; -

Kplzootio apbtlia, {Seo Kool-aiid-immtli disease.)

Ergot, aotion on animal body...........................................__

cause of euzootios, ovidonoe pointing to.............................

cliomiciil composition...........................................___

dose of..........................................................

food, percentage in...............................................

life-history of......................................................

medicinal effects...................................................

nature of........................................................- #9632;�

Read's experiments...............................................

red top, percentage in..............................................

Salerno's experiments...............................................

solipods, effect on .................................................

Tessier's ox peri men Is................................................

354

30( I

11)7

847

MO, 111

103

260

B�

181

19a

146

153, I7!l 84,88

�275 :gt;1

45, 48 :i:!, 3(gt; 45 56 34 46 60 40 50 :ir. 49 60 41raquo;

�^

1NIJEX.

361

Ergotj toxic nil'i'ds of......................................................

wild rye, poroentage in..................................... .......

Ergot of ryo, AogS) eifeot on...............................................

fowls, offoot lt;gt;raquo;...............................................

plj^s, effeot on.......................................-........

nil ni 11 Mil Ik, offool on..........................................

EiEgotlne, pbyBlologloal aol Ion of..........................................

Et'gotisni among entile in Kim hum..........................................

oondltion of cattle attacked...............

liisinrv of................................

Ergotisiut ouzootios lU the Woal ...........................................

us diBtiugnisbecl from foot-and-mouth dtsense,

funl-iu-tbo-foot.......

conditions favorable to.....................

gangrene in................................

iiiiiutll svniptoiils in.......................

objeotious to theory of.....................

occurring at the same time on widely sepa�rated farms..............................

poroeutage of ergot In food.................

udder, erupt ion on 111laquo;......................

epldoniias of....................................................

forms of.......................................................

history of................................................. .....

i n gt;.V \v York....................................................

Ohio...........................................................

Penusylvania................................................

United States................................................

prevent ion of...................................................

syfliptomatology of..............................................

trciitiiient und pr�voution of.....................................

Europe, history of orptottsm in...........................................

Quropoan boga, percentage trichiuotod.....................................

�xperlueiits with virus of swine i)l:iiiiilt;gt;...................................

Iquot;,xpoll eat lllt;^ Irinlo with Orenf Britain.....................................

Extoriiiiiiiition of pleiu'o-puoumonia by the Qovernmentoftbo United Stateraquo;, advantages of..........................................................

Kurili iiniiimls destroyed by buffalo-gnats...................................

geueral condition, 188:5......................................

in A1 ul im inn ..........................

Arkansas..........................

Arizona...........................

California.........................

Colorado..........................

Connect icnl .......................

Dakota............................

Delaware..........................

Florida............................

Qeorgia...........................

Illinois............................

Indiana..........................

Iowa............................

KiinsiiH............................

Kent nek v.........................

;il 51

51 51 55 8!)

;!0

115 �^1

38, 33

38,40

4-,'

38 34

4! 60 91) 66 66 67 68 63 (ill 68 69 56

�ri-gt;

raquo;A 189

897 308 308 304

354 306 306

:i�() 364 ;laquo;)(; 307 ;{uk :m 313 :ii(; ;iiH #9632;,m

862

INDEX.

Fa nil ammuls, gciu'ial condition. 188:i, in T.ouiHiium.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:WI5

Mnioe.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :ilaquo;4

Maryland .........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 334

Massaclin.scrts.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;386

Michigan..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :w.^rgt;

Minnesota.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'Ml'

Mlsalasippl........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'MH

Missouri...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:i;to

Montann ..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 356

Nebraska..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Wt

Nevada.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 333

New Hampshire...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :i'^

New Jersey........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^^13

New Mex loo.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :*!gt;()

New York.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;334

North Carolina...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :f:!i;

Ohio..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;338

Oregon............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;340

Pennsylvania.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'gt;4]

Rhode Island......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Mraquo;

South Carolina ...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;348

Tennessee.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 343

Texas..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 346

Utah..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 366

Vermont..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'M'J

Virginia...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ml)

Washington Territory..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^5fgt;

West Virginia.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^.^rgt;l.

Wisconsin.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'i.¹quot;'!?

Wyoming.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;358

Feeding animals with tuberonlar ma tier...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ugt;rgt;

Feet symptoms in foot-and-montb disease..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40

/�Vh men!..................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66

Fever. (iSfelaquo;Southern cattle (ever.)

Fleming, report on epidemics of ergotism___..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;i0

Florida, general condition of farm animals, 1883...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 307

Food, condition of, in the Western enzootlcs of ergotism ...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 34

Foot-and-mouth disease....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2i'A

contagiousness of..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;37

distinguished from ergotism........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.tti

in Great Britain..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 108

nature of..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;36

supposed out break of, In Kannas....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 81,80

H.vinplonis of......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

Foot-rot, symptoms of....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41

Fon 1-In-tlie-foot dtstlngnlsbed from ergotism................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41

Fowls, ergot, effect on ....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;51

gape disease of....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 10:$

Freneli draft liorses......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; IHl

plenro-pnoutnonia com mission, results of experiments..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

Gangrene in the Western enzootics of ergotism.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I!'lt;i, 41

(#9632;ape disease of fowls, history of...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 104

means of arresting.................................. 117,11Sgt;

INDEX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;363

Page

Qape-wortu of fo\vln, deRoription of........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; IW

doveloptnent of.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 113

destruoUon of........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 117

embryo of............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 114

liirvaof.............................................. U6,180

Qeograpbloal distribution of Soatbern oattle fever........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;70

Qeorgla, dietriots infected with Soutbern cattle fever......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;75

fiinn animals, general oondicion, IHrttJ............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;!0S

Q'erraany, epldemios of trloWulaBla in......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^^'-i

Qlanders and faroy In New Jersey.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'^'i?

in horses.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 887

Hamburg International Exhibition........................................ 186,109

cattle at the............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1^7

horses at the...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;186

sheep at the................-...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l^�

kw ine at the............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

Heredity as a cause of tuberoulosts.........................#9632;.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 168

History of ergotism among cattle in Kansas................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 81,95

In Europe.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �^rgt;*'

the United States....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;63

gape disease of fowls..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 104

Hog oholerai (raquo;Sec Swine plague.)

Hogs, breeds and sanitary conditiou ......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S99

feeding on sweet potatoes...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;399

Morses In Franco..........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 181

at the Hamburg International E\li iliition......................... ISG.'-iOO

poisoned by vegetation.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;897

HugUOS* report on education in veterinary nieilieine........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 146

Huldekoper, Dr. B, S., report on the Hamburg International Exhibition�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; iO'J

Hunt, Dr. B. M., contagions animal diseases...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;860

Illinois, enzootie of ergotism, condition of food.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;36

symptoms....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40

general condition of farm animals, 1883 .................. .........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31]

Impactlon of the manifold.................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;896

Indemnity for diseased cattle,.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1-1lt;gt;

Indiana, general condition of farm animals, V)S3 ..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;313

Ineffloioncy of Slate action in regard to plenro-pnenmonla..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

Infection of pastures with virus of Soul hern cattle fever..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'JriO

Inoculation with virus of foot-and-mont h disease!..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;365

against plenro-pneiimonia.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '#9632;Hi'-i

results of............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

with vims of swine plague.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;84

Inspection of exported cattle, necessity of..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 199

International Veterinary Congress of 1883, report by Dr. Law..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

plcni'o-pneiimonia of cattle......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; IM

tuberculosis....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I�7

veterinary service..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

International veterinary service, principles of an........... ...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; W

Investigation of Contagious diseases, importance of.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'M

Iowa, general condition of farm animals, 1*lt;!.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;!l(i

Kansas, ergotism among cattle in..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 81,89

brief history of............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2fgt;

06 Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; INDEX.

l'nge.

Kansas, ergotism amoug oafctlo in, ooudition of animals.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;30

BrgOl as ii oausQ.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�gt;#9632;!

food, oonditlou of.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3fi

(Sir also EQrgotism^)

geuoral oonditlou of farin auiiuals, lH.s;{............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;U8

glaudors iu.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'j�?

Sotltbem cat tic lever in...........................................nbsp; ^'07,--J:!!)

Bwlue plague iu...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�ii^

[Centuoky, general o.....litlon of farm animals, l.-^j.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:W1

Ktrksvllle, outbreak of disease in .... .....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2)!, 88

Klein, Dr., Investigations of swine plague.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 79, HO

Laboratory for the Invesligatiou of ooutagioua diseases ....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;81

Law, Dr. .1.. reporl on the International Veterinary Congress of 1883.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

he 111 a lie's views of |ilenro-|iiiciiniiiliifi......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ml)

Leders IVinii correspondents coueernlng animal dlaonses.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�iU

Losses from plenro-pneumoula in the United States annually...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;i(i

Louisiana, general oonditlou of /arm animals, 1883.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;W.i

Lime- plague, (See Pleuro-pueuiaouia.)

Lyilt in's resolut ions ooncamlng tiilierenlnsis In animals.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Iquot;iT

Maine, general condition of farm animals, 1883..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;384

Manifold, Impuetlou of....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;y,)')

Mary la ml, general condition of farm animals, 1�8I).........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;334

pienrn-pneuinmiia in ...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;15

Massachusetts, general condli Ion of farm animals, 1883.................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;385

Meal of tuberculous animals, laws against use of....................... lii.-^J,nbsp;173, 174

Medicinal eft'eots of ergol...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;50

Moguln, I'., gape disease of fowls.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 103

Michigan, general oonditlou of farm animals, 1883..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;385

Microbe of swine plague.................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 71raquo;, 85

Milk of tuberoukma animals, danger from...............................nbsp; nbsp;171,174

Minnesota, general condition of farm animals, 1883.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;327

Misalssippi, general conditloo of farm animals, l.-Wi___....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:i'i'-'

Missouri, general condition olt; farm animals, 1883..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;330

Montana, general coudltion of farm animals, 1883.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:irgt;(i

Mm Uli symptoms In the Western enzootios of orgotism.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;38

foot-and-mouth disease................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

Nebraska, general condition of farm animals, 1883.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;338

Meosba Falls, outbreak of supposed liiot-aml-numtli disease..............21,85,37,89

Nevada, general condition of farm animals, 1883...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:i;!:i

Now Hampshire, general oouditlon of farm animals, 1883...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;333

New Jersey, general oonditlou of farm animals, HfW.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;333

contagions pleuro-pnenmonia In...............................nbsp; nbsp; 14,893

glanders and faroy In.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;207

New Mexico, farm animals, general condition, 188;!.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;H5(gt;

Now fork, farm animals, general oondition, 1883...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;334

orgotism in...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (it), (ili

North Carolina, distriotslnfeated with Southern cattle fever................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;75

farm animals, general OOtlditiotl, 18-:!......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;336

Objections to the theory of ergotism In Kansas answered...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;42

Ohio, farm animals, gene ml condition, 188:! .............................#9632;,,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;{38

history of ergotism in...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(17

Oregon, general condition uf farm animills, 18*;!...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;140

AL.

