LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.

Flaquo;gegt; Swink Plague.�Plato I. Right lung (half-size) of experimental pig. No,

VII................................._:....... 26

Plate II. Enlarged section of right lung of same pig...... 28

Plate HI. Ulcerous tumorraquo; on mucous membrane of intes�tines........................................ 30

Plate IV. The same, proj ecting above surface............. 32

Plate V. The same, showing concavity in center......... 34

Plate VI. The same, showing diiferent view.............. 36

Plato VII. The same, showing different view............... 38

Plate VIII. Ulcerous tumors on mucous membrane of the

stomach.................................... 40

Chart, illustrating micioscopical investigations............ 53

Plato IX. Fig. 1. Microscopic section through skin and slough. Fig. 2. Microscopic section of skin in

purple spot.................................. 60

Plate X. Microscopic section showing exudation in the

ciecal mucous membrane beneath an ulcer.... 75 Microscopic section through skin, showing hair follicle containing effused blood. The bristle

was detached in mounting................... 75

Plate XI. Microscopic section of lung with exudate filling

the air-cells, and thickening the alveolar walls. 75 Microscopic section of congested gut, showing villi with excess of granular matter, stained in

hiematoxylon. Detached round cells......... 75

Plate XII. Microscopic section of lung, showing thickened walls of air-cells; blocked vessels; exudate

into cell-walls, and a few of the cells-----.----- 75

Microscopic section irom ear, showing cartUage and skin with broken surface, and crust-entangling bristles.......................... 75

Plate XIII. Forms assumed in rapid succession by bacterium;

also head and tail of lung worm............. 64

Plate XIV. Ova, hooks, and head and tail of lung worms... 66 Plate XV. Fig. 1. Microscopic section of diseased liver. Fig. 2. Microscopic section of lung in catarrhal pneumonia. Fig 3. Microscopic section of in�testine in'' hog-cholera,quot; showing healthy con�dition...................................... 116

Gulnders.�Plate I, Fig. L Development of glanders-cells of connective-tissue

corpuscles in the mucous membrane of the sep�tum. Fig. II. Microscopic cut from gray-yellow�ish glanders. Fig. III. Development of glanders-cells of epithelium elements in the pulmonal no�dules ......................................... 257

Plato II. Fig. IV. Lower end of the septum with glanders-nodules and ulcers (natural size). Fig. V. Transversal cuts through the gray nodules in the mucous membrane of the septum (natural size). Fig. VI. Piece of the lower border of a lung, out surface (natural size). Fig. VII. Also apiece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface (natural size)----- 257

INVESTIGATION OP SWINE PLAGUE.

' INTEODUCTOEY.

Congress having previously appropriated the smn of $10,000 for de�fraying the expenses of a commission to investigate and determine the causes producing, and, if possible, discover remedies for, some of the more contagious and destructive diseases incident to domesticated ani�mals, early in August last the Commissioner of Agriculture appointed examiners in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and North Carolina, to conduct such investigation. Still later in the season, on receiving information that not only diseases among swine were prevailing to an alarming extent in Virginia, but that a fatal disease resembling pleuro-pneumonia or contagious lung fever was de�stroying a good many valuable dairy cattle in some localities of that State, an additional examiner was appointed and instructed to investi�gate and report upon all the facts connected with the condition of both classes of animals in the infected districts of this State.

In the preliminary report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1877, on the suhject of diseases of domesticated animals, a tabular state�ment gives the total value of farm animals lost in the United States during that year, principally from infectious and contagious diseases, at $16,653,428. These losses were based upon as accurate returns as could be obtained in the absence of an absolute census, but as they included data from but eleven hundred and twenty-five counties (about one-half the whole number of counties in the United States), the above sum falls far below the aggregate losses for that year. About two-thirds of this sum was occasioned by the loss of swine by diseases presumed to be of an infectious and contagious character. Notwithstanding these maladies had their origin near a quarter of a century ago, and had rap�idly spread from one State and one county to another, there was great diversity of opinion as to their contagious or non-contagious character. Many intelligent farmers and stock-growers insisted that they were not transmissible from one animal to another, while perhaps equally as large a number contended that the diseases were of a highly infectious and contagious nature. As this was regarded as one among the most important facts to be determined by the investigation, two of the exam�iners devoted most of their time to experiments looking to a solution of this problem.

As the number and value of the annual losses among swine were much heavier than among all other classes of domesticated animals com-

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biued, the Commissioner deemed it best to devote the greater portion of the limited sum placed at his disposal to an investigation of the fatal diseases aftectiiig this class of farm animals.

The prelimiuaiy investigation instituted and couducted under the supervision of this department, in the fall and -ffinter of 1877-78. estab�lished tlie fact that diseases prevail among these animals much more ex�tensively during the late summer and early fall months than at other seasons of the year, and for this reason the examiners selected to con�duct the iuvesligation #9632;were employed for periods ranging from one to three months. It Aras assumed, and the subsequent history of the dis�ease proved the assumption to be -vrell founded, that the reduced tem�perature of the late fall and early winter months would cause an abate�ment of the disease, and in a. measure deprive the examiners of subjects #9632;with which to continue their experiments. While, thereiore, the very severe weather of the past winter caused a great reduction in the num�ber of animals affected, the disease was not eradicated, nor did its fatality seem to be lessened. The spread of the infection from one herd to another was greatly diminished; but, in infected herds, where the malady was still prevailing when cold weather set in, there appeared but little di�erence in the rapidity of the transmission of the disease, from one animal to another, in the same herd. Dr. H. J. Detmers, V. S., of Chicago, who conducted his investigations and made his experi�ments in one of the worst infected of the many large hog-growing dis�tricts in Illinois, writing under date of January 7th last, speaks as follows of the effects of severe frosts on the spread of the disease :

Since my last letter the Tveatlier has continued extremely cold. Where I now am, in Lae County, some five or six miles west of Dison, tlie thermometer indicated at seven o'clock on the morning of January 2. 28deg; l)elow zero, awl an flio next morning 24deg; 'bclo'laquo;' zero. At present�to-day, yesterday and day before�tho weather is a little milder. To-day it tried to snow a little; otherwise the tiky has been clear every day. The wind is, and lias been, west, except yesterday afternoon, when it was almost due south. Swine-plajrue during this cold weather does not seem to spread either so readily or so rapidly from one farm to another as a few months ago; hut as to its spreading froin one animal to another in the same herd in which it previously ex�isted no diff�re�fee can be observed. It seems to be .inst as fatal as in Angnst, and its course, en the whole, is probably more acute, as severe affections of the lungs and of the heart ave more frequent, a fact easily explained in the habhs of swine crowding togquot;,thcr and lying on top of each other in their sleeping places when the teKiperatnre is very low.

Dr. .Tames Law, of Ithaca, N. Y., whose investigations were solely confined to experiments intended to fuither establish the contagious and infections character of the disease, tlie period of its incubation, amp;c., confirms the statement of Dr. Detmers, i. e., that the severe frosts of winter do not. destroy the germs of the malady but simply retard their conveyance from one herd to another. In a letter of recent date, forwarded since his report was completed. Dr. Law says:

I have demonstrated that the fieerungof the virulent matter doe,-j not destroy its ac�tivity, and that the rims loses nothing iu potency by preservation for one or two

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months closely paokod iu dry quot;bran. The sawo may Ijc iufcrred of all otLer situations when it is closely packed and whevo the air lias imperfect access. These two last points are of immense importance as bearing on the question of the preservation of the poison in iufectod pens and yards alilca in winter and in summer, to say nothing of its possible conveyance in fodder, amp;,c. The different modes in which the disease may ho conveyed in the wet and dry condition, and in the bodies of rabbits, and probably sheep and other animals, speak in the strongest terms against keeping iixgt; the pro�duction of the xioison by preserring sick animals, unless where they can be secluded hi thoroughly disinfected buildings iu which even the air shall be constantly charged with disinfectants.

Iii most of the States iu vfjbich investigations have been made, the examiners have found the symptoms and post-mortem appearances of the disease the same, and hence agree as to the propriety of desig�nating the affection under the head of a general disorder. Dr. Detmers has, therefore, given the disease the name of quot; Swine-plague,quot; and Dr. Law has named it quot; Hog-fevcr.quot; quot;While either designation vould seem to be eminently proper, that of quot; Swine-plaguequot; will no doubt be gen�erally adopted.

As in almost all general disorders, a certain variety of organs were found affected and diseased. Marked changes and extravasations in various parts of the body were observed, and inflammation of the lungs and large intestines was usually present. The heart, the pleura, the eyes, the epidermis, and many other impprtapt organs showed either slight or more serious affections, and in almost every case tested with the thermometer the temperature was found to be above normal heat before any other symptom of the disease was in the least apparent. In every herd where the disease had prevailed to any considerable extent, no case was found where death had occurred from a local malady, but all the lesions afitd appearances unmistakably indicated the existence of the general disorder. In but few cases was death found to have resulted from the affection of any single organ, but on the contrary seemed to have been the result of the various organic changes observed.

Dr. Detmers says that the morbid process, although in all cases essen�tially the same, is not restricted to a single part or organ, or to a set of organs, but can have its seat almost anywhere�in the tissue of the lungs; in the pleura and pericar�imn; in the heart; in the lymphatic system; in the peritoneum; in all mucous membranes, especially in those of the intestines; in the liver; in the spleen, and even in the skin. Only the puhnonal tissue and lymphatic glands are invariably affected.

The most constant and unvarying symptom of the disease is observed in the increased temperature of the body. Indeed, one of the examiners regards it as bigbly probable that a high temperature may exist several weeks before other 'symptoms are manifested, and that the disease may in some cases even be confined to and run its course in the blood with�out a localization in any other organ or organs. A few isolated cases are noted where* this symptom was lacking, but it may have been pres�ent in a mild form before other symptoms were observed. The external

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symptoms of the disease, �which were found to be almost identical in all the widely-separated localities in which examinations were made, were a dullness of the eyes, the lids of which are kept nearer closed than in health, with an accumulation of secretion in the corners. There is hanging of the head, with lopped ears, and an inclination to hide in the litter and to lie on the belly and keep quiet. As the disease advances, the animal manifests more or less thirst, some cough, and a pink blush or rose-colored spots, and papular eruption appears on the skin, particu�larly along the belly, inside of the thighs and fore legs, and about the ears. There is accelerated respiration and circulation, increased action of the flanks in breathing, tucked-up abdomen, arched back, swelling of the Tulva in the female as in heat; occasionally, also, of the sheath of the male, loss of appetite, and tenderness of the abdomen, sometimes persistent diarrhea, but generally obstinate constipation. In some cases large abraded spots are observed at the projecting points of the body, caused by separation and loss of the epidermis. In such cases a slight blow or friction on the skin is sufficient to produce such abrasions. In many cases the eruption, blush, and spots are entirely absent; petechise are formed in only about one-third of the cases. In some cases there is considerable inflammation of and discharge from the eyes. Some animals emit a very offensive odor even before death. In large herds, where the disease prevails extensively, this offensive effluvia can be detected for a great distance to windward. In nearly all cases there is a weakness or partial paralysis of the posterior extremi�ties, and occasionally this paralysis is so complete in the first stages of the disease as to prevent walking or standing.

As symptoms of special diagnostic value, which are scarcely ever ab�sent in any case, the following are mentioned: Drooping of the ears and of the head; more or less coughing; dull look of the eyes; staring ap�pearance of the coat of hair; partial or total want of appetite for food; vitiated appetite for excrements; rapid emaciation; great debihty; weak and undecided, and frequently staggering, gait; great indifference to sturoundings; tendency to lie down in a dark comer, and to hide the nose and even the whole head in the bedding; the specific offensive smell, and the peculiar color of the excrements. This last symptom is always present, at least in an advanced stage of the disease, no matter whether constipation or diarrhea is exisiting. Among other character�istic symptoms, which are not present in every animal, may be mentioned fvpquent sneezing; bleeding from the nose; swelling of the eyelids; ac-cumulation of mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes; attempts to vomit, or real vomiting; accelerated and difficult breathing; thumping or spasmodic contraction of the abdominal muscles (flanks), and a pecu�liar, faint, and hoarse voice in the last stages of the disease.

The duration of the disease varies according to the violence and seat of the attack and the age and constitution of the patient. Where tho attack is violent, and its principal seat is located in one of the vital

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organs�such as the heart�the disease frequently terminates fatally in a few days, and sometimes even within twenty-four hours; but when the attack is of a mild character, and the heart is not seriously affected, and the animal is naturally strong and vigorous, one or two weeks usually intervene before death ensues. If the termination is not fatal, convalescence requires an equal and not unfrequently a much longer time. A perfect recovery seldom occurs; in most cases some lasting disorder remains behind and more or less interferes with the growth and fattening of the animal. Those that do recover make but very poor returns for the food consumed; hence from a pecuniary standpoint it makes but little difference to the owner whether the animal recovers or not. The attack is always more violent and fatal when large numbers of animals are closely confined together in small and dirty inclosures or in illy ventilated and filthy pens.

The disease can have its seat in many different organs or parts of the body, and therefore produces a great variety of morbid changes. This accounts for its different aspect in different animals. In some cases the principal seat of the disease may be in the organs of respiration and circulation, and in others in the intestinal canal and organs of digestion. Death may therefore be the result of different causes in different cases. In some cases it results from a cessation of the functions of the heart, the lungs, amp;c., and in others it is in consequence of the inability of entirely different organs to perform their allotted functions. This being the case, the post-mortem appearances would necessarily greatly vary, but in all animals similarly affected the lesions and morbid changes were found identical.

Perhaps the most important point to be determined by this investiga�tion was the contagious or non-contagious character of the disease. In order to do this a series of experiments were instituted and conducted solely with this end in view, by Drs. Detmers and Law. These ex�periments resulted in determining the fact that the disease is both infectious and contagious, and that it is not confined alone to swine, but that other animals may contract it in a mild form and retransmit it to swine in its most virulent and malignant character.

On the 6th day of September, Dr. Detmers fed a portion of the stom�ach, the csecum, and the spleen of a pig that had died on that day to two healthy pigs. On the 19th of the same month they showed signs of ill�ness, and the symptoms continued to grow in intensity until the 23d, when, finding that the animal must die in a few hours, one of them was killed by bleeding. The other pig was found dead in the pen on the morning of September 30. The symptoms and post mortem appearances were those of swine-plague, as they revealed the same lesions as those observed in an examination of the pig from which the diseased products had been taken for the purpose of infection. On the 24th day of Sep�tember, the day following the death of the first pig, a healthy pig of

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mixed Polaud-Chiua and BerksMrowas confined in tlie same pen with, the sick pig that died on the 30th of that month. It showed no signs of sickness until the 2d day of October, when the first symptoms of the disease were observed. It continned to grow rapidly worse, and was found dead in its pen on the morning of the 11th, nine days after the first symptoms were observed.

Experiments were made with a large number of other animals to test the infectious and contagious character of the plague. These experi�ments included the confinement of healthy with sick animals, and the inoculation of healthy animals with the diseased products of those suffer�ing with the fever. In almost every case, as will be seen from his de�tailed report, Dr. Detmers was successful in transmitting the disease from sick to healthy animals.

The microscopic investigations of Dr. Detmers also revealed some im�portant facts. His discovery of a new order of bacteria or hacillm, which he names bacillus suis, as it is common only to this disease of swine, and his failure to inoculate healthy animals with virus from which these germs had been removed by filtration and otherwise, would lead to the conclusion that these microphytes are the true seeds of the hog fever.

Dr. Detmers invariably found these germs, in one form or another, in all fluids. So constantly were they observed in the blood, urine, mucus, fluid exudations, amp;c., and in the excrements and in all morbidly affected tissues of diseased animals, that he regards them as the true infectious principle. They would seem to undergo several changes, and to require a certain length of time for further propagation; therefore, if introduced into the animal organism, a period of incubation or colonisation must elapse before the morbid symptoms make their appearance. These germs were generally found in immense numbers in the fluids, but more especially in the blood and in the exudations of the diseased animals. With the proper temperature and the presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen they soon develop and grow lengthwise by a kind of budding process. A globular germ, constantly observed under the microscope, bud�ded and grew under a temperature of 70deg; F. twice the original length in exactly two hours, and changed gradually to rod bacteria or bacilli. Under favorable circumstances these bacilli continue to grow in length until, when magnified 850 diameters, they appear from one to six inches long. A knee or angle is first formed where a separation is to take place, and then a complete separation is effected by a swinging motion of both ends. After the division, which requires but a minute or two after this swinging motion commences, the ends thus separated move apart in dif�ferent directions. These long bacteria seem pregnant with new germs; then- (xtcrnal envelope disappears or is dissolved, and then the numer�ous bacillus germs become free, and in this way effect propagation. Some of 1 lie bacilli or rod-bacteria move very rapidly, while others are apparently motionless. A certain degree of heat would seem to be nec�essary for their propagation, as, under the microscope, the motion in-

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creases and becomes more lively if the rays of the light, tliromi upon the slide by the mirror, are sufficiently concentrated to increase the temper�ature of the object. Another change observed by Dr. Detmers, but the cause of which he was not able to determine, was observed in the fact that the globular bacteria or bacillus germs commence to bud or grow, when, veiy suddenly, their further development ceases, and partially developed hacilli and simple and budding germs congregate to colonies, agglutinate to each other, and form larger or smaller irregularly-shaped and apparently viscous clusters. These clusters are frequently found in the blood and in other fluids, and invariably in the exudations of the lungs; and in the lymphatic glands in pulmonal exudation and in blood serum this formation can be observed under the microscope if the object re�mains unchanged for an hour or two. In the ulcerous tumors on the in�testinal mucous membrane but few of these clusters will be found, but the fully-developed McilU, many of which appear very lively, are always exceedingly numerous. These tumors or morbid growths in the intes�tines seem to afford the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of the hacilli and their germs. The presence of such im�mense numbers of these microphytes and their germs in the excrements and other morbid products of swine leads Dr. Detmers to regard them, beyond doubt, as the principal disseminators of the plague. Whether these colonies or viscous clusters are instrumental in bringing about the extensive embolism of the lungs and other tissues by merely closing the capillary vessels in a mechanical way, or whether the presence, growth, development, and propagation of the amp;ckraquo;'?)' and their germs produce pccidiar chemical changes in the composition of the blood, thereby dis�qualifying it from passing with facility through the capillaries, or which cause a clotting and retention of the same in the capillary system. Dr. Detmers is not able positively to decide. He is of the opinion, however, that these colonies or viscous clusters of bacillus germs and partially developod hacilli cause sufficient obstrucfion of the capillaries to pro�duce fatal embolism.

The vitality of the haoill! and bacillus-germs is not very great, except where preserved in a substance or fluid not easily subject to decomposi�tion ; for instance, in water which contains a slight admixture of organic substances. quot;Where contained in such a fluid and preserved in a vial with a glass stopper, they will remain for at least five or six weeks in nearly the same condition, or develop very slowly, according to the amount of oxygen and degree of temperature maintained. In an open vessel the development is a more rapid one. If oxygen is excluded, or the amount available is exhausted, no further change takes place. In the water of streamlets, brooks, ditches, ponds, amp;c., their vitality is re�tained or preserved for some time. In fluids and substances subject to putrefaction, they lose their vitality and are destroyed in a. comparatively brief period; at, least they disappear as soon as those fluids and sub�stances undergo decomposition. In the blood they disappquot;L',r as soon

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as the blood-corpuscles commence to decompose or putrefy. They are also destroyed if brought in contact with or acted upon by alcohol, car�bolic acid, thymol, iodine, amp;c. The destruction of these germs by de�composition would seem to account for the harmless nature of thoroughly putrid products when consumed by healthy animals. (See drawings, haeilli and hadllws-germs.)

Dr. Law also discovered bacteria in the blood of pigs suffering with the disease, and in one case, on the second day before death, he found the blood swarming with them, all showing very active movements. (See drawings, Plate xiii, Kg. 3.) The blood from another pig, which had been inoculated from this one, showed the same living, actively-moving germs in equal quantity. They were further found in the blood of a rabbit and of a sheep inoculated from the first-mentioned pig. In an abscess of a puppy, which had also been inoculated, the germs were abundant. In the examination of blood from healthy pigs the micro�scope failed to reveal the presence of these organisms. Dr. Law states that in his experiments the greatest precautions were taken to avoid the introduction of extraneous germs. The caustic potash employed was first fused, then placed with reboiled distilled water in a stoppered bot�tle which had been heated to red heat. The glass slides and cover-glasses were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal cleaned and incised with a knife that had just been heated in the flame of a lamp. The caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion-lens were reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass rods em�ployed to lift the latter were superheated before being dipped in them. On different occasions, when the animal was being killed, the blood from the flowing vessels was received beneath the skin into a capillary tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame of a lamp. With these precautions he thinks it might have been possible for one or two bacteria to get in from the atmosphere, but this would not account for the swarms found as soon as the blood was placed under the micro�scope.

The most scrupulous care was observed by Dr. Law in his experi�ments in inoculation. The isolated and non-infected locality where the experiments were conduoted offered special advantages for a series of experiments of this character, as there were no large herds of diseased and exposed swine, and, consequently, no danger of accidental infection from other sources than the experimental pens. The number of animals subjected to experiment was limited by the necessity for the most per�fect isolation of the healthy and diseased, for the employment of sepa�rate attendants for each, and for the disinfection of instruments used for scientific observations, and of the persons and clothes of those neces�sarily in attendance. The experimental pens were constructed on high ground in an open field, with nothing to impede the free circulation of air. They were large and roomy, with abundant ventilation from back and front, with perfectly close walls, floors, and roofs, and in cases

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wherequot; two or more existed in the same building, the interveniug walls were constructed of a double thickness of matched boards, with build�ing pasteboard between, so that no communication could possibly take place except through the open air of the fields. When deemed neces�sary, disinfectants were placed at the ventilating orifices. On showing the first signs of illness, infected pigs were at once turned over to the care of attendants delegated to take charge of these aloue. The food, utensils, amp;c., for the healthy and diseased animals were kept most care�fully apart. When passing from one to the other for scientific observa�tions, the healthy were first attended, and afterward the diseased, as far as possible in the order of severity. Disinfection was then resorted to, and no visit was paid to the healthy pigs until after a lapse of six or eight hours, with free exposure to the air in the interval. In the pens the most scrupulous cleanliness was maintained, and deodorizing agents used in sufficient quantities to keep them perfectly sweet.

The experiments of Dr. Law have shown the period of incubation to vary greatly, though in a majority of cases it terminated in from three to seven days after inoculation. One animal sickened and died on the first day, three on the third, two on the fourth, one on the fifth, two on the sixth, four on the seventh, and one each on the eighth and thirteenth days respectively. Eeferring to experiments of others for determining the period of incubation. Dr. Law says that Dr. Button, observing the result of contact alone in autumn, sets the period at from thirteen to fourteen days; his own observations in Scotland, in summer, indicated from seven to fourteen days; Professor Axe, in summer, in London, con�cluded on from five to eight days; Dr. Budd, in summer, from four to five days; and Professor Osier, in autumn, at from four to six days. Dr. Detmers gives the period of incubation ftom five to fifteeD days, or an average of about seven days. A comparison of these results would seem to indicate that both extremes have been reached.

In experimenting in this direction. Dr. Law first sought to ascertain the tenacity of life of the dried virus. Some years ago Professor Axe had successfully inoculated a pig with virus that had remained dried upon ivory points for twenty-six days. In order to carry this experi�ment still further. Dr. Law inoculated three pigs with virulent products that had been dried on quills for one day, one with virus dried on a quill for four days, one for five days, and one for six days. These quills had been sent from North Carolina and New Jersey, wrapped in a simple paper covering, and were in no way specially protected against the action of tbe air. Of the six inoculations, four took effect. In the two exceptional cases the quills had been treated with disinfectants before inoculation, so that the failure was anticipated.

Three pigs were inoculated with diseased iutestiue which had been dried for three and four days respectively. The intestine was dried in the free ah and sun, and the process was necessarily slower than in the case of the quills, where the virus was in a very thin layer, hence there

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was more time allowed for septic chauges. In all three cases the inocti-lation proved successftd. This experiment would prove that the morbid products, even in comparatively thick layers, may dry spoutaueously, and retain their vitality sufficiently to transmit the disease to the most distant States.

Another pig was inoculated with a portion of moist diseased intestine sent from Illinois in a closely-corked bottle. The material had been three days from the pig, and smelt slightly piitrid. The disease developed on the sixth day. A second pig was inoculated with blood from a diseased pig that had beeu kept for eleven days at 100deg; F. in an isolation appara�tus, the outlets of which were plugged with cotton wool. Illness super�vened in twenty-four hours.

A solitary experiment of Dr. Klein's having appeared to support the idea that the blood was non-virulent, Dr. Law tested the matter by in�oculating two pigs with the blood of one that had been sick for nine days. They sickened on the seventh and eighth days respectively, and from one of these the disease was still further propagated by inoculating with the blood three other animals. Notwithstanding the sxtccess of these three experiments. Dr. Law is still doubtful of the blood being vir�ulent at all stages of the disease.

But one or two experiments were instituted by Dr. Law to test the question of infection through the air alone. A healthy pig placed in a pen between two infected ones, and with the ventilating orifices within a foot of each other, front and back, had an elevated temperature ou the ninth, tenth, and eleventh days, with lameness in the right shoidder, evidently of a rheumatic character. On the twenty-fourth day the tem�perature rose two degrees, and remained 104deg; F. and upward for six days, when it slowly declined to the natural standard.

A healthy pig was placed in a pen from which a sick one had been removed thirteen days before. The pen had been simply swept out, but subjected to no disinfection other than the free circulation of air, and as the pig was placed in the pen on December 19th, all moist objects had been frozen during the time the apartment had stood empty. The pig died on the fifteenth day t hereafter, without having shown any rise of tempera�ture, hutwithpost-morCou lesions that showed the operation of the poison. Dr. Law refers to this case as an example ov the rapidly fatal action of the disease, the poison having fallen witij prostrating effect on vital organs�the lungs and brain�and cut life short before there was time for the full development of all the other lesions. It fully demonstrates the preservation of the poison in a covered building at a temperature below the freexing point.

