LIST OF ILLU3TEATIOXS.

�

WOODCUTS.

FIG.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PAGE

1.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Larynx of the Horse.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Larynx of the Ox........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Respiratory Organs of the Ox......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

4.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Capillaries of the Air-cells of Hiunan Lung ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Heart and Left Lung of Ox......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

0.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Sternum of the Ox........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of a diseased Lnnlaquo; affected with Pleuro-pneumunianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21

8.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Diseased right and healthy left Lungs of Ox ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;22

9.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lung, showing the commencement of Pleuro-pneumonia .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;23

10.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Salivary Glands of the Ox ...... .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;30

11.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Eight View of the Stomachs of the Ox ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3S

12.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Left View of the same.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;38

13.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lumen or Paunch of the Ox ......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39

14.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of the Rumen and Eetieulum of the Ox . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 40 1.3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Omasum and Abomasum of the Ox . ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 42

16.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of Part of Stomach of the Sheep . . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;43

17.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Stomachs of the Ox.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;44

15.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Right View of Intestinal Canal of the Ox . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;46

19.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Left View of the .same.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 47

20.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Method of passing thn Probang in Cases of Choking .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SO

21.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Position of the distended Paunch of the Ox . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;51

22.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Place of Puncture in distended Paunch ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66

23.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Urino-genital Organs of the Cow . . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;91

24.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Pelvic Hones, or Couples......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;96

25.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Natural Presentation of the Fcetus .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;97 20.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Presentation of Flt;Etus with Dropsy of the Abdomen . #9632; 100 27. ,, � with Water on the Lraiu . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lul

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS.

no.

28.nbsp; nbsp; Pretematuial Presentation: Legs without tlio Head

#9632;2'J.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Head without the Legs

30.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;One Fore Leg

31.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Foetus on its Back

32.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Breech Presentation

33.nbsp; nbsp; Method of Delivering in Breech Presentation

34.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Gowing's Patent Truss for the Cow

35.nbsp; nbsp; Interior of Artery and Vein

36.nbsp; nbsp; The Heart and its Blood-vessels

37.nbsp; nbsp; Lacteals, Thoracic Duct, and Heart of the Horaquo;

38.nbsp; nbsp; Heart and Lungs, with their Vessels and Capill

39.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Blood-discs of the Ox, magnified #9632;HI.nbsp; nbsp; Capillary Network of Muscle .

41.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Capillary Vessels of Skin

42.nbsp; nbsp; The Liver and its adjacent Viscera .

43.nbsp; nbsp; Brain of the Ox.....

44.nbsp; nbsp; Section of Brain of Ox ....

45.nbsp; nbsp; Bibs of the Ox.....

46.nbsp; nbsp; Anatomy of the Eye ....

47.nbsp; nbsp; Section of the Eye ..... 4S.nbsp; nbsp; Acarus, or Itch Insect of Horse, magnified

49.nbsp; nbsp; Acarus, or Itch Insect of Ox, magnified .

50.nbsp; nbsp; Skeleton of the Ox.....

51.nbsp; nbsp; Interrupted Suture .....

52.nbsp; nbsp; Twisted Suture .....

PAGE

104 107 .109 111 113 115 122 148 Ml 146 147 143 149 149 175 196 197 2iM 214 21� 222 223 233 235 235

PLATES.

Lung of Cow affected with Pleuro-pneumonia Fcetus in Utero, surrounded by its Membranes

Frontispiece Tofaeep.QS

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FitOXTISriECE.

Fio. 1. Shows a section of the left lube of n cow's lungs affected with pleuro-pueumonia. The interlobular cellular tissue has become increased in thickness by the deposit of fibrinous matter in which small cavities exist, containing a serous fluid. The marbled appearance thus produced is shown in the recently-cut surface ; also the limits of the structural derangement, and the thickened state of the pleural covering.

2.nbsp; A highly-magnified view of a small portion of the diseased

lungs, showing the large amount of effused interstitial matter.

3.nbsp; A highiy-maguilied view of a small portion of healthy lungs.

The FcEirs in- Uteeo, suitEorxDED by iis Membkaxes (p. 03).


laquo;,	a,	*a, a.*
/;,	b,	*b, h.*
C	c	*c, c.*
d,	d,	*d, d.* *e, c.* f. 9,9

The Lining �lembrane of the Uterus (Tunica decidua Uteri).

The Maternal Cotyledons.

The Fcetal Cotyledons, placed on the outer surface of the

first enveloping Membrane of the i'cotus, the Churion. Inner surface of the Choriuu. The Allantoid Membrane. The Urachus. The Ammion, or Membrane immediately surrouuding the

Fcetus. The Umbilical Cord. The Arteries of the Umbilical Cord. The Veins of ditto.

THE

DISEASES OF THE OX.

PAKT I.

rilK ORGAJJS OF EESPIHATIOUj AND IHEIE DISEASES.

Catarrh�Bronchitis�Chronic Bronchitis�Hoose in Calves� Pneumonia� Plcnro-pin-umonia.

The organs more � immediately connected with the function of respiration are, the larynx, the trachea or windpipe, and the lungs. The larynx may be de�scribed as an irregularly shaped, cartilaginous box, situated at the upper extremity of the windpipe, and composed of rings of cartilage, slightly overlapping each other, and connected together by tough fibrous tissue. Each of these pieces or rings are, to a certain extent, movable, and controlled by small muscles, attached from ring to ring. The use of the larynx is to regulate the ingress and egress of air into the lungs, and it is also the organ of voice. The dilatation of the larynx is accomplished by the movement of the different rinffs of cartilage one on the other, bv means of the muscles before mentioned. The difference in the sounds uttered by each animal is owing to a modification in the shape of this organ. The power of producing articulate sounds, however, from the combination of

I I

#9632;gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

which speech results, is altogether independent of the larynx, being due to the action of the muscles of tlie mouth, tongue, and palate. (See figs. 1 and 2.)

Fig. I.

Fig

THE I..VHYXX irF TUE HORSE,

The epiglottis. amp;. Tlic o- IiyoMe

THE r.AKVXX OF THE OX.

The references aro the sanif; a^ ii; ]-'ijx. I. (SimumL-.)

The trachea, or windpipe, is a continuation of the larynx, and is composed of the same material, viz. car�tilaginous rings connected with each other by strong elastic fibrous tissue, which accommodates itself without inconvenience to the various movements of the neck. These rings are in number from sixty to seventy, ac�cording to the length of the neck of the animal (fig. 3, a). When the trachea enters the lungs, it divides itself into two main brandies, called the bronchial tubes, one going to each lung: and in the ox, there is a third branch, smaller than the others, eiiterini: one of the lobes of the

ORGANS OF RESPIUATIOX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

right lung (fig. 3. b). In tlie horse, this latter is absent. When the bronchial tubes enter the lungs, they again

raquo;MA ⁽

#9632; i

The windpipe. 6. The third bronchus, c. The two principal bronchi. '!.lt;/. The ramification of the bronchial tubes throughout the lung. (Simouds).

subdivide into smaller branches, from which spring others still smaller, until the ramifications become so minute, as not to be traced with the naked eye (tig. o.di/j.

I! 2

vd-.M

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;TIIF. DISEASES Ob¹ THE OX.

Tlit- ultimate termination of these minute tubes are the nir cells, which are clustered about their terminations like crrapes upon a stalk. So exceedingly minute are these air cells, that Dr. Carpenter computes the whole number in The lungs to be not less than six hundred iniUiuns. The larynx, and trachea, or windpipe, is lined throughout by an exceedingly sensitive and deli�cate membrane, extending from the nostrils where it commences, into the substance of the lung : this mem-

b\a. 4.

AERAXOKJ1F.XT

;IF THE CAPILLARIES OF THE AIB-CELLS OF THE I'.rMAX UNO. (CAEFENTEE.)

brane secretes a thin mucus, and when inflamed, is the seat of catarrh, or culd, and bronchitis. Under con�ditions of inflammation, tins mucus becomes thick and viscid, and by its constant tickling and irritation, is the cause of cough. This membrane is more or less in�volved in all diseases of the respiratory apparatus.

The lungs themselves are two spongy bodies, com�posed mainly of the ramifications of the bronchial tubes hefore mentioned, and the air cells; the whole being connected together by what is termed areolar tissue

ORGAN'S OK RESPIRATION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5

(fig. 3). The lungs are contained in a cavity called tlie thorax or chest, formed by the spine, ribs, and sternum, or breast hone, the whole forming an arched cavity of great strength, yet by a peculiar arrangement oi muscles, yielding enough to adapt itself to the increased and diminished size of the lungs, in the act of respira�tion (fig. 5). The lungs are separated posteriorly from

Fib. 5,

BEPKESESTS THF. HK.VHT AXIl LEFT LtlNO IN SITU, THE SIDE OK THE CHEST HKI.VG CUT AWAY. ^SlMO.^�I)^..)

the intestines, by a large muscular partition, called the diaphragm (or midrif), which is one of the principal aids in altering the volume of the lungs in the act of breathing (fig. 5).

The lungs are covered by a fine semi-transparent membrane, called the pleura, a continuation or re-

#9632; #9632; #9632;�#9632;#9632;#9632;I ^'

(inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;TUE DISEASES OF THE OX.

flexion of which lines the inside of the rilis, forming a dosed cavity.

The pleura is everywhere smooth, polished, and glistening, und secretes a thin vapour, which may be perceived by opening the pleura! cavity immediately after death. When the animal has been dead some rime, this vapour condenses, and becomes converted into a fluid.

The act of respiration consists in inspiration, or draw�ing the air into the lungs, and expiration, or expelling it again, the lungs altering their volume in proportion to the amount of air inspired. The ox, when in health, breathes about twelve times in the minute; this how�ever is modified by food, situation, and the temperature of the apartment where the animal is living.

CATAERH OE COLD.

Catarrh is an inflammation of the Schneiderian or lining membrane of the nose. It is usually regarded as a trifling matter, and when confined to the Schnei�derian memhrane it is so; hut, unfortunately, the term cold is used to designate all and any of the severer affections of the respiratory organs; and the dictum of � It 'sonly a cold quot; has settled the fate of many a valuable animal.

All affections of the organs of respiration in cattle ought to be looked upon with great suspicion, and the sick animal at once detached from its fellows in the shed or yard, and removed to as great a distance as con�venient. So insidious is the commencement of dis�ease, and so apparently trifling its first stages, that too much caution cannot be used in this respect. Catarrh is usually ushered in by rigors or shivering fits, defluxion of

CATARRH.

mucus from the nostrils, stiffness of gait, and often a slight amount of fever, shown by a somewhat accelerated pulse, and by dryness of the nose, an unerring symptom, in the

Fio. 6.

#9632;#9632;

l.ATF.UAL liEPUKSTNTATrON OF Till: STERXUM OF

'HE

3X.

ii. The joint formed by the union of the firgt;t liono, manubrium ; the cartilage of tin-rib being partly removed to bring it into view. 0, The manubrium. f. Tim en�lform cartilage. (Simonds.)

ox, of the animal being amiss. Constipation, too, will be occasionally present, known by the stiffened and glazed appearance of the dung. If the trachea or windpipe be at all involved, cough, more or less severe, will be per�ceived. There is not much constitutional disturbance, nor is the appetite usually affected. Catarrh may arise from various causes�changes in the state of the atmo�sphere, checked perspiration, variations in temperature, amp;c.; nor can the animal's liability to disease be won�dered at, when we look at the sensitiveness (if the mem�brane over which the air passes in breathing�its extent�and great liability to causes of irritation.

The treatment of simple catarrh is more a matter of nursing than medicine. The animal should at once be removed to a good airy loose box, and the diet restricted to mashes and soft food : a gentle cathartic may be inven.

Epsom salts Powdered tniurer

o ouncea 4 ounce

Mixed in a quart of wann gruel.

THK DISEASES OF THE OX.

The fever, often present, will be relieved by dis�solving a little nitre in the water. This, with good nursing and attention to the animal's wants, will generally effect a cure.

Should, however, any cough remain, and the appetite fail, some affection of more important organs may be suspected.

BRONCHITIS.

Bronchitis, or inflammation of the lining membrane of the bronchial tube, is not often semi in its pure state : it is mostly complicated with pneumonia or in-Hammation of the lungs, and pleuro-pnemnonia. It is, in its simple form, mainly, an aggravated form of catarrh or cold, the inflammation before described as existing in the Schneiderian, or lining membrane of the nose, extends itself down the trachea or windpipe, and thence into the bronchial tubes.

When the lai'ynx is affected by inflammation, it is known as larynr/itls', this bowever is so exceedingly rare, as a distinct affection, and the symptoms and treatment so closely resemble bronchitis, as to render a separate description unnecessary.

The symptoms of bronchitis are, quickened respira�tion, attended with a v:heeziiig sound, in more advanced cases increasing to a grunt, accelerated pulse, and the general febrile symptoms noticed under Uulnrrh. There is also cough, frequent, and attended with an effort. The discharge from the nose, at first limpid and clear, as the disease advances, becomes thick, and in the latter stages mixed with pus or matter, but so prone is this disease to run on to inflammation of the lungs, and pleuro-pnemnonia, that, as before remarked, it is seldom

BRONCHITIS.

seen in its pure .state. As however the treatment of this aft'eetion, and inflammation of the lungs are very similar, its diagnosis, as a distinct disease, is not im�portant.

The freafment of bronchitis must he prompt. Jn the earlier stages, the measures recommended in catarrh may he pursued; and in addition an active blister must lie applied down the course of the windpipe. One of the two following formulae may be employed, according to the urgency of the case, but ill using- the latter, some amount of discretion must be used : as if applied too strongly, it will blemish.

No. 1

Oil of turpentine Liquid ammonia

I -

equal pavl-

Olive oilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; J

To form a liniment to be applied with friction.

No. -2. ('roton seeds .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 1 ounce

Oil of turpentine . . , 12 ounces Macerate the ingredients in a bottle for a fortnitfht, and pour ult' the clear liquor for use. To be applied as No. 1.'

When the bowels are well relieved by a gentle pur�gative, the following may be given :�

Sweet spirits of nitre .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 ounces

Powdered opium ... 2 drachms Tincture of aconite . . 40 drops Give au ounce as a dose, twice a day iu warm gruel, till the symptoms are relieved.

Bleeding may be resorted to, if the constitutional symptoms run high, and the pulse warrants it, but as a

* It iraquo; often better to dilute if with half its quantity of olive oil.

--#9632;--------r

-'.. I

~~a^aapag~~raquo;;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

rule, there is not much toleration in this affection for blood letting.

There is a chronic form of this complaint, which, although involving the lungs, may be properly described here. The active form of bronchitis has passed off with perhaps but little attention from the farmer. The beast lias been coughing (or as the farmer describes it, has had a hoast upon her) for seme time, but as she lias fed tolerably well, and given her usual quantity of milk, no notice has lieen taken of it. By degrees, however, the svmptoms are aggravated, the milk graduallv diminishes in quantity, she has not her usual appetite, it is capri�cious; she will eat eagerly for a time, and especially of fresh food, and then seem to neglect it entirely. Her cough is new incessant, and instead of being strong and sonorous, it is weak and feeble, and her flanks heave when at rest, the breathing becoming distressing when put to any exertion. Should no notice be taken of it she wastes away from day to day, till she is a complete skeleton, and finally dies, worn out: an attack of acute diarhcea usually closing the scene.

Upon a post-mortem examination, the lungs are found pale and flabby, and covered with small tumours or tubercles, containing a hard cheesy matter; and here and there will be a large abscess formed from a coalescence of several small ones. The small branches of the bronchial tubes when cut into, are found thickened, and partially blocked up by a thickened and vitiated secretion.

This disease is known and described by veterinary authors as phthysis pulmonalis or consumption, from its resemblance to that fatal disease in the human subject, and from its lingering nature, and the flattering character of its symptoms, it is not inaptly named.

MOOSE.

Ir is usually of a fatal character, although the animal

may, and often does, live on for months; the utmost medical treatment can accomplish, is to patch up the patient, so as to enable it to lay on some amount of tlesh for the butcher.

The treatment, therefore, must be entirely of a tonic nature, and the food of the most tempting and nutri�tious kind: all changes of temperature being avoided. Sulphate of iron is one of the most valuable medicines in this affection, and may be given in doses of one and a half drachms, three times a day, dissolved in a qxiart of warm ale, and mixed with thick gruel. Good sound ale is very valuable in cattle medicine, acting both as a stimulant and tonic; and in all diseases of debility, it will be found available. Although there is no active inflammatory action going on in the lung, sefons will be found useful, inserted either in the dewlap, or over one or both sides of the chest. Should an extensive action be desired, they may he dressed with the ointment of black hellebore.

Venice turpentine ... 4 ounces iSlack hellebore rout and leaves . 2 ounces Lard......1 pound

Digest in the oven, with a gentle heat, for twenty-four Lours. and filter for use.

HOOSE IX CALVES.

This is a much more common and fatal disease than the preceding one. It is well known to agriculturalists in all parts of (ireat Britain, as the Hoose, Huslgt;, or Hoast, names varying with the locality, and used to express the constant and distressing hacking cough, with which the pour animals are affected. It is almost ex-

]-2

Till': DISEASES OF THE OX.

clusively confined to calves of from one to twelve months

old, being, however, occasionally found in older animals.

This is a very fatal disease wlu-u left unchecked, or

maltreated, and the numerous nostrums found in agri�cultural works and journals are mostly inert, or often positively hurtful.

The cause of Iioose, is the presence of a vast number of parasitic worms* in the windpipe, of a fine thread�like form, and about half an inch long. They are lodged in a thick viscid mucus which almost blocks up the windpipe, and forms a nidus, or shelter for the animal. So minute and fine are these parasites, that they pene�trate into the smaller branches of the bronchial tubes, and by their presence and constant movement, cause a continued irritation. Hence the distressing and hackinrj character of the cough.

There has been much discussion as to the cause of the presence of these animals in their peculiar locality, but tacts are wanting that would lead to any certain conclusion. Wet seasons, and especially wet autumns, seem to favour their development; and when the calves arc kept out late in the autumn in marshy meadow,-, thev are almost certain to be affected.

The farmer should regard with a jealous eye, any tendency to cough in his calves when at autumn grass. especially when several of them are affected at the same time, it being a peculiarity in this disease to attack all that are placed under the same circumstances of liability to the disease. The symptoms of Hoose are a constant and hacking cough, attended with rapid emaciation, some difficulty in breathing, and in the latter stages, loss of appetite. In the earlier stages,

* The iilaria- br�nchialei

11 COSE.


i	f	i

however, the appetite is but slightly affected. This affection runs its course very rapidly, and death often takes place in two or three weeks, depending of course on the age and condition of the animal. It is im�portant to distinguish this disease from other diseases of the respiratory organs ; it differs from pleuro-pneumonia (with which it might be confounded) by the absence of constitutional symptoms, by the appetite not being affected in the earlier stages, and by the character of the cough, which, when once heard, cannot be mistaken : the animal appearing as if trying to cough something up, which in fact he is, and above all by the cough affecting all, or the greater part, of the herd at the same time.

The treatment of Hoose consists simply in getting rid of the parasites. This, from their peculiar situation and tenacity of life, is no easy matter to effect. Some medicine must be given which will act immediately upon the parasite, and yet not endanger the life of the animal itself. Oneof the6esi�indeed,/Ac only internal medicine to be depended upon�is the o// of turpentine, a medicine peculiarly destructive to worms of all kinds, when it can be brought into direct contact with them.

Turpentine, when given internally, is absorbed from the stomach into the circulation, and thence, by the exhalents of the lungs, eliminated into the air passages, bringing its vapour into direct contact with the worms.

Linseed oil

(gt;il (if turpentine

12 ounces 4 do.

Give a wineglassful, twice a day, in a little warm gruel.

Should the desired relief not be afforded in a day or two, the calf may have a teaspoonful of the following mixture poured down his nostrils :�

�~~*J

-lUU-

Till-: DISEASES or THE OX.

Oil of ainbev .... 1 drachm Sulphuric sether ... 1 ounce

and repeated daily.

Another mode of treatment�and a very good one where the number of calves is considerable and the disease obstinate�is; that of inhalation, or making the animal breathe some poisonous gas in sufficient quanti�ties to kill the parasites but not injure the calf.

Chlorine gas is the agent usually chosen, from the easiness with which it is made, and from its power of destroying animal life almost instantaneously.

Great care, however, is required to he exercised, and its administration should be superintended by a properly qualified veterinary surgeon, as an excess of the gas may prove fatal to the animals operated on.

The mode of administration is this. Take the calves and confine them in a loose box just large enough to hold the exact number affected. Put into a basin equal parts of common salt and oxide oj manganese, and over this mixture pour a quantity of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), slightly diluted with water: stir the mixture well with a stick, and the chlorine gas will be immediately disengaged. The operator must leave the apartment the instant he has mixed the in�gredients, and the door must be closed. The time during which the animals must he suffered to inhale the fas will of course vary with thenumber of calves and size of the apartment: in general, however, two or three minutes will suffice. This inhalation may be repeated every few days until the parasites have been got rid of.

The fumes of tar and tobacco-smoke have been employed in the same manner.

After the worms have been dislodged much -weak-

r.xia'.MoxiA.

1.5

ness and emaciation will often he found in the young animals; their strength and condition have been se�verely taxed, both by the constant irritating cough and the support the parasites themselves take from the animal. A course of mild vegetable tonics should be given, and the animals kept on liberal diet. The fol�lowing powders may be used :�

Powdered gentian ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2 drams

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ginger ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 drain

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; carraway seeds ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 dram

Given daily.

PXEUJIONIA, OE INFLAMMATION OF THE LUXG.S

This disease�unconnected with iiiflauimation of the pleura, or covering of the lungs, and forming that fatal disease pleuro-pneumonia � is rarely seen in the ox. It is, however, occasionally found, and that principally in working oxen : but such is the tendency of all lung affections to run cm to pleuro-pneumonia, that what in the outset is simple pneumonia often runs on to the former and more fatal disease.

Symptoms.�The disease is sudden in its attack, in some cases it is ushered in by rigors, or shivering fits, in ethers this is absent.

The respiration is much accelerated, and is increased tu three times its natural standard, and in the more advanced stages is accompanied by a groan. The pulse is full and hounding, from 7() to 80, and sometimes even as high as 100.

If a milch cow, the milk will become suddenly di�minished, and in very acute eases almost entirely suspended. In some cases cough will be present, in others none. Fever will also be found, indicated by the dry muzzle and thirst.

____

#9632;S¹^--!quot;

16nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; T!IK DISEASES OV THE OX.

In speaking of this disease, a celebrated veterinary author (Mr. Vouatt) has described the animal as obsti�nately standing, and his ears and horns as deathly cold -having an eve. evidently, to similar symptoms in the horse. The analogy, however, is not borne out here. and practically we tind that the ox prefers a recumbent position, often as obstinately lying down as the horse stands up. The extremities, too�that is, the ears and horns, as well as the feet�vary very much in tem�perature, they will be sometimes hot and sometimes cold, but never have that deathly cold feed so character�istic of this disease in the horse.

As the disease advances the animaFs breathing be�comes more laboured and distressing, the breath has a foetid odour, showing that mortification is taking place in the substance of the lungs, and the animal gradually sinks.

The treat mi-at must be energetic and decisive. Bleeding must be bad recourse to, but very cautiously, remembering the great tendency there is to debility in all lung affections, and as soon as the pulse begins to falter�or the animal shows symptoms of faintness�it should immediately be discontinued. Counter-irri-tufidit is next in importance, and this may be had recourse to. to its fullest extent. One of the blisters recommended in bronchitis may be used, well and ex�tensively rubbed in over the sides or breast. igt;r setons inserted. If the latter be used, and a powerful and immediate effect be desired, the ' ointment of black hellebore quot; will be found very efficacious.

Venice turpentine . . . - ounces Black hellebore root and leaves 1 ounce Lard . .... 8 ounces Digest with a pentle heat for twenty-four hours in the oven, and .quot;train oil'the ointment for use.

PLEURO-PNEUJIOXIA.

The medicine tit he given and general treatment of the animal so closely resemble bronchitis, that the reader is referred to the chapter on that disease.

PLEURO-PNEUMOSIA.

No disease has given rise to more discussion, as to its origin, nature, and treatment, than this, and it has for many years been a source of great animal loss to the agriculturist and dairyman.

The name of pleuro-pneumonia is a compound of two Greek words, -rrXsvpa and Trvsvucov, pleura the covering, and pneumon the lungs, thus signifying an affection both of the substance and covering of the lunsrs�Loth being imnlicated.

The early history of pleuro-pneumonia is involved in considerable obscurity, and it is impossible to say at what precise date this terrible pest first made its ap�pearance. An affection with very similar symptoms made its appearance on the continent about the middle of the last century, carrying off vast numbers of cattle. This also made its way to England, and from the post�mortem appearances (as described in a pamphlet by a Dr. Barker, written 1740), it seems in many respects to have closely resembled pleuro-pneumonia. 'The lesions/ says Professor Simonds, #9632;here spoken of,'� he is speaking of ]gt;r. Barker's description of the post�mortem appearances�' as well as the symptoms, bear-so striking an analogy to those of the present malady, that I am strongly inclined to believe it to have been pleuro-pneumonia, which thinned the herd- of the Bri�tish agriculturist rather more than a hundred years ago, and it follows that it had so long disappeared from

ISnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OP THE OX.

amongst us as not to be recognised in its recent out�break.' We are thus led to imagine pleuro-pneumonia tu lie a disease which has before visited us, and like similar epidemics disappeared. It is, however, certain that the year 1841-2 introduced the disease under dis�cussion into England, and it is not a little remarkable that it followed in the wake of the epidemic of 1839, commonly called the 'mouth and foot' disease. Prac�tical research, however, shows us that there is no con�nection between the two diseaselaquo; further than both being epidemic, contagious, and due to some atmospheric influence.

With regard to the manner of its introduction into Great Britain nothing positively is known, and it is even now a mooted point whether it owes its origin to atmospheric influence, common to all countries, or whether it was imported from abroad. The late fatal prevalence of the disease, both in America and Aus�tralia, and the facts connected with its introduction, seem decidedly to prove the theory of contagion, as it was in both instances pretty clearly shown to have had its origin in imji'nii'd stock.

The manner in which the respective goverumeuts of these countries met the crisis was energetic and decisive; ivhole herds of cattle, where the affection had showed itself, were at once slaughtered, thus making an effort tu isolate the disease, and at the same time to prevent the introduction of fresh cases. It is to be regretted that at present all efforts to stay the disease have proved futile, and there is reason to fear that Australia will be an equal, if not a greater sufferer, than the mother country.*

From the year 1841 to the present, time pleuro-pneumonia has been more or less prevalent in this

' The latest account- from Aii-tr.tliu eonfirm this opinion.

PLE�E0-PKEUMON1A,

country, sometimes breaking out in certain localities with tearful virulence, and then again dying out for a time, perhaps not again to appear for years. Nor is the prevalence of this disease confined to low. unhealthy, badly-drained lands, or peculiar to the dirty and unventi-lated cow-shed. High, dry, and well-drained lands are not exempt from its ravages, even when the greatest care is taken not to introduce diseased stock. Even in the same yard or cow-shed the disease is very capricious, some animals seeming exempt from attack even in the midst of disease, and others succumbing to its influence immediately.

Symptoms.�The symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia maybe divided into three stages. (1) The incubative stage. (2) The husking stage. (3) The fatal stage.

The first stage, or the incubative, is that in which the disease is making silent way in the system without any external symptom. To the ignorant in such mat-tors it may appear strange that so fatal an affection as pleuro-pneumonia should exist without manifesting itself immediately, but the fact is well known to slaughterers of fat stork that animals, apparently in good health, and which have exhibited no trace of illness up to the time of their being killed, have shown considerable disease in one or both lungs when dead. To this diffi�culty of recognising the affection in its very first stages may be ascribed much of the fatality of pleuro-pneu�monia, as before any measures of either preventino- its spread or curing the diseased animal itself can be adopted, it is past medical aid. and has acted as a focus of contagion to the rest of the herd. This incubative stage may last some days, and in individual cases con�siderably longer, depending much upon the strength of the animal. Animals can never be regarded as safe

c -j.

¹il

~~i iifW~~

^,T

aonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

under six weeks, or even two months, from tlir time of their exposure to infection.

In the second, or husking stage, symptoms of ill�ness begin tu devolo]) themselves, although at first these are slight, and very apt to lie disregarded by the farmer. If at pasture, and in the early part of the day, the affected beast will be laquo;eon separate from the rest of the herd, and looking dull and dispirited, rumi�nation is suspended, and the animal looks thoroughly out of sorts. As the clay advances, and the sun gets up, ^:t joins the rest of the herd, and for a time looks as well as they do. If limiseil, probably a slight cough, attended with some little constitutional disturbance (such as a fastidious appetite, slightly accelerated hreathing while at rest, and if a milker a diminished supply of milk), will be the only symptoms observed; and all these, it will be remembered, may depend upon affections of other organs.

As the disease advances, however, 'he who runs may read:' the cough becomes louder and more frequent, the breathing- embarrassed, the pulse is quickened, tenderness is found on pressure being applied to the spine and sides, and with each respiration the animal gives a peculiar low grunt, which, when once heard, is not soon forgotten. The secretion of milk (if a milker) diminishes from day to day, or is suspended altogether. Digestion, too, is now interfered with, and constipation, attended sometimes with tympanites (or hoven) is present. As before remarked, these symptoms become much modified in different animals, and probably in no two will the disease develop itself precisely in the same manner.

In the third and last stage the symptoms are distress�ingly aggravated : the grunt is changed to a loud moan

PLEUBO-PJfElTMONIA

^!;


		#9632;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

I'm. 8.

u. The right Inug ,.f the ox. considerably inoreased in size, ana coveral here

and there with effusions of fibrin. '.. The left !nng -till retaining its healthy condition. c. ,: The yellowish bands which intersect the diseased lung in various di-

rectionsbeingprodticedbytheinterlobulartissnessurcharged-Rith theflbrinc

albtuninous portions of the blood.

rf.rf The dark-colonred patches, arising from a retention of the rrf oorpns-

cules, amp;c. (Simonds.)

PLEUEO-PNEUMOXIA.

of pain, the breathing is laborious, diarrhoea of an offensive character sots in; the pulse is wavering and almost imperceptible; the legs and horns cold; the abdomen filled with gas; and death quickly closes the scene.

In diagnosing all the stages of pleuro-pneumonia, auscultation (or sounding the chest) will be of great service. To do this effectually, however, it is necessary to have a perfect acquaintance with the sounds hoard in the healthy lung. Whe i this is acquired, it is compara�tively easy to judge of the change taking place in the lung from disease. Upon applying the ear to the side

LUNG, SHOWING THE COMMKXCKMEXT OF PLEURO-PXEUMOXIA.

a. Elevimil spots produced by effusion.

6. A cut carried through one of the spots, to demonstrate the nature of the change producing it. (Simonds.)

of the ox. in health, a peculiar sound is heard every time the animal breathes: this is called the respira-tor;i mnnnur, and is caused by the air passing into the minute structure of the lung.

#9632;Jl

Till; DISEASES OP THE OX.

When the disease commences, if the lung be carefully examined by the ear, the first tiling that strikes the examiner will be a louder sound heard in some parts of the lung than others, attended with a peculiar crackling or rustling sound, indicating that not only the lung, but the pleura (or its covering) is affected.

As the disease advances the sounds of the lung change in character, and finally are not heard at all, showing that the affected part of the lung lias become impervious to air. Percussion, too, will materially assist the ex�aminer : the sides of the chest should be struck with the hand. In health a hollow sound is emitted, as if a drum was struck. If the lung has become solid or hepatised, the hollow sound is no longer heard, and the sensa�tion is given tu the hand as if it had struck a solid body.

Upon an examination after death, the lungs (or offener one lung) are found enormously enlarged, in some cases almost filling up the cavity of the chest. Upon cutting into their substance thev will be found hard and hepatised, instead of having that beautiful light and spongy structure so characteristic of the healthy lung. Upon cutting the lungs across, the cut edges will be found to have a veined or marbled appearance, with here and there an abscess, filled with pus or matter (see figs. 7 and 8). The cavity of the chest is usually tilled with effused fluid, in which is found floating a quantity of lymph, strings of which, like cobwebs, extend from the lining of the ribs to the substance of the lungs themselves. As before remarked, in some cases only one lung is found to be affected : in others, /c///' are implicated.

Treatmcnt.�The treatment of pleuro-pneumonia is at the best but a very unsatisfactory matter, and if the

#9632;lt; quot;l:

rhhXRO-l'XKUMU.NIA.

animal is in anything like condition, it is better scut to t/ie shambles id once, for taking into consideration loss of condition, expense of treatment, and the length of time which must necessarily elapse before the animal regains its strength and condition, the tirst loss will, in the majority of cases, be found the least. //lt; the early stages the quality of the meat is bnt little, if at all im�paired : but in the latter it is utterly unfit for human food, although it is to be feared that large quantities of diseased meat (and that in the very worst stages of disease) finds its way into the market : and this in the face of the most stringent legislative enactment.

In discussing the treatment of this disease, it must be emp/ifti/caWy observed that success dues not so much depend upon the adoption of this or thai remedy, as in adapting it To the peculiar stage of the complaint in which its employment seems to be especially indicated: and in this the treatment of the properly qualified veteri�narian will be found to bear a marked difference to the blacksmith or cow-leech, who has only one remedy for all and every stage and symptom of the disease. Blood�letting, for instance, which is often very valuable in the earlier stages of the disease, and in some certain forms, is almost certain death in the later stages: and we frequently find animals suffering from this disease which will not bear depletion at all, even in the first stage. ' The pro�priety of abstracting blood,' says Professor Simonds, in his excellent lecture before the Royal Agricultural Society, ' will depend on the stage of the malady, and the amount of symptomatic fever which is present. It must be done early or not at all : for in proportion to the extent of the effusion so will be the debility of the patient.quot; If the animal be in high and plethoric con�dition, with a full and bounding pulse, we may bleed

TUE DISEASES OF THE OX.

#9632;

cautiously, tiikini;' care to abstract just so much blood as may make an impression on tlie pulse, and no more. Taking, however, the average of cases, such will be the debility and character of the pulse, that bleeding will he altogether contra-indicated.

Counter-irritation will be found of essential service, and should be freely and extensively employed, and that in the earliest stages. Setons and blisters are the agents used for this purpose, some advocating one and some the other. Blisters having the quickest and promptest action should have the preference, and if a deeper-seated action should be desired, they may be followed by setons. The following formula- may he em�ployed, according to the amount of irritation desired, hearing in mind that No. 2 will be required to he used very cautiously, as, although very prompt and decided in its action, if used injudiciously much sloughing of the skin will sometimes follow: �

So. 1.

Liquid ammonia

le.

jml parts

Mustnnl

(111 of turpentiue .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; J

I'ut the hair close oft' the sides, and well nih in the n ^:xture for live or ten minutes.

So. 2.

('roton seeds .... 1 ounce oil of turpentine . . . Bounces

Digest in a bottle for a fortnight, and pour off the clear liquor for use. When used, rub into the sides about half the quantity.

With regard to the administration of medicine, the Pharmaeopceia has been ransacked for specifics in this disease. Arsenic, calomel, opium, belladonna-iodine, creosote, have each and all had their supporteid.

PLEUEO-PNEUMOXIA.

have Leen in turns tru-d, vaunted as specifics, and cast aside as useless; in fact no one individual medicine or class of medicine can be relied upon, and all that can be done in a work like the present is to inculcate general ideas, and leave the choice of the individual medicine to the practitioner in attendance. Purgatives will be found valuable in the early stage of the disease, and treatment may commence by giving a gentle laxative, consisting of the sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), given in a large quantity of gruel, avoiding anything like severe purga�tion. A mild purgative may be given occasionally, throughout the course of treatment pursued, should the bowels show any disposition to costiveness. Diuretics stand next in order, and will be found very valuable when judiciously administered, and these slmuld be combined with diffusible stimulants and tonics. The foilovving formula may be employed: �

; i.

Suv.'t spirits ul nitre Solution of acetate of ammonia

2 ounces

6 ounces

To be given in a quart of warm ale twice or thrice a day.

One of the most valuable diuretics is the nitrate of potash, which may be given in the animal's water in doses of half-an-ounce, a time or two a day. When the system is much depressed, and the addition of a tonic is desired, the tincture of gentian may be added to the above draught in ounce doses.

As the disease advances, and the tendency to debility shows itself in its most distressing {orm, mineral tonics combined with stimulants maybe pushed to their fullest extent, and amongst these the preparations of iron, and copper will be found especially valuable. The author has found the ammouiated sulphate of copper (a form for which is given below) one of the best of these pre-

___^^_^^__

~*^f*s!*mmm

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

parations, combining in itself both a stimulant and tonic :�

Solution of ammoniated sulphate of

copper . . . . . �'! ounces * quot;Warm ale ... . . 1 quart For a draught to be given two or three times a day.

Sedatives are occasionally valuable in the earlier stao-e ut' the disease, but such is the tendency to de�bility that a perseverance in their use is always pro�ductive of harm. Tincture of ctconite is one in which the author has most dependence, and may be used in doses of from fifteen to thirty drops. The extract of belladonna, too, is a very sate and useful remedy: its action, however, requires to be very carefully watched. Upon the whole, the adoption of stimulants and tonics seems to be attended with the greatest success in the treatment of this disease, and amongst the former there is not a more valuable agent than good sound ale. As in all the stages of the disease the animal's appetite will be found more or less wanting, its strength must be supported by horning down good thick gruel several times a day. Linseed and oatmeal boiled together will be found a very valuable compound, both from its nourishing properties, and also from its keeping the bowels in a soluble state. Should a stimulant be re�quired in addition, a quart of ale may be added to (#9632;ach two quarts of gruel.

We now arrive at a most important consideration, viz.. the 'prevention of pleuro-pneumonia.

The great causes of the spread of this disease are

* To make the solution, take of Sulphate of coppernbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'J ounces

Carbonate of ammonia .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 ounces

Water ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 pint

Mix.

gt;

- t;

PLEURO-PNEUMOJTIA.

the importation of diseased cattle, and the public and unchecked exposure of animals in a state of disease in the public market. Cattle of all descriptions, with all sorts of diseases, are driven promiscuously together, those that are sold in a diseased state to carry in�fection into hitherto healthy farm-yards, and those that went into the market healthy, if unsold, to return with the seeds of the affection implanted in the system.

In 1857 a Bill was introduced into Parliament for preventing tlie public exposure of diseased animals #9632;in any market, fair, or other open or public place where animals are commonly exposed for sale, knowing such horse, ox, bull, cow, caff, or other horned cattle, sheep, lamb, or other animal, to be infected with, or labouring under, the disease called glanders, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep-pox (or variola ovina), any, or either of them, or any other contagious or infections disorder: and any person turning out. keeping or depasturing any horse, ox, bull, cow, calf, or other horned cattle, sheep, lamb, or other animal infected with, or labouring under, the said diseases, any or either of them, or any other con-tarjious or infectious disorder, on or upon any forest, chase, wood, moor, marsh, heath, common, waste land, open field, road-side, or other undivided or unenclosed land, shall, upon conviction of any such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 20/., and the said act, amp;c. amp;c.'

The Bill was read twice, and referred to a select com�mittee, who, after sitting twice, and hearing most im�portant evidence, reported, ' thlt;d the committee are uoi prepared to recommend the House to proceed further with the Bill referred to.'

Professor Simonds, in his evidence before the com�mittee, recommends:�

TIIH DISEASES OF THK OX.

#9632;

1.nbsp; nbsp;That a more complete supervision should be ex�ercised over imported animals than is now done, and in order more effectually to exclude animals in the incipient stage of disease, that they should undergo quarantine for a time.

2.nbsp; nbsp;That properly qualified inspectors should be ap�pointed to all markets, fairs, amp;c,, so as to exclude, at all events, animals in the move culvnnced stage oj il iscuse.

3.nbsp; nbsp;That farmers should report their losses of cattle, sheep, and pigs, from all diseases and accidents at certain intervals, and from contagious diseases immediately nn their occurrence, by tilled up prepared forms : these might be sent to the Board of Guardians, and from thence through the Poor Law Commissioners to the Board of Trade.

These very excellent and practical suggestions are given without any comment, the author believing that some such, or a modificcttion of them, must in the end be adopted.

Inoculation has within the last few years been adopted as a preventive.

In 1850, a Dr. Willems, of the town of Hasselt, in Holland, promulgated a discovery (?) that pleuro-pneu-moiiia was capable of being induced by inoculation, and that of so mild a type, as to render the animals operated '.n proof against the disease, as occurring in its natural state. On Dr. Willems making known the discovery, commissioners were appointed by several of the Conti�nental powers to enquire into Dr. Willems' so-called prophylactic measures: and somewhat later, Professor Simonds was appointed by the Royal Agricultural So�ciety to visit the Continent, and enquire into the success or non-success of Dr. Willems' treatment.

#9632;

PLEURO-PXEUMONIA.

Professor Simonds visited the town of Hasselt, in which Dr. Willems' experiments were principally carried on, and saw the animals on which lie was experimenting-. The mode of operation may be described in Dr. Willems' own words:�' My preservative measure,' he says,' con�sists in inoculating sound and healthy animals with the disease itself, by means of the blood and liquid pressed from the lungs of an animal diseased with pleuro-pneu-monia. 1 take the liquid pressed from the lungs of an animal recently slaughtered, or of one which has died of the disease; I plunge into it a large kiml of lancet, then I mala- two or three punctures at the lower ex�tremity of the tail of the animal 1 wish to preserve from the disease : (( single drop of the liquid /.s sufficient to make the inoculation.' The time which the animals require before the effects of the inoculation show them�selves is from twelve to thirty days, ami last sometimes. Dr. Willems tells us, as long as two or three months. The signs of the inoculation are�the animal is less lively, cats less; the part inoculated is tender, swells, becomes inflamed and much hardened. This inflammatory hard�ness sometimes extends to a distance, and causes the animal's death. Dr. Willems describes inoculation as a certain preventive to the disease.

Professor Simonds, after a most minute and careful investigation of the subject, thus sums up the results at which he arrived :�

1.nbsp; nbsp;That inoculation made by superficial punctures,and simple erasions of the skin, invariably fail to produce any local inflammatory action, being the reverse of the case with regard to the vaccine disease, small-pox, and other specific affections of which it is an indication of success.

2.nbsp; nbsp;That the employment of fresh serous fluid, and a cleanly-made but small incision, during the continuance

^; In

� ;;#9632;#9632;#9632; !

;V2

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

of a low temperature, will almost always fail to produce even the slightest amount of Inflammation.

3.nbsp; nbsp;That deep punctures are followed by the ordinary . phenomena only of such wounds, when containing some slightly irritating agent.

4.nbsp; nbsp;That with a high temperature, roughly-made in�cisions, and serous Huid a few days old, local ulceration and cranorene, producing occasionally the death of the patient, will follow inoculation.

�. That the sero-puralent matter taken from an in�oculated sac causes more speedy action than the serum obtained from a diseased lung, and that 'removes' cannot lie effected on scientific principles.

(i. That oxen are not only susceptible to the action of a second, but of relented, inoculation, with the scran--: exudation of a diseased lung.

7.nbsp; nbsp;Thar an animal inoculated with the serous exu�dation is in na way protected, even from the repeated action of the sero-purulent Huid. which is produced in the wound, as a result of the operation.

8.nbsp; nbsp;That animals not naturally the subjects of pleuro-pneumonia, such as donkeys, dogs, itc, are susceptible to the local action, both of the serous exudation from the lunu and the sero-purulent obtained from the inocu�lated wounds.

9.nbsp; nbsp;That the serous fluid exuded from the lungs is not a specific vims or lymph, as it is sometimes designated.

10.nbsp; nbsp;That inoculation made with medicinal irritating agents will be followed by similar phenomena to those observed in inoculations with the exuded serum.

1 1. That inoculation often acts as a simple issue, and the security which at times the operation apparently affords depends in part upon this, but principally on

#9632;4 ii

PLEDRO-PNEUMONIA.

the unknown causes which regulate the outbreak, spread, and cessation of ordinary epidemics.

12.nbsp; nbsp;That inoculation of cattle, as advocated and practised hy Dr. Willems and others, is not founded on any known basis of science or ascertained law with re�gard to the propagation of those diseases commonly called specific.

13.nbsp; nbsp;That pleuro-pneumonia occurs at various periods of time after a so-called successful inoculation.

14 and lastly. That the severity of pleuro-pneumonia is in no way mitigated by previous inoculation, the disease proving equally rapid in its progress and fatal in its consequences in an inoculated as in an uuinocu-lated animal.

In summing up the researches made by modern science upon the treatment and prevention of this most distressing malady, we are compelled to confess how very futile all measures, both of prevention and cure, have hitherto proved in arresting the progress of the disease. In fact, practically speaking, it may be re�garded as completely inmrahle, and the farmer will best consult his own interest who consigns his affected stock to the butcher upon the very first, appearance of the complaint, taking proper precaution to isolate laquo;ill stock which have,¹ been in contact with the diseased animals. To give the full benefit oiisolation, however, it must be complete; there must be entire separation of healthy and diseased beasts�not only in removing them to distant and isolated places, but in providing separate attendants for those affected.

#9632;

iUnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

PART II.

THE ORGAXS OF DIGESTION, AXD TIIEIK DISEASES.

Digestion�Clicking�CEsophagotomy�Tympanitis (or Hovon)� 'Grain Sick'�Inflammation of the Eumtu -Vomiting�Disease (if the Omasum�Gastro-Enteritis (Wliite Scour)�Diarrhoea � Chronic Diarrhoea�Dysentery�Colic�Intussusception (or Twist�ing of the Gut)�Enteritis�Ascites, or Dropsy�Aphtha, or Thrush�Glossitis (Inflammation of the Tongue)�Eczema Epi-zoot ica�Tuberculous Disease.

One of the fundamental and principal laws of animal life is that of nutrition, by which a certain amount of

aliment is required to be taken from time to time, in order to replenish the waste necessarily incurred in the varied and active operation of the vital powers. The animal frame is never stationary, but every part is constantly chanedna; its constituents. That which has already furnished a supply of nutritious matter is cast off as refuse and excrementitious, and fresh aliment has thus to be constantly introduced in order to furnish

f new material. Thus all the varied secretions have to be fed, as it

were, with fresh fuel, in its turn to be drained of its autritious ingredients and excreted.

To reduce the aliment taken into the stomach into materials tit for nutrition, a peculiar process is carried on in the system, that oi digestion,

Digestion may be defined to be the process to which

ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

the food is subjected iu its passage from the month throughout the course of the intestinal canal.

It has for its object the elimination of certain matters from the food necessary for the sustenance and repair of the animal body. This process may be divided into three distinct stages:�

1. The reduction of the food to a pulpy mass, pre�paratory to the inure important changes which after�wards take place.

'1. The separation of that portion of it which is fitted for absorption into the system from that which cannot serve this purpose, and which is consequently rejected.

3. The alteration of the former portion, by certain chemical and vital changes, into the direct elements of the blood.

Digestion commences at the mouth, where the food is masticated, or reduced to a soft pulp, and insalivated, or mixed with the saliva., a colourless tasteless Huid, secreted by certain glands, and fulfilling a very im-portaut office iu digestion.

To convey the food to the month, and aid its masti�cation, the tongue, the teeth, and the lips are the agents employed.

In the ox, when feeding, the tongue is the main agent in the collecting and grasping the food, it being (iu common with that of many other ruminants) prc-/laquo;msile, or capable of being protruded from the mouth so as to grasp the food.

The lips of the ox are thick and clumsy, and not at all adapted for the latter purpose.

The teeth arc thirty-two iu number, twenty-four being molar teeth or grinders, and eight incisors or nippers: these latter are situated entirely in the lower jaw, their place in the upper jaw being supplied by an clastic pud.

v 1

mmmd

TI1K DISEASES OK TIIK OX.

The saliva is supplied by certain glands, the principal of which are the parotid, the suhmaxillarv, and the sablingual.

The parotid, situated from the root of the ear to the angle of the Jaw. (See fig. 10.)

Fig. 10.

a. The Parotid Duet.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;''#9632; Its Opening into the Month.

#9632;�. Tho Entrance of the Submaxillary Pints.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;l. The Parotid a land,

e. The Sublingual Glands. (Simonds.)

The submaxillai'y, lying in the space between the angles of the lower jaw and the sublingual,\jing, as its name implies, immediately under the tongue. These glands discharge their contents by different openings, or duets, into the mouth. (See tig. 10.)

The quantity of saliva secreted by these glands is very large, as may be judged from the fact that several pints have been collected in a few hours from one of the parotids. The two principal ducts, conveying the saliva from the glands where it is prepared and elabo�rated into the mouth, are called the parotid and the

ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

8uhm,axillary; the former enter the mouth opposite the fourth molar tooth. The salivary apparatus in the ox is large and important, from the fact of the food having to be triturated and insalivated more than once, and thus requiring a very large supply of this peculiar secretion. The food being thus sufficienUy masticated, is conveyed into the quot;pharynx�which is a thin muscular bag, situated at the back of the mouth�where, by the energetic action of a numerous and complicated set of muscles, it is forced into the (esophagus or gullet. The united action of all these organs help to form what is called the act of deglutition, or swallowing.

The (esophagus, or gullet, is a short spiral muscular canal, leading from the mouth to the stomach. It has three coats, a muscular, an elastic, and a mucous coat. The fibres of the muscular coat are arranged in a very peculiar manner, forming a series of crossed loops. These are erroneously described by some authors as being of a corkscrew form.

In ruminants, the food undergoes but very little pre-paration before being conveyed into the first stomach, which receives it in a rough and comparative^ unmasti-cated state, and when that organ is full to repletion, it is regurgitated, or conveyed up the oesophagus into the mouth a second time, to undergo a much more complete mastication. This is called the act of rumination, or ' chewing the cud,' and is effected by a combined effort of the stomach and oesophagus, the physiology of which is but little understood.

The stomachs of the ox are very complicated, and consist of four distinct receptacles:�The rvnxen {or paunch), the reticulum (hoTiey-eomb), the omasum {manifolds), and the abomasum {rennet).

The rumen or paunch is hy far the largest of these

quot;t^

TIIR DISEASES OF THE O.V.

Vic. 11. EIGHT VIEW OV THE STOMACHS.

#9632;'.;

a. Tlio (Esophagus. /.. The Kuiiifn.

r. The Reticulum.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r. Tlio A.b�masum.

d. The Omasum.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f. The Duodenum. (Sininnil.-s.)

Fig. 12. left view.

#9632;

The rofercncos are the same : the Omasum is not seen. (Simonds.)

i m

ORGAN'S OF DIGESTIOX.

organSj and as before remarked, is tlie receptacle for the rough unmasticated food prior to its again being returned into the mouth for re-mastication. It inclines to the left side of the animal, and when gorged with food, or filled with gas, is seen distinctly rising above the level of the spine.

The outer, or muscular coat of this organ, is crossed

Fig. 13.

c.nbsp;The Anterior Pouch.

d.nbsp;The IfiiWlc.

f. Tin¹ To^tpro-Snyorior.

/. The FostiTO-lnffrior. (Simonds.)

by strong fleshy bands, which divide it into four com�partments (see fig. 13). These compartments serve to retain the food, and in these it is mixed with the pe�culiar fluid secreted by the organ.

There is a lining membrane to the rumen, consisting of a number of small elevations, termed papiUce, which cover its surface, except where it is crossed by the strong muscular bands before mentioned. (Se6'

#9632; ¹

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

fig. .13.) These bands are plain and smooth, giving greater facility for the mass of food to glide over them.

Fig. 11.

THK RUMSN A.N'71 UKTICUl.rjI LAID OPEN JIT KF.MOVI.Vfi THF. I.KIT SII1K. WHILE IS SITU. a. The (Esophagus.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /. The Postero-Inferior Compartment.

0. The Reticuhun.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; y, and �. The Pillars of the CEsophagea]

r. The Anterior Ponch of the Rumen. Canal.

d. The. Middle.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i. The Entrance to the Omasum. (Simonds.)

f. The Postero-Snpcrior,

The reticuluir.y or second stomach, is so called from the peculiar netdike character of its lining (from rete, a net), and is commonly called the honey-comb. It lies immediately under the termination of the oesophagus, egg-shaped in form, and about one-sixth part of the size of the rumen, to which it is attached on the ante�rior side (see fig. 14, b). Its outer coat is composed of strong muscular fibres, arranged in a peculiar way.

#9632; I

¹ I

ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

and capable of energetic contraction. As before re�marked, it is closely connected with the termination of the oesophagus, which, as it were, branches out into two fleshy muscular bands, which help to form what is called the cesophaf/ean cttnal, and which terminate in an open�ing leading into the omasum or third stomach (secy and A, fig. 14). Of the physiology and use of this canal there has been much discussion, hut its precise office has never been satisfactorily proved. The reticulunn, is lined with an intinite number of honey-combed cells, each cell being again subdivided into other and smaller ones. These cells secrete a fluid analogous to saliva.

The omasum, or third stomach, is situated on the right of the rumen, and is intermediate between the second and last, or true digestive stomach. It is also called the manifolds, being composed of a number of leaves, of irregular length, placed side by side; these are from 100 to 120 in number (see fig. 15). Near the reticulum, or second stomach, thej' are united, so as to form seven or eight prominent ridges, which modify the direction of the mass of food by directing it between the leaves. These folds, or leaves, also secrete a fluid peculiar to themselves, which moistens the mass prepara�tory to its entering the fourth, or true digestive stomach.