�fc

INDEX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3�5

Pttokiug, Halt used in......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �88

Parasitic dlsottse of fowls..................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; It''*

Pastour's investigations of swineplogne....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

1'iistiireN, theories as to the infection of'i with Southern cattle fever..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'JW

Pathological miiitiMny quot;I tuberoulosia......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; KiO

I'miiisylvania, cam)raquo;of pleuro-pnontnouia In................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

ergotism in.................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;68

farm auiinals, general oouditlou, 18�3........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 341

Porriot, K., on breeding horses.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1*0

Physiological action of ergot .............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65

I'ifjs, effects of ergot of rye on.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fil

Pleuro-pnoninonla (contagions), auunal losses in the United states iVom ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;90

in t lie Allan lie Slates, reasons for believing in thd existence

of..................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17

Conneel lent ..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;10

eontiigioiisness of......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Ml

danger (Vom, greater than the extent of infected territory

would iinlicate ......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

differential diagnosis of.............................134,nbsp; Ml, I7ii

discussed by the International Veterinary Congress......nbsp; nbsp;134, t/ti

ill I lie District of Coin in liia ............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; li, 7

extcrniination by the Coveniiiienl of I lie United States,

advantages of........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;80

Indemnity lor diseased cattle............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 14li

inoenhit ion against:.............................135, Ml,nbsp;143,808

advantages and disadvantages.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1)17

in New Jersey .......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 14

insidious nature, of......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 188

invesligation of.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;li

losses from ...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I'iH

111 .Maryland............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;16

NewJ.rsey......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;14,993

pnl liology of, aeording to Dogive........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Kill

in Pennsylvania, number of oatl looxposedandslanghlierod .1^, 13,14

prevent ion of, rules for t.lie..............................nbsp; nbsp;lli�, 143

preventive innen lilt ion to lie absolutely rejected.........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I'U

si,-iniping out, means of.................. ..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 143

statenienl prepared for the House Coiiiinil lee. on Agriciill-

nre eoiicerning.................. ...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Id

Poisonous vegetation ..................................... ...........nbsp; nbsp;998)997

Pork, examination uf, for triohinte ......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '^711

fVoni the I'in ted Slal.-s in Ueniiany..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 18

Prevention and treatmoni of ergotism.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;60

of triohiulHSls in swine........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2figt;

Preventive measures in the coustunptlou of milk mid meal of tuberculous

animals................................................................nbsp; nbsp;168, 17^

Prophylaxis of pleuro-pneumonla.......................................Ui.^r),nbsp; 143, 177

Proust's statement coucerulug Amcrloau porh..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �7(i

I'iitz's views of pie n ro | me n me pnl a........................................ .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ill

Randall, Dr., report on ergotism in New Volk..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;till

Red top, ergot in..........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 86

lied worm. (_ts'ec (Jape-worm.) Remedies, (Ace Treatment.)

866

INDEX.

Bomodles for buffalo gaats..............................................

Rcsoliiiions proposed ami adopted at the Interaatlonal Veterinftr^Oouigresa.

Rhode Isltiml, general oondttlon of farm anlmalg, lSri:{.....................

Ratutnaats, eftieot lt;it' ergot of rye laquo;11..........................._..........

I'figi.

343 61

.Salmon, Dr. D. IS., Investigation of swlno plague..........................

report on ouzootlos of ergot ism................,__.....

plearO'pneutuuQla............................

Southern oaf I le fever................._.....

trloblniasla.......................______.....

Saliva as the lufootive ageni In Southern cattle fever...........__..-.....

Salt used in packing.........................................._...........

Sal In, analyses of............................................._.. .._.....

Sanders, J, EL, roporl on the Hamburg luternatioual Ehdiibltlon-...,......

Sheep at the Hamburg tuternalioual Exhibition..............._..__.....

b nc'w diftease among....................................______.....

Soli | mm Is, effect of ergof on ..................................._..........

South Carolina, districts Infected with Southern cattle fever...-..........

farm animals, general oondition of, L�83.................

Southern cattle fever, report of Dr. II. J, Detmers.............._..........

bacilli as the cause of...................._........,.

infection uf pastures...................._..........

in loci ions principle, relation iigt; food................

sail va the lufeutivc agent, of........................

roporl of Dr. I gt;. E. Salmon..............__........

its advance.........................................

in Georgia, line of infected district........ .........

North ('arolin.i, line of infreUMl district ..........

South Carolina, line of infeoted district. .. -.......

Tennessee, line of Infected distrlol........-.......

Virginia, line of infected district.........-.......

Kansas..........................................

suspected herds...........................

table of cattle exposed.....................

State act inn, inollieieney in controlling pleui'O-pneumonla......._..........

Stateinoul oonoorning plenro-pnenmonia prapared tor the i�ouso Oommlttee on Agriculture........................................................

Steel on Ion I-in-I lie-loot___........................................__,.

Stickler, Dr. .1. W., experiments with virus of foot-aud-inonth ill soarSii.....

St ud-book of FercberoD breeders.........................................

Swine nt the I la tnlnirg International Kxliiliilion...........................

percentage of American and European triohiuosed......._._.......

prevention of triohlnlasls in ............................._.........

(See also Hogs', Pork.)

Swine plagUO, invest igations of, by I gt;!'. Salmon................__.......

experiments with vims of......................._,.__.....

Klein's investigations of........................._,.........

microbe of......................................__.._....

I'raquo;stein's in vest i gat ions of.......................__.,__..

pure cultures of virus of....................,....._..__.....

in ArUansiiH.....................................__.......

Kansas......................................._..........

Symptoms of (he diseased animals in tile Kansas enzootie.................

IHinois enzoolic......__...___

�^1

70 #9632;U\'J

36laquo;

!i88 289 181

18�

;iii(i

��, 64

7�

348

241

253

350

24?

!.'.'gt;#9632;,!

Sj]

7�

/ D

75 71 i 71

207,830 836

336,844 19

*).^r) 184 188 269, laquo;72 280

78 78 78 80 300 o;j8

:ii

ILL.

1NDKX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;367

Pagft.

Symptoms of ergotism....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;''~

ainong eiittlc! in KaiiHiis.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0quot;

tbot-anil-moiith disease and of Western cn/.ootics oomporod-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; :laquo;raquo;

fonl-iii'tlio-fuot..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '�1

Syngamm tradieaUs, (See �ape-worn).)

Table of the number of oattlo exposed to pluuro-puenmotila and slaughtered in

Penusylvauia................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 13, M

Southern cattle fever in Kansas�nbsp; nbsp;830,844

stnlilcs exposed to ideiiro-pnemnonia in Maryland.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 16

Tabourin on the notion of ergot �.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; gt;^{^}'^,l

Tennessee, district infected with Southern cattle lever.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;70

farm animals, general condition, 1083...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �!#9632;!;!

Tesaler'a experiments witli ergot..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 49

Texas cattle fever. {See Southern cattle lever.)

farm animals, general ooudillou of, 1883.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 340

Toxic effects of ergot......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BO, �l

Treatment, of ergotism...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 0'.'

gape disease in fowls........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 117

Trichime, cooking, effect of................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 877

curing, effect of................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 87li

in American and European hogs.................................nbsp; 870,212

life history of.............-....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 280

Triehiniasis, report by Dr. Salmon.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; yoi)

in man, reports of boards of health on........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2gt;i'A

cases of, in foreign countries..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2S0

the United States.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 883

epidemics of, in Europe...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 28�

swine, cause and prevention of.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SW0

Trumhower, Dr. M. K'., report on ergotism among cattle in Kansas..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 89

Southern cattle fever in Kansas...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 207

Tuberculosis in animals, bacillus of.,......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 100

oontagiou as a cause of...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 103

feeding experiments..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Kiri

forms of..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 159

heredity as a cause of.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 102

identical with tuberculosis in man................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

laws against the use of meat......................nbsp; nbsp;Kit), 174

lesions of........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 100

letters eoncerning................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2'M

milk, danger from................................nbsp; nbsp;171,174

in New York City.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 168

resolutions proposed and adopted at the interna�tional Veterinary Congress......................nbsp; nbsp;157, 180

Udder, eruption on. In the enzootios of ergotism...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 41

United Stales, ergotism in the history of...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 03

(iovernment veterinary schools, necessity of, in the...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 154

triehiniasis in the...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 283

veterinary service in the, necessity of B......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 138

Utah, general condition of farm animals, 1883..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 36fl

Vegetation poisonous to cut tie.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 896

horses............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�97

Yerheyen on ergotism.....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 52,50

raquo;P^H^SPWquot;

^; v,''

3�8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; INDEX.

I'RJtlaquo;,

Vermont,general oottdltion of furiM animals, 1883..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 349

Veterlnoi'y experiweut station.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

medicine, reports at the International Veterinary Congress on

eduoatibti in................................................. 146,150

Bobool at Brussels, currienlnm of................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 147

service, necessity in the United .States of a......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 138

organization of a.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ISJ�

principlelaquo; of a........................................... 130, 170

Virginia, district infected with Southern catt le fever.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;71

general condition of farm miiinnls, 188;!...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;j4y

Washington Territory, general condition of farm animals, 18H:!..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; iftti

West Virginia, general eondil ion of farm animiils, 188:!.................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Il.M

Wild rye, ergot in........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;J4

Wisconsin, general condition of limn an im a Is, 1881!.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3,^rgt;3

Wyoming Territory, general eondil ion of fai DO ;inimills, 1883................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;358

Zioinssen on ergotism......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;jllaquo;)

Zoological desciiption of Syngatntis tvaoheaHs..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 107

Znndel oil the organization of a veterinary service.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Vi\l

JlL



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

/

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

INVESTIGATIONS

BY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC�LT�EE,

1883-1884.