Perhaps the most important experiments conducted by Dr. Law vwo those relating to the inoculation of other auimals than swine with t-ie vivas and morbid products of pigs suffcriug with the plague, and the tomsmission of the disease fron: these, animals back to healthy hogs. A merino wether, a tame rabbit, and a Newfoundland puppy were in-

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oculated with blood and plenral fluid containing nnmerons actively moving bacteria^ taken from the right ventricle and pleurae of a pig that had died of the fever the same morning. INext day the teiaperature of all three was elevated. In the puppy it became normal on the third day, but on the eighth day a large abscess formed in the seat of inoc�ulation and burst. The rabbit had elevated temperature for eight days, lost appetite, became weak and purged, and its blood contained myriads of the characteristic bacteria. The wether had his temperature raised for an equal lengih of time, and had bacteria in his blood, though not so abundantly as in that of the rabbit. The sheep and rabbit had each been unsuccessfully inoculated on two former occasions with the blood of sick pigs, in which no moving bacteria had been detected. Subse�quently, after two inoculations with questionable residts, made with the blood of sick pigs in which no microzymes had been observed, Dr. Law succeeded in inoculating a rabbit with the pleural effusion of a pig that had died the night before, and in which were numerous actively moving bacteria. Next day the rabbit was very feverish and quite ill, and con�tinued so for twenty-two days, when it was killed and showed lesions in many respects resembling those of the sick pigs. The blood of the rab�bit contained active microzymes like those of the pig. On the fourth day of sickness the blood of the rabbit containing bacteria was inocu�lated on a healthy pig, but for fifteen days the pig showed no signs of illness. It was then reinoculated, but this time with the discharge from an open sore which had formed over an engorgement in the groin of the rabbit. Illness set in on the third day thereafter and continued for ten days, when the pig was destroyed and found to present the lesions of the disease in a moderate degree. A second pig, inoculated with frozen matter which had been taken from the open sore on the rabbit's groin, sickened on the thirteenth day thereafter, and remained ill for six days, when an imminent death was anticipated by destroying the animal. During life and after death it presented the phenomena of the plague in a very violent form.

The results of these experiments have convinced Dr. Law, as they must convince others, that the rabbit is itself a victim of this disease, and that the poison can be reproduced ami midtiplied in the body of this rodent and conveyed back with undiminished virulence to the pig. Dr. Klein had previously demonstrated the susceptibility of mice and guinea pigs to the disease. The rabbit, and still more the monse, is a frequent visitor of hog pens and yards. The latter eats from the same feeding troughs with the pig, hides under the same litter, and rims con�stant risk of infection. Once infected, they may carry the disease to long distances. During the progress of severe attacks of tho disease, their weakness and inability to escape will make them an easy prey to the omnivorous hog; ami thus sick and dead alike will be devonred by the doomed swine.

Dr. Law says that the infection of these rodents creates the strongest

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presumption that other genera of the same family may also coutraet the disease, and by virtue of an even closer relation to the pigs, may succeed in conveying the malady to distant herds. The rat is suggested as being almost ubiquitous in piggeries, and more likely than any other rodent to contract and transmit the disease to distant farms. In order to test its susceptibility to the poisou. Dr. Law inoculated a rat with the virus from a sick pig, but unfortunately the subject died on the second day thereafter. The body showed slight suspicious lesions, such as congested lungs with considerable interlobular exudation, congested small intes�tines, dried-up contents of the large intestines, and sanguinous discolor�ation of the tail from the seat of inoculation to the tip. quot;With the fresh congested small intestine of the rat he inoculated one pig, and with the frozen intestine one day later he inoculated a secoud. The first showed no rise of temperature, loss of appetite, or digestive disorder; but on the sixth day pink and violet eruptions, the size of a pin's head and up�wards, appeared on the teats and belly; and on the tenth day there was a manifest enlargement of the inguinal glands. In the second pig in�oculated, the symptoms were too obscure to be of any real value. Dr. Law will continue his experiments with this rodent.

In addition to the above. Dr. Law experimented on two sheep of dif�ferent ages, an adult merino wether and a cross-breed lamb, and in both cases succeeded in transmitting the disease. With the mucus from the anus of the wether he inoculated a healthy pig, which showed a slight elevation of temperature for five days, but without any other marked symptoms of illness. Eleven days later it was reinoculated with scab from the ear of the lamb, and again three days later with anal mucus from the sheep. The day preceding the last inoculation it was noticed that the inguinal glands were much enlarged, and in six days thereafter the temperature was elevated and purple spots appeared on the belly. At the time that Dr. Law closed his report this fever had lasted but a few days, but he regards the symptoms, taken in connection with the violent rash and the enlarged lymphatic glands, as satisfactory evidence of the presence of the disease. It can, therefore, be affirmed of the sheep as of the rabbit, that not only is it subject to this disease, but that it can multiply the poison in its system and transmit it back to the

Pig-

Among the later experiments by Dr. Law was one inaugurated with

the view of testing the vitahty of frozen products of the disease. This point was briefly alluded to above, but itlaquo; importance would seem to call for farther attention. In two cases healthy pigs were inoculated with virulent products which had been frozen hard for one aud two days respectively. In both instances the resulting disease was of a very vio�lent type, aud would have proved fatal had it been left to rim its course. The freezing had failed to impair the virulence of the product; on the contrary, it had only sealed it up to be opened aud given free course on the recurrence of warm weather. Once frozen no change could take place

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unt il it was again thawed out, and if it was preserved for one night un�changed in its potency, it would be equally unaffected after the lapse of many months, provided its liquids had remained in the same crystalline condition throughout. It is in this way, no doubt, that the virus is often preserved through the winter in pens and yards, as well as in cars and other conveyances, to break out anew on returning spring. The import�ance of this discovery, as applied to preventive measures, cannot be over�estimated. Infected yards and other open and uncovered places may not be considered safe until after two months' vacation in summer, and not then if sufficient rain has not Mien during the interval to insure the soaking and putrid decomposition of all organic matter near the surface. This will be made more apparent by reference to an experiment which resulted in the successful inoculation of pigs with virus that had been kept for a month in dry wheat bran. In winter, on the other hand, the yard or other open and infected place may prove non-infecting for weeks and even months and yet retain the virus in readiness for a new and deadly course as soon as mild weather sets in. Safety under such cir�cumstances is contingent on a disuse of the premises so long as the frost continues, and for at least one month or more thereafter. Even during the continuance of frost such places are dangerous, as the heat of the animal's body or of the rays of the sun at midday may suffice to set the virus free.

Several of the examiners treat at length of hygienic and sanitary measures, and the attention of the reader is directed to their detailed re�ports, whiqh will be found below, without further comment.

2 SW

*~v

KSTVESTIG-ATION OF SWINE-PLAGUE.

EBPOET OF DE. H. J. DETMEES, Y. S.

Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc,

Commissioner of Agriouliure ;

Sie : Having been appointed by you as one of the inspectors to make an investigation of the diseases prevailing among swine, I forwarded to 3^rou my written acceptance, immediately after 1 received my apxraquo;oint-ment, on July 29,1878, and took at once the necessary steps to obtain reliable information as to the localities where the disease of swine, known to the farmers as quot;hog-cholera,quot; was at that time prevailing. I made also such other preparations as 1 deemed necessary to successful investigation, and provided myself with a good Hartnack microscope, divers chemicals and medicines, a clinical tlicrmometer, amp;c. Among all the places and localities at which the disease, as reported, was very frequent, I selected Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois, as afford�ing the greatest facilities for the intended investigation, or the most suitable basis for ray operations, and repaired to that place on the second day of August. I found what I expected, i. e., numerous cases of disease in the vicinity of Champaign and IJrbana, and offers of assist�ance by F. W. Prentice, M. D., and M. E. C. V. S., who is lecturer on vet�erinary science in the Illinois Industrial University at Urbana, and of Prof. T. J. Burrill, M. A., who is professor of botany and microscopist in the same institution. Hr. Prentice had even the Madness of offering to me, for experimental purposes, the free use of his veterinary infirmary buildings. That offer, of course, was accepted. Besides that, Dr. Prentice, who is a very able and well-educated veterinary surgeon, has assisted mc otherwise very essentially in my work, and took charge of my ex�perimental animals whenever I was obliged to be absent for a short time. I am, therefore, very much indebted to him for his valuable help and kind assistance. Professor Burrill has assisted me in my microscop�ical examinatiens.

Arrived at Champaign I made my plans as to the manner in which to proceed with my investigation. Ejiowing that an enemy can only be conquered by being well known, I determined to ascertain first the real nature of the disease I had to deal with. That accomplished, I pro�posed to direct my attention exclusively to investigating and ascertain�ing the causes, reasoning that, if the causes are known, it cannot be very di�icult to devise proper and efficient means of prevention, and, perhaps, remedies that w�l effect a cure. At any rate, a knowledge of the causes of a disease affords not only a sound, but in fact the only basis of successful prevention and rational treatment. This plan I have executed as far as circmnstances and the time granted have permitted me to do.

In order to become thorougl�y acquainted with the nature of the so-called quot;hog-cholera,quot; or more appropriately quot;swi ie-plague,quot; cailed also typhoid, pig-typhoid, enteric fever, pneumo-entciic fever, hog or swine disease, amp;c., I have made during the time from August 2nd to

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Novemljer 1, 54 visits to 26 different lierds of diseased swine, and 53 post-mortem examinations, and Lave examined microscopically the blood, diverse other fluids, morbid products, and tissues of 42 sick or dead ani�mals.

For the purpose of ascertaining the cause or causes of tlie disease, I have also made numerous experiments, a detailed account of most of which will be found in this report. Alter having inquired into the causes, I have made other experiments in regard to prevention and treatment.

The following may be considered as the result of my investigations:

1. DESCEIPTION OP SXVINE-PLAGUE.

The disease, commonly known as quot;hog-choleraquot; to the farmers, but which may, more appropriately, be called swine-plague�a name which I shall use exclusively hereafter�is a disease sui generis, peculiar to swine, is neither cholera nor anthrax; it somewhat resembles the enteric fever, or dothinenteria, of man, but is not identical with the same; is communicated from one animal to another by direct and indirect infec�tion; has usually a subacuto �course; is extremely fatal, especially among young animals; and exempts neither sex, age, nor breed, but seems to prefer, in its attacks, for reasons hereafter to be explained, largo herds, and is always most fatal in such sties, pens, and yards in which many animals are crowded together. Some individual animals seem to have more predisposition to the disease than others. The morbid process, although in all cases essentially the same, is not re�stricted to a single part or organ, or to a set of organs, but can have its scat almost everywhere�in the tissue of the lungs, in the pleura and pericardium, in the heart, in the lymphatic system, in the peritoneum, in all mucous membranes, especially in those of the intestines, in the liver, in the spleen, and even in the skin. Only the pulmonal tissue and the lymphatic glands are invariably affected.

2. THE SYMPTOMS.

The symptoms, although presenting certain characteristics, observed more or less in the aflected animals, vary considerably in different cases, even in one and the same herd, but still more so in different herds, and in different seasons and localities. The causes of these differences will hereafter be fully explained.

To convey a better idea of the features of swine-plague, as presented in the living animal, I shall first give an outline of all the symptoms ob�served in a large number of hogs and pigs, and shall append, in order to show what combinations may occur in an individual animal, a de�scription of the symptoms presented by some of my experimental pigs.

Swiuc-plague announces its presence very often by a cold shivering, lasting from a few minutes to several hours, frequent sneezing, and more or less coughing. The symptoms of shivering and sneezing are gen�erally noticed. At the beginning of the disease the temperature of the body seems to be increased. The thermometer indicated from 104deg; to 100deg; ~F. Still, not much reliance can be placed on the temperature, as indicated by the thermometer. In some cases it was found to be very high�in one case as high as 111⁰ F.�and in others below normal. It avus always more or less variable, and has been found decreasing at the very height of the disease. I have come to the conclusion that in dis�eases of swine thermometry is of a very doubtful practical value.be-

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cause to ascertain the temperature of a Log, that is uot extremely low�er in a dying condition, by introducing a thermometer into the rectum, requires the use of force, because a hog or pig can very seldom be per�suaded to submit to that operation without struggling and without being held; and struggling, according to my observation, increases the tem�perature of such an irritable animal immediately. The general appear�ance of the animal, if correctly analyzed, is of much more diagnostic and prognostic value than the differences of temperature as indicated by the thermometer. In diseases of swine the latter is, at best, a nice and interesting plaything in the hands of the inexperienced.

The first symptoms are usually followed within a short time by a partial, and afterwards by a total loss of appetite; a rough and some�what staring appearance of the coat of hair; a drooping of the ears (characteristic); loss of vivacity; attempts to vomit (in some cases); a tendency to root in the bedding, and to lie down in a dark and quiet corner; a dull look of the eyes, which not seldom become dim and injected; swelling of the head (observed in several cases); erup�tions on the ears and on other parts of the body (quite frequent); bleeding from the nose (in a few cases); swelling of the eyelids, and partial or total blindness (in five or six cases); dizziness or apparent pressure upon the brain; accelerated and frequently laborious breathing; more or less constipation, or, in some cases, diarrhea; a gaunt appearance of the flanks; a pumping motion of the same at each breath; rapid ema�ciation; a vitiated appetite for dung, dirt, and saline substances; in�creased thirst (sometimes); accumulation of mucus in the canthi of the eyes (very often at an early stage of the disease); more or less copi�ous discharges from the nose, amp;c. The peculiar offensive and fetid smell of the exhalations and of the excrements may be considered as characteristic of the disease. This odor is so penetrating as to announce the presence of the disease, especially if the herd of swine is a large one, at a distance of half a mile or even farther, provided the wind is favorable. If the animals are inclined to be costive, the dung is usually grayish or brownish black, and hard; if diarrhea is present the feces are semi-fluid, and of a grayish-green color, and contain, in some cases, an admixture of blood. In a large number of cases the more tender portions of the skin on the lower surface of the body, between the hind legs, behind the ears, and even on the nose and on the neck, exhibit numerous larger or smaller red spots, or (sometimes) a uniform redness (Red Soldier of the English). Toward a fatal termination of the dis�ease this redness changes frequently to purple. A physical exploration of the thorax reveals, if pleuritis is existing, frequently a plain rubbing sound. As the morbid process progresses the movements of the sick animal become weaker and slower; the gait becomes staggering and un�decided ; the steps made are short, as if the animal was unable to ad�vance its legs without pain; sometimes lameness, especially in a hind leg (not very oftraquo;n), and sometimes great weakness in the hind quarters, or partial paralysis (oftener) make their appearance. The head, if the animal is on its legs, seems to be too heavy to be carried, and is kept in a drooping position with the nose almost touching the ground; but as a general rule the diseased animals are usually found lying down in a dark and quiet comer with the nose hid in the bedding. If a fatal ter�mination is .approaching, a very fetid diarrhea (usually one or two days before death) takes the place of the previous costiveness; the voice becomes very peculiar, grows very faint and hoarse; the sick animal manifests a great inditi'erence to its surroundings, and to what is going on; emaciation and general debility increase very fast; the skin (es-

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pecially it' the disease lias beeu of long duration) becomes wrmlded, lianl, dry, iiarcUnieiit-Uke, and very andean; a lt;:oUl claaunv -sweat Wreaks out (observed several times, once as early as foity-eiglit hours before death), and death ensues either under convxdsious (compar�tiyely

raiv); or gradually and without any struggle. A peeuliar symptom, which, liowever, has been observed ouly once, iu a litter of nine pigs, about a week old, at the beginning, or in the first stage of the disease, may here be mentioned. It consisted in a peculiar and constant twitch�ing of all voluntary muscles. All nine pigs died, and I am sorry that I had no opportunity⁷ to make, amjpost mortem examinatiou.

In some cases numerous eruptions (ulcerous nodules) appeared on the tender skin ou the lower surface of the body between the legs and be�hind the ear.quot;, and m a few cases whole pieces of skin (in one ease as large as a man's hand) were destroyed by the morbid process, sloughed off, and left behind a raw, ulcerous surface. In another case, a part of the lower lip, of the gums, and of the lower jaw-bone had nndergone ulcerous destruction.

Wherever pigs or hogs had been ringed, the wounds thus made showed a great tendency to ulcerate. In several cases the morbid process had caused sufficient ideerous destruction to form an opening directly into the nasal cavities large enough to enable the animal to breathe through, instead of through the nostrils, which had become nearly closed by awelling and by exudations and morbid products adhering to their borders.

In those few cases in which the disease has not a fatal termination the symptoms gradually disappear, coughing becomes more frequent and easier; the discharges from the nose, for a day or two, become copious, but soon diminish, and finally cease altogether; appetite returns, and becomes normal; the offensive smell of the excrements disappears; sores or ulcers that may happen to exist show a tendency to heal; the animal becomes more lively, and gains, though slowly, in flesh and strength; but some difficulty of breathing, and a short, somewhat hoarse, hacking cough remains for a long time.

Symptoms of special cases.�Experimental pigs ISos. 5 and G, both of the same litter, and about fifteen weeks old, were fed on the sixth day of September with the stomach, cut In pieces, the csecurn. and the spleen of experimental pig No. 2, which had died the same day.

September 7.�Pig No. 5 coughs a little, but eats well; pig No. 6 has a slight catarrh; some yellow mucus in inner canthus of one eye.

September 8.�Both pigs the same as yesterday.

September 0.�Both pigs have very good appetite.

September 10.�Both pigs seem to be as well as possible: consume all their food greedily.

September 11.�Both pigs apparently healthy; neither one shows any syTnptoms of disease.

September 12.�Both pigs evidently sick; they are tardy in their move�ments; their ears are drooping; their appetite diminished. Pig No. 5 made attempts to vomit.

September 13.�Both pigs, but especially pig No. 5, are very sick; take scarcely any food; show a tendency to hide themselves in a corner; coat of hair looks rough and staring; flanks are thin; accumulatdoh of mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes. No. 6 has discharges from the nose, especially from the right nostril.

September 14.�Pig No. 5, both eyes nearly closed; is weak, though not very; emaciates vapidly; appetite is poor. No. (i has its eyes yet open; otherwise about the same as No. 5.

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Septemhcr 15.�Pig Xo. 5, eyes closed; is very loath to move, and shows plaiu symptoms of pneumonia. Pig No. G, too, shows symptoms of pneumonia, but they are less pronounced; is without appetite, and just as much emaciated as No. 5. The shin of both animals is hard and dry; and their coat of hair rough and staring; their bowels are costive; but little dung is voided. Both animals betray plain indications of pain and suffering; neither one seems to be very thirsty.

September 10.�Pig No. 5 very weak, breathes cue hundred times per minute; its flanks arc working forcibly; slight lameness in left hind leg. Pig No. G is also very weak, hut is yet able to run; passed a large quantity of urine of a bright yellow color. The appetite of both pigs for food is reduced to nothing, but both exhibit a vitiated appetite, and eat each other's dung, or their own, as soon almost as it drops. The skin is very bard to the touch, parchment-like, and seems to stick to the bones. In the evening pig No. o is extremely weak ; is scarcely able to move; its breathing is difficult and distressing. No. G is about the same as in the morning.

September 17.�Pig No. 5 shows symptoms of dropsy in the chest, and breathes with great difficulty, about one bundred times per minute. In the evening the pumping motion of the flanks is increased, but the res�piration is slower�about fifty-six breaths per minute. Pig No. G is a little more lively than No. 5, but also very sick, and has no appetite. Both pigs failed to void any dung from 8 o'clock a. m. to G o'clock p. m.

September 18.�Pig No. 5 exceedingly emaciated, some rattling noise in the respiratory passages. Pig No. G about the same as yesterday.

September 19.�Pig No. 5 emaciated to the utmost, but otherwise ap�parently not worse. Pig No. G shows apparent improvement; is a little livelier than before; has some appetite; consumed one ear of com dur�ing the last twenty-lour bom's. In the evening pig No. 5 breathes with the greatest difficxdty, one hundred and four times per minute. No. G unchanged.

Septemher 20.�Pig No. 5 very sick; breathes with great difficulty. No. G apparently improving

September 21.�Pig No. 5 just alive. Both pigs have been lying nearly all day in one corner of their sty, their noses buried in the bedding. In the evening pig No. 5 is perspiring; sweat cold and clammy.

September 22.�Pig No. � breathes sixty-four times per minute, with jerking motions of the flanks, and so for has been more or less consti�pated, but now has diarrhea; feces grayish-green, semi-fluid, and ex�ceedingly fetid. Pig No. G is less emaciated than No. 5, has no diarrhea, and eats a little. Urine of No. o, examined under the microscope, con�tained innumerable bacillus-germs (microcoeci of Hallier), and a few bacilli suis.* (See drawing I, fig. 1.)

September 23.�Pig No. 5 a mere skeleton, and extremely weak; breathes only forty-eight times per minute. Pig No. G not quite so low; breathes only thirty-six times per minute. In afternoon pig No. 5 too weak to stand on its legs; breathes fifty-two times per minute; is sweat�ing ; the sweat cold and clammy. Seeing that the animal could not possibly live till next morning, and desiring to make the post-mortem, examination before putrefaction should set in, I killed pig No. 5 by bleeding at G o'clock p. m. (As to result of post-mortem oxamimition, see chapter on Morbid Changes.)

September 2-i.�Pig No. G very sick; eats scarcely anything.

*I have chosen the name quot;Vacillus ski'squot; because tlie hacHli, asTvill appear here�after, seem to be peculiar to swine-plague, ami have not been before named as far as I have been able to learn.

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September 25.-�Pig No. G shows slightly increased appetite, ami fully as much, if not more, liveliness than on any day last week. It almost seems as if some real improvement is going on, notwithstanding very serious morbid changes must have taken place.

September 20.�Pig No. C eats some in the morning, but does not seem to care for any food at noon; appears to be a trifle bloated; droops its head, and holds its nose to the ground.

September 27.�Pig No. 0 decidedly worse; breathes seventy-two times per minute; head drooping; nose to the ground; back arched; skin very dry and hard to the touch; no appetite whatever.

September 28.�Pig No. G, which was very low last night, has some�what recuperated, and is moving again; consumed some water, and also a little food.

September 29.�Pig No. G exceedingly emaciated and very weak; breathes thirty-eight times per minute; holds its nose persistently to the ground, and has no appetite whatever^

September 30.�Found pig No. C, at 7 o'clock a. m., lying dead in a corner of its sty. (See chapter on Morbid Changes as to result of post mamp;rtem examination.)

It may be well to add a brief account of the symptoms and the prog�ress of the disease, as observed in experimental pig B, a sow pig, about fourteen weeks old, and of mixed Poland China and Berkshire stock. Pig B was put in pen No. 3, together with pig No. 6, on Sep�tember 24. The same was and remained perfectly healthy until Octo�ber 2, when the first symptoms of disease made their appearance. I find in my diary the foUowing notes:

October 2.�Pig B shows symptoms of sickness; sneezes; has an erup�tion on both ears; is not quite as lively as it used to be; appetite is diminished; curl is out of its tail.

October 3.�Pig B has but little appetite; is decidedly sick. In after�noon shows unmistakable symptoms of sickness; ears are drooping; no appetite; great tendency to lie down in a comer; hides its nose in the bedding.

October 4.�Pig B about the same as yesterday; has eaten a little.

October 5.�Pig B hides its nose in the bedding; has no appetite what�ever ; emaciation has taken place. B, although a week ago a better and heavier pig than C, a full sister, and of the same litter, is now consid�erably lighter.

October 7.�Pig B very sick; still, seems to have a desire to eat, but takes hold of an ear of com so feebly as to make it appear that it has not sufficient strength in the jaws to shell the corn; gave it, therefore, shelled.

October 8.�Pig B very sick; hides in its corner; ears are cold; other parts of the body warm; no appetite; great indiflerence to surround�ings ; emaciation rapid.

October 9.�Pig B about the same as yesterday.

October 10.�Pig B is getting worse; does not eat anything.

October 11.�Pig B found dead in its pen in the morning.

These three cases show that the symptoms vary in different cases, and that those which are constant can scarcely be considered as very characteristic. Still, if the various symptoms presented by an indi�vidual animal are taken as a whole, a diagnostic mistake is scarcely jpossible.

The diagnosis is very easy, especially if swine-plague is known to be prevailing in the neighborhood, or has already made its appearance in the herd, and if the anamnesis, and the foot that many animals are

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attacked at once, or #9632;witliin a short time and in rapid snecessioii,'are taken into consideration. As symptoms of special diagnostic value, scarcely ever absent in any case, may be mentioned the drooping of the ears and of the head; more or less conghing; the dull look of the eyes; the staring appearance of the coat of hair; the partial or total want of appetite for food; the vitiated appetite for excrements; the rapid emaciation; the great debility; the weak and undecided, fre�quently staggering, gait; the great indifference to surroundings; the tendency to lie down in a dark corner, and to hide the nose, or even the whole head in the bedding, and particularly the specific, offensive smell, and the peculiar color of the excrements. This symptom is al�ways present, at least in an advanced stage of the disease, no matter whether constipation or diarrhea is existing. As other characteristic symptoms, though not present in every animal, deserve to be men�tioned: frequent sneezing; bleeding from the nose; swelling of the eyelids; accumulation of mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes; at�tempts to vomit, or real vomiting; accelerated and difficidt breathing; thumping or spasmodic contraction of the abdominal mnscles (flanks) at each breath, and a peculiar, faint and hoarse voice in the last stages of the disease.