The abomasum�or fourth stomach�is the real di�gestive organ, where the food, after being prepared by its passage through the other receptacles, is converted into the elements of nutrition. It is peculiarly large in the young animal, and when dried, forms what dairy�men call the rennet, and is used to coagulate milk in the manufacture of cheese. This peculiar action is due to its gastric juice acting chemically upon the caseine of the milk. The abomasum is situated on the right side of the rumen, or paunch, and is oblong in form, being

#9632;

T1IF. DISEASES OF THE OX.

largest at its commencement. It tnrns upon itself, forming a complete curvature (see tig. 15), and is lined

Fig. 15.

o. The Omasum, nit opon to show its folds, amp;c.

fK The opening commnnicating with the Reticulum.

c. The Abomasum, or true digestive stomach.

�/. The villous membrane of the Abomasum, which is silso plicated. (Simonds.)

hya villous (velvety) membrane, composed of irregular tooth-like projections, and arranged in longitudinal folds (fig. 15, '/). These secrete a most important fluid, called the gastric juice, which is intimately connected with the function of digestion.

lt;*j* ~~...~~~.~~1 .~~'J'*~r quot;~~-0 A~~ *~~;. quot;~~#9632;

¹ 9

ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

' ii

The abomasum has, at its termination, or pylorus, what is sometimes called a gland, the office of which', however, seems to be purely mechanical. This hard

Tig. 16.

SUCTION- OF PAKT OF TIIF, STOMACH OF THE SHF.r.P. To snow THF DEJtl-CAXAI. OF THF, (ESOPHAGUS; THE 5IUCOFS MFIIUKAN'F. IS FOB THE MOST PART REMOVED, TO SHOW THE AHKANGFMEXT OF THE MUSCULAR FIPRES.

At fit is porn tho term�iation of tbo cesophageal tube, the cut odjre of whose mucous membrane is shown nt ft. The lining of the first stomach is shown at c c ; and the mucous membrane of the second stomach is seen to be raised from the subjacent libres at d. At e e the lips of the dcnii-canal are seen bounding the groove at the lower end of which is the entrance to the third stomach of many-plies. (Carpenter.)

and rounded substance is sometimes the seat of disease, and will hereafter be aerain alluded to.

At the termination of the abomasum, or fourth sto�mach, begin the intestines. These are divided into large.

'#9632;

THE DISEASES OK T1IK OX.

�

and small, the large occupying the posterior, and the siiiail the anterior part of the ahdominal cavity. The small intestines are subdivided into the duodenum, the

I'IG. 17.

a. Tbe Knmen.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6. The Omasum.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; c. The Abomasum, (Simonds.)

jejunum, and the ilium ; and the large into the caecum, the colon, and the rectum. The small intestines are lined throughout by a soft velvety membrane, covered with small projections termed viUL These are wanting in the large intestines. The whole length of the intes�tines in the ox is about twenty times the length of the animal. (See figs. 18 and 19.)

-Much discussion has heeu excited, and various views given, as to the physiology of rumination in the ox. The views of Professor Simonds, of the Royal Veterinary College, seeming to the author to he the correct ones, they are here given :�

The principal organs concerned in the act of rumi�nation are the first and second stomachs, and the oeso�phagus, or gullet. ' We have previously remarked,' says Professor Simonds, ' that the food when first gathered is hut slightly masticated. This crude food, in being swallowed, proceeds direct from the gullet into the an-

- �.�*'.-''.�* #9632;^�--#9632;

ORGAN'S OF DIGKSTION'.

terior division of the rumen, without entering the d'.sophagean canal,as lias been described bymost authors. Pellet after pellet is swallowed, until repletion of the paunch is produced, when the rumination usually com�mences. The act of rumination, although under the control of the will, is partly excited by the nature of the food, and the amount of the distention of the paunch ; it may be said to consist of the passage of a portion of the ingesta up the oesophagus, its re-masti�cation and insalivation, together with its re-deglutition.'

' llie prevailing opinion is, that the food passes from the rumen into the reticulum, where it is moulded into a small ball, and by an energetic contraction of that viscus is forced into the oesophagus ; and that in its second descent, either being of a softer consistence, or not being so violently driven down the gullet, or by some instinctive influence, it posses over the floor of the canal, without separating the pillars, and enters the manyplus, or third stomach. We do not agree with these statements, and are of opinion that the food in its second descent goes into the rumen ; and also that it is propelled directly by this viscus into the gullet to be re-masticated. Thus we ascribe the same function to rumen, which is said to belong to the reticulum/ *

This opinion receives confirmation from the fact that many ruminants, of which the camel is an example, do not possess a reticulum: therefore, in such animals the rumen must propel the ingesta upwards Profesor Si-monds considers the function of the reticulum to be, to hold the pellet of food, which has been remasticated, and which in its descent down the oesophagus is dropped into the reticulum, through the oesophagean canal; thus

* From Professor Simomls' Lecture on tlic Digestive Organs of the Ox, in the Koynl Agricultural .Society's Journal.

T~quot;

-4t;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

avoiding the ascending pellet of food. When rumi-iKition has ceased, it' not sufficiently masticated, it is conveyed by the contractile power of the reticuluin again into the rumen, to be again remasticated. If, however, it is sufficiently reduced to a pulp, it is con�veyed by the reticulum into the third stomach.

Having thus traced the food through the various processes of mastication, deglutition, rumination, and insalivation, we will proceed to make some brief re�marks upon the subject o( digestion.

The softened mass of food being received into the abomasum, or fourth stomach, is there mixed with the peculiar secretion of that organ�the gastric juice¹ -by which it is converted into a pulpy substance termed chyme.

a. The Duod

6. The Jejunum

The Colon. The Rectum.

;/. The Slesenteric Glands. (Simonds.)

ORGANS OF DIQESTIOX. Fig. 19.

(/. The Duodenum. b. The Jejunum.

c. Tlie Ilium. lt;/. The Ccecum.

lt;. Tl)n Colon. /. The Rectum.

^. The Mescnteric Grlands. (Simonds.)

The chyme, upon quitting the stomach, enters the first small intestine, called the duodenum, where it is mingled with two more secreted fluids, the bile, and the pancreatic Juice. These are emptied.into the duo�denum by two separate ducts, which discharge their contents into it, at some little distance from each other. (See fig. 42, page 175.)

The bile is the fluid secretion of the liver, and the pan�creatic juice of the pancreas or sweetbread; the hitter secretion proceeds direct from the gland, but the former has a reservoir, in which it is stored up for use after it has been secreted�the lt;jall bladder. (.See fig. 42).

The effect of these secretions upon the chyme is to separate from it a peculiar fluid called r/cy/c, which is

THE DISEASES OP TUE OX.

absorhed or taken up hy a minute system of small vessels termed absorbents (also called lacteals, from their milky appearance). From these it is, by a system of glands and ducts, in which the chyle is still further prepared and elaborated, conveyed into a large recep�tacle, called the receptaculum chyli (the receiver of the chyle), from whence it is directly conveyed into one of the larger blood-vessels. (See hg. 37, page 146).

Thus, by means of the reception of food into the stomach, and its perfect digestion, the blood is kept con�stantly supplied with new and fresh material, to take the place of that which has fulfilled its work, and has been cast out. as worn out and waste matter.

#9632;

CHOKING.

Choking, or the impactation of masses of food in the oesophagus or gullet, is an accident of very common occurrence in the ox. It most frequently happens, when the animal is being fed on roots, as turnips and mangold wurzel. Of late years, however, owing to the introduction of turnip cutters, and pulpers, it h;\s be�come more rare.

Choking may either take place in the descent of the food in the act of swallowing, or its regurgitatiou in the act of rumination.

When an animal has once been choked, be is always more liable to a return of the accident, from the oesophagus, at the part where the obstruction took place, being weakened. Choking may occur both at the commencement of the cesophagus, and at its termination, within the cavity of the chest, and when in the latter situation, it is difficult to diagnose. The symptoms of

CHOKIN�.

-4!)

choking are coughing, a peculiar pol'lnij out of the head, discharge of viscid ropy saliva from the mouth, attempts at regurgitation and difficulty of breathing,

sometimes attended with a moan: and, what is a most important symptom, tympany or swelling of the paunch. This latter is always observed, and is the only symptom attended with immediate danger.

When a beast is suspected of being choked, a most careful examination should be made, by the hand, of the whole extent of the gullet, from the throat to where it enters the chest, and if the offending body can be felt, it should be manipulated gently with the hand, so as if possible to pass it down the oesophagus. This may be assisted by giving the animal a little linseed oil. If near the upper part of the cesophagus, it may be pressed upward, and if lodged in the pharynx itself, a small hand may be introduced into the beast's mouth, and passed to the base of the tongue, where, if the root is large, and not able to pass thfe pharynx, it may be extracted without difficulty.

A common balling iron should previously be passed into the mouth, so as to secure the operator's hand. Should the root not be felt after examination has been made, and yet the symptoms seem to denote choking, it may be concluded it is lodged in the cavity of the chest, near to where the cesophagus enters the rumen. In these cases there is more danger, and also, as before remarked, the symptoms are most obscure: there is no coughing, less discharge from the mouth, and, indeed, often the swelling of the paunch will be the only symptom observed.

If the manipulations by band are unattended with success, and the symptoms denote danger, no time should be lost in introducing the probang, which should

.-,(.

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

^ A

CHOKIXG.

not be less in length than from six to seven feet, and tipped with a broad, cup-shaped metallic end. Some probangs are fitted with an egg-shaped bulb; these, however, are dangerous, from their tendency to slip between the oesophagus and root, and wound or rupture the former.

A gag is always supplied by the instrument makers with the probang, which is strapped on the beast's head, and prevents him biting the instrument. The probang should be well oiled before it is introduced into the mouth, passed gently to the base of the tongue; and by a little pressure, it will enter the oesophagus. When the obstructing substance is found (which is indicated by feeling the probang stop against some solid body) equal and gently increasing pressure should be made, when, in the majority of cases, the root will be found to give way before the probang and enter the rumen. This latter result may be known by the im�mediate relief given, and the exit of a great quantity of gas from the paunch. Should it, however, not give way, the pressure may be discontinued for a few seconds, and again renewed, and so on, till success is attained. Too much caution cannot he used in these cases, and even with the greatest care the oesophagus will sometimes be ruptured, when death is the inevitable result. In severe cases, the owner should not trust to his own judgment at all, but employ the aid of a properly qualified veterinary surgeon.

The aid of cart ropes, whip-stocks, and all such rude and barbarous instruments cannot be too much depre�cated.

In cases where the obstruction is obstinate, and the swelling of the rumen becomes dangerous, and threatens suffocation, resort should be bad to puncturing that

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

organ with a trocar, which will relieve the immediate symptoms, and give time to the operator. It is never well in cases of choking to he at all in a hurry, and when the distention of the paunch has been relieved, and trial has been made with the probang without effect, the operator should pause, withdraw the pro-bang, and after a time try again; sometimes in these cases, a third and even a fourth trial will be requisite, and success be attained at last.

In obstinate cases, and where more than one trial has been made with the probang without success, bleeding to faintness may be tried, which sometimes has the

',nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;effect of relaxing the oesophagus.

When too much force is used, and the oesophagus is ruptured, the root, instead of being driven into the rumen, is buried in the muscles of the neck, and

,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;although it is found that the probang enters the rumen,

yet not much relief is given ; on the contrary, the animal appears much distressed, blood is found on the end of the probang, and swelling appears in the neck, over the region of the injury. In these cases, there is nothing to be done but the immediate destruction of the beast. In successful cases, where relief is given, the animal should be fed on soft food for some days, and especially must no roots be given till the oesophagus has had time to recover its tone.

CESOPHAGOTOMY.

As a last resource in severe cases, the operation

oesophagotomy�or opening the oesophagus and ex�tracting the root�may be performed, although as a rule, the operation is one of considerable danger, and not to be recommended.

TYMPANITIS.

The operation itself is simple enough. The situation of the root being accurately ascertained, an incision must be made through the skin, and the root cut down upon and extracted.

The lining membrane of the oesophagus must now be found, and its divided edges carefully secured, and brought into apposition by two or three stitches, leaving the ends of the suture-silk long enough to hang through the external wound. Having secured the skin in a similar manner, the whole is to be treated as a common wound.

So far, there is no great difficulty or danger in the case, the objection to the oxjeration consisting in the impossibility there is in keeping the parts in a state of rest until the healing process is effected ; the food constantly irritating and keeping the wound in an un�healthy state.

In order to effect the healing process, the beast should be kept entirely on slops, such as gruel, mashes, amp;c.j for some days after the operation, and returning very gradually to the usual food. Even in an appa�rently successful case, there will often be a thickening and contraction of the oesophagus at the point of injury, which will incapacitate the animal from feeding on solid food, without danger of choking.

TYMPANITIS (Hovbn or Blown).

Tympanitis, or hoven, is the unnatural distention of the rumen or paunch with gaseous fluids. The cause of this seems to be the suspension of the natural peri�staltic action of the stomach, and the consequent elimi�nation of gaseous matters from the accumulated mgesta. We find it occurs mostly in the spring months, when

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

TYMPANITIS.

the grass is fresh and plentiful, and full of rich juicy matter; artificial grasses, clover, lucern, amp;c., also pro�duce it. It is not uncommon to find cattle in early spring, when turned out in the morning, found dying from suffocation, and that in a comparatively short space of time. Hence the necessity for every agricul�turalist to be thoroughly acquainted with, and capable of employing, prompt remedies in these cases, as, before he can resort to professional assistance, in all proba�bility the animal will be dead.

Over engorgement of the paunch seems to be the primary cause of hoven: the grasses are rich and succulent, and the animal eats eagerly of them : these are insufficiently masticated, and before they can be properly prepared by rumination, fermentation takes place, and carbonic acid gas is eliminated.

The symptoms are most distressing, the paunch is blown up like a bladder, and when struck with the hand, sounds like a drum. Probably there are few diseases in which the animal suffers more intense agony than this; he gets up and lies down, the respiration is attended with difficulty, from the distended stomach pressing against the lungs. He evinces his pain by striking his belly with his feet.

If no relief is given, the brain soon becomes affected� evidenced by the animal rapidly becoming unconscious� the breathing becomes more'aud more difficult, and the poor animal falls to rise no more. This disease runs its course very quickly, hence the necessity for prompt and decided measures.

The first object will be to get rid of the accumulated gas, and if the rumen is very much distended, and the danger of death immediate, recourse should be had at once, to puncturing that organ. This is to be done on

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

the left side, in the spot marked laquo;in the accompanying figure.

Fig, 22.

a represents the spot where the trocar should lie [ntroduced iu punctnriny the rumen. (SimondsO

The usiiiil direction for finding the proper place is, to measure a hand's breadth from the projection of the hip, and a hand's breadth from the last rib.

The proper instrument for effecting a puncture is what is called a trocar: the canula, or case, of which should he left in the wound for some time, so that the gas generated may escape as fast as formed.

It is not often, however, that the farmer possesses an instrument of this kind, or if he does, it may not be at hand the instant its use is required. In this case, a common pen-knife may be used, which should be plunged at once into the rumen, and the orifice much enlarged, so as to admit the finger: a small piece of elder tube will supply the place of a canula.

In slighter cases, when time is not so much an object, medicine may be given to relieve the animal, and

#9632; 1. ___

TYMPANITIS.

�7

various nostrums are in use to effect this object. Oil, lard, butter, or in fact any oily substance, will often have the effect of causing relief, and a very good remedy�and one almost always at hand�is a quarter of a pound of mustard given in a quart of warm water. This acts by stimulating the coats of the rumen to act upon their contents.

Bead's flexible tube (used either in cases of choking or hoven, and an instrument every farmer ought to have in his possession) ma}' be introduced by the mouth, and when the cane is withdrawn, the gas will be found to rush up through the hollow tube, often giving im�mediate and permanent relief.

A bucketful of cold water poured upon the loins will now and then have the effect of giving relief, acting by exciting a powerful reflex action upon the nervous system.

Professor Simonds recommends the various prepara�tions of ammonia, which act by neutralising the acid fermentation of the stomach ; of these, the aromatic-spirit of ammonia and the carbonate of ammonia will be found most valuable, especially the former. These may be given in doses of two to three ounces of the spirit, ami an ounce of the carbonate, mixed in a quantity of cold water, and repeated if necessary. These may be succeeded by an oily purge of linseed or castor oil. Care will be requisite in regulating the diet of the animal, and dry food will often be necessary for a day or two.

In the latter stages of the disease, if not relieved, and fermentation goes on, a different gas will be generated from the carbonic acid before mentioned; this latter giving place to hydrogen and its compounds. These must be combated by the administration of chlorine,

#9632;\�

�

TT!raquo;'*�S^W

Tin: DISEASES OF THE OX.

which, by combining with the hydrogen, forms hydro�chloric or muriatic acid. The best form of administering chlorine is that of chlorinated lime, in doses of two to four drachms. Chlorate of potass, too, may he tried. There is also a chronic form of this complaint, iti which it returns at short intervals, and with almost all varieties of food. It is owing to a torpid state of the walls of the rumen, which are unable to contract properly on their contents; probably owing to their being overstretched. Here tonics and stimulants may be given, with such food as will he easily digested.

Pcwdered gentian ., ginger Linseed meal .

4 drams

4 dnnii.s 2 ounces

Give twice or thrice daily in a quart of warm ale.

The author has occasionally found this complaint dependent upon disease of the glandular substance at the termination of the fourth stomach or abomasum. In this condition the gland becomes abnormally en-laim-d. so as almost entirely to close the commencement of the small intestines. Here the aid of medicine is useless, even could the nature of the affection be diasnosed.

ENGOEGEMENT OF THE ROIEX (Gii.ux Sick).

Engorgement of the rumen, or as it is sometimes called in the London dairies, 'grain sick,' is the over�loading of the rumen with food, and the consequent inability of the muscular coat of that organ to contract on the contents. Hence the whole stomach is paralysed, and the functions of digestion entirely suspended. This differs from hoven, or tympanitis, by the want of

!...' , ! i

wa?

EXGOEGEMENT OF THE EUMEX.

the active symptoms shown in that disease; there is enlargement of the rumen, it is true, but instead of feeling- hollow and drumlike, the paunch has a soft, doughy feel, and when pressed upon, the impression of the hand will p(7, and remain for some time after the hand itself has been removed. The animal is dull, ru�mination lias ceased, there is want of appetite, and the respiration is slightly affected. There is, however, a lack of constitutional symptoms, the pulse is un�affected, and the nose moist. Usually constipation is present, and the clung is hard and glazed. This, how�ever, is not an invariable symptom.

This is a most troublesome disease to combat, and though the treatment is simple enough, viz., to unload the overgorged stomach, yet owing to the size of the organ, and the enormous quantity of ingesta it will contain, medicine seems, in many cases, almost inert.

(Something, of course, depends on the nature of the food the rumen is loaded with, and perhaps there is not a more troublesome form than actual grain sickness, i.e. when grains are the cause of the disease. From their soft and doughy nature, they seem less able to excite the rumen into peristaltic action and cause rumi�nation than coarser food, as hay, amp;c. amp;c.

The treatment is of course to get rid of the contents of the rumen as speedily as possible: and first of all a brisk cathartic, combined with a stimulant, ought to be given.

Epsom salts.....12 ounces

Powdered ginger . . . . 1 ounce Aromatic spirit of ammonia . . 1 ounce Solution of aloes . ... 4 ounces

Given in a large quantity of warm gruel.

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Tins may be followed up with repeated doses of linseed oil every few hours, till an action on the bowels is perceived; and the dose itself repeated in twelve hours it' no relief is obtained. The animal's left side, over the region of the rumen, should be well rubbed with the hand, and a certain amount of exercise given.

Some authors recommend the injection of warm water into the stomach by means of the stomach-pump, and Mr. Youatt relates a remarkable case of this kind in winch a Mr. Cotcheifer, of Newark, successfully relieved a cow which had gorged herself with eating wheat-chaff, by injecting large quantities of water, by means of ' Read's patent syringe,' ' He injected,' says Mr. Youatt, ' water into the rumen until it began to react upon its contents, and a considerable portion of them were dis�charged by vomit.' In the failure of other remedial measures this may be tried, but all must not expect to be as successful as Mr. Cotcheifer.

quot;When the rumen is relieved of its contents, the greatest care must be taken to prevent a return of the disease, and allow the over-stretched coats of the rumen to resume their contractile action. For this purpose the animal must be kept on soft and succulent food, especially avoiding that which has been the cause of the affection, and a very gradual return must be made to the ordinary diet; for when once the coats of the rumen have been over-distended, their proper contrac�tile power becomes lost, and a sudden return to the old food, or a hearty meal of some new and tempting deli�cacy, will be certain to cause a return of the affection.

INFLAMMATION OF THE RUMEN.

Occasionally, in obstinate cases, and where the en�gorgement has existed for some time, inflammation of

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IXFLAMMATION OF TUE RUMEN.

the limns membraue of the rumen will come on; the symptoms of this will be quickened breathing, tenderness on pressure over the side, and fever, evidenced by a dry muzzle and thirst.

Having now an inflamed as well as an over-burdened organ to contend with, no more purgatives must be given�except perhaps a little oil�and measures must he adopted to stay the inflammation. Bleeding may be resorted to moderately, and the region of the paunch well fomented.

In the failure of the measures previously adopted, and drastic purgatives being contra-indicated, only one resource remains, which is by a mechanical operation to open the paunch and extract its contents. This, to a non-professional observer, will seem to be a most severe operation, and so it undoubtedly is; but when we come to consider that the rumen has a small supply of nerves and blood-vessels, and is altogether a structure but lowly organised, the operation will appear less for�midable. An incision must be made through the skin at the place where the trocar is recommended to be passed in tympanitis, and when the rumen itself is exposed, an opening must be made into the organ, large enough to introduce the hand and arm. Next, by means of sutures�metallic ones are best�secure the rumen itself to the outer skin, and then carefully introduce a thin linen cloth or silk handkerchief into the paunch ; this is merely to prevent the ingesta from falling into the cavity of the abdomen, and exciting fatal inflam�mation�to act, in fact, as a bridge over which the contents may be conveyed by the hand ; for it must be remarked that when the ingesta begins to be removed, the rumen will recede from the outer skin, thus leaving a space through which any extraneous matter is very

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THE DISEASES OP THE OX.

apt to fall. Having extracted as much of the contents as may be desired (for the rumen should not he entirely emptied), the skin must be closed by sutures, and treated as a common wound.

Adhesion of the rumen to the side is a frequent result of this operation, which indicates the necessity of getting the beast fat as quickly as possible, and selling to the butcher. It must be remarked, that to succeed in this operation, it must not be driven off till the last moment, but must be undertaken while the cow has sufficient vitality to enable her to undergo the operation without sinking under it.

VOMITING.

Cases of vomition, or a continued throwing up of the cud, now and then occur, and are dependent upon some abnormal condition of the rumen. A erentle oleaginous purge may be given, and the animal's diet restricted to mashes, or such soft food as will prevent the necessity of rumination, until the impaired and unnatural state of the rumen is succeeded bv healthy action.

DISEASES' OF THE OaTASUM (or Third Stomach).

Tins organ is very commonly affected in the ox, nor can this be wondered at when we look at its peculiar leaf-like structure, and the great mass of food which passes through it. Disease in the omasum is commonly known as ' maw-bound,' ' fardel-bound,' and ' bound in the famble crop.'

The cause of the impactation of the food in tliis stomach is usually the bad quality of the aliment. Dry, harsh, and badly-gotten hay, deficient in all the

DISEASES OF THE OMASUM.

elements of nutrition, is almost certain to cause a stop�page here; and it is only by a large admixture of cut turnips, mangold, or grains, that such food is available at all. Old fog grass, too, which has not been eaten off in the autumn, but left till spring, is a fertile source of this disease; indeed, in some districts it is known as foy sickness. In fact, it may be taken as a rule, that any food which does not contain nutriment in proportion to its bulk, is almost sure to bring on disease in one or more of the stomachs, from those organs having to do extra work for a less result.

The symptoms are peculiar and characteristic; there is loss of appetite, suspension of rumination, and breathing accelerated and attended with a grunt which sometimes leads to its being mistaken for pleuro-pueu-monia. Oftentimes constipation is present, evidenced by the black and glazed appearance of the dung, hwt more generally it begins with an attack of diarrhoea, which, however, is succeeded by constipation.

As the disease advances, mere suspension of function is succeeded by inflmivtaatioii, and the disease assumes a more acute character ; the grunting, which before came on by fits and then went off again, is constant, and there is a peculiarly anxious look about the eyes. The lips, ears, and horns are cold, and the pulse thready and quick�90 to 100�there is also great thirst present, and constant grinding of the teeth. In the latter stages the grunt changes to a loud moan, �sometimes accompanied hy diarrhoea of an offensive character�and the animal dies exhausted.

Upon a post-mortem examination, the omasum will be found enormously distended with food, and that dry and hard to a degree; in fact, the masses of food lying between the leaves more nearly resemble linseed

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

cake than anything else, and will often break and crumble under the finger. The lining membrane of the organ is inflamed, and easily torn, and there will be found patches of inflammation here and there along the whole course of the intestines, which will be in some cases extensively involved. The other stomachs are usnally healthy.

The treatment will much depend upon the stage of the disease, but in all aud every stage it is of a very tedious and unsatisfactory character, aud always attended with danger. In the first stage, when there is merely an abnormal accumulation of food, it must be relieved by strong and repeated purgatives. A caution may, however, be given as to depending upon Epsom salts alone, which from their specific action on the lencer bowels, will often purge, aud that severely, without at all touching the seat of disease : these should be given in combination with aloes, which seem to have a direct action on this organ.

Epsom salts . . . . .12 ounces Solution of aloes . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. .6 ounces

I'owdered ginger . . . . i ounce In a large quantity of gruel.

This dose may be again repeated in twelve hours' time if purgation does not take place, and linseed oil given in the interval in pint doses. It (the linseed oil) will be found a very valuable medicine, and a safe adjunct to more powerful purgatives, and may be given in small and often repeated doses without danger. The diet should consist of food of a soft character, as mashes, t'vic., which will keep the bowels in a soluble state, and not call too severely on the digestive powers. When inflammation has declared itself, more energetic treat-

GASTEO-ENTEKITLS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65

ment must be pursued. Blood must be taken till an impression is made on the pulse, and to the cathartic before recommended, add half-an-ounce of powdered opium, and to each successive dose of oil (which may be given in doses of from half-a-pint to a pint every four hours), add one drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of opium.

A powerful blister should be applied to the abdomen, in the shape of the terebinthinated tincture of croton (see Appendix), and the animal's strength husbanded by horning down large quantities of linseed gruel. This, in addition to supporting the strength, will have the effect of softening the masses of hardened food.

As before remarked, inflammation of this organ usually takes on a fatal termination.

Disease of the ahomasum, or fourth stomach, is rare, and generally associated with some mechanical cause, as poisons, amp;c.; and so various are their symptoms, am I so dependent upon the particular cause of irritation, that uo general outline can be given of disease of this organ. Even should pure gastritis or inflammation of the abomasum exist, there seems to be no particular symptom by which it can be diagnosed from general abdominal disease.

GASTEO-ENTEEITIS (OR THE WHITE SCOUE IX CALVES).

Gastro-enteritis, or the white scour, is a disease almost entirely confined to suckling calves. Perhaps there are few diseases the causes of which are so little understood by the agriculturist, and for which there are so many absurd and empirical nostrums employed. We can hardly take up an agricultural newspaper without seeing the enquiry, ' What must I do to prevent my

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

calves scouring ?' and the replies are as numerous and various as ignorance and prejudice suggest; fur, how�ever at a loss in 'doctoring' his own stock, your newspaper correspondent is never at a loss when his neighbour is concerned.

This disease usually occurs in rearing calves, taken from their own natural food, viz. the rich first milk of the newly-calved cow, and artificially fed with milk from old milched cows, deficient in colostrum or that creamy oily substance called heastings, which acts as a natural purge. Hence constipation is first of all set up, followed by an acid secretion from the lining mem�brane of the intestines, which coagulates the milk, and separates it into its component parts: the curd, or cheesy part, remaining as a foreign agent in the intes-tines, and the fluid, or whey part, coming away in the tonn of white semi-fluid faeces. An acid secretion once having been set up in the intestines, it becomes a diffi�cult matter to restore its normal condition, as each successive supply of milk�even if the milk of a newly-calved cow be given�coagulates, and acts as a fresh irritant.

Our first effort must be to restore, if possible, the natural secretion of the intestinal canal, and first of all to remove the offending agent. A gentle oily purge, combined with a sedative, may be first of all given.

Linseed oil.....1 pint

Tincture of opium . . . i ounce Sweet spirits of nitro . . .1 ounce

Give ;i wineglass twice or thrice a day till the bowels begin to act more naturally.

The food, too, must be looked to; and as it is impos�sible in many cases to substitute new milk for old, the

�IARRIKEA.

1.7

author has adopted the plan of taking away half the quantity of milk, and substituting in its place the same quantity of linseed gruel, which, by acting as a gentle laxative, will prevent the accumulation of the coagulated milk. To restore the natural secretion of the intestines, an antacid and carminative may be

Carbonate of potash Powdered rhubarb

1 to 2 drachma

1 drachm 20 grains

Given in a little peppermint-water, and repeated daily.

Should the scour become chronic, and a more power�ful astringent he required, the following mixture will he found very efficacious. It must, however, be borne in mind that astringents must be used with great caution, as, if given injudiciously, they will aggravate the disease they are given to cure, b}^- retaining the cause of irritation, viz., the caseine, or cheesy part of the milk.

Powdered opium .

., chalk .

1 scruple 1 ounce

Tin

k ounce

To be given in a quart of good thick gruel.

DIARRHCEA.

Diarrha?a is divided into acute and chronic. Simple diarrhoea can scarcely in itself be regarded as a disease; but is often an effort of nature to carry off some offend�ing agent, and as such should rather be encouraged than abruptly cheeked. Much mischief is often done by run�ning to astringent medicines at the commencement of an attack of spontaneous diarrhoea: and thus retaining

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

in the system that which nature was in herself making an effort to carry off.

Diarrhoea in its simplest form is generally dependent npou an altered secretion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, produced by some irritating agent ap�plied to its surface; thus, change of food, living on too succulent and rich grasses, change of water, and water impregnated with deleterious or mineral ingredients is often an unsuspected cause of an attack of diarrhcea. Purgation, too, may be carried to an injurious extent, and by inflaming the lining of the alimentary canal, set up an amount of irritation very difficult to subdue. The symptoms of simple or acute diarrhwa are merely an excessive discharge of the alvine evacuations in a semi-fluid state, attended with some slight constitu�tional disturbance, as loss of milk, suspension of rumi�nation, amp;c. In many slight and spontaneous cases. these symptoms are not observed at all.

The treatment must be of the simplest possible cha�racter; often a good stimulant, such as a quart or two of warm ale, with a little ginger, will restore the animal to its usual health in a few hours. Should, however, the evacuation be of an offensive character, or any fever or other constitutional symptoms be observed, give a gentle cathartic of linseed oil, combined with opium,�

Linpeed oil . Tincture of opium

1 pint 1 ounce

and repeated in twelve hours if the fceces do not assume a more natural state. Should the diarrhoea still con�tinue after the purgative has operated, astringents may be given with advantage, combined with an antacid and

stomachic:�

DI�EEHCEA.

Powdered chalk .

� gentian � ginger .

1nbsp; ounce

2nbsp;drachms 1 drachm

., opium . Mix and (iive in a quart of ale twice a da\-.

The diet should be regulated by an avoidance of anything which may be thought to have brought on the disease. Good thick gruel of wheat Hour may be given, the animal kept in a comfortable warm out�house, and its comforts generally attended to.

Chivutc illarrhuia isa name for a variety of affections, of which it is but a symptom. Any interference with the due elaboration and assimilation of tiie nutritious parts of the food in so complicated an apparatus as the intestinal canal of the ox, will soon set up irritation, and consequently vitiated secretion, which nature throws out of the system in the shape of increased alvine evacuations. To treat an affection without a due regard to its cause, is but tighting in the dark, and its success is too often of a temporary nature.

Chronic diarrhoea may be associated with disease of almost any of the abdominal viscera; and although the large intestines are frequently the seat of it, and are always found more or less affected, yet the liver, omasum, abomasum, and mesenteric glands, are all occasionally found implicated in this disease. One of the commonest causes of this complaint is an affection of the mesenteric glands, which receive and elaborate the chyle, when taken up by the absorbents, from the intestines. In a post-mortem examination these glands will be found enlarged and hardened, and when cut into present a gritty appearance�this is known among pathologists as tubercle. Almost all the glands of the body occasionally take on this affection.

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und when involving any of the glands visible to the eye, as the parotid or sublingual, it is commonly called by the farmer cancer, although differing entirely from true cancer. When diarrhoea of an obstinate character is present, and is associated with enlargement of any one of the glandular structures, we may safely diagnose the cause of the affection as being due to disease of the me-seuteric glands. Sometimes these glandular enlargements will be found in immense numljers, covering the pleura, as well as plentifully scattered throughout the course of the intestines. It is w^rell known to butchers as ' grapes,' from the resemblance of the hardened glands to bunches of that fruit.

When affected with glandular disease, beasts will often live on for twelve months or two years, if liberally supplied with food; and although they eat well�indeed taking even more nutriment than a healthy animal would do�the}⁷ seem to derive no nourishment from it, and the diarrhoea is at times very severe, giving way, however, to judicious chauge of food and remedies, to again break out upon the slightest cause, such as change of food, cold, amp;c. These cases are sometimes compli�cated with chronic disease of the lungs, evidenced by a frequent and hollow cough. In diarrhoea of this character we have no special symptoms, except a general unthriftiness of the animal, and occasional fits of purg�ing, varying a good deal with the nature of the food. In old standing cases nothing can be done ; medicine can have no power to repair structures so important to life as the absorbent glands, and the best thing to do is to have the animal at once destroyed. In the earlier stages, however, medicine may be given with advantage. Calomel and opium is, iu the author's experience, one of the best medicines to commence the treatment with,

DIARRHCEA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;71

given in proportions of twenty g-rain.s of the firmer to a drachm of the latter, and administered night and morning in good thick gruel. This may be persevered in until the action of the calomel i.s perceptible, evi�denced by an increased flow of saliva from the mouth. and a slight fetor from the breath. This treatment should be followed by the administration of vegetable tonics.

Powdered gentian . . .4 drachnis � gingernbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . .4 dracbma

� caraways . . .1 ounce

Give twice a day in warm ale.

Should the purging prove obstinate, some powerful mineral tonic and astringent should be given, such as the amtnoniatedsulphate of cupper, which will be found a most valuable remedy. The dose of this will be a wiueglassful of the solution twice or thrice a day (see Appendix). The diet of the animal will be an important consideration�such food should be given as will be easy of digestion and assimilation, as linseed cake, flour, and good hay, in small and often repeated quantities, so as to avoid taxing too heavily the impaired and diseased organs. Food of a laxative and soft nature, such as succulent grasses, mashes, roots, amp;c., should be, as much as possible, avoided.

Although a very uuchemical mixture, the author has found benefit from uniting a watery solution of opium with the ammoniated sulphate of copper; the solution being made in the proportion of a drachm of opium to an ounce of water, and given in two-ounce doses.

When chronic diarrhoea does not proceed from the causes above mentioned, but is the sequel of acute diarrhoea which has been suffered to run its course

quot;' #9632;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

unchecked, the Symptoms arc much more aggravated. There i.s an anxious expression of countenance, suspen�sion of rumination, a harsh and dry coat, variable appetite �in the latter stages entirely deficient�and a constant discharge of semi-fluid faeces, which are expelled from the body with a jerk, or shouting, as it is called in country districts. The faeces are often accompanied with an intolerable stench, and pieces of half-digested food voided with them.

Upon examining the evacuation when on the ground, small bubbles will be seen to rise on the surface, which after remaining for a short time bursf. The time elapsing from the formation of these bubbles to their bursting should be carefully observed, as being formed of the mucus of the intestine, from their tenacity or toughness, ma}', in some measure, be judged the in�tensity of the inflammation. There are few diseases more obstinate, or more unyielding to medical treat�ment than this ; and almost every astringent that the Fh(rrmacop(i-i(i. contains has in turn been given, and it is only by a judicious selection, and ly frequently chang�ing the medicine, that any good can be derived from it. Any one particular medicine, if too often repeated, loses its power, and becomes instead, a renewed source of irritation.

The selection of the appropriate remedy, therefore, will vary with the stage of the disease, and should be adapted to the symptoms as they present themselves. It must be evident, then, that the treatment should be confided to the properly qualified veterinarian, who alone is able to judge of the cause and appropriate treat�ment of an obstinate disease like the one under con�sideration. When the practitioner is called in, his first care will be to ascertain the length of time the animal

DIARRIICEA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;73

has been affected, the character of the evacuations, the state of the pulse, and general appearance of the animal.

The treatment should always commence with the ad�ministration of an oil)/ laxative, to clear out theprimce vice, and remove any offending matter present in the intestines. The next step will be to ascertain if the liver is at all affected, and if so, to restore its healthy action by the administration of the calomel and opium before mentioned. The next stage in our treatment is the giving of astringents, and here we have a long list to select from. The ammoniated sulphate of copper is a very valuable remedy, acting both as a tonic and astringent, and may be given with advantage in almost all stages, and especially when alternated with other re�medies. Gall iiuts�the gallse of the Pharmacopceia� are one of the best of the vegfetable astringents, and com-bined with prepared chalk, form a very useful compound.

Powdered aalls ', . . . 4 drachms Prepared chalk .... 1 ounce Gentian . . . . .4 drachms

To form a powder which may Le given two or three times a day.

The prepared chalk, properly speaking, is not an astringent, but acts by correcting the acid secretions of the intestines.

In severe and long protracted cases the acetate (or sugar) of lead may be given in drachm doses, dissolved in the animal's water.

Many more remedies might be suggested, but it is sufficient here to give a general outline of the treat�ment usually pursued, which, however, even in the most skilful hands, too often ends in disappointment both to the medical attendant and proprietor.

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

In cases where chronic diarrhoea appears as an epidemic, or rather where it prevails periodically among the cattle on a farm, some general cause must be sought for, such as the water being impregnated with mineral or other ingredients. This is often an unsuspected cause of diarrhoea. The qual�y of the herbage too, in certain localities, will produce it: as seenia.the scounng or tart lands of the West of England.

In the latter stages of the disease the poor animal is a pitiable object: it is reduced to a skeleton; the skin is tight to the bones, and often covered with vermin ; the faeces emit an intolerable stench, and are discharged involuntarily, the eyes are sunk in the head, and the animal dies from positive exhaustion. The post-mortem appearances are various, depending of course upon the cause of the attack. In ordinary cases, however, the large intestines seem to be the focus of the disease, and are found more or less affected along the whole length. The mucous lining is covered with a morbidly diseased secretion, and in many places is ulcerated, sometimes to a considerable extent. There will often be found a good deal of effusion between the outer coat of the bowels and its lining membrane, which is thickened and elevated, and changed in colour to a bright scarlet, or purple, hue.

DYSENTEBY.

Dysentery is sometimes the sequela of diarrhoea, and at others it makes its appearance spontaneously. In either case it is an affection of a very serious character, and one which not unfrequently comes under the notice of the veterinary surgeon. It is a much commoner disease in the ox than in the horse, and is known to the

-11

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farmer as the bloody flux�a rude, but not altogether au inappropriate term.

The causes of dysentery are various: long continued or neglected diarrhoea, the effects of cold from being turned out in cold wet pastures, overdriving, and subsequent chill, and now and then it will make its appearance without any assignable cause.

The seat of dysentery is generally supposed to be the large intestines, especially the colon and caecum, but in severe and long-continued cases, there will generally be found disease of some of the other abdominal viscera, especially the liver.

The symptoms of acute dysentery will often come on suddenly, and without any premonitory warnings. The primary and chief of these is a frequent discharge of semi-fluid faeces, mixed with coagulated blood, which sometimes comes away in very large quantities. The pulse is quick and feeble, and in the latter stage, im�perceptible. The beast grinds its teeth, moans, and when lyimr down turns the head toward the side. There is also tenesmus or violent straining, especially after expelling the faices, and this latter symptom often as�sumes a very distressing character: the poor beast ap�pearing as if it would force its intestines out.

The treatment of dysentery will much depend upon the condition of the affected animal. If in a state of plethora, and in a condition to bear it, blood should be abstracted to the amount of four or five quarts ; but if, as more generally happens, it occurs in a poor and emaciated beast, bleeding is to be condemned. In the shape of medicine nothing must be given to check the purging: on the contrary, a mild aperient should be administered, united with an anodyne.

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Linseed oilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 1 quart

/Ethereal tincture of opium 1 ounce Tincture of aconite . . 15 to 20 drops

This may be followed up by

/Ethereal tincture of opium 1 ounce Tincture of aconite . . 10 to 15 drops

lt;;

iven in a large quantity of thick linseed gruel every two hours.

or,

Powdered Turkey opium . . 1 drachm Calomel ..... J drachm

Given as above.

if,

Either of these latter may be given till the purging und tenesj/Mts subside,and the evacuations assume a more healthy character. When dysentery changes from its ucute to its chronic form, the treatment recommended in chronic diarrlio.a may be adopted.

COLIC.

Colic is a disease of not very common occurrence in the ox; it is, however, occasionally met with. Colic may be defined to be a painful spasmodic contraction of the muscular coat of the intestines, occasioned usually by the presence of some irritant matter: generally, in the ox, undigested food.

The symptoms of colic are pain of a violent character, evidenced by the animal getting up and lying down, and striking the belly with the hind legs. The pain is not continuous, but comes on by fits, which go off, and for the time, leave the animal comparatively free from pain, returning again with renewed violence. When the pain is o?i, the pulse is quickened: but in the intervals of ease it is natural.

IXTUSSUSCEPTIO.V.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 77

If the pain is violent, and the animal in plethoric eonditiou, blood may be taken til! an impression is made on the pulse. A smart purgative may next be given, combined with the tincture of opium and the aromatic spirit of ammonia.

Epsnm salts .... 1 pound Aromatic spirit of ammonia . 1 ounce Tincture of opium . , . 'J ounces

If no relief is obtained, the opium and ammonia may be repeated in an hour's time.

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES.

Intussusception of the intestines (or twisting of the gut) is rare in the ox, and the symptoms of it resemble that of colic ; with this distinction, however, that the pain is not intermittent, and there is a peculiar mnning down of the pulse, attended with great prostration in the latter stages. This disease, as may be judged from its nature, is quite incurable.

A peculiar form of this disease is common in some parts of the country, and is known by the name of gut tie. It never attacks the female or uncastrated male. but is confined entirely to bullocks, and is supposed to proceed from what was the spermatic cord in the un�castrated animal entangling and strangulating the small intestines.

The symptoms are those of pain of a dull and sub-acute character, shifting about, kicking the abdomen, switching the tail, and constantly passing small portionraquo; of faeces.

This may last from twelve to twenty-four hours, after which the pain somewhat increases, and the fasoal dis�charge ceases, although powerful purgatives may be

i'raquo;I

-SiiSraquo;*-Jlaquo;.- ~5� VM-li-JUJ.i, JU UPHUU JW1

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

iven. There now ensues a bowing of the back, at-

tended with a constant endeavour to pass fasces, although now only a little mucus is passed. The diagnosis may be assisted by passing the hand up the rectum, when occasionally the obstruction may be felt in the form of a cord embracing the intestine.

In this affection an operation is imperatively necessary, to divide the part of the cord which strangulates the intestine, und liberate that viscus. The animal being cast and properly secured, an incision is made in the right flank, of sufficient size to admit the baud and arm, which is then introduced, and the strangulated intestine carefully felt for, the hand being guided as to the situation of the obstruction by feeling for the mass of obstructed feces, which is impacted anterior to the strangulation.

The cord being found, is then divided, the external wound closed, and the animal liberated. A profuse dis�charge of feces is the result of the successful operation.

ENTERITIS.

Enteritis�(or inflammation of the small intestines)� is most common in working oxen, and proceeds from a variety of causes. Colic unrelieved will often run on to enteritis, and in the earlier stages may be mistaken for that affection. Drinking cold water when in a state of perspiration from exercise, is often a common cause; and occasionally the exhibition of great quantities of drastic purgatives will bring it on, especially those affecting the lower bowels, as sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts, and sulphate of soda, or Glauber salts.

The symptoms of inflammation of the bowels resemble those of colic, but with this most important difference�

EXTERITIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;79

that the symptoms of colic are intermittent�that is, the pain only comes on at intervals, the animal being com�paratively well during the intermissions of pain.

On the contrary, the pain in enteritis is persistant, although often not so violent; the pulse, too, is thready or wiry in its character, becoming quicker and more feeble as the disease advances. The breathing is accele�rated, tremors come on at intervals, and pain is pro�duced on pressure on the abdomen.

This disease runs its course rapidly, and is often fatal. The treatment of enteritis must be prompt and decisive. Blood must be taken to as large an amount as the animal will bear, and counter-irritation applied to the abdomen in the form of the terebinthinate tincture of croton, which must he repeated till an active blister is raised.

With regard to the administration of medicines, purgatives must either be altogether avoided, or ad�ministered in the form of oil.

Any drastic purgative, when given in enteritis, can onfy add to the irritation of the already inflamed mucous membrane, and it is impossible that proper peristaltic motion can take place, until the inflammation has been subdued.

Opium should be the sheet anchor in this disease, given in watery solution, in doses of one to two drachms every two hours, till an evident effect has been produced. Should the disease prove obstiuate, the bleeding may be repeated in six hours from the first venesection. Enemas, and repeated doses of thin warm gruel will also prove useful accessories. If thought necessary, a little linseed oil may be added to the latter. Aconite may be often beneficially substituted for opium in this disease�especially when there is much constipation

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SOnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

present�giving it in doses of from twenty to thirty drops, and combining it with nitric sether and linseed oil. a quart of the former to two ounces of the latter, repeated at intervals of two or three hours.

�.SCITES OR DROPSY.

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the cavity of the abdomen, and is often associated with chronic and long-standing disease of some of the ab�dominal viscera. Occasionally, however, it seems to be simply the result of a weakness in the coats of the capillary vessels, which exude the serous parts of the blood, of which, the effused fluid is mainly composed.

It usually occurs in lean and unthrifty beasts, of a scrofulous habit of body, which consume a great amount of food without a corresponding benefit.

The syiitpioms of ascites are an enlarged and pen�dulous state of the abdomen, which in time assumes an enormous size, so much so as not only to impede the animal's movements, but to prevent her rising when she is down: there is also a peculiar hollow appearance about the flank. Upon percussion, or tapping the abdo�men with the hand, the sound of water will be distinctly heard.

The animal is not much constitutionally affected, and the appetite keeps good: indeed, it is often ab�normally increased.

There is only one method of treatment to be adopted, which is by removing the accumulated fluid by the operation of tapping. In this operation a trochar is used, something smaller than the one recommended in Hoven, which should be introduced into the abdomen on the right side, about six or eight inches from the

APHTHA.

udder, taking care not to puncture the large vein called the abdominal or milk vein. The canula belonging to the trocar is to be left in the wound till the whole ot the fluid is drawn off. The quantities of fluid which have been removed in this way are very great: accordine to Mr. Youatt, as much as twenty-seven gallons have been thus withdrawn.

The operation of tapping is a very simple one, and is seldom attended with an unfavourable result; but although the fluid can be thus easily removed, we can�not so easily remove the original cause of the effusion of fluid, which is liable to form again in as great a quantity as ever.

Constitutional remedies, then, must accompany the operation. Diuretics must be given in combination with mineral tonics, especially the sulphate of iron, which may be administered in doses of from two to four drachms, twice a day, in warm ale.

It is but seldom that a successful result will follow even the most assiduous attention of the professional man: still the few successful cases on record encourage him to persevere.

APHTHA OK THRUSH.

Aphtha consists in a sore and sometimes ulcerated state of the month, from the formation of small vesicles, somewhat resembling those; existing in eczema epizo-otica (the mouth and foot disease). Aphtha is caused by a deranged condition of the digestive organs, proceeding from various causes.

The symptoms are, discharge of saliva from the mouth, which feels hot and inflamed, quidding the food, and sometimes some slight degree of fever. Upon exami-

#9632;�^

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THE DISEASES OF T1IK OX.

nation, the lininlaquo;;; membrane of the mouth will be found covered with small pustules, which, however, are seldom seen on the tongue. Some of these will have broken and formed ulcers.

Tmiimctd.�Give a gentle aperient, so as to relieve the digestive apparatus, and dress the mouth with a solution of alum ; or a little of the alum powder may be rubbed into the month. This disease is very mild in character, and seldom or never attended with danger.

OLOSSITIS (OE INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE).

(ilossitis is by no means an uncommon disease in the ox, and is usually known as Bluin. This disease is by some writers called glos-anthrax.

It consists in inflammation of the tongue, which may be either of a superficial or deep-seated character; the latter is one of the most intractable and obstinate diseases the practitioner has to contend with.

Any long-continued affection of the mouth, as aphtha

or eczema, may, if suffered to run on unchecked, ter-

, minate in glossitis. It is also said to be caused by

the mechanical irritation of rough and inuutritious

food, as beau straw, barley chaff', i^c.

The symptoms resemble those of aphtha in the first stage, but upon making an examination, the tongue will be found enlarged, swelled, and of a deep red colour: and in an advanced stage of the disease, often protruded from the mouth; this is sometimes attended with the formation of vesicles. When the disease has obtained considerable hold on the animal, and the tongue is much enlarged, a difficulty of breathing will be noticed, and the animal will have pain and difficulty in swallowing. Constitutional symptoms

¹i

GLOSSITIS.

#9632;v!

will now be perceived, as quickened pulse, accelerated breathing, amp;c.

Occasionally, an abscess will form on the tongue, and relief be obtained by a copious discharge of matter: but oftener it results either in mortification of the organ, or in a scirrhous state of it, in either of which it is futile to expect a favourable termination. Gangrene may be diagnosed by the black and livid appearance of the organ, and by absence of pain when pressed between the fingers.

In the earlier stages, the trcdtmc'iii of Blain will be attended with an ordinary amount of success; but when the tongue becomes extensively affected with delt;p-xeated disease, treatment is seldom of much avail; and the animal having lost the use of one of the most im�portant organs connected with feeding, wastes away from day to day, and eventually dies worn out. Our first object ought to be, when seen in the earlier stages, to subdue the inflammatory action by copious blood�letting, both from the jugular vein and also from the organ itself, by means of scarifications with a broad-shouldered lancet, which should be carefully guarded by the fingers, in order to prevent the instrument penetrating too deeply. A gentle aperient, may now be given, consisting of the sulphate of magnesia, or common salt. A little nitre may be dissolved in the water, which will both relieve the fever and act as a gargle to the tongue. From what has been before re�marked, as to the more advanced stages of this disease, it will be seen how tedious and difficult of cure such cases are, and, if effected, the expense of treatment. and the extreme emaciation which must necessarily ensue, render the first loss the least, viz., to send the animal to the butcher.

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#9632; ^UJUUXl lt;laquo;quot;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

ECZEMA EPIZOOTICA.

#9632;

Eczema epizootica* is more commonly known as the 'mouth and foot complaint,quot; the 'murrain,' and the 'malignant epidemic murrain.' It consists of an in-flammatory affection of the mucous membranes and skin, evidenced by the appearance of vesicles or small bladders, containing a colourless fluid, on the inside of the mouth, and those parts uncovered by hair.

The history of the affection, like most epizootics, is involved in considerable obscurity, audit is by no means clear whether it was imported from abroad, or whether it broke- out spontaneously. It is said to have occurred in England as early as 1712: but although the symp�toms of the epizootic in that year tally with those of eczema, it is not certain that it was the same affection, as it seems soon after to have entirely disappeared.

The disease under notice first appeared in England in the spring of 1839, and spread rapidly over the whole of England, and subsequently Scotland and Ireland. When the disease first appeared, fatal cases were of frequent occurrence, and in those which recovered, the symptoms were of such severity as to often leave permanent traces of its effects. Of late years, however, not only have cases been of rarer i ccurrence, but of a much milder character. The disease remained in England for about two years, when it seemed gradually to wear itself out: the cases not only becoming more scarce, but the severity of the symptoms abating. .Since that time we have had

* The word Epizootic has been shortened info the flash torm of #9632; Tii-,' and by this name it is very commonly known by dealers and others.

ECZEMA EPIZOOTICA.

repeated returns of the malady, of more or less general prevalence.

Of the causes of tliis most prevailing disease no good account can be given. Hoil, situation, and food seem to have little or no influence on it; and like its congener, pleuro-pneumoiiia, it prevails alike in the badly venti�lated and badly drained cow-shed, as in the clean, dry, and carefully tended establishment. Although the spontaneous appearance of eczema cannot he ex�plained by any of those laws which govern epidemics in general, such as impure air, amp;c., yet it is an established fact that contagion is a great and widely-spread cause of the disease. This fact was made patent by a series of experiments conducted at the Royal Veterinary College, in which it was produced by saturating hay with the saliva of infected animals, and quot;iviiiff it to healthy ones. The effects were developed in thirty-six hours. Hence the necessity for legislative interference in preventing the introduction of diseased animals in fairs and markets, where by mixing with healthy stock, disease is disseminated in districts till then free. Kail-way trucks are another source of contagion. It is also highly probably that the clothes of herdsmen attending on diseased stock is one means of spreading the infec�tion. There is a loss of susceptibility in an animal once affected, although they may, and indeed often are, attacked more than once.

In closing these brief remarks on the causes of eczema, it must not be supposed that it is a matter of in�difference whether animals are kept- in an ill, or well condition, for although cattle carefully tended, and well fed and kept, are equally Uo.hle to an attack, yet clean�liness, good ventilation, and plentiful food enable them

si;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

huth to bear the attack better, and also to throw it off much sooner than animals in low condition.

The symptoms of eczema are often of so mild a character as, in the earlier stages, scarcely to be per�ceived. In a severe attack, however, they are of a much more serious character, and produce a degree of ema�ciation and debility which takes weeks, and sometimes mouths, to surmount.