, .. #9632;#9632;'. \ #9632; #9632; #9632;#9632; #9632; #9632; .. Jr. l Vh

/		lX⁷ -' #9632; #9632; �	;gt;#9632; ,' ;.	,gt;

#9632;

' ,1

*nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;J

-T)?.¹)! Tgt; A	quot;WASHUSTGTOK: GOVERNMKNT I'UlNTINa OFFICE. 1884.				il


	*msam*	*mt^mm*

	laquo;

	to

	I i

	'quot;

	^



	46 niii fro






	6 1 i #9632; #9632; i ; (
	6 1 i #9632; #9632; i ; (

	li (i t ii i'i (i si id ,S\| I'd il en
	li (i t ii i'i (i si id ,S\| I'd il en

	eu

	MMMMMHH


	' quot;quot; \Tf '#9632; 'i i�quot;�w-^^raquo;-^^	^^^#9632;^#9632;^^#9632;^#9632;T^-^


	#9632;i quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *lt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt; m*



	LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

	lloil. (iKO. li LORINO, Oommissionef of Agriculture : Sill: I have thti honor to herewith bransuilt n report Of the results ol^rthe experiiueuts and luvestigatioua of the Veterinary Division for the year l883-'8i. The first Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal In�dustry, which will contain a detailed statement of the Investigations made and all the work accomplished since the organization of the Bureau, in couformity with the act passed at the last session of Con�gress, will be submitted for your approval at the close, of the year. My work at the Veterinary i�xperimental Station has been greatly re�tarded during the past three or tour months, made necessary in the in�vestigation of an outbreak of ergotism among cattle in the West, and later in the supervision of the work necessary for the organization of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In addition to this I spent the mouths of August and .September in tracing the cattle infected with contagious plemopueumonia in some of the Western States, a detailed account of which will be furnished you in the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry.* My report proper contains the results of experiments and investiga�tions of Pleuro-pneunionia, Ergotism, Southern Cattle Fever, and Swine Plague. In addition to the above this volume will contain interesting and val�uable papers on the following subjectlaquo;: Ergotism among cattle in Kansas, by M. R.Trumbower, \^r.S.; Syngamua frvto/teaKs,orQ-apeDisease of Fowls, translated from the French by Dr. Theobald Smith; Proceed�ings of the International Veterinary Congress, as reported by Dr. James Law; Hamburg International Exhibition, reported by Mr. ,I. H. San�ders and Dr. Rush Shippen Huidekoper; a detailed report of the losses sustained by an extensive outbreak of Southern cattle fever among cat�tle in Kansas, by Dr. M. H. Trumbower; investigations as to the Cause of Southern Cattle Fever, by Dr. J, II. Detmers; Contagions Animal Diseases, and their Relation to the, Public Health, by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt; results as to the prevalence of trichinte as shown by the report of the recent commission appointed by the President; salt used in packing; extracts from letters of correspondents, and statistical returns as to losses and general condition of farm animals as reported by the regular correspondents of the Department. Very respectfully, amp;c., D. E. SALMON, Chief lt;gt;f' Bureau of Animal Indnutry. WasHINO-TON, D. C, Qotubev 28, 1884.



	RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS MADE DIKING T YEAR 1883-84.

	Hon. (Jko. B. Louing, Oommisaioner of AgriouUuro: Si it: In my last report brief montiou was made of the Veterinary Ex�perimental Station established by your direotion near tliis eity. Since then many additions have been made to this Station, and it is now thought a more detailed description will prove of Interest to those en-gaged in Investigations as to the cause, transmission, and prevention of infections and contagions diseases incident to domestic animals both in this and in other countries. The Station is located on the Beuning's Bridge road, about one fourth of a mile cast of the Oortheasteru boundary of the city. The plat of ground on which it is located consists of 7 acres of rolling laraquo; , which is subdivided by new fenplng into three pasture fields. Tue largest inclosure contains 4 acres, the second 2 acres, and the third 1 acre. There are seven outbuildings for the accommodation of cattle and the protection of the necessary Implements for keeping the place in proper condition. Two wooden and two brick structures are used for the ac�commodation of cattle alone. The interior of the stables are fitted up With box stalls located on each side of a it'oot passageway extending the entire length of the buildings. The average measurement of each Stall is 8 by 10 feet. One stable contains eight stalls, a second live, and a third four. When necessary, two steers or cows can occupy each stall with comfort. Ample feed-rooms are attached to each stable. The fourth building is a wooden Structure 26 feet wide by 31 feet in length, with interior free of compartments. This building is used for the protection from inclement weather of the cattle, which are allowed to graze on the largest pasture field, and has been left open on the south side. Four rows of pigpens are located at different points on the premises. One of these pens is 60 feet in length by 10 feet in width, and is subdi�vided into ten compartments. Two others are 30 feet in length, and contain five pens each. The fourth is divided into four pens. Ten or twelve pigs can be accommodated with comfort in each pen. They are supplied with cast-iron water-troughs, and the floors of each, as well as those of the stables, are laid in concrete, which prevents the absorption of water and facilitates disinfection. B



	ISnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

	been ivblo to Bud any sluillai' oasos of disease thoro, ivltUpuKli spooinl luspootlon luis beon tnade by compotoni porsotis, Tbo disease ta nol c()iiftiielt;l to stable oovvs, bowover, nor to those sBasous of t.ho year wlun acute Iniiy diseuscs can be accouuted for by the luolemenoy of the vveather. The outbi'eak referred ilaquo;gt; hi Conucct.icul oceurred lu thosutDtuer, in u oouutry district, 11 ml where the cattle were riiuiilug upon iilcopastura Holds. The estouslvo outbreaks in Neu Jersey and Penusylvanln also liapponod iusnuinier, and wore in the best ftinn-lujj districts nC these States, In this counectiou attention Is called to iln' fnol thai in the State of Ponnsylvauto ahoul uinety berds have been infected since March, 1870, and thai notwithstanding tin' appointment of special agents in every part of iln^ State, ami the tuvostigatlou of all cattle diseases wherever funnd, there was no disease resembling plenro-pueuinouia discos ored Bxcopi in eighl of the sixty-seven conn ties of thai State. The remaining lit'tv-iiiuc counties have been free fVom any suspicion of iliis plague, W'hal is even inure signiiloant is the faoi thai these oimuties are not distrlbutod over various parts of the State, bul thai they Join each other, and are all in the sontheastoru corner of the State, whore there is the groatesl danger of in feet ion by eat lie broughl IVnni Phil�adelphia and Baltimore, Witli seventeen of those herds the Infection was traced to #9632; cattle from Baltimore or other points in Maryland ; with twenty-one it was traced to Philadelphia ; with ten it was traced to cattle fr..... herds in Peimsylvania known to lie diseased. The most favorable oonditiotis of life laquo;ere nni suflSoietil to protect the cattle where this disease was introduced, I have already mentioned that a number of the out�breaks referred to oocurrod during the suniiucr,and that the animals were running upon irreproachable pasture llelds, Many of the aifeoted oows were young and in due oondttinu, (ti Conneotiout a Jorsej bull, less than two years old, and two steers fit for hed', were among the viotims. Again, the disease as we see it here does not occnr in isolated herds a single ease at a time, asdoos non-itifections lung disease, bul raquo; hen it enters a herd a majnrily of the cuttle are affected 8.....tor or later, Some of the herds in Brooklyu and Baltimore have beon losing cows from this plague for years, and one nein- the latter el ty, where but a limit litly cows w ere kept at a t ime, has lost between S00.....1 300 cows within three years. These iiisiinices, all recent, are referred lquot;, not as all the evidence bearing on thin point, hm simply as examples of what has been occurring for years past; and it is Indieved thai ihey cannot be explained on any other h\ pothesis than the contagious�ness of the disease.	^ ¹

	DANQKH GHEATKIl THAN KXTRNT 01'quot; [NI'KCTISD 1 i:i:til re Hi V AND NtJMUEU OF DISBASED AM MAI.s Worin INHIC \ 11;. Glanoing over the territory which I have staled to be Infected, il must bo con�fessed that it is not extensivp�a singlo farm with perhaps live nnimals in Conuecti-ont. ahoul lour eoiml ics in New Vm K , as many i n N'ew Jersey, two i ir I luce coiinties in Maryland, and possibly a lew stables in Delaware and Virginia. In 111 Os I illquot; I lie ill lee led herds I here ;l IV hill one or two sick ,1 llilllllls ill ,'l I ilne. .#9632;mil fretiuontl.v there an-none; for where the disease has existed for a ourttlin time the Riisceptiblo animals die off and only those whicli possess n certain iimnnnity from it remain. As abon j '-'n per cent, of all the animals exposed are a hie \|,o reslsl (ho contagion In-dellnitely, a herd of coinpiiintiv�ly insusceptible entile Is In time actjulred, and the time iieeessiirgt;' for this is shortened both In Bnltlinore and Brooklyn by the practice of Inoenlnl Ion. Urn those sin hies and grounds remain in lee ted. and n large portion of the new cows bronght into them contrnct the disease tinioss they are previously protected by Inoo-illation. The practice of innculiitlon does not destroy the Infoetlpnj on the oilier hand it keeps it up, bul it enables dairymen to keep their cows in Infected stttblea	i



	#9632;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

		wit limit H'n'nt loss, wlicn wltlioul ii rnoro ill mi lialf of fcho aew cows bruugli( luto tiici i would siiiilv dlo. Another tnct of groat linpovtnuoo brought out by the experlnienta of tUo Prunoli plonro-puouiuouln i-.....mission Istbttl about ;;i) porcont, of the animalB exposod to this discnsi' show no sviiipionis of ii boyond n s�kIiI oongb. guoh nulmala are probably as dangoroua in nil ins as those wbioh liavolt In n more severe form, aud yol t lies can be tmnnportod to \rurlous pai'ts of thooontitfy without exoiting tbo least susplotoD. Thr auiuial whloli Is supposed to have oiiused the outbreak lu Conneotioal was prob�ably in this oondition, ns ti oareful examlnatl.....raquo;f her lungs did not enable the voter- tuarlana to delect any evId.....ios of the dtseaw ; and yol plenro-pnenn.....in existed In thostable from which Bhooanie,and her admission Into the how herd wasfollowed iiy the seven oases thai have been raentloued. Similar lustanoes are rcforrod to again and again by the voterinariausof every country when' the illseaao exists. These infected districts, though small, are then n real danger to the vvholooonntry, beoausoall the way from Connool Icul to Vlrgluln there is a large and inonmsiug niini-berof herds of thoroughbr�d cattle, which are frequentlysblpped in the Wcsl and some of which have from lillllt;� to time been Inl'cotod with this disease, Fortunately, the owners of thoroughbred cattle have generally had too im ich regard for their repu�tation tn ship cattle when there was any disease in their herds, and the oommon cat�tle have not been sent toa snfflolenl distance to do much harm. Unl with the increased price of cattle a largo mituher are boing shipped from the East toward the West, aud the clanger of carrying the iliscusi' is consoquentlv inoroas-Ing, If the car-load of cattle shipped (Vom Baltimore to Cheater County, Pennsyl�vania, had gone to the ranges of the West, thoy inlghl have done Irreparable harm, Again, the thoroughbred Jersey oow which went from an Infected stable In NewJer-say might as readily have been shipped to the West; and I have been Informed chat if the Cm m rr lien i oniiirriik inn I ooourrod n lew months later one or more of the herds would have boon sent, according to ooutraot, to a Western State, Now, while It Is true thai plouro-pnetiinonhi has existed In the Easl for forty years without having been carried to the West, it must be admitted, from what has occurrodsomauy times in Pennsylvania aud Connecticut, that tboro baa been danger of this, and that this dangeris inoreaslng \\ ith the larger number of cattle now being sblpped in that diroo. tlmi, Nodoubt this dangerhas hem exaggerated, but thefact that there is dangeraquo;, and that thodlseaao nnco carried to the Western hording grounds would probably be beyond our control. If we can Judge from the oxperienc.....f Australia and South Af- rloa, issufflcicnl to show tho importan�o of grappling with it vvhileitcanbesoeasily handled, Therapldlty with which n diaease spreads on these ranges, when once In-troducad,la ilhistrnted bj an occurronco of lnlaquo;l sumnicr in Southwestern Texas, A drove ol cattle brought a commuulcnblo disease to I hat section, which the army snr-goons believed to be contagious pleuro-pneiiraonla; but before any careful examination con hi be made several hundred cattle had died, and a large territory was Infected. Por-innaii-iy, luvestigationshowed that tills was not plouro-pnoumonia, buta disease which does not outlast n single season of tho year, Itii had proved to be pleuro-pnenmonia, won hi ii not have booun national calamity ,' With n largo territory already infected, quot;i¹¹¹ ^llquot; gt;.....toy and no power to control I he disease, nmi occurring In summer months, before tho State and national legislative bodies would convene, it IsdtfHonll to see how ,lllV elleel ive inensnre elinhlhlive heell adopted.