3. THE PEOGNOSIS AND TERMINATION.

The prognosis is decidedly unfavorable, but is the more so the younger the animals or the larger the herd. Among pigs less than three months old the mortality may be set down as from 90 to 100 per cent.; among animals from three to six or seven months old the same is from 75 to 90 per cent.; while among older animals that have been well kept and are in good condition, and naturally strong and vigorous, the mortality some�times may not exceed 25 per cent., but may, on an average, reach 40 to 50 per cent. The prognosis is comparatively favorable only in those few cases in which the morbid process is not very violent; in which the seat of the disease is confined to the respiratory organs and to the skin; in which any thumping or pumping motion of the flanks is absent; and in which the patient is, naturally, a strong, vigorous animal, not too young and in a good condition; further, in which but a few, not more than two or three, animals are kept in the same pen or sty, and receive nothing but clean uncontaminated food and pure water for drink�ing, and in which a frequent and thorough cleaning of the sty or pen prevents any consumption of excrements.

The duration of the disease varies according to the violence and the seat of the morbid process, the age and the constitution of the patient, and the treatment and keeping in general. Where the morbid process is violent, where its principal seat is in one of the most vital organs� hi the heart, for instance�where a large number of animals are kept together in one sty or pen, where sties and pens are very dirty, or where the sick animals are very young, the disease frequently becomes fatal in a day or two, and sometimes even within twenty-four hours. On the other hand, where the morbid process is not very violent or extensive, where the heart, for instance, is not seriously affected, and where the patients are naturally strong and vigorous, and well kept in every respect, it usually takes from one to three weeks to cause death. If the termination is not a fatal one, the convalescence, at any rate, re�quires an equal and probably a much longer time. A perfect recovery seldom occurs; in most cases some lasting disorders�morbid changes

26nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

wHcli can be repaired but slowly or not at all�remain bebiiul, anil inter�fere more or less with the growth and fattening of the animal.

From a peoumary standpoint, it makes but little difference to the owner whether a pig aifected with this plagne recovers or dies, because those which do survive usually make very poor returns for the food constuned, unless the attack has been a very mild one.

4. MOEBID CHANGES.

The morbid process, although everywhere essentially the same (see chapter on Contagion, Causes, and Nature of Morbid Process), can have its seat in many different organs or parts of the body, and produces, therefore, a great variety of morbid changes. The disease, in conse�quence, very often presents a somewhat different aspect in different animals. In some cases the principal seat of the morbid process is in one organ or set of organs (organs of respiration and circulation, for instance), and in others in entirely different parts (intestinal canal and organs of digestion, amp;c.) Death, therefore, has very often a different cause in different cases; in some cases it results from a cessation of the functions of the heart, the lungs, amp;c., and in others it is in consequence of the inability of entirely different organs to perform their functions, �of the digestive apparatus, for instance.

But few morbid changes have ever been found entirely absent at any of the flfty-tLree iiost-mortem examinations made since August 2, and may, therefore, be considered as a constant occurrence. All others have been found absent a larger or smaller number of times. These constant morbid changes consist�

1. In a more or less perfect hepatization of a larger or smaller portion of the lungs, or a more or less extensive accumulation of blood, blood-serum and exudation in the pulmonal tissue. In some cases the morbid changes (hepatization) found in the lungs are so extensive as to cause the latter, if thrown into water, to sink like a rock, but in other cases the hepatization is limited to about one-sixth or one-eighth of the whole pulmonal tissue. In some cases, especially those in which the morbid changes -were of a recent origin, no real hepatization, fully developed, had yet been effected; the lungs were merely gorged with exudation or blood-serum; the texture was not yet destroyed or seriously changed, but innumerable small red spots or specks, indicating incipient embolism, were plainly visible to the naked eye. (See photograph, Plate I, half-size lungs, right side of experimental pig No. VII, and photograph, Plate II, enlarged section of same lungs.) In other cases a part of the exudation had changed, organized, or become a part of the tissue, and had caused the latter tobecom? more or less perfectly impermeable to air. lu.some lungs hepatizatioc was found only in certain insulated places, while in others the hepatization extended uninterruptedly over whole portions. In all these cases in which the hepatization was very liini ted, it was found principally in the anterior lobes. In some animals (that is in those which had been sick for some time), old or so-cnlicd gray, more recent or brown, and very new or red hepatization were frequently found side by side, or in more or less distinctly limited patches, showing' plainly that tlie morbid changes had not been produced at once, but at several intervals. In others, usually the upper parts of the same lungs, the exudation or blood-serum bad been recently deposi ted, and was yet iii a iluid condition. The blood-serum, examined under the microscope, invariably contained, be�sides bloclaquo;l-corpuscles, numerous hacilli sins, some moving and some with�out motioti, and innumerable bacillus-germs, of which some had budded,

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DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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bl sea '#9632;.#9632;:'#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ;

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elnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; . , #9632; �

fifty .#9632; #9632; ; ^

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#9632; . ' #9632; #9632; #9632;

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.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;

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, #9632; . .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; pii,Plate]

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I'l.-.lr 1.

Il.ill sr/.r igt;l'n-ilii linivS quot;I i'.\|gt;fniM(iiliil pig Xo.VII

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;27

some \rere budding, and otliors Lad conglomerated. (See drawing II, figs. 3 and 4, and drawing III, fig. 1.)

3. The lymphatic and mesenteric glands were found invariably more or less enlarged. In some cases they presented even a brownish or blackish color, and contained not only deleterious matter, but even effu�sions of blood in sufficient quantities to push aside the normal glandular tissue. Whether neoplastic formations (a proliferous growth of cells) had taken place I have not ascertained, but have not the least doubt that it had. Under the microscope, particles of lymph and glandular substance, taken from the interior of the lymphatio gland, presented, besides normal tissue and lymph-corpuscles, a few blood-corpuscles, some granular detritus, and innumerable hacilli and bacillus-germs. (See drawings III and IV, figs. 5 and 3.) As lymphatic glands always most consincuously enlarged and morbidly changed, may be mentioned the superficial and deep inguinal and the axillary glands, the bronchial and mediastinum glands in the chest, and the mesenteric, gastric, gastro-epiploic, and hepatic glands in the abdominal cavity.

3.nbsp; The trachea and the bronchial tubes contained in all cases more or less of a frothy mucus�in some cases the bronchial tubes were full of it�which consisted, examined under the microscope, of broken-down epithelium-cells, and contained a large number of bacillus-germs and hacilU. (See drawing III, fig. 2.) The mucous membrane of the trachea and of the bronchial tubes appeared to be congested, and more or less swelled in every case.

4.nbsp; The pnlmonal and costal pleura, the mediastinum, and the pericar�dium presented almost invariably some morbid changes; only in a few cases no visible morbid changes could be found. In some animals those membranes appeared to be smooth, but either the thoracic cavity or tlie pericarditun, usually both, contained a smaller or larger quantity (from one ounce to one pint or more) of straw-colored serum. In a great many cases one or more, and sometimes all, of those membranes were coated to some extent with plastic exudation. In several oases a more or less firm adhesion between costal and pnlmonal pleura and mediasti�num, between pnlmonal pleura and diaphragm, or between pvdmonal pleura and pericardium, had been effected. In a few cases the whole surface of the lungs appeared more or less firmly united with the walls of the thorax. In one case the Avhole external surface of the heart was firmly, and in another one partially, coalesced with the inner surface of the pericardium. The pig (a fine animal about lour months old), in which the pericardnun adhered with its whole interior surface firmly and inseparably to the external surface of the heart, had severe convulsions during life. It was killed in my presence by a professional butcher, who stuck it in the usual way and severed the trunk of the carotides; only a few drops of blood issued, but the pig died immediately. The other morbid changes consisted in hepatization in the lungs, enlargement of the lymphatic glands, and the presence of large and numerous mor�bid growths in the crecuin and colon.

5.nbsp; In nearly every animal the heart itself has been found more or loss affected in one way or another. In some animals it was flabby and dilated, but in most cases it was more or less congested. The capillary vessels, especially of the auricles, were, in a large number of cases, gorged with blood to si:ch an extent as to give them a brownish-black appearance, almost similar to gangrene. On closer inspection, however, it could be seen very plainly that the brownish-black color was caused exclusively by an accumutatiou of blood in the capillary vessels.

�. In forty-eight cases out of fifty-three, characteristic morbid changes

28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

have been found in the caecum and colon. The same consist in peculiar morbid growths or ulcerous tumors on the mucous membrane of those intestines. Tbey are of vaxions sizes, nearly round or (sometimes) ir�regular in shape, more or less elevated above the surface of the mucous membrane, and frequently, especially the older and larger ones, dark-pigmented on their surface. Their size varies from that of a pin's head (incipient tumors or nodules) to that of a quarter of a dollar. The smaller ones are usually of an ocher color, and but slightly projecting above the surface of the mucous membrane (see photograph, Plate III), but the larger ones are of a grayish-black-brown (see photograph, Plate IV,) or blackish color: project considerably above the surface of the membrane, in some cases fully half an inch; have usually a slight con�cavity in the center, and frequently a plain neck or thick pedicle. (See photographs. Plates V, VI, and YII.) Under the microscope these mor�bid growths or excrescences appear to be composed, on their surface, of a granular detritus and morbid epithehum cells, and contain innu�merable bacilli suis, some of which have a very rapid motion. (See drawing V, quot;fig. 1.) The stroma of these morbid growths consists mainly of a dense connective tissue. In some cases these morbid growths, es�pecially the smaller ones, or those of a recent origin (see photograph, Plate III), are situated merely on the surface of the mucous membrane, and are easily scraped off with the back of the scalpel. Thus removed they leave behind an uneven, excoriated surface, not dissimilar to gran�ulation. The older and larger tumors, however, extend deeper into the membranes of the intestine; they usually penetrate the mucous mem�brane, and extenel into the muscular coat, and even penetrate the latter, and extend into the external or serous membrane. In some cases all three membranes of the csecum or colon have been found degenerated and destroyed beneath such a morbid growth, so as to show perforation on the removal of the latter. The immediate surrounding of such a deep-seated degeneration presented some, but not very much, inflamma�tion. These morbid growths, usually, were found most developed near the ileo-cnecal valve in the csecum, but also in larger or smaller numbers, and of various sizes, large and small, in all parts of the ctecum and colon.

7.nbsp; The same, or very similar morbid growths, occurred also, though not so often, in other intestines. In one case (experimental pig No. VII) a diffuse, decaying morbid growth coated the whole interior sur�face of the jejunum for a length of several feet. Examined under the microscope it was found to consist of broken-down epithelium cells and a granular detritus, and contained numerous bacilli and bacillus-germs. (See drawing VI, fig. 1.)

In another case one ulcerous tumor was found on the mucous mem�brane of the gall-bladder. In three cases the same, or at least very similar morbid changes, presented themselves on the mucous membrane of the stomach. (See photograph, Plate VIII.) In a few cases some ulcerous tumors were found in the duodenum, and in one case even in the right hom of the uterus. In a few cases similar morbid changes� small, knotty, tubercle-like, yellowish, or ocher-colored excrescences of the size of a small pea�were found on the surface of the spleen. In one case similar small excrescences were also found on the external sur�face of the vena cava posterior. In two cases the liver was found to be degenerated by an liypertrophic condition of the connective tissue, a morbid change which may or may not constitute a product of the mor�bid process of swiue-plague.

8.nbsp; Morbid changes in the, serous membranes of the abdominal cavity.

SWINE FEVER.

Kepoii C'onunissioner of Agncultwc for 1878.

Plale 11.

�

28nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

have been found in the ctecum and colon. Tlie same consist in peculiar morbid growths or ulcerous tumors on the mucous membrane of those intestines. They are of various sizes, nearly round or (sometimes) ir�regular in '�¹quot;quot;^ irgt;quot;ro fvr lAj�fj elevated above the surface of the mucous membrane, and En tuen ly.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;illy u ildeinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Isa �amp; ones, d rk-

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(incip:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ties) to tL

smallerones arnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; m ocher color, and

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of a j. : #9632; ^ :nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; . tielimn cells, am

mera e 6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tis, some of whilaquo; tave a ri #9632; rapid ootion [See

draw i i ftg.l.) Th* strom ofthesi morbid growths consist; of a dens inelt; bissue. Ed sod i sas 5 �fliese morbid growth pecia fch( smalllaquo; ones, ornbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; of a recent origi -�ⁱnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ^^ph,

Plat( ^: i #9632; .1 � ... latednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; onthe sxu fece #9632;^:;' thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� mbrane,

and: isily scraped oi #9632; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; en

they U. beinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;;#9632; raquo;riated sttrfanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. graa

ulati .. Theolde) andlanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; imors, iio

mem^: . #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; estine; they usually penetratlaquo;

brannbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;then iiscul 1 #9632;;,., and 1 ' en pe el tetiw

and extea ito i- emal 01 serous membrane. In son - ease��ll threlaquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;amorcolon havel afoi Ld^enera

andnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

on t: #9632;#9632; m 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;latter. Hknbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, . of such a

deep #9632; sddej #9632;;�#9632; 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;p 1 entnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;oa

tion.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; growths, usually, wejnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; aost svelraquo; laquo;d 1

the: . .#9632;�#9632;.#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;b)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 trambers,

and -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;is sizes, large and small,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;raquo;f th( ca � m :#9632;� I

colo

7.nbsp; nbsp; ' : am^, 01 ery simUai norbid gro'laquo; ^: -. 0 -- #9632; alslaquo; #9632;'.#9632; iij h not 10 #9632; ten, in otb Intestinesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; one ca gt; .- srira n I pig No. VII' ; #9632; . , ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;coal t ; lie #9632;. hole interioj i fece junum for Iio #9632; � #9632;' feet.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i anlaquo; #9632; u miC'- #9632; #9632; bund to consist of broken-do a epithlaquo; m

a g]: ; dar letritus, and 1 mtained numerous /ic'f^gt;;''f an #9632; 1 #9632; � ; (Selt;

L anoth case oho ul bra e of tlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; En 1 ee cases thlaquo;

sim I ac id changes, in-esented the of #9632;'#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . #9632; . iph, Plat VIII.) En a i

ulo ro tqmors 1 found innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; in 0

thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; f the iteinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 1 afewcaslaquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; cha es�

smj U, knott; ilnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; owlsh, or 01nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; sences of

the #9632;; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;In

fac -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ras found to be

dej �#9632; . #9632; #9632;#9632; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; condi 1 of the

mc.' bicnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�

8.nbsp; 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; langes in tlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;of theal ion #9632; #9632; .

SWINE KKVKH.

Kepojn Comimssioner of AAacidtitrr Cor 1878

Plate 11.

EnlargeflSHctionof ri�lil lims'orcxpenrmieiila] |gt;l^ XoA'II

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 29

lu some cases tlie peritoneum and the serous membranes of the intes�tines appeared to be perfectly smooth, but a larger or smaller quantity of straw-colored serum, from two ounces to one quart or more, was found in the abdominal cavity. In others, adhesions between the intestines and the peritoneum, between the intestines themselves, or with other organs, had been effected. More or less coalescence between caecum and colon, between caecum and ilium, or between the convolutes of the colon, sometimes not separable except by means of the knife, presented itself in almost every case, in which the ulcerous tumors or morbid growths in the C�ecum and colon were extensive, large, and sufficiently deep-seated to affect the serous membrane.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

9.nbsp; The contents of the gall-bladder in a large number of cases were found to consist of a semi-solul, granular, and dirty brownish-colored substance. In most of those cases, however, the ductus choledochus appeared to be thickened, and its membranes swelled; and so it may be that the semi-solid condition of the bile was due, to some extent, to the partially or totally obstructed passage.

10.nbsp; In one case a morbid enlargement or hypertrophy of the pancreas presented itself, and slight changes (congestion) were found in a few cases in the kidneys.

11.nbsp; Morbid changes, similar in every respect to those occurring on the mucous membrane of the caecum and colon, presented themselves in two cases on the conjunctiva, or mucous membrane of the eye. But as the conjunctiva is exposed more or less to the influence of the atmosphere, the morbid growth was not projecting in the same way as in the caecum and colon above the surface of the membrane; the decay was more com�plete, and, perhaps, more rapid, so that instead of an excessive growth loss of tissue could be noticed. In both cases the eyes themselves appeared congested, and the animals seemed to be perfectly blind.

12.nbsp; In one case the gums of the lower jaw presented similar changes, but in these, too, considerable loss of tissue had taken place. The mor�bid process extended into the lower jaw-bone, and enough of it had been decayed and destroyed to expose the roots of the incisors, and to cause some of them to drop out.

13.nbsp; Morbid changes, ulceration, and decay have been observed twice in one of the spermatic chords of pigs which had been castrated a short time before the disease was contracted. In both pigs an abscess was found in the scrotum, the only instance in which real matter or pus was observed.

14.nbsp; In nearly all those hogs and pigs which had been ringed to pre�vent them from rooting, the parts thus wounded presented more or less decay, in about a dozen cases to such an extent as to cause a formation of large holes directly from the superior surface of the nose into the nasal cavities. These holes presented very ragged or corroded borders, coated with a dirty-yellowish detritus, and were, in several instances, suffi�ciently large to enable the animals to breathe through, instead of through the nostrils.

15.nbsp; Morbid changes in the skin, but of a different character, were found to be of irequent occurrence. In three or four cases numerous small morbid growths (eruptions) extending but slightly into the cutis, but causing a complete degeneration of the epidermis, and leaving be�hind, if removed, an uneven, raw, or excoriated surface, in appearance not unlike granulation, were found on the comparatively iine skin on the lower surface of the body, between the legs and behind the ears. In two other cases whole pieces of degenerated and decayed skin had sloughed off and fallen out. The corroded borders and the bottom of

30nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

the ulcers, tlius produced, were coated with a dirty-yellowish looking granular detritus.

In a great many cases, that is, in nearly half of the whole number examined, red or purple spots and patches, and even continuous or con�fluent redness, of a purple hue, presented themselves in the skin on the lower surlace of the body, between the legs, behind the ears, amp;c. At the autopsy the slcin and the subcutaneous tissue appeared to be congested, the capillary vessels were gorged with blood, and more or less exuda�tion and small extravasations of blood were found to have taken place. In one case a large piece of skin on the lower surface of the body'was mortified.

IG. In two cases quite extensive extravasations of blood presented themselves in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.

17.nbsp; The blood presented some quantitative and qualitative changes in every case. Its quantity appeared to be diminished in every ammal, in some cases to such an extent that not more than, say, four or live ounces could have been collected if the animal had been killed by bleed�ing. Still, the actual want of blood was never as great as it appeared to be, because a considerable quantity was locked up in tbe tissues, especially in the longs, and had become stagnant in the capillary ves�sels. The blood was dark-colored in all cases in which death had been cansed by extensive morbid changes in the lungs, or in which, on ac�count of those changes, respiration had been very imperfect; but it presented a normal color, and was perhaps a little lighter colored and thinner or more watery than in a healthy hog, in all cases in which death had been caused by other morbid changes, or in which the affec�tion of the lungs was comparatively unimportant. It invariably coag�ulated as soon as it became exposed to the influence of the atmosphere, to a loose and spongy clot, containing a considerable quantity of serum. Hence, it must be supposed that it was rich in iibrinogen, but probably poor in fibrin, a condition due, unquestionably, to the fact that during the disease the process of waste had been largely in excess of that of repair.

Under the microscope the blood-corpuscles of fresh blood appeared sometimes nearly all normal or round, and sometimes more or less angu�lar and star-shaped, but after a while they all became more or less an�gular and of au irregular shape, and showed more or less tendency to congregate in rows and clusters. The fresh blood contained numerous bacillus-germs, many of them simple, small, round bodies, some in pro�cess of budding, others budded or double, and still others congregated into, apparently, viscous clusters. (See drawing II, fig. 1; drawing IV, fig. 4; drawing Vll, figs. 1 and 4; drawings VIII, IX, and X, fig. 1.) In a few cases fully developed hacUli suis were found in the fresh blood, but they were, comparatively, few in number. In blood which had been kept twenty-four horns or longer in well-closed vials, bacilli were always more numerous, and sometimes were found in large numbers. As soon, however, as piitrefaction or decomposition had set in, the bacilli disap�peared. quot;WMte blood-corpuscles, a few in number, were found only in three or four cases.

18.nbsp; A microscopic examination of the blood-serum or exudations, deposited in the pulmonal tissue, invariably revealed, besides some angular red Wood-corpuscles, an immense number of haeilli suis, and of bacillus-gcrnis in all stages of development, single, budding, budded, or double, and congregated into clusters. (See drawing III, fig. 1, and drawing 11, figs. 3 and 1.)

That every one of these morbid changes does not occur in one and the

swi x v: yvix'i: u

Kepurl ( ummissioiier oC Aym ullm-i- I'oilS/K

PL.tr 11!

#9632;

*;#9632; ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I.

#9632; Jr

.#9632;#9632;''#9632;'� t

#9632;

#9632;

#9632;

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' #9632;

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

the ulcers, thus produced, were coated with a dirty-yellowisli looking granule letrii is.

Id exa

low.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' ,

aut

#9632;

the #9632;. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , ororge;! with bl

tior

In (

mo)

16.nbsp; In 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:#9632;,#9632;#9632;'

#9632;

the: nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tbrane of the stoma

17.nbsp; The 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -., .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . ,, .

eve .

insomenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tich₍an trit thainbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ore 1

ournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;

ingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i #9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;:.�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ,. ., .^

espnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�-. . h

self

car

connbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;piration

prenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I t

thLnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;tai in a hdnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; : -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;LI cases in i

de�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lier morbid changes, or in wMch the i

tio:.: 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;: ; . '#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; -,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ibly coa

ulated as sonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; exposed to

He -

poolnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; w

the

re]

I' #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^ #9632;#9632;#9632;-., �

soi,

larnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

gu #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt; � #9632;

CO!nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

ha- I

mi . fig-In

#9632;

ke^ I ; m( ; ho pe th

IS. A ;#9632;#9632;#9632;:, denbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

an #9632;

banbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, ., ,

or di

SWINK KKVKK

Kepurl Commissioner uC Ayrn nil me ror 1878

IMalc 111

\|l,.,l,S-l.l|.llllll.H.lSl|, laquo;laquo;hiiiun-.'

ric(^vrlt;ius hiini)i-soii imikoiis iiiciiilir.-UH'oi' inlfslnics

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31

same animal, and that sometimes some and sometimes others are more developed and constitute the immediate cause of death, has already been indicated, and does not need any further explanation. To convey, however, a clearer idea of the morbid features and changes presented after death, I will copy from my notes the result of the post-mortem examinations of a few of my experimental pigs. Of pigs ifos. 5 and 0 the symptoms, observed during life, have already been noted.

Fost-mortcm examination of pig No. 5.�On opening the chest, the ribs, usually tough in a young animal, broke very easily, and seemed to be deiicient in organic substances. No serum in the chest; pulmonal pleura rough, partially coated with plastic exudation; lower half of both lobes of lungs hepaitizecl; no serum in the pericardium, but apex of heart firmly coalesced witli the inner surface of the pericardium; thick, white, and frothy mucus, but no strongili paradoxi in trachea and brouchial tubes. Caicura and colon firmly agglutinated to each other with their external surfaces; adhesion separable only by means of the knife. Nu�merous largo and small ulcerous tumors or morbid growths in both caecum and colon. (See photograph, Plate V, which shows the cajenm, and Plate VI, which shows the colon, natural size �f pig No. 5.) Lym�phatic and mesenteric glands enlarged. Ulcerous decay in mucous membrane of the stomach. (See photograph, Plate VIII, which presents the interior surlace of the stomach of pig No. 5, natural size.) Besides those essential changes mentioned, one large ncmatoid was found in the ductus choledochus, extending from the duodenum through the chole-dochus and the gall-bladder into an hepatic duct. Another worm of the same kind was found in the crecum.

Autopsy of pig So. G.�An abscess in right side of the scrotum, about seven-eigliths of an inch in diameter, and connected with ulcera-tion in right spermatic chord. Inguinal and axillary lymphatic glands considerably enlarged. One-fourth of right and one-fifth of left lobe of lungs hepatized; the rest gorged with blood-sernm or exudation. CsBCum and colon agglutinated to each other; ctecum also adhering to peritoneum. Mesenteric glands very much enlarged; right spermatic chord ulcerated. (Pig had been castrated a few weeks before it con�tracted the disease.) Extensive morbid growth, in process of decay, in caicum, and also a large number in colon. Some exudatiou on lower surface of spleen, ulcerous decay in mucous membrane of anterior portion of stomach, and wine-colored infiltration and extravasations of blood in mucous membrane of pyloric portion of same intestine.

Autopsy of pig JB.�Some redness between hind legs and on lower sm¹-face of the body; greenish mucus oozing from the nose; axillary and iugninal glands very much enlarged; ribs deficient in organic substances, at any rate very brittle; both lungs spotted all over, indicating plainly capillary embolism in early stage of development; hepatization limited, just commencing; lymphatic glands in chest very much enlarged; the heart, biit especially the auricles, very much congested; auricles almost black; small quantity of straw-colored serum (not exceeding two ounces) in thoracic cavity, and still less in pericardium. In the abdominal cav�ity mucous membrane of anterior part of stomach wine-colored; some diffuse morbid growth, in process of decay, in posterior (pyloric) portion of same membrane. No food whatever in stomach and intestines; bile thickened, semi-solid; no l�ceration nor any morbid growth whatever in cieeum, colon, or any other intestine.

Jiesidts of post-mortem evaminatlon of experimental pig Xo. VI.�Decay�ing blotches or nodules of the size of a five-cent piece and smaller on skin of lower surface of body and between the legs; right spermatic

32nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

chord ulcerated, and an abscess the size of a hen's egg in right side of scrotum. Internally all lymphatic and mesenterie glands enlarged; anterior portion of both lungs everywhere, with their whole external surface, and posterior portion at some places adheriug (coalesced) to the costal pleura; numerous smaller and larger embolic tubercles, present�ing the appearance of incipient abscesses, in anterior portion of both lobes of the lungs, but more numerous and more developed in right lobe than in the left; remainder�posterior parts of both lobes�gorged �with exudation; small quantity of stravr-colored serum in the chest and in the pericardium. In abdominal cavity, liver rather hard (sclerotic), its connective tissue apparently hypertrophied. One small tape-quot;worm, not over one and a half inches long, in jejunum, and numerous small, incip�ient morbid growths or ocher-colored decaying nodules in csecum. (See photograph, Plate III.) No other morbid changes.