The two leading symptoms, as is well known to the agriculturist, are discharge of saliva from the raoidh, and lameness in the feet; and these are usually the first symptoms observed. Sometimes the disease begins in the feet, and the inflammation of the hoofs, and con�sequent lameness, is very great, without the mouth being much affected. At other times, the mouth seems alone to suffer, and the lameness is but slight. In the more advanced stages of the disease, however, both mouth and feet are invariably affected. Fever usually ushers in the attack. There is great heat of mouth, attended with a discharge of ropy saliva. Kumination is suspended, and the animal quids its food: and in severe cases, shivering tits take place at intervals. When made to move, he is seen to be stiff and sore, and when he walks evinces great lameness. If a milking cow, the udder will be hot, inflamed, and painful to the touch. Upon an examination of the mouth, the tongue, roof of mouth, and lips will be found covered with small vesicles or blisters, varying in size from a mere point to a good sized kidney-bean, and often larger. These maybe compared to blisters raised from the hum of a hot iron, and contain a transparent fluid. These vesicles or blisters are also fotmd on all parts denuded of hair, as the udder, organs of genera-

ECZEMA EPIZOOTICA.

gt;7

tion, and the spaces between the digits or claws. Upon examining the feet, the coronets will be found hot, inflamed, and swelled, and vesicles between the claws, extending round to the heel. The hoofs themselves are hot and tender. In the milking cow one of the most troublesome symptoms is the inflamed and tender state of the udder, on which�particularly the teats�vesicles will be found; these being broken, either by the calf sucking or the hand of the milker, often form very troublesome sores.

In favourable cases, the appetite will not be found much affected, nor will the bowels lie constipated, and in a fortnight or three weeks the animal will be con�valescent.

It is not very common, however, to find all animals take on this favourable form.

The vesicles break and form ulcers, and disorganisa�tion takes place in the horny matter of the feet. The pain from this, and also the difficulty in masticating the food, soon reduce the poor animal to a miserable spectacle.

Other complications of disease sometimes take place in the latter stages of the malady. As these form a comparatively rare exception, nothing more need be said.

The treatment of eczema must be of the very simplest character, and in mild cases it is very much better to trust entirely to nature, and do nothing at all. Occa�sionally, however, medical treatment may be required, as ajmculturists have become so accustomed to retrard the disease as beyond the power of medicine, that those measures are neglected which are absolutely required, and which, had they been pursued, might have saved a

�

..--.-

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

valuable animal from much suffering, and consequent depreciation in value.

It' the bowels are at all torpid (which the)⁷ will often be at the commencement of a severe attack) a mild purgative may be given.

Kpsom salts . Powdered gingei

12 .ounces 1 ounce

Cleanliness as to the feet is of course indispensable, and the animals should be at once removed from any situation where wet can obtain access to them. Clean dry straw as litter, and a careful removal of the manure, and daily cleansing the shed, will best fulfill these conditions. If, however, the beasts are out at grass, they are�except in specially bad cases�best left to themselves. The mouth should be well looked to, and if the vesicles have broken, and ulcers formed. a little alum lotion may.be useful.

Alum ..... 1 ounce Water.....1 quart

A\ ell sponge the mouth with this two or three times a day.

To those on the udder an ointment may be used, as the alum, ointment, or the ointment of acetate of copper (see Appendix).

The feet will require special attention, and should be looked to daily, and any raw and ulcerated places, after beijig well washed, may be dressed with the alum ointment above mentioned, and diseased and exfoliated horn removed with a sharp knife. Should the ulcera-tion be deep seated, and have a tendency to spread, a stronger application will be required : a very good one is the common sEf/yptiacmn or Liniment of sulphate of copper¹ (see Appendix).

TUBERCULOUS DISEASE.

T�BEEC�LOUamp; DISEASE.

When speaking of diarrhoea in the ox, mention was made of tuberculous deposits being found in various situations in the abdominal viscera, interfering with the assimilation of the food, and thus laying the foundation of long-standing and eventually fatal causes of disease.

These tumours not uufrcquently make their appear�ance in various parts of the body; in the fore and hind limbs, on the point of the shoulder, and neck, but more frequently involving the salivary glands, where they sometimes attain a large size, so much so as mechanically to interfere with respiration.

These tumours may be removed with the knife, but they too frequently return, perhaps in some other and more formidable situation.

There seems to be no doubt of the hereditary character of this affection, so that in no case should a hull be chosen from stock which are thus diseased.

They are seldom seen in the young animal, but usually appear at maturity, or in old animals.

#9632; 1

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

PART III.

THE ORGANS OF GENERATIONquot;, AND TI[i:!I! DISEASE.laquo;.

' There is not one of the functions of living beings' (says an eminent physiologist), 'that distinguishes them in a more striking and evident manner from the inert bodies which surround them, than the process of reproduction. By this function each race of animals is perpetuated, while the individuals composing it successively dis�appear from the surface of the earth, by that death and decay which is the common lot of all.' The importance of this function to the agriculturist and breeder is evident, as, by judicious selection and crossing of stock, he obtains those excellences, and avoids those defects which exist in the parent animals.

To attempt anything like a detailed description of the physiology of reproduction, would far exceed the limits of a work like the present, so we shall content ourselves with giving a brief sketch of the anatomy of the organs of generation in the cow, as a prelude to a more de�tailed account of the act of parturition, which, although a natural function, is, from a variety of causes, often at�tended with serious consequences to the animal, and not unfrequently with death.

The organs of generation in the cow consist of the vagina, the uterus, the Fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. The vagina (see fig. 23), is the passage from

ORGAN'S OF GENERATION.

the womb to the external organs of generation (labia pudendi, or shape). It is of considerable size in the cow, and is capable in the act of parturition of being enormously distended, compared with its bulk in the unimpregnated animal. It is the principal agent in

Fig. 23.

'r. Tho body of the utcru-.

b. The os uteri. #9632; quot;. c. The horns, one or which is laiii open. '/,(L The Fiillophm tubes, with their Um-

bi'iatotl extremities, f, e. The uvaricraquo;.

/quot;,/quot;#9632; The broad ligaments. g. Tht; urinary bladder. Ji. The opening of tho bladder. '. The vagina cut open, to show tho

passage leading to the bladder and

os uteri.

the act of copulation, receiving and embracing- the penis of the male, which, being thus brought in contact with the mouth of the womb, the latter organ receives the impregnating fluid (or semen), which is destined to form the irerm of the future animal.

II^MI~~IW m^~~i wiw

[�HE DISEASES OF THE OX.

In �ip lower part of the vagina (see fig. 23), is found the opening into the urinary bladder.

The uterus, womb, or calf bag, is situated anterior to the vagina., and when unimpregnated�especially in the virgin animal�is an organ comparatively of small size, and contained completely within the cavity of the pelvis.

When impregnation has taken place, and it contains the foetus, or young calf, its size is, of course, con�siderably increased, and its bulk becomes visible ex�ternally, inclining to the right side. Here the calf may at a certain period of gestation be felt: this will be on the average, between the firth and sixth months of pregnancy.

When impregnation takes place, the mouth of the uterus, or womb, previously open, becomes closed, to be again opened at the time of deliver}^.

The utents, or womb, consists of a body and two horns, branching out on each side of it (see fig. 23). These horns are connected by small tube-like passages� called the Fallopian tubes�with the ovaries, or female testicles, two pear-shaped bodies, situated a little further forward.

The uterus has three coats, the external ov jjeritoncol coat, which is smooth and continuous with the lining of the abdominal cavity; the muscular coat, which gives the uterus its great contractible power, and is the main agent in expelling the foetus: and the inicriml or mu�cous coat. To this latter is attached the covering of the fetus�called after its expulsion the afterbirth, or cleansing�which forms the bond of connection between the fetus and mother.

When the spermatic fluid quot;f the male is deposited within the uterus, it is conveyed through the Fallopian

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FOET�S IN UTERO, surrounded bv Us memira/n

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ORGANS OF GEXERATION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93

tubes to the ovaries, where, by its action upon the ova (or egg-like substances contained in tbu ovaries of the female), impregnation takes place, and the impregnated ovum descends through the Fallopian tubes into the uterus, where it is elaborated, and formed into a living creature. It will be seen from this description, that any blocking- up or stoppage of the Fallopian tubes will cause the animal to be sterile or barren. The same result will follow any malformation of the ovaries; hence the operation of spaying, by which the ovaries are altogether removed, and the animal deprived both of the desire and the power of reproduction.

During the passage of the ovum through the Fallopian tubes, it receives, from the walls of the passage, a coating of albuminous matter, which forms that covering, or envelope, called the choriun, by which the foetus is attached to the inner surface of the uterus, or womb, and receives, by means of a fine network of blood�vessels, nutriment from the vascular system of the parent. It is a singular provision of nature in the connection between the foetus and parent, that there is no direct communication between the bloodvessels of either; but, by a peculiar arrangement of their minute ramifications�by which they are brought into close contact�an exudation of matters necessary for the vitality and growth of the foetus is constantly going on. The precise points of contact between the foetus and mother are certain shaggy projections, which cover the outer coat of the choriou, and are called cotyledons: these are fitted into corresponding projections in the lining coat of the uterus, and constitute the peculiar arrangement of the bloodvessels of mother and foetus before spoken of (see fig. 25). Besides the chorion there are two more enveloping membranes belonging to

THE DISEASES OJP THE OX.

the ftetus, the amnion, and the alhmtold membrane. The amnion (or, as it is commonly called, the vater bag), contains a fluid in which the foetus floats, and the rupture of which, and the consequent escape of the fluid, is one of the earliest phenomena in the act of par�turition. (See fig. '25.)

The allantoid membrane is situated between the two former ones (the chorion and amnion), and acts as a receptacle for the urine of the foetus, being directly connected with the bladder of the latter, by means of a tube called the urachus. This latter, together with the bloodvessels proceeding from the foetus to the chorion, form what is called the umbilical cord, or navel-string (see fig. 25). The umbilical cord is usually ruptured in the act of parturition, by the forcible separation of the foetus from the placental membranes, which latter are detained, in the cow, for several hours after the birth of the fcetus. The separation and casting off of these membranes is usually called by the breeder the act of cleansinfi; and the undue retention of them sets up a considerable amount of irritation, and is sometimes even the cause of death.

It will now be proper to consider the symptoms of impregnation : and one of the most early, and the most certain, is the cessation of oestrum, or desire for inter�course with the male, and so certain an indication is this found to be, in the majority of cases, that the breeder and dairyman rely upon it as a tolerably certain guide, in the earlier stages of gestation, as to whether an animal is, or is not, pregnant. Cases now and then occur in which the animal will receive the male almost up to the time of parturition; but these are so com�paratively rare, as, like most exceptions, to prove the rule.

ORGANS OF GENERATION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93

As pregnancy advances, other and more unmistak�able symptoms develope themselves; the abdomen en�larges and becomes more pendulous, and by a careful examination on the right side of the animal, the calf may be felt. The fist should be firmly, but gently, thrust against the flank of the cow, when a hard lump will be felt, which is the fcetus. Simple as the operation appears, some little tact is required; and an old and experienced hand will feel the calf at a much earlier period than a novice. As pregnancy advances, the movement of the calf may be distinctly seen by any one standing at the animal's side. Some people give a bucketful of cold water, which will excite, by its cold�ness, movement in the calf; but the practice is objec�tionable. To the professional man there are other and more certain means of diagnosis, and pregnancy may be ascertained at a comparatively early stage. Upon an examination J9er vaf/inum, the mouth of the womb will be found to be firmly closed, and in a later stage the foetus will be felt through its walls. A much safer plan, however, is to make the exploration by introducing the hand up the rectum, when the fcetus can be felt through the walls of the intestines, as any interference with the womb itself will sometimes cause the animal to cast her calf. It may be here remarked, however, that either of the operations should not be attempted by the amateur, but entrusted to the properly qualified veterinarian.

As the time of delivery draws near, the labia pudendi �or external shape�increase in size, and discharge a thick viscid mucus; the mammary gland becomes swelled, hot, and full of colostrum, or the first milk; and, what is always regarded by the breeder as an immediate forerunner of delivery, the ligaments of

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

the pelvis give way, or, to use the fanner's language, the cow is doicn in her bones.

When delivery is at hand, the animal evinces great restlessness, lies down, rises again, quickly; and the labour pains coming on, at first in a slight degree, increase in intensity until delivery is completed.

Fig. 24.

THquot;quot;. PF.I.VIC BOXES. THKOrOH WHICH THE FCETUS HAS TO PASS, niMMoXEY CALLED THE COUPLES.

'#9632;..-. The tuberosities of the ischium, or hip bones, I'. The sacrum.

(/. The os coccyx, or first bone of the tail. (/, (/. The acetabula, or cup-like cavities receiving the head of the femora, or thigh bones.

The period of utero-gestation�or the time during which the foetus remains in the womb�is usually com�puted at forty iveeks, or 2S0 days; and taking the average of cows, this computation is correct enough for all purposes of practical utility, although in many cases the time of delivery will be a few days more or less than the above-mentioned time; probably, however, the average time is oftener somewhat over than under forty weeks.

r.\RTlHITIOX.

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Iquot;i(i. 20.

#9632; #9632;

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THE DISEASES OP THK OX.

It is an opinion almost universally entertained by the breeder, that sex has some influence in determining the time of gestation, and that cows with mcde calves carry them longer than if thoir future offspring- were of the opposite sex; and, probably, there is some founda�tion for such an opinion.

We shall now proceed to give some account of the different presentations, natural and unnatural, met with in cases of difficult labour, with the means used Ln effecting delivery.

NATURAL PRESENTATIOK

When labour has actually commenced, the first symptom of approaching delivery is the presentation of the inner enveloping membrane of the foitus, l/n' amnion, or, as it is commonly called, the water-bag. This being ruptured, either by the expulsive efforts of the mother or by the attendant, the fore legs and head of the calf next present themselves; the fore legs being just protruded, and the head resting upon them about the knees.

The only unfavourable event which can here occur, is an undue disproportion between the size of the calf and the mother; but although great force can, and in many instances is required to be, used in extracting the calf, too much precaution cannot be taken in givingquot; assistance. Advantage should be taken of every labour-pain, and gentle, and increasing traction used to the fore legs, and if necessary to the head, cords being fastened securely round both the neck and legs of the calf. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the mind of the owner of stock that hundreds of valuable animals are yearly sacrificed to an undue haste in effecting delivery. It is a prevailing impression on the

I'AKTCKITIO.V.

Hit

minds of cowmen, and even some farmers, that the moment labour pains come on, the cow must be assisted, ami the cslt gotaway, and in consequence of the parts not being prepared, and great force used, laceration of some of the internal organs takes place, and death ensues.

When the presentation is natural and the labour-pains not severe, no interference should he used, as in many cases the pains will come on and go off again for some hours, and again return toagain disappear. If the animal lie examined, the os uteri�or mouth of the womb will be found to be but slightly dilated. Here the cow should be left entirely to herself, and, in the majority of cases, in the course of a few hours the womb will become fully dilated, and delivery be safely effected. The author has been called in to many cases of this nature, in which time alone was wanted, and which being given, an apparently difficult case has resolved itself into one of the simplest kind, requiring the slightest possible assistance. These cases especially occur in young animals with their first calves.

Any special deformity in the foetus will cause a difficulty in delivery, although the presentation may be natural. A not very uncommon cause is dropsy in the abdomen of the calf, as represented in fig. 20. In this case instrumental aid will be required, and an exit must be given to the accumulated fluid by means of a long trocar, which is thrust through the chest of theraquo; fetus, and ilms introduced into the abdomen, in the manner represented in the accompanying cut. When the abdomen of the fetus can be reached with the hand, a small knife carefully guarded may he intro�duced, and a puncture made in the abdomen itself. When an exit is given to tin fluid, the abdomen will collapse, and delivery be safely effected.

Another form of fetal deformity is an undue size of

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quot;1? if

PARTURITION.

Fig. 27.

101

102

Till'. DISEASIvS OF T1IK OX.

the head of the calf, from water on the brain; this is represented in fi^. '27.

In this case the feet and legs must be returned into the uterus, and a hook fixed into the orbit of the eye, and the head tightly drawn against the brim of the pelvis: an instrument called a perforator must now be introduced, and the bones of the head crushed, and exit given to the imprisoned fluid. In the absence of such an instrument a common large; nail passe)' will be found effective in piercing the skull and letting out the effused water, when usually the bones will collapse, and the head be sufBciently reduced in size to pass through the pelvis. It may be here remarked that in all eases in which parts of the foetus, previously born, as the legs, amp;c., are required to be returned into the uterus, they should first be secured with ropes, in order to command their return when required.

TWINS.

In cases of twins the presentations are various, and very extraordinary forms of them sometimes take place. For instance, the fore leg of one calf and the hind leg of another are not unfrequently presented. or two fore legs and one' hind one. It must be evident that any force used here, without adjusting the position of the calves (which are almost invariably placed in reversed positions, that is, one calf in its natural position, and the other lying with its hind legs opposite the first calf's head) must be productive of mischief. The author has more than once seen cases in which very considerable force was used to the bead of one calf, and the hind legs of another, under

PAETURITIOK.

103

tliL- impression that it was a natural presentation of only one calf, witlj its accompanying fore feet�tin-hind lesrs ijt'iiiLr not sufficiently advanced to distinguish them from the fore ones. The first object in cases of twins is, to adjust the calf which is first presented, in its natural position, returning any portion of the second calf, which may be presented, into the womb again. When the first calf is born there is seldom much difficulty with the second, as, of course, twin calves arc as a rule considerably smaller than single ones. In all cases of delivery the womb should be explored, to ascer�tain the presence of a second calf.

;. '-f

PRETERKATUEAL PRESENTATION.

1 laving described the varieties of natural presentation, we shall proceed to describe the most common varieties of preternatural presentation, or those firms of partu�rition in which the foetus is presented in a more or less distorted position. The complications of preternatural presentations are very various, and to describe them all would require more space than can be devoted to the subject in a work like the present, nor is such a minute description necessary, as the leading forms of mal-pre-sentation being given, it is comparatively easy for the operator to ascertain any slight deviation from them, and apply such means as his own common sense may suggest to overcome them.

One of the most common forms of these varieties of presentation is given in fig. 28, in which the legs are presented without the head, which is doubled back, and lies close to the side of the young animal.

The difficulty in these cases will of course depend

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104

TIIK DISEASJGS OF THE OX. Fro, 28.

PARTURITION.

103

upon the position of the head, whether it can be reached with the hand, or is so far back that only the com�mencement of the neck and chest can be felt. In the former case, where the head can be distinctly felt, a rope should first of all be securely fixed on the fore legs below the fetlocks, which should be then returned into the uterus. Pressure may be then made on the chest, or curved side of the neck, liy means of a parturition crutch: the neck being thus straightened, will ajlowthe head to be brought into its natural position, and the fore legs being again brought forward, delivery will he effected. It is not often, however, that we can effect our object so easily: instead of having the head under our command, we can only touch the calf's ear or fore�head, and the expulsive pains of the mother, instead of assisting us, only tend to force forward the chest, and impact the head tighter in its unnatural position. Here our endeavour must be to secure the head, which should be accomplished by introducing an in�strument, as represented in fig. 28, consisting of a steel rod, with a cross handle, and a hook fixed with a hinge to its other end. This maybe cautiously fixed in the orbit of the eye, an assistant meanwhile holding the cross handle and guiding it as required. When the head is brought forward, the legs by means of the cords should be brought forward too, and the calf pulled away. In some cases, however, we are unable to feel the head at all, or, if we can feel it, it. is so out of our reach that we are unable either to attach any hook, or otherwise pass a cord round the lower jaw (which is, if it can be accomplished, one of the safest ways of securing the head). This is one of the most difficult, and one of the most dangerous positions the practitioner can encounter, as the life of the calf must necessarily he sacrificed, and probably

10laquo;

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

the life of the mother too. Under these circumstances embryotamy (ov cutting away the cultquot; with instruments) should liu at once resorted to. Our tirst object will he to remove the fore legs, which is done by concealing a small bistoury or knife in the palm of the hand, and making a deep incision from the fetlock to the shoulder of the foetus, the skin should then be separated from the leg by running the finger between the skin and muscles, when, by the application of some force, the whole of the leg can be pulled away; the other leg must now be served in the same manner, and ropes attached to the loose skin. We have thus gained a sufficient purchase by retaining the skin, und more room is given by the legs being removed.

The next step will be to secure the head: und the bulk of the legs being removed, this object can often be accomplished and the calf got away.

In case the head should resist all our efforts to bring it into proper position�either from undue length of the neck or from congenital deformity�we must endeavour to disarticulate it at the first or second cervical vertebra', which, with a short strong scalpel, may be sometimes effected, and with the aid of the fingers and scalpel the head may be altogether detached. No further op�position will then be experienced in effecting delivery.

Tlie second form of mal-presentation is represented in fig. 21). In this the head only is born, and both fore legs are down in the body of the uterus. This, although not so difficult a position as the preceding one, is suffi�ciently embarrassing, especially when the head is pro�truded through the vagina, as in the plate. In this case the life of the young animal must at once be sacrificed, and the head detached from the neck, retain�ing sufficienl skin to fix a rope by; when this cannot

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PAKTURITIOX.

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108

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

be doiu', :i hook may be fixed in one of the vertebra' ot' the neck. The detachment of tbe head from the trunk will not bo difficult, as from its being born, we have it entirely under our own command; it should be done at tbe first joint of the neck, or where tbe bead is set on to tbe body.

When the bead is not born, but merely presented at the mouth of tbe womb, our procedure must be different; no traction should be used upon it, nor should it be .suffered to be advanced, if possible to pre�vent it; a cord with a slip noose should be passed round the lower jaw, and the bead returned into the uterus; the legs should now be found, and one by one got up, and secured with a cord; next get tbe bead into its former position, use .sufficient force to both legs and bead, and proceed to deliver. Tbe farmer should be especially cautioned in this presentation not to attempt to deliver by the bead only, as every effort used, and every labour pain, will only tend to fix the calf firmer in its unnatural position, and eventually endanger the life of tbe mother.

The next form of unnatural labour is seen in fig. 30, and consists of the presentatiou of one fore leg on!?/, the other being down in the body of the uterus, and tbe bead pressed against the pelvic bones, with the nose downwards, and the forehead only to be felt. This is not a very embarrassing position, and the proper adjustment of the foetus is not usually attended with much diffi�culty. A cord must be passed round the leg which is protruded, as in the former presentation, and the hand should next be introduced into the womb, the head found, and, if possible, a cord passed round the lower jaw ; if, however, this is not possible, from the head being so firmly impacted in the pelvis, a book with a

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cord attaclicil should lie fixed in the orhit of tlio eye. Pressure must now be made on the chest of the fcetus, which must be pushed back as far as possible into the uterus, an assistant at the same time gently pulling at the bead, which will thus gradually assume its natural position. The other fore leg must then be found and roped, and the foetus will, by using moderate traction on the legs and head, be pulled away. The main difficulty in this ease is owing to the tightly impacted state of the head, which prevents the operator from using his bands freely, especially if the maternal pains are strong. It should be borne iu mind, that in all eases of securing the bead, it is better to pass a cord round the jaw than to use books, which are apt to break away from their bold, and lacerate; the surround�ing parts.

The next presentation is seen in fig. 31, and in this the calf is lying on its back, with its bead only pre�sented. This is a somewhat difficult, and always a lingering, labour. Our first endeavour must be to tiwn the calf; but this, from the comparatively great size of the foetus, is very much less easily effected than in the smaller animals, as the ewe, for example, in which turning is not difficult. Still we must endeavour to effect it, and this is to be performed in the following manner:�

Secure the head with a rope round the lower jaw, and then similarly secure both fore legs, passing one of the ropes so secured to the outside of the opposite fore limb, as represented iu the annexed sketch. Let an assistant then pull strongly on this latter rope, the operator meanwhile assisting, by pressing bis hand strongly against the withers. Should no other impediment exist, the calf will be found to gradually turn on itself, and

PART�EITION.

Fig. 31.

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112

THE DISEASES OF TIIK OX.

i'lii

may thus be brought into a natural position. Occa�sionally, however, from malformation, or from the fretus being unusually large, matters are not managed so

easily. Should our efforts to turn prove unavailing, we may at once resort to embryotomy, first of all detaching the limbs of the calf, as before directed, and trying to deliver by the head, endeavouring at the same time to adjust the position of the foetus, as delivery may pro�gress. Another variety of this labour which may be classed under our present head, is the presentation of the hind legs, the calf lying on its back. In this case, the position of the calf being ascertained, we should at once proceed to detach the hind legs as high up as pos�sible, adjust the position of the fore legs, if practicable, and proceed to deliver by applying moderate force.

In fig. 31, we have, perhaps, the most difficult pre�sentation that the practitioner has to encounter, and one which has (especially in the mare), almost uni�versally a fatal result. The cut annexed will best explain the position of the calf. The head is lying towards the chest of the cow, with the hind legs doubled up, under the body, so that the hrecvh and tail only can be felt. To attempt delivery in this position is, of course, hopeless, and the adjustment of the foetus is a matter of extreme difficulty, as from the position of the calf, all available points of contact are out of reach, and each maternal pain tends to fix the calf firmer in its position ; and to pass the hand between the breach of the calf and the walls of the uterus is next to impossible.

Our first object will be, of course, to bring the hind legs into the vaginal passage, and to effect this object an instrument has been invented by Professor Simonds, the use of which we shall proceed to describe in his own words:

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

' The instrument,' he says. ' consists of a curved piece of steel, having an aperture at one end, to which a small cord is attached; at the other a female screw is placed, which admits of its junction to a whalebone staff, and between the other two another opening exists. into which is inserted a stronger cord.

' Taking the staff with the two cords in his hand, the operator is to pass the instrument between the thighs of the calf, and push it in front of the stifle joint, and then with a turn of the wrist, to direct the small cord outward, an assistant holding the instrument; the hand of the accoucheur is now to be introduced, and directed to the front part of the stifle joint, when the cord can be readily grasped, and brought out; thus the limb will be embraced between the two cords. The whalebone staff is then to be detached, and the smaller cord to be run through a noose at the free end of the larger one. when, by drawing the smaller cord, the curved part of the instrument will travel round the limb, bringing with it the larger cord, and thus a looped ligature will be placed upon the leg above the hock. The like pro�ceeding is to be adopted with the other leg. The operator is next to push the body of the foetus forward, by either placing his hand against the breech, or em�ploying for the purpose an instrument similar to an ordinary crutch ; by these efforts he will succeed in flexing the hock joints, and be enabled to pass the loop downwards to the pettocks. Having accomplished this, a careful manipulation will allow of his bringing up the feet towards the mouth of the womb, and ultimately to place them in the position of fig. 33, after which, de�livery will be comparatively easy.'

It often happens, however, that our efforts to get hold of the fetlocks will prove futile, and in this case our

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PARTURITION.

115

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T1IK DISKASKS Of TIIK OX.

only chance is in trying embryotomy. The writer has more than once succeeded iu delivering, by introducing a concealed bistoury, making an incision through the skin and muscles over the acetabulum joint (the whirl bone, or round bone), disarticulating the thigh bone from the cup of the pelvis, and affixing a strong cord round the bead of the former bone. A great purchase will'thus be secured, and by strong traction the bone may be partly torn, and partly cut from its attachments. The intestines of the foal should now be removed, and. from its diminished size, the hocks will probably be reached, and when secured, the hind legs should either he brought up, or the hocks themselves divided. The foal being thus dismembered, may be pulled away in the position given in fig. 33, minus the hind legs and intestines.

Although in the foregoing pages the author has given directions for delivery, in most cases that will come under the notice of the farmer, he is convinced that in all difficult cases, he will find it to his advantage to send for the properly educated veterinary surgeon, who is alone capable, from his knowledge of the anatomy of the organs, of rendering efficient assistance in compli�cated and difficult labours. Hundreds of animals are yearly lost from want of professional assistance, or from trusting to herdsmen, and ignorant and unqualified cow-leeches.

There are some diseases which, although not abso�lutely the result of the act of parturition, are so closely connected with it, that they may, without impropriety, he described in this division.

One of the most common, and the one which entails a great amount of loss and disappointment to the breeder and dairyman, is abortion.

tPi

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ABORTION

117

ABORTION OR SLINKING.

Abortion is the premature expulsion of the foetus from the womb, before the completion of the natural

term of gestation. It may take place at almost any period of pregnancy, from the time of the first appear�ance of the foetus in the uterus, until a comparatively late period: the most common time for its occurrence, however, is between the fourth and seventh month.

The causes of abortion in the cow are very various: mechanical injuries, over-driving, innutritions and badly-prepared food: and occasionally, this affection will assume an epidemic character, affecting whole herds, and even a whole district, and, although much has been written in elucidation of this variety, it does not seem to be very satisfactorily explained. In ascertaining the cause of continued cases of abortion, occurring on the same farm, much caution will be requisite. The nature of the food and water should be carefully looked into, and if the cows are at grass, the herbage maybe searched for any medicinal or poisonous plants, which may exen an influence�some peculiar seasons favouring the de�velopment of certain plants. Ky some, the smell pro-ceedinsr from the sick cow lias been assigned as a cause of abortion in the rest, bringing on a kind of nervous excitement: this, however true in certain cases, is not an invariable ride, as it sometimes occurs in animals kept wholly apart from the general herd, but occurring simultaneously with other cases upon the same farm.

The symptoms of abortion are often unobserved by the farmer, from its occurring at an early stage, and the animal, consequently, being unaffected by any con�stitutional disturbance. When occurring at a later

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period, the symptoms of coining abortion do not differ materially from tho.se of natural parturition. If, how�ever, the calf has been dead for some time, and decom�position has taken place, the whole system of the cow becomes poisoned, from absorption of the decomposed matter. These cases will be again noticed under the head of retention of the placenta or afterbirth.

In the prevention and treatment of abortion, we can do but little. Any irregularity in the food must be carefully guarded against, and the aborted cows carefully separated from the rest. Physic, too, may be occasion�ally given with advantage, avoiding powerful purga�tives ; this, with quiet, and unremitting attention, will be all that the farmer can do, or his professional attendant advise. It is needless to say that quack nostrums and specifics are useless, or positively detrimental.

EEXENTION OF THE PLACENTA OR AFTEEBIETH.

This is a very common attendant on abortion, although it frequently occurs when the animal has gone her full time. Upon referring to the brief remarks upon the anatomy of the parts, it will be seen that the placenta! membranes are retained for some little time after the fcetus has been expelled; and when these membranes are not thrown off at the proper period, they act as a foreign body, and in common parlance, the cow is said itot to have cleansed. Their retention is owing to one or two causes; debility is often a cause, from the animal system not possessing vital power enough to cause such contraction of the uterus as shall throw off the mem�branes, and too energetic contraction of the uterus may be a cause, from its becoming entangled in one of the horns. There is no danger iu retention of the placenta, as long as decomposition does not take place ; but when

EETEKTION OF THE 1'LACEXTA.

11!)

it does .so, thei^-e is always danger, as the whole system becomes contaminated with the poison, and fever of a low typhoid character sets in. In common cases of retention, a dose of laxative medicine, combined with an aromatic, will be all that is required.

Epsom salts.....12 ounces

Powdered ginger . . . . ] ounce

Carraway seeds .... 1 ounce.

Given in a little wann ale.

Most of the usual so-called cleansing drinks are compounds of stimulating seeds, given in large doses, and are often positively injurious, from their great excitant action on the system. Should the placenta have remained for some time, and decomposition have .set in, which will be known by its changed appearance and foetid smell, no time should be lost in removing it, which should be effected by introducing the hand into the uterus, and carefully separating it from its con�nection with that organ, hearing in mind that the points of contact and adhesion are the cotyledons, which being composed of small blood vessels, any rough separation is likely to cause considerable haemorrhage. Ergot of rije is often useful in causing the uterus to throw off the placenta, but it shoidd only be used under the eye of a professional man.

The placenta being thus removed, the uterus may he well washed out with a little weak spirit and water, or, if the foctor is great, with a weak solution of chlori�nated lane. Laxative medicines may be given to keep the bowels in a soluble state, and the cow well supported with good gruel, combating any fever with a little nitre dissolved in the water. As before remarked, occa�sionally the fever will take on a typhoid character, and very dangerous symptoms develop themselves; and,

Tquot;�WSS^BWBraquo;

1-20

THE DISEASElaquo; OF Till': OX.

unless prompt measures be taken, the animal will sink. In this tonn of the disease, the vital powers appear to give way: the appetite is gone, the pulse weak, quick, and almost indistinct at the jaw, a foetid discharge, with an intolerable stench from the vagina, together with straining. Constipation will first of all prevail, followed in a later stage by diarrhcea.

The treatment here must be of a stimulating character: good thick gruel, with ale. must be given at short in�tervals, and, if necessary, powerful stimulants, such as brandy, sweet spirits of nitre. amp;c., till a reaction is produced.

rNVERSION OF THE URIKO-GENITAL ORGANS.

Inversion of any of the urino-gonital organs is at�tended with considerable danger, and forms a class of affections which are regarded with great alarm by the breeder. Treated by the duly qualified practitioner, their effects are modified, and success often attends his efforts: but, treated by the empiric and the cow-leech, death is in nine cases out often the result.

INVERSION OF THE BLADDER

Is not very common in the cow. and is usually of a fatal character, as, if completely inverted, and if any length of time has elapsed bet�re relief is rendered, it is almost impossible to return it. Inversion of the bladder is known by the appearance of a tumour at the vagina, between the lips of the labia, or shape, and the constant dribbling of the urine, with occasional attempts to urinate. Upon making an examination, the supposed tumour is discovered to be the bladder, more or less completely inverted. On each side will

U-i

1KVEKSI0NS OF THE VAGIXA AND UTERUS. \2l

be seen the termination of the ureters, or canals, which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and from which the urine is constantly escaping. If the bladder has been inverted for any length of time, its coats will become so thickened, that any attempt to return it is futile; and hcra its excision may be at�tempted, as, although the animal will for ever after have incontinence of urine, yet in the case of the cow, or sow, it will serve to fatten for the butcher.

If the case be discovered at an earlier stage, its return may be usually effected without much difficulty: but there is always a tendency, at all events for a time, to become re-inverted. The animal will, therefore, want great care and careful watching.

;

INVERSION OF THE VAGINA.

This usually occurs before parturition, and is common in debilitated and poorly-kept animals.

The treatment is of the simplest character, and will consist in cold bathing to the parts, if swollen or in�flamed: the inverted portion must then be carefully returned, and the truss (of which a representation is given in fig. 34) applied, and kept on the cow for the remainder of her time. The cow should also be liberally fed, so as to increase the strength of the system. and thus give a more natural tone to the parts.

INVERSION OF THE UTERUS.

This affection, commonly known as ^l falling down of the calf bed quot; and 'read,quot; is very common in the cow. and is proportionally dreaded by the breeder.

Inversion of the uterus may, with care, be almost always prevented, by applying a truss to the cow imme-

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1-22

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

diately after the calf is born. In some parts of the country this precaution is always taken, hut in others such a thing as a truss is scarcely known. A sketch of one of the most approved forms of the truss (Mr. Gowing's), is here given.

Fio. 34,

�'

GuWDfO ri PATENT TRUSS.

The immediate cause of inversion of the uterus is re�laxation of the ligaments of that organ, whose duty it is to retain it in its position: it is further aggravated by the congested and enlarged state of it which thence results. A great proximate cause of inversion of the uterus is debility in the animal, proceeding from badly got and innutritions provender. As a proof of this, in the spring of 1861, following the wet hay harvest of 18(i0, inversion of the uterus was exceedingly common.

It may, however, proceed from various other causes, which produce an over-excitement on the system, fol�lowing immediately upon the act of parturition. The

1XVEKSI0X OF THE UTKUUS.

123

difficulty of returning the uterus of the cow must he evident to any one, who compares its vast bulk�aggra�vated by its congested and enlarged state�with the comparatively small passage of the vagina, having, more�over, to contend against the violent expulsive efforts of the cow.

Our first care should be to well wash and cleanse the organ from all particles of dung, straw, Ac, with which it is usually found covered, and then carefully detach the afterbirth from its attachments.

Assistance being provided, the uterus should be lifted into a clean cloth, and supported by a man on each side. The operator should then make gentle and in�creasing pressure on the neck of the uterus, returning as much as possible by this means, and then finishing the operation by applying the fist to the fundus, or lower part, and thus returning the body of the organ. Much discussion has arisen as to the best and safest way of operating, some preferring returning by the neck, and others applying the pressure to the fundus.

It seems, however, to the author, that a modification of the two is the most successful method, as it is not easy, at all times, to return by pressure on the neck alone. When part of the uterus is returned, the re�maining part will slip in without much difficulty. A standing position is the one usually chosen for the cow during the operation, and the author has supposed this to be the case in the foregoing directions. There are cases, however, in which, from the great size of the uterus, swelling, and violent expulsive pains, it will be found difficult, or absolutely impossible to return. The cow should here be turned upon her back, and her hind parts raised by means of pulleys, when the return will be very much facilitated. The author has more than

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1-24

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

once succeeded in this manner, when the farmer and his assistants had heen trying sonu' hours, and when tlu' swelling and congestion were, of course, proportionally great. This position prevents any expulsive efforts on the part of the cow.

The uterus being now returned, the hand should for some time be kept within the organ, moving it gently about, so as to excite its coats to contract. To prevent any after pains, a powerful dose of opium may be given : and Mr. Growing's truss at once applied, as before directed.

The position in which the cow stands will materially influence her paining, or again trying to expel the uterus. She should therefore he placed in such a. po�sition, that her keels may he, m/sw/ higher than her hedd. by removing the litter from her fore feet, and putting an extra quantity behind her.

In extreme cases, where all attempts to return the uterus have failed, and it is evident that mortification of that organ must soon come on, its removal by the knife may be tried. There are some few successful cases on record, and as such an encouragement is given to expect success.

The operation is simple enough: a ligature should be applied to the neck of the uterus, and the remainder of the organ excised with a sharp bistoury.

DROPSY OF THE UTERUS.

Accumulations of fluid in the uterus of the cow are by no means unfrequent.

The symptoms are those of pregnancy: and the affected beast is generally looked upon as one in calf, and the disease is seldom discovered, until the ordinary

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PUliRPKRAL Al'Ol'LKXV.

125

time of gestation goes by, without a,uy sign of calving. Upon an examination per vaginam, the womb is felt distended with fluid, which may be felt to fluctuate upon pressure.

The treatment will consist in evacuating the fluid, and this may be done by dilating the closed mouth of the uterus with the finger, or if this cannot he done, introducing a trocar. There is always a tendency for the fluid to re-form, and thus the operation will often require to be repeated.

PUEEPERAI APOPLEXY.

Puerperal apoplexy, ' dropping after calving,' and � milk fever,' as it is variously called in different localities, is one of the most fatal complaints that breeding animals are subject to, so much so, as to call for the remark from a practical writer in the 'Veterinarian,' that he never met with a successful case. The cause and treat�ment of this complaint have been very variously stated by veterinary writers, and it is perhaps owing to a misconception of the cause, that it has been so univer�sally fatal. It has been by many confounded with inflammation of the womb, and very generally ascribed to inflammation of the spinal chord. It remained for Professor Simonds, of the Royal Veterinary College, to first of all direct attention to the true cause, viz. con�gestion of the brain.

Puerperal apoplexy usually occurs soon iifter calving, from four hours up to two or three days, but very rarely after the third day. It is more common in old cows than young ones, and generally at the birth of the third or fourth calf. Cows are more liable to it in summer than winter. Cows in high condition,

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126

THK DISEASES OF THE OX.

and those in the habit of giving a large quantity of milk, seem to be especially singled out as the objects of attack : although occosionaifo/those in poor or low condition will suffer from. it. The breed of Alderneys are said to be especially predisposed to it. Of the cause of this singular and fatal disease, very many theories are advanced, but it has never been satis�factorily explained. One of its singularities, is being entirely confined to the bovine race, no othpr animal being liable to its attacks, and although cases are given of diseases resembling puerperal apoplexy, both in the mare and ewe, it is certain that it does not exist as a distinct and well-defined disease in these animals. Professor Simonds refers it to some peculiar impression made on the uterine nerves at the time of parturition; the disturbance being communicated to the central nerves, and from thence to the brain : a vast volume of blood not used by the flaccid uterus being at the same time thrown back int) the system, and acting as a predisposing cause. Its true nature seems to be purely apoplectic; wpon an examination after death the vessels of the brain are found gorged with blood, and in some cases their coats have given way, and a clot of blood is found pressing on the brain. These latter cases are, of course, necessarily fatal, and satisfactorily explain the frequently intractable nature of the disease.

The symptoms, if noticed in the very earliest stage, are characteristic and peculiar, and it is in this stage alone that treatment is likely to be attended with any success.

The cow, if standing in her stall, will be observed to have a peculiar restless movement with her hind quarters; she will be shifting them frequently, and

PUEKPEKAL APOPLEXY.

127

throwing her weight first on one hind leg and then on the other, and if made to walk, a weakness will be noticed in her hind legs. She will have lost control over them, and if forced to walk any distance she will fall, rising again with some difficulty. There is no great amount of constitutional disturbance present, except perhaps a little accelerated breathing. After re�maining in this state for some time�probably for several hours�the weakness will increase and she will fall, and not be able to rise, although she makes frequent efforts to do so; her pulse is now increased in number ((iidfi(ll,\iev breathing is accelerated, and she is hoven; the brain, too, mostly becomes affected at this stage of the disease, which may be known by her throwing her head about and occasionally pointing it to her side. from which it can be hut with difficulty withdrawn : the hind limbs, if pricked with a pin, will be found in�sensible to pain, and the pupils of the eyes dilated, and not contracting with the stimulus of light.

As the disease advances, the brain becomes more and more affected; the head is either obstinately pressed to the side, or thrown completely back, with the horns resting on the ground, the eyes are not only insensible to light, but may be touched with the finger, without the animal evincing consciousness ; the breathing is stertorous, and attended with difficulty, and the power of swallowing entirely gone. The pulse in this stage can seldom be perceived. Obstinate and iii-creasing constipation is seen from the commencement.

Treatment. � There has been much difference of opinion as to the propriety of bleeding in this disease. This, however, will much depend upon the stage of the complaint and the character of the animal. If blood be taken, it must be taken early, or not at all.

�^Lj^M.vamp;mesmmmi^m*

t^mm

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

128

If the disease is observed coming on before the animal has fallen, and she is in plethoric condition, bleeding may be sometimes attended with advantage. As a rule, however, it is to be condemned. One of the earliest measures to be pursued, is the exhibition of a powerful purgative, combined with a stimulant, and from the state of torpor into which the bowels are plunged from the withdrawal of nervous force, a large dose will be required.

Epsom salts

Aloes in sol lit ion ('rot�ii oil

1 p'HIllil

. 8 drachms . L'O drops.

(iiven iu fi large quantity of strong ale.

This may be followed up in half an hour by the administration of the following draught, mixed in strong ale.

Aromatic spirit of ammonia

1 ounce 3 ounces.

Spirits of nitric sether . . � ^:''' This may be repeated every half hour.

The Liniment of croton should be well rubbed into the spine, and the rectum unloaded with repeated clysters.

If the coma increases, and the brain becomes still more affected, stronger stimulants should be had re�course to, and alcohol in the form of strong whisky or brandy he administered in doses of from half a pint to a pint, and given at intervals of two hours. If no improvement be manifest after the third or fourth dose, recovery may be regarded as hopeless.

To some, the quantity of stimulants here recom�mended will doubtless be regarded as preposterous, but the author has seen so many cases, apparently

THE MAMMARY GLAND.

129

hopeless, recover under their influence, that he can confidently recommend this method of treatment over any he has seen employed. Should purgation ensue. and the brain begin to assume its functions, evidenced hy the animal heeormiig gradually more conscious�for recovery seldom or never takes place rapidly�we may hope for a favourable termination. There is often a good deal of debility supervening, even in the must favourable cases, and the medicine, when it begins to act, often acts violently. This will be best counter�acted by mild tonics, good nursing, and generous, though soft and sloppy, diet, until convalescence has been established.

The post mortem generally disappoints the amateur or owner of the animal. Instead of the intense in�flammation he is naturally led to expect from the very acute symptoms evinced during life, the internal viscera are generally healthy, and many an absurd opinion, and many an error, is propagated in conse�quence ; upon examining the brain, however�a part which the farrier and cow-leech never dream of ex�amining�the true seat of the mischief is ascertained. The blood-vessels of the brain are found intensely eon-' gested, and in some instances, a rupture of their coats has taken place, and a consequent effusion of blood upon the surface of the brain. There will be occa�sionally found other morbid changes in the brain, such as softenim/, or effusion of serous fluid, either between the membranes of the brain, or within the ventricles.

THE MAMMARY GLAND.

The mammary gland or udder is the organ which elaborates and separates from the blood that peculiar

^^m^^^mm^

ISO

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

i i

fluid which is to form the future food of the young animal, viz. the rail/,: During pregnancy, the mam�mary gland receives a greatly increased supply of blood, and continues to increase in size up to the time of parturition. The milk consists mainly of water holding in solution caseine�composed principally of albumen� sugar of milk, and oil globules. When allowed to stand, the oleaginous particles come to the surface, forming what is called cream, with which however is blended some portion of the caseine and certain salts.

These materials are partially separated in the act of churning, the oily portion funning butter, and the caseine and sugar remaining behind in the form of buttermilk. It will thus be seen that a considerable portion of the caseine of the milk is still left when the cream is removed. By letting the milk stand until it turns acid, the caseine is spontaneously sepa�rated, and is precipitated in small Hakes.

This, however, in the making of cheese, is artificially performed by means of the dried stomach of the calf or rennett, which, by its peculiar acidity, turns the milk to curd* ami ivhey, the former consisting of the caseine, and the latter containing most of the salts and sugar dissolved in the watery parts of the milk.

The first milk the cow gives after calving is very different in composition from ordinary milk, and is called colostrum (or heastings). It is in its nature slightly purgative, and is intended to clear the intes�tines of the young animal of that peculiar secretion which fills them at birth, and which is called meconium.

MAMMITIS (.Inixammation op the Uddbb.) This disease is known among agriculturists as ' garget,'

^::!

MAMMITIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;131

' lon^- slough,' amp;c. It consists in inflammation of the udder, and is often of a very intractible character. Sometimes it comes on immediately after calving, and in other cases not for some long time after. The in�flammation may either be general, involving the whole udder, or partial, when only one or two of the four (]uarters are affected. It is divided into acute and chronic, and when neglected, the former is very apt to subside into the latter stage of the complaint.

The causes giving rise to mammitis are various, and may be divided into mechanical, viz. blows, scratches, and injuries from other cows, and constitutional, arising mainly from a too plethoric state of the system at the time of calving. These glands being very large in the cow, and intended by nature to secrete a considerable amount of milk for the nourishment of the calf, an increased flow of blood is sent to the parts, rendering them, as it were, on the verge of inflammation, and only requiring an excitant to produce disease. Heifers are especially liable to mammitis, and that of a very severe character, usually involving the whole of the gland. In many cases, however, it will occur without any apparent cause, and under the most opposite con�ditions of keeping and management. Hot summers are said to favour the complaint.

The symptoms of mammitis are increased heat in the udder, attended with redness of the skin, and the udder will be much increased in size, and hard. It is intensely tender and painful to the touch, and the animal will evince much pain and distress in progression : in fact, often, lameness of one hind leg will be oik; of the earliest symptoms observed, especially when the inflam�mation commences in the body of the gland, and not in the teat. The constitutional symptoms are severe ; there

k -2

' '1

1 f^quot;

132

TIIR DISEASES OK THE OX.

i I!

is a quick and hard pulse, and increased respiration, and, in severe cases, rumination will be suspended, and the animal refuse her food. Upon attempting to draw the bag, instead of milk a thin yellowish fluid will be obtained, mixed with small flocculi, showing that an acid secretion has been formed, and the milk separated into curds and whey. In a later stage, this is changed into a thickish and very foetid discharge.

As the disease advances, the swollen and inflamed udder is seen to enlarge and become somewhat white in places, evidencing the formation of matter. When these abscesses break and discharge, they leave deep and ragged ulcers, which often contain sinuses or pipes, burrowing into the substance of the gland.

Gangrene, or mortification of the bag, next takes place, and large diseased portions become separated, or have to be removed with the knife, but not unfre-quently when the disease has advanced so far, the animal succumbs, and death closes the scene.

The treatment of mammitis must be entirely anti�phlogistic. Blood must be abstracted till an impression is made on the ptdse, and a dose of purgative medicine administered.

Some practitioners advocate the withdrawal of blood from the abdominal or milk-vein, as having both a local and constitutional eSect', but one great objection to venesection from this vessel is the difficulty of stopping the bleeding. If the calf is allowed to suck, too, it will be very liable to disturb the pinning up, and make the vein break out bleeding again. Fomen�tations of warm water must be applied to the bag, and constantly persevered with; and the udder itself must be kept free from milk, both by allowing the calf to suck, and by continually drawing with the

�w

MAMMIT1S.

133

hand. Veterinary practitioners differ as to the kind of application to he used to the udder, some recommending cooling lotions, and others applications of a more stimu�lating nature; the author has always had the best success by applying stimulants, with friction, such as the turpentine liniment, or soap liniment. (See appendix.) With regard to internal medicines after the bowels have been well acted on, mild febrifuges may be given, such as nitre in half-ounce doses dissolved in the water, and given once or twice a day. If the. inflam�mation rises high, it may be combined with digitalis and tartarised antimony, in the following proportion :�

Powdered digitalis leaves . . . V drachm � tartarised antimony . . 2 drachms

,, nitre . . . . . J ounce For a powder, to lie given once a day.

Should the above means fail to arrest the inflam�mation, and in spite of all the efforts of the practitioner an abscess form, it should be opened with the lancet, and the matter evacuated; the resulting wound may be dressed with the ointment of turpentine, or turpen�tine liniment.

When sphacelus or mortification comes on, the treatment must be entirely changed, and powerful stimulants given to the animal, in the shape of warm ale, brandy, and ether, and the diseased portion of the udder will require to be removed with the knife. It is needless to say that serious affections of this gland should never be treated except by the properly qualified veterinary surgeon.

Sometimes this disease assumes a chronic form, and instead of the inflammation subsiding, or forming an abscess, a hard scirrhous state of the udder ensues,

m*m

#9632;J^

134

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

forming a very troublesome form of this disease. This is best combated by the application of the ointment of iodide of potassium, or of the compound iodine oint�ment, forms for which will he found in the appendix. These must be perseveringly employed for a length of time, and are usually attended with a beneficial effect.

INJURIES AND OBSTEUCTIOKS IX THE TEATS.

The teats of the cow are liable to various affections, which more or less impede the flow of the milk, or stop it altogether, and often form the basis of an in�flamed state of the udder. One of the chief causes of these obstructions are small tumours of about the size' of a pea, which may be felt on compressing thequot; teat between the finger and thumb, and can be often moved up and down the teat. Sometimes these entirely stop the flow of milk, and at others a small stream can be got by much pressure. These small substances are either what are called lacteal calculi {'milk stones), or tumours attached to the lining of the teat. In these cases, a silver probe, or a knitting-needle; must he passed up the teat, and the obstruction either broken down, or passed into the udder, where they often remain without inconvenience. It is not often possible to extract them from the end of the teat, nor should this be tried, as from the irritation caused, inflammation is frequently set up and the quarter is lost. Strictures often exist in the passage of the teat, diminishing the flow of milk. In these cases a probe, or knitting needle as large as the stricture will bear, and gradually increasing the size, should be frequently passed, so as to distend and ke.'p the passage open. Tfarte at the end of the teat are occasionally found, and are a great annoyance, not

GENERATIVE ORGANS.

135

only obstructing the milk, but from their soreness. causing the cow to become fidgety and uneasy while mi Iked. In these cases the wart must be removed, either by the knife or by a ligature of fine silk tied round it; the latter is the preferable mode, as warts. when sloughed off, are not so liable to return as when excised with the knife.

Sore and chapped teats are best treated by the application of the ointment of turpentine, or the oint�ment of verdigris.

GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The organs immediately concerned in the reproduc�tive process in the male are, the iesilcU'M�the glands which secrete the impregnating tinid, the semen, ov seed �the yasa deferentia and vesicuke seminales�channels and receptacles In^- whose aid the semen, so secreted, is conveyed into the urethra�and the penis�the organ by which this fluid is transferred from the male to the female.

The penis also fulfils another office in the animal economy, viz. that of conveying from the body its waste fluid material in the form of wrine.

The channel or tube by which both the semen and urine are conducted to the extremity of the penis�the former from the vesiculse seminales, and the latter from the bladder�is called the urethra.

The urethra is of considerable length in the ox, and extends from the bladder to the extremity of the penis. Taking its rise from the neck of the bladder, it passes backwards and downwards through the pelvic bone, traverses the perineum (or space from the root of the tail to the fork of the hind legs), at the termination of

1.5G

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

which it turns sharply forward, and enters the penis. The testicles are two oval-shaped glandular bodies suspended between the hind legs, and contained in a hag called the scrotum. They are true secretory glands, and their office is to prepare and elaborate from the blood the semen or seed. The removal of tliese glands constitutes the operation of castration, which is per�formed�more or less�upon almost all our domesti�cated animals, depriving them of desires which would otherwise unfit them for many of the offices of domesti�cation.

The penis of the bull is, compared with that of the horse, a long and slender organ, and except in the act of copulation, completely hidden by the sheath : and so strong are the muscles which retract and protrude the organ, that it is a matter of considerable difficulty to seize and grasp it when required for the purpose of examination or operation. The penis is composed mainly of the 'corpora cavernosa,quot; which compose the greater bulk of the organ, and to which it owes its capacity of erection, these parts being of a spongy sub�stance, and capable in the act of copulation of being enormously distended with blood.