	TIIK IMJ ik ii;ncv in- siati; ,m rmx. Though 11 number of attempts liave belt;.....mtle by tho States now infected to rid themselves of pleuro-pnenmonia fchoae have generally or always fallpd, becanse for various vooaons tho work was nol thoroughly done. We saw the state anthorltlos of Connecticut unable to exterminate the dlsonse a few months ago, when but n sin�gle herd contained slot animals. The stables of Urooklyn were never under oom-plotoenporvlsion, and some could not be entered by the Inspectors even when the



	CONTACHO�S DISBASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,	21

	Bat while nmcli has bean done, wbtlo inilllonsof dollars have alroad; been savod to one fiirmors by tlio facts thus Hitv disooverod, we have only maclo a beglnulug In the great work tliat i-s before uh. Some of tbe most Important diseasesa�'eotlng our ani�mals are still mysteri�s fco u.s, and tbough they are distributed over largo corrltorles and decimate tlio live stock, wo arc. Ignorant of their cause; we do nol know how they are kept up (Vom year iquot; year; wo have no means of opmbal Ing tbom, and the Idos of freoing otusolvoB from their ravages Ims soaroeiy dawned upon as, A striking ex�ample of the uooessity of suoli work Is soon In tlilaquo;' recent InvostlgatlousofTexasoattle fever. This disease lias boon odvauolng and Infootlug new territory for a ooutury, and until the losl year or two wo knew nothing about It, and our bosi Informed vet-erluariaus and stookmen lt;liil not snppose that it. was t'onnd In one-fifth of the terri�tory which it has actually ovomm. Those were points which it was ueoossary to un�derstand before ettbor legislative bodies or ladlvidaals oould adopt Intelligent meas�ures for preventing the annual losses which have boon most dlsoouraglng to the cattle #9632;udustry In large sections of the country. And with every disease there are equally Important points still to bo Investigated. The laboratory and experiment station which have been flttod up during the past summer under tlio dlreotlou of tbe Commissioner of Agrlonltur�, for investigating con�tagious diseases, nmke it possible to attempt tbe solution of questions which were formerly beyond our reach. The laboratory contnins tbe most improved apparatus Cor snob investigations, inneh of whicli was oonstruotod oooordlug to new designs, es�pecially for this work, and it Is safe to say that the lacilities here are now equal to those possessed by invest iga I nrs of similar diseases in any country, and in sonic ro-specls they greatly surpass them. In conelnsiou, I would say there is not a department of original research or of agri�cultural Investigation in regard to which there la more pressing need for development than this, and none which promises to ell'ect n greater saving'. Our losses are now heavy, hut they must increase as our animal population Increases, as new diseases are Introduced, and fresh areas are Infected. Hut Itlsnot alone a question of dollars j the Investigation of animal oontagia must throw new light on those human plagues which 'u our country alone laquo;weep a quarter of a million of human lives out of extatonce each year. Some of those animal diseases are oomtnuuioable to man, and have a greater i nil neu ce over our health and lives than is generally supposed, and any means of con�trolling tlieui cannot fail to have an important InflllODOO on hnnian health as well.

	ENZOOTICS OF ERGOTISM. Early in Marcli, 1884, n diseaao among the cattle of Ooffey Oomity, Kansas, which was supposed by oertaiu veterinarians to be foot-anil-mouth disease in n most virnleul form, was brought to the attention of the offlcers of that State; and .such exaggerated acconnts were .sent to the press Prom day to day as to cause a feeling lt;gt;(' iuseenrity and alarm among all engaged in the live-stock Industry of the West. The 3(1 of March, Dr. W�hlte visited the farm of .Mr. Daniel Keith, located in Oof-fey County, 4 miles northwest of Neosho Kails, and pronounced the trouble among his cattle to bo foot-and-mouth disease. The same day Governor CHick telegraphed as follows! Topeka, Kans,, MarchS, 1884, lion, Qeo. B. Tidia.M!, COTflMiSsiOttW l)J' .tiffirtltflltc. A very malignant disease has broken out among the cattle In Neosho County, this State. It is supposed to he t lie Ibol-aud-inmitli disease. The foot become sore and



34	i #9632;

ri #9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632; *. , , #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;iirr, vlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^ . #9632; #9632; #9632; rat rho v #9632; ^:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;** #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; \| #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:

		#9632;

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	Plate VE.

	Marx from Natut ' H roi i :#9632; ' #9632;#9632;. .,: #9632; . Baitimon

	ERGOT IN HAY,



Plate Vlll.

#9632; a #9632;


	4 i'
			if






Maix ftom Nature		k Host i quot;. Lin i'jshc

DEVELOPMENT OF ERGOT,



	i¹

	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	Mill 2911 214 5



	#9632; (#9632;-quot;

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	ERGOTISM AMONG CATTLE IN KANSAS.

	Jlon. G-KOR0B Igt;. LoUI.NMi, Commissioner of �giⁱloulturo i Sn;: in obedience to your telegram of tbe �tli of MJaroh, requesting me to go to Ncosho Falls, Kuns., and there to Investigate a disease among cattle, 1 forthwith prepared mysell aud left ou the 6th, arriving ut Neosho Palls in the afternoon of the 8th. Ou my way to Neosho Falls 1 was delayed overnight at Burlington, Kans, On the same eve�ning I read a report in the Kansas City JoMnwiJ of a meeting which had been held at Neosho Palls on the evening of the 6th attended by his excellency Governor (J. W. Click, Liout.-Gov. I). W. Pinney, who, in company with other Slate officials. Dr. A. A. Holcombe, U. V. S., of Lcavenworth, Dr. Wllhite, of Emporla, and a number of stockmen, had in- special train proceeded to Neosho Palls, aud investigated the dis�ease among cattle In Woodaon and Oofifey Counties, and upon the au�thority ofDrs. Holoomb� and Wilhita said disease was pronounced to be the contagious foot-and-mouth disease. At the meeting in the eve-ning a quarantine committee was appointed, with Lieuteuani Governor Fiuney as theohairman. This oommittee was instructed to quarantine all infected cattle and premises, to guard against further diffusion of the dread disease. ITpon reading this article I was greatly surprised and alarmed. I had no reason to doubt the correctness of the diagnosis by Dr. Eloloornbe, whom I knew from personal knowledge to be a very com-petenl veterinarian. On my arrival at Neosho Palls, Woodson Oouuty/late in the after�noon ofthe 8th, 1 was mel by Lieutenant-Governor Pinney and Dr. Holcombe, who immediately procured aconveyance and accompanied mo to the residence and farm of Mr. Daniel Koith, situated in (lie south east comer of Ooffey County, 6 miles north of Neosho Palls. Here I was conducted to a small pen or inolosure which contained 12 head of yearling calves. This pen measured about 10 by 60 feot, and was in closed on two sides by a rail fence, by a hay rack and corn crib on the west side, and horse stable, and corn erih Oil the east. The pen was well bedded with hay and straw. On entering the inolosure 1 walked along the hay rack and gave the hay a hasty examination, but found it clean, bright, and sweet, it being wild hay made on bottomlands. I also looked for ergot among the grasses which composed the hay, but discovered only two or three heads of wild rye which were ergoti�iedj 89



	svivoAmrs tkaciitams. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate T, Fio. 1.�Tho traohea of an adult pbeaBant, whoso deatli was oaused by the sapea, Hlii open longitudinally, andshowlug, In its Interior and attached to the miiiciiis meinbrane, aboul thirty pairs of syngatnea in various stages of development (natural size), Fio. 'J.�A pair of syngames, attached with the inoulh of the male and that of the female (enlarged I diameters), Fio. 3,�A pair of syngames enlarged 10 diameters ; A. mnlo : B, female; showing tlie Intestinal caual, the oBRophagHB, and the buccai capsule, fn the female J5 maybe seen, in addiliou, the uterus and its horns filled with ova and the ovarian tube coiled around the uterus and the intestine. In tlio male A the testicle is seen coiled about the digestive tube. Fio, 4. Mouth of n Irin nie Kyngatuo ; A, seen from its face : ('gt;, from the side (enlarged 'in diameters), lio. .^rgt;.�Portion of the necli of a female (enlarged 25 diameters), showing at quot; n the cuticle fiuely striated; nt b the subcutaneous, fusiform, ninscular fibers; ai o i lie rosophagua ; at d a salivary ^rland ; and at e i he antei iorcxtrem-ity of the intestiue into which the tEHoplmgus opena, ant! which is wen lined wit li hepatic cells. PLATE II, Fig. 6.�lioprodnctivo organs of the female (enlarged 8 diameters); a, ute�rus : /,#9632; 6, uterine hornn : e o, oviducts or Fallopian tubes; d lt;1. ovaries. Fio. 7, Reprodttetive organs of male (enlarged 20 diameters); a, spicules; /). sper�matic canal; c, vesicnla semiuaiis; d. festes, 1],;. 8.�Ovain diHerontstages of deveiopuient (enlarged 260 diameters). A, vit,Uns, segmented and muriform ; B, ovum with granulai' vltollus, becoming con�stricted at its middle, the embryo developing laterally; C, ovum with embryo fully developed, folded like i he figure 8 : D, ovum with the valves at the extremities detached, and the embryo emerging, FlO, 9.�Embryo directly alter leaving the egg (enlarged 860 diameters), p_10c 10.�Embryo somewhat older, undergoing the first molt (same enlargement). Fig, 11.�Nymph (enlarged 100 diameters); a, rudiment of the genital organ. 5751 v A

	~^B



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	�

	#9632; #9632; #9632;

	#9632;



	Plate I,





	M�gnin ~vi	A HoonICo tlrtia .t. i c Baltimon, THE GAPE -WORM OF FOWLS, Syngamus frachaalis tv Siebold.) - Soleroatoma syngamus ( Diesing,)



	104	OONTACtlOUS DISEASES Of DOMBSTICATKD ANIMALS.

	of tlii.s red worm or of destroyiug lt.* Parthertuorej the following statement is taken from the report of the meeting of the London Ento�mological Society, October 1, I.ST!raquo; : The president aunounood ih;i( Lord Wtilslnghamj In Donjunotlon with othorgentlo-men, had placed :it the disposal of the oounoll the sum of X100 to lraquo;) awanlcil in two prizes of �60 oacli for the following suhjeots: 1. The best and most ootuplote life history of Solorotlonta laquo;yityumiiH, supposed to produce theso-oalled gapes In pimltiv, game, and othoi blrdsi '~?. The host and most ooinploto Wfehistovy oS Stvonffijlus porffTdollis (Ooh^j supposed to produce the gronso disease. No life history would be considered satisfactory unless tho different stages of de�velopment were observed and reoorded; the competition was open to naturalists of all nationalities, Essays in English, Qortnan, or French wore to be laquo;out to the aoo-retary of Hie society on or before Gotober 15, l�8Slt; Although birds only are concorued in this matter, it is obvious that the economic interest involved in a solution of the questions con�cerning the gapes is sufflciently great, The soientiflo interest Is no less so, because there is to be determined not only the zoological position of the worm under consideration, and its role in the terrible disease which destroys the gallinaceans, both domestic and wild, but also its mode, of reproduction, a point hitherto entirely unkuowu. This is the subject of the present memoir, a memoir in which 1 be�lieve I liave cleared up all t be pending questions upon the zoological position of the red worm, on its anatomy and physiology, on its r�le as a cause of the gapes, ihmlly on its embryogeny and metamorphosis, and consequently upon its mode of propagation, and upon the best means of preventing its multiplication and arresting its ravages.