Besides these numerous morbid changes, -which must be looked upon as products of the morbid process of swine-plague, some species of en-tozoa, a few of which have already been mentioned, have occasionally been met with; but as their presence is merely accidental, that is, has nothing whatever to do with the disease in question, a brief mention of this occurrence will be sufficient. Strongilm paradoxus has been found in small numbers in the bronchial tubes of a few pigs in one herd only� Mr. Bassett's. Trichoceplialus crenatus (whip-worm) has been found in small numbers in the bhnd end of the caecum of four animals, belonging to two different herds. A small tape-worm was once found in the jejunum, as has been stated, and a few other entozoa (nematoids) were found in four or five instances in the choledochus, gall-bladder, and hepatic ducts (in one case as many as twelve worms), and twice in other intestines.

What I have so far related was comparatively easily ascertained. Nu�merous examinations of diseased animals, frequentvisits to affected herds, and fifty-three j)ost-mortem examinations revealed the facts, and all that was necessary was to observe and take notes. But the principal object of the investigation was to devise means to prevent the immense losses caused every year by that most fatal disease, swine-plague. (I have adopted that name, because the disease, if anything, is a real plague; and the name is sufficiently comprehensive to cover the whole morbid process, and so simple that I have no doubt it will soon supercede, even among farmers, that very improper name of hog cholera.)

To devise such means, a more reliable basis than a mere knowledge of the various features of the disease had to be gained. The real nature of the morbid process, and the true cause or causes, had to be ascertained. Above all, it had to be decided as to whether swine-plague is a con�tagious disease or not; and if contagious, the means by which the contagion is conveyed from one place and irom one animal to another; the manner in which it enters the animal organism, and, if possible, the nature of the same. This could not be done by simply visiting diseased herds and examining sick and dead animals; it was necessary to make experiments and to observe and to record the results. This I have done, and before I proceed any further it may be best to give, first, a condensed account of the experiments which I have made for the purpose of settling those points, so as to give others an opportu�nity to form an opinion as to the correctness of the conclusions I have arrived at. I will mention again, that in making those experiments, in noting the results, and in making the necessary and very numerous microscopical examinations, I have been ably assisted by my friends, Dr. F. W. Prentice and Prof. T. J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University. I commenced those experiments after I had gained con-

SWINE KKVKH

tlepori Couunissioner of Agi-iculture for 1878.

Plate IV.

#9632;#9632; i. -

#9632;-#9632;gt; t

#9632; #9632;

~ ^s

.. X #9632;-.. i

, #9632;#9632;... . *

:gt;#9632;

:.**-

'^ y.'.-^v

¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� #9632; #9632; .

32nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

chord ulcerated, and an abscess the size of a lien's egg in riglit side of scrotum. Internally all lymphatic and mesenteric glands enlarged; anterior portion of both lungs everywhere, with their whole external surface, and posteiior portion ^o* ^otquot;⁰ pla^jea adhering (coalesced) to the jo tal pleura; tnunerous smaller ai larj #9632; aboli I tbercl present-qj #9632; �, raquo;i , . anclt; oi i cipi* i il a si in - ' er oj ortii i of both lobei fth( angs,butino] uumeirous ad : #9632; �! #9632; slopedb dghtlobe ai] ':#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; #9632; lainde] posi ' , lt;sa ts oi thl( bi ^: rj ^; #9632;#9632;#9632;�^: I

#9632; ' quam #9632;. of sti'aw- solorenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;m in e ch �t and in

ericaidium #9632; bd dnaJ -i- ity, liverral Im #9632; lia] I ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , :

isu par gt;#9632; i ;'pertropb^. I gt; aalltape- i #9632;. adahaJnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ag, in jejunum, and uune] #9632; aall, in ^;])-

' #9632; Qorbid growl ornbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lored #9632;;. lying noduLnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; eoun ^riee

phot L-aph, Plate 1 [.) '#9632;'#9632; i � #9632;#9632; inlt; rbid hang #9632;-

,:#9632; -.-gt;.. aumeroui k bid changes, svhii i lustbc loked ipoi aa pn ducts of the i or dd #9632; #9632;#9632; -#9632; of swinlt; plague m ecies of en-^: oi a � o ' wh eh h ive d sadj b* en m( i tun ed tu e sca^ ton gt;, bi ' #9632; ^;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � their pre ace #9632; merinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ai J #9632; l!^i: is, has

_,..!.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;t do wil he disea ;e in.questnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; #9632; �onof

rhi- ......lt; be sufficient. Stronffilus -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;teen foimd

in sn ^: aun be ithebro �Mai tubes of;raquo; fi �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I only�

la setfs. Trii loo, us ore tattti (whi i liasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;iicad in

si #9632;' au ah raquo;inthehnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ad gt;f I Le seci mof t #9632;#9632; #9632; lin i - beloi i

io two different herlt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;small tapraquo; #9632;� ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; onlaquo; and in the

ai . - .!#9632;: bee tti d and a ftw othlt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; .

found in fournbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;insl mces in the choledo bnnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^bladder, and

lepa cducts(in ineca� asmanj as twlt; ^rewonns tnd twice in other intestines.

\ hatlhavelaquo; i Eai related was con iarnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; dj asnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i !Nu-

terou bin bion Vliseasedanh) --..'lt;lt;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tstonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; herds,

and fiftj i: n ost im r m � sa minatwnsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;th( 8, anlt;

#9632; , .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. as �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ml itifct. 3 ot( � Binbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;'.:'.

i. ,#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;gt; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... #9632; i inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; esses

camnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�� #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;most fatal disea �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i C ha

� �#9632; ae ' #9632; #9632; te dis sas , if anylnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; sal plagn

is sttffinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ; omprehensh to c #9632; #9632; I i whole naorbid

roclaquo; . andnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...;#9632; 1 [hav^ren� doi itwi] gt;on petlt; #9632;lt;�� , .; ,

an #9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;: ai srs :^:' I ery im] rop c namlt; of bogdio

To lt;;' ^: #9632; #9632; #9632;. inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; as, a] ioi reli tbllaquo; b si s thai lcj e ^: ao rli dge

if thlt; aaious fei i of the disease ]nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^: #9632; eai #9632;.^,- I

ofthemnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; idthlaquo; fcru aseon e8,halaquo;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i icerl -

#9632; ^; �#9632; all, j ;; � ibe ecid �#9632;! as to whetnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; | ?n is i m-

''�#9632;#9632;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ' aid if i itagious, 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; earn ly wMc

a #9632; #9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ad irom one ani #9632; �

enters the ani........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;possil

aturi #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;; Di| . This could ] ot ie dom Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.#9632;.#9632;�#9632; : ,,

disease L herds andraquo; aaining sickaa #9632; La :.^:lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;aecessi

te and i obse e and ceconbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Phi!

md b i ' proceed any far #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;laquo;stto{ re

snsed ecount ot the #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;iminbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 11 ha ,,#9632; #9632;#9632;'#9632; for

the imu #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ittlhnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �#9632; poiu , s ;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; bhers an opporti

pinion a gt;thelt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;mi lusion I ,.#9632;

. a #9632; [ualnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lie nece try amnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; am

liave been ably assisted by iny

tuiill, of the lllinoitnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; (trial

�niversitnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; sperimeuts after I had g I con

SWINE FKVKH.

Eteporl Commissioner of Agriculture for 1878.

Plate IV.

\ll..,-.i.'H..l.ill,..-....sl,. BalUnnn'

Clcerous tumors on mucoiis menihrane of intestiTies. pro)laquo;-'laquo; (1115 aboNre surfetce.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;33

mderable informatiou as to tlie various features of the disease during life and after death, and as to the conditions and surroundings under which the same makes its appearance. The first series of experiments has been made for the purpose of settling the question as to the con�tagiousness or non-contagiousness of Swine-Plague. This was the more necessary from the fact that those who had suffered severe losses were decidedly divided on that question.

FIRST SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS.

After encountering considerable difiamp;culty in flndingindubitably healthy pigs, belonging to a perfectly healthy herd, which had never been in con�tact with diseased animals, I succeeded finally, on the 20th of August, in buying of Mr. Harris, south of Champaign, three Berkshire sow pigs about three and a half months old, perfectly healthy, and without any lesions whatever. I designated them as pigs Kos. 1, 2, and 3. Dr. Prentice, at the same time, had the kindness of placing at my disposi�tion two box-stalls in his veterinary hospital, a new building which had never been entered by any hog or pig. About one hundred and fifty yards east of the veterinary hospital building, on a piece of ground never trodden by hogs, as far as known, I biult of new lumber a pen eight feet square. This pen I designated pen No. 1, and the box-stalls, which are twelve feet square, as pens Nos. 2 and 3 respectively. Pig Ko. 1 was put in pen No. 1, and pigs Nos. 2 and 3 together in pen No. 2.

It may be well to state here that pen No. 1 having no floor, but restquot;-ing on the ground, was moved to another place (each time its own width) every other day, usually at noon, in order to preserve cleanliness, and pens Nos. 2 and 3 were cleaned and swept once a day, except where stated otherwise in the following pages. The food of all experimental pigs was the same, and consisted of corn in the ear, and occasionally a little green clover and purslane at noon or in the evening. The water for drinking was drawn three times a day from a well.

1. Account of pig No. 1.�On August 211 procured from Mr. Bassett, four miles north of Champaign, a diseased Chester white pig, four months old (pig No. 4), which I put with pig No. 1 in pen No. 1. This diseased pig which arrived at 10.30 o'clock, a. m., exhibited plain and unmis�takable symptoms of swine-plague; its temperature was 100p P., and its skin, on lower surface of the body, between the legs, amp;c., was con�siderably reddened. The temperature of pig No. 1, which objected to being examined and struggled hard, was 104^deg; P.

August 22.�Pig No. 1 all right; has vigorous appetite. Pig No. 4 at 8 o'clock a. m. very sick; has a peculiar, short, abrupt cough; at 1 o'clock, p. m., dead.

Post-mortem examination.�Capillary redness in the skin on lower sur�face of body and between the legs; considerable enlargement of lym�phatic glands; more than two-thirds of the lungs hepatized and gorged with blood-serum; some straw-colored serum in thoracic cavity and pericardium; and morbid growths in process of decay (ulcerous tumors), in caecum and colon.

Eeceived at 1 o'clock, p. m., three more pigs, each about three months old (cross of Berkshire and scrub), of Mr. Schumacher, a butcher in Champaign, who had bought the same of a farmer ten miles southeast of Champaign. I designated the same as pigs Nos. 5, 0, and 7. Pigs Nos. 5 and 0 appeared to be perfectly healthy, and were put together in pen No. 3. Pig No. 7 was apparently indisposed; it had been trans�ported ten miles, crowded together with twenty others, most of them 3sw

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS,

larger and older, and exposed for several hours to tlie burning rays of the sun, in an open farm-wagon on a very hot day. It was panting for breath, and showed symptoms of congestion of the lungs. It was put in pen Scopy;i 1 with pig Jfo. 1, before dead pig No. 4 had been removed.

August 23.�Pig'lNb. 1 perfectly healthly. Pig No. 7 very sick; breathes ninety-two times per minute; shows plain symptoms of pleu-rites; has no appetite, but is attentive and moves quickly Avhen dis�turbed. It died at 8 o'clock p. m. Post-mortem examination revealed plecudtes and pericarditis; the whole surface of the lungs was loosely agglutinated to costal pleura, and the substance of the same was gorged with exudation, ^o other morii� changes whatever. Whether this was a case of swine-plague or not, I leave to my readers to decide for them�selves. I am decidedly of tlie opinion it was not, because none of the other twenty pigs, except Nos. 5 and C (see account of them) have, up to date, contracted the disease, as I have learned from a reliable source. It is true two other pigs of the same lot showed some indisposition on the 24th, 25th, and 2Gth days of August, but were all right again the next day, and are healthy yet.

August 24.�Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy; vigorous appetite.

August 25.�No change.

August 26.�No change.

August 27.�No change.

August 28.�Weather very hot and sultry; in afternoon severe thun�der-storm and rain, which effected a sudden cooling of the atmosphere. Pig No. 1 in perfect health.

August 29.�Pig No. 1 coughed once; being exposed in an open pen to the changes of weather and temperature, it has possibly taken cold.

August 30.�Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy; is very lively, and has vigor�ous appetite.

August 31.�The same.

Septemher 1.�The same.

September 2.�The same.

Septemher 3.�The same.

Septemher 4.�The same. At 6.30 o'clock, p. m., diseased experi�mental pig No. 2 (see account of the same further down) was put in pen No. 1 with pig No. 1.

Septemher 5.�Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy. Pig No. 2 eats nothing; shows plain symptoms of pneumonia.

Septemher 6,�Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy. Pig No. 2 died at 0 o'clock, p. m. (Fov post-mortem examination, which was made immediately, see account of pig No. 2.)

Septemher 7.�Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy, and has remained so up to date. Has always lirst-rate appetite, has never refused a meal, and is to-day a strong, vigorous, and thriving pig. (Made use of the same for another experiment on November 13.)

2. Account of pigs JSTos. 2 and 3.�August 21.�Both pigs are perfectly healthy; have good appetite, and are active and lively.

August 22.�Both pigs perfectly healthy. Inoculated both in right ear at 1.30 o'clock, p. in., with blood-serum from, the lungs of pig No. 4, which had died at 1 o'clock, p. m. The operation was performed by means of a small inoculation-needle, made for the purpose of inocu�lating sheep with the virus of sheeppox. Each pig received two slight punctures on the external surface of the ear; the serum inoculated was less than one-fourth of a drop per animal. The blood-serum used was of a faint reddish color, and almost limpid. Examined under the

SWIISTE FKVER.

Plate V:

#9632;. #9632;

#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632; #9632;; #9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;.#9632;

#9632;

.' .. #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.#9632;#9632;�.#9632;#9632;

34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWI�TE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

larquot;------3 old^r ⁿquot;^A expoeecl ftanseveral hours to the bumiug rays of

thequot; bres inr)

J #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' ^v-

bres

rite ; #9632; #9632; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..�,.#9632;,,#9632;#9632;,.

turl

plei #9632; - #9632;

agi

wit a c

#9632;,,,#9632;.,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,#9632;#9632;:,��.�#9632;

#9632; . : #9632; #9632; � , #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� ' #9632; -. #9632;#9632;#9632; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; : #9632; ' :

#9632; : #9632; #9632; 'i not, 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;#9632; ' #9632; -#9632;:#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ivem-

sel otb to It-th( ne;

. . � .

.#9632;#9632;#9632;-:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; Ivaage

. , .. #9632;

denbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

,#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; | onlaquo; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632;

to #9632; � ' '

:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' #9632; #9632;#9632;'#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;;:#9632;'�#9632;#9632;'#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; #9632; ^:

. ,�#9632;#9632; mnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'�:#9632;#9632;. ;

ft -/.. I ,- #9632; '#9632;. . #9632; #9632; �

, . ., #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632; #9632;'

B. #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632;

#9632; . #9632; ^: , #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �..#9632;,:#9632;

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;''''

anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

. .�,#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,;#9632;.#9632;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -. #9632; :

t #9632;.#9632;:#9632;�#9632;-#9632;. �

another, e:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; '

..#9632;#9632;#9632;.�.;�#9632;-.: -Ang ^:

];

. .-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;� #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^:

(

�,#9632;,;.;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.�#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' #9632;. . ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; .

:#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;.�:.,,#9632;:#9632;.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^: #9632;

' #9632;.,#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'#9632; #9632; '

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . .. #9632; . #9632;

. #9632; #9632; #9632; .

Report Commissioner of Agriculture for 1878.

Plate V.

.VHomK CoLiIhncanntir BalUmurt*

Tlcerous Unnors on mucotis merabraiie of intestines, showing concavity in center.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 35

microscope it contained a few red blood-corpuscles, numerous bacillus-germs, and some developed haeilH suis.

Avgmt 23.�Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 perfectly healthy. No visible reaction.

August 24.�Both pigs perfectly healthy; have very good appetite.

August 25.�No change.

August 26.�No change.

August 27.�Pig No. 2 appears to be slightly indisposed. Pig No. 3 apparently healthy.

August 28.�Both seem to be healthy; eat well.

Augttst 29.�Pig No. 2 not quite as lively as a healthy pig; does not seem to have very good appetite. Pig No. 3 shows no symptoms of dis�ease. Temperature of pig No. 2, 105.4deg; F., and of No. 3,104^ F. Both pigs struggled very urach while being examined.

August 30.�Pig No. 2 not very lively, and shows a tendency to lie down; does not eat as well as formerly; temperature, 104J⁰ F. At feeding time in the evening it did not arise, nor did it seem to care for its food. Pig No. 3 apparently all right.

August 31.�Pig No. 2 shows plain symptoms of sickness; arches its back, and moves with short undecided steps. Pig No. 3 appears to be less lively.

September 1.�Both pigs, Nos. 2 and 3, show plain symptoms of swine-plague.

September 2.�Pig No. 3 seems to be worse than pig No. 2. In after�noon the eyes of pig No. 3 appeared congested, and the conjunctiva in�filtrated with blood. Appetite of both animals rather poor. Both are thirsty.

September 3.�Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 do not eat anything; are evidently very sick; show great iudifierence to surroundings, and do not like to come out of their corner. Both are very weak, and look as if they suffer from pressure upon the brain.

September 4.�Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 have not touched any food; they huddle together in their corner, lie down, and will not get up unless compelled to do so. Both show increasing muscular weakness and emaciation. At 6.30 o'clock, p. m., pig No. 2 was removed to pen No. 1. (See account of pig No. 1.)

September 5.�Pig No. 2 (now in pen No. 1) eats nothing; has plain symptoms of pneumonia. Pig No. 3 (in pen No. 2) is getting very weak; at 7 o'clock, p. m., is lying flat, and in a dying condition.

September 0.�Pig No. 2 (in pen No/1) very sick. Pig No. 3 (in pen No. 2) dead in the morning, with well-marked rigor mortis.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin normal; lymphatic glands enlarged; left lobe of lungs partially hepatized; right lobe the same, but hepati-zation more extensive; no serum in thoracic cavity; about two drachms in pericardium; heart normal; spleen enlarged; partially coalesced with peritoneum of abdominal wall, which shows traces of inflammation; some small ulcerous tumors on surface of spleen, and adhesion between the latter and the colon; mesenteric glands considerably enlarged; morbid growths or ulcerous tumors, and a few worms {triehoceplialus crenattts), the latter partially embedded in the smaller csecal mucous membrane in ctecum; blood extravasations, and capillary congestion in mucous membrane of cajcum, colon, ilium, and stomach; liver somewhat enlarged; kidneys normal. The blood, examined under the microscope, contained, besides red blood-corpnscles with ragged, irregular or star-shaped outlines, a few white blood-corpuscles (from one to five in the field), numerous bacillus-germs in various stages of development^ and a few developed bacilli suis.

36nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Pig Uo. 2 died at G o'clock, p. in. (See account of pig No. 1.)

Post-mortem examination.�Skin normal; lungs partially liepatized; hepatization most marked in anterior lobes; small quantity of serum in pericardium; liver enlarged; one nematoid in clioledochus; abdominal cavity free from serum; ecchymoses on the external surface of colon and caecum; capillary kypersemia and swelling in caecal mucous mem�brane; several small ulcerous tumors in caecum, especially near the ilio-caecal valve; swelling, capillary congestion, and extravasations of blood in mucous membrane of colon and ilium; kidneys normal; bladder empty; mucous membrane of stomach similar in appearance to that of caecum, colon, and ilium.

Account of pigs JVbs. 5 and 6.�Pigs Nbs. 5 and C, which arrived, as has been stated before, August 22, at 1 o'clock, p. m., were put in pen No. 3, and at 1.30 o'clock, p. m., the colon, the heart, and a piece of the diseased lungs of pig No. 4 were given to them. They, however, touched neither colon, heart, nor piece of lung.

August 23.�Both pigs, Nos. 5 and 6, in good health, and eat their food greedily, but have not touched the colon, heart, and piece of lung. The colon, having become very putrid, had to be removed; heart and piece of lung were thrown into the feed-trough.

August 24.�Both pigs healthy. Heart and piece of lung have dis�appeared, but whether they have been consumed by the pigs or by rats I am not able to decide.

August 25.�Both pigs healthy; have good appetite, and cat greedily.

August 26.�The same.

August 27.�The same.

August 28__The same. August 28th was a very hot day, but a severe

thunder-storm in the afternoon effected a sudden cooling of the atmos�phere.

August 29.�Both pigs, Nos. 5 and 6, seem to have a slight catarrh, probably in consequence of the sudden reduction of temperature and change of weather. Both cough some.

August 30.�Both pigs, to all appearances, all right, except that occa�sionally a slight cough can be heard. Both have first-rate appetites.

August 31.�Both pigs apparently in perfect health; appetite good.

September 1.�Both pigs all right.

September 2.�The same.

September 3.�The same. Pig No. 5 coughed once or twice, but has excellent appetite.

September 4.�Pig No. 5 coughs again a few times, but is lively, and has very good appetite. No. 6 is all right in every respect.

September 5.�Both pigs all right.

September 6.�Both pigs have good appetite, are very lively, and seem to enjoy good health. At 10.30 o'clock, a. m., the entire stomach, cut up into five pieces, the caecum, and the spleen of pig No. 3 were given to them, and consumed immediately in the presence of Dr. Prentice.

September 7.�Both pigs, Nos. 5 and 0, have very good appetite. No. 5 has a slight cough, and a slight accumulation of mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes. (For further particulars see the accounts given of pigs Nos. 5 and 6 in the chapter on Symptoms and Morbid Changes.)

Having thus ascertained by experiments, just related, that swine-plague is infectious, and can be communicated by inoculation, and also through the digestive canal by a consumption of morbid tissues, I con�sidered it to be of great importance to ascertain, if possible, the nature of the infectious principle; that is, to decide by experiments whether it consists in something corporeal, endowed with lite and power of propa-

, . ...

Vi,

'SI

�

36nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Pig No. 2 died at G o'clock, p. in. (See acrxmnt of pig No. 1.)

p. ;.#9632;,',.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . #9632;

hep; ization mo irkediii aterior lobi peri irnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;�^:' #9632; gt;� -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^; #9632; ^;

cavi^:^ Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ^:'^:

and. #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; raeimagnd f Hing i

brai;

cteci #9632; iJnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ..-. � ^: #9632;#9632; ' '#9632; ^;- estion,and extra¹nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- : ^;; ood

in 1 #9632;;.; #9632; empnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i membrane of stomacinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; _t -^

caecnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

Aceourdoj

has #9632;#9632;#9632; n #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

No.!

dise. #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;them

tonenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; ' -#9632;-

Anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;'' #9632;

foodnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' ^; .

The col

piecnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632; oi d mtonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632;^;

A :#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^X{

app Ian

Anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;'�-#9632;#9632;#9632; #9632; tve good appeti

A #9632;.

A #9632;

Ai: #9632; #9632; #9632; '#9632;.' #9632; samenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .., #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; a ,- r; :^; bui #9632;

thvu :'#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; fterhooafcffectecl inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; tf thoatiu

A prol char

Anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;#9632;' '

sion livanbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; - tgt; #9632;�#9632;

Anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ly in perfect heallnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; teg* #9632;#9632;;

S, #9632;#9632; #9632; : #9632; #9632;

amp;#9632;:#9632;#9632;..-

JSgt; #9632; #9632; exec

amp;#9632; has

S #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

Se,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '#9632; laquo;.�Bo

toe #9632;; oodhealtli

into #9632;#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; plcenof pig N

thei

S 5 hi quot; -. ' ' can pigi '- #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;unptnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ' ^:

plaj thrt side of 1 connbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *

SWIISTE FEVKR.

Reporl Conunissioner ol'Afjru ullurc for 1878.

Plate VI.

.VHlM-hJU nUllVHMUMl,. H.l|lllHO|v

ulcerous Ucmops oji mucous mcanbi'ffne of Intestines. showing'differenJ vic^

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 37

gation, or in some invisible chemical agency or mysterious fluid, per�meating, as has been supposed, the whole animal organism, and con�tained in, or clinging to, all those substances which possess infectious properties, or constitute the bearers or vehicles of the contagion. As all microscopical examinations of the blood, morbid tissues, and morbid products of forty-two animals, whiph had been affected with swine-plague and had died of that disease or been killed by bleeding, and repeated microscopical examinations of the excretions (urine and excre�ments) of diseased animals, have revealed in every case the presence of numerous bacillus-germs (micrococci of Hallier) and developed bacilli mis, I deemed it necessary to ascertain first, if possible, the relation which these extremely small microscopic bodies may have to the mor�bid process and to the infectious principle. For that purpose I com�menced another series of experiments, and bought again, on September 24th, three very nice, perfectly healthy pigs, each a little over three months old, of Mr. Burton, residing four miles southeast of Champaign. I designated one of them, a nearly fiill-bred Berkshire barrow, as pig A; another one, a Poland-China sow, as pig B; and the third one, also a Poland-China sow, as pig C.

Account of pigs A, B, and G.�The same arrived at 10 o'clock, a. m. Pig A was put in pen No. 1 with pig ISo. 1; pig B in pen No. 3 with pig No. 6; and pig C by itself in the thoroughly cleaned and disinfected pen No. 2, formerly occupied by pigs Nos. 2 and 3. Pen No. 2 had been clean and empty since September 6th, and was again disinfected with carbolic acid before pig C was put in.

September 25.�All three pigs. A, B, and- C, perfectly healthy.