GONOERH(EA,

Gonorrhoea is a discharge of an unhealthy fluid of a mattery character, from the penis in the male, and the

vagina in the female.

It is a disease not usually noticed by veterinary writers, although very common in both sexes.

It is known among agriculturists as 'bull burnt'or � tired,' and although not of a specific nature, it is a disease of an exceedingly obstinate character, and in

GOXORRIUEA

137

tlie more advanced stages, entails an amount of suffering and exhaustion upon the animal which must be seen to be appreciated.

Of the cause of gonorrhoea no very positive opinion can be given. It seems, however, generally to depend upon irritation, and an overheated state of the system at the time of copulation, although now and then it will make its appearance without any assignable cause.

When irritation and consequent inflammation of the mucous lining of the genital organs has been set, it is followed by a discharge of a morbid character. The disease now becomes contagious, and is capable of being conveyed from the male to the female, and vice versa. Gonorrhoea may be divided into simple and malignant. In the simple form of the disease there is merely a discharge of matter from the vagina, or penis, unattended with any constitutional symptoms, and pro�ductive of but little local irritation.

Upon examining the vagina of the cow, it will be found reddened and inflamed, and covered with a whitish mattery discharge, which conies away with the flow of urine. The act of urination is also attended with some amount of pain, evidenced by the whisking of the tail. There is also a tendency to urinate offener than when in a state of health. In the male the same symptoms will present themselves, and the sheath will be observed to be swelled.

In the chronic or malignant stage the symptoms are much increased in severity, there is increased pain and difficulty in urinating, especially in the male, in whom the urine comes away in irregular jets, and attended with staw/piiig, arching the back, whisking the tail, amp;c. amp;c.

^!:

m*wm

] 38

THE DISEASES OF THF. OX.

Upon a careful examination tlie mucous surface of the vagina, or the substance of the penis, will be found to be covered with pimpular eruptions, which grow larger and after a short time burst, causing ulcers, which very strongly resemble chancres, or venereal ulcers, in the human subject.

When neglected these run one into the other, form�ing larger ones, and having a well-defined irregular edge.

The male seems to suffer most from ulceration, the penis being in long-continued and neglected cases almost destroyed, and presenting a mass of loathsome desease. The internal lining of the prepuce is also similarly affected.

As the disease advances, the discharge of white matter keeps increasing in quantity so much as to reduce and debilitate the animal to an alarming degree, and often bidding defiance to all remedial measures.

The treatment of the first (or simple) form of gonorrhoea is of a very simple character. The bowels should first be relieved by a gentle purgative, which may be followed up by diuretics.

Powdered resin . . . .1 ounce ,, nitro .... 3 drachms Given daily in vrarm gruel. The parfs should next be thoroughly

well cleansed by the injection of wann water with a powerful syringe.

This is easily effected in the female, but in the male the animal will require to be ciist, and the penis with�drawn from the prepuce.

The following lotion should next be injected, so as to reach the whole internal part of the vagina or prepuce.

GO.NORRIKKA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;139

Sulphate of zinc .... jounce Acetate of lead .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.A ounce

Soft water ..... 1 pint Dissolve and mix, and inject a little twice a day.

This lotion (although a very unchemical one) is generally sufficient in all ordinary cases to check the disease and restore healthy action.

In the chronic and malignant stasre, the disease is very ohstinate, and will .sometimes bid defiance to all treatment. The medicine and lotion recommended above should first of all be tried, but if after a few days no remission of the symptoms takes place, other and more active measures must be employed. The lotion must be changed for the following :�

Sulphate of copper . . . 2 ounces Waternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..... 1 quart

Inject twice a day as before.

Tins may be varied with

Nitrate of silver .... 2 drachms Distilled water . . . . 1 pint To be injected with a glass syringe twice a day.

In the male the animal should be cast, the penis withdrawn from the prepuce, and the ulcers cauterized with the solid nitrate of silver, or with what perhaps is better, the pure nitric acid. In severe and long�standing cases the lutfe may be used with advantage in paring away the fungous and diseased parts. When a difficulty is found in witlidrawing the penis from the prepuce, which will be sometimes the case from the swollen and diseased condition of the parts, the pre�puce itself may be slit up, so as to expose the penis more completely. The internal medicines may consist of diuretics and stimulants, as the balsam of copaiba and

m /js*

140

THE DISEASES OP THE OX.

carbonate of potash, ^iven in combination in the pro�portion of an ounce of the former to half an ounce of the latter. Cubeb pepper may be also tried in two or three ounce doses.

As an adjunct to treatment in all stages, cleanliness and frequent syringing with cold water, are indis�pensable.

;' il

THE C1EC�LAT0BY SYSTEM.

1,1

I raquo;i

TART [V.

TtlE CIDf'ri.ATORY SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES.

Tho Circulation. � Diseases of the Heart. - Enflammatory Fever.� Black Lej;. Black Quarter�Rinderpest (or Steppe Murrain)�Babies, or Hydrophobia.

The animal body being in a constant state of waste and decay, requires a continually recurring supply of new material to build up or repair its wasted substance.

This material is supplied by the hload, a fluid which circulates through the remotest and most insignificant parts of the animal system.

The source or central pump, by which the blood is forced into the channels prepared for its reception is called the Heart. The heart may be defined to be a hollow muscular hag, formed of thick fleshy walls, from which are continued a series of flexible tubes or pipes, which divide and subdivide into the most minute ramifications. These are the bloodvessels, the carriers, so to speak, of the blood, and are divided into two sets� an issuing and a returning set. The heart is enveloped in a covering, or bag, called the pericardium. Those vessels whose office it is to carry the blood from the heart are termed arteries (from a Greek word signifying car�riers of air, the ancients imagining, from the fact of their being always found empty after death, that they carried

142

THE DISEASES OF Tlti: OX.

air), and those which return the blood again to the heart are called veins (from the Greek word for fibre, these being found after death filled with clotted blood). The terminations of both arteries and veins are a net�work of delicate vessels, called capillaries (from aijnilit, a hair), which form the connecting link between them. So exceeding numerous and minute are these that the point of the sharpest needle cannot be inserted any�where without wounding some of them and drawing blood.

Both arteries and veins are lined with an exceedingly smooth and delicate membrane, giving great facilities for the How of the blood through them. The interior of the veins is distinguished from that of the arteries, by possessing valves, which prevent the regurgitation or backward flow of the blood. (See fig. 3.3, a repre�senting the interior of an artery, and B of a vein.)

As before remarked, the active agent in propellinc the blood through the system is the heart. When this organ contracts ite cavity, or heats, the blood which it contains is propelled by a wave-like movement into the arteries, throughout their most minute ramifica�tions: it is then received by the capillaries, and from thence returned by the veins into the heart from whence it started. This wave-like movement of the blood when passing through the arteries is called the pulse, and corresponds in its pulsation with the beating of the heart. The number of pulsations in the ox in health is from 45 to 50, and by the variations from this standard the veterinary practitioner is enabled to judge of the amount of constitutional disturbance existing in the circulatory system.

The heart contains four distinct cavities, two above, called auricles (from their fanciful resemblance to a dog's

mmm

THE CLECULATOBY SYSTEM.

143

ear), and two below, termed ventricles (from venter, a belly). These latter comprise the main substance of

' gt;'-

.'. Au .irtcry partly out open to show its inner coat. 6. A vein also opened, and shewing,-, its valves.

the or_g;lI1. It will thus be seen that the heart is, in fact, a double organ, having two sides, each of which pos�sesses in some measure a distinct office, one sending the blood over the system for the purpose of supplying and nourishing all the various organs of the body, and the other receiving back the blood after it has fulfilled this office.

m j'j^

144

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

The following is a brief sketch of the circulation of the blood throughout the system, taking as a starting

Fig. 36.

Tin: HBA.RT AXD ITS BLOOD-VESSELS.

(7. Tlio auricle. 6, b. The ventricle.

-. The valves which prevent the return of the blood from the ventricle to the auricle. ./. The anterior vena cara.

e. The posterior cava. /. The pulmonary' artery. lt;/. The anterior aorta. /(. 'J'ho posterior aorta. /, The pulmonary veins.

CSinionds.)

point the left side of the heart. From the left auricle the blood flows into the left ventricle, and from thence is driven into the great artery, the posterior aorta, from

#9632; i-1

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM,

145

which vessel, and its numerous ramifications, it is dis�tributed to all parts of the body. The blood being returned by the veins, is emptied by the two great vessels, the anterior and posterior vena:¹ cavse, into the right auricle.

Besides this, which may be called the main cir�culation, having for its object the distribution of the blood over the whole body, there is a lesser circulation for the purpose of clearing and purifying the blood from those waste materials it is now loaded with. When conveyed by the arteries this vital fluid is of a bright scarlet hue, but when returned by the veins it is of a much darker colour, a Modena red; beino-, in fact, comparatively impure. Having now arrived at the heart again, it is emptied by the large veins into the right side ofthat organ, from whence it is driven into the lungs, which are the great purifiers of the system. Here, by means of a peculiar arrangement of the capillary vessels and the air-cells, it is exposed to the action of the atmospheric air breathed by the animal, which changes its colour from dark red to a bright scarlet. From the lungs it passes again to the left side of the heart, to be again distributed throughout the animal frame, and again returned as before to the lungs. (See fig. 37.)

Blood, as has been previously stated, is formed out of digested food, and although apparently a homogeneous fluid of a red colour, it is in reality neither one nor the other. Blood is composed of a variety of ingredients, and owes its red colour to a vast quantity of small red bodies called corpuscles, being in fact of itself nearly transparent. These small bodies are almost inconceiv�ably minute, and are only visible with the aid of a microscope.

: ,1

#9632;#9632; m

Vraquo;

148

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

The materials of which the blood is composed are thus divided:�

In solution forming the liquor

I'lDrmnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -i

A IhnSalts

sanguiids, or llnid in which thlaquo; corpuscles are suspended. Red Corpuscles.

Fig. 39.

TI1K BLOOD-DISCS OR TiF.n COEPrSCLES OF TUP. ox HIOHl.Y MAONIFtED, AXD PLACED IX DIFFEBENT POSITIONS TO SHOW THEIR FORM.

When freshly-drawn blood is let to stand in a vessel, a separation into two distinct parts will soon be per�ceived : the clear liquor floating on the top is called the serv.'nx, and the under or solid part is called the crassa-oneyitwn. In the former the albumen and salts are found in solution, and in the latter the fibrin and red corpuscles.

When the blood is longer in coagulating than ordinary, the red particles have time to settle to the. bottom of the solid mass, or crassamentum, and thus the upper stratum presents a white appearance, and is known as the buffy coat. This denotes generally an inflammatory state of the system, but is not to be relied upon as infallible, as other and quite opposite causes will produce it. This buff, as it is called, plays

� -gt;gt;laquo;laquo;

* 1

THK CIKCULATORY SYSTEM.

\4'.)

a most important part iu the animal economy, being what is known to physiologists as fibrin (from fihra, a

Fro. 40.

Fin. i\.

CAPH.I.AUY NETW�liK OF MUSCLE. CATILLAHY VESSEIS OK SKIX. (CARPF.XTKl!.)

thread), so called from its arranging itself in a thread�like form. Fibrin is the nutritious portion of the food advanced into its final stage of preparation for organisa�tion. It is iu fact the repairer and builder up of the animal system: it forms the bond of union for broken hones, repairs wounds, and plugs up bleeding blood�vessels. And it is to an undue quantity, or an in�sufficient supply of this material that many of our most formidable maladies are owing. In fevers, for instance, particularly those of a typhoid character, fibrin is found to he deficient in a marked degree. In inflammatory disorders, on the contrary, the quantity of fihrin is found to be markedly increased. The serum of the blood, as has been before stated, is composed of albu�men and certain salts, which are all held in solution.

If, however, a quantity of clear serum be heated to temperature of boiling water, a white flaky precipitate will be separated, similar in appearance to the white of

150

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.






		#9632;






		I

egg when boiled, to which substance it is indeed similar in composition.

This is albumen, which plays an equally important part in the animal economy with fihrine, being to fibrine what that substance is to the rest of the body. This and fibrine are nearly identical in chemical composition ; the albumen being tbe source from whence the fibrine is derived.

Having thus given a brief sketch of the circulatory system, we shall now proceed to speak of the symptoms and phenomena of Infiammation.

Inflammation of a part is characterised by paln, sivelling, heai, and redness.

Pain, which is caused by a disturbance of the minute nervous filaments proceeding to the inflamed part, which causes them to be morbidly sensitive, is one of the most valuable means the veterinary practitioner has of diagnosing disease. Pressure upon a diseased part augments the pain felt, and, causing the animal to shrink from the touch, plainly points out the seat of injury or disease. Thus lameness has been said to be the ' language of pain.'

Swelling of a part is at once apparent to the eye as well as to the touch, and is caused by the over disten�sion of the minute blood-vessels, and the exudation of the serous matter of the blood into the tissues.

Heat is also one of the means of diagnosing disease, increased heat being often, in the absence of the other symptoms, the only means of certainly ascertaining the scat of pain. This is particularly seen in diagnosing lameness in tXwfoni, where of course most of the other concomitants of inflammation are wanting.

Redness is rarely seen on the thick skin of our domesticated animals, covered as they are with a thick

THE PULSE.

151

coating of hair. In certain situations, however, as the eye, the muzzle, the lips, amp;c., it is apparent. The cause of redness is owing to the increased supply of hlood sent to the part.

The terminations of inflammation are�resolution, suppuration, effusion, adhesion, ulcerution, and mor-ti�cation.

Resolution is the gradual suhsidence of the inflam�mation, and a return to health in the inflamed part.

Suppuration is the formation of pus or matter in the inflamed part, a collection of which constitutes an abscess,

Efnsion is the throwing out or separation of the serous or watery parts of the blood, hy which the over�charged blood-vessels are relieved. Dropsy is a familiar instance of this.

Adhesioit is the union of two parts which are con�tiguous, and is a very frequent termination of inflam�mation. In old-standing disease of the lungs, those organs are often found after death adherent to the lining membrane of the ribs.

Mortification is the death of a part, by which it ceases to become part of the living body, and becomes cast off. This casting off of a mortified part is called a

SLOUGH.

Ulceration is the formation of a sore of an unhealthy character, generally appearing as a sequel to abscess.

THE PULSE.

As has before been remarked, the yielding of the arterieis to the gush of blood forced into them by the heart, is denominated the Pulse; and it is to the number and peculiar character of the pulsations that

152

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

the veterinary surgeon is enabled to judge correctly of the state of the vascular system, and thus mark the origin and progress of disease.

The number of pulsations in health vary somewhat according to the condition and age of the animal. Animals in warm cow-sheds, and in plethoric condition, will have the number of beats increased several strokes per minute, as compared with their brethren in the strawyard and held.

The average number of beats per minute in a four-year-old ox or cow, of medium size, is from 45 to 50. The most convenient place for ascertaining the number and character of the pulse is at the lower jaw ; but this requires some amount of practice, and to the amateur will be a matter of difficulty. It may be also felt at the temporal artery, situated near the root of the ear, or at the heart itself.

In disease the pulse assumes various characters, ac�cording to the nature of the disturbance in the general circulation; and these varieties are a very valuable means to the veterinary surgeon of ascertaining the nature and character of the disease.

The varieties of pulse described by medical authors are numerous: we shall merely here give the principal.

A quick puZse denotes irritation and fever; it, may, however, he caused by anything which tends to increase the heart's action, as exertion, fright, and the action of stimulants; hence the necessity in examining the pulse to take care and not excite or disturb the animal.

A slow pulse denotes impeded circulation, and a deficiency in nervous energy. It is characteristic of brain disease of a primary or secondary character.

A hard pulse is usually combined with a quick one, and denotes inflammatory action. It is not easy to

#9632;kuUL

B^H

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

153

describe the feel of a hard pulse. It is said most to resemble the feel of a hard incompressible cord. With this there is great tolerance for blood-letting, the artery rising and becoming softer as the blood flows.

A wiry pulse somewhat resembles a hard pulse, but the artery feels thin, hard, and wiry. It denotes the long-continued pain attendant on inflammation.

A weak pulse is usually quickened, and denotes debility.

An oppressed pulse is indistinct to the feel, and, as it were, 'prolonged under the finger, as if the blood had a difficulty in forcing its way through the artery. It is indicative of congestion of some of the internal organs. Bleeding here may or may not be proper; but stimu�lants are always indicated.

An intermittent pulse is one in which the artery ceases beating for the space of time in which one or two beats would have been given; it is, as it were, a beat wanting here and there. This form is gene�rally indicative of chronic disease of the heart; certain medicines will, however, produce it, as digitalis, aconite, amp;c.

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND ITS APPENDAGES.

Human pathologists recognise a great variety of diseases connected with the heart and the large blood�vessels. That cattle are occasionally subject to all of most of these diseases is beyond dispute : but their diagnosis, as distinct affections, is so very obscure, that in attempting to give a separate description of each disease, we should be obliged to borrow so much from analogij, as to render ' confusion worse confounded.' Extensive heart disease, both of that organ itself, its

154

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

pericardium (or heart-bag), its valves and blood-vessels, may go on for years, and never be suspected until tbe animal is slaugbtered. Indeed, some of tbe most valu�able specimens of disease have been seen when cutting up a fat beast. This will be less a matter of surprise when we reflect, bow comparatively inactive a life the ox leads in comparison with the horse, so that he has much less chance of active symptoms developing them�selves from pre-existing disease, which symptoms are frequently brought on from exertion.

Inflammation of tbe heart and its covering mem�brane, tbe pericardium, are so closely connected one with the other, that a separate description would only tend to confuse and mislead. Nor in a practical point of view is their distinct diagnosis a matter of import�ance, since the treatment is precisely similar.

Of tbe cause of heart disease we know little; we, however, very frequently find it associated with disease of tbe organs of respiration. There is seldom a case of either acute or chronic lung disease in which the heart is not more or less involved. It is, however, a very singular fact in cattle pathology, that inflammation of the pericardium is frequently found to he owing to foreign bodies finding their way into its cavity, suck as pins, needles, amp;c.

Tbe cause of this peculiarity in connection with heart disease is probably owing to the disposition that the ox has to swallow strange and unnatural substances, such as shoe-soles, pieces of leather, stockings, linen hung up to dry, amp;c. It is in this manner probably that such foreign matters as needles, nails, amp;c., find an entrance into the stomach, and from thence make their way, by puncturing tbe coats ofthat organ, into various parts of the body. When the more vital parts are

iPl^^^f 11.M I ,#9632; f #9632;

DISEASES OF THE ]IEART.

135

avoided, little or no mischief may eusue; but when they find their way into so important an organ as the heart, an unsuspected foundation is laid for very serious diseases.

The symptoms of this affection are obscure, and vary very much in each individual case; and many a case which has sorely puzzled the veterinarian during life, has been revealed at the post-mortem as a case of diseased heart.

In acute cases the symptoms come on suddenly. There is accelerated breathing, short and quick, and often increased to three times its natural standard, and sometimes attended with a grunt, or moan.

The pulse is quick, full, and vibratory, and the heart's action is proportionally increased, so much so as to sometimes be heard at a considerable distance.

Pain of an acute character is manifested when pres�sure is made on the left side over the region of the heart.

In chronic and subacute cases, the symptoms are still more obscure ; the breathing is disturbed, but not nearly to the extent described above. The pulse is quick, but often weak and irregular, and sometimes intermittent; there is a want of appetite, great de�bility, and if a milking cow, the milk falls off to a marked extent, or altogether fails. There is also often functional derangement of the liver, evidenced by the yellowness of the mucous membranes and skin. Costiveness is also generally present, and now and then cough. The action of the heart is feeble and oppi-essed, owing to the accumulation of fluid on the pericardium.

In addition to these symptoms there will often be found what is perhaps the most important diagnostic symptom we possess, viz. an unnatural fulness of thn

156

THE DISEASES OF TIIK OX.

jugular and other superficial veins, sometimes attended with regurgitation, or a Lackward motion or wave, of blood along the vein.

In long-standiag cases, there will be cedematous swellings of the limbs and chest.

Other diseases of the heart also exist, as an undue proportion of fat about the heart, often seen in our prize bullocks when slaughtered, and tumours, existing both externally and internally.

There are also diseases of the valves of the heart, and mouths of the large blood-vessels. The walls of the heart are often found either unnaturally thickened or attenuated, and frequently they are altered in structure, the structure of the natural muscular fibre being changed, and assuming a fatty character. This is a disease well known to human pathologists as fatty de-generation.

The treatment of acute inflammation of the heart must be entirely of an antiphlogistic nature. Blood must be taken to a great extent, until an evident im�pression is made on the pulse. This must be followed by an active purgative. .Sedatives may then be given, combined with febrifueres.

Extract of belladonna . . .2 drachms Tincture of aconite . . . 10 minims Powdered nitre .... 4 drachms Hub down the belladonna in a little warm water, and add the nitre and tincture of aconite.

This may he given twice or thrice a day.

Tincture of digitalis in ounce doses is a very valu�able sedative, and the hydrocyanic acid may also be tried.

The treatment of this disease is at the best a very unsatisfactory matter, and too often terminates fatally,

IXFLAMMATORY FEVER.

157

and in the chronic stage should never�when the disease has been satisfactorily diagnosed�he attempted.

INFLAMMATORY FEVER (or Black Quartkr).

Inflammatory fever is a well-known and very pre�valent disease amongst j⁷oiing stock, and is variously known among agriculturists in different localities as 'black quarter,' 'black leg,' 'quarter ill,' 'garget,' 'blood-striking,' all of which denote the peculiar character of the disease, which is usually characterised by lameness in one leg or quarter, followed by swelling and gan�grene, or mortification of the part, evidenced after death by the congested and black appearance of the blood vessels of the limb when divested of the skin.

Black leg is almost entirely confined to 3⁷oung ani�mals from six to eighteen months old, seldom appearing after the age of two years. It is, however, occasionally seen in older animals, but the cases are rare.

Black leg must be regarded as essentially a disease of the blood, that vital fluid becoming altered in quality, and too highly charged with the elements of nutrition. Hence the balance (so to speak) of the nutritive element is destroyed, and the waste of the system does not progress in proportion to the supply of nutritious material. From this cause there is an abnormal accumulation of both the red particles and fibrin of the blood, which becomes deteriorated in quality, and unfitted to carry on the purposes of life.

The predisposing causes of black leg are, according to the preceding view of the disease, anything which induces too rapid a growth in the young animal, such as rich and succulent food, either given artificially, or the natural result of an early spring, in which the grasses are forward and full of moisture.

158

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Change of pasture is a fruitful source of black leg, especially when the animals are taken from a com�paratively poor and sterile soil, where they have been reared, to a richer one.

May and June seem to he the months in which hlack leg is most prevalent, and that, as has been before remarked, in growing and forward springs. Under these predisposing circumstances, it often assumes the character of an epidemic, and hence has been very erroneously regarded as contagious, the true explana�tion of the matter being, that the same predisposing cause of disease is in operation on all the animals exposed to its influence.

Breed has a great deal to do with its attack. The better bred the young animal is, the greater disposi�tion there will be to lay on fat, and consequently the greater liability to disease.

It must be confessed, however, that in many cases, it occurs in the most opposite conditions, both as to food and general management, and under such circumstances as to baffle all the efforts of science to come to an exact conclusion as to its cause.

The symptoms of black leg are often in the first stage obscure, and thus much valuable time is lost, before any effectual treatment is resorted to. A general dulness of the young animal, together with severe lameness, from mi apparent cause, is often one of the earliest symptoms observed, and when acute and sudden lameness attacks young animals, it should always be viewed with sus�picion, and a careful examination instituted. If to these symptoms a fulness in the affected limb or quarter should be observed, attended with a peculiar puffy, crackling feel under the hand, it may be set down without doubt as a case of black leir-

Ji.

HHI JJ ��it-mm^mzr

BLACK QUAETKR.

1 59

Although called black leg it must not be supposed that the limbs are the only places affected. Almost all parts of the body are at times the subject of attack. The point of the shoulder, the fleshy part of the thigh, the neck, the loins and back, are all occasionally the seat of the disease. The author was once called in to a case in which the disease was located in the tongue, every other part of the body being in apparently perfect health. The animal eventually died from suffo�cation. As the disease advances, constitutional symp�toms come on with great rapidity: there is a quick and hard pulse, rapid breathing, attended with a moan, and disinclination to move. The affected limb (if the disease is located in the extremities) becomes enormously swelled, and is incapable of motion, being in fact dragged along the ground in progression. Upon pres�sure being applied to it, it appears as if inflated with air under the skin, and the pressure is attended with a crackling feel. In the first stage heat is felt in the affected part; this afterwards subsides and is succeeded by a deathly coldness.

When seated in the trunk of the animal, there is often no lameness, but the peculiar and characteristic swelling will be observed in some other part.

The duration of the disease is rarely more than a few hours, when the animal rapidly sinks ; but in excep�tional instances it will last for twenty-four or thirty-i-ix hours, and now and then take on a suhacute character; in this latter case the swellings burst and discharge a thin and foetid fluid, leaving very troublesome vdcerated sores, which are difficult to heal. In any case lasting over forty-eight hours, hopes may be entertained of a recovery.

Treatment of black leg is rarely of an effectual

JIV iji

160

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

character, from its running its course so rapidly; in fact, so short is the interval from the hr.st attack to the death of the animal, that the services of the professional man are very rarely attainable, and hence the necessity for the breeder to be acquainted with that mode of treat�ment which is (although, alas I too often futile) of most avail.

When seen and recognised in the earliest stage, no time should be lost in abstracting blood to as great an extent as the size and condition of the animal will allow, but if the disease has advanced and much swelling ensued, bleeding will do more harm than good.

Active purgation must next be resorted to, but owing to the great disturbance in the vascular system, and the want of vitality in the digestive organs, a much stronger dose will be required than in ordinary affections.

Croton seeds in powder Solution of aloes Powdered frinsrer

10 grains 4 ounces 2 drachms

This may be given in a quart of warm ale, with which may be united a small quantity of yeast, which will not only tend to increase the action of the medicine, but also act as a corrective of the disposition to gangrene which exists in the system. This may be followed up with stimulants given every two hours.

Nitrous setternbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . .1 ounce

Tincture of gentian . . . 2 drachms

Given in a little warm ale.

Local applications to the swelled parts are useless, and to expect success a much more energetic treatment #9632;must be had recourse to. A strong lancet or sharp pen�knife should be taken, and bold and deep incisions

BLACK QUARTER.

161

made in the swellings at intervals of an inch or inch and a half, and the punctures thus made dressed with spirits of turpentine. Any subsequent sloughing of the skin may be treated with ordinary digestives, as the ointment of turpentine. (See Appendix.)

It must be noticed here that the chances of success in the treatment of black leg are so small, that, practically speaking, it may be regarded as incurable.

Free cut Ion, however, is more in the power of the breeder, and to this we would draw his most serious attention. The young animals should be closely watched, and any predisposition to pletJiora of the system checked by bleeding, physicking, amp;c., and a sparer diet.

I pon losing one, or more, active measures should be adopted with the remainder; they should all be bled, physicked, and a seton inserted in the dew-lap. In addition to these precautions, an ounce of nitre may be given to each once a week.

The administration of any specific to prevent black leg, further than by reducing the vascular system for a time, cannot be too much deprecated, as it can only lead to disappointment and loss on the part of the farmer, by inducing him to neglect other and more important measures. What is camp;lledpegging calves is extensively practised in some parts of the country, and consists usually in introducing under the skin of the brisket a piece of black hellebore root (commonly called bear's foot), which sets up a great amount of irritation and swelling. This agent is not altogether free from objec�tion, or even danger, and a very much better counter-irritant will be found in the seton, which should be composed of equal parts of tow and horsehair, plaited together, and dressed now and then with the turpentine liniment (see Appendix). A very excellent material

gt; '::

IC-2

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

has been introduced by Professor Morton of the Royal Veterinary College, called 'Morton's Medicated Cotton,' which does not require dressing with any digestive, and very quickly excites suppuration. It may he procured through any chemist.

The post-mortem appearances are peculiar. Upon stripping the skin off the affected part, which is usually blown up like a bladder, the subjacent tissues are found to be engorged with black blood, which is sometimes in a gangrenous condition; nor does this engorgement and black appearance affect merely the superficial tissues, it extends even deep into the subjacent muscles, which have become black, gangrenous, and easily torn. The internal organs are mostly found to be inflamed and congested with the same black-looking blood seen beneath the skin, especially the heart and its covering, the pericardium, which is flabby, and filled with black and partially coagulated blood. There is often, too, effusion of a bloody character in the abdominal cavity.

THE RINDERPEST, OR STEPPE MURRAIN.

The author having had no opportunity of seeing any cases of this disease, in fact no case having as yet occurred in Great Britain, he has availed himself of the following compendium of the labours of the Veterinary Committee despatched to the Continent to observe and report on the disease in question. It is extracted from the 'Veterinarian' of July 1, 1857.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

' Pending the publication of the official enquiry, instituted by the three national agricultural societies of

I-

RINDERPEST.

10;5

England, Scotland, and Ireland, into the nature and consequences of the disease which has prevailed with more or less intensity among the cattle of several con�tinental states, we are enabled to lay before our readers the following particulars relating to this interesting subject. Scarcely a fear need, however, be entertained that this destructive pest will reach our shores. Its present great distance from us would, of itself, afford a fair security; but when we add to this that no cattle find their way from thence, directly or indirectly, to the English market, and that in the event of the disease spreading from Gralicia, it would have to break through a hundred military cordons, one after the other, before reaching the eastern side of the German States, we confess that we believe all alarm may cease on this bead. If this malady were one that owed its extension to unexplained causes : if it suddenly showed itself in one part of the Continent and rapidly spread, despite all precautionary measures, to others near to or at a greater distance from its origin : if, in short, it pos�sessed all the characters of an epizootic, then we have no doubt that, long since, we should have been both painfully and practically familiar with it in this country, ami that hundreds of our cattle would have succumbed to its destructive power.

' No disease that we have ever studied appears to be governed by such fixed laws as this. The steppes of Russia are its home, and here it may be said to hold almost undisputed sway. Here also it is alone regarded as having a spontaneous origin ; a point which re�quires, however, more investigation, in our opinion, than it has hitherto received. Certain it is that in those countries which are contiguous to the steppes, the malady has no such origin, and its appearance

164

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

therein is invariably associated with the introduction of steppe cattle in the ordinary course of traffic.

�' Like small-pox and other allied affections, it lies dormant for a time in. the system, during which the animal gives no indication of ill health. The period of incubation is found to vary, many animals sickening on the seventh day after exposure, and others not until the thirteenth or fourteenth. Home are said even to pass to the twentieth day before giving evidence of the malady. Such cases are few, and may possibly depend on a secondary exposure to the infection rather than on su great a variation in the periods of incuba�tion. No doubt, however, should be allowed to remain on a point like this, as on it depends the security to be afforded to other countries where the malady has not a spontaneous beginning. Austria, which suffers almost annually from this disease in some parts of her dominions, has an especial interest in the question, and should lose no time in effecting its complete and satis�factory solution. In our opinion, Austria should ap�point a commission of scientific men, and vest it with some of her absolute | ower to conduct experiments and take every necessary means of determining the question in a conclusive manner: which will be for the benefit of other countries as well as herself, and she will then both deserve and receive the thanks of the world.

' What the existing visitation may have cost her has yet to be ascertained ; but no less than 26,442 head of cattle are officially reported as being lost in the year preceding the present one. It has also been said that on the occasion of the Eusso-Turkish war in 1827 and 1828, no less than 30,000 cattle were destroyed in Hungary, 12,000 in Galicia, and 9,000 in Moravia; so

i :

KINDERPEST.

165

that the wonder becomes the greater that she should allow any point connected with the pathology of the disease still to remain in doubt. We will not anticipate the official report of our own enquiries, now in the course of preparation, by entering into further details, but content ourselves on this occasion by giving an outline of the symptoms and post-muiiem appearances of the disease.

'First, we may observe that it is a highly infectious malady; none more so, and that the materies morbi may be carried to healthy animals by persons visiting the sick, equally as well as by the diseased being brought within a short distance of them. If allowed to take its natural course only for a few days, it will be found that the deaths not unfrequently number as much as 90 per cent., the major part of the animals dying on the third or fourth day from the time of the attack. When the animal sickens, the affection will be recog�nised by almost continuous spasmodic twitchings of the voluntary muscles of the body, more particularly those of the neck and shoulders, and of the hind quarters. These twitchings are accompanied by tremors, which are more generally diffused, and which interrupt the regularity of the spasms, and give to the animal an appearance of suffering from exposure to cold. The coat stares, and the patient stands with its back arched and its legs gathered up under the body, hut does not seemingly suffer much acute pain. In the course of a few hours, rumination is suspended, and the appetite fails, hut water will generally be partaken of almost up to the end. The temperature of the body is variable, a slightly increased warmth of skin existing at the be�ginning of the illness, but which soon gives way to a chilliness of the surface, and this again to a deathly

1GG

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

coldness of the oars, legs, and horns, as the malady advances to a fatal termination. The pulse is scarcelj disturbed at first, unless the attack is a severe one, when it quickly rises to about 70, but wants tone in its action. In all ordinary cases it becomes gradually more frequent in number, but less in force, and in the latter stages can only be felt at the heart. The respiration is but very little altered at the commencement ; it rarely becomes difficult, and was never painful in any of the cases we witnessed. It sometimes rises to thirty on the second day ; but as the contractions of the ab�dominal muscles are often interrupted in their rhyth�mical action by the spasmodic twitchings, a singular motion is given to the animal's flanks, which has led some observers to speak of a difficulty of breathing being present. A discharge comes on early from the nostrils, which has many of the characters of ordinary mucus, but, when carefully examined, will be found to contain flocculi of lymph. A slight cough is also pre�sent in some cases, but it cannot be heard except when one is near to the patient, when it imparts a singular and almost indescribable sound to the ear. Some idea may be formed of this by calling to mind the kind of cough which would exist if a broken-winded horse were suffering from soreness of throat.

' The expression of the countenance does not denote acute suffering, and the eyes are without any dull ap�pearance except in the advanced stages of the malady, when the lids are found to be drooping as in sleep, and the ears to be a little lopped. The vessels of the con-juuctival membrane are almost without turgescence, but a discharge in most cases comes from the eyes, which accumulates in a yellow jelly-like mass at the inner angle, and when examined is likewise found to

EINDEEPEST.

167

he composed principally of lymph. The bowels are hut little disturbed at the very beginning, but soon the feculent matter, almost unaltered in consistency, is passed in increased quantity, and in the course of the second day diarrhoea has set in. This diarrhcea is pre�sently followed b}' dysentery, which continues to the end. The evacuations are not particularly offensive, but they are remarkably fluid, of a dirty-yellow colour, and mixed with numerous small flocculi of lymph. Occasionally a little blood stains the evacuations, and tenesmus is also present in some cases. The abdomen becomes much pinched in, and the animal's strength quickly fails him. He now keeps mostly⁷ recumbent, and rises very reluctantly. If made to move he stag�gers, and often falls for want of strength. The spas�modic twitchingSj however, begin to diminish, and for some hours before death they have passed off entirely. A sickly smell attends the patient, but there are no disengagements of gaseous compounds into the areolar tissue, nor other indications of the decomposition of the tissues which have been spoken of. In short, the animal dies, apparently, and that almost without con�vulsions, from pure prostration of the vital powers. He sinks sometimes as early as the second day, and rarely lives beyond the fourth.

' The morbid lesions will be found centred in the mucous membranes, which are more or less affected throughout the entire body. Commencing at the mouth, it not unfrequently happens that some of the conical papilla', here and there, at their bases on the body of the tongue, will show that the epithelium is broken up by the ulcerative process. The root of the tongue, fauces, and velum palati are implicated to a greater or less extent; their follicles are filled with effused lymph,

#9632;p

168

TI1K DISEASES OF TUE OX.

giving to the parts an appearance as if dotted over with some yellow pigment. Some of the follicles are ulcer�ated, but the major portion are merely distended with lymph.

¹ The tonsils are in a similar condition; and when a section is carried through their long diameter, large portions of lymph can be drawn from their ducts, the yellow colour of which, interspersed in lines, contrasts strongly with the red substance of these organs. Much turgescence of the vessels of the Schneiderian mem�brane, and points of ulceration and shreds of lymph, are met with about the posterior nasal opening, and base of the vomer. These lesions, however, rarely extend beyond the middle portion of the septum nasi. The pharynx presents the same appearances, but the oeso�phagus is healthy, us is the rumen and reticulum in most instances. In some few cases the epithelium readily peels from off the inner surface of these stomachs, when the vessels beneath will be found turgid with blood. The rumen is also found to contain a fair quantity of ingesta in the state usually met with in healthy animals. The omasum is without structural change, or at most its mucous surface presents a like condition to that of the rumen and reticulum. The contents of the omasum are frequently so dry and hard that they can be rubbed to powder between the fin�gers. This has been considered by many Continental pathologists as a peculiarity attaching to this disease, and hence the term L�ser d�rre has been given to the malady. In three consecutive posf-morfeni. examira-tions we found, however, that this stomach and its con�tents were normal. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is highly congested, more particularly to�wards the pylorus; and its follicles are in tin analogous

i^;

RINDERPEST.

160

state to those of the velum. The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are similarly affected, but to a greater ex�tent. These intestines also often present a bluish aspect on their serous surface, but which is entirely due to the turgescence of the vessels of the mucous mem�brane giving a depth of colour to it which is seen through the other coats. Fever's glands are not inva�riably diseased, but, like other follicular openings, they are often found covered with layers of lymph, beneath which ulceration is occasionally seen, hut more often the surface is healthy, although turgid with blood.

' The chief ravages of the disease have been by ns met with in the large intestines. The blind end of the colon �the caecum � was, in one case in particular, ulcerated over several inches of surface ; that is, nu�merous small and distinct ulcers existed, which had evidently had their origin in the follicles of the intes�tine. Deposits (jf lymph, varying in size from that of a pea to the end of the finger � scabs, as they have been designated � studded the large intestines almost throughout their whole extent. They were of a dirty-yellow colour, and adhered with tolerable firmness to the mucous membrane. In some places ulceration was found to be going on beneath them : in others, this destructive process had ceased and the healing one had commenced; and in most no change in structure could be observed.

' The substance of the liver is healthy; in all cases the gall-ducts, however, contain layers of effused lymph, and sometimes to an amount sufficient to block up their passages. The gall-bladder is filled with bile pos�sessing its ordinary characters, but the inner surface of the bladder is precisely in the same state as the mu�cous membrane of the large intestines. The kidneys

m9~*

170

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

are healthy, and the urinary and generative systems unaffected.

' The larynx is occasionally slightly ulcerated, par�ticularly on the edge of the aryta-noid cartilages; no ulceration, however, has been seen by us throughout the whole extent of the windpipe and bronchial tubes; but thin layers of effused lymph, lying in close con�tact with the mucous membrane, are a most invariably present. The lungs are healthy, of a normal colour, and often remarkably free from congestion. Their serous membrane is also unaffected. The heart is healthy, occasionally rather flaccid, and without blood in its cavities. The blood in all the vessels is fluid and of a dark colour, evidently from a loss of its fibrin. The brain and spinal marrow give no evidence of struc�tural change; an increased quantity of fluid is, bow-ever, often found in the ventricles of the brain, but especially in the upper part of the theca vertebralis. The flesh is firm, of a good colour, and has but little tendency to pass quickly into decomposition. Indeed, the first post-morteni examination which we made was of an animal that had died sixty-eight hours before, and was buried directly after an examination of it had been instituted by the Austrian Commission with which we were domiciled. In this case the flesh was found in a state not even unsuited for food. We trust we have said enough to give our readers a fair idea of the nature and consequences of the quot; Eindekpest.quot; '

RABIES, HYDEOPHOBIA (oe Canete Madness).

Of the origin, seat, and pathology of this fearful disease, there have been various opinions, some considering it centred in the nervous system, and some that the blood

l-_

HYDROPHOBIA.

171

is poisoned by the virus primarily, and the nervous system secondarily affected. Perhaps few diseases have excited more intense interest than this, or have been the subject of more writing and discussion. For centuries certain medicines and specitics have been vaunted as cures for hydrophobia, and some even as preventatives. The celebrated Ormskirk medicine is one of the most noted, composed of alum bole, elecampane, and aniseed. The public, however, should be put upon their guard against believing in any such nonsense as specifics, which only tend to mislead, and may be productive of the greatest mischief, by inducing belief in a preventa-tive or cure, and so putting the owner of the rabid animal off bis guard.

Babies has only one origin in the ox, viz. the bite of another rabid animal, be that one of his own species or of the originator of the malady, the do(j.

It is doubted by some authorities whether her�bivorous animals can spread the disease, it being argued that although the ox still is liable to receive the infection from the dog, he cannot again com�municate it, either to his own or any other species of animal.

Most authors are now-a-days agreed that this opinion is a fallacy, and that the saliva of any animal, of what�ever species it may be, will communicate the disease to any other animal with whom it may come in contact. The most general cause, however, of rabies in the ox is the bite of a dog ; a rabid dog enters a herd of cattle, and attacks and bites several, especially if they resist and fight the dog in return. The symptoms observed are not immediate, nor does the wound inflicted by the rabid animal take on unhealthy action; it probably heals much as any other ordinary slight wound or scratch

#9632; ii

^�!

17-J

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

would do. The period of incubation, or the time the poison remains in the system, varies very nineh, seldom appearing under ten days or a fortnight, and occasionally lying dormant as long as five or six months.

The sj/inptoms of rabies in the ox are, an excited and wild manner; he separates himself from the rest of the herd, and bellows incessantly. There is a discharge of saliva from the mouth, and occasionally severe fits of excitation come on. and he runs at everything within his reach. These fits are succeeded by stupor, the eyes are half closed, and the brain is evidently affected. The slightest noise, however, will arouse him from this half-unconscious state, and bring on a fit of fury. The animal has no dread of water, on the contrary, he is eager to drink, and upon water being brought will plunge his nose into the hucket, and eagerly try to drink, but the effort will produce a spasm of the organs of deglutition, and not one drop will be swallowed. The symptoms increase in severity until death closes the scene.

The treatment of rabies is useless unless seen in the very early stage, when if it is positively known that the animal has been bitten by a mad dog, and the bitten jxirt can be found, it should be extensively cauterized with a hot iron. .Air. Youatt recommends the nitrate of silver, and some authors recommend excision with the knife. The object in all these operations is to remove the whole of the part infected with the virus, and to prevent it being absorbed into the system.

The greatest care should be exercised iu every case of rabies,that the saliva is not brought into contact with any sore or abraded surface, which will as surely produce the disease as if the person was bitten. It is, however, better

₍ :#9632;

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HYDROPHOBIA.

173

in all cases in which there is a certainty of the disease, that the animal should at once be destroyed, as not only animal, but human life is at stake, and that from a disease the most distressing of any to which humanity is liable.

174

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

TAUT V.

DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCEEA.

The Liver�Jaundice (Yellows)�Inflammation of tlio Liror� TIip Kidneys�The Bladder�Inflammation of the Bladder-Inflammation of the Kidneys�Hfematuria (Bloody Urine)� Calculi (or Stones) in the Intestines�lied Water � Splenic Apoplexy.

THE LIVER.

The liver is lt;iu organ playing a most important part in the animal economy, being the viscus that secretes the bile. It is divided into two main lohes, or divisions, of which the right is the largest; and it is situated on the right side of the abdomen, between the third stomach and the diaphragm.

The liver is the receptacle for the blood proceeding from the other abdominal viscera, which instead of being returned to the heart is collected by a large vein �the vena porta�and passed through the liver, where it gives up certain excrementitious matters formed in the blood, which would otherwise accumulate in it and cause disease. The secretion thus formed is called the bile, which, besides being an excrementitious product, fulfils other designs in the animal economy, one of which is supposed to be its union with the fatty matters of the food, rendering them soluble, and thus fulfilling an important office in the function of digestion. A

THE LIVER.

175

familiar instance of the solvent power of bile on fatty matter, is the removal of grease spots by ox gall. Closely attached to the liver is the gall-bladder, which serves as a sort of reservoir for the accumulated bile (See fig. 42.)

Fig. 42.

fl. Tlio Liver. b. The I'aiicreos.

c. The Pancreatic Duct, rf. The QaU-Blodder.

f, Tlio Biliiiry Duct. /. The Duodenum.

^ The bile is emptied into a portion of the small intes�tines, called the duodenum, by means of a short canal, called the hepatic duct. It will be seen that anything which prevents the elaboration of bile from the blood will render that vital fluid abnormal and unhealthy, and prove a fertile cause of disease.

I7G

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

JAUNDICE (on Yki.t.ows).

Jaundice is ;i disease very common in the ox, and probably owes its comparative frequency, as compared with the horse, to the former animal having a gall�bladder, which is absent in the latter.

The primarv rausc of jaundice is an interrupted excretion nf bile, from sonic mechanical blocking up of the hepatic duct. This may proceed from gall-stones, thick and inspissated bile, or mechanical pressure on the duct. Contraction of the duct itself will also cause it.

The bile being thus confined, as it were, in the gall�bladder, and unable to make its way into the intestines, becomes reabsorbed into the blood, acting as a foreign and poisonous agent in this vital fluid, and communi�cating a yellow and bilious hue to all the tissues of the body. Jaundice is also sometimes caused by disease of the liver itself, either of an acute or inflammatory character.

The symptoms of jaundice when caused by gall�stones are not at all of an acute character, and generally one of the earliest observed will be an excessive yellow�ness of the skin and mucous membrane. This is especially seen in animals of a white, or partly white colour.

With this there isa want of energy and a listlessness which, although not sufficient to give a decided impres�sion of illness, is yet patent enough to the observant professional man.

Costiveness is an early and very important symptom, and is often sufficient of itself to cause an enquiry into the state of the animal. Upon examination, the ficces are found to have lost their brown look, and to have

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assumed a whitish or day-coloured appearance. They are also buttoned and hard.

The urine is scanty in quantity, often discharged, and of a deep brown colour, the kidneys being, in fact, the channel whereby the bile is conveyed out of the systejn.

When jaundice proceeds from acute inflammation of the liver, there is always an amount of constitutional irritation, such as increased respiration, dry muzzle, accelerated pulse and thirst. Pain will also be felt on pressure being- applied over the region of the liver. Where chronic disease and enlargement of the liver exists, we have all the symptoms of jaundice, of an unusually untractable character, bidding defiance to all our remedial measures.

The treatment of jaundice will depend materially upon the stage of the disease, and upon the primary cause of the affection, when that can be ascertained.

When the symptoms denote no acute affection of the liver, no very active treatment will be requisite, nor in fact will the animal bear it. A purgative should first of all be administered, and upon the choice of this will somewhat depend the success of our treatment. Epsom salts will act violently upon the lower bowels, without either removing the cause of the disease or permanently relieving the constipation. They are, however, useful as an adjunct to other medicaments.

Aloes will be our most valuable agent, and with this ma}'be combined some of the milder preparations of mer�cury, as the hydrargyra cum cret�, or mercury and chalk.

Solution of aloes . . .1^ ounces Epsom salts .... 0 ounces Mercury with chalknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . 2 dracluns

This may be given in a quantity of al(gt; gruel, and repeated in twenty-four hours if purgation does nut take place, or its acliou may be as�isted with linseed oil.

FfBSFWHH

178

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Purgation having once been established the mercury

and chalk may be repeated daily in doses of a drachm, until its effects are visible, as evidenced by soreness of the month and discharge of saliva. Calomel will be found an agent of too powerfnl a character.

The debility which is generally an accompaniment of this disease may be combatted by the administration of tonics and stimulants.

Powdered gentian . Sweet spirits of nitri

4 drachms

1 ounce

Given twice a dfty.

Care must be taken in watching the case not to allow the bowels to become again constipated, and should they become so, the former purgative dose may be repeated in half the quantity.

The food should be of a nutritious and succulent character, as carrots, turnips, mashes, oilcake, amp;c. amp;c.

A little nitro-muriatic acid * mixed with the animal's water will have an excellent alterative effect on the liver, but this should be given after the mercury has been dis�continued. Enough should be mixed with the water tn lt;nve it an aareeable acid taste. Nitro-muriatic acid has lately been given in human medicine in chronic liver diseases, with excellent effects, and it seems worth}' an extended trial.

When acute in�ammation is perceived to exist in the liver, bleeding may be bad recourse to, lgt;l(f. not to any great extent, and the region of the liver�the right side of the abdomen�may be well blistered with

* yftm-mv.riiitic acid:

Nitric :',oiil . Muriatic acid

1 part #9632;2 parts

Mix.

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mustard and turpentine, or tlie tincture of croton. In treating jaundice, however, we shall often be disap�pointed in the result of our remedial measures, as it very generally proves of an exceedingly untractable character, and too often the animal sinks gradually, or is carried off with an acute attack of diarrhoea, which sometimes supervenes in the latter stages. Hence the necessity for beginning the treatment in the early stage, and consulting the duly-qualified veterinarian in pre�ference to the cow-leech or quack.

THE KIDNEYS.

The kidneys are the organs which secrete the urine, and are situated beneath the muscles of the loins, lying one on each side of the spine. They are not precisely opposite to each other, the left one being a little posterior to the right. Tins kidney may be felt with the hand, when introduced into the rectum. The kidneys are purely excretory, that is, their office is to remove certain matters from the blood, which are foreign to it: and when we consider the larire amount of fluid which is taken into the stomach, absorbed into the blond, and removed in the form of urine, it will be seen how important to the animal economy is a due performance of their office.

Each kidney is supplied wdth a large artery, which ramifies through its substance, and from which, by means of a complicated system of capillary vessels and glands, the urine is, as it wort;, distilled into the hollow portion of the kidney. Hence, by means of a duct or passage, called the ureter, it is conveyed drop by drip into the cavity of the bladder.

The kidneys of the ox, as compared with those of

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ISO

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

our other domesticated animals, are not of a large size, but their form is peculiar, being composed of a number oflobules, or small lobes, connected together by areolar tissue; these again are more or less covered with fatty matter, in proportion to the condition or fatness of the animal. In oxen fatted for the butcher, this accumula�tion is very large. It is known in the language of domestic life as *uct.

The bladder is the receptacle or reservoir for the urine after it has been excreted by the kidneys. It is situated in the middle and inferior region of the pelvis, having the rectum above it in the male, and the rectum and vagina in the female. It may be distinctly felt by the hand through the coats of the rectum, when distended with urine.

The bladder is of an oval shape, and has three openings into its substance. Two to admit the ureters, by which it receives its supply of urine from the kidneys, and one (the urethra) by which that fluid is discharged from the body. The urethra is short in the female, straight, and of considerable diameter when compared with that of the male. It opens directly from the vagina into the bladder, and its opening (the meatus urinarius) may be distinctly felt by introducing the hand into the vagina, and carefully guiding the finger along the floor of that organ. The meatus is large enough to admit one of the fingers, which may be passed directly into the bladder. .Some care, how�ever, is necessary either in introducing the linger or female catheter, as posterior to the meatus is a sort of cul-de-sac, which may be mistaken for the meatus, and by pressure be injured.

The urethra in the male is of considerable length, but is so closely connected with the anatomy of the organs

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of generation, that its relative situation and anatomy is noticed in the chapter devoted to a consideration of the diseases of those organs.

In herhlvorous animals the urine has universally an alkaline reaction, owing to the presence of soda and potash, derived from the food consumed by this class of animals. It also contains carbonate of lime, in greater or less quantities, greater in the horse, which is often white and turbid from its presence, and in lesser quantities in the ox, whose urine is generally limpid and clear.

Urine also contains other ingredients, when in an abnormal or diseased state, as bile, blood, pus, and the oxalates and phosphates. The microscopic examination of urine, in disease, has been much neglected by vete�rinary practitioners. Surely here is a large and un�trodden field for the scientific practitioner.

CYSTITIS (I.NTl.AMMATIdN OF TUT, BLADDER).

Cj'stitis, or inflammation of the bladder, is very rarely seen as a distinct disease, hut is usually produced h}⁷mechanical injuries, abuse of medicine, parturition, amp;c.

The symptoms resemble those of nephritis (inflam�mation of the kidneys) with the addition of colicky pains, and if the kidneys are healthy there will be no shrinking when applying pressure to the loins. The most correct way of diagnosing cystitis is to make a manual examination by introducing the hand up the rectum, and applying pressure to the left kidney, which, being posterior to the right, can easily be felt. If the kidney be inflamed, the most intense pain will be manifested by the animal. If, however, it, be the bladder which is affected, there will be no tenderness

182nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

nbout the kidney, but on the contrary, pressure on the bladder will cause shrinking and pain.

If the bladder be full, the catheter, which is a short flexible tube, must he introduced (if in the cow) into the meatus urinarius�being carefully guided by the finger�and the urine drawn off. Some bland or emol�lient fluid, as a solution of gum acacia, should then be injected into the bladder in order to sheath the internal coat of that organ from the acid secretion. If in the ox, the introduction of the catheter will be a matter of great difficulty, if not impossible, owing to the great curve the urethra takes. It may, however, he attempted. In extreme cases the bladder may be punctured through the coats of the rectum.

Bleeding must be resorted to in the early stage, and

repeated if necessary, and the bowels unloaded with

brisk purgative (see Nephritis). This may be followed by the calomel and opium as recommended in ne�phritis. Enemas of warm water will be found useful, and the animal should drink plentifully of some bland fluid, as linseed gruel, amp;c,

NEPHRITIS (Inflammation of the Kidneys).

Inflammation of the kidneys is comparatively speak�ing a rare disease in the ox, nor is it in fact common in any of our domesticated animals. It is generally produced by the administration of diuretic medicines in over�doses, or hy the animal's eating some medicinal herb at pasture. It is, however, now and then dependent upon disease of some of the adjoining viscera in which the kidneys are secondarily involved, and occasionally from mechanical injuries to the neighbouring parts, as blows over the loins, slipping up, amp;c. amp;c.