	IflSTOKlCAI.. The first mention of this disease was made by Dr. Wiesenthal, who observed it in 170!), at Baltimore, Md., among hens and turkeys.! In 1806,1807, and L809, Georges Monfaguf saw this epizootic among chick�ens in England. He believed that of all the birds of the poultry yard only the hen could be its victim, because he observed that the turkeys and ducks living with the infested liens were not attacked, lie ob�served the same malady in young pheasants at a time when they as�sume the livery which distinguishes the two sexes, and in partridges whether the locality was elevated or low and humid. Both Wiesenthal and .Montagu recognized that this disease was caused by worms occupying the trachea and extending occasionally to the phar�ynx, but never as far as the InngS. They found as many as twenty at -tacbed to the mucous membrane, which, together with the lungs, was * Path. Soolety of London, Ootobor irgt;, 1873, and lt�ed, Times, L�78, p. 17 1. iMetiical and PhyticalJournal (.1190), II, p.80.1, (Acconnl of a species of fasclola which infests the trachea of pouli i',v_: with a mode of cure, Trans, of the Wei'nerian Xni. Uitl. Soclely, 1 (1811), igt;. I�5,



		110 CONTAGIOUS DISEA.SES OF DOMKSTICATKD ANIMALS. the body. It Is surroundod by lour equal symtnetrioal lips already de�scribed. At the four oommissuros of these lips may be seen tour stroug hands or uervures, whlcb unite the memhraneoua labial circle to the cori-aceoiis armature of the month. This armature, made up of brown ohl-tiue has the form of n complete bemispherloal capsule or cupulo, the thlolc border of which is divided Into symmetrical bul unequal lobes. These consist of two large lateral lobes, eaob corresponding to a lip,

	t posterior corresponding to the posterior lip. metrical .ioirl.es al the extremities of the largo lateral lobes are in-sorted the hands or ligaments which separate or wliiH. mute the mem�braneous lips. The bottom or background of the bucoal cavity Is a true pharynx, to which is attached the superior end ol the oBSophagns. It is pierced by a round aperture opening into the ousophagoal cavity. On the periphery of this opening are dispose,! six, sometimes -seven, radi�ating papillaMiard like the capsule itself, with dorsal cutting edges. They are real Bxod lancets, performing a function similar to those ol the surgical instrument known under the name of bdellometer oi Soar- ^he^ffisophagus (Plate I, Pig. 5, o) is relatively short, extending from the pharynx to the middle of the neck; it is club shaped and very thick Its lumen appears to us tetraquetral rather than triquetral, as among other nematold worms, in Pact, thepharyngeal Insertion of the tube is conical, i. e., with lour, not three, branches (Plate I, Fig. I, A). The mucous membrane is surrounded by a longitudinal muscular layer, Which, in turn, is enveloped by a. layer .,1' very stout radiating fibers, longer interiorly. The whole is inclosed in a structureless membrane. The upper extremity of tbelntestine into which the oesophagus opens is very wide. Et is continued by a straight, wide, cylindrical tube, lined, in Its entire extent, withbrownisb, distinctly nucleated cellules, and termi�nates in a short oblique rectum, bavin- the form of an inverted cone. The anus is situated at the base oC the very short tail which measures only 1. to .2quot;quot;quot; (.004�.008inch) in length, It appears to open most com�monly on the dorsal aspect, that aspect which is opposite to the ineli-inlion Of the head and neck or to the vulva. This is due to the spiral twisting of the female body when the uterus is laden with eggs. The amis of the male opens near the notching of theoaudal bursa posteriorly. This shows that in the male also the ventral aspect is uppermost, which In the female is indicated by the vulva. In both sexes the anus is very small; and in fact an animal food, made up of the blood of the host, ought to furnish a very small quantity of solid waste. Nervous system.�The nervous system of Syngwimis trachealis, like that of the larger number of the higher nematodos, consists of a flattened ganglion forming a collar about the a3sophagus₎ and giving off four quite symmetrical cords anteriorly and four posteriorly, The former



	CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.	113

	Egt;IBRVO(iKNY AND DKVIOLOI'MKNT. It lias already boeu stilted that the narrow tortuinal extremity of the ovary is flllod witU a finely granular, atnorphous,opaQue, aiilt;l Uotuoge. noons substance. On approaoliiug tlic coiled portion of the ovary this granular matter is seen to unite into spberules, wliidi are the ovules proper. Tlie.v are rauged in a single row OWiDg to the narrow tube, the internal dinweter of Whiob tiie.v almost till up. In the wider portion of the ovary they range themselves in two or three rows. Xear the ovi-dnet (Fallopian tube) tiie.v first become slijjlitly ovoid, with a loug dilt; ainetcr of .08quot;quot;quot; (.(K).'5 inch), and they possess a distinct gemilual .spot and vesicle. Still without shell or distinct envelope, they are led, one by one, through the oviduct into the corrcsjtondinyuterine horn, whore they lind tlieiuselves in eonlaet with the speiinatozoids, and where they become inclosed in a shell. When this is completed, and the egg con�sequently perfect) it presents the form of an ellipsoid, with a lonj^ di�ameter of .0�^mm (.0035 inch) and a short one of .05quot;quot;quot; (.002 inch). The egg Is not truncated nor provided with a neck at each extremity, as is the case with many ncmatodes. There is, on the contrary, at each polo a thickening, beinispborioal externally and almost flat within (Plate, II, Pig, 8, A, B, 0). Tnis is an actual cover, detaching itself completely when the embryo emerges. Only the empty ovum, therefore, is really truncated at its two extremities. In the uterine horns the ova undergo complete segmentation. Their vitellns divides into 2, Iquot;, 8, !(gt;, amp;0., small spheres, which assume the mulberry form (Plate II, Fig. 8, A). The development proceeds in the lateral regions of the egg (Plate 11, Pig. 8, H), and at its close the embryo may be seen rolled up in the lot m of a circle or a figure of eight. The egg is now .1quot;quot;quot; (.004 inch) long and, .0(5'..... (.0021 inch) broad. lint it, is not to be supposed that all the developmental phases of the ovum can be followed out in every syngaine. Only In case of the largest specimens can this he done by examining successively the genital organs of the female, from the extremity of the ovaries to the body of the uterus after they have been taken from the body and well spread out. It is also possible to trace the series of successive transformations which the ovule undergoes from the embryonic to the perfect State by examining a series of females from the moment of their sexual union with the male to that of their greatest development. Thus in the syn-games recently conjugated, at a time when the female is scarcely �quot;quot;quot; (.2 Inch) long, only spheroidal ovules are found in the uterus ami its appendages, which are very short, but slightly developed, and not dis�tinct from the ovaries, their diameters being the same. When the female has reached a length of 1quot;quot;quot; (.1 inch), the, uterus and its hoiyis, DOW qnlte distinct, contain eggs fully formed and inclosed in a shell but the, vitellns is not yet segmented. When the body is l�quot;quot;quot; (.51raquo; inch) long the vitellns i.s already segmented, and has even passed 5751 I) a------s




	118	CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF UOMKsTICATKD ANIMALS,

	the latter. Oobbold,* on the coutfary, believes in the efflolency raquo;gt;(' tliis method, and adds that this efflole�oy may be tuoreasocl by impregnfttiug tht' feather with a germlolde substauce. Bartlett, who used salt for this end, or a weak IniUsion of tobacco, informed hiin that the e�SeD�O of turpentiue also had given excellent results. Oobbold adds with reason, that unless great care be exercised with this met hod the birds may be seriously injiirod. These means, at once ineehanical and uiodicinal, have been suggested several times and varied in dilTerent ways. One of our correspondents Informed us that he had cured pheasants or the red worm by removlug the parasites with a small rod and pouring into the mouth of the birds a few drops of Fowler's solution. Another pretends to have removed the parasites with a piece of copper wire, which had one end ourved like a handle and dipped into oleum hyperioutii (red oil). We do not doubt that they could have succeeded ill thus removing red worms lodgecl in the pharynx, but we do not believe that they could have ex�tracted worms by this method from the root of the trachea near the bi�furcation of the bronchi, where they are most frequently lodged) for it is actually impossible to employ a rod. and ahoveall,a metallic wire curved intoa hook.as it would undoubtedly tear the trachea. The fact that young pheasants, and more frequently adults, sometimes recover spontaneously from the gapes, may have given rise to their apparent success. This happens when Ihcv are affected by only n small number of parasites, which may go through the phases of their development to their death without producing suffocation. This is the only mode of fatal termination, and it, requires a certain number of parasites, from twenty to thirty couples for adult, and from live to ten foryonnlaquo;-pheas�ants. In these cases the disease is cured in spite of, and not because of, a certain mode of treatment. One of the most rational methods of treatment has been pointed out by Montagu, who did not stop with the common method above men�tioned, but wl.....blained ......sh success with tile following aieanscoMi- bined: Removal from the infected places, complete replacement of the

	'ParaMtesi London, 1870) p. 4I5. i Cobbokl'a oxaot words ooncornitift tbla iii�thod are as follows {ho oU); quot;First. Tin' simpleat plnn coiiHists, as lraquo;r. Wieneutlial long ngo pointod out, In Btt'lpplng a feather from tbo tnbo ti.....ar the nurrow end of the sbaft, leaving only a IVw uiiiiijinnl webs at Hu-lip. The bird boingseourod,tlio webbed oxtteraity of thu irivilier is intiiMluccd Into the windpipe. It is then twisted roundafew ti.....sand withdrawn,-when the wonna are found uttacbed, In soiuo luatanoos this plan sue-cocda entirely, quot;Sooondly. The above moUiod la rendered more ofFootual when the feather is previ-onsly steeped in some mecllcatod solmlon wliioh will destroy the worms, Mr. Bart* li'tt otnploys suli for this pnrpose, or b weak InfUsion of tobacco; and lie iuforma me that the simple application of turpentine externally Is safflcienl to kill the worma. It should bo borne in iniml that the bird Itself may 1raquo;' injuriously affeoted by these drngs If they are oaroleasly employed,quot; Note thai the turpentine is to be nseel ex�ternally.�Ed.