September 26.�All three pigs perfectly healthy; have good appetite.

September 27.�The same; inoculated pig 0 with cultivated bacilli and bacillus-germs. On September 23d, Professor Burrill charged two drachms of fresh cow-milk with a mere speck, smaller than a pin's head, of a decaying morbid growth, or ulcerous tumor of the csecum of pig No. 5, and kept the vial well closed, at a temperature of 92deg; P. On the evening of September 26th the milk was examined under the micro�scope, and was found to contain numerous bacilli suis and bacillus-germs (see drawing III, figs. 3 and 4), the same as found in the blood-serum, or exudation of diseased lungs, and in the decaying substance of the intestinal morbid growths. The inoculation with this milk was executed in the same way as the inoculations of pigs Nos. 2 and 3; two punctures were made on the external surface of the left ear.

September 28.�All three pigs perfectly healthy. The inoculation-punctures on the ear of C slightly swelled.

September 29.�Pigs A, B, and O, all right.

September 30.�All three pigs perfectly healthy; no symptoms of disease.

October 1.�The same.

October 2.�Pig A perfectly healthy; pig B shows symptoms of sick�ness, sneezes, has eruption on the ears, diminished appetite, and is not as lively as formerly. As a fidl account of pig B has already been given in the chapter on symptoms and morbid changes, it will not be necessary to repeat what has been said there, and pig B may be dropped. Pig 0 apparently all right in the morning. At noon, pig C, too, commences to sneeze; sneezes a good deal, and shivers like a man suffering from ague, but has good appetite.

October 3.�Pig A perfectly healthy. Pig C shows slightly diminished appetite and other plain symptoms of indisposition; is less lively, and has a tendency to lie down; the sneezing continues.

38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

October 4.�Pig A in first-rate healtli. Pig O a little more lively; bas fair appetite, but is not as greedy as formerly.

October 5.�Pig A in fine condition, and all rigbt in every respect. Pig C sbivers, and sneezes again a good deal, but does not show any otter perceptible symptoms of disease, except some eruptions bebind the ears, and on the external surface of the same.

October 6.�Pig A all right in every respect. Pig C about the same as preceding day.

October 7.�Pig A perfectly healthy. Pig C bas good appetite, and #9632;with the exception of its coat of hair being a little rougber than usual, does not sbow any plain symptoms of disease.

Made two post-mortem examinations of pigs which had died of swine-plague at Mr. Hossack's place, five miles southwest of Champaign. In the evening I examined microscopically the blood-serum or exudations of the diseased lungs of one of Mr. Hossack's pigs, and found normal red blood-corpuscles, numerous bacillus-germs in all stages of develop�ment�single, budding, budded or double, and aggregated into clus�ters�and some developed bacilli suis.

October 8.�Pig A all right. Pig C shivering again. In the forenoon I filtered some of tbe blood-serum of the diseased lungs of Mr. Hossack's pig through eigbt filters�the very finest used in tbe cbemical labora�tory of the I. I. University�for the purpose of freeing the serum from the bacilli and bacillus-germs; but notwithstanding that I have taken all possible precautions, the filtrate, wbich was almost limpid, still contained, as examined under the microscope, a great many bacillus-germs. I preserved it in a vial with a tight-titting ground-glass stop.

October 9.�Pig A healthy. Pig C bas fair appetite, but is not greedy. I filtrated the filtrate once more tbrough two filters, and obtained a limpid fluid, wbich, however, at a microscopic examination, was found to still contain some bacillus-germs. Preserved the filtrate again in a clean vial, with a perfectly-fitting ground-glass stop.

October 10.�Pig A healthy. Pig C eats its food, but is rather slow at it.

October 11.�Pig A healthy. Pig C about the same as on preceding day.

October 12.�Pig A healthy; pig C, no perceptible cbange.

October 13.�Pig A all right in every respect; pig C does not show any plain symptoms of disease in tbe morning, but is sneezing again in the evening.

October 11.�Pig A in perfect health; pig 0 sneezes a good deal, but has fair appetite. Took up again the filtrated blood-serum, and find�ing, on examination under the microscope, tbat the bacillus-germs bad changed to bacilli (see drawing XI, figs. 1 and 2), I filtrated the same again tbrougb four papers. Dr. Prentice and myself examined tbe fil�trate obtained under tbe microscope (850 diameters), and neither of us being able to discover any bacillus-germs, I inoculated pig A on the left ear with tbe filtrate in the same manner in which the other pigs had been inoculated. Made two punctures, but used a needle a trifle larger than the one used before.

October 15.�Pig A all rigbt; no reaction whatever. Pig C sneezing, but fair appetite.

October 10.�Pig A perfectly healthy, and has remained so up to date (November lltb). It has never refused a meal, and has been always very active and lively. It is now a very fine pig and in a first-rate condition. (Made use of tlie same for another experiment on November 13th.) Pig

swi x i-; i'^vi-;\'i:i^.

I . quot; #9632;#9632; ; #9632; #9632;#9632; #9632; .

�

#9632;

#9632; #9632; #9632;

#9632;

38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

October 4.�Pig A in first-rate health. Pig C a little more lively; has

Pifnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632;#9632;�..�

oti

tht

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prt

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wi' do

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thi #9632; #9632; of #9632; relt; '' #9632; #9632;� #9632;

tei


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(

swi x )�; 1'^vi-:\'i:k.

Uepoi'l Coiiunissioiier ol'Aoruullurc joj- 1878.

Plale \1I.

*' /

quot;^ JW- -^:

fell

:^i

?lt;-.^.

i-r^

DISEASES OE SWIKE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 39

C shows plain symptoms of disease; its appetite is poor, and some emaciation lias gradually taken place; at least 0 has not improved like A, and weighs about half as much as the latter, notwithstanding A is in an open pen, exposed to the inclemencies of the weather, and G in a good, new building, with a shingled roof, in which it is amply protected against the changes of the weather.

October 17.�Pig C rather poor appetite; breathing a little accelerated, and coat of hair somewhat rough and staring.

October 18.�Pig C exhibits plain symptoms of swine-plague; its breathing is accelerated; it sneezes a good deal, and its appetite is poor. Eats some in the evening.

October 19.�Pig 0 improving; has better appetite.

October 20.�Pig 0 much improved; eats its food again, but is not greedy.

October 21.�i^o change.

October 22.�Pig C is lively again, and eats well�at any rate, seems to care more for its food. The sores on the ears are healing and disap�pearing.

October 23.�Pig C must be considered as fully recovered from its slight attack.

XJp to date pig C has presented the appearance of a perfectly healthy pig. Its ears have healed, and are now (November 11th) perfectly smooth. It is lively and greedy for its food, but has grown very little, and weighs to-day about half as much as pig A. It can be seen very plainly that pig C has been sick. When I received A, B, and C, A was slightly the best pig. B came next, and C was the smallest, but the difference was only a trifling one.

The experiments just related show that the bacilli and their germs must have a causal connection with the morbid process of swine-plagne, because an inoculation with bacilli and bacillus-germs, cultivated in such an innocent and harmless fluid as milk, produced the disease, while an inoculation with blood-serum from diseased lungs�a highly infectious fluid, if not deprived of its bacilli and bacillus-germs�remained without the slightest effect after it had been freed from its bacilli and lgt;acillus-germs. I know very well that the result obtained can hardly be consid�ered as conclusive, and that some more experiments of the same kind are needed to confirm the conclusions arrived at.

5. THE CONTAGION, THE CAUSES, AND THE NATXJEE OP THE MOEBED

PROCESS.

That swine-plague is an infectious disease, which can be communi�cated to heathy animals, has been demonstrated by my experiments. It has further been proven that an exceedingly small quantity of an infectious or contagious substance (blood-serum or exudation, for in�stance) if inoculated, or directly absorbed by the vascular system, is sufficient to produce the disease. It has also been proven that morbid tissues and morbid products, if consumed by healthy pigs, will cause them to become affected with the plague. Consequently, two ways of infection have been ascertained .with certainty. Further, if the results of the post-mortem examinations are inquired into more closely, it will be fouud that the principal morbid changes have occurred in the digest�ive canal, but especially in the ctecum and colon, in all those cases in which the disease had been communicated by way of the digestive ap�paratus ; and that, on the other hand, the principal seat of the morbid process has been in the organs of respiration and circulation, or in the

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

organs situated in the thorax if the contagion had been inoculated or been introduced into the system through wounds and absorbed by the veins and lymphatics.

Whether an inhalation of the contagions or infectious principle into the respiratory passage or into the lungs is sufficient to produce the disease is doubtful. One pig (pig No. 1), an animal free from any lesions or wounds whatever, has been exposed twice and has not contracted the disease; but while exposed and immediately after its pen was moved once a day, and as the pen was thus kept clean, and as dry earth is a good disinfectant, it must be supposed that the animal was never obliged to consume the contagious principle clinging to the excrements of the diseased animals, neither with its food nor with its water for drinking. Its trough was cleaned three times a day, and always before fresh water was poured in. Pig B, however, was exposed only once, by being kept together with pig No. 6, and contracted the disease in due time. But the conditions were entirely different. Pen No. 3, in which both pigs were kept, contains a wooden floor: pig B was put in soon after pig No. 5 had died, and the pen, otherwise always cleaned once a day, had been left dirty (uncleaned) on purpose. So it happened that the ears of com, thrown on the floor for food, became soiled, though perhaps only slightly, with the dung and the urine of dead pig No. 5 and diseased pig No. 6. Further, both pigs (B and No. 6) tramped through the excrements and soiled their feet, and, as pigs will do, went with their dirty feet into the trough whichcontained the waterfor drinking. So it is but fair to suppose that pig B contracted the disease, not by inhaling the contagion, but by consuming the same with its food and water for drinking. Hence I have come to the conclusion that swine-plague is probably not communicated through the lungs by an inhalation of the atmosphere surrounding the diseased animals or by simple contact, but that, in order to effect a com�munication of the disease, the contagion or infectious principle must be introduced directly into a wound within the realaquo;h of the veins and lym�phatics, or be taken up by the digestive apparatus. This conclusion of mine has been corroborated by several facts, some of which I had an opportunity to observe myself, and some of which have been related to me by reliable persons. To mention a few will suffice: Mr. Henry Yothy, who lives four miles north of Urbana, informed me that his neighbor, Mr. Stickgrath, who lives only one hundred yards south of him, lost every hog but one on his place; that he, Yothy, had nineteen head of swine shut up in a yard, and has not lost a single animal, notwithstand�ing Stickgrath's diseased animals have been running at large, have tramped all around Yothy's pens, and come every day close to the fence; but that his, Yothy's, hogs have no lesions or wounds whatever, and having remained separated from Stickgrath's hogs by a fence, had no opportunity to consume food or water soiled with the excrements or urine of the latter, and to become infected in that way.

Mr. L. Harris, a tew miles north of Champaign, kept his shoats and pigs separate from his older hogs. Among the former, swine plague made its appearance, and proved to be very fatal. They were kept in a yard west of the house, and had access to a pasture to the west and an orchard to the south. The peculiar, offensive smell emanating from that yard was so marked that I perceived it several times very plainly when pass�ing by, at a distance of half a mile or more, so it is to be supposed that considerable contagion must have been floating in the air. The yard in which Mr. Harris kept his old hogs (they were intended to be fattened and were not allowed to run out into a pasture) was not over flfty yards south or southeast of the yard occupilaquo;d by the diseased and dying shoats

PI ale Vni.

.. #9632;

�

I #9632;

quot;,

#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632; . - �. �

#9632;

. #9632;

Dlcerous Cuiruirs an mucous membraneof the stomach.

40nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASJ OP SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

organs situated in tlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; : -, ij tin #9632; .!

been introduced in ;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ii*.:

veins and lymphatic

Whether an inlia^;;i; #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;, , #9632;

the respiratory pas-disease is doubtful. ; - _:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; eftoim or-wounds whateve exposed gt;

the disease; but #9632;w:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; rliately:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.:

once aday, and as he pe ^; thi

good disinfectant,i . :�;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; . ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,

to consume the co) ^:

diseased animals, ];#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nor .with its Vatei

Its trough was cle

waspouredin. Pnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,

together with pignbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ati d he dis

the conditions-wcj

Avere kept, contaii ; a wooden floo]nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;

5 had died, and tl an, othervrisnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; cleane

left dirty (uncleainbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;; #9632; .. i

thrown on the llolaquo; or with the dung an

Further, both pi;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . ,

soiled their feet, ^ trough which con that pig B contrf

consuming the s inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

come to the com #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; plagi

through the lunnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;inhalation lt; the atme .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �urron

diseased animali . . #9632;#9632;: .........:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;rdei'to

munication of t'

introduced dire(

phatics, or be t

mine has been

opportunity to lt; '.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. :

mebyrehablej gt;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . ; ew : #9632; #9632; :;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i v,

who lives four:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,#9632; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..,,.

Mr. Stickgrathnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *

every bog butnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.

swine shut up inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;indbas

iug Stickgratlnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; een

tramped all a-

fence; but th; :

and having renbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ; ,

no opportimit; raquo;con i

urmeof their-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; raquo;iruected in tJiai

Mr.L.Harr . rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;

separate fromnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . #9632;

appearance, a

west of the hinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I access to a pasture 1

to the south.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �

was somarkc rl that I pi ingby, at alaquo; inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ; ,

considerablenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

wliich �lr. H

and were not auo.K^ Lo__a on

south or southeast of the yard occupittd by the diseased ana �yiug raquo;uuaugt;

BWIXK KKVKR.

Report Commissioner of Agi'ii ullurc foe 1878.

Plate Mil.

A.lliraquo;'IifHtgt;ljtlun-JHtMlr iJiillmiori'.

Dlcerous tumors on mucous menibfraneof ili^ stomach..

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41

and pigs, consequently the wind, usually in the south, carried the efflu�via and the foul atmosphere of the former almost constantly into the yard occupied by the old hogs. The latter, notwithstanding, remained exempted. It may yet be stated that the old hogs were fed exclusively with com, and received nothing but well-water for drinking. On the other hand, I have not been able to learn of any herd remaining exempted after the disease had once made its appearance in the immediate neigh�borhood, unless the animals constituting the herd were free from any ex�ternal lesions, were watered from a well, fed with clean food, and shut up during the night and in the morning till the dew had disappeared from the grass, either in a bare yard not containing any old straw-stacks, or in sties or pens. Animals allowed to run out on a pasture or on grass, clover, or stubble fields at all times of the day, and animals that had external sores or wounds, contracted the disease sooner or later in every instance where the plague made its appearance in the neighborhood. Further, the plague, at least during the summer or while south wind was prevail�ing, seemed to have a special tendency to spread from south to north. If the history of swine-plague is inquired into it will probably be found that that tendency has been prevailing every year. This year, for instance, the disease made its appearance, as I have been informed, for the first time, in Wisconsin. These facts, of course, could not fail to be suggestive. So I conceived the idea that the contagious or infectious principle, abundant in the excretions of the diseased animals, might rise in the air in daytime, be carried off a certain distance by winds, and come down again during the night with the dew. That such might be the case appeared to be possible, because the excrements of hogs, if exposed to the influence of sunlight, heat, rain, and wind, are soon ground to powder (partially at least), which is fine enough to be raised into the air and to be carried off by winds. Moreover, as the bacillus-germs, which, I have no doubt, must be looked upon as the infectious principle, are so exceedingly small, it appears to be possible and even probable that they are carried up into the air by the aqueous vapors arising from evaporating urine and moisture contained in the excrements, and from other evaporating fluids (small pools of water), which may have become polluted with the excretions of sick hogs. To ascertain the facts, I col�lected dew from the herbage of a hog-lot occupied by diseased animals, and also from the grass of an adjoining pasture, and on examining the same under the microscope I found the identical lacilli and bacillus-germs invariably found in the blood, other fluids, and morbid tissues of swine affected with the plague. (See drawing YII, fig. 5.) Conse�quently I have come to the conclusion that the bacillus-germs rise into the air during the day, are carried from one place to another by the wind, and are introduced into the organism of the animal either by eat�ing herbage (grass, clover, amp;c.), or old straw covered with dew, or by entering wounds and being absorbed by the veins and lymphatics. There is, however, still another way by which the contagious or infec�tious principle is conveyed from one place to another. It is by means of running water. It has been observed that wherever swine-plague prevailed among hogs that had access to running water (as small creeks, streamlets, amp;c.), that all the hogs and pigs which had access to the creek or streamlet below contracted the disease, usually within a short time, while all the animals which had access above remained exempted, unless they became infected by other means. I could cite a large number of instances, but as this observation has been made every�where, probably nobody who is at all acquainted with swine-plague will ask tor any further proof.

42nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

As to the distance wMch the infectious principle can be conveyed through the ah', I cannot make any accurate statements, but have rea�sons to believe that syine located a distance of one mile from any dis�eased herd will be safe. To decide this point, Tvhich is of very great im�portance, requires careful experiments.

The nature of the infectious or contagious principle.�The experiments with pigs A and G, though not conclusive and needing repetition, indi�cate very strongly, as has already been mentioned, that the bacilli and their germs found invariably in the blood, in the morbidly changed tis�sues, and in the excretions of the diseased swine, must constitute the infectious or contagious principle of swine-plagne. I, for my part, am convinced that such is the case. Still I should hesitate to express this opinion if it was supported only by those experiments and not by other facts, such as the peculiarities in the spreading of the disease, the man�ner in which the infectious principle is acting and is communicated to healthy animals, and the workings of the morbid process. (See next chapter.) At any rate, if the tacilli and bacillus-germs constitute the infectious principle, all the strange features of swine-plague find a satis�factory explanation; but if the infectious principle consists in an un�known and mysterious chemical something, the peculiarities of the dis�ease are, to say the least, enveloped in mystery and cannot be explained. What Professor Beale calls bioplasm could not be discovered under the microscope.

In want of a better name I have called, the haeilli quot; bacilli sm'laquo;,quot; be�cause the same, as far as I have been able to learn, are peculiar to and characteristic of swine-plague. The bacillns-germs are small round bodies of�as near as I can figure without the aid of a micrometer� about 0.0007 millimeter diameter, and reflect the light very strongly. The bacilli suis are small, almost straight, cylindrical bodies of about 0.003 to O.0O5 millimeter in length, and 0.0007 to 0.0008 millimeter in thickness, sometimes moving and sometimes without motion, and in cer�tain stages of development shghtlymoniliform, but in others apparently not. (See drawings.)

The causes,�Whether the disease is caused exclusively by infection� by the bacilli and their germs being conveyed directly or indirectly from diseased animals to healthy ones�or whether those bacilli suis and their germs can be produced independently from, and outside of, the organ�ism of swine; whether, in other words, swine-plague is a pure contagion, caused exclusively by means of the infectious or contagious principle, or can develop spontaneously, is a very important question, which can be solved only by protracted experiments, and may not be solved at all until the question as to whether a ^ugeneratio equivoeaquot; is possible or actually taking place or not has found a definite solution. If the bacilli suis and their germs constitute the sole cause of swine-plague, as they undoubtedly do, the disease must be considered as a pure contagion, like many other contagious or infectious diseases, not capable of a pro-topathic or spontaneous development, as long as the possibility of a ugeneratio equivocaquot; is denied, but if the latter is admitted, or proved to be taking place, a spontaneous development must be considered not only as possible but also as very probable.

If the conclusions 1 have arrived at concerning the cause of the dis�ease are correct, and I have scarcely any doubt they are, the question as to the causes has been solved. Still, as a positive knowledge of the true cause or causes is of the greatest importance, and as my experi�ments are not numerous enough to be absolutely conclusive, further investigations and more experiments of the same, or of similar kind, will

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;43

be very desirable, aud, indeed, necessary, in order to obtain absolute certainty as to the true nature of the cause or causes.

One thing I am sure of, and that is that an exclusive corn diet, as has been asserted by several agricultural writers, wallowing in dirt and nastiness, starvation, in and in breeding, amp;c., although by no means calculated to promote health or to invigorate the animal organism, can�not constitute the cause and cannot produce a solitary case of swine-plague, unless the infectious principles (the laeilli and their germs) are present. If they are, then, of course, dirt and nastiness, consumption of unclean food and of dirty water, facilitate an infection, and warmth and moisture, pregnant with organic substances, or organic substances in a state of decay, are undoubtedly well calculated to preserve the bacillus-germs and to develop the bacilli.

quot;Whether the disease can be communicated to other animals besides swine or not, is a question I am trying at present to decide. Some time ago I had an occasion to throw away some morbid tissues (parts of dis�eased lungs) of a diseased hog, which I had used for microscopical ex�amination. I threw them�very carelessly, I admit�into an empty lot full of rank weeds, across the road. About a week after several chickens (four or five) died in the neighborhood, of so-called quot;chicken-cholera.'' Although there was no proof whatever that these chickens had con�sumed the morbid tissues, there was a possibility that they had. I bought two healthy chickens, kept them separate, each in a coop, and fed them with the morbidly changed colon of a diseased pig. They consumed the same in my presence, but up to date (November 12th) no results have made their appearance. Further, as no case of an infection of any other animals besides swine has come to my knowledge, it would seem that swine-plague is a disease peculiar to swine like pleuro-pneu-monia to cattle.

6. THE MORBID PKOCESS.

Concerning the nature of the morbid process, or the manner in which the morbid changes are brought about, the microscope has made some important revelations.

In all those post-mortem examinations (fifty-three in number) which I have made since August 3rd, and in all those I had an opportunity of making before that time, I found the lungs more or less affected. The same were partially hepatizecl, and partially filled yet with fluid exuda�tion or blood-serum. Besides that, where the morbid changes in the lungs were of recent origin, innumerable small red specks, caused by capillary hyperfemia, or, rather, a stagnation of the blood or embolism in the capillaries, could be observed. In several other cases�four or five in number�where the morbid changes in the lungs were not of a recent origin, or older than, say, two weeks, innumerable small, round, and larger confluent tuberculous-looking centers of beginning suppuration or decay (incipient abscesses) presented themselves, especially in the lower and anterior portions of the lungs, and usually more pronounced in the right lobe than in the left one. My friend. Dr. Prentice, who is not only a veterinary surgeon, but also a practicing physician, pronounced the lungs of Mr. Bassett's boar (two years old, and three weeks sick), thus changed, similar or identical in appearance to the consumptive or tuberculous lungs of a human being. Close inrestigation, however, soon revealed the fact that all the morbid changes found in the lungs of difierent animals�innumerable small red specks, accumulation of blood-serum or exudation, hepatizatiou, red, brown, and gray, and iiidpient ab�scesses�are the products or the consequences of extensive capillary em-

44nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

¹ alism, TLe other morbid changes, tisually found in the thoracic cavity, .such as pleuritis, pericardit�tprecuniidation of straw-colored serum, and the morbid changes found sometimes in the heart, but especially in the auricles, in which, in numerous cases, the capillary vessels have been found to be gorged with blood, tend also to show that embolism consti�tutes the cause, or at least the main cause, of all those changes. The microscope very fortunately has revealed how this embolism is effected. The capillaries of the lungs, as is well known, are narrower than those in other parts of the body. The blood of the diseased animals, and es�pecially the blood-serum deposited in the affected pulmonal tissue, con�tain invariably large numbers of bacillus-germs and hacilli. These bacil�lus-germs, as I have observed with the microscope, and as Halber, who calls them micrococci, nine years ago found, bud and develop to hacilli, and show, at a certain period of their development, a great tendency to agglutinate to each other, and to form in that way larger or smaller, ir�regular-shaped, and apparently somewhat viscous clusters. (See draw�ing II, fig. 1; drawing IX, fig. 1 a.) These clusters, or some of them, are large enough to close or to obstruct the finer capillaries, and to stop in that way the capillary circulation. As a necessary consequence, the serum of the blood transudes through the walls of the capillary vessels, and is deposited in the tissue of the lungs, in the thoracic cavity, and in the pericardium. In some cases, and at some places, the tender walls of the finer capillaries yield to the pressure and rupture, and then extrava�sations of blood, such as have been observed in several cases, are the con�sequence. The capillary redness, and the red and purple spots observed in certain comparatively fine portions of the skin, and in the subcu�taneous tissues, I have no doubt, are also a product of the same process, and are caused by capillary embobsm. If the animals would only live long enough, gangrene or mortification of parts of the skin would be met with quite often, but as other morbid changes cause death, and thus terminate the morbid process usually before the stagnation of the blood in the skin becomes perfect, gangrene or mortification lias been found only once in the skin on the lower surface of the body. Certain morbid changes in the abdominal cavity, such as abdominal dropsy, and the blood extravasations found repeatedly in various organs, such as stom�ach and intestines, are due to the same cause. The clusters of bacillns-germs also constitute probably the caiise of the swelling of the lymphatic glands. Microscopic examinations of the interior of those glands (see drawing IV, fig. 3) revealed invariably, besides some lymph-corpuscles, immense numbers of taeilli and bacillus-germs in different stages of de�velopment, some budding, some agglutinated to each other, and some in process of agglutination, amp;c. These clusters of bacillus-germs, it seems, not only close the capillary blood-vessels, but probably also the finer lymphatics ramifying in the glands; a swelling of the latter, there�fore, is a natural consequence.