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The symptoms of uepbritis are in tho first stage, the ordinary febrile ones, quick and full pulse, Lurried breathing, dry uose, and sometimes constipation. The animal will stand with his back arched, and flinch upon pressure being applied over the region of the kidneys. Upon being moved, the gait will be observed to be peculiar, he will straddle in his walk, and the effort will be attended with acute pain, evidenced b}' grunting, increased disturbance iu the breathing, and an accele�rated pulse.

Efforts will often be made to urinate, and the urine will be small in quantity and of a ropy and viscid character, and, in the more advanced stages, streaked with blood. The constant efforts to urinate are probably due to the acid and irritating character of the urine. This, however, often leads the owner of the animal to suppose that there is some mechanical obstruction to the passage of the urine, and he imagines it ought to ha drawn off, when in fact the bladder is emjity or nearly so.

As the disease advances, the symptoms become more aggravated, the animal moves more stiffly, staggers in walking, and often falls, and is unable to rise without assistance. The urine now becomes smaller in quantity, and thick and bloody in colour, and is often suppressed altogether. In this latter case, the blood not being purified, becomes loaded with area (one of the chief constituents of urine) and from this cause the brain becomes affected, and the animal becomes either wholly or partially unconscious,

.Should partial recovery take place the disease often assumes a chronic form, and results in certain morbid changes in the kidney, which may eventually bring the animal's life to a close, or render it unfit for those pur-

quot;.#9632;!m�'iquot;.i-ja-w...-raquo;--JS-*LuuiiJiww!

}.s4

TIIK DISEASES OF THE OX.

poses for which it is kept. Tn other cases great and important changes may go on, and yet interfere so little with the general health as to be unsuspected till slaughtered by the butcher.

Tlie. treatment of nephritis must be of an antiphlogistic nature. Blood must be extracted to a considerable ex�tent, till an evident impression is made on the pulse, and if necessary, repeated. Purgation will be found bene�ficial, but such agents should W- selected as will not be likely to act on the kidneys as well as the bowels.

Epsom salts . Powdered croton seeds Linseed oil

4 oannos

20 grains

I quart

IE i If-

After the lunvels have been well relieved, small doses of calomel and opium may be administered.

Powdered opium . . .1 draclnti Calomel.....1 drachm

This may be iriven daily, mixed in tolerably thick linseed gruel.

Blisters to the loins should he avoided, as both cantharides and turpentine have a specific action on the kidneys, and being absorbed into the system would cause an aggravation of the disease. Mustard embrocations may however be used with advantage, or a warm sheepskin applied to the loins.

The diet must consist of mashes, and soft food, and the drink of good linseed gruel, which, if necessary, may be given by the horn.

Remarks.�Tin's disease is so rarely seen in its pure form, and so commonly associated with other diseases involving neighbouring parts, that its correct diagnosis is often a matter of great difficulty, and one of the best means of ascertaining its existence is bv introducinsr

ILEMATURIA.

185

the hand up the rectum, and applying pressure to the left kidney (the right will generally be found out of reach). In case of disease, the animal will evince the most distressing pain upon the pressure being applied.

When the disease assumes a chronic form, it is astonishing how much mischief can and will go on, and yet the animal evince little or no symptoms of it; an occasional fit of colicky pain, attended with a little difficulty in urination, will be the only evidence of what is found after death to be an almost total change in the structure of one or both kidneys, and it is only when these organs become absolutely v'/iOTpfiWc of performing their office that acute symptoms set in. In these chronic cases little or no good can result from medical treatment, and the animal should at once be consigned to the butcher.

aEMATUEIA, or DISCHAEGE OF BLOOD WITH THE UEINE.

A discharge of blood with the urine differs from lied Water in the blood, coming away in congealed masses, principally with the first flow of urine, the urine afterwards becoming comparatively clear.

It may proceed from a variety of causes, as calculi (or stones) in the bladder, rupture of the smaller blood�vessels of the kidneys, and from injury to the vagina itself.

In this affection a careful examination should always he made, and�if possible�the cause ascertained, and remedies adapted to the circumstances had recourse to. When the bleeding proceeds from a rupture of seine blood-vessel, internal astringents may be given, com�bined with laxatives.

._Jraquo;LUquot;l^JBlaquo;l

iHSJWUK.-^

'11

18(3

THE DISEASES OF TUE OX.

A very good medicine is a solution of Epsom salts acidulated with sulphuric acid, in the proportion of two or three drachms of the latter to a pound of the former. Acetate of lead is occasionally useful in one or two-drachm doses. Cold affusions to the loins must also be used, and enemas of cold water. The diet should con�sist of sloppy and easily digested food, and the drink rendered bland and mucilaginous by linseed. Hsema-turia will now and then proceed from the animal eating .some plant which acts specifically on the kidneys. Mr. King, of Diss, relates an interesting case in the 'Veterinarian,' in which a number of horses were affected with hsematuria from the administration of savin among the food.

CALCULOU.S CONCRETIOX.s.

#9632;

From time to time large st( me-like substances are found in the intestines of our domesticated animals after death, which have received the name of Calculi (from calx, lime).

These, as their name implies, are composed mainly of the salts of lime.

They are divided into stomachial�or those which are found in the stomach�intestinal�found in the intes�tines�renal�occupying the pelvis of the kidney�and vesical�-or those which exist in the bladder.

They are also sometimes found in the urethra.

These substances are much less common in the ox than in the horse; they are, however, occasionally found in the former.

Hair balls are commonly found in the first stomach of the calf, and are produced by the young animals licking each other, the matted hair thus received into

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CALCULO�S CONCRETIONS.

187

the stomach forming itself into a roundish hall. Accord�ing to Mr. Youatt, concretions are occasionally found in the rumen of older animals, but \ve have no means of diagnosing such cases, nor are they common enough to make this fact of any practical importance.

Intestinal calculi are of still rarer occurrence, if they are ever met with.

Calculi in the Bladder are much oftener met with than either intestinal or stomachial, and are composed mainly of carbonate of lime, which is, as before re�marked, one of the constituents of the urine, and it is owing to this substance being in an abnormal quantity that calculi are formed.

The symptoms of calculus in the bladder are obscure; there is pain and irritation in making water, and the flow of urine is often suddenly interrupted. There are also occasional discharges of blood, attended with colicky symptoms,, as stamping, and striking the belly with the hind legs. The most correct wa}', however, of diagnosing the disease is by exploring the rectum when the bladder is' empty, when the calculus, if large, can distinctly be felt.

Treidraeuf: If the animal is at all in good condition, it is better at once sent to the butcher, as not only is an operation attended with danger, but, owing to the peculiarity of structure in the genital organs of the ox as compared with those of the horse, passing a whale-hone staff or metallic sound into the bladder is a much more difficult matter in the former than the latter.

Calculi in the pelvis�or hollow part�-of the kidney are now and then found after death, but, owing to the peculiarity of the situation, this form of calculus cannot be diagnosed.

Calculus in the urethra is not unfrequent, and owes

'.'�#9632;' -.-

ISS

TITE DISEASES OF THE OX.

its presonce tlioiv to its lieing; arrested in its passage from the bladder, from whence it has been carried by the flow of urine. The symptoms of urethra! calculi are extreme pain and uneasiness in the animal, attended with constant efforts to urinate, without success. Upon a careful examination the calculus may be felt, by trac�ing the urethra carefully, from the extremity of the penis, along the penineum to where it turns to enter the bladder. When the obstructing substance is found, it, should be at once cut down upon and extracted. The incision must be drawn together by a few stitches, and treated as a common wound.

Belief is often given in cases of vesical�or bladder� calculi by a profuse discharge of sabulous or gravelly matter with the urine, by which means nature relieves herself of those materials which would otherwise collect in the bladder, and form the nucleus for a calculus.

Being composed mainly of carbonate of lime, which is decomposed by any strong aeid, it has been proposed to administer mineral acids to the animal, which, having the property of passing unchanged through the kidneys, are thus brought into direct contact with the calculus.

BED WATER.

This disease is called Eed Water from the colour of the urine, and in the later stages, when it (the urine) assumes a dark brown or blackish hue, it is called Black Water. It very rarely appears in bullocks or unimpregnated animals, but seems principally confined to cows soon after their calving. There are, however, in both instances exceptional cases, which will now and then occur. The author has occasionally seen the disease

EED WATER.

189

in young stock, when placed under circumstances espe�cially favouring its development.

There are, perhaps, few diseases regarding which more difference of opinion has existed in the veterinary profession than this, hoth as to the primary cause of the disease, and as to what the red colour of the urine was owing to.

By many practitioners, it was supposed that the red�dish or dark brown hue of the urine was owing to an admixture of bile; and by others it was as strenuously contested that blood was the colouring ingredient. The Litter, however, has of late years been universally allowed to be the true cause of the red colour of the urine, and has been demonstrated to he so, both by chemical tests and by the microscope. Although, however, it is blood which is here found, it is blood which is changed in its chemical and vital constituents, and docs not separate into a clot as healthy blood would do if artificially mixed with urine. This fact will enable the observer to diagnose this disease from one which it resembles, and has frequently been mistaken for, hcmiatuna (or true bloody inane). The immediate cause of red water seems to be an altered state of the blood, in which the red corpuscles, which give colour to the blood, are broken up, and their colouring matter (or hematosin) escapes by means of the kidneys.

The exciting cause of red water is ]gt;j no means so clear, as in some parts of the country it is almost un�known, and in others it is a complete scourge. Even on the same farm, some fields are notorious for its pro�duction, and others entirely escape. Hence it lias been referred to the animals eating some medicinal plants which have a specific effect on the kidneys. As, how�ever, according to the author's view, it is not due to

' '

190

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

disease of any special organ, but to the blood generally, a wider view must be taken, although undeniably due to some some local cause. Hence it would appear that it depends more upon the general quality of the food than to any particular plant, but as to what quality of food this is, we are as yet ignorant.

Red water is ushered in by diarrhoea, which, however, seldom lasts more than two or three days, and is quickly followed by obstinate constipation.

The urine is voided frequently, at first appearing of a brown colour, but quickly changing to a deep red, and, in the latter stages, to a blackish-brown or porter colour.

If seen in the early stage, the pulse will be found quickened and the action of the heart increased. The liver also sympathises, as evidenced by yellowness of the mucous membrane and skin.

At the commencement the appetite is not much affected: as the disease progresses, however, it becomes feeble, and rapid emaciation ensues. It is generally in this latter stage that the urine becomes brown, or blad:

The secretion of milk is affected ; it becomes cbnnged both in quality and quantity, and, as the disease advances is suspended altogether : it is now⁷ and then found to be tinned with a brownish hue. Tbe exhaustion and ema-ciation in the latter stages are very great, and the poor animal gradually sinks.

Upon a post-mortem examination, the internal viscera are almost all found to be more or less implicated, the liver is always found affected in a greater or lesser degree, often enlarged and softened. The kidneys, too, as might be expected, present appearances of disease, varying from inflammation to complete disorganisation. The gallbladder is filled with thickened bile, and the stomachs are all more or less affected.

EED WATER.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;]!)!

The treatment of red water is a very unsatisfactory matter, and too often proves, especially in its secondary stage, to be a hopeless affair. The first object of the practitioner will be to unload the bowels, and relieve the obstinate constipation which invariably exists when the disease is established, and a powerful purgative will be needed.

Solution of aloes . . .8 ounces Epsom suits . ' . . .8 ounces Sulphur . . . . .4 ounces

This may be followed up by giving half the quantity every twelve hours until the bowels are relieved. Our next object will be to overcome the rapidly increasing debility, and restore in some measure the health}' action of the kidneys. The author has found the following draught very efficacious:

Nitric ictlier ... .1 ounce Oil of turpentine . . . 1 ounce

To bo given once or twice a day in a large quantity of thick gruel.

These may be alternated when required by mild vegetable and mineral tonics, (-specially the preparation of iron and gentian.

Bleeding is practised by some practitioners, and Pro�fessor Simonds recommends it when taken in the very earliest stage; in the latter stage, of course, the rapidly increasing debility always present will forbid it. Change of food and pasture is most important; if in the field the cow should be taken up and kept on sloppy and easily digested food for a time, as bran mashes, gruel, linseed, amp;c. If on turnips, they should be discontinued for a time, and cut hay, with bran and linseed, sub�stituted.

I! .quot;

192

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

#9632; Is

THE SPLEEN.

The spleen or milt is generally described by anatomists as a spongy viscus, of au elongated and flattened form, attached closely to the left side of the rumen or paunch. Its colour is of a sort of mottled blue. It is relatively of a larger size in the ox than horse, anil, when diseased, sometimes attains to an enormous hulk. When cut into, its interior is found of a spongy nature, containing what appears to be blackened and grumous blood. Its precise function in the animal economy is not known, some physiologists believing it to be a preparer of the red cells of the blood, and others that it is the re�ceptacle for those cells when disintegrated and worn out. It is an organ that does not appear to be essential to the carrying on of the vital functions;, as it has been repeatedly extirpated in the lower animals without in�terference to health.

The spleen may become very much enlarged without any untoward symptoms developing themselves, and, in fact, without interference to health, and some very sin�gular morbid specimens are now and then found by the butcher upon killing a fat animal. The spleen has been found, after death, increased in size to many times its original bulk.

Rupture of the spleen now and then occurs, but is not so common in the ox as the horse. The symptoms are those of subacute abdominal pain, accelerated res�piration, and pallidness of the visihle mucous membrane. The pulse is rapid and feeble, and in the latter stages almost imperceptible. When the internal rupture is large, and the bleeding consequently considerable, the animal rapidly sinks. Could the disease be correctly diagnosed, which it seldom can, treatment would, of

SPLENIC APOPLEXY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19:3

course, be useless. Should such be attempted, it would consist of the administration of powerful astringents, such as diluted sulphuric acid, acetate of lead, amp;c.

The jpost-mortem examination usually reveals the spleen enlarged and ruptured or torn, with a great amount of extravasation of blood in the cavity of the abdomen.

SPLENIC APOPLEXY

Splenic apoplexy is the engorgement of the spleen with blood, the consequent interruption of the chief functions of vitalit}', and, in the majority of cases, the death of the animal. Splenic apoplexy is a new disease, and although from time to time, in the pages of our veterinary periodicals, cases have been recorded of fatality from engorgement of this organ, it is only within the last 3⁷ear or two that public attention has been called to the prevalence of this disease in certain localities. On July 9, 1862, Professor Simonds, after an elaborate investigation of the subject, gave the results of his experience before the Royal Agricultural Society, and it is from these remarks that the following observations are principally taken.

Professor Simonds regards splenic apoplexy as es�sentially a blood disense, and one in which ^; some of the constituents of the blood, from various causes, undergo peculiar changes, and in consequence of the disturbed state of the organism thereby produced, the blood is brought to a standstill in the spleen, and hence the large increase of its bulk.' Hence its resemblance to black leg, red water, and other diseases of the same type.

' Another source of mischief,quot; remarks the Professor. ' is the direct conveyance into the digestive organs of materials detrimental to the making of pure blood,

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

I I

either in the shape of food or water.' Here, then, is another hint to the agriculturist of a means of prevent�ing, not only the disease under consideration, hut also other diseases due to a vitiated state of the hlood. How often do we find in farm-yards the very worst appliances, both for securing a supply of pure water, and also for regulating the ventilation of the stable and cow-house.

As to symptoms of splenic apoplexy, properly speak�ing, there are none; almost as soon as the animal is observed to he amiss, he is dying. 'It is seldom,' says Professor Simonds, 'that the animals attacked survive more than twenty-four hours; indeed, the major part of them may be said to die within six or eight hours. Death sometimes takes place within two hours after the attack. If we examine the per-centago of deaths, we shall find that in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the animal (lied.'

When sufficient warning is given to more accurately observe the symptoms, they are not, as a rule, at first very alarming. ' The animal stands with its back arched, it has a difficulty in progression, a staggering L,^r:nt. and a twitching of the muscles. Paralysis suc�ceeds, with countenance dull and dispirited : a frothy saliva comes from the mouth, the breathing is laboured and difficult, and the pulse augmented, becoming tremu�lous and indistinct as the disease advances: colicky pains come on. and when effusion into the intestinal canal takes place, these griping pains become associated with diarrhoea and blood-coloured evacuationsi The urine is also frequently discoloured with blood. The animal fails, and generally dies in convulsions. The immediate cause of death is cerebral disturbance. Some animals die frantic, while others die in a state of coma.'

The treatment of splenic apoplexy is more a matter

ili

SPLENIC APOPLEXT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;195

of theory than of practice, for so sudden and fatal are the attacks, that professional aid is seldom available: and to the farmer and stock-keeper there are no par�ticular symptoms that can he pointed out to enable him to recoo-nise it from a host of other diseases. Bleediuir in the very early stages would be proper, as also pur�gatives, followed by tonics and stimulants.

The prevention of the disease is a matter which requires the earnest attention of every one who has been unfortunate enough to have a visitation of this most fatal affection, and it would far exceed the limits of a work like the present to go into the very interest�ing and scientific details given by Professors Simonds, Buckman, and Voelcker, and reported in the ' Royal Agricultural Society Journal' for 1862. Suffice it to say that every effort should be used in order to ascertain the quality of the water, food, and herbage consumed by the affected animals, so as to find out, if possible, the origin and cause of the disease. When this is ohscure, which it generally is, the reader is earnestly advised not to fly to some ridiculous and empirical nostrum recom�mended by an 'ancient shepherd' or advertising drug�gist, but to consult, at once, a duly qualified veterinary practitioner, and, if necessary, an analytical chemist.

#9632;

Tlaquo;

196

T1IK DISEASES OF THE OX.

PAKT VI,

THE SESSOEIAL SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES.

The Sensorial System�Diseases of the Brain�Paralysis�In�flammation of the Brain�Tetanus (Lucked Jaw)�Apoplexy� Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain)�The Eye�Ophthalmia.

THE SENSOEIAL SYSTEM.

The nervous system of vertebrate animals (that is, animals having a spine) consists of the brain and spinal cord and their appendages, the latter being, as it were, a continuation of the former.

FlO. 40.

i�t,

SIIIKWAY VIEW OF THE BRAIN.

#9632; i. The cerebrum, of great brain.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /gt;. The cerebellum, or little brain.

c. The oblong medulla. (Carpenter.)

These great centres of nervous power have two dis�tinct functions �

1. That of conveying motor power to the muscles, and by that means of regulating all the different movements of the body.

THE SENSOEIAL SYSTEM.

197

2. That of sensation, by which the whole frame is endowed with sensibility, or the power of feeling pain, and nlso with the sense of touch.

From these two centres (the brain arid spinal cord) are sent off numerous branches or trunks (the nerves), ramifying- over its structure to such an inconceivable extent of minuteness, that we cannot touch any part of the body, with even the point of a pin, without pro�ducing pain, proving that some part of this great nervous centre has been injured or excited to action.

Fro. 44.

THE liliAIX AS DISrl.AVri) BY A VF.KTIOAI. SECTION.

Oh. The cerebrmn. {/. The cerebellum. e. The oblong medulla. (Carpenter.)

The brain is a soft white mass, and composed of two unequal divisions�the cerebrum or larger part, which occupies the greater portion of the cranial cavity, and the cerebellum, which is situated posteriorly to the cere�brum, and is about one-third its size. (See figs. 43, 44.)

Upon examining the brain as a whole, it will be seen to consist of two equal halves, called hemispheres, each of which is an exact duplicate of the other, it being, in fact, a double organ. The spinal cord is also divided in the same way.

The brain is, in man, the seat of reason: man has accordingly a much larger brain in proportion to his size than any other animal; and as animals decrease in

#9632;

198

THE DISEASES OP THE OX.

the scale of intelligence, so do their brains occupy, relatively, a much smaller space in the frame. This, although a general rule, has some exceptions ; the ox having a somewhat large brain iu proportion to his intelligence.

The brain has three coverings, the dura mater, or tough skin-like lining of the bony skull, the pia mater, and the arachnoid membrane. The two last are of a fine and delicate structure, the pia mater containing the blood-vessels supplying the brain. Upon cutting into the substance of the brain, it is found composed of two different coloured materials, a greyish or ash-coloured one externally, and a white one internally ; the former is called the cineritious, and the latter the medullary substance.

These fulfil a separate function in the animal economy, the grey matter being supposed to be the seat of intelli�gence, and the white of sensation and motion.

As has been before remarked, the cerebrum is the larger portion of the brain, and is that part which always presents itself upon breaking open the skull. It is situated anteriorly to the cerebellum.

The cerebellum (or little brain) is situated posteriorly to the former, and is supposed to be the origin and controller of the various movements of the body.

The spinal cord (or marrow) is a continuation of brain-like substance, running from the brain, where it takes its commencement, to the tail. This is the im¹-mediate seat of the power by which the muscles of the body are moved, and of the common sensibility of parts. The upper portion of the spinal cord, where it joins the cerebellum, is called the oblong medulla (see figs. 43, 44), and is closely connected with the functions of respiration and deglutition.

THE SEXSOEIAL SYSTEM.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 199

The nerves are certain long white cords which have their origin in the Lrain and spinal cord, and ramify throughout all parts of the animal frame, giving it the power both of motion and sensation.

The nerves of special sense, viz. hearing, seeing, smelling, and taste, proceed directly from the brain itself. The fifth sense, that of touch, is distributed alike to all parts of the frame.

To preserve so delicate and tender an appaxatus as the brain and spinal cord from injury, nature has pro�vided a bony defence, of great strength and extra�ordinary adaptability for securing perfect freedom of action with security�this is the skull and vertebrae.

The skull in the very young animal is composed of a number of separate bones, which unite to form an osseous cavity of immense strength. In the older animal these bones become, as it were, cemented into one, although, by a careful examination, their points of union-may still be perceived.

Continued from the posterior pail of the skull is the spinal column, a row of small irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae (see fig. 37). These serve to retain in its situation and protect from injury the spinal card.

They (the vertebra¹) are divided into cervical, dorsal, and lumbar, so named from the different situations they occupy in the neck, bad', and loins. These differ mate�rially, both in form and size, but yet retain a genera! resemblance one to another.

Each vertebra has certain projections denominated processes.

The spinous, forming the ridge of the spine (from which the name), and standing up perpendicularly from the bone. The transverse, situated in a hori�zontal position, and on each side of the bone. And the

mmmm

�200

TUE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Fig. 4c

I V

a. The- cavities in the vertebra'-,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; joint uniting the rib to the

which receivenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;cartilage.

fgt;. The head and tubercle of the rib.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;d. The joint formed by the carti-

c. The surfaces of the synovialnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; l�ge and sternum.

articular processes, situated forward and backward, and forming the points of contact between each vertebra.

These processes serve for the attachment of certain small muscles running from bone to bone, formine' a

mmmm_zss;

DISEASES OP THE BEA1N.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

bond of union to the whole spine, regulating its motion, and giving it flexibility.

Each vertebra is pierced with a hole or canal for the lodgment of the spinal cord, which is thus protected by a btmy case, admirably adapted both for strength and flexibility.

The cervical vertebrae are seven in number, of which the first is called 'the alhis,'' and the second the 'dcutata.' These differ materially from the others, both in size and form. To these succeed�

The dorsal, or vertebrae of the back, and the lumbar, or those forming the loins, the whole vertebral column ending in the coccygeal or tail bones.

The manner in which the ribs are articulated or joined to the vertebrae, is shown in the accompanying cut.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN.

Brain affections are more common in our domesti�cated animals than their immunity from those exciting causes of disease so often found in the human subject would at first lead us to suppose. They are seldom of an acute character, being oftener dependent upon some structural derangement in the brain itself, than the consequence of inflammatory action; and these cases of chronic disease present themselves under a great variety of aspects, and with symptoms varying with each individual case. There is, however, such a general resemblance in these affections that they may pretty correctly be diagnosed, although often their precise nature can only be guessed at.

Structural disease of the brain may consist of tumours in the substance of the organ or on its surface.

m^m

quot;#9632;#9632;

#9632;20-2

THE DISEASES OF THK OX.

quot;i �

abscesses, water on the brain (hydrocephalus), and the brain, althougli healthy iu itself, may be subjected to pressure from bony tumours of the skull, extravasated blood from ruptured blood-vessels, amp;c., and in each of these cases, when the disease in, or pressure on, the brain is in the same jjlace, the symptoms will much resemble each other, although the causes of such symptoms may be very various. We shall, therefore, proceed to give the leading symptoms of chronic brain affections, pointing out the bearing they have upon the diagnosis.

Coma is a peculiar state, resembling sleep, and is eminently characteristic of brain disease. The animal is dull, stupid, and with difficulty made to move, the head hanging down, and sometimes obstinately pressed against the nearest bard substance, as the wall or manger, and if the head is elevated, he will stagger back, and in many instances fall.

The pulse is soft and full, and unusually slow. Although sleepy and stupid, the animal will start nervously at any sudden noise or touch, only, however, to relapse into his former sleepy state. The pupil of the eye is usually dilated, although this is not an invariable symptom. There is also very generally severe and obstinate constipation.

Coma may proceed from actual disease of the brain itself, or merely be a symptom of some more remote or secondary affection. In any and all cases, however, where there is coma, there is a suspension of the function of the cerebrum or larger portion of the brain, and the cause will vary from simple congestion to deep-seated and incurable disease.

Sim/pie coma, unaccompanied by any other symptoms than those described above, is often dependent upon

.1 � #9632; I -Jl:

PARALYSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-203

disease of the digestive apparatus, such as over-feeding with partiteular descriptions of food, poisonous narcotic plants, amp;c. Sec, and is best treated by the administra�tion of powerful purgatives and copious blood-letting, followed by stimulants. This is generally succeeded by a remission of the urgent symptoms and a gradual return to health.

When, however, the symptoms, instead of yielding to the treatment, increase in urgency, and perhaps some new peculiarity is developed, chronic and deep-saaied disease may be rationally inferred.

One veiy peculiar and thoroughly characteristic symptom of brain disease is an inclination to lean the head to oue side, and sometimes even to perform a rotatory movement, when left at liberty. A familiar instance of this is seen in giddy sheep, the cause of which affection is a hydatid pressing on the brain. The treatment of such cases is generally useless, although bleeding, and counter-irritation in the form of blisters, and setons over the poll, will often give relief for a time.

PAEALYSIS.

The disease we have been describing is essentially a disease of the cerebrum, or organ of intelligence ; when, however, the cerebellum, or organ of motion, is involved, a different train of symptoms immediately develop themselves. The animal is paralysed, or palsied : he is deprived of the power of motion, either completely or partially. In the former case he lies prostrate, possessing, it is true, all the special senses, such as eye�sight and hearing, the nerves of which, as has been before remarked, proceed from the cerebrum, but


	1	res'
ii i	f	I

:o4

^mmmmmm

TIIR DISEASES OF THE OX.

1 *

deprived of both motion and sensation. When partially affected, there is some little power and feeling left, but in movinsr. the e^-ait is stagsrering and uncertain, and when a liyib is lifted in progression the animal seems as if uncertain when and where to place it. Paralysis also proceeds from derangement of the spinal cord, any pressure upon which produces paralysis in those nerves posterior to the seat of injury. A fruitful cause of spinal paralysis is injuries, as blows, strains, amp;c.

Broken back, which, as is well known, causes complete and fatal paralysis in those parts posterior to the injury, is caused by the compression of the spinal cord Iry the displaced pieces of bone.

Effusion of fluid into the sheath of the spinal cord is also a cause of paralysis, and may be produced as a sequela of disease.

This affection is also sometimes seen in cows which are in low condition, and heavy in calf: in this case, it is probably caused by mechanical pressure on the spine.

The most common cause, however, seems to be ex�posure to cold and wet.

There are several kinds of paralysis described by authors on medicine: partial paralysis, when only one muscle or set of muscles are affected: hemiplegia, when one side of the body is affected; paraplegia) when the hind quarters only lose their power.

The latter is the most common in our domesticated animals, the two former being very rare: we shall accordingly confine our remarks on treatment to para�plegia.

In the treatment of paralysis our first care must be, if possible, to ascertain the cause: if proceeding from an injury, causing total want of power in the hind ex�tremities, the animal only being able to raise himself on



	;

PARALYSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;205

Ins fore legs, like a dog sitting' on his haunches, fracture of the spinal column may be suspected, and detected by a careful examination. These cases are, of course, hopeless, and are best at once consigned to the butcher. When fracture has not actually taken place, such an amount of injury may have been received as to render the issue very doubtful. In these cases, if in anything like condition, the animal should at once be killed. If, however, the patient is capable of moving the bind limbs and walking, although with a staggering motion, and the condition renders him useless to kill, treatment should always be attempted.

The animal should be removed to a loose box, and the bowels opened with a brisk purgative, which may be succeeded by tonic and stimulating medicines, and the spine well rubbed with mustard and turpentine mixed into a thin paste, or, what is better, with the terebinthinate tincture of croton. This may be suc�ceeded by a change of common pitch, spread upon the loins hot, and covered with wool or tow.

Sometimes paralysis will make its appearance without any assignable cause, and this form of disease is espe�cially seen in animals in poor condition, which have been kept on marshy or badly drained land. It may either come on swldenbj or gradually; the latter cases are, however, comparatively rare. The animal should, as in the former case, be at once removed into a warm sheltered loose box, where keeping the bowels relaxed by medicine, good and nutritious food, and careful nursing, will form the best medical treatment. If medicine be given at all, it should consist of some aromatic and stimulating root, as ginger, given in a little ale gruel once or twice a day. The liniment of croton or mus�tard should be applied to the back as in the former case.

TTquot;

¹ ' II I I

wmm

206

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

In cases of paralysis where there is total inability to rise, slinging should not be attempted, as it will cause irritation, and often interfere with the functions of the stomach. The animal may be relieved hy being turned over several times a day, and well packed up with dry straw.

All nonsensical and empirical remedies,such ascutting the tail for tail-worm (an imaginary bogie which haunts the cow-sheds in some parts of England, causing all sorts of diseases) are useless.

.Strychnine has been recommended in this disease, in chronic and old standing cases, this medicine acting as a stimulant to the nerves. Experiments are wanting to confirm its utility. Perhaps a better preparation is the tincture of mix vomica, which may he tried in two-drachm doses, given twice daily, and persevered in for some considerable time.

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ' .

{

PHRENITIS.

Phrenitis, or acute inflammation of the brain, is a disease, fortunately, of rare occurrence in the ox, for, perhaps with the exception of rabies or hydrophobia, which it much resembles, there is no affection of so distressing or dangerous a character.

The cause of phrenitis is too great a determination of blood to the brain, from any cause which tends to destroy the balance of the circulation and produce con-fjestion. Over-driving in hot and sultry weather is a fertile cause.

The symptoms are thoixuighly characteristic of the disease ; there is first of all stupor, the animal is torpid and sleepy, and this is succeeded by the most furious delirium, the animal rushes at surrounding objects and

PHRENITIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;207

dashes himself against anything which appears to oppose his progress; his countenance is wild and staring, and he bellows in a furious manner. Occasionally, when the fit is violent, he will fall down, struerfflinar and bei-lowing in the same frantic way. The pulse, when it can be felt (for there is some clanger even in approach�ing an animal in this state), is quick and full, and the respiration quot;panting. Xow and then there is paralysis attendant.

Treatment.�The first object in the treatment of phrenitis is to properly secure the patient from doing mischief to his attendants or to other beasts, and for this purpose a long rope may be fastened round the horns, and he may be drawn up to a strong post, for it is often useless, if not positively dangerous, to attempt to confine him in the house. Having secured him thus, our first step will be to remove a large quantity of blood ; in fact, he should be bled until be falls on his knees from syncope (or faintness). Medicine is the next consideration, but, owing to the excited state of the animal, it will be often very difficult or impossible to administer, at all events in large doses. Thirty or forty grains of croton may be given, combined with a pound of Epsom or common salt, and repeated in twelve hours if purgation does not set in. If much thirst is present, cold water may be given at intervals, in which nitre is dissolved. Tincture of aconite, too, may be tried, dropped into the water in twenty-drop doses. In many cases of severe phrenitis, however, a bullet will prove the best remedy, for the beast will be found so utterly uncontrollable, that life and limb should not be risked in attempting medical treatment.

rrwr-rrcquot;

mm j

208

Til!-: DISEASES OF THE OX.

;

TETANUS.

Tetanus is a disease not very commonly seen in the ox, and fortunately so, for it is one of an exceedingly fatal character; perhaps the average cases of recovery will not he more than one out of five or six.

Tetanus is an affection involving the whole of the nervous system with the exception of the brain, the immediate seat of it being the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, the brain and nerves of special sense es�caping.

quot;What is the precise nature of tetanus, we are in a great measure ignorant: we know that the whole ner�vous system is in a state of intense excitement, pro�ducing a continuous spasm of the muscles, but as to how that excitement is produced, we are in the dark, nor do post-mortem examinations throw much light upon it, for though in some few instances the spinal cord will be found slightly inflamed, in others there is no appearance of any disease.

Tetanus is commonly called Locked jmc, which after all is a very inappropriate term, for although the jaw is locked with a vengeance, yet it is only spasmed in common with every other muscle of the bod}-.

The symptoms of tetanus are, in the earlier stages, not easily observed, and it is to this fact that we are indebted for so many fatal cases, for generally before the professional man is consulted the disease has such fast hold of the system as to render futile any efforts for relief. In the earlier stages the animal will be observed by the attendant to be somew^rhat stiff in its gait, and to protrude its nose more than usual, which, however, being set down for that very convenient com�plaint ' only a cold,quot; no notice is taken. The next day.

#9632;

TETAJs'�S.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 209

the neck is stretched out, and the nose protruded, and turning is accomplished with difficulty, and ' all in a piece ;' and finally, upon introducing the hand into the mouth, the jaws are found incapable of openino- more than an inch or two. In the next stage, the disease shows itself in all its fearful violence, the jaws are firmly locked, scarcely the point of a stick can be pushed between the firmly-clenched teeth; the haw is protruded over the eye, the legs are propped widely apart, and the tail elevated ; the head raised, and the nose cocked into the air; and above all, there is that anxious distressed look so characteristic of the disease.

The nervous excitement is now fearful to witness ; the least noise or touch brings on a terrible paroxysm, and if the poor animal falls he is incapable of rising. If assisted to do so he must be raised all in a piece; looking somewhat like the wooden horses seen in the to}' shops.

The bowels are constipated, partaking in fact of the spasm which possesses the rest of the system.

The appetite, strange to say, is little affected, and the poor animal will eat as long as mastication is possible.

The trcatracnt may be summed up in a few words__

Qidet the system, a sentence easily written and as easily pronounced, but how ?

Sedatives, such as opium, belladonna, prussic acid, amp;c., have all been given in enormous doses, and with but limited effect. Chloroform, that potent anaesthetic under the influence of whose power even the severest operations become robbed of their agon}'�even chloro�form fails to have any effect in this strange disease, if it does not add fresh excitement to the already agonised system. From the author's own experience, he cannot recommend its adoption. The Indian hemp (Cannabis

UW t

210

THE DISEASES OP THE OX.

Indiens) has lately beeu much vaunted as a specific for tetanus, and seems worthy a trial, although the author has given as much as an ounce of the extract in twelve hours to a yearling calf without effect. Purgatives must be given early and in large doses, and of this class of agents croton oil seems to be the most applicable, from its energetic action and small bulk. The dose is from ten to thirty drops, according to the age of the animal, sufficiently diluted with linseed oil, and continued every twelve hours till purgation is set up.

One of the most usefid sedatives will be found in the extract of belladonna, which may accompany the pur�gative, and be repeated every four hours. The dose of this agent is from two to three drachms, given either in solution in warm water or, if the jaws are closed, placed by means of the finger between the teeth, when it will be slowly dissolved by the saliva, and sucked in gradually. This may be varied, according to the urgency of the case, with any one of the sedatives above named. Medicines may be introduced into the system by means of the enema pump, or the common tube and bladder. The prussic acid is worth a trial given in this way, in two-drachm doses. The tobacco-smoke enema, too, acting; both as a sedative and stimulant to the con-stipated bowels, may be tried.

Quietness is most essential in the treatment of tetanus. The animal should be left alone under lock and key, and not disturbed, except by the visits of his attendant or the professional man, and that only for the purpose of administering food and medicine. So much value did the late Professor Sewell attach to seclusion and freedom from excitement, as to produce a padlock on the lecture-table, saying that was the only specific he knew for the cure of tetanus.

APOPLEXY.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;211

Sometimes tetanus will assume a chronic form, and after all active symptoms have subsided, the stiffness and rigidity of the muscles will remain for several weeks.

APOPLEXY.

We have described in a previous chapter the most common form of apoplexy, namely the puerperal, or dropping after calving. It is not, however, un�common as a distinct affection.

The causes are over-driving in hot weather, a plethoric state of the system, or, in fact, any cause which tends to produce an over supply of blood to the brain.

The symptoms are sudden and violent, and come on without the slightest warning. The animal is struck at once with insensibility, his eyes are protruded, and the skin covering the face, more or less, together with the eyelids, appear swelled and puffed. These symptoms are occasionally observed before the animal falls. When on the ground he struggles violently, his breathing is noisy and stertorous, and death soon closes the scene.

The treatment must be very prompt. Blood must be taken without delay, and that to a large amount; and if the jugular vein cannot be raised, he may be bled in the nose with a common penknife.

Should the animal recover consciousness, and reaction takes place, recovery may be anticipated; the attack, however, will leave some degree of duluess and stupor, and the breathing will be accelerated, showing that the vascular system has not had time to recover its tone. The bleeding should be followed up with a powerful purgative, and the tincture of aconite given in twenty-drop doses, and repeated at intervals of twelve hours.

p 2

#9632;_gt; 12

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

A peculiar form of congestive blood disease is known to the older writers on veterinary medicine, and to country people generally, as Blain. The symptoms of this affection do not materially differ from those de�scribed above, but the disease seems to be centred in the cellular membrane and smaller blood-vessels sup�plying the skin. The skin about the head, eyes, neck, and chest is puffed up to a most extraordinary degree, sometimes involving the binder extremities. Bleeding, in almost all cases, gives immediate relief, but this can seldom be effected from the jugular, from the excessive swelling. In these cases a sharp penknife should be taken and plunged into the interior of the nose, where a tolerable amount of blood may be procured. A shaip purgative should follow this depletion.

HYDEOCEPHAXUS (Watp.k on -run P.uaix).

Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath or between the membranes covering the brain. It generally occurs in the young animal, and not unfre-quently in the foetus while in the womb of the mother (see Parturition). In the latter case the disease in�dicates itself by the increased and abnormal size of the skull. When, however, it occurs, which it sometimes does, in the adult, it is not to be distinguished from any other chronic brain disease, but will present symptoms common to any abnormal pressure on the brain.

Treatment in hydrocephalus is entirely useless, and the animal should, in the majority of cases, be at once slaughtered. If, however, treatment is resorted to, it may consist of counter-irritants, as setons or blisters, and in some cases bleeding.

THE EYE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;213

TEE EYE AND ITS DISEASES.

' By the faculty of sight,' says Professur Carpenter, ' we are made acquainted, in the first place, with the exist�ence of Light, and by the medium of that agent we take cognisance of the form, size, position, and colour of bodies that transmit or reflect it.'

' The eye,' says the same distiuguished physiologist, 'in its most perfect form, is an optical instrument of wonderful completeness, designed to form an exact pic�ture of surrounding objects upon the retina or expanded surface of the optic nerve, by which the impression is conveyed to the brain.'

The eye occupies a cavity in the skull called the orbit, a bony protection of great strength, in which it is secured by muscles, small in size but of considerable power. These serve to turn the eye in all directions, and also to retract it within the orbit. It is also em�bedded in fatty matter, which serves still further to secure it from friction and injury.

The eye is composed, first of all, of certain external coats or membranes; second, of certain internal parts, both liquid and solid, called the humours of the eye, which serve as transmittors of light and vision; and, thirdly, of that nervous lining which receives the image and transmits it to the brain.

The coats, or external coverings of the eye, are the sclerotic, or external white coat (forming what is called the white of the eye), to which the muscles are attached ; the choroul coat, lying between the sclerotic and the retina; and the retina, or nervous lining.

Enclosed in these tunics or coats, which lie over each other like the layers of an onion, are the humours of the eye.

. #9632;�

214

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

The aqueous, or watery humour, which gushes out when the eye is cut or punctured so as to penetrate the coat; the crystalline lens, formed like a magnifying glass to collect and bring to a focus the rays of light: and the vitreous humour, filling up the posterior part of the eye; it is of a jelly-like consistence and perfectly transparent.

Besides these there is the iris, which may be de�scribed as a sort of curtain; its use being to regulate the quantity of light entering the eye, by its capability of contraction and dilatation ; (see tig. 47, rum.) It is

Fig. 4G.

a, b. c, lt;L (#9632;,/, g. The muscles of the eye. /(. The sclerotic coat

commonly called the pupil of the eye, and is what gives that organ its colour, as grey, or black.

To admit the light into the eye the dense white scle�rotic coat ceases at a certain point, so as to form as it were a transparent circular window, called the cornea, the relative situation of which is seen in the accompany�ing cut (fig. 47,/).

The eyeball is covered in front for about a third of its space by a reflexion, or continuation of the lining of the eyelids, called the conjunctiva.

As appendages to the eye itself we have the eyelids, to defend the organ from the excessive effects of light,

THE EYE.

215

and from dust, dirt, and other offending agents, and as an auxiliary defence, the ox has, in common with

Fig. 47.

A, B. A supposed object viewed by the animal, an inverted image of which, a, b, is thrown on the retina at the hack of the eye. c. The points where the rays, having passed the cornea and lens, converge by the refractive jtower of the lens. d, e. The rays proceeding from the extremities of the obiect to the eye. /. The cornea, or horny and transparent part of the eye, covered by the

conjunctiva, uniting different parts together. g. The crystalline (crystal or glassy) lens, behind the pupil, and in front of the vitreous humour. /}, h. Muscles of the eye.

iquot;. The optic nerve, or nerve of sight.

k. The sclerotica (hard Arm coat) covering the whole of the eye except the

portion occupied by the cornea. h The cboroid cuat. laquo;(, m. The iris. ;?, n. The ciliary processes, o, o. The retina, or net-like expansion of the optic nerve.

p. The vitreous humour. g, q. The aqueous humour.

several more of our domesticated animals, the Mem-brana nictitans, or haw, which is a peculiar-shaped cartilaginous body, so situated as to be protruded over the ball of the eye at the will of the animal, and thus mechanically clean it of any foreign agent which may be lodged there.

The surface of the eyeball is kept moist and lubri�cated by the feais, which are secreted by a small gland, called the lachrymal gland, and conveyed by the lachry�mal duct to the eve.

'*r~^mm

mmm

216nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tup: diseases of the ox.

#9632;HE .

#9632;t I:


	t	i
		i

OPHTHALMIA.

Ophthalmia, or inflammation of the eye, is divided into simple and specific.

Simple ophthalmia is inflammation of the fine and delicate conjunctival membrane, hefore described as lining the eyelids and covering the eye. It generally proceeds from mechanical causes, as the lodgment of hay seeds, or wheat husks, under the eyelids, blows from a whip, or injuries from other beasts.

The symptoms are closure of the eyelids, which are sometimes swelled, and from which a profuse discharge of tears will be observed, which, as the disease advances, become thick and viscid. There is great intolerance of light, and the animal will obstinately resist the sepa�ration of the eyelids, each effort to separate which will be attended with a fresh gush of tears.

When the inflammation is severe, the animal is dull and off its feed.

The first object of the practitioner will be to make a thorough examination of the c^e, which in the ox is no easy matter, for not only is the upper eyelid incapable of being completely inverted as in the human subject, but we have another obstacle to deal with, namely, the haw, which is always protruded upon the eye being touched. The proper method of examination is to place the fore-finger of the left hand firmly upon the upper eyelid, pressing it upwards, while the thumb presses the lower eyelid downward. Should the hay seed or wheat husk be perceived, it should be carefully removed with the corner of a silk handkerchief. Some�times it will be so completely imbedded in the conjunc�tival membrane, as to require a needle or some other sharp-pointed instrument for its removal.

:m.

iti

OPHTHALMIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 217

Having removed the foreign agent, the cure may be regarded as complete.

In cases of injury from Idows, bites, pokes with a horn, amp;c. the external coat of the cornea will often be lacerated, and the inflammation be of a severe character. In these cases fomentation should he perseveringly applied, and the lotion applied two or three times a day.

Liquor plumbinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . .1 ounce

Spirits of winenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . .1 (ninety

Soft water ..... 1 quail;

Should there be any fever, a mild purgative may be administered, and blood taken from the eye vein. Sometimes, as an after consequence, a slight opacity, or white speck is left on the cornea; this is best removed by touching it daily with the nitrate of silver (lunar caustic).

Specific ophthalmia is a very much more serious affection than the preceding one, but fortunately of rarer occurrence in the ox than the horse. The symptoms closely resemble those already described in simple ophthalmia, for which it is often mistaken.

It runs its course with considerable rapidity, and often subsides without any further treatment ; returning again, however, after a short interval, perhaps in the opposite eye to the one originally affected, each attack leaving the eye weaker and weaker, till blindness is the result.

Local remedies here are of very little avail, and with the exception of keeping the bowels regular with an occasional purgative, nothing can be done.

Setons have been recommended, but, in the author's experience, are of little avail. It is better in these cases, to fatten the animal at once for the butcher.

laquo;r^

218

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

il¹

A peculiar form of ophthalmia is sometimes seen in young stock, which has not been noticed by veterinary authors till of late years. It usually makes its appear�ance in the autumn, and especially after hot and dry summers.

The early symptoms resemble an ordinary attack of inflamed eyes; there is a weeping of the eye, closure of the lids, and redness of the conjunctiva ; this is quickly followed by the appearance of a white spot in the centre of the cornea, which appears to buh/e, und soon after this a yellowness spreads over the cornea, as if matter were forming. This is succeeded in the next stage by ulcevation, and the destruction of all the internal parts of the eye. Sometimes one eye only is affected, and sometimes both. Occasionally it resolves itself into a milder form, and sometimes appears as an epidemic. In these latter cases the animals will now and then recover their eyesight, but too often it terminates iu blindness.

The treatment consists of mild purgatives, and counter-irritants in the shape of setons, inserted under the jaws, or in the dewlap.

The lotion before recommended maybe applied twice a day, or, if ulceration has commenced, a solution of the nitrate of silver.

'#9632;;

Nitrate of silver

Water .....

20 grains li ounces

^:;' i

Apply, with a camel-hair brush or feather, daily

Other diseases of the eye of the ox are rare, so much so, indeed, as to render any description of them wholly unnecessary.

Tumours are occasionally seen of a fungous, and more rarely of a cancerous character, occupying more

OPHTHALMIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;219

or less space in the orbit of the eve: these sometimes attain a very large size, so much so as to completely jmsh the eyeball out of its situation. When these have attained to any large size, extirpation by the knife is the only remedy, and this too often proves a temporary oue, for the substance is very apt to return. If small, and seen in the earlier stages, powerful caustics applied frequently will have the effect of checking them ; but the most we can hope to do in these cases is to relieve temporarily, so as to give the animal a chance of fattening for the butcher.


ir	~	j
*r- r*

¹ i
#9632; ' :
;
		1

gt;^W-..--Jlj|H_HI

220

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

PART VII,

THE SKIX AND ITS DISEASES.

Thf Skin�Hide-bound�.Mango�Lice�Warbles�Ringworm-Cow Pock.

The skin of the ox, in common with that of most of the lower animals, differs somewhat from the skin of man. In the latter it is smooth and hairless, and com�paratively thin, while in the former it is covered with hair, and is of a much tougher and stronger consistence, forming a protection of no inconsiderable strength.

The skin consists of three distinct layers, the cuticle, or scarf skin, the rete mucosum, or mucous net, and the cutis, or true skin. The external coat, the cuticle, is a hard leathery sort of covering, and is that part which is raised from the surface by the action of a blister, on the human skin, in the form of a bladder. It is destitute of nerves and blood-vessels, and, in the lower animals, is punctured by innumerable small pores, through which the perspiration exudes, and through which the hairs pass.

Beneath the cuticle is the rete mucosum, or mucous net, which is the origin of colour, being white, brown, red, amp;c. according to the colour of the animal. Next comes the cutis, or true skin, which contains the nerves and blood-vessels, which are distributed to this part in astonishing numbers, and in an inconceivable state of minuteness.

if ii! f

MANGE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;221

The skin is likewise furnished with small glands, which secrete the perspiration, and also a peculiar olbj product called the sebaceous secretion. It is to an absence or suppression of this latter secretion, that that dry unthrifty look is given to the skin, in various diseases with which the skin sympathises; and it is to a due supply of this agent that that beautiful glossy look is seen in animals laying on flesh and doing well.

HIDE-BOUND.

Hide-bound is an expressive term used to denote that dry harsh feel which is so often seen in unhealthy beasts as an accompaniment of disease. It is dependent upon all absence of the sebaceous secretion before described. Hide-bound is not a disease in itself, but merely a symptom, and as such can only be treated b}' removing the primary cause of the animal's imheal-thiness, and thus restoring the suspended functions of the skin. When it appears without any assignable? cause, disease of the digestive organs may be suspected, and a mild purgative given, followed up b}' a course of alteratives.

MANGE.

Formerly almost all skin diseases were jumbled up together under the term inanr/e; and although the skin diseases of cattle cannot be compared either in number or virulence with those affecting the human subject, yet we have several well-defined affections existing in the former, and probably these again may be subdivided, but in practice we find they may be de�scribed and treated under one general head.

The cause of mange is the presence of a minute

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

insect (or acarus), which has its habitation in the skin, and burrows its way from the surface underneath the cuticle, flange in the horse and ox, and scab in the

Fig. 48.

JlCJlBVS or itch insect of hoese (magnified).

a. The male insect. /'. The female insect.

r. The posterior part of the bothquot; of the mule.

.sheep, are one and the same affection, although the acarus in each differs somewhat in form and size (see cut)�each animal having its own peculiar insect, which cannot be transferred to the skin of a different species. What is the primary cause of the appearance of this peculiar insect, we have no positive means of ascertain�ing. Poverty, however, seems to be one cause ; and some

MANGE.

oo;j

writers have described plethora as a predisposing agent. It is, however, mnch more common in poverty-stricken and debilitated animals than those which are well kept

Fig. 49.

ACAEt'S or itoii insect of ox (magnified), laquo;. The male insect.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; t. The female insect.

and looked after. Contact, too, is a fruitful cause of its spread: whenever a mangy animal is introduced into a herd, he will be sure to infect his companions, and as such is the case, any animal which is seen to itch and rub itself, should be at once removed from the rest and submitted to treatment.

The symptoms of mange are a constant rubbing and itchiuess of the animal, which, when examined, will be

#9632; .�. .ua laquo;jraquo;^i

224

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

found to have the skin denuded of hair in places, and having a sort of dry scab. When this is removed hy the finger, we find small raw-looking pimples, dis�charging a yellowish serous fluid. On examining the scurf under a microscope, the acari may be distinctly seen.

In long-continued and chronic cases, the skin becomes thickened and thrown into wrinkles and folds. The parts more especially affected are the skin about the neck, breast, and thighs, where it hangs loose and in folds.

In the treatment of mange we have to accomplish two things,�destroy the insect and ova, and restore the healthy action of the skin.

For the former purpose almost all the various poisonous compounds of the Pharmacopoeia have been recommended and employed, and often to the destruc�tion of the animal.

Arsenical compounds, although destructive to the acari, are too often destructive to the animal too, and should never be used. Mercurial compounds are equally effective, but should be used with extreme caution, as �ptyalism (or salivation) will often ensue; wdien these compounds are used, especial care should be taken to keep the animal from cold and wet. The following form will be found efficacious:�

Soft soap . Mercurial ointment

1 pound 4 ounces

Well incorporate, rub into the affected places, and let it remain for a day or two, when it should be removed by means of warm water and a brush.

Oils of all description, especially animal oils, are destructive to insect life ; and having the recommenda�tion of being safe, they may be used in all cases when the disease has not got too firm a hold on the system.

MANGE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 225

Sulphur is also a very valuable medicine in the treat�ment of skin diseases, and like the former has the recommendation of safety. It may he used in the form of an ointment, but as greasy applications are objection�able, probably the best form of employing- sulphur is that of the sulphuret of potassium, or liver of sulphur, dissolved in water.

Liver of sulpliui .... I ounce quot;Water ...... 8 (unices

To form a lotiun to be applied twice a day.

In old-standing and chronic cases the skin will require more, stimulating treatment than any of the forms recommended above, and for this purpose the following liniment may be applied:�

Oil of tarnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . . i

Oil of tui-pentine . . . [-equal ports

Linseed oil . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . J

Hub well into the skin with a brush every other day.

It must be borne in mind, in making choice of a remedy, that, no one agent can be deemed a specific, and that, to insure success, a change is often requisite, as after a certain number of applications even the most potent remedy will appear to lose its effect.

In all cases, however, constant cleanliness is requisite, and the skin should be well washed with soft soap and water after eac'i dressing.

A mild laxative may now and then be given, and small doses of flowers of sulphur as an alterative.

In inveterate cases, where other applications have been tried without success, a solution of the bichloride of mercury may be ventured on, in the proportion of two drachms of the bichlorirle to a quart of soft water.

Traquo;

226

THE DISEASES OE THE OX.

Tliis should not be used without the superintendetice or sauction of a professional mau.

LICE.

Lice are a sad torment to poverty-stricken stock, appearing by myriads, and causing excessive itching and irritation. They will effectually prevent an animal from laying on flesh or doing well, as long as their presence is permitted. Of the cause of these trouble�some visitors we are ignorant, although many theories are brought forward to account for their presence.