	INTERNATIONAL VKTEHIXAKV CONGRESS.

	REPORT 01' DU. JAMES LAW, Smi [ have the honor to submit the following report on the Inter, national Veterinary Oongresa at Brnasels and the European Veterinary Schools: In aooordance with tin* call issued by the committee of arrangement, the Fourth International Veterinary Congress met at Brussels on Sep�tember 10, 1883. There were present 311 veterinarians, of whom 218 were, Belgians, und 93 from other countries of Europe and America. The congress remained in session seven days, and engaged in the dis-cusslon of the following subjects: 1.nbsp; nbsp;THE ORdANl/.ATION OF VKTKUI.NAltV SEEVIOE. 2.nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGHOUS I'LEUEO-PNISUMONIA OF OATTLE. ,quot;gt;. Edxioation in vi:rKui.NAi;v medicine.

		o FURNISH MEDICINES.
	1. Till', WKillT OF THE VETEBINABIAN .quot;), I'UI.MOXAI! V I'll Til ISIS.	o FURNISH MEDICINES.

	1. THE OBGANIZ�.TION OF VETERIN�RE SERVICE. This subject was ably presented 1gt;\ Zundel, of Strassburg, the reporter of the committee appointed to introduce it. The veterinary profession can no longer bo estimated only or mainly by its knowledge of therapeutics and its success in curing disease, other�wise it would be to the pecuniary interest of the veterinarian to keep the community In ignoranceof the causes of diseases, epizootic, and sporadic, while lie fattened on the proeeeeds of an extended practice. But to-day it is the glory of the veterinary profession that it is pre-emi�nently a sanitary and preventive body. It can point today to the com�parative absence from European flocks and herds of those plagues which but a century ago'desolated the countries at frequent intervals: it can show pastures now salubrious, which were formerly pregnant with the Heeds of death : it can offer immunity to the system from poisons whose touch was heretofore deadly ; and it can show how to extinguish in animal hosts the causes of disease, which, when conveyed toman, would entail extended suffering and death. By his knowledge of zootoohny, the veterinarian contributes to the Improvement of the different races of domestic animals: by his knowl-


	W⁹***

	ri4 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP DOMBSTIO/ITBD ANIMALS In the spirit of those anteoedent oouventlons the folluwtug resolu�tions were submitted: 1. To organize In every oountvy a veterinary sanitary sorvloo oborged cxclusively with all that pertalna to voterlimry Sblenoe, and the aiombora of wliioh raquo;liall liraquo; cduii-ael of every depftrtmenl of the Goveruroent, Imt wbloh hliall lraquo;; more oapeolnlly repre�sented dlrootly in ivlaiion to the central power�that veterinary medlolne shall them have her chief of servioo. 'gt;. The veterinary sanitary service should utilize the greatest possible Dumber of voterinariftns. To do tliis offlolently and eoonomloally there shouUI be feoognlaed two degrees or classes of yeterinarlana. The one of a local nature ooaneoted less with the state than with the muulolpal ami provincial authorities and charged with tinquot; survoillanoo of fairs and markets of animals, the iaspeotlon of meats of tho butchery and abattoiros, the bontrol of rendering works, the luspootiou id' breeding animals, the inspection or direction of imitnal iusuranoo companies against the morquot; tallty ol animals, the revision of the census of domestic animals, amp;o.; the second charged with a wider range of duties, comprising the service of the state,and capable of becoming international, embracing especially the suppression and prevention of contagious maladies and epizootics, and also (lie control of the dilVerenl other veter�inary corps. :{. Hid ween the various states which by a regular repression and preventive serv Ice against epizootics, can furnish the guarantees of a good veterinary sanitary police there should be established a treaty having for its object i 1. To apprize the other states as speedily as possiide of any eruption of Rinderpest, pleuro-pnenmonia con-tagiosa, aphthous lever, sheep-pox, maladls du ooit (doniine), glaiidors(or farcy),raquo;mi Of scah in sheep, 3, To publish periodically a sanitary bulletin upon these diseases, their extent, progress, and extinction, which documents should also bo published in ihc international bulletin if judged necessary. '#9632;'lt;#9632; To oppose these diseases by meas�ures of sanitary police whidi have first been discussed and adopted as the most ad�visable, 4, To furnish with animals and herds thai are moved into and out of a ter�ritory certificates of origin and health of a gnaranteed admlulstratlvo value. 0. To contribute to the publication of an international veterinary sanitary Imllelin.

	FIRST RESOLUTION. Among the argamenta advanoed In support of the first resolution were the following: In various countries of Europe andi America these duties essentially veterinary are left too much in tho hands of persons ignorant of veteri�nary science, In some they are largely dealt with by bodies mainly medical�sanitary boards. No one denies the great debt of veterinary medicine to that of man. The works of the physician In anatomy, physi�ology, pathology, surgery, amp;c., furnish the most valuable material for the medicine of animals. The principles of both branches of medicine are the same. The observations and experiments on animals made to advance the one are of the highest value to the other. Many of the parasites and zymotic poisons of man arc common to the animal as well. Hut when we come to the application of these principles to the diagnosis and treatment of disease in animals the physician finds that the two medicines diverge at every step, and that without a special training he Is helpless to deal with that of animals. At one time physi�cians could lie found who were more accomplished in microscopy, amp;C.,



134 CONTAGIOUS DISKASES OF DOMKSTIOATKD ANiMALS.

more profltablo must It be for the dnltod States in dealing with her one exotic and Imported plague, that of the lungs of cattle, tfhloh is stil conanecl to the merest strip of Uer territory, and when the proposed OOUtrol is to prevent its extension over the whole .'ontinent, and the ne.' cesslty for a similar service aud control from the Atlantic to the Pacific 1 It would require but tinlaquo; outlay of fl sum equal to'nalfonr yearly losses on cattle exports by this cause alone to abolish this cause forever; it would require bnl the expenditure of a trifling fraction to save us iron, the future loss of millions. Again, if the independentniatious of Europe and it necessary to have an international system of repression and ex�tinction to expel their prevailing animal plagues, and If they have to sink national jealousies ami rivalries in t he presence ol these interna�tional laquo;..0..^ will the united states of America, with a Podera Con-#9632;gress and one Federal Executive, sacrifice to a sentiment our blrthriglil to the most extended live-stock interests in the world I Shall we calmly see the European states, with a legacy ol ages ol warfare and mutual hate, and ground down by their immense stanclltig armies, the root ami fruition of their common suspicions, unite cordially and loyally In a common international worl? tocrusli out the prevailing Infections of centuries and to secure an nntrammeled traffic in healthy livestock aud sound meat while our mutually dependent States, bouml i,, ,��, federation, an unit in war, an unit in conunerce, and an unil In all that relates to foreign nations-shall those Stales let a mutual jeal�ousy prevent an interstate aanitary work cant the general diffusion oi

one. ., modern conditions must be more ruinous even than those ol Europe In the past, and sluit themselves oat from supplying the meat market oJ the world which it is now theirs to take and to hold .' 2. CONTAGIOUS PLE�EO-PNEUMONIA OF CATTLE. This subject was introduced by an extended report by Professor De-give and two supplementary reports by Messrs. Leblanc ami P.lte. Degive arrived at the following conclusions : A. -tnir lair.NK.M. DIAGNOSIS. l.lM�n,:nwUKUonu,nl₁HMn,.rvi₁.vw_lMn_!n-.nnsi₁\|,₁asr.,₁Un^ous:nul_M,izo,,U,all _lnt_W8tltlal rn-uo.onias of n certain oxtent of which the rtevolopmcnl does uol dopend on local conditions or causes. S. promttphysiologloal stand-point,epizootic plenro-pnenmonia is osp.....'quot; . ' ' ';
	1' aoterized In the living animal by its oontaglons
	1' aoterized In the living animal by its oontaglons	character and the syinptons of lobnr

' a tn an infected stable every animal thai shows fever will, one or more symptoms aonoting irritation of the respiratory organs, cough, htmled.plaititivohvoath.ng.amp;c., should be suspnotod of plouro-pneumonla.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,.;,,,,�.� .1. The spontaneity of one case of pleuro-pnoumonla will not oxolode the existence of the contagionlaquo; ftffeotioni



	CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMAI^. 147 2. Thttt tho cxl�i'ior of dORlOBtlo iiniiniils bo miulo tlio Hiiliject of uri BSSOplially juadiciil ooiirso, 6f wliloh tliquot; stmlv of niiiiiial aioa1tagt;nlos sliull bo tlio basis. !!. That tlioi'o onglit to be cioatod In evei'y sohool u oourso of olt;iiiitfttlou. 4.nbsp; Tlmt (vxcrei.scs at tin; forge slioulil bo abollshecl, 5.nbsp; That the oovrso of speolnl pathology uliould bo aliollshocL lt;gt;. That there ahoald be theorotlcal uml pcaotioal instruction in the inspeotion of alimentary luattoi'B of animal origin, 7.nbsp; Thai tbero shonltl bo .'it leasl two prefossors of clinics In oaoh sohool, 8.nbsp; Thai :laquo; resilience (citside ilie walls (external) Bkonltl bo obligatory at least, for the last two yoai's of stneiy. it. That a period of prebatlou (laquo;laj^c!) be Imposed as oompieiueutnry to the sohool studies. 111. T'lmt praetiliDiicis should be mailc part of the oxaiiiiiiinlaquo;; boards. II. Thai tlic appolntmout of profoasors shoald bu made on I bo doiiblo basis of con-oomj's and of soionblflo reputation j that assistants or tutors shoald be uominatod on the proposition lt;gt;!' tlic professional oollego. While weoannot follow Qugnes fcbrough his elaborate report, yet wc may cull h few of the poinla made in fUvorof hia propositions. A llborui profession Is marked by solidarity ; it is cosmopolitau, knows no territorial frontier, uo uationallfcy; it is the product raquo;if civilization, and protected bynniversal science. The liberal profession of medicine isone; its methods only differ according fco the species to which it is applied, Tlic two professions of medicine�lnmnm and veterinary� are sisters, equally liberal, and demand an equally extended preliminary training; and give an equal right to consideration. To scenic tins equality the education for the one musl be as thorough as for the other, alike in its literary, scientific, and special features. (Jontinenial Europe lias thirty-three well-equipped veterinary schools, each a Govornraont institution, controlled and supported lgt;y the state. Great Britain lias four veterinary schools, none of which is under state snpporl nor control aside, from the charters ander which they are main-tiiined. In England and Austria thecourseof study extends over three years; in Germany and Switzerland, threo years and a half: in Prance, Belgium, Holland, Donmarlc, Sweden, Russia,and Italy,fauryears; and in Konmaiiiii, Spain, and Portugal, live years. Asan exampleof the curriculum, that of the Brussels school will alone be given. VKTUHINAKV SOHOOL OK BBUSSEXS. eiKsr YKAK-wiNTicn si;.mi;sikh. Dosorlptive anatomy, u houiquot; pet week. Botany,:! hours. Dissections, 9 hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bxaminatlou la ohemlstry or physios, U Tuition in ohemistry or physics, 1^ hours, bonr. Lci'.tuivs in oliomlstry or physics, 4A hours,

	sr.Mjiia!nbsp; suMKsna!. Botnny, 'li lionrs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zoology, :i hours. Botnuioal exciirsloiiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tnltlon in deeoripti-ye anatomy,!^ hour Tuition in biiinny, 1) hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;dally. Chemistry or physios, 4i hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Examiuatlon In ohomlBtry or physios, li Taltion in chemistry or physics, i^ hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;hour.