The production of the morbid growths (swine-plague tumors woidd be a good name), which are found in nearly eA^Tery case on the mucous mem�brane of the caecum and colon, and sometimes, though not so often, on the mucous membrane of other intestines, such as Uium, jejunum, duode�num, stomach, gall-bladder, and uterus, and even on the conjimctiva and the gums, is not so easily explained. It seems that a proliferous process is taking place; new epithelium-cells and connective-tissue corpuscles are formed rapidly, but decay before fully developed. These new morbid and rapidly decaying cells are imbedded in a stroma of a dense connec�tive tissue which, too, is a morbid product, and formed rapidly. In the older and larger morbid growths or tumors in the ccecuin and colon this

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 45

connective tissue is usually very abundant, especially in the frequently pedicle-shaped toot or basis. The proliferous morbid growths which occur in the small intestines are almost destitute of it. If these morbid growths or tumors are examined under the microscope, immense num�bers of lacilli suis, some of them moving very rapidly and others at rest (sometimes some other bacteria), and comparatively few bacillus-germs will be seen. (See drawing III, fig. 5; drawing VI, fig. 1; drawing V, fig. 2; drawing IV, fig. 2; drawing VII, fig. 2, and drawing X, fig. 2.) It appears to be probable that the excessive proliferous growth of the epithelium-cells and connective-tissue corpuscles is caused by a constant irritation of the mucous membrane, or of the memhrana intermedia (basement or limitary membrane, Fleming), produced by the hacilli. This is the more probable, as those morbid growths occur especially in such parts of the alimentary canal in which the food is known to tarry the longest, in the caecum and in the colon. The morbid changes (ulcera-tions) found occasionally in the skin, where they sometimes cause whole portions to become mortified or decayed and to slough off, occur, it seems, only in parts where a wound or lesion has been existing into which the infectious principle, the iacilli or their germs, have been introduced; so, for instance, in the teats of brood-sows wounded by pigs, and in the nose of hogs and pigs that have been ringed. These morbid changes in the skin, it would seem, are produced in a similar way as the morbid growths in the intestines, with only this difierence, that instead of an excrescence loss of substance makes its appearance. The skin is constantly exposed to the atmospheric air, and to a much lower and more changeable tem�perature than the mucous membrane of the intestines, and in consequence the process of decay may become more rapid and may exceed the prob�ably slower process of production.

7. PEEIOD OF INCUBATION.

The period of incubation�perhaps more correctly quot;stage of coloniza�tion,quot; Klebs�or the time passing between an infection and the first out�break of the disease, I have found to be from five to fifteen days, or on an average of about seven days. Still, I have no doubt that in single cases an outbreak may take place a day or two sooner, and in others, though rarely, a day or two later.

S. MEASURES OP PREVENTION.

As swine-plague is a contagious or infectious disease, which spreads everywhere by means of direct and indirect infection, and as a sponta�neous development is problematic, or has not yet been proven, the prin�cipal means of prevention must consist in preventing a dissemination of the contagious or infectious principle, and in an immediate, prompt, and thorough destruction of the same wherever it may be found. To prevent successfully a dissemination of the contagion and to secure a prompt destruction of the same, stringent legislation will be found necessary. As it is, the contagion or the infectious principle is, and has been, disseminated through the whole country in a wholesale manner, as I shall show immediately. During the first month of my presence in Champaign I stopped at the Doane House, a hotel belonging to the Illinois Central Eailroad Company, and constituting also the railroad depot. Every night car-loads of diseased hogs destined for Chicago passed my window. Only a very short time ago, on one of the last

46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

days of October, a farmer, J. T. M., living near Tolono, sold sixty-seven bogs (some, if not all of them, diseased and a few of tbem already in a dying condition) for two cents a pound, to be sbipped to Chicago. I could cite numerous instances, but I think it is not necessary, because these facts are known to every one where swine-plague is prevailing. Besides, in nearly every little town in the neighborhood of which cases of swine-plague are of frequent occurrence, is a rendering establishment to which dead hogs are brought. These estabUshmeuts pay one cent a pound, and the farmers haul their dead hogs, sometimes ten or fifteen miles, in open wagons, past farms, barns, and hog-lots, and disseminate thereby the germs of the disease through the whole country. The trans�portation of dead hogs by wagon, I admit, might be stopped by State laws, but the latter prove usually to be ineffective where railroad com�panies (inter-Statc and international traffic) are concerned. I include international traffic, because swine-plague is or has been prevailing in Europe. Besides that, there are other contagious diseases which spread exclusively by means of their contagion�I will mention only glanders, foot and mouth disease or aphthse, and pleuro-pneumonia of cattle�and can be stamped out and be prevented from spreading only by efficient Congressional legislation. Pleuro-pneumonia particularly deserves spe�cial attention. It has already gained a firm foothold in the East, and would undoubtedly invade the West very soon, or would have done so long ago, if the traffic in cattle were from East to West instead of from West to East. It may, however, at any time be carried to the West by shipments of blooded cattle from the East the same as it was imported from Holland to !New York, and having once entered any of the Western States or Territories it will soon find ample means to spread toward the East again and to sweep the whole country. If it comes to that it will prove to be much more disastrous to the live-stock interest of the United States than swine-plague or any other contagious disease.

If any transportation of, or traffic in, diseased and dead swine is ef�fectually prohibited by proper laws, a spreading of the swine-plague on a large scale will be impossible, and its ravages will remain limited to localities where the disease-germs have not been destroyed, and been preserved till the same find sufficient food again. In order to prevent such a local spreading, two remedies may be resorted to. The one is a radical one, and consists in destroying every sick hog or pig immediately, wherever the disease makes its appearance, and in disinfecting the in�fected premises by such means as are the most effective and the most practicable. If this is done, and if healthy hogs are kept away from such a locality, say for one month after the diseased animals have been destroyed, and the sties, pens, amp;c., disinfected with chloride of Ume or carbolic acid, and the yards plowed, amp;c., the disease will be stamped out. I know that this is a violent way of dealing with the plague, but in the end it may prove to be by far the cheapest. The other remedy is more of a palliative character, and may be substituted if swine-plague, as is now the case, is prevailing almost everywhere, or in cases in which the radical measures are considered as too severe and too sweeping. It consists in a perfect isolation of every diseased herd, not only during the actual existence of the plague but for some time, say one month, after the occurrence of the last case of sickness, and after the sties and pens have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with carbolic acid or other disinfectants of equal efficiency, and the yards, amp;c., plowed. Old straw-stacks, amp;c., must be buruedj or rapidly converted into ma�nure. It is also very essential that diseased animals are not allowed any access to running water, streamlets, or creeks accessible to other healthy

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;47

swine. Those healtliy hogs and pigs which are within the possible iniiu-ence ol' the contagious or infectious principle, perhaps on the same farm or in the immediate neighborhood of a diseased herd, must be pro�tected by special means. For these, I think, it will be best to make movable pens, say eight feet square, of common fence-boards (eleven fence-boards will make a pen); put two animals in each pen; place the latter, if possible, on high and dry ground, but by no means in an old hog-lot, ou a manure-heap, or near a slough, and move each pen every noon to a new place, until after all danger has passed. If this is done the animals will not be compelled to eat their food soiled with excre�ments, and as dry earth is a good disinfectant, an infection, very likely, will not take place. Besides this, the troughs must always be cleaned before water or food is put in, and the water for drinking must be fresh and pure, or be drawn from a good well immediately before it is poured into the troughs. Water from ponds, or that which has been exposed in any way or manner to a contamination with the infectious principle, must not be used. If all this is comphed with, and tlie disease notwith�standing should make its appearance and attack one or another of the animals thus kept, very likely it will remain confined to that one pen.

If the hogs or pigs cannot be treated in that way, it will be advisable to keep every one shut up in its pen, or in a bare yard, from sundown until the dew next morning has disappeared from the grass, and to allow neither sick hogs nor pigs, nor other animals, nor even persons, who have been near or in contact with animals affected with swine-plague, to come near the animals intended to be protected. That good ventilation and general cleanliness constitute valuable auxiliary measures of pre�vention may not need any mentioning. The worst thing that possibly can be done, if swine-plague is prevailing in the neighborhood, is to shelter the hogs and pigs under or in an old straw or hay stack, because noth�ing is more apt to absorb the contagious or infectious principle, and to preserve it longer or more effectively than old straw, hay, or manure-heaps composed mostly of hay or straw. It is even probable that the contagion of swine-plague, like that of some other contagious diseases, if absorbed by, or chnging to, old straw or hay, amp;c., will remain effective and a source of spreading the disease for mouths, and maybe for a year.

Therapeutically but little can be done to prevent an outbreak of swine-plague. Where it is sufficient to destroy the infectious principle outside of the animal organism, carbolic acid is eftective, and, therefore, a good disinfectant; but where the contagious or infectious principle has already entered the animal organism its value is doubtful. Still, wherever there is cause to suspect that the food or the water for drinking may have be�come contaminated with the contagion of swine-plague, it will be advis�able to give every morning and evening some carbolic acid, say about ten drops for each animal weighingfrom one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds, in the water for drinking; and wherever there is reason to suspect that the infectious principle may be floating in the air, it will be advisable to treat every wound or scratch a hog or pig may happen to have immediately with diluted carbolic acid. During a time, or in a neighborhood in which swine-plague is prevailing, care should be taken neither to ring nor to castrate any hog or pig, because every wound, no matter how small, is apt to become a port of entry for the infectious principle, and the very smallest amount of the latter is sufli-cient to produce the disease.

Still, all these minor measures and precautions will avail but little unless a dissemination of the infectious principle, or disease germs, is made impossible. 1. Any transportation of dead, sick, or infected swine,

48nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

and even of hogs or pigs that Lave been the least exposed to the con�tagion, or may possibly constitute the bearers of the same, must be effectively prohibited. 2. Every one who loses s. hog or pig by swine-plague must be compelled by law to bury the same immediately, or as soon as it is dead, at least four feet deep, or else to cremate the carcass at once, so that the contagious or infectious principle may be thoroughly destroyed, and not be carried by dogs, wolves, rats, crows, amp;c., to other places.

Another thing may yet be mentioned, which, if properly executed, will at least aid very materially in preventing the disease; that is, to give all food either in clean troughs, or if com in the ear is fed, to throw it on a wooden platform which can be swept clean before each feeding.

9. TREATMENT.

If the cause and the nature of the morbid process and the character and the importance of the morbid changes are taken into proper con�sideration, it cannot be expected that a therapeutic treatment will be of much avail in a fully developed case of swine-plague. quot; Specificquot; reme�dies, such as are advertised in column advertisements in certain news�papers, and warranted to be infallible, or to cure every case, can do no good whatever. They are a downright fraud, and serve only to draw the money out of the pockets of the despairing farmer, who is ready to cateh at any straw. No cure has ever been found for glanders, anthrax, and cattle-plague, diseases that have been known for more than two thousand years, and that have been investigated again and again by the most learned veterinarians and the best practitioners of Europe, and yet there is to-day not even a prospect that a treatment will ever be discovered to which those diseases, once fully developed, will yield. Neither is there any prospect or probability that fully developed swine-plague will ever yield to treatment. It is true that the bacilli suis and their germs can be killed or destroyed if outside of the animal organism, or within reach on the surface of the animal's body. Almost any known disinfectant�carbolic acid, thymic acid, chloride of lime, creosote, and a great many others�will destroy them. But the bacilli and their germs are not on the surface of the body, except in such parts of the skin and accessible mucous membranes (conjunctiva and gums) that may happen to have become affected by the morbid process. They are inside of the organism, and not only in every part and tissue morbidly affected, in every morbid product, and in every lymphatic gland, but they are also in every drop of blood and in every particle of a drop of blood circulating in the whole organism. Who, I would like to ask, will have the audacity to assert that he is able to destroy those bacilli and their germs without disturbing the economy of the animal organism to such an extent as to cause the immediate death ot the animaH But even if means should be found by which these bacilli and their germs can be destroyed with�out serious injury to the animal, a destruction of the same will not be sufficient to effect a cure. Important morbid changes must be repaired; extensive embolism is existing in some very vital organs; a rapid, pro�liferous growth of morbid cells has set in; some of the intestines (cse-cum and colon) may have become perforated; exudations have been deposited in the lungs, in the thoracic cavity, in the pericardium, and in the abdominal cavity; the heart itself may have been morbidly changed, and every lymphatic gland in the whole organism become diseased. How, I would like to know, will those quacks who advertise their quot;Sure Curequot; and their high-sounding quot; Specificsquot; to swindle the farmer out of

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;43

his hard-earned dollars and cents�how, I ask, will those quacks restore, repair, stop, and reduce all those morbid changes?

Still, I do not wish to say that a rational treatment can do no good; on the contrary, it may in many cases avert the worst and most fatal morbid changes, and may thereby aid nature considerably in eifecting a recovery in all those cases in which the disease presents itself in a mild form, and in which very dangerous or irreparable morbid changes have not yet taken place. A good dietetical treatment, however, including a strict observation of sanitary principles, is of much more importance than the use of medicines. In the first place, the sick animals, if possi�ble, should be kept one by one in separate pens. The latter, if mov�able�movable ones, perhaps six to eight feet square and without a floor, are preferable�ought to be moved once a day, at noon, or after the dew has disappeared from the grass; if the pens are not movable, they must be kept scrupulously clean, because a pig aflfected with swine-plague has a vitiated appetite, and eats its own excrements and those of others, and, as those excrements contain innumerable hacilli and their germs, will add thereby fuel to the flame; in other words, will increase the extent and the malignancy of the morbid process by introducing into the organism more and more of the infectious principle. The food given ought to be clean, of the very best quaUty and easy of digestion, and the Wtiter for drinking must be clean and fresh, be supplied three times a day in a clean trough, and be drawn each time, if possible, from a deep well. Water from ponds and water that has been standing in open vessels, and that may possibly have become contaminated with the infec�tious principle, should not be used. If the diseased animal has any wounds or lesions, they must be washed or dressed from one to three times a day with diluted carbolic acid or other equally effective disin�fectants.

Concerning a therapeutic treatment, I have made several experiments, the principal ones of which I will relate, not because they are illustra�tive of success, as they are not, but because some interesting features of the disease will be brought to light. A therapeutic treatment�that is, as far as my experiments are able to show�has not been very success-ttd, but the facts will speak for themselves.

1. EXPEEIMENTS AT MY EXPEEIMENTAIi STATION, THE VETERINARY HOSPITAL OP THE ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY.

October 8.�At 5.30 o'clock, p. in., received from Mr. J. A. Hossack eight diseased swine of various size and age for experimental treatment. They were put in pen IJfo. 3, which had been thoroughly cleaned, and were fed three times a day with corn in the ear, and provided with clean water for drinking. I had engaged and had comfortable room for only three or four, but Mr. Hossack thought best to bring me every sick an�imal he had at that time on his place. So it happened that five of the pigs were in an almost dving condition when they arrived. I numbered them I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII. The therapeutic treatment consisted in giving three times a day about ten drops of carbolic acid in the water for drinking for each hundred pounds of five weight. In deciding upon that amount, it was taken into consideration that some of the water would remain unconsumed. The troughs were emptied and cleaned each time before fresh water was put in.

October 9.�Pig I, a small animal, dead. Post-mortem examination was made by Dr. Preutice, and revealed the usual morbid changes�hepati-4 8^

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

zat ion, pleuritis, seram in pericardium, and morbid growths in caecum and colon.

October 10.�Pig II, a large slioat from eight to ten months old, dead. Post-mortem examination by Dr. Prentice. Nearly the same results.

October U.�Pig III, a small animal, dead. It had probably died on the evening of the 10th; at least it was very much decomposed in the morning, and as pig B had died and had to be examined, no post-mortem examination was made.

October 12.�Pig IV, dead; had died during the night. No. V, an old sow, and Nos. VI, VII, and VIII yet alive. No. VIII is the only one that has any appetite. Pig VI is very low, and will soon die. Post-mor�tem examination of Ho. IV. Externally: skin on lower surface of the body and between the legs purple. Internally: lymphatic glands en�larged ; bronchial tubes filled with mucus; both lobes of the lungs, but the left one more than the right, hepatized�red, brown, and gray hepa-tization; two ounces of straw-colored serum in pericardium, and plastic exudations on the surface of the heart. In abdominal cavity about one pint of serum; spleen enlarged; kidneys normal; mesenteric glands enlarged; intestines free from any morbid growths, and without any lesions whatever; interior of stomach slightly covered with bile.

October 13.�Old sow No. V, and young sow No. VIII (eight months old) have a little appetite. No. VI is very weak, and No. VII is dull; seems to have considerable pressure upon the brain. In the evening No.

VInbsp;is in a dying condition, and lies motionless in a corner. Sows Nos. V and VIII have some appetite; No. VII breathes with a throbbing motion of the flanks; seems to have headache, is very dull, and holds its nose persistently to the floor.

October 14.�Sow VIII considerably improved; sow V some appetite;

VIInbsp;very low; and VI dead. Por post-mortem examination of No. VI, see account given in the chapter on Morbid Changes.

October 15.�Old sow No. V and sow No. VIII coughing a good deal; VIII has a good appetite; V has not. No. VII, a sow pig about eight months old, dead in the pen. Post-mortem examination of No. VII at 8.30 o'clock, a. m. Externally: Skin on nose, neck, and lower surface of body pur�ple in spots and patches; carcass not very much emaciated. Internally: some adhesion between posterior part of right lobe of lungs and dia�phragm ; costal pleura and pericardium affected; surface of the lungs exhibit numerous small red specks; both lobes are partially hepatized, and contain considerable exudation yet in a fluid condition. (See pho�tographs, Plates I and II.) External coat of posterior vena cava morbidly changed, inflamed, and coalesced with pulmonal pleura. In abdominal cavity: numerous light-colored nodules or tubercles on the surface of the spleen, some of the size of a millet seed, and others as large as a small pea; mesentric glands very much enlarged; numerous small ulcerous tumors or morbid growths on mucous membrane of cae�cum and colon; the whole interior surface of jejunum, for several feet in length one interrupted layer of a morbid growth and subsequent de�cay of epitlielium cells, easily removed with the back of the scalpel, and leaving behind, if thus removed, an uneven villous surface.

October 10.�Old sow No. V and sow No. VIII fair appetite; both cough a great deal. Old sow V discharged yesterday and to-day large quantities of a glassy mucus exuding from the nose. Discovered two ulcerating .ores, one in the left middle teat and one in the right for�ward tent. Her pigs had been weaned a short time before she con-trnctod the disease.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;51

October 17.�Sows V and VIII improving, that is, are less indifferent to surroundings and have hetter appetite, but still cough a great deal.

Octoher 18.�Sows V and VIII improving; but especially VIII, which has good appetite. In afternoon sow V had some diarrhea, probably caused by feeding on new corn�old com had been fed before.

October 19.�Old sow V has diarrhea; feces green and semi-fluid. Sow VIII seems to be improving, at least eats a good deal. Sow V is perfectly blind.

October 20.�Sows V and VIII still coughing considerably, but are otherwise improving.

October 21.�Sows V and VIII improving; VIII is already in a little better condition.

October 22.�Sows V and VIII improving.

October 23.�Sow V is still very slow in her movements, but her ap�petite is much better. Sow VIII still shows difficulty of breathing, but may otherwise be considered as recovered. The diarrhea of sow V has disappeared.

October_t 24.�Sows V and VIII improving; have good appetite, and are not near so thirsty as formerly; both cough some. Eecovery may be considered certain.

October 25.�Sow V very much improved; ulcer in forward teat is healing rapidly (the ulcers have been treated with diluted carbohc acid). Sow VIII shows no morbid symptoms, except some coughing and some difficulty of breathing. She has very good appetite and is very lively.

October 26.�Sow V eats tolerably well, but is still weak. Sow VIII eats and drinks well, and might be looked upon as perfectly healthy if it were not for the yet existing difficulty of breathing. The excrements have gradually lost their pecuhar offensive smell.

October 27.�Sow V fair, and sow VIII very good appetite. The lat�ter is getting lively.

October 28.�No perceptible change.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

October 29.�Sow V more active, but still partially blind. Sow VUl is gaining in flesh.

October 30.�Both sows have good appetite and are visibly improving.

October 31.�Both improving steadily.

November 1.�Sows V and VIII keep on improving. The ulcers of V have healed, and her sight has been partially restored. The carbolic-acid treatment has been continued to this day (November 1), but is now discontinued.

November 6.�Both sows have been returned to their owners. Sow VIII is like a perfectly healthy pig, but coughs some and also shows a slight diificidty of breathing. Sow V has almost entirely recovered her eyesight; is not in as good condition as sow VIII, and coughs some, but breathes perfectly easy.

October 26.�Received of Mr. D. Burwash, at 6 o'clock, a. m., a Berk�shire pig, about five months old, for experimental purposes; it had been sick two or three days. It proved to be very severely affected, but was in a good condition as to flesh. Treatment: about eight or nine drops of carbolic acid in the water for drinking every morninff, and about two drams of bisulphite of soda and one dram of carbonate of soda every evening. The pig was designated as No. IX, and put in pen Is'o. 2.

October 21.�Pig No. IX worse; has plain symptoms of pneumonia; diedin the afternoon. Post-mortem examination three hours after ('rath ; four oimces of scrum in chest, and also a like quantity in pericardium; trachea filled with mucus; both lobes of lungs congested and gorged with exudation; capillary vessels of the auricles oi'the heart gorged

52nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

witli blood; spleen enlarged, and large numbers of tubercle-like excres�cences on its lower surface; caecum and colon full of hardened feces; a few ulcerous tumors in caecum, and two large decaying morbid growths in colon; mesenteric glands enlarged; other organs healthy.

Numerous other experiments have been made, and quite a variety of medicines have been tested at different places and in different herds. Some of those experiments have been carried out under my personal superintendence, and some by the owners of the diseased animals in ac�cordance with my instructions. But as the results obtained with any one of them are far from satisfactory, it will be sufficient to mention only a few. The principal medicines tried were carbolic acid, bisulphite of soda, thymol, salicylic acid, white hellebore or veratrum album, as an emetic, alcohol, and sulphate of iron, and it has been found that neither of them possesses any special curative value. In a few cases in which most of the lesions -were external, applications of very much diluted thymol or thymic acid produced apparently good results; the animals recovered, but might have recovered at any rate. Diluted carbolic acid has been usfed for the same purpose and with the same results. An emetic of white hellebore or veratrum album was given to some shoats (about eight or nine months old, and property of Dr, Hall, at Savoy), in the first stage of the disease, and seemed to have arrested the morbid process immediately, at least the shoats recovered. In other more de�veloped cases it did no good whatever. Bisulphite of soda, salicylic acid, and carbolic acid were used quite extensively, but no good results plainly due to the influence of those drugs have been observed in any case in which the disease had fully developed, neither by myself nor by others. Sulphate of iron has proved to be decidedly injurious. Mr. Bassett used it quite persistently for forty-five nice shoats. Forty-three of them died, one recovered from a slight attack�it had external lesions, which were treated with carboUc acid�and one remained ex�empted. To bleed sick hogs, in some places a customary practice among farmers against all ailments of swine, has had invariably the very worst consequences, and accelerated a fatal termination. A great many farm�ers in the neighborhood of Champaign have used several kinds of quot; spe�cifics quot; and quot; sure cure quot; nostrums, but none of them are inclined to talk about the results obtained, and so it must be supposed that the latter have remained invisible. One case, which should have been related in the chapter on quot; Prevention,quot; deserves to be mentioned. Mr. Crews had forty-odd hogs, of which he had lost ten or twelve, and was losing at the rate of two to four a day. I advised him to separate those appar�ently yet healthy, or but s�ghtly affected, from the very sick ones; to put the former in a separate yard, not accessible to the others; to feed tiiem clean lood; to water them three times a day from a well, and to give to each animal, two or three times a day, about ten drops of car�bolic acid in their drinking water. He did so, and saved every one he separated (fourteen in number), while all others, with the exception of two animals which died later, died within a short time.

Kespecttully submitted.

H. J. DETMEKS, F. 8.

Chicago, III., November 15,1878.

B WIN E - P Iv �G U E.

Milt; roscopical ljivp.sU(gt;alioiis by DrH.I. Dctmors.

Bacilli and Bacillus-Gernv.s.

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DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;53

STJPPL'EMENTAL EEPORT.

Sib: Since the 15th of November, the day on which I forwarded to you my full re�port, I have devoted my time principally to a solution of some of those questions #9632;which had not been fully answered, and have succeeded in ascertaining some addi�tional facts of practical importance. In addition to this the correctness of my conclu�sions as to the nature of the infections principle, and the manner in which swine-plague is communicated, has been confirmed by further observations. The vitality of the infectious principle has been tested by experiment; several herds of diseased swine and places where the disease had been prevailing, and where healthy pigs had been introduced a few weeks after the occurrence of the last case of swine-plague, have been visited, and a few more post-mortem examinations have been made. In the fol�lowing, which may be considered as a supplement to my report of the 15th of Novem�ber, I nave the honor of submitting to you, very respectfully, the results of my inves�tigation.

1. THE BACILLI SUIS.

These are found invariably, either in one form or another, in all fluids�such as blood, urine, mucus, fluid exudations, amp;c.�in all morbidly affected tissues, and in the ex�crements of the diseased animals, and constitute, beyond a doubt, the infections prin�ciple, or produce the morbid process if transmitted, directly or indirectly, from a diseased animal to a healthy one. These iacilli undergo several changes, and require a certain length of time for further propagation; consequently, if introduced into an animal organism, some time�a period of incubation, or a stage of colonization� must pass before morbid symptoms can make their appearance. Three stages of de�velopment (a germ or micrococcus stage, a bacillus or rod-bacterium stage, and a germ-producing stage) can be discerned.

The micrococci, globular bacteria, or bacillus-germs, as I prefer to call them, are found in immense numbers in the fluids, but especially in the blood and in the exuda�tions of the diseased animals. If the temperature is not too low, and if sufficient oxy�gen is present, they soon develop or grow lengthwise, by a kind of budding process� a globular bacterimn, or bacillus-germ, constantly observed under the microscope, budded, and grew to double its length in exactly two hours in a temperature of 70deg; F. (see drawing)�and change gradually to rod-bacteria, or bacilli. Some of the latter, finally, after a day or two, if circumstances are favorable, commence to grow again in length, until they appear, magnified 850 diameters, to be from one to six inches long. At the same time, however, they become very brittle, and break into two or more pieces. AVhere a break or separation is to take place, at first a knee or angle is formed, and then a complete break or separation is effected by a swinging motion of both ends, which move to and fro, and alternately open and close, or stretch and bend the knee or angle. After the division has become perfect, which takes only a minute or two, both ends, thus separated, move apart in different directions. These long bao-teria, it seems, are pregnant �with new germs; their external envelop disappears or is dissolved, and then the very numerous bacillus-germs become free. In this way a propagation is effected.