Of course poverty cannot be the primary cause, although it may account for their development. It would appear as if the egg of the parasite requires a peculiar condition of the skin for its hatching into life, and unless such condition be present (as poverty, bad keep, amp;c.), it remains inert.

Various remedies and dressing are recommended for lice, and some are excessively dangerous, especially the preparations of mercury and arsenic, the skin of the ox being extremely sensitive to the action of these agents.

The following formula is recommended as being both safe, and destructive to the lice:�

Stavesacre seeds White hellebore

4 ounces 1 ounce

Boiled in a gallon of water until only two quarts remain. Apply with a brush to those places where the lice are seen.

A strong decoction of tobacco may also be tried. On no account should mercurial or arsenical prepara�tions be employed in these cases, as, from the great extent of surface it is often necessary to apply the dressing to, death has frequently resulted.

iiii

RJNGWOEM.

227

WABBLES.

Waibles are small tumours, containing grubs, which tire deposited under the skin of the ox, by the gad-fly, the (Estrus bovis. The eggs are deposited in their situation in the latter eud of the summer and begin�ning of autumn, where they remain until late in the following spring, at which time they make their escape in the form of a grid), preparatory to other transfor�mations, finally appearing in their parent form of the gad-fly. They are concealed in a small abscess, from which on being pressed the grub makes its escape. They are not of any importance to the well-doing of the animal, except they appear in excessive quantities.

EINGTVOEM.

Ringworm, although a disease almost unnoticed by veterinary authors, is liv no means rare in young slock, and is occasionally found in older animals. Debility and poverty seem to be the great predisposing causes. It is in fact a disease of deranged nutrition, or, to use common parlance, of quot;poorness of blood.quot; Ringworm is, in the author's experience, a very contagious disease, although this is denied by very eminent medical authors. In fact, in two well marked instances, the author has witnessed its transference from the horse to man, and more frequently from the ox to the horse. Although the name ringworm might lead the non-medical ohserver to suppose it owing to some living parasite, it is not so. The disease is centred in and owing to an affection of the skin itself.

Several varieties of the disease are described by medical authors, but probably the ox is not liable to

^ _rV5quot;

228

THE DISKASKS OF T11K OX.

#9632; i

more than one, at all events a description of the more commoB affection will suffice for ail practical purposes.

The symptoms of ringworm are the appearance of a number of round scabby patches, about the size of half a crown, which, when peeled off with the finger, exhibit a rawlsli surface underneath, discharging a yellowish exudation which, when dry, forms the scab above alluded to. Occasionally oue or more of these rings run together, and form a patch of some magnitude, although a well-defined nngmamp;j always be seen. They are usually found about the head and neck, the back and thighs; but surrounding the eyes they are often found in great numbers, giving a most unsightly appearance to the animal.

The treatment should commence by a careful attention to the diet, and an exhibition of more generous food.

Medicinal alteratives ma}⁷, too, be administered, as�

Mowers of sulpluu' .... Black sulphuret of antimony

1 ounce i ounce

In one powder which may be given daily.

With regard to local application, the mange liniment may be applied (see page 225), or one of the two following applications :�

Tincture of Iodine.

I'ainted on with a camel-hair brush, after the scab has been removed.

Lunar causticnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . :20 grains

I listilled water .... 1 ounce

To be iceU rubbed in with a small tooth-brush.

These may be alternated with the solution of bichlo�ride of mercury, the ointment of hellebore, or any of the stronger acids (see Appendix).

COW POCK.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;229

Cleanliness is in tins, as in ;ill other skin diseases, an essential.

WAKTS (ou A.s-ole Berbies).

Most persons at all familiar with stock are well acquainted with the appearance of these excrescences, which vary in size from a pin's head to that of a large apple, and arc found in all parts of the body.

The most common situation is about the eyes and mouth, on the belly, organs of generation in the male, and the udder in the female.

Warts are purely a skin disease, and have nothing to do with the blood, as generally supposed, so that any constitutional remedy is useless. The}' are best re�moved with a knife; not cutting them off close to the skin, in which case they are sure to grow again, but carefully dissecting them out, so that no portion of their substance is left to form a nucleus for fresh excres�cences. Should an external application be preferred (and almost every cow-leech and farrier has his all-wonder�ful specific) a little white arsenic rubbed on the raw surface of the wart will have the effect of causing its whole substance to slough out. Occasionally, however, very ugly ulcers are caused by the treatment. Cowo�ive sublimate is a much more manageable remedy, and one which is often effectual ; it should he applied in the form of a fine powder, as in the former instance, rubbed on the raw surface.

CdW POCK

This disease, simple in itself, is rendered important by the very valuable benefits it has conferred upon mankind, hv furnishing thi^j material for vacrination.

230

T1IK DISEASES OF THE OX.

As cow pock owes its importance solely to this fact, it is quite unnecessary here to go into the subject of the origin of this disease.

Cow pock is a specific inflammation of the skin of the udder, associated with peculiar constitutional sym-toms. It is not a very common disease, nor is it at all daimTons in its character. Its contagious character is well known, and upon the fa.ct of its transference from the cow to man, and the comparative immunity of the latter, when so inoculated, from that most horrible of all diseases, smcdl-pox, the great .Tenner founded his practice of vaccination.

The symptom* of the cow pock are, in the very early stage, a faint blush upon the udder, succeeded by a patchy redness. This is quickly followed by raised papilla¹, which are succeeded, in from three to five days, by vesicles or small bladders, containing a trans�parent viscid fluid, which is the true vaccine lymph. In two or three days more the vesicles assume a yellow�ish aspect, and are converted into pustules, containing, instead of transparent lymph, a thick viscid yellowish matter. When the vesicles are first seen they have a sunk ceni/Y', giving them a flattened appearance; but, as matter begins to form, they become converted into pointed pustules.

Should the pustules be broken or otherwise interfered with, a small ulcer is formed. If, however, left to themselves they discharge their contents, which harden and form a scab, which finally falls off, leaving a healthy surface.

The constitutional symptoms are not violent; there is fever, evidenced by the dry muzzle and slightly ac�celerated breathing, and the appetite will sometimes be fastidious: at others, it is little affected. As the eruption

COW POCK,

2.'n

progresses, so do the constitutional symptoms dimi�nish�the disease beiui;- removed from the system by this means.

The treatment must be of the simplest possible character�a mild purgative given at the onset, with good nursing and warmth, will be all that is needed. All local applications to the udder are better avoided.

rv _r.MmmLiwmjjmmumii.....i

4 (11

282

T1IR DISEASES OF THE OX.

PART VIII.

EXTERNAL INJUKIES.

#9632;I

(E '*gt;

Wounds�Fractures�Inflamed Vein�Opened Joint�Foul in the Foot�Sprains�Rheumatism�Eernial Eupture.

The skeleton, or bony frame of the ox, is divided into the head, trunk, and extremities. The Head is com�posed of the upper jaw-bone (a, fig. 50); the nasal or nose-bone (7;); the lachrymal bone (c); the malar or cheek-bone {((); the frontal bone, or bone of the fore�head (e); llm horns, being continuation of the frontal bone (/) ; the temporal bone (.7) ; the parietal bone (h) ; the occipital bone (i) ; the lower jaw (j); the grinders, or molar teeth (/.#9632;); the nippers, found only in the lower jaw (/): the atlas, or first vertebra of the neck (laquo;.); the dentata, or second bone (o); the orbit of the eye (p). The remaining vertebras of the neck (//): the vertebras of the back, or dorsal vertebrae (/�); the lumbar vertebrae, or bones of the loins (s); the sacrum, or rump bone (7); the caudal vertebrae, or bones of the tail (u). The pelvis, important as containing the organs of genera�tion in the female, and known as the couples (v and 10). Eight true ribs (as); known as the true ribs because they are all united to the sternum, or breast bone (z) ; and the false ribs, so called because they are merely connected with each other by cartilage ()/).

#9632;

MOT

SKELETON OF THE OX. Fio. 50.

-.'.#9632;i;;

1. The scapula or shoulder-blade. 2. Tho bnmenis, or lower bone of the shoulder. S. The radius, or arm bone, 4. The ulna, or small bone united to the former; the upper part forming the elbow. 5, Tho small bones of the knie. lt;;. The large metacarpal or shank bone. 7. The smaller or splint bone. 8. The pastern bones. 9. The small pastern bones. 1quot;. The coffin bones. 11, The sessamoid bones, forming part of the fetlock. 13. The femur, thigh, or round bone. 14. The patella, or stifle bone. 1 #9632;'gt;. The tibia, generally known as the thigh bone. ]*!. The ^f|s calcis, or hock bone. 17. The small hones of the hock. 18. The metntarsal, or hind shank bones. 19. The bones of-the fetlock ami foot.

IFV

234nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

WOUNDS.

Wounds are divided into incised, contused, punc�tured and lacerated.

An incised wound is one of the simplest character, being merely a clean cut through the skin and muscles, made with some sharp instrument. The cases of this description, in cattle practice, are few and far between, being much less common than the other varieties here mentioned.

Incised wounds are usually attended with a g od deal of haemorrhage; the sharper the instrument the more profuse the bleeding, as the cut edges of the vessels are less likely to close, than when contused or torn.

The first object of the practitioner will be to arrest the ha'morrhnge, the manner of performing which will depend upon the situation ; in wounds in tlie limbs, and where a light bandage can be applied, this is one of the readiest modes of arresting the bleeding. The diffi-cult}- of arrestation, too, will depend upon whether an artery or vein is divided ; when the former, it may be known by the bright scarlet appearance of the blood, winch comes from the wound in jets. When a vein is wounded, on the cent rar}⁷, the flow of blood is con�tinuous, and its colour is of a dark red. If a large and important artery be wounded, the finger should be pressed upon the bleeding vessel with sufficient force to prevent the flow of blood, and no time lost in summon�ing professional assistance, as the artery will most likely have to be tied by a ligature. The bleeding of smaller vessels may often be arrested by the affusion of cold water: but in these cases not much apprehension

plusmn;

WOUNDS.

235

need be entertained, as the haemorrhage will generally stop of its own accord. Having arrested the bleeding,

the next step will be to bring the edges of the wound into contact, and .secure them by means of sutures of strong silk or metal ; the latter is preferable, as from its thicker material it is less likely to slough through.

When the suture of silk is used, what is called the interrupted sttfure is generally employed (fig. �l). This

Fm. 51

Fir. quot;)2

THE IXTKl.'ia TTKI) Sl'TlTRE,

is simply a double waxed piece of silk passed through the skin, with a laquo;yoiW deep hold, by means of a crooked suture needle, and tied in a knot, leaving about an inch of thread hanging loose. This stitch is to be repeated at intervals of an inch and an inch and a half, till the lips of the whole wo\uul are thus drawn together. The twisted suture is a very good one, and has the advantage of being easily applied; a very good illustration of this suture is the wound made in bleeding, which is pinned

*mmm

236

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

up by the twisted suture. Tuke a large strong pin, and thrust through both edges of the wound, and round the pin wrap a small skein of tow, tight enough to bring the edges of the skin together; repeat this at intervals of an inch, till the whole wound is closed (see fig. 52).

Wounds are healed by the process of suppuration and granulation. In a few days after the stitches have been applied (generally four or five), a thin ichorous dis�charge makes its appearance, which is soon succeeded by jms or matter; and it may be observed that in cattle, not only is suppuration longer delayed than in the horse, but the pus is of a very different consistence; instead of being creamy and liquid, it is more like thin curd and has a disagreeable smell. If we now wipe away the pus and examine the wound, we shall find the bottom of it covered with red gramdations, which bleed when touched, and are the materials by which nature fills up the gap made by the accident. These gramda�tions increase with great rapidity ; and when they have actually closed or tilled up the wound, they still con�tinue to be thrown out, forming what the public usually denominate ' proud-flesh/ and which is condemned to be cauterised, destroyed, and otherwise interfered with, under the impression that some abnormal process is going on to the destruction of the animal. This proud-flesh (so called) should never be interfered with, as the superabundant granulations are soon absorbed if let alone. The dressings, to be applied to wounds, should be of the very simplest description; cleanliness and cold water will generally be all that is required. Should, however, the wound assume an unhealthy aspect, the discharge be foetid and thin, and the granulations pale and flabby, a mild digestive may be required; for this

ftF- i

WOUNDS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 237

there is nothing better than the common Black oils (see Appendix) applied daily with a feather, or a pledget of tow soaked in them and applied to the wound.

Lacerated wounds are occasionally of a very severe character, and now and then fatal, from their greater liability to take on unhealthy action. Lacerated wounds are those which, instead of being of a clean cut character, are torn asunder, and the surrounding parts proportionately bruised. There is seldom much haemor�rhage, from the ends of the torn vessels receding, and thus mechanically closing their orifice. Sutures are not often admissible here, owing to the parts swelling so much after the accident as to prevent in many cases anything like close apposition. Sometimes, too, there is actually a loss of substance, from a piece of flesh or muscle being torn out, or so much injured and bruised as to render its removal necessary.

What we have to dread here is inflammation ensuing of a violent character, and the consequent irritative fever. Occasionally, too, mortification will ensue.

Warm fomentations should be perseveringly applied, and a healthy discharge encouraged by applying the Mack oils recommended above.

Should mortification set in, as evidenced by the livid and unhealthy appearance of the wound, and the extremely foetid discharge, constitutional measures must be had resort to. Stimulants must be given largely�as brandy, ether, or ale; and the wound dressed two or three times a day with the black oils, but by no means, when a wound is inclined to take on this unhealthy action, should either bleeding or purgatives be resorted to.

Contused wounds, or as they are generally called, bruises, are occasionally not less dangerous than when the skin and muscle are actually torn, especially when

238

THK DISEASES OF THE OX,

vital parts are involved, us the regions of the loins and kidneys, liver, amp;c. Contused wounds are often productive of internal haemorrhage of a dangerous character.

In cases of severe and dangerous bruises, warm fomentations should be had recourse to, combined with the administration of laxative and fever medicines. Cooling and refrigerant lotions will often be ser�viceable.

Punctured ivounds are, perhaps, of all descriptions of injuries of this nature, the most common in horned cattle, from their goring each other with their horns.

The danger and after consequences of punctured wounds will materially depend upon their situation and proximity to vital structure. Perhaps there are no descriptions of injuries more neglected than these, as from the smallness of the orifice, and the comparatively insignificant appearance of the wound, the farmer is apt to regard as a trifling matter what eventually turns out to he a most serious injury.

When the puncture takes place in a purely intixciiliir part, the danger is not great, and the treatment is simple enough. The surrounding inflammation should be reduced by warm fomentation, and the extent and depth of the wound having been ascertained, a piece of tow, well saturated with black oils, should be passed to the bottom of the wound, and renewed daily. A very important part of the treatment consists in keeping the wound sufficiently open at the orifice, as if it heals superficially, leaving the deeper-seated parts in an unhealthy condition, deep-seated abscesses will form, and convert a simple wound into a very serious and complicated affair. Should the orifice lie small in comparison with the depth of the wound, it is better at

r f

T?I

PKACTUBES.

239

once to enlarge it with ;i bistoury or sumll penknife. When the puncture ha,s penetrated to the bone, either in the extremities or larger bones, their external cover�ing or periosteum wil] become injured, and instead of healthy matter or jjus, a thin sanions fc�tid discharge will take place from the wound ; these cases are occa�sionally very obstinate, and are apt to degenerate into unhealthy sinuses (ot fist idee).

In these cases the best treatment will be to well clean the wound with a syringe, aud having armed a whale�bone probe with a small wrapping of tow, saturated with a strong solution of corrosive sublimate (see Appendix), pass it into the wound, and work it well to andfro, till every part has been brought into apposition with the caustic. This will usually cause a slouch of the unhealthy parts, leaving a healthy granulating surface behind. In cases of injury to the bone, there will be sometimes an exfoliation (or throwing off) of the dead and injured part, which, acting as a foreign agent, causes excessive lameness and pain.

Carious or decayed bone may be always diagnosed from the great fcetor of the discharge; the decayed and loose piece may he felt, too, by the probe. When sufficiently loose the exfoliated piece may be extracted by the forceps.

FRACTUEES.

A fracture is defined to be in the language of the schools, 'a solution of continuity in a bone.'

Fractures are divided into simple, comminuted, and compound.

Simple, when the bone is merely broken short, into two pieces.

Comminuted, when shattered, or broken into several.

240

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Compouml, when the skiu is broken or lacerated, and the hone protrudes through it.

Of these varieties simple fractures are the only kinds which are, as a rule, capable of treatment in cattle practice, with any probability of a successful result.

Fractures, which are usually, and with justice, regarded as practically/aiaZ in horse practice, are not necessarily so with cattle. The subsequent lameness always attendant upon even the most trifling distortion, or shortening of a limb, is of little importance in a milking-COW or feeding-ox, while it will render a horse, except for slow work, entirely useless. Hence we have much more encouragement to attempt treatment in cattle than horse practice.

The symptoms of fracture in the extremities are generally such as cannot possibly be mistaken by the medical man. There is sudden and intense lameness, attended with immobility of the limb below the frac�ture, shorteninrj of the limb, and subsequently swelling, heat, and general inflammation. Crepitusisalso a very important means of diagnosis, and sometimes the only one we possess. Upon seizing the extremities of the injured limb and giving them a gentle twist in opposite directions, a crepitus or grating sound will be heard from the broken extremities. In compound or comminuted fractures, the injury will be evident enough, the broken bones being in the former case visible to the eye, and in the latter there will be an amount of deformity in the limb, and the broken pieces of bone can be felt beneath the skin.

The treatment of fractures will materially depend upon the situation and extent, of the injury, and the probability of success upon the age and condition of the animal. In young and growing beasts it is astonishing bow

FRA.CT�EES.

241

bones will unite, even under the most unfavourable conditions. The author has witnessed a broken thigh in a yearling unite without the slightest surgical appli�ances, the animal being, in fact, kept in the field all the time. In this ease there was considerable distortion and shortening of the limb, attended with propor�tionate lameness, but not sufficient to prevent the animal getting her own living, and eventually (as a heifer) fattening for the butcher.

Considerable disadvantages attend the treatment of fractures in cattle. We can neither keep the animal in one certain position, so as to ensure rest for the limb, nor can we by artificial means force our patient to adopt such a position.

Slings, which are so valuable in treating such eases in horses, arc seldom or never applicable in cattle prac�tice, as from their pressure upon the .stomach and abdominal viscera they soon cause great constitutional disturbance. Our principal resource will be to leave the animal more or less to itself, and although for a time the novelty of the situation will induce the animal to take mere liberties with the injured limb than his medical attendant will altogether approve of, after a few days he will seem to recognise the necessity for care, and treat it with as much tenderness as if reason guided his actions.

In fractures of the limbs below the knee and hock, two gutta percha splints should be procured, about two or two and a half inches wide, and of sufficient length to extend from the knee or hock to the foot These should be placed in water hot enough to thoroughly soften them. The bones should next be extended so as to bring the broken ends into exact apposition, and the gutta percha

242

T1IC DISEASES OF THE OX.

splints placed on each side of the limb, and moulded to it with the hand. A long calico blindage should now be rolled round the splints, moderately tight. The animal should be removed, if possible, into a roomy loose box and left at liberty.

The subsequent swelling must be kept down as much as possible by constant affusions of cold water to the limb, and, if necessary, the bandage slackened the second or third day. Any untoward result, such as the shifting of the splints and the displacement of the hones, must be remedied as soon as possible by their readjust�ment ; and after all swelling and inflammation have subsided, the gutta percha splints may be replaced by an application of hot pitch and tow smeared over the limb, upon which may or may not be placed gutta percha.

Starch bandages have their advocates with some practitioners in the first instance, and from their readi�ness of application, and the materials being always at hand, they will often supersede more complicated ap�paratus. The starch should bo made tolerably thick, and the bandage (which must be at least six inches in width and three yards in length) well soaked before applying, and a thick layer of starch applied upon each turn of the bandage round the limb. When dried it forms a very firm and compact support to the broken bone.

In fractures of the larger bones, such as the thigh, pelvis, fore-arm, amp;c. any apparatus to keep the bones in apposition will be useless; and if not a young and oTowing animal, the beast should be at once de�stroyed.

INFLAMED VEIN.

243

INFLAMED VEIN.

Inflamed vein is of very rare occurrence in cattle as compared with horses, from the circumstance of the former having a double set of veins returning' the blood from the head�an internal as well an external jugular. It however now and then takes place, and generally from the effects of bleeding.

The symptoms are great tumefaction and swelling about the place where the animal has been bled, attended with an icJiorous discharffe from the wound created by the fleam, the swelling extending towards the neck.

The treatment must consist in withdrawing the jhh, and well fomenting the swelled and inflamed place, after which an active blister should be applied to the whole course of the vein.

Opened joint consists in a punctured wound into the cavity of the joint, by which the contained lubricating fluid (the synovia or joint-oil) is discharged from the wound. This is always a serious matter, and gives rise to much constitutional irritation. In the treatment our endeavour will be to close- the orifice as quickly as possible, so as to prevent the further discharge of the synovia. This, however, is a matter more easily said than done, and probably few surgical eases have had advocates for more various treatment than this. Mild measures seem here of no avail, and any applications of a soothing nature, such as lotions, fomentations, amp;c., do positive harm by encouraging the discharge.

As soon as the case has decided itself into a confirmed case of opened joint, apply the hot iron at once to the oritice, so as to excite such an amount of inflammation

-J -

#9632;244

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

as may tend to close the wound. This maybe followed up by some astringent, as the compound alum powder (sec Appendix). Corrosive sublimate in Hue powder, and well diluted with some innoxious mixture, as flour, amp;c., is sometimes useful; this acts by chemically uniting with the albumen of the synovia (of which substance joint-oil is mainly composed) and coagu�lating it, formine; a substance similar to the boiled white of egg.

FOTL IN THE FOOT.

From the peculiar form of the foot of the ox, he is especially liable to the lodgment of foreign substances within the cleft of the hoof; and these, if suffered to remain, form a source of irritation and subsequent lameness. Their removal, and well cleansing the foot, will in general be all that is required in the shape of treatment.

Occasionally, however, when we examine the foot, in case of lameness, we shall find a betid and ichorous discharge proceeding from the cleft of the hoof, at�tended with an unhealthy raw surface, and occasionally, in neglected cases, a mass of fungoid granulation. This form of foul is often attended with considerable swelling of the fetlock, and intense lameness and pain. The animal will suffer constitutionally, and be off his feed ; indeed, the loss of milk and condition in dairy beasts is often considerable. These fungoid granulations will occasional!}' spread to the back part of the foot, and even to the heel, giving the leg an appearance resembling grease in the horse.

The treatment of foul should consist first in removing any cause of irritation there may he, such as dirt, amp;c.,

FOUL IX THE FOOT.

#9632;24-,

thoroughly well cleansing the foot, and then envelop�ing it in a linseed or bran poultice : the former is preferable.

The next step will be to restore a sound and healthy condition to the soft parts of the foot between the clays, and for this purpose a mild caustic may be applied, such as the liniment of the sulphate of copper, a pledget of tow soaked in which should be kept between the clays. A change of caustic will be required after the sulphate of copper has been applied for a few days, and for this purpose the butter of antimony may be substituted, applied with a feather, or even a little pure nitric acid in severe cases. If convenient the animal should be kept up, and placed upon clean straw.

In cases where the granulations have assumed a fungoid form, the knife should be unsparingly used, and they should be pared down level, after which the raw surface may be touched with the butter of antimony or nitric acid. A healthy surface being once secured, caustics should be abandoned, and a mild astringent substituted, as tincture of myrrh, or a weak solution of sulphate of zinc. Other diseases, such as the very serious effects of eczema epizootica, causing caries of the horny part, amp;c., are sometimes erroneously de�scribed under this head. They have been already noticed.

Disease of the feet, existing as a distinct affection, is but rarely found in cattle; the very serious cases sometimes seen being generally the result of over�driving. In these cases paring out the feet, removing any diseased horn, or matter which has formed under the sole, together with those indispensable adjuncts, rest and cleanliness, will form the basis of all sub�sequent treatment.

iL.araquo;

240nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

SPRAIN'S.

Amongst the injuries that cattle are liable to, few are more commonly met with than sprains or strains. These usually take place in the fetlock joint, which, from its hone being cleft to form the double hoof, is peculiarly liable to injury. The back sinew of the leg is also sometimes the seal of the lameness.

The nature of sprains is a rupture of the fibres of the sheath of the flexor tendon or back sinew of the leg, or iu the case of the fetlock, of the smaller ligaments bind-inir the bones together.

The sympfuiiis of sprain are excessive lameness, at�tended with heat and swelling of the parts. Pressure causes the animal to shrink.

The treatment of sprains should consist, first in sub�duing the inflammation of the parts by the aid of fomentation and cold lotions: �

Goulard's extract . . . 1 ounce Spirits of wine .... 1 ounce Water.....1 quait

To be applied several times a day. Or the following,which maybe applied with friction:�

y.;

r laquo;i '

it'

Sal ammoniac . ... 1 ounce

Vinegar.....8 ounces

Spirits of wine .... 1 ounce

To form a lotion, to be applied two or three times a day.

When the inflammation is subdued, and not till then, a stimulant may be applied. There is no better than the preparation commonly called white oils.

Mfafti

snui.vs.

247

White Oils.

Oil of turpentinenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . .1 ounce

Olive oil . . . . .8 ouncc� Strong water of ammonia . . 1 ounce

Mix the turpentine and oil first, and then add the ammonia.

This may be rubbed in once or twice a-day until a scurf is produced.

It is impossible to deprecate too much the senseless and indiscriminate use of the hot and stimulating Oils of the cow leech, which are used on all occasions and in all stages, and often cause irreparable mischief. Stimu�lants should never be used when inflammation is present.

Lameness in the stifle is common in the ox, and is of an exceedingly obstinate and intractable character, the pain and irritation it produces reducing the pour animal almost to a skeleton.

It proceeds, in the majority of cases, from a slip or strain, being romped by other beasts, amp;c. When slight, and when the injury is recent, the white oils may be veil rubbed in once or twice a day, or if a more active agent be desired, the tincture of crotou.

In old and obstinate cases, blistering is of very little use, and more active treatment must be resorted to. The author has found setons inserted over the stifle joint, and kept in for a considerable time, to have a very beneficial effect. They should be moved and dressed with the black oils daily, and fresh ones inserted every fortnight. The parts should be kept clean by the fre-quent use of warm water and soft soap.

Hip lameness, and lameness in the round or whirl bone, should be treated in precisely the same manner as the former.

248

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

Injuries to the back and loins often cause temporary paralysis (see P(ir((h/stn). The treatment has been dis�cussed in the chapter upon that disease.

RHEUMATISM.

Rheumatic lameness is far from uncommon in the ox, and seems to depend a great deal upon the peculiar idiosyncrasy of the animal.

The symptoms are stiffness and inability to move, and severe lameness of one or more of the limbs, which perhaps in a day or two will disappear and fly to some other part. Thus, what is lameness in the shoulder to�day, attended witli heal and tenderness, will to-nmrrow be seen in the hock or knee ; and it is this peculiar flyiwj character of the disease which enables the veterinary surgeon to give a positive opinion as to the nature of the affection.

It is usually ascribed to exposure and wet : and doubtless many cases owe their origin to this, but in others it appears under the very opposite conditions.

Mr, Karkeek of Trum, in a very aide paper on the 'Hereditary Diseases of Animals,quot; which obtained the Royal Agricultural Society's prize, places rheumatism among those affections : and probably there is a great deal of truth in the suggestion.

The treatment of rheumatism should consist in plac�ing the animal in a moderately warm place, and giving diet of a generous character.

Medicine, with the exception of a purgative, will be useless, although in cases where the pain is severe, the Tincture of Aconite (in '20 drop doses), may be given with advantage. Friction to the joints will be found beneficial; and, where much swelling exists, the icklte

ww-

HEEXIA.

'249

oils may be rubbed in daily. Cooling applications do not seem to suit this complaint. The enlargements in the joints sometimes become chronic, and should then be treated with the application of Iodine, either in the form of tincture or the ointment of the biuiodide of mercury.

HERNIA oe RLTTUKE.

Hernia, or rupture, is, as its name implies, the pro�trusion of some of the viscera of the abdomen out of their proper cavity into some other. There are various kinds of hernia�sudden or acute hernia, and chronic and congenital. It is also divided into simple and strangulated.

�Tnbilical Hernia is the protrusion of a portion of intestine through the navel, forming a small tumour at that part. It is often congenital, or found to be exist�ing when the calf is horn. It is generally reducible, that is, the small portion of intestine can be pushed up into the abdominal cavity, but returns again when the hand is removed.

The only effectual method of permanently curing this form of hernia is by an operation, which is in itself of the simplest possible character; the calf must be cast upon its back, the hernia reduced, and the loose skin gathered into a puclter with the band; a stout ligature of waxed cord must then be passed round the skin, close to the body, and drawn tight. In a few days, the portion of skin thus included in the ligature will slough off, leaving a healthy granulating surface.

Some operators thrust a skewer through the loose skin above which the cord is placed : this has the advantage of preventing the cord slipping off (which it

p'^np

wmmmmm

250

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

will sometimes do), but is objectionable, as there is a liability of wounding the intestine.

Ventral Hernia is a protrusion of intestine through the abdominal walls, and is often of a considerable size. It generally proceeds from injuries, as blows, pukes from other cows, amp;c. amp;c. The probability of cure de�pends much upon the size and situation. If situated in the most dependent part of the abdomen, and of large size, the cure is hopeless. If, however, it is situated higher up, so that the intestines do not press upon it to any great degree, and is not of a large size, we may hope to relieve by operating.

The symptoms of ventral hernia are the sudden ap�pearance of a large tumour, apparently the result of a bruise; on examination it is found soft and compres�sible, and can, in fact, be made to disappear altogether by pressure, but returns immediately when the hand is removed.

The rupture (except when strangulated) does not cause the slightest inconvenience, nor does the animal evince any great pain when pressed upon, except in very recent cases, when the torn muscles are sore. It is seldom wise to attempt to operate on the cow, which should be at once tied up and fed for the butcher. As, however, there are sometimes cases in which an ope�ration may he desirable, it may now and then be attempted. The beast must be properly prepared by physic, sloppy diet, amp;c., and hy being fasted the day before the operation. Being cast and secured, the skin immediately covering the rupture must be care�fully divided over the whole extent of the tumour, so as to completely expose the lacerated muscles, through which the intestines are protruding. The edges of the muscles must now be carefully brought

HERNIA.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;251

together and secured with sutures of thick silk, after which the external skin may be similarly secured, taking care to have the ends of the silk of sufficient length to hang down some little distance externally to the wound.

Before the animal is liberated, a large pledget of tow should be applied over the wound, and, over all, a broad webbed surcingle may be buckled moderately tight. Some mechanical contrivance should be resorted to to keep the surcingle and pledget of tow in its place, and the wound treated by cold-water dressings.

Sarotal Hernia is the protrusion of a portion of in�testine into the scrotum (or bag containing the testicles). This, of course, can only take place in the uncastrated animal, and is attended with danger from the liability of the intestine to become strangulated, that is, the portion of intestine which has escaped into the scro�tum becomes subjected to so much pressure that the contents of the bowels are prevented from passing onward, and the bowel inflames, causing intense pain, inflammation, and, if not relieved, mortification and death.

The symptoms of strangulated hernia are similar to those of enteritis, partaking, however, more of a colicky nature. The diagnosis is not easy, as there are no symptoms peculiar to this disease which are not seen in enteritis. In one case of strangulated scrotal hernia in the horse, in which the author was consulted, Ms at�tention was directed to the seat of the disease by the animal thrusting his nose at intervals under bis flank, and obstinately keeping it there. The only effective treatment of simple scrotal hernia is the operation of castration, which should be performed by what is called the covered operation.

L,^-¹¹ quot;^lquot;

252

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

The relief of strangulated scrotal hernia is a much more critical matter, and must be prompt and decisive, as a few hoursquot; delay will bring on a fatal termination.

The animal should be cast, thrown upon its back, and the scrotum carefully opened so as to admit the finger, which must be introduced and guided to the stnctured part. A concealed bistoury must now be passed, f/uided bv the finger, and the stricture divided so as to allow the intestine to be returned.

1'.

POISONS.

253

PAKT TX.

POISONS.

Cold�cum�Yew�Rhododendron�I.;ilmrinim�TJlnck ITclI.l'nre �Woody Nightshade�Deadly Nightshadlaquo;�Henbaut� iU'sciiic �Lead and its Compounds�Copper .Smoke Disease.

Poisons are divided into two general classes�vegetable and mineral,�and it is to the effects of the former of these that the ox is more particularly liable, arising mainly from the fact of his being an herbaceous or vegetable-feeding animal, and poisonous plants, at cer�tain times and in certain situations, forming part of his daily food.

He is, however, not exempt from mineral poisons, to the effects of which he is exposed in several ways.

1st. By accidentally coming in contact with refuse substances, such as scrapings of paint, lead, ^c. which oxen will, with a singular morbid appetite, often eat in preference to more wholesome food.

2iid. By imbibing the poison through the pores of the skin, in dressing for vermin or skin disorders.

-Ith. By the mistaken or wilfully malicious adminis�tration of almost any medicinal or poisonous substance in sufficient doses to cause death.

�th. By the introduction of poisonous substances under the skin, which substances may be either of a vegetable or mineral character.

6th. By the inhalation of poisonous gases.

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THE DISEASES OE THE OX.

#9632;

VEGETABLE POISONS.

Vegetable poisons are mostly of the class designated narcotic or narcotico-irritant; and tlie general symp�toms of this class (although each presents some pecu�liarity) very much resemble each other. The principal ones are here noticed, und are mostly given from the author's own observation.

THE COLCHICUM AUTODTALE (or MEADOW SAFFEON).

The Colchicwn autumnale is a plant almost univer�sally met with in the meadows of this country, being in perfection in the months of June and July, and is con�sidered to possess the greatest activity when the loaves have withered and the flowers of the new conn have not appeared. It is easily recognised by its shining dark-green leaves and its beautiful purple flowers.

Its action as a poison is decided and energetic, pro�ducing profuse purgation, and irritation of the intestines. When animals are Just turned into a pasture containing colchicum, they seldom escape its influence, eating it eagerly: but when once they have suffered from it and recovered they generally afterwards refuse it.

Colchicum is classed among the narcotico-irritant poisons, that is, its effects are primarily on the ali�mentary canal as an irritant, and secondarily on the brain as a narcotic.

One of the earliest symptoms observed will be purg�ing, of a severe and sometimes of an offensive charac�ter ; and when the animals are seen in this early stage and removed from the dangerous pasture, they seldom take much harm. On the contrary, should their con�dition not be observed until they have partaken of a

POISONS.

�2.3.5

considerable quantity of the plant, more serious symp�toms soon develope themselves : the evacuations Ijecome more and more fcetid, the abdomen swells, the coat stares, the eyes are glassy, and pupils dilated : and the frame is evidently affected from their disinclination to move, and stupid and depressed appearance. In the latter stages, the pulse is weak, irregular, and often imperceptible.

The treatment will, of course, vary with the state in which the animal is first seen. If not very seriously af-fected,a good oleaginous purge is often effectual in clear�ing the intestines and removing the offending matters.

If seen in the latter stages, however, more active treatment must be resorted to: the lining membrane of the bowels, being irritated and inflamed, must be sheathed with large quantities of thick gruel, made with linseed and wheat flour. The vital powers of the animal must be roused by stimulants, as strong ale, and ether in ounce doses. Opium, too, will be found of advantage when the purging is severe, in doses of from 1 to 3 drachms, according to the size of the animal. When the brain is much affected, however, ii must be used with caution. Counter-irvitation should be ex�clusively employed in the form of the 'liniment of crotuu,quot; well rubbed into the abdomen, or, in the absence of this, the mustard and turpentine blister. On no account must the animal be bled.

upon an examination after death, the whole of the stomachs will be found more or less inflamed, especially the abomasum, or true digestive stomach. The small intestines will be found slightly inflamed through their whole extent, with here and there patches of intense inflammation, the mucous membrane being of a brhdit scarlet, and easily peeling off when touched.

1 �4

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

1 I

In a dry state (that is, when mixed with the hay), colchicum is not usually found injurious ; but this most probably depends upon whether the grass is cut early before the seeds have formed, or later, when they are ripe, the active principle of colchicum seeming to reside mainly in the seeds.

quot;When the hay contains much of the dried plant, cattle have been known to refuse it.

ii r

TABUS BACCATA {Tut. Yew).

Poisoning by the leaves of the yew tree is far from un�common, and generally takes place from the cuttings of the trees having fallen, or been deposited in the field where the animals are pastured. The effects of yew are very uncertain, and much depend upon whether the yew is fresit or partially dried. It is a general belief that yew in its green state is not poisonous, but when dried it is, and there seems to be some foundation for the opinion. Professor Morton considers that the difference in the effects proceeds from the animals eating much larger quantities of the dried yew than they would of the green. It is, however, certain that cattle often partake of considerable quantities of the green plant with im-punity. The symptoms of poisoning by yew are obscure, and often so nearly resemble those of poisoning by other narcotic plants, that its diagnosis will generally be a matter of difficulty, and more dependence must be placed on collateral circumstances, such as finding branches of yew in the field where the beast are taken ill, its presence in dung, amp;c., than upon the symptoms themselves. When the animal is found he is usually shivering, and the paunch distended with food, pulse weak and tremulous; and in the latter stage imper-

roisoxs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;207

ceptible, together with that peculiar dull and stupid appearance which is common to all this class of poisons.

In the latter stage all symptoms cease, and the animal drops without a struggle.

The only treatment available is to empty tbe bowels as soon as possible by a powerful purgative, followed up, if necessary, with small doses of linseed oil, taking care to sheath and protect the bowels by administeringnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fi

linseed gruel at short intervals.

.Stimulants will often be beneficial, and can seldom do harm, by rousing the pulse and rallying the vitalnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .:

powers.

The post-mortem appearances will not materially differ from those described in poisoning by colchicum ; there is the same inflamed appearance of the mucous lining of the iutestines, it being easily torn, and having a pdtclty appearance; and the stomachs will be foundnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;j

blocked up with food, yew seeming to have the peculiar effect of paralysing those organs, and preventing them parting with their contents. The lining membrane will also be found inflamed and easily peeled off.

RHODODENDRON HYBRIDOI.

There is a case, recorded in the ' Veterinarian,' of poisoning some calves by rhododendron, by Mr. Kettle, of .Market Drayton, and which possesses some peculiar and interesting symptoms. The calves had broken into a garden, and eaten freely of the rhododendron plants.

The symptoms were those common to all narcotic poisons, with the addition of 'frequent vomiting of saliva, mixed with rhododendron leaves and buds,' and a peculiar staggering gait. ' They would reel a few

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THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

paces and then rush forward with their legs widely ex�tended, and in an eccentric way, and suddenly fall.'

The treatment consisted of powerful purgatives and stimulants, followed by tonics, with mustard and tur�pentine rubbed into the spine. The whole of the calves recovered in four days.

I j

LABUENUM.

It is not generally known that the seeds, and perhaps the leaves, of the laburnum are highly poisonous to cattle. The author is not aware of any case on record of the nature; but having met with a case of poisoning by it of five yearlings, he is induced to record it.

The calves were turned into a field adjoining a gentleman's shrubbery, and the cuttings of the trees (principally laburnum) were thrown over the hedge. The summer beiu^^- a very dry one and herbage being scarce, the calves browsed upon the branches, eating not only leaves and seed-pods, but even stripping the bark.

The author being called in, upon his arrival he found one calf dead, which gave an opportunity for a, post�mortem. The rumen was found full of food, mixed with leaves, pods, and bark of the laburnum, the accumula�tion of food being evidently caused by the stomach being paralysed and unable to act upon its contents. The abdomen and small intestines were inflamed in patches, the seeds of the laburnum sticking to, and being buried in the mucous membrane; in fact, the post-mortem did not materially differ from those before described.

The rest of the calves were affected, more or less, with severe paralysis of the hind extremities, attended vdth nn accumulation of food in the rumen. One (the worst

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of the lot) was unable to rise, the paunch being dis�tended and exceedingly hard; but the brain vvas un�affected, the effects of the poison seeming to be con�centrated in the spinal cord and the nerves proceeding therefrom.

The treaiment consisted of the administration of powerful purgatives, consisting of Epsom salts and croton oil: and, in the worst case, of mmenotomy, or opening the rumen and extracting the contents. In this ease, although relieved for a time, the calf eventu�ally died. In the others free purgation was established and they eventually recovered, having, however, for some time great weakness in the hind extremities.

THE SOLANOI DULCAMARA, oe WOODY NIGHTSHADE.

Tliis is very commonly found in almost all parts of England.

It flowers in June and July, and bears a purple berry in the following month, at which time its poison�ous effects seem to be most apparent. Cases of poison�ing by this plant seem to be rare, as, with the exception of some very interesting cases recorded by Mr. Walker, of Rugby, in the 'Veterinarian' for 1863, its effects seem to have been unnoticed. It is from Mr. Walker's cases that the following description is principally taken:�

The symptoms were, in the above-noticed cases, ' a wild and somewhat vacant look, the pupils of the eyes dilated, a quantity of frothy mucus hanging about the lips, breathing not increased but heavy, pulse almost imperceptible and oppressed, bowels relaxed, and grind�ing of the teeth.'

Another of the same lot presented much the same s 2

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260

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

i raquo;r

symptoms in a milder form. Upon walking the first-named animal down the field, she ' suddenly turned round and commenced to run backwards, tossing her head about in the wildest manner, and again repeating this strange proceeding after walking a short way.'

Treatment consisted in 'a strong liniment of turpen�tine and croton, applied to the back of the head and along the spine : and a powerful stimulant given to each animal of

Sp. Ammonise Aromatic. Sp. .Ether Nitr.

In two hours tii'tcr, half a pound of Epsom Salt.?.'

The following morning both animals were worse; being down, unable to rise, and quite uoconseious.

During the night the bowels had acted freely, the fieces being black, and streaked with blood.

Both lingered some days, gradually geling worse, and eventually died.

The jjost-yuoiiein�Contents of the chest healthy, as also the other viscera, with the exception of the colon, the internal surface of which had patches about the size of a crown-piece of a dark colour. Brain congested, and its vessels filled with dark-coloured blood.

Two more of this group of poisons remain to be noticed, viz. the Atropa Belladonna (or Deadly Night�shade) and the Hjoscyamus niger (or Henbane).

Owing, however, to their comparative rarity in a wild state, very few cases of poisoning b}- these plants have come under the notice of the veterinary surgeon.

The author has been unable to find one recorded case of poisoning by belladonna, and only one, and that by a French author, by the henbane.

Judging from analogous cases in the human subject.

I¹

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POISONS.

261

the symptoms of poisoning by belladonna would be coma, delirium, and vertigo, and that which is so thoroughly characteristic of the effects of belladonna, fixed dilatation of the pupil of the eye. Probably, too, diarrhoea would be present.

The treatment would in nowise differ from that described in other narcotic poisons, purgatives and demulcents forming the staple.

The post-mortem appearances are described by medi�cal authors as peculiar and characteristic, and may be thus summed up:-�Brain congested with dark tluid blood ; pupils of the eye widely dilated, and the mucous membrane from the throat to the intestines marked with peculiar red spots.

Of poisoning by henbane, as before remarked, only one case is on record. It is recorded by M. Creuzel, and is found in the ' Veterinarian ' for 1840. Two hours after the animal (a cow) had partaken of the poison, she presented the following symptoms :�' She suddenly fell down and abandoned herself to very strange and violent struggles; the pupils of the eyes were very much dilated: the conjunctiva injected, and of a red violet colour: carotids beating violently, their pulsation to be plainly seen. The cow, resting on her forelegs, was making the most violent efforts to raise herself, and which she at length effected with very great difficulty. She then attempted to move forward, uttering the most fearful lowings; but she soon fell back, dashing her bead to the ground. After this attack of general con�vulsions, the respiration became loud and convulsive, a thick spume proceeded from the mouth, and she began to purge violently.'

The treatment consisted of bleeding to some consider�able extent, and the administering of acidulated water.

r***

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262

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

which, although followed by recovery, cannot be recom�mended as a precedent in future cases.

The post-mortem appearances resemble those of poisoning by belladonna.

HELLEBORUS NIGEE, the BLACK HELLEBORE. (Chbistsias Rose, or Beaks-foot.)

The root of the black hellebore has been long and extensively used as a counter-irritant, in the form of a seton in the dewlap, by making an incision through the skin and introducing a portion of the root. When the root is fresh and the portion introduced large, fatal con-sequences have occasionally ensued, from the great amount of irritation and swelling set up.

The treatment in these cases will be, first of all, to remove the root and well cleanse and foment the swelled parts, which may then be well rubbed with sweet oil. In some cases it will be necessary to use scarifications and punctures to let out the effused serum. A strong cathartic should be administered to remove any poisonous matter absorbed into the system.

il )

[j #9632;

Remarks on Vcyetahle Poisons.

It will be seen that the symptoms of poisoning by the narcotico-acrid poisons (which comprise nearly all the vegetable poisons that cattle are liable accidentally to partake of) very much resemble each other.

There is, in all, the brain more or less affected ; the digestive apparatus disarranged, and the cerehro-spincd system partially deprived of its functions.

The treatment must, in all, be necessarily of the simplest character; the poisonous agent must be ex-

POISOXS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 263

pelled by purgatives, and the supervening debility and shock to the system combated by stimulants.

Large quantities of diluent fluids, such as thick gruels of flour or linseed, may be at the same time given at frequent intervals, so as to sheath the intestinal canal from the effects of the poison.

MIXEKAL POISOXS.

Mineral poisons differ from vegetable, in their symp�toms being more clearly defined, and our being enabled after death to detect their presence by chemical analysis. It would far exceed the bounds and design of a work like the ju'esent to give more than a brief outline of the more common mineral poisons. Those used in the form of medicine, and of which an over-dose may incautiously or wilfully have been given, will be found briefly de�scribed in the chapter on ' Medicines,' together with the symptoms of poisoning by such an over-dose.

For the tests for poison the reader is referred to Professor Morton's ' Chart,' in which the tests and re�agents are all given in a tabular form, together with the symptoms and treatment.*

AESENIOUS ACID (Common- Aese.nic).

Arsenic is one of the best known and also one of the most poisonous of our mineral preparations; and from its cheapness, is unfortunately within the reach of everyone. It is used extensively by agriculturists in a

* A Veterinary Toxological Chart, amp;c. by W. J. T. ilorton.� Lunr/ihun $#9632; Co.

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264

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

dipping for sheep, to destroy tics and vermin, and is also used for the same purpose as an application to cattle.

Its efficacy is undoubted. No form of insect life can live under its influence. Hence, and from its cheap�ness, its almost universal use.

Beiiiij;- insoluble in water, some alkali (usuallypotasli) is added, by which a new compound is made, arsenite of potash, which is soluble in water, and this, when dis�solved, is the usual dressing for beast affected with vermin.

Occasionally, from some peculiar atmospheric in�fluence, or from an unusual susceptibility of the skin of the animal, the poison will become absorbed, and very serious effects, and even death, result. The symptoms of poisoning vary as to the time it takes to develop them, sometimes coming on immediately after the dressing, and at others having an interval of a day or two before any untoward result is perceived. The first indication of the animal being amiss, is swelling of the parts dressed, especially the breast and neck, which is excessively tender to the touch, and the animals walk stiffly.

Constitutional symptoms now begin to show them�selves : the pulse is irregular, small, and quick; ex�tremities hot, rigors, discharge of saliva from the mouth : and increased respiration.

As the effects of the poison increase, the specific effect of the arsenic is developed by inflammation of the mucous coat of the bowels coming on, evidenced by griping pains and purging of semi-fluid faeces of a very fcetid character, mingled in the latter stages with blood. The brain now begins to sympathise, and the animal often dies quite suddenly, with all the symptoms of apoplexy.

li ^:'

POISONS.

?65

The treatment must consist first of all in freeing the .skin from any of the poison which may still remain upon it; and for this purpose warm fomentation, suc�ceeded by repeated inunction of soft soap, lime-water, and oil, amp;c. must be used, taking care to well wash the skin after each dressing. The next step will be to free the system from the poisonous matter with which it is charged, and to effect this the kidneys (by which this poison is eliminated from the system) must first be brought into action.

Nitrate of potash Powdered resin .

1 ounce 1 ounce

Given in a quantity of warm thick gruel, and repeated till the kidneys are well acted upon.

With this must be combined the drenching the animal with large quantities of good thick gruel at frequent intervals.

In addition to the diuretic before recommended, other medicines will be needed to combat the various symp�toms as they present themselves. Grriping pains, if any are present, will be relieved by opium, in the form of ethereal tincture, and the bowels will be kept regulated if required with linseed oil. The debility which is almost certain to supervene is best combated with sulphate of iron, combined with the diuretics before recommended, given in reduced quantities. On no account should debilitating measures, such as bleeding ot purging, be employed. A little linseed oil, given in the early stages, will be all of the latter that the animal will hear.

When the poison is administered by the mouth, its effects are immediate and very⁷ severe. There is intense pain_; attended with violent purging of fluid fteces of an


¹



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266

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

offensive smell. The abdomen is swelled, and in many instances there is tenesmus, or a constant effort to void the faeces. The pulse is quick and tremulous, becom�ing- altogether imperceptible in the latter stages. The body is bedewed with a cold sweat. Should the animal live for any length of time, salivation comes on, evi�denced by a profuse discharge of saliva of a fo�tid character. The animal finally dies exhausted.

The post-mortem appearances reveal intense inflam�mation of both the stomach and intestines, but the latter especially, which also exhibit patches of ulcera-tioa. The caecum and colon are found to be more especial!}⁷ the seat of the inflammation, and the lining membrane is torn with the slightest effort.

In the treatment of poisoning by arsenic we must have two objects in view : first of all, to give an anti�dote to the poison ; and, secondly, to expel it from the system. ' The only counter-agent,' says Professor Morton,' on which it appears any reliance can be placed, is the hydrated peroxide of iron, made by adding to a solution of the proto-sulphate of iron, nitric acid, boil�ing it, and then precipitating the oxide by ammonia. This is to be given in large quantities, newly pre�pared, and in the form of a soft paste. In the absence of this the sulpkuret of iron may be had recourse to.'*

With this may be combined the administration of large quantities of linseed and flour gruel, so as to sheath the intestines, as much as possible, from the action of the poison, and which must be expelled from the system by purgatives and diuretics. Owing to the irritated and inflamed condition of the mucous mem�brane, the purgatives must wholly consist of oily pre-

* Manual of Pharmacy, by W. J. T. Morton.�Lomjinan cf- Co.

ik*

HSraquo;quot;

POISONS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 267

parations, combining with them alternate doses of nitrate of potash or powdered resin. The rapidly-in�creasing dehility is best met by powerful stimulants, as warmale, nitric ether, sulphuric ether, or brandy. The preparations of iron may follow. Should very violent pain be evinced in the early stages, opium is admissible in large doses, in the form of the ethereal tincture.

THE COMPOUNDS OF LEAD.

Poisoning of cattle by lead and its compounds'is far from uncommon, from their almost universal ap�plication to the uses of everyday life.

Poisoning from these compounds usually takes place from their being thrown out as refuse on manure heaps, amp;c in the form of scrapings of painted doors, windows, the refuse of paint-pots, amp;c., which are searched for by cattle and eagerly swallowed.

The symptoms of lead-poisoning are first a decided affection of the brain and nervous S3^Tstem, as shown by the comatose and sleepy expression of the animal: pupil of the eyes dilated, tremors, and disinclination to move. The pulse is small, weak, and indistinct; and the bowels costive, the dung being small in quan�tity and of a black colour : this constipation is of a very obstinate character. As the symptoms become more developed, the brain continues to sympathise; the pulse rises in number and becomes fuller: the animal loses consciousness, evinced by turning round or obstinately pressing his head against any hard surface. In the latter stages the animal becomes furiously excited, and dies raving mad. Constipation, of a severe character, is more or less present throughout. The treatment will, first of all, consist of powerful purgatives, to

268

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

unload the bowels and dislodge the poison; and, from the paralysed state the bowels are in from the effects of the lead, a large dose will be required : �

Epsom salts Crot hi oil

16 ounces 2� drops

For a draught.

Tiiis may he repeated in half-doses every eight hours till purgation takes place. In the interval, frequent doses of linseed gruel may he given, acidulated with sulphuric acid (oil of vitro!), in doses of from one to two drachms. This, by combining with the salts of lead, 1'iirms au insoluble compound, the sulphate of lead, which is comparatively inert.

The bowels being relieved by the purgatives, and the poison decomposed by the sulphuric acid, our next effort must be to allay the irritation of the system by^Tthe administration of opium, in doses of from two to three drachms, given as before in large quantities of linseed gruel.

The post-Tnorteni appearances rlo not reveal so much inflammation as in many other mineral poisons; on the contrary, the lining membrane of the intestines will be often found to be blanched, and easily removed with the tingers. This is especially the case with the stomachs, which are often found filled with hard food, which on being removed brings the lining membrane with it.

A peculiar form of mineral poisoning is seen in the neighbourhood of copper smelting furnaces, which may be partly due to gaseous eliminations, and partly to the deleterious matters deposited on the herbage.

� Young animals,quot; says Professor Morton in his � .Manual of Pharmacy,' ' are most susceptible of their

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influence; and among- the most marked effects are a disposition to ophthalmia, which in general quickly terminates in cataract, enlargements of the knee and hock-joints, and periostea! exostosis of the bones of the extremities. The first indications of animals being thus affected are dullness and refusal of food. On examination, the teeth will be found encrusted with a bluish concretion, the gums humid and red, and the saliva secreted in increased quantities�symptoms ana�logous to ptyalism.'

To these primary symptoms succeed chronic and in�curable disease of the joints, which Lecome ossified and enlarged, and, especially in the ox tribe, the knees and hocks.