	148 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

	SECOND VKAB�WINTBU SU.MKSTKK. Tuition in oUoraiatry, l.i liour, 'nbsp; nbsp;Descriptive iiniitoiny, ;i houi'B. Tuition iquot; plivsicN, l.i Uour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Dlasootloiis or exurolaea In histology, ii llxaiiiiiiiiiiini in olxomistry or phyalos, Unbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; boura, limn-.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DisscMttions, 15 llOUl'8. Oeueral anntomyamllphyBlology, 4ibonrB,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Plij'slcs ok obooiUtry, l j liours. Tuition, general auatomy and physiology,nbsp; nbsp; Comparative auatomj'. If bour, I) licmr. SUMMKII 8KMBSTBR. Tuition in nhyslea or cliemlatry, 11 l^\|lgt;ln'-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Compai'ative anatomy, 1? boiir, Tnlti�n in oliomial i.v, I^ hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Tnitlou iu comparative auatouiy, 1 i bour Tuition In general anatomj or physiology,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; every 15 days, ii Ijohj.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Work at llic forge (mmrWm/cWc)!! liouis. Worh in Uiatology, Ii hourlaquo;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lixamination on chemistry or ]ili,\si.'s, (^ PhyBies or chemistry, 41 lionrs,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;bonr, General anatomy andpbysiology.^honra. niiui) yi:.M!-winti:!! si:.\ii:si i-.i!. Clinics, 8 bonrs ihn ly.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Exorcises In operative medloine(anra6ry), Pharmacology, 3 houw laquo; ooklj.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3 hours. Tuition In general anatomy and physlol-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Bxterlor (form), 3 hours, H bonr.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tuition on exterior, 11 bonr every 1quot;gt; Theory of shoeing, U hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; days, aoueral pathology, and special ond pa-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Special therapeutics and pliarniaco-dy- (bologlcal anatomy, U hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; namics, 3 hours. Tuition In geuornl and spoolal pathology,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Topograpliicol anatomy, 11 Ii.....#9632;. and patliological anatomy, 1* hour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Work at forgo, 11 horn. SUMMRRnbsp; nbsp;BEMI58TER. ... . ,, ,,,..,i,,ii.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Pharmacology, 11 bour. Clinics, 3 hours ciauy,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;bjj raquo; Operations on the foot, 1* hour per week,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Coneral thoi-apeutios and pliarmaoo-dy- Operative medicine, 41 hours,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;uamics, U hour. Demonstrations In pathological anatomy, Phar.....ceatioal man Ipillations, 11 hour. Tuition in general pathology and special Oenen�pathology andapeolal and patho-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; pathological anatomy, 11 hour. logical anatomy, 4t hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zootechay, 1 h.....#9632;. Tuition in clinics, 11 hour, POUUTH gt; I'Ali--NVINTKU SBMESTRU, Clinics, 2 houra dally,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Work at forge 3 hours. Tuition, clinical, 11 hour per week.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;/ootecbny, 11 hour. SurKlcalpa'tliologyMl hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Tuition in snrgical pathology, 1* hour. PTuTrmaceuticalmonipnlatlons, 3hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Couatitntional law, li hour. Obstetrics, H holaquo;'.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Equitation, 4 hours. Practical oporntlvo medicine, 3 hours. SUMMEHnbsp; nbsp;SF.MKSTKIt. OUaloa 8 hours dally (8 hours weeklynbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Zooteohny, Sboiirs, clinics In chair).nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Examination of meats, H hour. Work at forge, H hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Zootechnio oonferences, 1 hour. Pharmaceutical manipulafcions, 3 hours.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Tuition in zooteohny, I i hour. Tuition, clinical, U.....ir.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Equitation, 4 hours. Medical Inrlsprudeno.....id sanitary police,nbsp; nbsp; Tuition In medical JurisprndBiioo and quot; ,. _ll,₎,j_rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;sanitary police, 1J hour. Tuition In surgloal pathology, � Lour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Constltutloual law, Wbour,



	174 , OONTA�IO�S DISBASES OF POMESTICATBD ANIMALS. proposed tlie closure of the questfou wbicli bad olroady exceeded thai proposetl for the ordo-v of ihr. dai/, iiainely, the utiliieation of the /lesh. The disuuusiou wus accordiugly elosed. A paper was lianded in signed by eleven merubers explaining that i hey had declined to vole (in tuberculosis on the ground of lack of time tp suffloiently discuslaquo; siusli an itnportanl subject. Ai'i-'i providing for the next international veterinary congress to be held in Piiiis. the meeting adjourned,

	RKMAUKS. (The iinporlnnce of the question of the sale of meul :iii(i milk from tu�berculous animals cannot well be overrated. Bufcto control the fonner we need a complete reformation of our syste n of slaughter In the large eilies and villages. One municipal almltoii- should bo established in each greal center of i)opHlati�u where alone stock should be slaughtered for lood and where the carcass and viscera of every animal slaughtered would lie examined by a competent: veterinary inspector. All estab-lisliinenis for the killing of meat to be shipped fresh to the cities, to be salted or canned, should be placed under similar supervision. Meal IVom micontrolled slaughter houses should lie excluded. So far as we know no American city has adopted the system of unniicipal abattoir and complete veterinary inspection, and the great majority have neither. The expense would be considerable, though only a trifle as compared with that caused by the/sicknesses, incapacity, and death now occurring from a disease which affects one-Qfth and upward of the population in the great cities. We say nothing of the other contagious diseases from which this measure would protecttliopeople, Willi regard to the milk supply there should be frequent visitation of the dairies supplying the large cities, the maintenance of a census of the animals, and an inspec�tion by a competent veterinarian of all cadavers of animals killed or dying- by natural cause. Not only would this protect the human popu�lation against infection through the milk, but it would overcome the present greal difficulty in dealing with the lung plague, which would i hi is be traced to every center of infection and could easily he stamped out. The question of the suppression of tin's disease over the entire national domain is by no means such an ea^y one; the (ask is so gigantic and the outlay would be so vast. In many herds in the Rastern States the proportion oil ubercnlous animals range's from 10 to 30 per cent., and in the West with freer range it is doubtless far less frequent, yet if we were to estimate but one infected animal in thirty It would enfbrace over a million ca.ttle and one and a half million hogs, [mlomnities alone for this number would amount to from $30,000,000 to $40,000,000, to sa\ nothing of all contingent expenses. That it would paj in the single item of the preservation of our live slock there can be no doubt, while its ellect on the health of the population would be beyond all estimate. To the professional man. fully acquainted with the enormity of the evil.



	-

	EAMB�RG [NTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

	KBl'ORX OF J, ii. s.i.\hi:j;s

	lion. (1k(j. B. Loring, Commissioner of Agriculture. rii�: On the I9tli day of May, 1883, 1 bad the honor to receive an ap-poiutinenl from yon witb the folloAviug histmotions! \'oii arc hereby appoiuted and cummissi......d ;iii agenl of the United States Depart- in.iii of Agricnltm-o to attend the [nternatiomil Exhibition al llumburg in 18�3, and you arc instructed to examine and roporl ii]..... the followiug special imiiiis: The character op the Bxhibitlon in all Its dopartmonts of live stock aa coiuparod wii h onr nun. The general oondil Ion ami supply of live atoch in England and on the Continent. The broods most .....( willi and thai seem to bo raosl desirable and popular 1 also, thoir relative merits as compared with nur own, The probability of Improvomonl to our o\\ n stock by furtbor importal inns......1 the breeds most desirable for this purpose, if any, Tho dangers from contagious diseases that may be apprehended from continued im�portations, if any. The methods of live stock husbandry practised compared with ourown. The probable future demand from Europeau countries for American livestock ami meats, The prasonl hiudrai.....sand restrictions thai aflfeot tho exportation of livestock from the United Stains, and how Ihey may be modified of re.....ved, ospociall.i with reference to the exportation of our livo cattle to Great Britain, and our bog products to i lormany. In pursuance of the foregoing instructions, I started upon my mission May 26, landing al Liverpool. After a brief sojourn in that city, de�voted mainly to an examination of ita can horses, i proceeded to London, where I spenl several days familiarizing myself with the markets, the modes of travel, and other matters of importance connected witb the live-stoek industries ofthat city. As oi.....f tho principal objective points of my visit was the [nternatioiial Live .Stock Show at Hamburg, 1 determined to goal once, to the continent, leaving England and Scot�land loiin.v return trip. A.ccordiiigly, Juno lit, I left London purposing to makemy journey to Hamburg via Paris, stopping eft remte to make a study of THE DUAPT HOUSES OF PHANOE. The constantly increasing popularity of the Proncb draft horses in this country, as evlacod by the large numbers nunnally imported, and the 181



	OUTBREAK OF SOUTPIERN CATTLE FEYER IN KANSAS.