Some of the hacilli or rod-bacteria move very rapidly, while others are apparently motionless. The causes of this motion I have not been able to ascertain with cer�tainty, but have observed repeatedly that no motion takes place if the temperature of the fluid or substance which contains the bacteria is a low one, and that underthe mi�croscope the motion increases and becomes more lively if the rays of light, thrown upon the slide by the mirror, are sufficiently concentrated to increase the temperature of the object. So it seems that a certain degree of warmth is required; at any rate I never saw any liacllli moving in a fluid or substance immediately after it had been standing in a cold room.

There is, however, also another change taking place, caused probably by certain conditions which I have not been able to ascertain. It is as follows: The globular bacteria or bacillus germs commence to bud or grow in length, but on a sudden their development, it seems, ceases, and partially-developed iacilli and simple and budding germs congregate to colonies, agglutinate to each other, and form larger or smaller irreg�ularly-shaped and (apparently) viscous clusters. Such clusters are found very often in the blood and in other fluids, and invariably in the exudations in the lungs; and in the lymphttio gland in puhnonal exudation, and in blood serum, this formation can be observed under the microscope if the object remains unchanged for some time, say for an hdur or two. In the ulcerous tumors on the intestinal mucous membrane the clusters are comparatively few, but the fully-developed hacilli, many of which move very lively, are always exceedingly numerous. The tumors or morbid growths in the intestines seem to afford the most favorable conditions for the growth and develop�ment of the bacilli and their germs. That this must bo the case is also suggested by the presence of such immense numbers of bacilli and bacillus-germs in the excrements,

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMADS.

that tlio latter, beyond a doubt, constitute tlio principal ilissominator of tho infective principle. Whether tlio colonies or viscons clustera of bacillns-gonna and partially developed bacilli are instrumental in bringin;; about tho extensive embolism in the lungs und in oilier tissues, by merely closing the capillary vessels in a mechanical way, or whether tbc presence, growth, development, and propagation of the lac'tlU and their gerras produce pccnliar cbemieal changes in the composition of tho blood, which dis�qualify the latter to pai^s with facility through the capillaries, or which cause a clot�ting or retention of the same in the capillary system, is aqnestion wbieh I am notpre-pared to decide. According to my own observations, it appears that tho colonies or viscous clusters of bacillus-germs and partially developed bttcilli get stuck in the capil-lanes so as to obstruct the passage, and constitute in that way tho principal, if not, the sole, cause, of the embolism. Dr. Orth is of a di�'ercut, opinion. He says: quot;The prin�cipal effect of the 'Schizomycetes' {bacteria, bacilli, amp;c.) is an indirect, one, viz., by producing a poison (virus).quot; (Archiv, faer wissenscliaftliche und pralclische ThicrheUkunde, 1S77, page 1.) It is possible that the circulation of the blood in the capillary system is interfered with by both mechanical obstruction and chemical changes. Still, it seems to nao that the observations of Dr. Orth and others apply more to the fully de�veloped bacilli in the blood and in the lymph. The vitality of the bacillns-germs, and especially of the bacilli, is not a very great one, except Y.'hcre the germs are con�tained in a substance or a fluid not easily subject to decomposition; for instance, in water which contains a slight admixture of organic substauces. If such a. fluid is kept in a vial with a glass stop, the germs remain for a long tiroo (over six weeks) in nearly the same condition, or develop very slowly, according to amount of oxygen and degree of temperature. In an open vessel the development is a more rapid one. If oxygen is excluded, or the amount available exhausted, no further change seems to be taking place. In the water of streamlets, brooks, ditches, ponds, laquo;fee, the bacillus-germs are not destroyed very soon. How long they retain their vitality I have not been able to ascertain. In fluids and substances subject to putrefaction, the bacilli and their germs lose their vitality and are destroyed in a comparatively short time: at least they dis�appear as soon as those fluids (blood, for instance) and substances undergo decompo�sition. In the blood they disappear as soon as the blood-corpuscles commence to decompose. That such is the case has been ascertained not only by microscopical ob�servation, but also by clinical experience. The bacilli and their germs are also destroyed if brought in contact with, or if acted upon by, alcohol, carbolic acid, thymol, iodine, amp;c. '

2. CLINlCAl OBSEKVATIOSS.

The experimental pigs, Nos. 1 and A, put in pen No. 2, on November 13th (together with experimental pig C), in which pen pig No. IX had died of swine-plague on the 28th of October, remained perfectly healthy, notwithstanding pen No. 2, which was thoroughly infected, had received only an ordinary cleaning, but had not been disin�fected. Consequently, it must be supposed that the infectious principle (the bacilli and their germs) contained in particles of excrement and in the urine clinging to the floor and lodged in the cracks between the boards must have been destroyed, because I observed repeatedly that the pigs, probably in search of saline substances, licked those parts of the floor which had become saturated with nrine.

Mr. Bassett, who had lost nearly his whole herd of swine�of one lot containing originally forty-live animals only two survived�bought, about eighteen days after the occurrence of the last death, two young, healthy pigs, and allowed them to run at large in his orchard, a pasture, and one of his swine-yards, the same premises on which tho lot of forty-five animals just mentioned had been kept. The few surviving hogs of his old herd are kept in another yard farther north. Seeing that those two pigs remained healthy, he thought ho might risk it and buy some more, and about two weeks later he bought sixty-nine (not ninety-five, as I believe I have stated in my re�port) healthy Berkshire shoats, from five to six months old, at the auction of the Hon. James Scott, president of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, and turned them out on the same premises (hog-lot, orchard, and pasture). After these Bixty-nine shoats had been there two days they discovered the burial places of the forty-three dead shoats, hogs, and pigs, which, by the way, had been buried only frongt; two to throe feet deep. These they commenced to cxhumo immediately, and soon consumed all the decounioscd carcaases. Mr. Bassett would have prevented this had he discov�ered them in time. Every shoat has remained healthy up to date (November 29th), and as the period of incubation (from live to fifteen days, or on an average seven days) expired some time ago, it inust be supposed that tho infeel ions principle, the bacilli and their germs, had been thoroughly destroyed by putrefaction. It must be mentioned that there aro no straw-stacks, laquo;fee, on tho swine-range, and that the shoats have no access to any streamlet, ditch, or pool of water.

Mr. Locke's herd of swine has been kept perfectly isolated in a pasture near tho city limits of Champadgn, and has remained exempt from swino-plagno till lately. The hog-pasture is close to the Illinois Central Itailroad track. Whether the infec-

DISEASES OP SWINE AKt) OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;55

tious jirinciple has Tjeen introduced into Mr. Locke's pasturo !gt;gt;- the car-loads of dis�eased swine which pass by every evening, ood which eomelinies remain standing on the tracks, at a distance of not much over Ibrty rods from the hog-pastuie. for half an hour or longer; whether the vicinity of the rendering establishment lias been instru�mental in bringing about an infection ; or Tvliether the infectious principle has been cominnnicated by other means, I have not heen able to ascertain.

The herds of Sir. Clelland (or McClelland), nine or ten miles northwest o f Champaign, and of Mr. Allen, six or seven miles northeast of Urbaua, have remained exempt for a longtime, probably because neither of thorn has any close neighbors, but finally the disease, spreading from farm to farm, has reached their herds.

Mr. Clay West, three and a half miles northwest from Champaign, living also some�what isolated, expected that his swino (forty-seven head) would remain exempted. Most of them (forty-two or forty-three) obtained their water for drinking from a run�ning streamlet which, three-fourths of a mile above, passes through the hog-pasture of another farm. On the latter swine-plague mado its appearance, and three weeks later Mr. West's swino commenced to die. So it must 1)0 supposed that the infection had been brought about by the water in the streamlet. Mr. West, as soon as he found that his hogs commenced to ilie, sold twenty-seven head to be shipped to Chi�cago.

3. MORBID CIIAXGF-S AFTER DEATH.

Since November 15th I have made some more post-mortem examinaiions, mostly for the purpose of obtaining material for microscopical investigation; hut have found nothing not found before, or of any special importance, except in one case, of which, therefore, a full account may not be snperflnons. It was a pig of Mr. Clellan's (or McClellaud's), who had lost four head out of seventeen within a few days, or after brief sickness. The pig in question, which was a little over four months old, had been sick only two or three days. The post-mortem examination was made on November 22d, about sisteen hours after the animal had died.

Externally.�Considerable capillary redness of a purple hue in the skin on the lower snrfiace of the body, between the legs, and behind the ears. Intcrvdlhj.�Lower and anterior parts of both lobes of the lungs hepatized (red hepatization); the rest of both lobes gorged with blood-serum or fluid exudation; pericardium coated with plastic exu�dation; auricles of the heart congested, the capillary vessels tinged with dark-colored blood; lymphatic glands, but especially those of the mesentcrium, very much swelled; liver, sclerotic; serous membrane of some of the intestines (c�ecum and colon) coated with exudation; ecchymoses and capillary redness in pyloric portion of the stomach; and a few worms (Tricliocephaliia crenatus) in ccecum, but no morbid growths or ulcerous tumors whatever in any part of the digestive canal. This case is worth mentioning, because no morbid growths or ulcerous tumors were found in the ca;cum and colon, or in other parts of the intestinal canal; it consequently shows once more that em�bolism and subsequent exudation in the lungs and in other tissues are more constant and more characteristic of the morbid process of swine-plague than the peculiar morbid growths or ulcerous tumors in the cajcum and colon.

Whether those ulcerous tumors on the intestinal mucous membrane occur only in cases in which the infectious principle has been introduced partly or wholly through the digestive canal, and are absent in those cases in which the hacilU and their germs have entered exclusively through wounds or lesions, or whether, finally, this presence or absence depends upon other influences and conditions, is a question which I am not fully prepared to answer. It has decidedly the appearance that the seat and the character of the morbid changes depend, to a certain extent at least, upon the means and parts by and through which the hadUi and their germs have entered the animal organism.

Sly opinion, expressed in my report of the 15th ultimo, that an infection is brought about either through the digestive canal or through wounds or lesions, and probably not through the respiratory mucous membrane and through the skin, if no wounds or lesions are existing, has been corroborated by an observation made at Mr. West's place. I was there on November 20th. The disease had mado its appearance on Novem�ber 10th. Mr. West had lost five animals, had sold twenty-seven more or less diseased, and still had fourteen or fifteen, including lonr or five older hogs kept in a separate pen, about 12 by 16, which had a wooden floor, and was separated from the hog-lot or hog-pasture only by a board fence. These older animals receive and have received their water for drinking from a well, while all these kept in the hog-lot or hog-pasture, originally fortj^-two in number, had access to the streamlet before menlioncd. None of the older animals, although breathing the same atmosphere as the rest, showed any symptoms of disease, and are still healthy (November 29tli), as far as I have been able to learn.

In conclnsion, I may say that swine-plaguo does not seem to bo communicable to any other domesticated animals, and must be considered as a disease sni po!en's pe�culiar to swine.

56 DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

I inteuiled to make further experiments, by inoculating healthy animals'with bloodraquo; Herum or pulmonal exudations, freed from h�cilli and bacillus-germs by repeated iil-trations and with cultivated bacilli, but the time left me (sixteen days) was not suffi�cient to obtain reliable results. Besides, it appeared to be desirable to use the pigs I had on hand for the purpose of testing the vitality of the infectious principle in such a way as would give the test a direct practical value. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

H. J. DETMERS, F. S. Chicago, III., December 1, 1878.

REPORT OP DR. JAMES LAW.

Hon. Wm. Gr. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture:

Sir : I have the honor to submit the folloAmg report of experiments and observations on the prevailing fever in hogs.

As yon are already aware, my attention has been directed mainly to the pathology of the disease, the nature and vitality of the virus, and its behavior when treated by different disinfectants. Distant as Ithaca was from all infected districts, and seeing it was impossible here to ex�periment on large herds of diseased and exposed swine, it seemed preferable to leave to others all essays of treatment and prevention of the illness by the use of disinfectants and other sanitary measures. This isolated and noninfected locality offered special advantages for conduct�ing that class of observations which I aimed at, as there was no danger of accidental infection from other sources than the experimental pens. At the same time the number of animals subjected to experiment was limited by the necessity for the most perfect isolation of the healthy and diseased, for the employment of separate attendants for each, and for the disinfection of instruments used for scientific observations, and of the persons and clothes of those who conducted these.

The experimental pens were constructed in a high open field, with nothing to impede the free circulation of air; they were large and roomy, with abundant ventilation from back and front, with perfectly close walls, floors^ and roofs, and in cases where two or more existed in the same building the intervening walls were constructed of a double thickness of matched boards with building pasteboard between, so that no com�munication could possibly take place excepting through the open air of the field. When it seemed needful disinfectants were placed at the ven�tilating orifices. On the pigs showing the first signs of illness, infected pigs were promptly turned over to the care of attendants delegated for these alone, and the food utensils, amp;c., for the healthy and diseased were kept most carefully apart. When passing from one to the other for scientific observations, the healthy were first attended, and afterward the diseased, as far as possible in the order of severity. Then disinfection was resorted to, and no visit was paid to the healthy pigs until after the lapse of six or eight hours, with free exposure in the interval. In the pens the most scrupulous cleanliness was maintained and deodorizing agents used so as to keep them perfectly sweet.

I may be allowed to add that I have received most valuable assistance from two of my students, Messrs. A. M. Farrington and A. G. Boyer, in conducting the daily observations_; as well as in making post mortem examinations, and in the examination of diseased products.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57

INCUBATION OF THE DISEASE.

Our experiments have shown this to vary greatly, though in the great majority of cases it terminated in from three to seven days after inocu�lation. As shown in the table appended, one sickened on the first day, three on the third, two on the fourth, one on the fifth, two on the sixth, four on the seventh, and one each on the eighth and thirteenth days respectively. A comparison of these results with those obtained else�where seems to show that we have reached the two extremes. Dr. Sut-ton, observing the result of contact alone in autumn, sets the period at ftom thirteen to fourteen days; my own observations in Scotland, in summer, indicated seven to fourteen days; Professor Axe, in London, in summer, concluded on five to eight days; Dr. Budd, in summer, four to five days; and Professor Osier, in autumn, four to six days.

SYMPTOMS.

The cases observed were of all degrees of severity, from a slight access of fever, with some loss of appetite, irregularity of the bowels, and alter�nations of heat and cold on the surface, to violent attacks, terminating fatally after eleven days' illness.

Early symptoms.�In an average case, one of the earliest signs of ill�ness was an elevated temperature of the body, amounting to one or two degrees above the former indications furnished by the same animal. This qualification appears requisite, as the temperatures of healthy pigs were found to vary widely under different conditions of life. After act�ive exercise or excitement 104deg; F. is not unfrequent, while in a close pen where they are quiet and still, 100deg; to 102deg; F. is quite as common. On more than one occasion, when a pig got accidentally fixed in a nar�row space where he had barely room to stand, the temperature was re�duced to 99deg; and even 98deg; F. The body heat was raised by a hearty meal and lowered by abstinence. Generally a sudden rise oiquot; tempera�ture and saturation of the atmosphere with moisture led to an elevation of the body heat, in other cases a reduction of the temperature of the air led to the same phenomenon. (See table of Meteorological Observa�tions and Temperatures.) In connection with the rise of temperature there was generally a diffuse redness of the skin, with increased warmth, alternating with cold, especially in the ears, nose, tail, and limbs. The pulse usually rose perceptibly, sometimes reaching 120 per minute, while the breathing was little if at all affected. The snout was often drawn back, giving a wrinkled or pinched appearance to the face; the move�ments were less active, sometimes decidedly stiff and slow; there was perceptible falling off in appetite, and the bowels were usually costive.

Disease at its height.�The temperature rose in most cases to 105deg; F., and exceptionally only to 107deg; or 108deg; F. (Dr. Osier records 110deg; F.), to be followed after a variable length of time (three to twenty days) by a a descent to the natural standard, or even lower. The pulse also rose to 120-130, and the flushes of heat on the skin were much more frequent and extreme. At the same time certain changes appeared in the skin, vary�ing greatly in degree in different cases, but which may be described as follows:

First. A pink or scarlet rash in spots averaging about one-tenth inch in diameter, but often becoming confluent so as to form an extended blush. Many such spots disappeared momentarily under pressure, show�ing that the minute blood-vessels were not yet completely blocked, but only dilated. Many, however, could not be even temporarily obliterated

58nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWIXE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.

by pressure, sliowing akeady existing embolism if not even ruptaxe and the escape of the blood-elements into the tissue.

Second. In some, though by no means in all, there appeared black spots on which pressure had no effect. The cuticle of such spots dried up and shrunk, and if the pig survived long enough was �ually de�tached.

Third. In nearly all there were slight pointed elevations, mostly around the roots of the bristles, -which over the whole body had become more erect, rough, and harsh.

Fourth. Scattered more or less abundantly over the surface were black concretions, hardening in most cases into a scab, but in others, and par�ticularly on the inner side of the thighs, accumulating as a soft, greasy inunction. Where this was not diffused as a uniform black incrusta�tion, it showed as small black particles mostly at the roots of the bris�tles, and was evidently a product of the diseased sebaceous glands.

Fifth. The skin showed at many points, and above all on the pendent margins of the ears, on the hocks and knees, on the rump and abdomen, an unbroken blue or violet tint, which could not be effaced by pressure. In bad cases this was associated with considerable swelling of the ears, and in one with rupture of the integument and loss of blood.

Finally. A great accumulation of scurf took place along the back, and with the tough, rigid state of the skin contributed much to the unthrifty look of the subject.

The arching of the back, the drawing up of the flank, the advance of the hind toward the fore feet, and the stiff movements of the hind limbs sufficiently attested abdominal suflering, while the contractions of the rectum resisting the introduction of the thermometer testified in most cases to the irritability of the bowels, if not to the thickening and corru�gation of their mucous membrane. The gait was stuf and uncertain, and the patient inclined to lie in its litter, by preference stretched on its belly. The bowels at this stage were mostly irritable. In the milder cases they were mostly costive, or if the dung was of natural consist�ency it smelt strongly. In the worst cases, and in several of the milder ones, they became relaxed with a semi-solid fetid discharge, or a yel�lowish white or slaty yellow watery flow, alternating with more confined or costive conditions. quot;Vomiting was noticed once or twice, but was al�together exceptional. One patient ground its teeth, but one only. Sev�eral had a cough, occurring in paroxysms, but the majority had none, and this is the more remarkable that several of those that appeared to show this immunity harbored numerous lung-worms. In most cases the inguinal glands could be felt to be enlarged.

Stage of sinldng.�quot;When patients were approaching death, the tem�perature, after reaching its highest point, suddenly descended to below the natural, the pulse increased to 130 or even 1C� per minute, extreme weakness supervened so that the animal could barely rise or drag itself around; in some cases the nervous powers were so dulled that the pig lay in a stupor, hardly disturbed when pricked to obtain a drop of blood for examination, and in others there seemed to be active delirium, with sudden starting and screaming. ^Nervous disorder was further shown by general tremors and muscular jerking of the limbs or body. If for�merly purging, the anus became relaxed, and the liquid feces escaping involuntarily smeared the thighs and bed. In two this state of things lasted for two days before death supervened. At this stage moving bacteria were repeatedly detected in the blood.

Subsidence of Jeter.�In cases which seemed to promise recovery, in�cluding a majority of the whole, the temperature declined gradually

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59

toward the natural standard, the bowels became more regular, the ap�petite improved, the skin cleared up, and all the bad symptoms steadily diminished. As it was not our object to preserve tlieni they were either sacrifieed or again inoculated, so that the too frequently tardy and im�perfect or uncertain convalescence was not veritied in onr pens.

POSTMORTEM LESIONS.

In considering the morbid anatomy of the disease, the lesions of the skin referred to above under the head of symptoms need not be again recorded.

The cha met eristic lesions were found especially in the digestive or�gans, the lymphatic glands, and the lungs, though the serous mem�branes and other tissues were by no means always exempt.

Bigestwe organs.�In four cases the tongue was the seat of spots of a deep-blue color, ineffaceable by pressure, and in three cases it bore dis�tinct ulcers, similar to those to be described later as existing in the large intestine. Similar ulcers appeared on the soft palate, in two cases, and on the tonsils in one. In four cases the pharynx bore indeli�ble blue spots of extravasation, but no distinct ulceration. In one in�stance a white concretion in four minute lobes, like pins' heads, was found on the mucous membrane on the back of one arytenoid cartilage, consisting of rounded nucleated cells and granular matter. In one case only did the gullet show patches of congestion. The stomach always contained a fair amount of food, usually smelt intensely acid, the ex�halation firming with ammonia, and presented on the mucous membrane of its great curvature a mottled, dark-brown discoloration, as is often seen in pigs that have been starved for some time prior to slaughtering. In four cases this membrane bore patches of thickening from J to 1 inch in diameter, of a deep-red color, from blood extravasation into and beneath the mucosa. In two cases it bore a dirty yellowish-white pel�licle of diphtheritic-looking false membrane, the microscopic characters of which will be noted hereafter. In one case slight erosion of the mem�brane had ensued, but without the formation of any slough.

The small intestines constantly presented spots of congestion, and some�times extended tracks of the same, with softening of the mucous mem�brane and excessive production of mucus. The spots were easily over�looked unless when the entire length of the gut was slit open and carefully examined, but when closely examined they presented not only the branching redness resulting from coagulation of blood in the capil�lary blood-vessels, but also microscopic extravasations of the blood out of thin natural currents. Another point which served to characterize these limited congestions was a greater or less hsemorrhagic reddening of the mesenteric glands immediately adjacent to the congested spots. In three cases only were distinct erosions found on the small intestines, and in one, ulceration with the dirty-white central slough so common in the large intestines. The edge of the ileo-cseeal valve was twice the seat of a sloughing ulcer, and in four subjects the glandular follicles of Peyer's patch were enlarged at this point, a condition which is, however, not uncommon in pigs killed in health.

In the large intestines the lesions were at once more constant and more advanced. The caecum was the seat of dark-red patches from conges�tion and extravasation in six cases, the colon in six, and the rectum in five. Ulcers appeared on the caecum in eight cases, on the colon in seven, and on the rectum in three. In two cases the whole length of the large intestine was the seat of great thickening of the mucous membrane,

60nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

#9632;wliich was of a deep, dark-red color, and thrown into prominent trans�verse folds, that considerably diminished its internal caliber. The large intestine was more entirely free from slight congestion of the mucous membrane, and in two cases only were no ulcers found on this part.

The variety of these ulcers deserves a passing notice. In a certain number of cases the mucous membrane, though comparatiTely free from congestion, showed a number of small conical swellings, with yellowish depressed centers, and about the diameter of one-half a line. To the naked eye these appear like enlarged solitary glands, but have been shown by Dr. Klein, of London, to be enlarged and diseased mucous crypts (follicles of Liebeikiihn.) Next, erosions of larger size were not uncommon. In these, the surface layer of the mucous membrane was destroyed, leaving a depressed, red, congested base, and swollen, slightly congested, and reddened edges. Then there are the older ulcers in which, with a more or less reddened base and margin, there is a central dirty-white product, arranged in concentric layers, and usually projecting above the line of the adjacent mucous membrane, and even overlapping it. This appears like a slough, and though sometimes stained with blood contains no pervious vessels. In one instance this slough, in place of occurring in rounded isolated forms, extended transversely to the direction of the intestine, occupying the limits of its morbid trans�verse folds for half the circumference of the canal, or even more. These bands were abundant in the csectun and colon, and at intervals two ad�jacent ones would merge into each other at their widest parts. Finally, in one case, a great part of the surface of the csecum and colon was cov�ered by a yeUowish-white dipthheritic-looking pellicle, in patches of several inches in length, and projecting above the surface of the mucous membrane at its free border.

In one case only was there a blood-colored liquid effusion into the peritoneum. In another, a transparent exudation between the folds of the mesentery contained a microscopic embryo worm; but the most care�ful search could detect no others at this point, nor in the coats of the intestines. In one case, whitish concretions were found on the mesen�tery, projecting from the surface and composed of granular cells like those of the concretion on the larynx.

Liver.�Slight ecchymosis on the surface of the liver was common, but extensive congestion, and above all softening, were virtually absent. When congestion existed the acini were most deeply colored in the cen�ter, showing the implication of the hepatic veins and intralobular flexus rather than the portal system. In two cases this organ contained sliglit caseous deposits, in one an aceplialocyst, and several times hydatids.

The pancreas appeared to be uniformly healthy.

The spZeew appeared unduly black and gorged with blood on two occa�sions only, and in the worst of these the blood was alive with actively-moving bacteria.

The lymphatic glands of the mesentery and of the abdomen generally may be said to have been uniformly altered. Those in the vicinity of congested or ulcerated patches of intestines were usually of a dark blood-red, confined to the surface of the gland, or in the worst cases extending through its entire substance. In cases where the disease had passed the crisis, and the subject was advancing towards recovery, there was often simply a grayish discoloration of the surface of the gland, where such hamorrhagic discoloration would have been found in the earlier stages. In all cases the glands appeared to be materially enlarged.

These remarks would equally apply to the lymphatic glands in the chest, throat, or other parts where congestion and ecchymosis existed.

SWINK IKVKH

Report ('(gt;Ilunis.si(raquo;lu#9632;l#9632; {gt;!'Aoricull hit for 187S.

I'l.ilc IX

Ki.il. Microscopic seclion Lhtoudli skin and slouoli

Pi�2. XiicrdsccpH-sort ion oC skin in purple spot.