The bones of the limbs, too, suffer, and enormous exostoses make their appearance, sometimes causing death and exfoliation of the bone. Constipation of a severe character is an accompaniment in the earlier stages.

This disease is known as the Copper Smoke disease, and is principally seen in the neighbourhood of Swan�sea, in Wales, where extensive copper smelting works are carried on.

A disease, from somewhat similar causes, is seen among the animals in the neighbourhood of lead-works. 'They are,' says Professor Morton, ' by the slow intro�duction of some of the mineral into the system, very subject to affections of the bowels, accompanied with violent griping pain and constipation, which commonly prove fatal. Thfe approach of the disease is indicated by a disordered state of the stomach and a morbid ap�petite. The animals eat voraciously, and for a time acquire flesh. Nothing seems to be refused by them; for even masses of lead ore and pieces of brick have

v-.ir

#9632;270

THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

sometimes been found in the rumen of cattle. This is followed by obstinate constipation of the bowels and laboured respiration, with other concomitants, which are extremely difficult to combat. . . . Active pur�gatives, consisting of the sulphate of magnesia with croton, followed up by opium, are the remedies usually had recourse to. . . . As a preventive, dilute sulphuric acid may be given in the animal's water, so as to form an insoluble sulphate, which may be expelled by a cathartic if found uecessary.'

APPENDIX.

MEDICINES.

THEIR DOSES AND ACTION.

Writers on Materia Medici commonly divide medicines into dif�ferent classes according to their effects on the animal body. This arrangement is usually sufficiently complicated, and it has only been tlioupht necessary here to give a few of the subdivisions, together with an explanation of the terms used.

Cathakucs {purgative ogenU)�Aloes, calomel, linseed oil, croton, sulphate of magnesia and soda, salt, sulphur.

Cardiacs (cordials)�Capsicum, earraway seeds, ginger.

Excitants (sttntuhmts)�Alcohol, spirits of nitre, oil of turpen�tine, ale.

Sedatives�Opium, Prussic acid, aconite, tartarized antimony.

Diuretics (agents acting on tlw kidneys)�Nitrate of potash, resin, turpentine, oil of turpentine.

Toxics (strmglhemng agents)�Gentian root, sulphate of copper, sulphate of iron.

Astki.vgexis {agents contracting mmca/ar �bre)�Alum, catechu, galls.

ErBEFACIENTS. See Blisters.

Vesicants (blisters)�Cantharides, tincture of croton, tartaiized antimony, iodine, mustard.

Catstics (agents which decompose parts toivhich they are applied)� Nitric acid, muriatic acid, corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, nitrate of silver, sulphate of copper, hot iron.

Digestives (agents exciting suppuration in woumh)�Hack helle�bore, liniment, and ointment of turpentine.

I -¹ quot;J',

mrm

#9632;^

272

APPENDIX.

A.SIBIXGEXTS {agents ichichdimin�sh discharges in n-om/ds)�Alum,

carbonate and oxide of zinc. EsiOLLIElfTS (agents which soften and relax parts)�Fomentations,

lard, olive oil, palm oil, poultices.

The action of medicine upon cattle is determined by the age and condition of the patient. The doses recommended in the foregoing pages are suitable for a full-grown animal, except when expressly stated to the contrary. When younger animals are prescribed for, the quantity should be diminished in proportion to the age: ijearlimjs, for instance, will seldom take more than half the quantity of a full-grown beast, and calves from three to nine months, from a fourth to a third of a dose, although no general rule can be laid down which will exactly apply to all cases.

Ciinditiim tx\\\ considerably modify the action of medicines: a thin, unthrifty animal, living on grass, will be severely affected by a dose which would be useless to an animal in better condition, and fed on hard, dry food�this especially applies to purgatives. Medicine should always be administered to cattle ill the form of the draught, and the best vehicle for such administration will be the old-fashioned drenching-hovn. A bottle has some advantages over the horn, but is not safe except in sliilful or professional hands.

Draughts should be very carefully given to the ox, or there will be a danger of the fluid entering the trachea, or windpipe, and thus producing very serious, if not fatal, effects. If the animal coughs at all during its administration, the head should at once bo relrascd and the operation suspended till the irritation has passed over. The want of proper precaution in this respect has caused the death of manv a valuable animal.

Alcohol.

Alcohol is seldom used in its pure form as a medicine, being generally employed as a vehicle for the suspension of the active principles of vegetables, in the form of tinctures. All stimulants, however, such as brandy, whisky, ale, amp;c., owe their power to the presence of alcohol, which they contain in greater or less pro�portions. It will be soen that the usual stimulant recommended in this work for cattle is ale, than which a better can scarcely be substituted. Almost all medicines may be with safety administered in it, and gruel, often so necessary for the support of the animal, should always contain it. The stronger stimulants, such as brandy

APPEKDIX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 273

or whisky, may often be given -svith advantage in low and typhoid disorders, and, in such, considerable quantities maybe administered with Lcne'it.

./Ether.

JEther, Sulphuric.�A powerful stimulant, given with advantage in nil cases in which an energetic reaction is wanted. Its effects, however, soon subside. Dose, from one to two ounces.

JEther, Mtric (spirits of sweet nitre).�The action of this medicine is that of a stimulant and febrifuge, and secondarily, of a diuretic. It may be given in casi'S in which the vital powers of the animal are flagging, and in this its action resembles that of sulphuric tether. In the formation of tinctures it will be found useful, as superseding the more expensive spirits of wine. Dose, from one to two ounces.

Aesenic (Acidum Arseniosum, Arsenious Acid, or Common Arsenic).

This substance is found native, but the market is principally supplied from Saxony and Bohemia, chiefly from the refuse ores of different metals. Arsenic is seldom or never given to the ox as a medicine, its chief use being as an external application, for the eradication of vermin, although much safer applications can be used. The following is the form usually employed :�

Arsenic

Carbonate of potash

Water

i pound

ipound

12 gallons

Boil together for half an hour.

This is extensively used for dipping sheep. Cattle have been occasionally poisoned by the external application of this agent (see Poisons), from its having been absorbed through the skin. Arsenic is a powerful caustic, but its use is objectionable from its causing extensive sloughing. It is occasionally used for the eradication of warts.

Aloes (Aloes).

Aloes is the inspissated juice of the leaves of several species of the aloe plant. Two kinds are used in cattle medicine, the Barba-does and the Cape aloe. Of these the former is to be preferred.

p-^r

274

APPENDIX.

from it� greater strengt!] ami certainty of action. This is a very valuable medicine for oxen, as its effects are more especially on the third and fourth stomachs, and purgatives given with a view to unload these organs ought always to contain aloes. To obtain a perfect sol id tun of aloes, the following formula may he employed:�

Boiling water Aloes . Common soda

10 ounces 2 ounces

2 ounces

Dose, from S to 12 ounces, given in combination with 12 ounces of Kpsom salts. The whole to he mixed in a quart of warm ale or grueL

It will he seen in the foregoing form for solution of aloes, that each ounce of the solution contains one drachm of aloes.

Aloes are also used as an external application, in the form of a tincture.

Powdered aloes .... 4 ounces Powdered myrrh .... 2 ounces Spirits of wine ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 quart

Water......1 pint

Digest for 14 days, frequently shaking the mixture, and filter for use.

This is a very valuable application for wounds. Should a cheaper form be desired, the methylated spirit may be substituted for the spirits of wine, or even naphtha, which is a perfect solvent for the active principle both of the myrrh and aloes.

Alumkx {Alum).

Alum i~ occasionally given to cattle as an astringent in cases of obstinate and protracted diarrhoea. It should be administered in solution, in doses of from three to four ounces. It is by some advocated as a 'dryer' to cows when about to be deprived of their milk, but its ell'ects are not certain. It is used as a topical appli�cation to fungous granulations and unhealthy surfaces. As a lotion it will be found useful in the treatment of eczema eplsootiea (the mouth and food disease), the proportions being one ounce of alum to two quarts of warm water. In cases of 'open joint,' it has been used with success in the form of a compound powder.

Burnt alum ....

quot;L

equal parts

Sulphate of iron ...

Myrrh......J

To be applied, in the state of a fine powder, to the open joint daily.

APPENDIX.

275

Ammonia.

The various compounds of ammonia nre extremely valuable in cattle practice. Given in the form of the arotnattc spirit of am�monia (spirits of sal volatile), it acts as a powerful stimulant, in doses of from one to two ounces. In cases of hoven (or blown) it is especially valuable, not only actiim- as a stimulant, but combining, chemically, with the g-as eliminated. Its dose is, here, from three to four ounces, diluted with a large quantity of cold water.

Watei: of Ammonia (Hartshorn).

Sometimes given internally as a stimulant and antacid, but its use requires care, from its excoriating the mouth, unless very largely diluted with water. The dose is from one to two ounces.

Its principal use, however, is for external application, it acting as a stimulant and rubefacient. The liniment of umiiioniu (or white oils) is a well-known preparation.

Liniment of Ammonia (Wliite Oils).

'Water of ammonia ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 part

Olivr oil......-1 parts

Mix in a mortar, adding a little soft water gradually until about the consistence of cream.

The addition of an ounce or two of spirits of turpentine to every half-pint will considerably increase its strength. It is used in sprains, bruises, and indolent tumours, and sometimes (although improperly) to wounds.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

Carbonate of Ammonia.

A very valuable stimulant and antacid. It is given in doses of from four drachms to an ounce, dissolved in colil iciitcr, it being decomposed by hot: in fact, all the preparations of ammonia, when administered, should be diluted only with cold fluids.

Aconite.

The aconitum napellns, or monkshood, although not a native of this country, is one of our commonest garden flowers. It derives

t 2

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i !

276nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;APPKXDIX.

its name of monkshood from tlie peculiar hebneted or hood-like form of !t~ beautiful blue flowers.

Aconite is always given in the form of a tincture, and is one of the iiM.lt;t powerful and valuable sedatives we possess; lowering the pulse without affecting the brain, and effecting that which would otherwise have to be done with the lancet, without the debilitating effects of the latter. ' Fleming's Tincture of Aconite ' is the pre�paration most to be relied on. The do.se of the latter is from ten to twenty drops. Ac-unite i.s admissible in all febrile and inflam�matory affections. From the small balk its dose occupies, it may occasionally (when much thirst is present) be given mixed in the animal's water.

^1 ^;

Astimoxt, Potassia Tarteate of (Enii'iio Tartar, or Turturizcd Antimony).

This is a medicine of doubtful efficacy; it may, however, be mven in doses of from one to two drachms, combined with nitrate of potash, in febrile affections.

Applied externally, it is a powerful counter-irritant, and an ointment made with one drachm of tartar emetic to a,u ounce of lard will raise a blister on the shin of the ox, producing a pustular eruption. The sesqui-chloride (or butter) of antimony is a well-known caustic, and is used (ov'foul' in the foot, and foot-rot in sheep. Its action is mild, and easily controlled. It, bowever, mav in many cases be superseded by the nitric acid, used either in an undiluted state or mixed with water, according to the strength required.

Calomel.

This medicine is useful in chronic diseases of the liver in cattle, and also in dysentery. Its action is, however, uncertain, and it requires to be guarded by opium. The dose is from hall'a drachm to n drnchm, combined with the same quantity of the latter drug. Colomel used tube a favourite medicine with the old practitioners, who almost invariablv prescribed it in diseases of the digestive organs, where the liver was implicated, but many modern veteri-mirians doubt both its efficacy and safety in cattle practice. quot;When a neiitie action on the liver is desired, the calomel and chalk mav be substituted.

APPESDIX.

277

Chalk, Pkepared.

A very valuable antacid, and sometimes described ns an aM gent, although not properly belonirinir to tliat class ol' meilici It acts by chemically combining with and destroying the I secretions of the stomach; hence almost all medicines for diarrl include chalk in their composition.

It enters largely into the composition of the celebrated ' lt; 'al Cordial,' the form for which is thus given by Mr, Youatt:�

mi�nes. raquo;cid

Prepared chalk Powdered catechu Powdered ginger Powdered opium Peppermint water

'J. ounces 1 ounce 4 drachms 1 drachm 1 pint

Pose for lambs, from one to two tablespoonfuls morning and night; for calves, double the quantity. The dose of chalk, un-combined with these medicines, is from one to lour ounces, but it is rarely given alone.

CnoTONquot; Seeds.

The croton plant, of which these seeds are a product, is found in India, China, and other tropical climates. The seeds form one of our most powerful drastic purgatives, seldom given alone, but valuable as an adjunct to other cathartics. It is generally given in combination with Epsom .salts, in doses of from 20 to 30 grains, and largely increases the purgative action ofthat agent.

Externally applied, it is a powerful vesicant, causing extensive swelling, and subsequent desquamation of the skin. Professor Morton, in his 'Manual of Pharmacy,' gives the following form for a terebintbinate solution :�

Croton seeds, bruised ... 1 part

Oil of turpentine .... 8 parts

Macerate for 14 days, and set aside fur use.

This is a very valuable blister, acting immediately and with great energy; but care is required in its use, or it will cause sloughing of the skin, and subsequently very troublesome and obstinate sores. Its activity may be diminished by mixing it with equal parts of olive oil.

Wquot;

27 s

APPENDIX.

Ceoton Oil

is expressed from tlie seeds, mid is a convenient form of ad�ministration, from tlie small bulk it occupies: owinjr, liuwcver, to its large adulteration #9632;with other oils, it is not to be depended upon. Dose, from 20 to 30 drops, mixed in a quantity of linseed oil, which dilutes it and luudilies its drastic eflects.

Catechu.

This is a vegetable extract, obtained from a species of acacia. It is one of the most powerful of our vegetable astringents, and generally administered to the ox in combination with other medi�cines, as chalk, opium, or galls. A useful form fur severe purging is here given.

Powdered galls .... 1 drachm

Powdered catechunbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;... 2 drachms

Powdered chalk .... 2 ounces

To be administered to the animal in warm ale ur gruel.

Camphor.

This medicament is not very largely employed in cattle practice, (liven internally, it is a sedative and febrifuge, diminishing the frequency of the pulse and lowering its tone. Its dose for the ox is iVom two to thrre ounces. Externally, it is united with various lotions and liniments, being supposed to act as a discutient and anodyne in cases of sprains, bruises, and tumours.

Capsicum.

The capsicum plant is a well-known spice, and is employed in medicine for its powerful stomachic and stimulating properties. For the ox there is no better vegetable stimulant, given in a state of powder, in doses of half a drachm to a drachm, taking care to blend with it plenty of diluent fluid.

C'lvsteks.

Clysters are agents used to empty the bowels by mechanical means, and are very valuable adjuncts in inducing purgatives to

APPENDIX.

270

art. The more common mode of employing them is In- menus of the bladder uncl /}'))'#9632;#9632; Read's patent syringe has, however, of late years, superseded them, and when at hand is certainly preferable. Clysters usually consist simply of warm water: if, however, more energetic action be required, they may be medicated by mixing soft snap, oil, nr aloes with the water. A sufficient quantity of fluid should be injected to si .ften the contents of the bowels, hut not to unduly distend them, or the enema will be returned before it has accomplished its object.

Carraway Seeds.

A very useful stomachic and carminative. ' They may fairly,' says Professor Morton, 'lie allowed to take the place of the whole tribe of seeds that were so liberally employed by old practitioners, such as anise common, coriander, and others.' The doso is from two to three ounces. The efficacy of all these seeds is dependent upon an essential oil, which being volatile, the seeds should always be used freshly ground, otherwise they lose their effect. The essential oil of carraway is now and then employed by the veterinary practitioner, but more for the sake of its aromatic smell than any medicinal qualities it may contain. It is, however, like most essential oils, a powerful stimulant.

Cantharis, Cantharides (Spanish Fly).

This is the basis of all blisters for the horse, but in cattle medi�cines there are others to be preferred. Professor Morton gives the following form for a preparation for medicating the materials used for setons, it exciting suppuration in the thick skin of the ox quicker than most other preparations :�

Contharides, in powder ... 1 part Oil of turpentine ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8 parts

Digest with a gentle heat for It days, frequently agitating; then filter, and to every ounce add an equal quantity of the Canada balsam; intimately mix them, and immerse the seton material. When it has imbibed as much of it as it will, lake it out and draw it through the finger and thumb, giving gentle compression, so as to remove any of the superfluous mixture ; then bang it up to dry.

This, under the title of 'Morton's Medicated Cotton,'may be

#9632;i

'I #9632; is

141

mraquo;

280

APPENDIX.

procured ready prepared, and it will be found a very valuable substitute for tLe common seton,

Now and tlieu cantbarides Lave been .adniinistered to the cow in quantities sufficient to produce symptoms of poisoning, under the delusive idea that it causes a desire for the male. The symp�toms are irritation of the intestines, attended with pain and un�easiness, frequent attempts to stale, and bloody urine; in fact, the specific effect of this drug is on the urinary organs, which, after death, are found to be inflamed and congested. The treatment in a case of this kind should consist in the administration of a brisk saline purgative, as Epsom salts, mixed in a large quantity of diluent fluid, as gruel, amp;c., which latter should be given at fre�quent intervals.

Chlorinated Ljmi:.

This is a preparation of the gas chlorine and lime, and is princi�pally used as a disinfectant to purity stables and cowsheds. It acts by chemically decomposing the gases given off from de�composing animal and vegetable substances. The form for its

solution is�


Chlorinated linic .		1 pound
Distilled water		1 gallon
Mix, and filter	before using

A dilute solution of this maybe used as an application to ill-conditioned and sloughing wounds, foul in the foot, amp;c. amp;c.

Internally, it is recommended in the latter stages of hoven or blown, it acting chemically upon the compounds of hydrogen, decomposing them and forming an inert compound.

i,:'

Copper, Compounds of.

Copper, sulphate of (common blue vitriol), is a caustic, and internally administered, a tunic and astringent. In chronic diarrhoea, both in cattle and in sheep, it is invaluable. The dose is, to the former, from two to three drachms, administered twice or thrice a da}-, largely diluted with gruel.

As an external agent, it forms the basis of several well-known preparations, and is largely used in foul in the foot, eczema epizor-tica, foot-rot in sheep. amp;c. amp;C.

�

APPENDIX.

281

Liniment of Sulphate of Copper.

Take of

Puwdei'fd sulphate of eoppor . . 1 part Treaclenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;..... 4 parts

Simmor over the fire in a pipkin till the mixture assumes a reddish appearance, and set aside for use.

This preparation avIU supersede the old farriers' -iEgrrptiacixm, and will be found one of the best applications, both for foul in the foot, and foot-rot in sheep. Should a dry preparation be preferred, the following powder will be found efficacious:�#9632;

Sulphate of copper, in fine ponder . ~i mnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; r_(tnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;equal parts

Alum, dittonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; J

Dust on the diseased part once or twice a day.

The Acetate of Copper, or Verdigris,

so closely resembles the sulphate in its action as a caustic, thai il may very well be superseded by it. It, however, forms the basis of a well-known ointment, the

Ointment of Verdigris, on Green Ointment.

Verdigris, in tine powder . . 1 part Common tui-pentine ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 part

Hog's lard.....12 parts

Melt the two latter ingredients first, and thru add the verdigris, stirring till cold.

Thi.s is a useful application for wounds, ulcers, amp;c., and one almost universally employed by the older class of practitioners as a digestive for wounds.

Digitalis Purporea {Foxglove).

Used principally in febrile affections, in combination with the

nitrate of potash and emetic tartar. It is a very powerful sedative, acting-upon the heart, and producing an intermittent pulse. The author has seen little in this drug to recommend it to general use. Dose, from half a drachm to a drachm of the powdered leaves.

Pfp

282

ArPEXDIX.

Probably a hotter form for its administration would be the extract, or inspissated juice; aud as it is an indigenous plant in this country, and easily procured, its administration in this form is worth a trial, although, as a sedative, it may very well be rejected for tincture of aconite,-n-hich is a far safer remedy. Digitalisis what is called an accumulative medicine; that is, after repeated doses have been administered, their effects are all at once mani�fested. In large doses it acts as a diuretic.

Oali..!: {Galls).

The s'all nut is a medicine but rarely used in cattle practice, and seems to deserve a more extended trial. It is a powerful astrin�gent, and not productive of that irritative action on the bowels which mineral astringents sometimes produce. Dose, from three drachms to an ounce Care must be taken not to give it in com�bination with metallic salts, especially those of iron, or an inert compound (coihihoh inh) is produced.

Gentian Root.

Probably there is no medicine in the Pharmacopceia more valu�able to the veterinary practitioner, as a tonic and stomachic, than gentian. It maybe said to supersede all the umre expensive vege�table teulcs, as cascarilla harl;, calumba root, amp;c.

'There is another advantage,' says Professor .Morton, 'which it possesses; it is without that astringency which characterises many of the vegetable hitters: hence the salts of iron do not cause any decomposition, and the good resulting from the combination of hitters with chalvheates is well known.' The dose is from two to four drachms.

A tincture of gentian is advocated by some. The following form is an inexpensive one.

Methylated spirits of nitre Genlian root, sliced

Dose, from one to two ounces.

2 pints 4 ounces

Hellebore, Black (Winter Hose, or Bearsfooi).

I'lncl; hellehore is used merely as an external application, in the form of a scton inserted on the dewlap. It is hy many supposed to

APPENDIX.

�283

be a preventive of bind; lofr, plenro-pneumonia, amp;c. The mode of its employment is to make a small incision in the dewlap, and intro�duce a portion of tbe rout. Much swelling ensues, followed by suppuration. When a large portion of fresh mut lias been em�ployed, so much irritation and swelling has ensued as to cause the death of the animal. It may also be employed in the form of an ointment, forming a powerful digestive and counter-irritant.

Fresh leaves of hellebore . . 1 part

Lard......8 parts

Digest with a gentle heat for 24 hours, and strain off the lard, and add an equal part of turpentine.

Iodine.

The action of iodine is on the lant and absorbent, and as such chronic enlargements of these org tumours often seen round the jaw effects are very manifest. It is mercury, in the form of the bin-v one part to eight of lard. This ing effect if well rubbed in. ami I [ardening and schirrous udders potassium, made into anointment Iodine is also used in the form of

Iodine .

glandular structures, as a stimu-raay be used with advantage in ans. In those peculiar hardened s ami at the runts of the ears, its best used in combination with iilii/c of mercury, in proportions of will produce a powerful blister-may lie repeated every few days. re better healed with the iodide of .with the snme proportion of lard, a tincture.

1 ounce 8 ounces

Spirits of \vine

Iron, Sulphate of {Green Vitriol).

Its action is tonic and astringent, though much milder than sul�phate of copper. It is given incases of debility associated with diarrhoea, in doses of from two to four drachms. Its use is par�ticularly indicated in these affections in which the blood has become poor and watery. It has the peculiar effect of hlaakening tbe frocos, and has also some tendency to cause constipation; hence its administration will require the addition of a laxative occasionally.

Lixsekd Oil. It is impossible to speak too highly of linseed oil as a medicine

^w^

284

APPENDIX.

for cattle. It will entirely supersede the more expensive castor, being uot only clieaper, but quite as efficacious. Its action is mild and certain, and there is little fear of super-purgation from an over-dose. The dose is from one to two pints, which may be repeated every few hours, until the desired effect is produced. Wlien a more powerful and immediate effect is desired, the addition of 10 or 15 drops of croton oil will much improve its purgative qualities.

Lead, Acetate of (Sugar of Lead).

Acetate of lead is a useful external application in cases of in�flamed or excoriated surfaces. The ' Solution of Acetate of Lead,' or ' Gowland's Extract,'is the form usually employed. It is also used as a collyrium in cases of ophthalmia or inflammation of the eyes.

Chlorate of Potassia.

This drag has been recommended in cases of hoven, in closes of from one to two drachms, dissolved in water. It has been advo�cated as a specific for pleuro-pneumonia, but in the author's

experience it possesses no advantage over other medicaments.

Magnesia, Sulphate of (Epsom Salts).

This is the basis of almost all purgatives for cattle, and has great measure superseded the sulphate of soda (Glauber's s The dose is from a pound to a pound and a half. Some stem: is usually combined, as ginger, or one or more of the stiiuul seeds. A very good form for a common cathartic drink is given:�

m a

dts).

ichic a ting

here

Sulphate of magnesia Powdered ginger . Powdered carraway seeds

IG ounoes i ounce A ounce

Should a more powerful purgative be required, four ounces of flowers of sulphur may be added to the above.

Meecukt. See Calojiel.

Oiiit/itint of Mercury, or Mercurial Ointment.�This preparation is very large!}'used by agriculturists as a dressing for seah iu sheep.

APPENDIX.

285

for which affection it is a specific, destroying tlio acari, or small itch insects, by which the affection is caused, It i.-; hardly n safe remedy iis an apjilieation to the skin of the ox, causing ptyalism or salivation, and death has nut imlreqneiitly resulted. In fact, the skin of the 'ix seems unusually sensitive to any application of a mineral nature, which should therefore never he used, except under the sanction of a professional man.

Bichloride of Mercury (Corrosive Sublimate) is never used internally: externally, it is a valuable application fur ill-conditioned wounds and ulcers, and in flstulae to excite healthy action.

Bin-iodide of 3Iercury. See Iodine.

Hydrargyrum cum Cret� (Mercury with Chalk).�This is one of the best, mildest, and safest preparations of mercury, and one which, in diarrhcea and dysentery, cannot be spoken too highly of. The dose is from two to three drachms, administered repeatedly until the system shows symptoms of being affected with themereury.

The injudicious and excessive administration of either calomel or corrosive sublimate will cause death, and that in comparatively small doses; for cattle seem to be affected with relatively smaller doses of mercurial compounds than the horse. The symptoms are griping pains, attended with violent purging, ami tenesmus (or straining), excessive soreness of the mouth, discharge of saliva and foetor of the breath.

The treatment will consist, if possible, in neutralising the poison, and for this purpose the white of eggs should be given, suspended in water, wheat Hour, and milk, followed by mild saline purgatives.

NlTEIC Acid {Aqua-fortis).

Nitric acid is a powerful caustic, and, as such, may be employed to restrain diseased growths and fungous excrescences, warts, amp;c. It is an excellent application in bad cases of 'foul' in the foot. It is employed by saturating tow with the acid, and pressing it upon the diseased part, the tow being previously wrapped round the end of a small stick. Nitric acid, in careful hands, and used with discretion, will supersede the more expensive lunar caustic, which owes a great deal of its activity to the nitric acid it contains.

Nitro Muriatic Acid. This is a mixture in proportions of one part of the ni'i-ic to two

^^mm

286

APPENDIX.

of the muriatic acid, and may lie tried in chronie liver disease, mixed in the animal's water. Enough should be given to render the water agreeably acid.

Niteate of Potash.

Nitrate of potash, ot nitre as it is commonly called, is one of the best medicines for fever that can be employed. It also acts on the kidneys as a mild diuretic. As a lelml'uge. it may be given in doses of from two to lour drachms, muted, if necessary, -witli the sulphate of magnesia. It nun be also dissolved in the animal's water. In ounce-doses it acts as a diuretic.

Large doses of nitre act as an energetic irritative poison, causing pain und inflammation of the lining membranes of the intestines: the urinary organs are also affected.

The treatment should consist of the free administration of linseed oil in large doses, combined with demulcents, as linseed, grind, amp;c. amp;c.

Externally, nitre in solution forms a valuable lotion for un-healthv and slouffhincr wounds.

Opium.

Opium is almost the only medicine, as a sedative, on which direct dependence can be placed. It is invaluable in all cases of irri�tation of the mucous lining of the intestinal canal, as diarrhoea, dysentery, amp;c., and also in licked jaw. It is best administered in the form oi poicder, taking care that genuine 'i'rUKi'.v opium is used, an inferior kind, called Egyptian, having been lately sub�stituted by druggists. The powder should not be kept for any length of time, or it will lose its strength. Dose, from one tu four drachms. An ethereal tincture i.gt; tints prepared:

Methylated spirits of nitre . . Spurts Turkey opium .... 1 part Macerate for 14 days, and filter for use.

This tincture will supersede (for cattle) the more expensive one prepared with rectified spirit, and haraquo; the advantage of the stimu�lative effects of the nitric ether.

This preparation is one of the most valuable antispasmodics, and may be given in doses of from one to three ounces, in cases of

APPENDIX.

287

rigors, diarrliccn, spasmodic colic, and in most inflammatory affections. Doubts bavo, of late years, heen cast on the value of this drug-, and by many practitioners the tincture of aconite is preferred.

P��LTicns.

Poultices are external applications of a soothing and softening nature and consist of various substances. Bran is one of the most common, and, from its properly of retaining moisture, is valuable : it, however, requires to be often changed, or it will ferment and become sour. Linseed meal is also useful, but if allowed to remain, has a tendency to become dry tmd caky. Boiled turnips and carrots are also sometimes employed. Poultices may be medicated with almost any substance which is applicable to the particular form of disease to which they are applied.

Opium, sugar of lead, chloride of lime, turpentine, amp;c., are all thus employed, as we may want soothing, astringent, or antiseptic applications; and it is on the choice and application of these agents that the scientific practitioner is distinguished from the quack.

Pkussic Acid {Hydrocyanic Acid).

This is a medicine very rarely used in cattle practice. Its effects are those of a powerful sedative: and it maybe given in acute inflammatory diseases, and in cases of locked jaw. Dose, from one to two drachms.

Its cii'ects, in excessive and poisonous doses, are ^fa loss of con�sciousness, with convulsive movements, stertorous breathing, and accelerated pulse.' The treatment of an over-dose would be the administration of powerful stimulants, such sshrandy, ir/a'*!:;/, ke., and the constant application of cold water to the brain and spinal cord.

Eesin.

Used in the formation of the more common digestive ointments, but in this common turpentine will form an advantageous substitute (see Turpentine). Internally given, it is a diuretic, in doses of from two to four ounces. In the latter dose it is often given by farmers as a dryer to milking cows, when the secretion of milk is wished to be suspended.

F*r

?-�

^^^

^^^w

If r'!

! !

288

APPENDIX.

Secale CoimuTC� {Ergot of Rye, or Spurred li'/c).

Used i'iilv in cases of protracted aad di�8cult parturition, as a stimulus to the uterus, it exciting energetic muscular contractions in that organ. It requires care in its administration, and should never bo given except under the eve of a professional man.

Soda, Sulphate of {Glauber's Suit,*).

A well-known cattle purgative, Imt very fast superseded by the sulphate of magnesia, which is milder in its action and much more certain. Dose, from one pound to a pound and a quarter.

Sulphuric Acid {Oil of Vitriol, or Vitriolic Acid).

Principally used in the formation of the black oik of the farriers, of which a form is here given :

Linseed oil, oi* olive oil . . . 1 pound Oil of turpentine .... 4 ounces Mix, and add fi drachms of sidphuric acid very gradually, leaving the stopper out of the bottle till the heat evolved has passed off.

Sulphuric acid is a powerful caustic, but is seldom used as such, from its tendency to cause sloughing.

Internally, it is rarely administered : its action would be that of a tonic. It is recommended in cases of poisoning by /cad, forming an insoluble compound, the sulphate of Icdd, and may be given in combination with the sulphate of magnesia. The dose of acid is from two to three drachms.

Silver. Nitrate of {Lunar Caustic).

One of the most valuable caustics, used to destroy morbid growths, and applied to ulcers and poisoned wounds. Mr. Vouatt strongly recommends its use in cases of the latter, proceeding from rabid animals. In solution it is recommended in ophthalmia (in�flammation of the eves) ns a lotion, and also to remove opacities from the cornea. The strength used is ten grains to the ounce of water.

Its only objection as a caustic is its expensiveness, at all times an object in veterinary medicine. It may, however, be often

II \

APPENDIX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 28!)

superseded by the less expensive caustics, such as the sulphate of copper, sesquichloride of autiniony, and what is more effectual still, the pure nitric acid, to which it owes much of its caustic power.

Soft Soap.

The soaps are never administered internally in cattle practice, except as an emollient in the form of clyster. Externally, soft soap forms the basis of the soap liniment, one of the commonest and most useful of this form of application. The following formula will be found to possess the advantage of cheapness, while it is equally efficacious with the more expensive Pharmacopoeia pre�paration :�

Soft soap ..... 5 ounces Oil of origanum .... 2 ounces Water of ammonia . . . i ounces Soft water.....2 pints

Mix the soft soap, ammonia, and oil of origanum together in a mortar, and then add the water. Macerate for 14 days, and pour off the clear liniment.

Sulphur, Flowers of.

Useful mainly as an aperient, in combination with the sulphate of magnesia. Its action, when given alone, is somewhat drastic, and occasionally uncertain. The dose is from four to eight ounces. Externally applied, it is a safe and efficacious remedy for cuta�neous eruptions, combined with some animal oil, as neat's-foot or whale oil.

Common Tcepentixe.

Used externally, as a digestive application to wounds, in the form of

Ointment of Tuepentixe.

Venice turpentine ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2 ounces

Hog's lard ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4 ounces

Dissolve with a gentle heat and mix.

Oil of Turpentine.

This is often called spirits of turpentine, although really an essential oil. It is a very valuable medicine, both extorually and

* D

^^^�^p^^i^

^f I

Sgt;90

APPENDIX.

internally. Externally, it is a powerful irritant, and when united with croton seeds, forms one of the most active counter-irritants we possess (see Croton).

Internally, it is a powerful stimulant, and also a vermifuge; its ell'ects in dislodging the fllaria hronchi being mostly marked. The dose is from one to three ounces, but great care is required in its administration, and it should always be united with linseed oil, bv which dilution its irritative effects are lessened.

Zinc.

Zinc is employed in cattle medicine only as an external applica�tion, and that in the form of the 'sulphate,' or white vitriol, and the carbonate, or ' lapis calaminaris.'

Sulphate of zinc is a very useful astringent, either in solution or fine powder. In the former it is used as a lotion, in the proportion of one part of the zinc to sixteen of water; and in powder may be used in all cases of unhealthy granulations, foul of the loot, amp;c.

As a eoltyrium (or eye-lotion), one drachm to a pint of water will be found sufficiently strong.

The lapis calaminaris is a milder preparation, but its properties arc the same.

Zinziber Radix {The Ginger Moot).

'Ginger,' says Professor Morton, 'is the best of all carminatives, and, with the exception of carraway seeds, it supersedes the use of the trashy compounds which were once advocated by the older practitioners of veterinary medicines, under the name of'Compound Powders.'

The dose is from two to six ounces. Xo purgative ought to be given to the ox without the addition of ginger, either in form of powder or tincture.

I '

INDEX.

Abomasum, or Fourth Stom Abortion, or Sliiikiii|. Air-cells of Lung . Allantoid Membrane Ainniuu .... Aphtha, or Thrush Apoplexy. . . . Apoplexy, Puerperal Arsenic, Poisoning by Arteries, Description of Ascites, or Dropsy

i'.UiK

41 117

211

1-25

263

142

260 148 71 157 189 ISO 199 201 8 136

Dropsy Dysentery

i'AGL

. 80

. 74

Eczema Epizootica . . Engorgement of Rumen . Enteritis......

Eye. Description and Disease

. 84

. 59

. 78

of 213

Fardel Bound Foul in Foot Fractures

02 244 239

6 ft

136

122 �S

185

153 262 249 221 11 53 212 171

243 l;jn 157 232 43

120 121 121

222

171

Belladonna, Poisoning by Blood, Materials of . Bloody Flux.... Black Quarter . . .

Black Water . . . Bladder, Description of Brain of Ox ....

-------, Diseases of . .

Bronchitis .... ' Bull-burnt ' . . .

Gastro-enteritis in Calves Generation, Organs of

Glossitis......

Gonorrhcea.....

Gowing's Truss .... Grain-sick.....

Hsematuria.....

Heart, Diseases of. . . Hellebore, Poisoning by .

Hernia......

Hide Bound.....

Hoose in Calres

Hoven.......

Hydrocephalus .... Hydrophobia ....

Calculi.....

Catarrh, or Cold . .

Choking.....

Chorion.....

Chyme. ... Circulation of the Blood Colchicum, or Meadow Si

Poisoning by. Colic ......

Copper-smoke Disease Cow-pock ....

Cystitis, or Inflammat

the Bladder . . .

tffr

186

144

254

7laquo; 269

229

181

Inflamed Vein . . . Inflammation, Phenomena o Inllanunatory Fever . Injuries, External . . , Intestinal Canal, Anatomy o Intussusception. . . .' Inversion of Bladder . ,

------- of uterus ....

-------of Vagina . . .

Itch Insect.....

DiarrhoM........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;07

-------, Chronic......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;69

Digestive Organs, Anatomy of

the......'. .nbsp; nbsp; 34

Jaundice

#9632;^^Pquot;

i. i ^*~r�v^mm

-^^^

quot;#9632;#9632;

^^plaquo;

292

INDEX.

Kidneys, Anatomy of. . -------, Inflammation of .

Laburnum, Poisoning by Larynx, Anatomy of . . Load, Poisoning by . .

179 181

258 2

�267 220 17.3 2(18 � 15

12!) 130 221 02 271

182 109

259

I Retention of Placenta Keticulura (honeycomb)

I Rheumatism

Rhododendron, Poisoning by

| Rinderpest . . . Ringworm .... Rumen, or Paunch

-------. Inflammation of

Rumination .... Rupture.....

PAGE 118

40 248

207 103

240

30 190 220 192 193 240 247

134

208

SO 102

Liver, Anatomy of Locked .law .... Lungs, Anatomy of . -------, Inflammation of

Mammary Gland Mammitis . . Mangenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. .

Maw-bound . . Medicines

Salivary Glands Sensorial System . Skin, Anatomy of . Spleen .... Splenic Apoplexy

Sprain.....

Stifle Lameness Stomachs of the Ox

Nephritis Nerves Nightshade, by . .

AVoody, Poison

Teats, Injuries to . ! Tetanus, or Licked Jaw

Thrush.....

Trachea.....

Tuberculous Disease . I Twin Calves . . . I Tympanitis, or lloven

i Urine, Composition of | Uterus .....

, -------, Dropsy of . .

-------, Inversion of.

QEsophagotomy . . .

CEsophagus, or Gullet

I Imasum, or Third Stomach

-------. Diseases of . .

Ophthalmia.....

-------, in Calves

210

218

203 98 97

20(i

253 51

125

151

1S1

124

121

142 62

227

229

134

234

Paralysis......

Parturition, Description of Pelvic Bones, or Couples Plirenitis ......

Pleura ......

Vagina, Inversion of .

Veins......

Vomiting.....

Pleuropneumonia .

Pneumonia.....

Poisons......

Probang, Cattle Puerperal Apoplexy . , Puls.- .......

Purging (sei' Diarrhcea).

Warbles.....

Warts......

-------, on Teats . . .

White Scour in Calves

�Is

Red Water.....

Respiration, Function of -------. Organs of . . .

188 0

Yellows . . . . Yew. Poisoning by

176

2�0

fi;:.Mr.D iiv bpoitiswoodb asraquo; CO., xie.v-sjiir.Ki aQVABt, lotdoraquo;

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Lately published, in One Volume Quarto, with 40 Woodeut Illustra�tions, comprising Maps of Estates, Plans, Sketehes, and Viewa of Farm Buildings and Cottages, price 52j. 6d. cloth,

ERE THE PJMCE CONSORT'S FARMS:

By JOHN CHALMEES MORTON,

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DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, TO HER MAJESTY THE QTTEEN.

Tins Volume describes in detail the relations to British Agriculture sus�tained by H.R.H. the Peihce Consobt� the President of the Royal Agricultural Society of Kngland. It relates the iro-

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Thus, u detailed descnpttoo, with ail the necessary plans and sections, is eiVfti of the new humesteadsoa the Wiadttorand Osborne Farms� also of the cottages which have been erected of late years on the Koyal Estates And an instrui--live history is siivtn of lite tmproTements, by deep ami thorough tillage, liberal inaniiriiii;,aaii goi d drainage, which have been effected ever many thousands of acres during the Pbince Consoet's occupancy ofthe Windsor Farms.and during his ownership of Osborne and Balmoral. A great deal of Information has be_cn thus collected, and is here presunted, which will he of service to agricultural impruvers, whether the owners or the occupiers of land.

The Prince Consort's relations to tiie labour-ins class, and especially to the labonrers on his own estates, are also described. And .in account is given of what he actually diii in furtherance of gentrat agricultuiul improvement, and in aici of those Societies by which in this country it is promoted.

The Illfst rations, which fill upwards of thirty pages, present Maps of the Estates, plans and sketches and isome-trical perspectives of bull dings and cottages, and all such details as are necessary for the easy underBtaniiing of the text; and it has been attempted by a simply written story, and by the Lest efforts in typography and engraving, to present, a worthy menioriul of a useful and distinguished agricultural career.

* Nothing can indicate more clearly the affectionate reverence in which the memory of the late Pkinck Cossokt is held by the English people than the eager�ness with which every memorial ofhhn ia sought after. The writer of this volume lias seized one of the prominent aspects ofthe Peince's life, and recorded it in a style and mode which will ensure the success of his labours. The late Pkinck was, as is well known, not less deeply in�terested in the progress of agriculture man he was in sanitary and economical science. He ciinsidered them all as lendintr equally to pro�mote the well-beim; of the mass of the people. His Addresses and Speeches nave made Kn.-w-nto the world his views on the latter subjects; and Mr, John Chalmers Morton has in this volume given us the portrait of our lost PaiNCEasan Agriculturist. It is wt-ll worth the study of all who are connected with the plough or the field. The Prince Consort was not laquo;mere amateur or diletante. He understood the business of the farm thoroughly, and carried out with success on his own farms Hie scienlifii-principles of airri-culture. Mr, Morton gives all the needful details for judging of this succens, and explains the Phinck'S methods in the dearest manner. It is not only a useful but a very elegant volume, fully illustrated and handsomely hound. It lends an EUlditional interest to this work to learn that it was aot up under the superintendence of the (icEEN herself.'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Daily News.

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HISTORY OF WINDSOR GEEAT PARK

ANS

WINDSOR FOREST.

By WILLIAM MENZIES,

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ACCOMPANIED BY TWO COLOURED MAPS ; AND ILLUSTRATED

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CONTENTS,

1. The Park and Forest during the

Reisn of Elizabeth. II. The Park and Forest during the Belgn of James I.

III.nbsp; The Park and Forest from the

Accession of Charles I. to the Death of Charles II.

IV,nbsp; The Park and Forest from the

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Appekdix. Geology of the Great Park.

LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Map of the Great Park in 1607.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Map of the Great Park in 1S64.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

^ I

1.nbsp; nbsp; Queen Victoria's Oak.

2.nbsp; nbsp; NiiUiral-Grown Maiden Oak.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Old Pollard Oak at Forest Gale.

4.nbsp; nbsp; Old Pollard Beech at Ascot Gate.

5.nbsp; nbsp; Parish Boundary Oak near Ascot Gate.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Pollard Beech on Smith's Lawn.

7.nbsp; nbsp; Great Beech on Manor Hill. 8nbsp; nbsp; Oak near the Royal Chapel, 9.nbsp; nbsp;The Veterans of the Forest.

10.nbsp; nbsp; Group of Scotch Firs near the Obelisk.

11,nbsp; nbsp; Group of Scotch Fir, Evergreen Oak, Ac.

12.nbsp; nbsp; Young Cedar in Belvidore Wood.

13.nbsp; nbsp; Cedars at Maturity in BeKIdere ^Vood.

14.nbsp; nbsp; Cedars in Old Age in Behidere Wood.

15.nbsp; nbsp; Old Cluster Pine in the Bchidere.

16.nbsp; nbsp; Queen Adelaide's Beech.

17.nbsp; nbsp; Queen Charlotte's Oak.

18.nbsp; nbsp; Queen Anne's Oak.

19.nbsp; nbsp; Group of Toong Trees near the Royal

Chapel.

20.nbsp; nbsp; Plantinij of the Prince Consort's Memorial

Tree.

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INDEX.

Acton*s Modern Cookery ..................nbsp; nbsp; -'^,quot;'

Afternoon of Life ..........................nbsp; nbsp;20

Alcock's Residence in Jupnn ..............nbsp; nbsp; -i

Aliiine fiuide(The) ........................nbsp; nbsp;quot;--

.1 nriia! :'l'hv i ......................nbsp; nbsp; -^s

Apjohn'laquo; Manual of �raquo;e fctetalloids........nbsp; nbsp; n

ABAoo'sBiopraphieaof Scientific Men ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S

Arnold's Manual of EnH�sli Literature�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Ahnott's Elements of Physics..............nbsp; nbsp; ' 1

Atherstonc Priory..........................nbsp; nbsp;23

Atkinson's Papinian........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;'�

Autumn Holidayof aCooNTBii Parson�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;R

Avuk's Treasury of Liihle Knowledge......nbsp; nbsp;l�

Bcnsen's Analecta Antc-Niea^ia..........nbsp; nbsp; 19

------------Hinpolytua and his Age ..........nbsp; nbsp; \'gt;

------------Philosophy of Universal Historynbsp; nbsp; 19

Bhnyan's Pilgrim's Progress, illustrated by

Bknnet-t...................................nbsp; nbsp; 15

Bprke's Vicissitudes of Families ..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

Botlbh's Atlas of Ancient Geography.....nbsp; nbsp;27

-~~.....~~� M�dem Geo^raidiy..............nbsp; nbsp; ^H

Cabinet Lawyer ...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;27

Calvbrt's Wife's Manual.............. quot;nbsp; nbsp;�0

Catraquo; and Farlir's Moral Emblems.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 15

Chorale Book for England ................nbsp; nbsp;21

Colenso (.Bishop) on Pentateuch and Book

of Joshua.................................nbsp; nbsp; is

Colutki on Stag-Hunting in Devon and

Somerset..................................nbsp; nbsp;�

Commonplace Philosopher in Town and

Country...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;S

Companions of my Solitude................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;B

Coninqton's Handbook of Chemical Ana�lysis ......................................nbsp; nbsp; 13

Contanseao s Pocket French and English

Dictionary.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; quot;

-----------------Practical ditto ........quot;'...*!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

Co.NvrtKAKRand ll-.^so.x's Life and Epistles

of St. Paul................................nbsp; nbsp; 19

Coi'lami's Dietinnary of Practieal Medioinenbsp; nbsp; H

------------Abridgment of ditto ............nbsp; nbsp; u

Cotton's rntroduction to Confirmation.....nbsp; nbsp; ti*

Cox's Talcs of the Great Persian War.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

-------Tales from Greek Mythology........nbsp; nbsp;3;t

-------Tales of the Gods and Heroes ......nbsp; nbsp;-n

-------Talcs of Thebes and Argoa ..........nbsp; nbsp;2:t

Crbsy's Encj'cloposdi� of Civil Engineeringnbsp; nbsp;irgt;

Crowe's History ut* France ................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'z

D'AomoNB*raquo; History of the Reformation in

the time of Calvin........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Dead Shot (The), by Mabrsman ..........nbsp; nbsp;i:raquo;

Dr la Rive's Treatise on Electricity ......nbsp; nbsp; II

Drnman's Vine ami ils Fruit ..............nbsp; nbsp; 2�

Db Tocqdsvillr'i Democracy in America..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

Diaries of a Lady of Quality ..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Drgt;ii \Ki.rs Hevnlnlinuury Epick............nbsp; nbsp; 24

Dixon's Fasti Eboracenses..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4

Draquo;bson on the Ox-..........................nbsp; nbsp; 2*.

Dom.in^fr'* Introduetiun to History of

Christianity ..............................nbsp; nbsp; 19

Dovr's Law of Storms......................nbsp; nbsp; 10

Dotlb's Chroniclt;of England..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Bacon's Easays, by Woately..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

----------Life and Letters, b; Sprodino......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;s

----------Works, by Ki,i.is Spkolino, and

Hhats ....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;gt;

Bain on tlie Emotions and Will............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '.lt;

en the Senses and luti'�ect............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '.'

---------on the Study of Character............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

Baiv; s's �xplorationa in S. W. Africa -----nbsp; nbsp; 2\

BAr.t.'sfiuldetotheCeiitrii] Alps ..........nbsp; nbsp; -Ji

.-------- Guide to the Western Alps..........nbsp; nbsp; 22

Bavluon's Rents and Ttllasea..............nbsp; nbsp; Iquot;

Berlgps^r's Life ami Nature in the Alps...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1-*

ni,\, igt;\ Treatise on Urcwin.' ..............nbsp; nbsp; 'JH

BbACKrBv ami Fribdlandbk's CJerman and

I- nslisb Dictionary ......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^s

Blainr'sBut^ Sports......................nbsp; nbsp; 31

Blight's Week ft the Land's End..........nbsp; nbsp; 22

Bodrnb's Catechism of the Steam Cninnc..nbsp; nbsp; 16

__________Treatise nn the Steam Engine...nbsp; nbsp; I'l

Bowdi-fr's Family Shaksprabr............nbsp; nbsp; 2J

Boyd's Manual for Naval Cadets............nbsp; nbsp; 26

BRAHLBv-MooBB'sSlxSistersof the Valleysnbsp; nbsp; 23 Brandb'raquo; Dictionary of Science,Literature,

and Art..................................nbsp; nbsp; 1^

BitAv'�iC.i Kdncation of the lecliii.s.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

____________Philosophy of Necessity........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 9

________(Mrs.) British Empire..............nbsp; nbsp; 10

Bbevbu's Atlasof History and Geographynbsp; nbsp; 2?

Brinton on Food and Dhtestion............nbsp; nbsp; 26

Baisrofr's Glossary of Mineralogy..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;n

Buoiuk's iSir C. I3.i Psvi-holi^ical Inquiriesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I* ___________________Works..................nbsp; nbsp; It

Brown's Demonstrations of Microscopic

Anatomy..................................nbsp; nbsp; II

Bbownb's Exposition of the 39 Articles.....nbsp; nbsp; 17

________Pentateuch and Elohistlc Psalmsnbsp; nbsp;17

BockIiB's History quot;f Civilization ...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Bui.t.'s Hints to Mothers....................nbsp; nbsp;37

_____ Afatemal Management of Children.nbsp; nbsp;^7

NEW WOKKS rri�.ipiiKD by LONGMAN and CO.

gt;

Mil

Eilinlmrprli KeviL-w rriiei ..................nbsp; nbsp; L'S

Eltit'i;.a Tuk' ...............................nbsp; nbsp; 'JJ

Eujcott'e Broad aud Narrow Way ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;IS

--------------CiJiiiim iitu: y on Ephesiana......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;18

--------------Destiny of the Creature..........nbsp; nbsp; IS :

--------------Lectureion Lite ot Christ.......nbsp; nbsp; 18 '

---------------Commentary on Galatians......nbsp; nbsp; IS

----------------------------------------Pastoral Epist...nbsp; nbsp; 18

-----------------------------___�Philippians, Stc.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;18

--------......----------------------------'J'lu-s-aioniunb ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1-

Essays and Kevieva ........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19

Essays on Relii�ionand Literature, edited

byMAKNlKO ..............................nbsp; nbsp; 19

Essays written in the Xntervali of Business 8 #9632;

Fainraquo;aiax's Application of Cast ami

Wrought Iron toBuildinp................nbsp; nbsp; 16

�------------------Information for Engineers...nbsp; nbsp; if)

--------------------Treatise on Millsfi: Millworknbsp; nbsp; 16

First Friendship ............................nbsp; nbsp; 22

Fitz Boy's Weather Book .................nbsp; nbsp; 10 l

FoRSTBA*laquo;Lifeof Sir John Eliot............ Z I

i- uwjLsa'a Collieries and Colliers............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;!quot;

Fraser's Magazine..........................nbsp; nbsp; 28 I

Fkbshpjbld'i Alpine Byways ..............nbsp; nbsp; 22

--------------------Tour in the Orisons..........nbsp; nbsp; 22

Friends in Council.......................... 8

From Mutter to Spirit...................... *

Froude's Historj'of Enffiand.............. 1

Garbatt's Marvels and Mysteries of

Instinct ......................'............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'.2

Qeologicai Magazine .................... 11, 28 '

Gilbbrt and Chuhchiu.'s Dolomite Moun�tains ......................................nbsp; nbsp; 2quot;

Guuukvk's Elements of Meclianism........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Jfgt;

tioRi.K's Questions on Bkowns's Exposition

�l the So Articles..........................nbsp; nbsp; 1quot;

Qrat's Anatomy............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;H

Ghki'm:'- Manual of Coeienterata..........nbsp; nbsp; H

--------------Manualol Protoxoa..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

Ghove on Correlation of Physical Forces..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;11

Gryll Grange .............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 22

Gwii.t s Encyclopaitlia of Ajuiiitectnro ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;15

Handbook of Anp:liner,by Epdfmbra......nbsp; nbsp; 25 '

liARTnio'sSea and its Living Wonders___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i-

________.�Tropical World ................nbsp; nbsp; 12

HABSALJ.'�Adulterations Delected..........nbsp; nbsp; 26 i

-------------British Freshwater Algie ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;12

Hawkrr's In?trult; tiona to Young Sportsmennbsp; nbsp; 25

Heaton's Notes on Rifle Shooting..........nbsp; nbsp; 25

tL�i,ps'e Spanish Conquest In America....... 2

Herschbl a Eesays trom the Edinburgh

ondQuartrrlj Reviews ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;n

----------------- Outlines of Astronomy........ 9

I Iswitt on the Diseases of Women ........nbsp; nbsp; 13 ,

IIi^ciilifp's South American Sketches.....nbsp; nbsp; ^1

HiNi**raquo; Cttnudibn Exidorine Expeditions...nbsp; nbsp; 21

-----------ExpUiratiuns in Labrador..........nbsp; nbsp; 21

ithiU on bthiuette..........................nbsp; nbsp; ^r

Il..i.i,Agt;[,\ Lhupteraon Mental Physiology 8 ,

---------.�.� Esj-ays mi Scientific Suljjvetfl-----nbsp; nbsp; 13

----------------Medical Notes m.tl Bcflectioni..nbsp; nbsp; 15

N 01.311 s'a System of furgery................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;u :

Jlooiim ami Walkbh-Arkott's British

Flora......................................nbsp; nbsp; 12 ;

Hooprr's Medicraquo;! Dictionary...............nbsp; nbsp; 15

IIornii's Introduction to the Scriptures ....nbsp; nbsp; 18 I

-----------Compendium of ditto..............nbsp; nbsp; is

Hoskva*' Talp. ............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;17

Uowitt's History nl the Supernattiral...... 8

--------------Knni 1 Lite tgt;i England............nbsp; nbsp; 22

--------------Visiis to Kemurkablt: Tlaccs......nbsp; nbsp; 22

Howson'sHulsean Lectures on St. Paul...,nbsp; nbsp; 18 Bdohes's il--.) Atlas of Physical, Political

and ConunerciaJ Geography...............nbsp; nbsp; 27

--------------(.W.) Geography of British His�tory .......................................nbsp; nbsp; 10

-----------------------Manual of Geoeraphy.....nbsp; nbsp; 10

Hi ixah's History of Modem Music........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -i

Hymns from Lyra Qermanica..............nbsp; nbsp; 20

Inobz.ow's Poem?............................nbsp; nbsp; H

Jameson's Legends of the Saintsond JIar-

tyrs........................................nbsp; nbsp; 15

-----------------Legends of the Madonna........nbsp; nbsp; 10

-----------------Legends of the Monastic Ordersnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;li

Jamkraquo;oraquo; and Easttaee's History of Our

Lord ......................................nbsp; nbsp; !5

Johxs's Home Walks and Holiday Ramblesnbsp; nbsp; 12

Johnson's Patentee's Manual ..............nbsp; nbsp; 16

-----------� Practical Draughtsman..........nbsp; nbsp; 16

Johnston's Gazetteer, or Geographical Dic�tionary ...................................nbsp; nbsp; 10

Jones's Christianity and Common Sense___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

Kai.isch's Commentary on tbp Old Testa-

1 menl......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

--------------Hebrew Grammar................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 7

Kimble's PtflJ'S ............................nbsp; nbsp; 24

Kennedy's ilj mnologia Christiana........nbsp; nbsp; 20

KuuiT und Sfskcb's Entomology ..........nbsp; nbsp; IS

Lady's Tour Hound RIonteHosa..........nbsp; nbsp; 2quot;

Lan'oon'mL. E. L.jl'i.eiieal Works........nbsp; nbsp; 2i

Late Laurels................................nbsp; nbsp; 22

Latham's Comparative Philology...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ('.