	HEPOIIT OF M. R, TJiUUBOIFElt, V,

	lion. (5EORGE 15. LORING, Gomviissioner of Agriculture: laquo;ik: [11 obedience to .vom- telegram, dated at Washiugtou, Oetober 9, 1883, requesting me to proceed at once to Harper, Kans.,there to in�vestigate au outbreak of disease among cattle, 1 forthwith made the necessary preparations and left on the I o'clock train the same day airiving al Harper on the morning of the I2tli. Mylnstractious not having yet arrived, I remained in town and made inquiries of different individuals in rdn i ion to the cattle disease. I soon became overwhelmed with reports of the magnitude laquo;if the mil break and extent of losses throughout Harper and Barbour Oounties. 1 received many reports from different individuals, stating thai such and such persons had cat tie dying daily al that dale. Alici deliberating overthe mailer, I came to the conclusion that 1 con hi do no heller l hau to remain in town over Saturday and have some person who was well acquainted with the people to point onl lo me the men who were then losing cattle, as many of them would probably be in town on a Saturday. Here i mo( with disappoint men I. 1 met a number of men of whom il was said that they were losing cattle daily, bnl on making a direel inquiry they almost in-variably said: ��No; they were not losing any now,quot; bul named some other person who was. 1 soon i\......1 out that the heller plan would be to go directly into those sections where tlie greatest mortality had pre�vailed, and there endeavor to find suitable subjects for examination. Therefore, on Sunday inoruing, the Nth, i made arrangements with Martin Coohran, of Harper, who is well acquainted with that country to take me onl into Barbour County, We left Harper about 8 a. ^m' The first place we stopped was al Dr. Joseph Brockway's, on the Nine Cottonwoods Greek, 18 miles southwest of Harper, in Har�per Oonnty. He made the following statement: That ho moved his cattle, numbering 75 head, from his place of residence, taking them northwest 2 miles, on or about the 1st day of .May; that on or about ^{hi' Wtl' day of July his cattle begau to die, and 10 head died within eighteen day's time, nearly all of llieni being two and three year steers. The disease, then abated, rainy, cloudy, and cool weather super-veuiug. On the 1st of August l or 5 were still sick, but making a slow recovery. Ou the iL'th of September tho disease broke out again, and �-t'.'T



	228nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIOATKI) ANIMALS. of July. DnrUig tbe'tuontb of September lie lost 3, Last win tor he lost in Kinji'tnan County 42 bead out of bis herd of .'too. The best cat�tle in fcbe herd appeared to be the iiiigt;st susceptible. His cattle were fed on corn in the latter part of tiic winter. James Wilson, � railos .south of Medicine Lodge,stated thai he gathered one bull at the couuty

	ronnd-up which died. Two other animals died subsequently, and lie does not know where these were exposed, except to the bull. Lost last winter (J per centlaquo; Mr. Ilamlin, neighbor to Wilson, lost out of 3 head gathered on the Boyd range, one bull. Mr. B. 1). Keyes, on Elm lliver, 18 miles northwest of Medicine Lodge, reported a loss of 10 head out of �oo last winter, He fed millet, hay, and corn. They were sick from two days to two weeks. Some got lame, and would then lie down nearly all the time ; most of them ate well until they died. One cow ate two quarts of soaked corn, then dropped over dead. He turtherstated that this trouble was almost universal in that part of the county. After skinning the dead cattle be found inflltratious of bloody waterunder the shoulder blade and foreleg. Mr. Igt;. T. .Shields, a uoigbbor to Reyes, lost this summer 16 out of 225 head. On October L'.Sth we left Medicine Lodge and drove west toward Lake City; the first place at which we stopped was Henry Morebead's, 3 miles west of Medicine LodgOi lie told me that he had Ml head of cattle in a herd, under the care of P. I!. Cole, on Antelope Flat, north�west and north of the Illinois colony. Also, that his neighbor, Mr. Updegraf, bad 00 or 70 head in the same herd: neither of them had suffered any losses. The next place on our way to Lake City at which we Stopped was Mr. Sanderson's, who lives on the north side of the Medicine River, s #9632;�#9632;'#9632;''quot; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' ' cattle out of 40 in not known, lie ti miles west of Med Manner of exposu which is 1.8 miles northwest of Medicine Lodge, and from there we drove 2 miles north, to Mr. \V. Lraquo;¹. Gordon's ranch. Mr. Gordon holds 400 head of cattle on a 7,000 acre fenced range. This range is supiil ud with water from several clear-water springs, all of which head within the inclosed range. Mr. Gordon lost .'iri head of cattle. The first one, died on or about the 25th of September, and the last one. on the 25tb instant. Tenor Hi that were sick recovered. Mr, Gordon knows of no way in which his cattle were exposed, only that once or twice the gate at the north end of the ticld was left open by persons passing thlOllgh, and a tew of his cattle got out, bid were always returned within a few hours. One hundred and eighty nine head of these cattle were bought from Reuben Lake, of Lake City, on the 1st of duly. They were Ar�kansas cattle, wintered by Mr, Lake in a fenced Held adjoining that ol Mr. Gordon. The balance of Cordon's cattle, LML' head, were doable



	INVESTIGATION OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.

	unroitr or du. ii. ./. VETMERS. Hun. Geokgk H. LoiUNti, (.'ommisioner of Ai/ricullHre : Sni: In the following 1 have the honor of submitting my report on southern cattle fever. In my last report I took the liberty of stating what has been accomplished, and what yet remains to be done; also what 1 considered as the chief object of my investigation, namely, to discover the true cause of that apparently mysterious disease. My ob-servations and experience of last year more than ever convinced me that the (exciting) cause of southern cattle fever consists in something Intimately connected with or dependent upon the peculiarities of the Southern flora, and not�at least not directly�due to the climate and higher leinperatureof the Southern States, which only indirectly exerts its Influence or aids in its production and propagation. The cause of southern cattle fever consists in something that requires for Its produc�tion certain conditions given in the Southern States, or in those parts of our extensive, territory in which the fever has its origin or permanent source. Some, perhaps most, of the conditions favorable to its develop�ment) and some of those unfavorable to the same, are Unnvu. If one carefully studies the facts communicated in my last report, lie will lind that decaying vegetable substances, a certain degree of warmth and moisture, and a low elevation above the ocean, are necessary requisites and important factors in the development of the infectious principle; while a low temperature, a high altitude, and, without hardly any doubt, an absence of moist and decaying vegetable substances are detrimental to its propagation, In proof of this, allow me to briefly restate some of the more salient factS) apparently in part contradictory of each other, but facts notwithstanding. As, however, thy experience has only been with Texas and Western cattle I will limit my remarks to them, without intimating, though, that I regard the disease in question as an exclu�sive product of Texas or of the Southwest, for it Is a well-known fact that other Southern States and the West Indies are just as well a source of southern fever as Texas. 1. Native Texas cattle never contract southern cattle fever, and pos�sess immunity against infection as lonyastbey remain on their native range or north of the same, provided they are not kept long enough north 347



256		CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

I	the experirueuts, for reasons stated in my last report, did not meet #9632;with satisfactory results, and some unavoidable mistakes were com-mitted. So, for iustanee, I inoeulaled a Texas cow, wliieli undouhtedly possessed irainunity, but was the ouly animal at my disposal, and a.s^I had to remain in Texas 1 delegated llmt purl of my experiments, of \vlii(di success tuiglit have been expected, because to be carried out in the North) where the cattle do not possess inimnnity, to a friend. It also miscarried for reasons stated in my last report. Another experiment, made by myself in the North, wasmadeon very young animals, and too late in the season, and besides this, some other mistakes, partly un�avoidable, and known to be mistakes when made, and partly due to a want of facilities and inexperieuee, were committed, which it will not be necessary to enumerate, for they will be avoided in the, future. All this combined, however, amply accounts for the want of success, which, therefore, has not decided anything, besides it is to me exceedingly doubtful whether a disease not known to have ever been directly or indireel lv communicated liv a diseased animal tea heall liy one can at. all be inoculated in the usual way. At any rate no well authenticated case of any direct Inflecliou or communication of the disease from a diseased animal to a healthy one is oil record, while many cases are known in wliieli animals took sick with southern cattle fever and died of it in the midst of healtliy herds ami none of the heathy animals, unless previously infected, ever contracted the disease. Neither is it positively known thai Northern cattle or cattle themselves susceptible to an iiilection ever infected northern pastures, amp;c. Still, whether under certain circumstances they are able to doso is another question. North�ern or susceptible out tie, grazing on premises or drinking out of water-holes infected by Southern cattle almost invariably contract the disease and die of it before the system becomes accustomed to the action of the pathogenic principle (the bacteria), and charged with the same to such an exlenl that the laller will lie present, and be con�stantly reproduced in the mucous secretions of the mouth and in the juices of t he paunch. But it. stands to reason, if they (the Northern cattle) gradually ao-quired immunity like the Texans, and then continued for a certain length of time to occupy infected premises and to take up the infec�tious principle, or if it were possible to charge their system with (he pathogenic principle, as just indicated, before they contract the ills-ease and die of it, then those Northern cattle, if driven to uniufeclcd pastures, would probably Infect the latter just as effectively and just as soon as Southern cattle, particularly if the Northern cattle were first driven like a herd of Texans, and thus caused to slaver. That susceptible cattle, or such as will contract the disease, do not com-mnnicate it. to others, strange as it may seem, probably also admits an explanation, if all known facts are taken into due consideration. In the first (raquo;lace, the pathogOllio principle (the bacteria) of south-
;' i v
i



	280 CONTAGIOUS DISEA.SKS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. States into till the Fivnoli ten'itory. The 4,til I kilograms which appear in the year 188S oame ft'om a sioek taken from the warehouses Deoember 31, 1S8^. The 58,396 kllogiams of 18s;i were iutrocliiced after the prouilllgation of the decree of Noveniher yT, 1883, whioh removed the latoicllotlou. The same gentlemau presented the following table, which shows the number of live liojjs imported into France in the years 1877 and 1882, and the countries (Vom which they came: Coirotrioa.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1877. ; 1882. licrnmny ...........................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;18,088nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1laquo;. IflB Bolglum............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57,811laquo;nbsp; 1 OS, 710 Spaiii ..............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4.'j;i4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 'J, 204 llaly...............................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 00,301!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8,687 .Svvitzerhiml.......................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 904nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1, figlaquo; Other coi mi trielaquo; ....................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SMInbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 913 Total........................................................................ 140,294 �9, 148

	in this oonnectlon he remarked, '#9632; ii Is then, today, Belglntn and Germany which farnish us the greatest number of living hogs. Is it not from this direction that there is reason to fear the invasion of tiichina' and trichiniasis ?quot;�

	TEIOH1NIASIS IN AMEEICA AND EUROPE. The uumber of cases of trichiniasis occurring among people in the United States is actually very small. The records of these have not been brought together in a thorough manner, but, as far as we have been able to ascertain, the disease has never occurred in more tliau three or tour localities in a single year, and during the last twenty years there does not appear to have been more than thirty different outbreaks. In none of these outbreaks have a sufficient number of people been attacked to allow of the term epidemic being applied to them in any proper sense of the word. Usualh but two to four people have been affected at a time, and never, so far as wo have been able to learn, more than ten. All have resulted from eating raw or very imperfectly cooked meat, and in very few of the instances had the pork undergone any preliminary curing, Sonic of the cases reported as trichiniasis were never demonstrated to be this disease, but seem to have been the result of poisoning by meat which bad been preserved without snffloient salting until It had under�gone partial decomposition. It has long been known that extremely virulent poisons are produced daring putrefaction of flesh, and the effects of these have been observed so often In Germany when sausages were eaten that they have received the, special natiie of wnmiyift or sausage poison. This does not seem to be understood by many Ameri�can physicians, and -so nearly every case of sickness arising from the consumption of the raw or Imperfectly cooked flesh of hogs In the vari�ous forms in which it is preserved is reported as trichiniasis. So that while it may be true that some cases have not been reported or brought ' Bnlletin do l'Aoad^tnie de M�deoine, 1884, pp. 180-811.