--------------Enclish Dictionary ..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

�---------�Handbook ol the English Lan-

---------------quot;Work on the English Lanfrmitrenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; rgt;

Le'Mire Houi.- in Town.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 8

Lewes's Giographieal History of Philosophynbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2

Lewis on thi Astronomy of the Ancients ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (i �__ on the Credibility of Early Koman

History....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; fi

---------Dialogueon Government............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (i

--------- on Egyptological Method............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ft

-------- Es*ays on Administrations..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; fi

---------Fables of Ba Bintra....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fi

---------on Foreign Jurisdiction.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; li

-------- on Irish Disturbances................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

--------- on Observation and Kcasoninc in

Politics....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

--------- on Political Terms ..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; amp;

--------- ontheKomance Lantrnn^eg..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;fi

LiDDRtxand Scott's Greek-fcnitliBh Lexiconnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7

-----------------------------Abridged ditto ........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;

Lindlet and Moobk's Treasury of Botanynbsp; nbsp; 12

Ltsi er's I'iiysico-I'roplieticul Kssny? ......nbsp; nbsp; 1!raquo;

I,, ncmax's Lectures on the History of Eng�land ......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

Loi'don's Encyclopsdia of Agriculture,...nbsp; nbsp; 17

-------------------- ��--------CottaKC. E'arm,

and \'il\a Architecture...................nbsp; nbsp; 17

-------------------------------------------Plants ...?.'quot;quot;nbsp; nbsp; 12

----------------------------------*--------Trees .t Shrubsnbsp; nbsp; 12

Lo'.vmi.css Engineer's Handbook ..........nbsp; nbsp; 16

Lyra Uomestica ............................nbsp; nbsp; 21

--------Eucharistica..........................nbsp; nbsp; 20

--------Clermriiiica.......................... 15,20

--------Messianica............................nbsp; nbsp; 20

--------Mystica................................nbsp; nbsp; 20

--------Sacra..................................nbsp; nbsp; 20

#9632;

\K\V '.TORKS rcBi-isirE� jjv LONGMAN ajtd CO.

Macaulav's (Lord) Eswra .........

3nbsp; I New Testament illustrated with Wood En-

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (rraviiurs tr.-m the Old Masten-............

�2i NsxraAN'sApoItM^a pro Vitfl SuA ..........

s , Nu.raquo;h.xuai-k's notes on Hoepttals..........

-----------------

Istory of England -Layi of Ancient Elome � - Mfscelliuieoiu Writ�isa -Sptsechea .

-Spuechcs ou Pariitunentory

Reft

M At; nit a ik's Africans :it i rome.............

Macduuoai-l's Theory of War..............

McLamp;oo's Mlddle-Class Atlas of General

�eography................................

�----------Physical Attas.of Great Britain

ami Ireland ..............................

McCt-i-mcu's Dietionary of Cotmm.-vfe.....

-----------------Geographical DicUonary......

Mauuire'i Llfeol FatlierMathew..........

Odling's Course of Practical Chemistry ...

------------Manual of Chemistry ...........

ORMSBr'gKamblea In Alserla and Tunis...

Owkn's Comparalive Anuiomy and Physio

loey olquot; VertetoUfl ^Vuimuls.............

-Konieaud its Rulers.

Mai.jmj's Indoor Gardener ...

Maps from Peaks, Passes, and Glncien ___

Mak-iiai.i quot;gt; History of Christiun Missions .

Maamp;sbt's [listory of England ..............

Maundbr's Biographical Treasury.........

--------------Geogjn phlcol Treasury ........

--------------Historical Treasury............

--------------Scieniificand Literary Treasury

--------------Treasury of Enowledue........

--------------Treasury of Nuturai History ..

Mauht's Phyrical Geocraphy ..............

May's Constitutional History of England..

Msltillb's Dlgby Grand....................

--------------General Bounce................

---------------(iladiat-irs ......................

---------------Good tor Nothing...............

--------------Holmby House..................

---------------Interpreter ......................

--------------Queen's Maries..................

Mknublssohpt's Letters.....................

Menzibs' Windsor Great I'ark..............

�lintivALt's (H.i Culonisatuin ami Cidonies

---------------I.C.) Fall of the Eloman Elepublio

-------------------lioimuis under the Empire

Mervon's History of Medicine..............

Milks on Horse's Foot......................

-------On Hordes' Teeth ..................

------- on I iorse Shoeing.....................

-------on Staldes............................

Mill uii Liberty............................

-------on Representative Government......

Mill's Dissertittions and Discussions.......

------- Political Kconomy ..................

------- System ot Loidc ....................

Miixsu^rraquo;Elements of Chemistry............

Monskll's Spiritual Songs..................

Montagu's Experiments in Church and

State.......................................

Montgohbry on tlie Signs and Symptoms

of Preenancy..............................

Moore's Irish Melodies.....................

----- Lalia Rookh ......................

� Memoirs* Journal, and Correspon-

PACRs'sGuide to the Pyrenees...........

Faobt's Lectaru on Surgical Pathology.

Parsbr'i (Theodorei Life,by Wbiss.....

Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers, 2 Series......

Pkbeiha's Elements of Materia Medica..

------------ Manual of Materia Medica...,

Perkins's Tuscan Sculptors............

PniLLips's^uide tlt;, Geologv..............

auction to Itfineralogy ..,

isb's Art of Ptrrfumer;

---------Chemical, Natural, and Physical

Magic.....................................

---------Laboratory of Chemical quot;Wonders

Playtimewiththe Poets ...................

Practical Mechanic's Journal...............

Presi hit's Scripture Difficulties............

Problems in 11 uman Nature.................

Pycruft's Course of English Reading......

------------Cricket Field ....................

------------Cricket Tutor....................

Recreations uf a Country Parson, Sbcoko

Riddle's Diamond Latln-EuxlishDic�oaaiy

, UivBRs's Kose Amateur's Guide.............

; Rugers's Correspondence of Greyson ......

--------- Eclipse of Faith.......'............

--------- Defence of ditto...................

!---------Essays from the Edinburgh Jiecieiv

_:nbsp; --------- 1- ulleriana.........................

Inbsp; --------- KeasoD and Faith..................

;nbsp; Roost's Thesaunw of English Words and

Phrases....................................

.nbsp; Ro.vALDs'i Fly-Fisher's Entomology.......

_:nbsp; Rowton'sDebater.................;.,.......

deuce.,

Mor

Poetical Works............

1,'g Elements of Psychology , - Mental Philosophy .......

MorniDg Clouds

Morton s �andbook of Dairy Husbandry..

------------Prince * 'onsort's Farms..........

MosRBiif's Ecclesiastical Ulstory ...........

M�ll^r's i -Max ) Lectures on the Science uf

LonguiMCe.................................

------------i,K. (gt;.) l-iterature of Ancient

Greece ....................................

BIgrchison on Continued levers............

Mcre'sLanguage aud Literature of Greece

NEW WORKS published by LONGMAN and CO.

Baxbt's Stud; of Steam ....................

-----------Weather Syiiteni....................

Scott's BandbooK �fVolumetrlcal Anolyiia

Schopk on Volcanoi.........................

Sknior's BioRraphicel Sketches ............

Essiiys on fiction .................

Theologia Genrutnica......................nbsp; nbsp; i!gt;

Toirlwau/s History of Cirecce............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

Tbousok's (Archbishop) Laws of Thoughtnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;n -----------------#9632;.!.) Tablesof Interest..........nbsp; nbsp; 27

Tn.i.rv's Kastt-ni l'urupe iii.il Weitem Asianbsp; nbsp;21 Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Phy�siology ....................................nbsp; nbsp; M

-----------and Bowman's Anatomy and Phv-

eiology 1 if 51 an ..........................nbsp; nbsp; 11

Taoixors's Ba rchester Towers..............nbsp; nbsp; 23

-----------------W arden.........................nbsp; nbsp; l:5

Twrss's Law of Nations....................nbsp; nbsp; it!

Tvm.ai.i/s Lectureson Heat................nbsp; nbsp; 11

--------------Blountaineering in 1661..........nbsp; nbsp; *-#9632;-

i:i

i whix's Amy lltrbert

-------------Ancient Hiatory...............

________Cleve Null......................

-------------Euri'n Dauffhicr................

--------.^Experience of Life.............

------------Gertrude.......................

------------GlimpKOf llie World.........

-------.�Elutory of the Early Church...

.------------Ivors............................

�___Katharine Aihton .............

� �Laneton Parsonace.............

---------�Moreoret Percivai.............

------------Night Ucwona from ScriDture .

________PajsinsThoushta on Religion.

------------Preparetion for Communion ...

------------Readings for Confirmation.....

------------Readings for Lent.............

-SeLfgt;�xamination before Confir-

Ube's Iquot;)iclioniirv of Arts, and Mines................

Vandfr llnrvrv's Handbook of Zoology.. Yauchan's tKlaquo;) Kevolutioii� in English

History....................................

-----------------(R.AOHonrswiththe .Mystics

Wahbuktos's Life, by Watson............

W�rter'laquo; Last of the Old Squirt's..........

Watbon's Principles and Practice of Physic

Watts's Dictionary ol l'heiiii-t;y..........

W run's Celestial Objects for Common Tele-

Webstfr b Wilkinson's Greek Testament

Weld's Last Winter in Komc...............

Wellington's Life, by Brialhont and

Glrio ....................................

-by Glbiu .#9632;...........

mation .................................... 20

�Stories und Tales. --------------Thouffhts for the Holy Weelt.....

^HAW= Werk ::i' Wine

Siiri.igt;K\quot;s Elements of Logic ..............

Short Whist................................

Sn.vrKiNo's i.Awi-.ma 1-ilC, liy WiNKV.-nitrn

Sinui'stSt'rriiw.irm) Philosophy oi Health �(J.) Voyage und Shipwreck ui St.

Paul.

J GO Wesley mi Methodism..........

-(Sydney) .Memoir und Letters.......

---------------Miscellaneoua Works.....

-Sketches of Moral 1'hilo-

Wrsley's Life, by Southei; ...

West on the Diseases of Infancy andChild-

Wha klv's Enjclish Synonymes............

-----------------Remains ........................

-----------------tihetoric ........................

Whewell's History of the Inductive Sci-

M^,T'a.i:i Rjceie � J ntin Ii^�sh Die tiunnry....................................

quot;Wir her force (W.) Recollections or. by Ha i', rou 11..................................

Willich's Popular Tallies..................

Wilson's Brvologia'Britannica.............

W.lun's I Inine^ y- ithont Hands..............

Woodwakii's Historical and Cjiroiujl'vj:;¹;', Encyclopindia ............................

sophy.

_Wit and Wisdom..........

111

Southet's f Doctor)

Stebbing's Analysis of Mill's EfOgic........

Stki-iiknson's tK. 1 Life by Jeapfreson and

Stephen's Essays in Ecclesiastical Bio�graphy.....................................

- Lectures mi the History uf

France.-

Taylor's (Jeremy) Works, edited by 1

Tennent's Ceylon.....................

�_--------Natural History of Ceylon.

-Story of the (.innraquo;

It* I Yo^_;i;-s Enplish-^rcekLoxic

12 1--------------Abridpcl ditto.....

12 Voumi's Nauticul Dictionary ,

i Vlt;.; Airon the Dog ..........

-----------011 the Horse ........

Thatatta.................................... -

[' I

1 #9632;

EP0mBW00Tgt;E AWD CO,,

STRHS, NB'W-STRltEI SQUAB'S, TOVDON



i�;-

#9632; '

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	THE OX:

	HIS DISEASES, AND THEIR TEEATMENT.

	ESSAY ON PAETURITION IN THE COW,

	J. E. DOBSON

	MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE Of VETEItiXARY SCBGEOXS.

	jhriTii .\csfii�e�f�_i0FsTn.ino^s.

	¹ ,-.'5W,i lt;gt;/

	LONGMAX, QUEEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, amp; GREEN. 18C4.

	U .' ''nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ' quot;

	3 -:



CONTENTS.

I

PART I. THE ORGANS OF EESriHATinX, ANT) THEIR DISEASES. Catarrh�Bronchitis � Chronic Bronchitis � Hoose in Calves�Pneu-

monia�Pleu	ro-pneumoma	PAGE 1

PART II. THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION, AND THEIR DISEASES. Digestion � Choking � CEsophagotomy � Tympanitis (or Horen) � 'Grain Sick'�Inflammation of the Rumen�Vomiting�Disease of the Omasum�Gastro-Entcritis (AVliito Scour)�Diarrhoea�Chronic Diarrhcea�Dysentery�Colic�Intussusception (or Twisting of the Gut)�Enteritis�Aseites, or Dropsy�Aphtha, or Thrush�Glossitis (Inflammation of the Tongue) � Eczema Epizootica � Tuberculous Disease...........34

PART III. THE ORGANS OF GENERATION, AND THEIR DISEASES. Natural Presentation�Twins�Preternatural Presentation�Abortion or .Slinking�Detention of the Placenta or Afterbirth�Inversion of the Urino-Genital Organs �Inversion of the Bladder�Inversion of the Vagina�Inversion of the Uterus�Dropsy of the Uterus�Puerperal Apoplexy�The Mammary Gland�Mammitis (Inflammation of the Udder)�Injuries and Obstructions in the Teats�Generative Organs �Gonorrhcea .......... 90 PART IV. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTE3I AND ITS DISEASES. The Circulation�Diseases of the Heart�Inflammatory Fever�Plaek Leg, Black Quarter�Rinderpest (or Steppe Murrain)�Rabies, or Hydrophobia..........Ml



	Vlll	CONTENTS.

	PART V. DISEASES OF Till; ABDOMINAL VISCERA. The Liver �Jaundice (Yellows) � Inflammation of the Liver�The Kidneys�The Bladder�Inflammation of the Bladder�Inflammation of the Kidneys�Haematuria (Bloody Urine)�Calculi (ur Stones) in the lutc-stiues�Ked Water�Splenic Apoplexy . . page 174 PART VI. THE SENSOEIAL SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES. Tin- Sensorial System�Diseases of the Brain�Paralysis�Inflamma�tion of the Brain�Tetanus (Locked Jaw)�Apoplexy�Hydrocephalus (Water on the Drain)�The Eye�Ophthalmia .... 196 PAET VII. THE SKIN AND ITS DISEASES. The Skin�Hide-bound � Mange�Lice�Warbles�Ringworm � Cow 1'ock...........220 PART VIII. EXTERNAL INJURIES. Wounds�Fractures�Inflamed Vein�Opened Joint�Foul in the Foot �Sprains�Eheiimatisiu�Hernial Eupture .... 232 PART IX.

	Colchicum � Yew � Rhododendron � Laburnum � Black Hellebore �Woody Nightshade�Deadly Nightshade � Henbane�Arsenic� Lead and its Compounds�Cupper Smoke Disease . . . 253 APPEXDES .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. '271



	PREFACE.

	Since the elaborate work of the late Mr. Youatt, no complete treatise upon the Diseases of the Ox has been attempted; and it is in some measure to supply this deficiency that the author has ventured upon the pub�lication of the following treatise. His information is derived from nearly fifteen years' experience in country practice. For most of the illustrations contained in the present work, as well as many valuable facts, the Author is in�debted to the published lectures of Professor Simonds, tu whom, and to the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, in whose Journal they originally appeared, he hegs to express his obligation. He is also similarly in�debted to Professor Morton, and to Messrs. Churchill, publishers.



	vinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; PEEPACE. The Author has endeavoured, as far as possible, to avoid the use of technical terms, so as to render the work comprehensible to those for whom it is chiefly written�the farmer and stock-keeper. He has, at the same time, uo wish to make ' every man his own cattle-doctor,' feeling convinced that those best consult their own interests who, in all cases of difficulty or danger, at once call in the aid of the properly-qualified professional man. August 15, 1804.



	i

	LIST OF ILLU3TEATIOXS.

	�	WOODCUTS. FIG.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PAGE 1.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Larynx of the Horse.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 2.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Larynx of the Ox........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Respiratory Organs of the Ox......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3 4.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Capillaries of the Air-cells of Hiunan Lung ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4 5.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Heart and Left Lung of Ox......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5 0.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Sternum of the Ox........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;7 7.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of a diseased Lnnlaquo; affected with Pleuro-pneumunianbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 21 8.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Diseased right and healthy left Lungs of Ox ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;22 9.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lung, showing the commencement of Pleuro-pneumonia .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;23 10.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Salivary Glands of the Ox ...... .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;30 11.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Eight View of the Stomachs of the Ox ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3S 12.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Left View of the same.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;38 13.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Lumen or Paunch of the Ox ......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;39 14.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of the Rumen and Eetieulum of the Ox . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 40 1.3.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Omasum and Abomasum of the Ox . ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 42 16.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Section of Part of Stomach of the Sheep . . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;43 17.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Stomachs of the Ox.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;44 15.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Right View of Intestinal Canal of the Ox . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;46 19.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Left View of the .same.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 47 20.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Method of passing thn Probang in Cases of Choking .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;SO 21.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Position of the distended Paunch of the Ox . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;51 22.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Place of Puncture in distended Paunch ....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66 23.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Urino-genital Organs of the Cow . . . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;91 24.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Pelvic Hones, or Couples......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;96 25.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Natural Presentation of the Fcetus .....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;97 20.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Presentation of Flt;Etus with Dropsy of the Abdomen . #9632; 100 27. ,, � with Water on the Lraiu . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lul



	LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS.

	no. 28.nbsp; nbsp; Pretematuial Presentation: Legs without tlio Head #9632;2'J.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Head without the Legs 30.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;One Fore Leg 31.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Foetus on its Back 32.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Breech Presentation 33.nbsp; nbsp; Method of Delivering in Breech Presentation 34.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Gowing's Patent Truss for the Cow 35.nbsp; nbsp; Interior of Artery and Vein 36.nbsp; nbsp; The Heart and its Blood-vessels 37.nbsp; nbsp; Lacteals, Thoracic Duct, and Heart of the Horaquo; 38.nbsp; nbsp; Heart and Lungs, with their Vessels and Capill 39.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Blood-discs of the Ox, magnified #9632;HI.nbsp; nbsp; Capillary Network of Muscle . 41.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Capillary Vessels of Skin 42.nbsp; nbsp; The Liver and its adjacent Viscera . 43.nbsp; nbsp; Brain of the Ox..... 44.nbsp; nbsp; Section of Brain of Ox .... 45.nbsp; nbsp; Bibs of the Ox..... 46.nbsp; nbsp; Anatomy of the Eye .... 47.nbsp; nbsp; Section of the Eye ..... 4S.nbsp; nbsp; Acarus, or Itch Insect of Horse, magnified 49.nbsp; nbsp; Acarus, or Itch Insect of Ox, magnified . 50.nbsp; nbsp; Skeleton of the Ox..... 51.nbsp; nbsp; Interrupted Suture ..... 52.nbsp; nbsp; Twisted Suture .....	PAGE 104 107 .109 111 113 115 122 148 Ml 146 147 143 149 149 175 196 197 2iM 214 21� 222 223 233 235 235

	PLATES. Lung of Cow affected with Pleuro-pneumonia Fcetus in Utero, surrounded by its Membranes	Frontispiece Tofaeep.QS


	T

	THE DISEASES OF THE OX. PAKT I. rilK ORGAJJS OF EESPIHATIOUj AND IHEIE DISEASES. Catarrh�Bronchitis�Chronic Bronchitis�Hoose in Calves� Pneumonia� Plcnro-pin-umonia. The organs more � immediately connected with the function of respiration are, the larynx, the trachea or windpipe, and the lungs. The larynx may be de�scribed as an irregularly shaped, cartilaginous box, situated at the upper extremity of the windpipe, and composed of rings of cartilage, slightly overlapping each other, and connected together by tough fibrous tissue. Each of these pieces or rings are, to a certain extent, movable, and controlled by small muscles, attached from ring to ring. The use of the larynx is to regulate the ingress and egress of air into the lungs, and it is also the organ of voice. The dilatation of the larynx is accomplished by the movement of the different rinffs of cartilage one on the other, bv means of the muscles before mentioned. The difference in the sounds uttered by each animal is owing to a modification in the shape of this organ. The power of producing articulate sounds, however, from the combination of B

	I I



	#9632;gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; THE DISEASES OF THE OX. which speech results, is altogether independent of the larynx, being due to the action of the muscles of tlie mouth, tongue, and palate. (See figs. 1 and 2.)

	Fig. I.	Fig



	THE I..VHYXX irF TUE HORSE, The epiglottis. amp;. Tlic o- IiyoMe	THE r.AKVXX OF THE OX. The references aro the sanif; a^ ii; ]-'ijx. I. (SimumL-.)

	The trachea, or windpipe, is a continuation of the larynx, and is composed of the same material, viz. car�tilaginous rings connected with each other by strong elastic fibrous tissue, which accommodates itself without inconvenience to the various movements of the neck. These rings are in number from sixty to seventy, ac�cording to the length of the neck of the animal (fig. 3, a). When the trachea enters the lungs, it divides itself into two main brandies, called the bronchial tubes, one going to each lung: and in the ox, there is a third branch, smaller than the others, eiiterini: one of the lobes of the



H		THK DISEASES OF THE OX.

The fever, often present, will be relieved by dis�solving a little nitre in the water. This, with good nursing and attention to the animal's wants, will generally effect a cure. Should, however, any cough remain, and the appetite fail, some affection of more important organs may be suspected.

	BRONCHITIS. Bronchitis, or inflammation of the lining membrane of the bronchial tube, is not often semi in its pure state : it is mostly complicated with pneumonia or in-Hammation of the lungs, and pleuro-pnemnonia. It is, in its simple form, mainly, an aggravated form of catarrh or cold, the inflammation before described as existing in the Schneiderian, or lining membrane of the nose, extends itself down the trachea or windpipe, and thence into the bronchial tubes. When the lai'ynx is affected by inflammation, it is known as larynr/itls', this bowever is so exceedingly rare, as a distinct affection, and the symptoms and treatment so closely resemble bronchitis, as to render a separate description unnecessary. The symptoms of bronchitis are, quickened respira�tion, attended with a v:heeziiig sound, in more advanced cases increasing to a grunt, accelerated pulse, and the general febrile symptoms noticed under Uulnrrh. There is also cough, frequent, and attended with an effort. The discharge from the nose, at first limpid and clear, as the disease advances, becomes thick, and in the latter stages mixed with pus or matter, but so prone is this disease to run on to inflammation of the lungs, and pleuro-pnemnonia, that, as before remarked, it is seldom



PLEURO-PXEUMONIA.	31

Professor Simonds visited the town of Hasselt, in which Dr. Willems' experiments were principally carried on, and saw the animals on which lie was experimenting-. The mode of operation may be described in Dr. Willems' own words:�' My preservative measure,' he says,' con�sists in inoculating sound and healthy animals with the disease itself, by means of the blood and liquid pressed from the lungs of an animal diseased with pleuro-pneu-monia. 1 take the liquid pressed from the lungs of an animal recently slaughtered, or of one which has died of the disease; I plunge into it a large kiml of lancet, then I mala- two or three punctures at the lower ex�tremity of the tail of the animal 1 wish to preserve from the disease : (( single drop of the liquid /.s sufficient to make the inoculation.' The time which the animals require before the effects of the inoculation show them�selves is from twelve to thirty days, ami last sometimes. Dr. Willems tells us, as long as two or three months. The signs of the inoculation are�the animal is less lively, cats less; the part inoculated is tender, swells, becomes inflamed and much hardened. This inflammatory hard�ness sometimes extends to a distance, and causes the animal's death. Dr. Willems describes inoculation as a certain preventive to the disease. Professor Simonds, after a most minute and careful investigation of the subject, thus sums up the results at which he arrived :� 1.nbsp; nbsp;That inoculation made by superficial punctures,and simple erasions of the skin, invariably fail to produce any local inflammatory action, being the reverse of the case with regard to the vaccine disease, small-pox, and other specific affections of which it is an indication of success. 2.nbsp; nbsp;That the employment of fresh serous fluid, and a cleanly-made but small incision, during the continuance		^; In � ;;#9632;#9632;#9632; !





iUnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OF THE OX.



PART II. THE ORGAXS OF DIGESTION, AXD TIIEIK DISEASES.

.		Digestion�Clicking�CEsophagotomy�Tympanitis (or Hovon)� 'Grain Sick'�Inflammation of the Eumtu -Vomiting�Disease (if the Omasum�Gastro-Enteritis (Wliite Scour)�Diarrhoea � Chronic Diarrhoea�Dysentery�Colic�Intussusception (or Twist�ing of the Gut)�Enteritis�Ascites, or Dropsy�Aphtha, or Thrush�Glossitis (Inflammation of the Tongue)�Eczema Epi-zoot ica�Tuberculous Disease.

One of the fundamental and principal laws of animal life is that of nutrition, by which a certain amount of

:	aliment is required to be taken from time to time, in order to replenish the waste necessarily incurred in the varied and active operation of the vital powers. The animal frame is never stationary, but every part is constantly chanedna; its constituents. That which has already furnished a supply of nutritious matter is cast off as refuse and excrementitious, and fresh aliment has thus to be constantly introduced in order to furnish f new material. Thus all the varied secretions have to be fed, as it

		were, with fresh fuel, in its turn to be drained of its autritious ingredients and excreted. To reduce the aliment taken into the stomach into materials tit for nutrition, a peculiar process is carried on in the system, that oi digestion, Digestion may be defined to be the process to which



ORGANS OF DIQESTIOX. Fig. 19.		IL F
ORGANS OF DIQESTIOX. Fig. 19.		47



(/. The Duodenum. b. The Jejunum.	c. Tlie Ilium. lt;/. The Ccecum.	lt;. Tl)n Colon. /. The Rectum.

^. The Mescnteric Grlands. (Simonds.) The chyme, upon quitting the stomach, enters the first small intestine, called the duodenum, where it is mingled with two more secreted fluids, the bile, and the pancreatic Juice. These are emptied.into the duo�denum by two separate ducts, which discharge their contents into it, at some little distance from each other. (See fig. 42, page 175.) The bile is the fluid secretion of the liver, and the pan�creatic juice of the pancreas or sweetbread; the hitter secretion proceeds direct from the gland, but the former has a reservoir, in which it is stored up for use after it has been secreted�the lt;jall bladder. (.See fig. 42). The effect of these secretions upon the chyme is to separate from it a peculiar fluid called r/cy/c, which is

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	LOSDOM PRISTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. SEW-STUEET SQUABB







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	BIBUOTHEEK UN1VERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2856 059 1



'

4s		THE DISEASES OP TUE OX.

I	absorhed or taken up hy a minute system of small vessels termed absorbents (also called lacteals, from their milky appearance). From these it is, by a system of glands and ducts, in which the chyle is still further prepared and elaborated, conveyed into a large recep�tacle, called the receptaculum chyli (the receiver of the chyle), from whence it is directly conveyed into one of the larger blood-vessels. (See hg. 37, page 146). Thus, by means of the reception of food into the stomach, and its perfect digestion, the blood is kept con�stantly supplied with new and fresh material, to take the place of that which has fulfilled its work, and has been cast out. as worn out and waste matter.
I #9632;

CHOKING. Choking, or the impactation of masses of food in the oesophagus or gullet, is an accident of very common occurrence in the ox. It most frequently happens, when the animal is being fed on roots, as turnips and mangold wurzel. Of late years, however, owing to the introduction of turnip cutters, and pulpers, it h;\s be�come more rare. Choking may either take place in the descent of the food in the act of swallowing, or its regurgitatiou in the act of rumination. When an animal has once been choked, be is always more liable to a return of the accident, from the oesophagus, at the part where the obstruction took place, being weakened. Choking may occur both at the commencement of the cesophagus, and at its termination, within the cavity of the chest, and when in the latter situation, it is difficult to diagnose. The symptoms of



	I hi

	¹	GASTEO-ENTEKITLS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65 ment must be pursued. Blood must be taken till an impression is made on the pulse, and to the cathartic before recommended, add half-an-ounce of powdered opium, and to each successive dose of oil (which may be given in doses of from half-a-pint to a pint every four hours), add one drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of opium. A powerful blister should be applied to the abdomen, in the shape of the terebinthinated tincture of croton (see Appendix), and the animal's strength husbanded by horning down large quantities of linseed gruel. This, in addition to supporting the strength, will have the effect of softening the masses of hardened food. As before remarked, inflammation of this organ usually takes on a fatal termination. Disease of the ahomasum, or fourth stomach, is rare, and generally associated with some mechanical cause, as poisons, amp;c.; and so various are their symptoms, am I so dependent upon the particular cause of irritation, that uo general outline can be given of disease of this organ. Even should pure gastritis or inflammation of the abomasum exist, there seems to be no particular symptom by which it can be diagnosed from general abdominal disease. GASTEO-ENTEEITIS (OR THE WHITE SCOUE IX CALVES). Gastro-enteritis, or the white scour, is a disease almost entirely confined to suckling calves. Perhaps there are few diseases the causes of which are so little understood by the agriculturist, and for which there are so many absurd and empirical nostrums employed. We can hardly take up an agricultural newspaper without seeing the enquiry, ' What must I do to prevent my F



..--.-

I it	88		THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

valuable animal from much suffering, and consequent depreciation in value. It' the bowels are at all torpid (which the)⁷ will often be at the commencement of a severe attack) a mild purgative may be given.

Kpsom salts . Powdered gingei				12 .ounces 1 ounce

		Cleanliness as to the feet is of course indispensable, and the animals should be at once removed from any situation where wet can obtain access to them. Clean dry straw as litter, and a careful removal of the manure, and daily cleansing the shed, will best fulfill these conditions. If, however, the beasts are out at grass, they are�except in specially bad cases�best left to themselves. The mouth should be well looked to, and if the vesicles have broken, and ulcers formed. a little alum lotion may.be useful. Alum ..... 1 ounce Water.....1 quart A\ ell sponge the mouth with this two or three times a day. To those on the udder an ointment may be used, as the alum, ointment, or the ointment of acetate of copper (see Appendix). The feet will require special attention, and should be looked to daily, and any raw and ulcerated places, after beijig well washed, may be dressed with the alum ointment above mentioned, and diseased and exfoliated horn removed with a sharp knife. Should the ulcera-tion be deep seated, and have a tendency to spread, a stronger application will be required : a very good one is the common sEf/yptiacmn or Liniment of sulphate of copper¹ (see Appendix).



TUBERCULOUS DISEASE.	89

T�BEEC�LOUamp; DISEASE. When speaking of diarrhoea in the ox, mention was made of tuberculous deposits being found in various situations in the abdominal viscera, interfering with the assimilation of the food, and thus laying the foundation of long-standing and eventually fatal causes of disease. These tumours not uufrcquently make their appear�ance in various parts of the body; in the fore and hind limbs, on the point of the shoulder, and neck, but more frequently involving the salivary glands, where they sometimes attain a large size, so much so as mechanically to interfere with respiration. These tumours may be removed with the knife, but they too frequently return, perhaps in some other and more formidable situation. There seems to be no doubt of the hereditary character of this affection, so that in no case should a hull be chosen from stock which are thus diseased. They are seldom seen in the young animal, but usually appear at maturity, or in old animals.		#9632; 1 !




ORGAN'S OF GENERATION.		p]

the womb to the external organs of generation (labia pudendi, or shape). It is of considerable size in the cow, and is capable in the act of parturition of being enormously distended, compared with its bulk in the unimpregnated animal. It is the principal agent in Fig. 23.



'r. Tho body of the utcru-. b. The os uteri. #9632; quot;. c. The horns, one or which is laiii open. '/,(L The Fiillophm tubes, with their Um- bi'iatotl extremities, f, e. The uvaricraquo;.	/quot;,/quot;#9632; The broad ligaments. g. Tht; urinary bladder. Ji. The opening of tho bladder. '. The vagina cut open, to show tho passage leading to the bladder and os uteri.

the act of copulation, receiving and embracing- the penis of the male, which, being thus brought in contact with the mouth of the womb, the latter organ receives the impregnating fluid (or semen), which is destined to form the irerm of the future animal.



	Ml w i ll

	ORGANS OF GEXERATION.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;93 tubes to the ovaries, where, by its action upon the ova (or egg-like substances contained in tbu ovaries of the female), impregnation takes place, and the impregnated ovum descends through the Fallopian tubes into the uterus, where it is elaborated, and formed into a living creature. It will be seen from this description, that any blocking- up or stoppage of the Fallopian tubes will cause the animal to be sterile or barren. The same result will follow any malformation of the ovaries; hence the operation of spaying, by which the ovaries are altogether removed, and the animal deprived both of the desire and the power of reproduction. During the passage of the ovum through the Fallopian tubes, it receives, from the walls of the passage, a coating of albuminous matter, which forms that covering, or envelope, called the choriun, by which the foetus is attached to the inner surface of the uterus, or womb, and receives, by means of a fine network of blood�vessels, nutriment from the vascular system of the parent. It is a singular provision of nature in the connection between the foetus and parent, that there is no direct communication between the bloodvessels of either; but, by a peculiar arrangement of their minute ramifications�by which they are brought into close contact�an exudation of matters necessary for the vitality and growth of the foetus is constantly going on. The precise points of contact between the foetus and mother are certain shaggy projections, which cover the outer coat of the choriou, and are called cotyledons: these are fitted into corresponding projections in the lining coat of the uterus, and constitute the peculiar arrangement of the bloodvessels of mother and foetus before spoken of (see fig. 25). Besides the chorion there are two more enveloping membranes belonging to


^^^MPW

112		THE DISEASES OF TIIK OX.

! i'lii	may thus be brought into a natural position. Occa�sionally, however, from malformation, or from the fretus being unusually large, matters are not managed so easily. Should our efforts to turn prove unavailing, we may at once resort to embryotomy, first of all detaching the limbs of the calf, as before directed, and trying to deliver by the head, endeavouring at the same time to adjust the position of the foetus, as delivery may pro�gress. Another variety of this labour which may be classed under our present head, is the presentation of the hind legs, the calf lying on its back. In this case, the position of the calf being ascertained, we should at once proceed to detach the hind legs as high up as pos�sible, adjust the position of the fore legs, if practicable, and proceed to deliver by applying moderate force. In fig. 31, we have, perhaps, the most difficult pre�sentation that the practitioner has to encounter, and one which has (especially in the mare), almost uni�versally a fatal result. The cut annexed will best explain the position of the calf. The head is lying towards the chest of the cow, with the hind legs doubled up, under the body, so that the hrecvh and tail only can be felt. To attempt delivery in this position is, of course, hopeless, and the adjustment of the foetus is a matter of extreme difficulty, as from the position of the calf, all available points of contact are out of reach, and each maternal pain tends to fix the calf firmer in its position ; and to pass the hand between the breach of the calf and the walls of the uterus is next to impossible. Our first object will be, of course, to bring the hind legs into the vaginal passage, and to effect this object an instrument has been invented by Professor Simonds, the use of which we shall proceed to describe in his own words:
#9632;i
:\|!


tPi

f !

ABORTION	117

ABORTION OR SLINKING. Abortion is the premature expulsion of the foetus from the womb, before the completion of the natural term of gestation. It may take place at almost any period of pregnancy, from the time of the first appear�ance of the foetus in the uterus, until a comparatively late period: the most common time for its occurrence, however, is between the fourth and seventh month. The causes of abortion in the cow are very various: mechanical injuries, over-driving, innutritions and badly-prepared food: and occasionally, this affection will assume an epidemic character, affecting whole herds, and even a whole district, and, although much has been written in elucidation of this variety, it does not seem to be very satisfactorily explained. In ascertaining the cause of continued cases of abortion, occurring on the same farm, much caution will be requisite. The nature of the food and water should be carefully looked into, and if the cows are at grass, the herbage maybe searched for any medicinal or poisonous plants, which may exen an influence�some peculiar seasons favouring the de�velopment of certain plants. Ky some, the smell pro-ceedinsr from the sick cow lias been assigned as a cause of abortion in the rest, bringing on a kind of nervous excitement: this, however true in certain cases, is not an invariable ride, as it sometimes occurs in animals kept wholly apart from the general herd, but occurring simultaneously with other cases upon the same farm. The symptoms of abortion are often unobserved by the farmer, from its occurring at an early stage, and the animal, consequently, being unaffected by any con�stitutional disturbance. When occurring at a later		I �A



	U-i

	1KVEKSI0NS OF THE VAGIXA AND UTERUS. \2l be seen the termination of the ureters, or canals, which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and from which the urine is constantly escaping. If the bladder has been inverted for any length of time, its coats will become so thickened, that any attempt to return it is futile; and hcra its excision may be at�tempted, as, although the animal will for ever after have incontinence of urine, yet in the case of the cow, or sow, it will serve to fatten for the butcher. If the case be discovered at an earlier stage, its return may be usually effected without much difficulty: but there is always a tendency, at all events for a time, to become re-inverted. The animal will, therefore, want great care and careful watching.	;

	INVERSION OF THE VAGINA. This usually occurs before parturition, and is common in debilitated and poorly-kept animals. The treatment is of the simplest character, and will consist in cold bathing to the parts, if swollen or in�flamed: the inverted portion must then be carefully returned, and the truss (of which a representation is given in fig. 34) applied, and kept on the cow for the remainder of her time. The cow should also be liberally fed, so as to increase the strength of the system. and thus give a more natural tone to the parts. INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. This affection, commonly known as ^l falling down of the calf bed quot; and 'read,quot; is very common in the cow. and is proportionally dreaded by the breeder. Inversion of the uterus may, with care, be almost always prevented, by applying a truss to the cow imme-

	i



GENERATIVE ORGANS.	135

only obstructing the milk, but from their soreness. causing the cow to become fidgety and uneasy while mi Iked. In these cases the wart must be removed, either by the knife or by a ligature of fine silk tied round it; the latter is the preferable mode, as warts. when sloughed off, are not so liable to return as when excised with the knife. Sore and chapped teats are best treated by the application of the ointment of turpentine, or the oint�ment of verdigris.

GENERATIVE ORGANS. The organs immediately concerned in the reproduc�tive process in the male are, the iesilcU'M�the glands which secrete the impregnating tinid, the semen, ov seed �the yasa deferentia and vesicuke seminales�channels and receptacles In^- whose aid the semen, so secreted, is conveyed into the urethra�and the penis�the organ by which this fluid is transferred from the male to the female. The penis also fulfils another office in the animal economy, viz. that of conveying from the body its waste fluid material in the form of wrine. The channel or tube by which both the semen and urine are conducted to the extremity of the penis�the former from the vesiculse seminales, and the latter from the bladder�is called the urethra. The urethra is of considerable length in the ox, and extends from the bladder to the extremity of the penis. Taking its rise from the neck of the bladder, it passes backwards and downwards through the pelvic bone, traverses the perineum (or space from the root of the tail to the fork of the hind legs), at the termination of		I



	IXFLAMMATORY FEVER.	157

	and in the chronic stage should never�when the disease has been satisfactorily diagnosed�he attempted.

	INFLAMMATORY FEVER (or Black Quartkr). Inflammatory fever is a well-known and very pre�valent disease amongst j⁷oiing stock, and is variously known among agriculturists in different localities as 'black quarter,' 'black leg,' 'quarter ill,' 'garget,' 'blood-striking,' all of which denote the peculiar character of the disease, which is usually characterised by lameness in one leg or quarter, followed by swelling and gan�grene, or mortification of the part, evidenced after death by the congested and black appearance of the blood vessels of the limb when divested of the skin. Black leg is almost entirely confined to 3⁷oung ani�mals from six to eighteen months old, seldom appearing after the age of two years. It is, however, occasionally seen in older animals, but the cases are rare. Black leg must be regarded as essentially a disease of the blood, that vital fluid becoming altered in quality, and too highly charged with the elements of nutrition. Hence the balance (so to speak) of the nutritive element is destroyed, and the waste of the system does not progress in proportion to the supply of nutritious material. From this cause there is an abnormal accumulation of both the red particles and fibrin of the blood, which becomes deteriorated in quality, and unfitted to carry on the purposes of life. The predisposing causes of black leg are, according to the preceding view of the disease, anything which induces too rapid a growth in the young animal, such as rich and succulent food, either given artificially, or the natural result of an early spring, in which the grasses are forward and full of moisture.


	WT

	174	THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

	TAUT V. DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCEEA. The Liver�Jaundice (Yellows)�Inflammation of tlio Liror� TIip Kidneys�The Bladder�Inflammation of the Bladder-Inflammation of the Kidneys�Hfematuria (Bloody Urine)� Calculi (or Stones) in the Intestines�lied Water � Splenic Apoplexy. THE LIVER. The liver is lt;iu organ playing a most important part in the animal economy, being the viscus that secretes the bile. It is divided into two main lohes, or divisions, of which the right is the largest; and it is situated on the right side of the abdomen, between the third stomach and the diaphragm. The liver is the receptacle for the blood proceeding from the other abdominal viscera, which instead of being returned to the heart is collected by a large vein �the vena porta�and passed through the liver, where it gives up certain excrementitious matters formed in the blood, which would otherwise accumulate in it and cause disease. The secretion thus formed is called the bile, which, besides being an excrementitious product, fulfils other designs in the animal economy, one of which is supposed to be its union with the fatty matters of the food, rendering them soluble, and thus fulfilling an important office in the function of digestion. A

	i'



	I7G	THE DISEASES OF THE OX.

	JAUNDICE (on Yki.t.ows). Jaundice is ;i disease very common in the ox, and probably owes its comparative frequency, as compared with the horse, to the former animal having a gall�bladder, which is absent in the latter. The primarv rausc of jaundice is an interrupted excretion nf bile, from sonic mechanical blocking up of the hepatic duct. This may proceed from gall-stones, thick and inspissated bile, or mechanical pressure on the duct. Contraction of the duct itself will also cause it. The bile being thus confined, as it were, in the gall�bladder, and unable to make its way into the intestines, becomes reabsorbed into the blood, acting as a foreign and poisonous agent in this vital fluid, and communi�cating a yellow and bilious hue to all the tissues of the body. Jaundice is also sometimes caused by disease of the liver itself, either of an acute or inflammatory character. The symptoms of jaundice when caused by gall�stones are not at all of an acute character, and generally one of the earliest observed will be an excessive yellow�ness of the skin and mucous membrane. This is especially seen in animals of a white, or partly white colour. With this there isa want of energy and a listlessness which, although not sufficient to give a decided impres�sion of illness, is yet patent enough to the observant professional man. Costiveness is an early and very important symptom, and is often sufficient of itself to cause an enquiry into the state of the animal. Upon examination, the ficces are found to have lost their brown look, and to have


Tlaquo;

196		T1IK DISEASES OF THE OX.

il	PAKT VI, THE SESSOEIAL SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES. The Sensorial System�Diseases of the Brain�Paralysis�In�flammation of the Brain�Tetanus (Lucked Jaw)�Apoplexy� Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain)�The Eye�Ophthalmia. THE SENSOEIAL SYSTEM. The nervous system of vertebrate animals (that is, animals having a spine) consists of the brain and spinal cord and their appendages, the latter being, as it were, a continuation of the former. FlO. 40.
u

i�t,

SIIIKWAY VIEW OF THE BRAIN. #9632; i. The cerebrum, of great brain.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; /gt;. The cerebellum, or little brain. c. The oblong medulla. (Carpenter.) These great centres of nervous power have two dis�tinct functions � 1. That of conveying motor power to the muscles, and by that means of regulating all the different movements of the body.


	.1 � #9632; I -Jl:

	PARALYSIS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-203 disease of the digestive apparatus, such as over-feeding with partiteular descriptions of food, poisonous narcotic plants, amp;c. Sec, and is best treated by the administra�tion of powerful purgatives and copious blood-letting, followed by stimulants. This is generally succeeded by a remission of the urgent symptoms and a gradual return to health. When, however, the symptoms, instead of yielding to the treatment, increase in urgency, and perhaps some new peculiarity is developed, chronic and deep-saaied disease may be rationally inferred. One veiy peculiar and thoroughly characteristic symptom of brain disease is an inclination to lean the head to oue side, and sometimes even to perform a rotatory movement, when left at liberty. A familiar instance of this is seen in giddy sheep, the cause of which affection is a hydatid pressing on the brain. The treatment of such cases is generally useless, although bleeding, and counter-irritation in the form of blisters, and setons over the poll, will often give relief for a time.

	PAEALYSIS. The disease we have been describing is essentially a disease of the cerebrum, or organ of intelligence ; when, however, the cerebellum, or organ of motion, is involved, a different train of symptoms immediately develop themselves. The animal is paralysed, or palsied : he is deprived of the power of motion, either completely or partially. In the former case he lies prostrate, possessing, it is true, all the special senses, such as eye�sight and hearing, the nerves of which, as has been before remarked, proceed from the cerebrum, but



	RJNGWOEM.	227

	WABBLES. Waibles are small tumours, containing grubs, which tire deposited under the skin of the ox, by the gad-fly, the (Estrus bovis. The eggs are deposited in their situation in the latter eud of the summer and begin�ning of autumn, where they remain until late in the following spring, at which time they make their escape in the form of a grid), preparatory to other transfor�mations, finally appearing in their parent form of the gad-fly. They are concealed in a small abscess, from which on being pressed the grub makes its escape. They are not of any importance to the well-doing of the animal, except they appear in excessive quantities.

	EINGTVOEM. Ringworm, although a disease almost unnoticed by veterinary authors, is liv no means rare in young slock, and is occasionally found in older animals. Debility and poverty seem to be the great predisposing causes. It is in fact a disease of deranged nutrition, or, to use common parlance, of quot;poorness of blood.quot; Ringworm is, in the author's experience, a very contagious disease, although this is denied by very eminent medical authors. In fact, in two well marked instances, the author has witnessed its transference from the horse to man, and more frequently from the ox to the horse. Although the name ringworm might lead the non-medical ohserver to suppose it owing to some living parasite, it is not so. The disease is centred in and owing to an affection of the skin itself. Several varieties of the disease are described by medical authors, but probably the ox is not liable to


rv _r.MmmLiwmjjmmumii.....i

4 (11 I:

282		T1IR DISEASES OF THE OX.

PART VIII.

EXTERNAL INJUKIES.

#9632;I

(E 'gt;*	Wounds�Fractures�Inflamed Vein�Opened Joint�Foul in the Foot�Sprains�Rheumatism�Eernial Eupture. The skeleton, or bony frame of the ox, is divided into the head, trunk, and extremities. The Head is com�posed of the upper jaw-bone (a, fig. 50); the nasal or nose-bone (7;); the lachrymal bone (c); the malar or cheek-bone {((); the frontal bone, or bone of the fore�head (e); llm horns, being continuation of the frontal bone (/) ; the temporal bone (.7) ; the parietal bone (h) ; the occipital bone (i) ; the lower jaw (j); the grinders, or molar teeth (/.#9632;); the nippers, found only in the lower jaw (/): the atlas, or first vertebra of the neck (laquo;.); the dentata, or second bone (o); the orbit of the eye (p). The remaining vertebras of the neck (//): the vertebras of the back, or dorsal vertebrae (/�); the lumbar vertebrae, or bones of the loins (s); the sacrum, or rump bone (7); the caudal vertebrae, or bones of the tail (u). The pelvis, important as containing the organs of genera�tion in the female, and known as the couples (v and 10). Eight true ribs (as); known as the true ribs because they are all united to the sternum, or breast bone (z) ; and the false ribs, so called because they are merely connected with each other by cartilage ()/).
i]

I

#9632;


IFV

234nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE DISEASES OF THE OX.



-}		WOUNDS. Wounds are divided into incised, contused, punc�tured and lacerated. An incised wound is one of the simplest character, being merely a clean cut through the skin and muscles, made with some sharp instrument. The cases of this description, in cattle practice, are few and far between, being much less common than the other varieties here mentioned. Incised wounds are usually attended with a g od deal of haemorrhage; the sharper the instrument the more profuse the bleeding, as the cut edges of the vessels are less likely to close, than when contused or torn. The first object of the practitioner will be to arrest the ha'morrhnge, the manner of performing which will depend upon the situation ; in wounds in tlie limbs, and where a light bandage can be applied, this is one of the readiest modes of arresting the bleeding. The diffi-cult}- of arrestation, too, will depend upon whether an artery or vein is divided ; when the former, it may be known by the bright scarlet appearance of the blood, winch comes from the wound in jets. When a vein is wounded, on the cent rar}⁷, the flow of blood is con�tinuous, and its colour is of a dark red. If a large and important artery be wounded, the finger should be pressed upon the bleeding vessel with sufficient force to prevent the flow of blood, and no time lost in summon�ing professional assistance, as the artery will most likely have to be tied by a ligature. The bleeding of smaller vessels may often be arrested by the affusion of cold water: but in these cases not much apprehension
I	i

*plusmn;*


T?I

PKACTUBES.	239

once to enlarge it with ;i bistoury or sumll penknife. When the puncture ha,s penetrated to the bone, either in the extremities or larger bones, their external cover�ing or periosteum wil] become injured, and instead of healthy matter or jjus, a thin sanions fc�tid discharge will take place from the wound ; these cases are occa�sionally very obstinate, and are apt to degenerate into unhealthy sinuses (ot fist idee). In these cases the best treatment will be to well clean the wound with a syringe, aud having armed a whale�bone probe with a small wrapping of tow, saturated with a strong solution of corrosive sublimate (see Appendix), pass it into the wound, and work it well to andfro, till every part has been brought into apposition with the caustic. This will usually cause a slouch of the unhealthy parts, leaving a healthy granulating surface behind. In cases of injury to the bone, there will be sometimes an exfoliation (or throwing off) of the dead and injured part, which, acting as a foreign agent, causes excessive lameness and pain. Carious or decayed bone may be always diagnosed from the great fcetor of the discharge; the decayed and loose piece may he felt, too, by the probe. When sufficiently loose the exfoliated piece may be extracted by the forceps.		i

FRACTUEES. A fracture is defined to be in the language of the schools, 'a solution of continuity in a bone.' Fractures are divided into simple, comminuted, and compound. Simple, when the bone is merely broken short, into two pieces. Comminuted, when shattered, or broken into several.



IJ

I I I	240	THE DISEASES OF THE OX.
I I I	Compouml, when the skiu is broken or lacerated, and the hone protrudes through it. Of these varieties simple fractures are the only kinds which are, as a rule, capable of treatment in cattle practice, with any probability of a successful result. Fractures, which are usually, and with justice, regarded as practically/aiaZ in horse practice, are not necessarily so with cattle. The subsequent lameness always attendant upon even the most trifling distortion, or shortening of a limb, is of little importance in a milking-COW or feeding-ox, while it will render a horse, except for slow work, entirely useless. Hence we have much more encouragement to attempt treatment in cattle than horse practice. The symptoms of fracture in the extremities are generally such as cannot possibly be mistaken by the medical man. There is sudden and intense lameness, attended with immobility of the limb below the frac�ture, shorteninrj of the limb, and subsequently swelling, heat, and general inflammation. Crepitusisalso a very important means of diagnosis, and sometimes the only one we possess. Upon seizing the extremities of the injured limb and giving them a gentle twist in opposite directions, a crepitus or grating sound will be heard from the broken extremities. In compound or comminuted fractures, the injury will be evident enough, the broken bones being in the former case visible to the eye, and in the latter there will be an amount of deformity in the limb, and the broken pieces of bone can be felt beneath the skin. The treatment of fractures will materially depend upon the situation and extent, of the injury, and the probability of success upon the age and condition of the animal. In young and growing beasts it is astonishing bow