All.i..I,S lnI.Ul|i..-;.il-l|, ll.illlm.ilT

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Respiratory organs.�Congestions and ecchymosis were common on the larynx, windpipe, and pleurae. Though the lungs never entirely escaped, in one case only was an entire lung hepatized. Exudation and consoh-dation of the lung-tissue were in a few instances confined to the anterior lohes, but as a rule a few of the posterior lobulettes only were affected. In some cases exudation was confined to the interlobular spaces, which accordingly appeared as broad lines circumscribing the lighter-colored lobes, with which they contrasted strongly in color because of their dark blood-stained exudate. Even when the lobules were also the seat of ex�udation, they were mostly lighter than the interlobular spaces, in this differing from the ordinary inflammation of the lungs, in which the latter appear as yellow lines. The bronchia of the affected lobules were invari�ably filled with a frothy mucus, while in eight subjects they contained numerous lung-worms {Strongylus elongatus). It is worthy of notice that in nearly all cases in which lung-worms were found, the lobules into which the exudate had taken place were invariably connected with the infested bronchia. In one case the windpipe presented along its whole length a yellowish-white false membrane similar to that described as ex�isting on the large intestine. In another instance a blocked bronchium presented a small circular slough not unlike the commencing slough of the intestinal mucous membrane. In no case did I meet with the caseous blocking of the bronchia recorded by Klein.

In one case only was there extensive bquid effusion into the pleurae. This was of a dark blood color, and, besides, the blood-globules contained myriads of actively-moving bacteria. False membranes of recent forma�tion also connected the pulmonic to the phrenic pleurae in this case. The right lung was hepatized throughout. In the same subject the pericardium was the seat of a similar exudate, and flbrinous coagula connected the cardiac to the mediastinal layer. In three cases the lin�ing membrane of the heart was the seat of spots of ecchymosis, by pref�erence on the papillary muscles. The right heart usually contained a clot of blood which showed a buffy coat in three cases only. In two cases there was a clear translucent exudation around the aurici�e ventric�ular furrow, which, under the microscope, showed fat cells and granules, and a network of capillary vessels in which the blood-globules moved freely, and showed no tendency to adhere.

Brain.�In one case there were four hsemorrhagic spots on the dura-mater, averaging about one line in breadth.

MICEOSCOPIO OBSERVATIONS.

Skin.�Microscopic sections through the affected portions of skin showed the various grades of congestion; congestion with blocking of the capillaries, and excess of lymphoid and large granular cells and granules staining deeply with coloring agents; and congestion, with ex�travasation and the formation of necrotic spots. (See Plate IX, Fig. 1.) With the earlier congestion there is more or less dropsy of the skin and consequent separation of its intimate textures, while in the later or more severe conditions a fribinous exudation takes place, and this may even exude from the surface and concrete there in dark scabs. In no instance did I meet Avith the formation of pus in the skin, and notwithstanding the numerous minute extravasations into the true skin and cuticle, in one case ouly was there sufficient destruction of a superficial vessel to lead to a temporary haemorrhage. One feature which I have not seen mentioned by otlier observers is the impbcation of the bristle follicles. It has been already stated that the pink papular eruption is mostly ob-

62nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

served around the roots of the bristles, and it may be added that the bristles always stand erect and harsh. Moreover, in addition to the general unthriftiness and scurfiness of the skin, it tends early to become coated Trtth greasy exudation, resulting usually in the black concretion already mentioned and soluble in ether. This is manifestly a product of the hair follicles and their sebaceous glands, and accordingly a section through one of these shows the deep congestion of the capillary plexus. (See Plate IX, Fig. 2.)

Intestine.�Sections through those portions of the mucous membrane which are merely congested and reddened, but without idceration, shows stagnation and blocking of the capillary vessels in the mucosa and sub-mucosa, with thickening and softening of the textures, and especially of the epithelial layer. This last contains a great excess of granules and aggregations of granules into cell forms (giant cells of Klein), while the epithelial cells themselves are reduced in size and contain enlarged nuclei. As formerly pointed out by Klein, the degeneration is often greatest around the openings of the crypts of Lieberk�hn, and in their interior, while their cavities are not unfrequently filled with extravasated blood. Besides the above are found lymphoid and wandering blood cells, crystals of hsematine and closely aggregated masses of granules staining deep purple blue in hrematoxylon and insoluble in caustic potass �the microeocci of Klein. These last are especially abundant on the surface, but extend into the deeper fibrous layers as well. In severe cases the epithelial layer may be raised from the mucosa by a consider�able dark-red clot, though the escape of blood in large amount is more frequent under the mucous membrane, so as to separate it from the mus�cular coat.

The ulcers with a central slough present at their base the same char�acters as the congested mucous membrane, as regards cellular and gran�ular proliforation, blocking of vessels, exudation, and microscopic extra�vasation. The slough may be shown to be made up mainly of small nucleated cells and granules, but it retains under the microscope its close laminated appearance, caused by the gradual extension in depth and breadth by the death of successive layers of the mucous membrane. It contains numerous groups of the granular bacteria already referred to, and extending down to its deepest strata.

Lymphatic (/lands.�As regards the lymphatic glands, I need only repeat the statement of Klein, that the blocking of vessels and extrav�asation of blood is most commonly into the outer or cortical portion alone; in the more severe forms in which the medullary part is also im�plicated, the blood eifusion is often confined to tlie lymph-channels and the connective tissue-partitions, while the glandular cylinders escape. It is in cases of longer standing that the cell changes are the most marked. Then there may be found in the lymph-channels the giant cells already mentioned, and the groups of granular-looking microeocci, similar to those found in the intestinal l�cers, as well as lymph-cells of an abnormally dark granular aspect.

Organs of respiration.�The characteristic lesion of the lungs is lobular pneumonia, the exudation taking place most abundantly into the con�nective tissue between the lobules, and there assuming a dark color by reason of the abundant escape of blood-globules. On making a micro�scopic section across the smaller air tubes and air sacks, we find in the connective tissues generally, and in the walls of the alveoli and around the bronchia an exudation containing an excess of small round lym�phoid cells and granules, and in the air cells themselves accumulations

DISEASES OP SWINE AKD OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 63

of siinilar rounded cells (Klein's giant cells), granular matter, and clumps of granular bacteria.

In one instance the Tvind-pipe from larynx to lung had its superior wall covered by a yellowish-white diptheritic-looking layer similar to that which I found on another occasion throughout nearly the whole large intestine. A section of this under the microscope showed mainly small rounded granular cells, Klein's large granular uniocular cells, and clus�ters of the granular masses of bacteria, staining deeply with hsema-toxylon. The liver sometimes showed congestion and blocking of its intralobular capillaries and an escape of small rounded granular cells (lymph) into the interlobular spaces, the latter affording a marked con�trast to the redness in the center of the acini.

Kidneys.�These were, with one exception, pale in their cortical por�tion, and a cloudy swelling existed in the walls of the tubules. Spots of blood-staining were common on the papillae, and at those points the capillaries were blocked by coagula to a greater or less extent.

Blood.�In most cases no alteration of the blood was detected. In one pig, however, on the second day before death, the blood swarmed with bacteria, showing very active movements. In the subjoined draw�ings (Plate XIII, Fig. 3) may be seen the various forms presented by one bacterium in a few minutes only. The blood of another pig, which had been inoculated from this one showed the same living germs in equal quantity. They were further found in the blood of a rabbit and sheep inoculated from the first-mentioned pig. In an abscess of a puppy which had also been inoculated the germs were abundant. The blood was not examined. In the blood of healthy pigs no such organisms were found. It may be added that the greatest precautions were taken to avoid the introduction of extraneous germs. The caustic potass em�ployed was first fused, then placed with reboiled distilled water in a stoppered bottle that had been heated to a red heat. The glass slides and cover glasses were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal cleaned and incised with a knife that had just been heated in the flame of a lamp, the caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion lens were reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass rods employed to lift the latter were superheated before being dipped in them. On different occasions when the animal was being killed I even received the blood from the flowing vessels beneath the skin into a cap�illary tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame of a lamp. With these precautions it might have been possible for one or two bacteria to get in from the atmosphere, but not for the swarms I found as soon as the blood was placed under the microscope.

PAKASITIC WOEMS.

In view of the fact that the swine-fever has been repeatedly ascribed to the ravages of worms, it may be well to notice specially those that were found in the pigs subjected to experiment.

Strongylus elongatus (Dry.), Paradoxus (Mehlis), Lung-tcorm.�The first eight pigs were purchased of a butcher, and had been fed on offal from his slaughter-honse. The lungs of all these contained these worms in numbers varying from ten to forty full-grown specimens^ and one pig died, apparently from this cause, on the seventh day. The vrorms were mostly found in the terminal part of the main bronch Lum in the posterior lobe of one or both lungs. Others of the air-tubes were, however, occasional!}' infested. The infested tubes were tilled with a glairy mucus, rendering them totally impervious to air, and containing the

64nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

white thread-like worms and myriads of microscopic eggs. In every case the lobules to which such obstructed air-tubes led were red, con�gested, and solid, or, as in one or two instances, dropsical, and of a Sightly translucent, grayish color. Sections of the diseased portion showed the air-cells partially filled with an exudate in which small rounded cell-forms predominated. The walls of the air-cells were the seat of congested and blocked capillaries and granular cells, while in most cases there were superadded the more specific characters of the fever�the presence of the worms and their irritation having evidently determined the lesions of the specific fever to the infested lobules.

The worms may be thus shortly described: Head slightly conical; mouth terminal, small, circular, with three papilhe 5 body like a stout thread, white or brownish, skin nonstriated; cesophagus short, 0.C3 mil�limeters, enlarged posteriorly, club-shaped (Plate XIII, Pig. 4); intes�tine slightly sinuous, and longer than the body; anus opening on a papilla a little in front of the tail. Male, 8 to 9 lines in length; tail curved, turnished with a bilobed membranous pouch supported by five rays, two of them double, and two long delicate spicuhe with transverse markings (see Plate XIII, Pig. 5). Female, 1 to 1J inches long; tail turned to one side, narrowing suddenly to be prolonged as a short, curved, conical point; genital orifice in the anterior half of the body, yet close to the middle; oviducts very much convoluted. The ova are slightly ovoid 6^0 inch in diameter, and appear as if they filled the entire body of the adult female (see Plate XIV, Pigs. 6, 7, and 8).

Habits.�Like other strongyli, these worms attain sexual maturity in the body of their host, and they lay their eggs in the bronchia, to be carried out in all probability and hatched in pools of water and moist earth. It is worthy of note that though I found in the bronchia and air cells eggs in all stages of segmentation, and those containing ft�ly-formed embryos, I did not find a single free embryo worm. The presumption is that, like other closely related worms, they are only hatched out of the body, and that the microscopic embryos live for a variable length of time in water or moist earth, and on vegetables, to be taken in with these in feeding and drinking.

That these worms are injurious there can be no doubt. Pigs infested by them thrive badly, and many die, as did the poorest of my first ex�perimental lot. Like all parasites, they multiply rapidly wherever their propagation is favored by the presence of large herds of swine, and es�pecially if these are kept on the same range and water season after sea�son. In such circumstances they will produce a veritable plague, prov�ing especially destructive to the younger pigs. There is little doubt that many outbreaks of alleged hog-cholera, in which the lungs alone are affected, are but instances of the ravages of these lung-worms, but that they are the cause of the specific fever which we are investigating is negatived by the complete absence of these worms in all of my sec�ond experimental lot.

Tricocephalus Dispai (Creplin) WJdp-Worm of Swine.�This I found in large numbers in the csecum and colon of the experimental pigs, and especially of the first lot�those that had been fed on raw offal. This worm is characterized by a long, delicate, filiform anterior part of the body, and a short, thick, posterior portion. The narrow portion is 0.02 millimeters broad and exceedingly retractile; the posterior portion may be almost 1 millimeter thick. The tegument is very finely striated across, and has a longitudinal papillated band. The oesophagus is very wide and slightly tortuous. The male is about 1^ inches long but the thick portion does not much exceed J inch, and is curved in a spiral. The

SWIINE l^l^VlOH.

Report Commissioiu'r of Aoi'icullurf Cor 187ft.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Plate XIII.

l^-'(iniis nssiniied in rapid succossion by baotenum.) also lioad and tail of liuit! worm.

P*itf. 3. Fonua assumed in

ivipiil HtlcoeBMiam by h baclrmini from Ehe Hood of a sirk pitraquo;. xIOOO

Pig. -t. Read of Lund Wbr Strcmdylua Elontifatua.

.VHomftraUOmnuiiilir Bahui

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65

gpiculitm measures about 1 line, and is fumisliecl with a funnel-shaped membranous sheath. The/emale is 1J to 2 inches in length, the thick portion varying from i to | of an inch. The posterior portion is brown�ish, lilled with eggs, and ends in a blunt point. The ova are 0.052 mil�limeters in diameter, with a transparent button-like prolongation at each pole.

Like as with other round worms, the ova are laid in the body of the host, but passing out are hatched in water, amp;c., the young spending their early life in pools, streams, amp;c., and gain access to the body in food and drink. The worm we are at present considering is especially injurious because of its infesting the human being as well as the pig. Living in the large intestine, it bores its head and much of its anterior fUJform body deeply (� inch) into the mucous membrane and sucks the blood. When present in largo numbers it determines active inflamma�tion of the large intestines, with costiveness or diarrhea, and a rapidly-advancing bloodlessncss. Inasmuch as the seat of its ravages, the caecum and colon, is specially obnoxious to the lesions of the true hog-fever, epizootics caused by the undue prevalence of these worms are very liable to be confounded with the latter disease. The worms are so small that they arc easily overlooked among the solid contents of the viscera, unless special care is exercised in the search.

Sclerostomum clentahm (Diesing).�This is another small worm of the caecum and colon of pigs, found on one occasion only in my experimental animals. It varies from .J to -J inch in length and is about i hue in thick�ness, hence perhaps more easily overlooked than is the whip-worm, but no less injurious. The body is of a dark gray, brown, or black, accord�ing to its contents; the tegument covered with very fine transverse striae: head broad, mouth terminal, round, and furnished with six very sharp horny teeth, with which to penetrate the mucous membrane. The gul�let is broad and club-shaped, and furnished with two salivary glands, opening by dehcate canals into the mouth. Intestine wide and sinuous. Male, J inch long, ^ inch in thickness; tail furnished with a bell-shaped membranous expansion, supported by three rays, but open on one side. Testicle single and extended in a sinuous manner from near the gullet to the tail. Two delicate spiculae. Female, 4 to 5 fines in length, tail slowly narrowed and terminated abrupiiy with a sharp projecting point. Ovaries very tortuous, extend from, near the gullet to the tail, where they end in a globular enlargement, beneath which, and close to the point of the tail, is the vulva. The ovoid eggs are laid in the intestines, and carried out with the dung, in which they will hatch, and give exit to the embryo worms on the third day. Like all this family of round-mouthed worms, this fixes itself to the mucous membrane by its mouth, penetrates the tissues with its sharp teeth, and lives upon the blood. If present in large numbers it may establish such a drain that the host becomes pale and bloodless, rapidly loses condition, and perishes from anaemia. It will also, like the whip-worm, irritate the bowels and bring on fatal inflammation, with constipation or diarrhea. In both cases alike the lesions are in the caecum and colon, the common seat of idcera-tion, lt;S:c., in the specific fever; hence the epizootic is liable to be set down as hog-cholera. It should be added that some members of the family of Sclcrostomata, and notably the Sclerostomnm equinum {Scleros-tomiun of the horse), pass a portion of their early life encysted in the mucous membrane and even in other internal organs, and there is some reason to suppose that the Sclerostomum of the pig has similar habits, which add materially to the irritation caused by its presence in large numbers. The pigs in Virginia reputed as dying from hog-cholera, caused

� � sw

66nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AXD OTIIEK ANIMALS.

hy microscopic Avorms ixi tlio walls of the bowds, were, in all probabiKty, the victims of an epizootic of Sclerostomata.

That the gemiine hog-fever is not caused by either of these worms is best illustrated by the fact that in my second lot I found very few whip-worms and no Sclerostomata, though both were diligently sought for.

Oysticercus Zcmicollis.�This hyclati� I found in considerable numbers in the abdominal cavity (in the omentum, peritonetim, liver, kidneys, amp;c.), in tiie pelvis, perincuifl, and pleuraj of my first lot of pigs. It con�sists of an ovoid bag of liquid ^ to 1 inch in length, with an opening at one end, through which the head is drawn back into the sack. The head is supported on a very attennnted thread-like neck, whence the name. The membrane of the sack is marked by fine transverse strife, and if placed. in tepid water -will often undergo active contractions, during which the head can be seen to rise and fall in the interior. The head and neck contain an abmidance of dark calcareous particles, soluble with effervescence in a strong acid.

Seventeen of these Jiy�ati�s were fed to a Newfoundland puppy, fresh from, its mother, ten having been kept for some time in a solution of common salt, while seven were fresh from a newly-killed pig. After twenty-five days the puppy was sacrificed, and seven tapeworms (Tccnia, Marginaia) were found attached by their hooked snouts to the mucous membrane of the jejunum. Exposure to a strong solution of common salt for less than a week in some cases had been sufficient to destroy the first ten, while all the seven cysticerci, grown fresh, developed into tape�worms. These had the globular head with four sucking disks and re�tractile proboscis, surrounded by a double row of 30 booklets, having the characteristic long posterior process as shown in the accompanying lithograph (Plate XIV, Figs. 9 and 10); also the calcareous markings in the head and neck already referred to.

It is well known that when several ripe segments of this tapeworm are given to a sheep or goat, the myriads of resulting embryo worms tliat bore their way into the liver and other organs will give rise to such de�structive changes in them that death may ensue in ten days. But here again we have the counter evidence in tlie entire absence of these para�sites in my later lot of pigs, showing that they were in So way responsi�ble for the specific hog-fever.

Other parasiUo worms of sicine.�It is needless to open up the question of the causation of this disease by the other worms of swine. Many years ago Dr. Fletcher called attention to the destructive effects of the lard worm�Stephanurus Dentatus�(misnamed Sckrostoma Finguicula) on the liver and other internal organs, and even attributed the hog-cholera to its ravages. Doubtless he was dealing with an epizootic of this worm, but in many instances since, as in my own recent cases, this worm has been sought for in vaiu.

So with the Trichina Spiralls, the HooJa-hea�ed Worm {Echinorlnjnchus Gigns), the common measle Jiydatid [Cysticcreus Cdlulosa), and the liver flukes {Fasciola JETepatica, and DUtomnm Lanclolatum); however de�structive they may be to pigs in infested localities, then- entire absence in my experimental pigs sufficiently excludes them from the causation of the specific hog-fever.

EXPEEIMENTS ON THE rEOPAOATION OF THE DISEASE BY INOCXJLA-TION AND OTHEHWISE.

Yirulcnea of dried virus.�In experimenting on the hogs it was sought, first, to ascertain the tenacity of life of the (tried virus. This was iudi-

SWIXK l'KX'KH.

Ifcpon ConiiinssioiH'r olquot; A'ji-H ult hit for 1878

Ova. hooks, aud helaquo;d and tail oV lund wniiiis

I'l.ili- XIN'.

Kii H Head ol' Pemale �lrougylulaquo; I

Fiti li. Tail of Feinallaquo;- . Xiquot;^T '- 'v

FiU 7 Ovlaquo; of

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Rtf.10 Lnno' aiilt;l Shoi-I liooks of Tartkia mnrtfuuita * 'MO

Fio !l Hrad nCTtafnia inartfinnlam V)

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DISEASES OF SWIXE AXD OTHEE ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 87

cated three years ago by Professor Axe, vlio successfully inocnlated a pig with virus that had remained dried upon ivory points for twenty-six days. It seemed important to test this by further experiment, as upon this question depends the weighty one of arresting or putting an end to the plague by the extinction of its poison.

Three pigs were inoculated with virulent products that had been dried on quills lor OKS day, one with virus dried on the qnill for rous days, one for eive days, and one for six days. The quills had bean sent from New Jersey and Uorth Carolina, wrapped in a simple paper covering, and therefore not in any way specially protected against the action of the air. Of the six inoetdations, four took effect, and in the two exceptional cases the quills had been treated with disinfectants before inoculation, so that the iiiilure was to be expected.

Viruhnee of the dried intestine.�In the case of the quills, the virus was dried quickly ou account of the tenuity of the layer, and no time was allowed for decomposition. quot;With the diseased intestine the drying in the free air and sun was ne^essarilj slower, and more time was allowed for septic changes. Three pigs were inoculated with diseased intestine which had been dried for theee and pottr days respectively. In one case the diseased product was from Hbrth Carolina. In all three cases the inociuatiou proved successful. The morbid product, therefore, even in comparatively thick layers, may dry spontaneously, so as to be the means of transmitting the disease to the most distant States.

Virulence of the moist morbid product if secluded from the air.�A pig was inoculated with a portion of diseased intestine sent from Illinois in a closely corked bottle. The inoculating material had been thkee days from the pig and smelt slightly putrid. The disease developed on the sixth day.

A second pig was inoculated with blood from a diseased pig that had been kept for eleven days at 100deg; Fahrenheit in an isolation apparatus, the outlets of which were plugged with cotton wool. Illness supervened in twenty-four hours.

The exclusion of air, or more probably the prevention or retardation of putrefaction, therefore, probably favors the longer preservation of the poison.

Trohahle non-vindenco of morhid products that have imderffone putrefac�tion.�Two pigs were inoculated in one day with the elements of an ulcer from a portion of intestine sent from Kew Jersey in a box. The product was TWO days from the pig and distinctly putrid. Neither seemed to suffer at any time.

A third pig was placed in a pen with a portion of the same diseased intestine, and some manure sent with it. The intestine disappeared after the second day, and was probably eaten, but the pig showed no evil effects.

It should be stated that each of these pigs had lieen formerly inocu�lated, and two appeared to pass through a mild form of the disease, while the third hail showed an elevated temperature cu three alternate days only. It may therefore be questioned whether they had not at�tained to a certain degree of insusceptibility which insured the negative results. Tu other cases, however, I have found a second inoculation to take though the first had been successful, and Dr. Osier records cases of the same kind. The results obtained in the three above-mentioned pigs would demand further investigation in this direction, as they sug�gest a probable explanation of any varying virnlence of the disease in wet and dry seasons, in sheds and iu the fields.

If wc can accept Dr. Klein's theory of the bacdliar origin #9632; #9632; f the disease,

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tlao harmless nature of thoroughly putrid products may be explained ou the known principle that in preserved or cultivated products the prop�agation of the septic bacteria leads to the disappearance of the infecting ones.

Virulence of the Mood.�A solitary experiment of Dr. Klein's having appeared to support the idea that the blood was non-virulent, I tested the matter hy inoculating two pigs quot;with the blood of one that had been sick for nine days. They sickened ou the seventh and eighth days re�spectively, and from one of these the disease was still further propa�gated by inoculating the blood on three other animals as recorded beloAv. It may, however, still be questioned #9632;whether the blood is virulent at all stages, as in the animals infected in the above experiments it was found to contain numerous actively moving bacteria, which had not been found in certain of the milder cases. This subject demands further inquiry.

Infection through the air.�Only one experiment was instituted on this subject. A healthy pig placed in a pen between two infected ones, and with the ventilating orifices within a foot of each other front and back, had an elevated temperature on the ninth, tenth, and eleventh days, with lameness in the right shoulder, evidently rheumatic. On the twenty-fourth day the temperature rose 2deg;, and remained 104deg; F. and upward for six days, when it slowly dechned to the natural standard.

Infection of sheej), rabbit, and dog.�A merino wether, a tame rabbit, and a Newfoundland puppy were inoculated with blood and pleural fluid, containing numerous actively moving bacteria, taken from the right ventricle and pleura of a pig that had died the same morning. Next day the temperature of all three was elevated. In the puppy it became normal on the third day, but on the eighth day a large abscess formed in the seat of inoculation and biu-st. The rabbit had elevated temperature for eight days, lost appetite, became weak, and purged, and its blood contained myriads of the characteristic moving bacteria. The wether had his temperature raised for an equal length of time, and had bacteria in his blood, though not so abundantly. He did not seem to sufier materially in appetite or general health. The sheep and rab�bit had been each unsuccessfully inoculated on two former occasions, with the blood of sick pigs, in which no moving bacteria had been de�tected. It remains to be seen whether the virus can be conveyed back to the pig and with what effect. Should farther experiment show that other domestic animals than swine are subject to a mild form of the dis�ease, and capable of thus conveying it and transmitting it with fatal effect to pigs at a distance, it will be a matter for the gravest consider�ation in all attempts to limit the spread of the malady or to secure its extinction. (Since the above was written, I have noticed that Ur. Klein has succeeded in transmitting the disease to rabbits, guinea-pigs, and mice.)

liesultv of disinfection and inoculation of diseased products.�Under this head eight experiments were conducted with as many ditl'ereut dis�infectants, the morbid products being in every case such as had proved saccessftd by direct inoculation on other swine. The object being to test first the most available and least expensive of the disinfectants, the virulent matters were treated with J- per cent, solution of each of the following agents : Bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, and chloride of lime. The materials to be inoculated were in the thinnest layers, in four cases upon quills and in two in thin sections to be inserted under the skiu. They were kept in contact with the disinfectants for five minutes, so that the virulent material was

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tborougLly moistened, softened, and partially dissolved in tlie five cases in wliicli a solution was used. In the sixth case the thin slice was only kept in the fumes of the burning sulphur for five minutes. In all cases a portion of the disinfectant was necessarily introduced into the wound along with the virulent agent. In four out of the six pigs the disease developed and ran its course as shown in the table, the disinfectants thus proving ineffectual being carbolic acid, sulphate of iron, sulphurous acid, and chloride of lime.

The pig inocidated with virus, treated with bisidphite of soda, died on the seventh day, evidently from lung-worms, and without any distinct symptoms of the plague. There remains the possibility that had it lived longer these would have appeared.

One agent only out of the six can be set down as having proved an efficient disinfectant as used, namely, the chloride of zinc. The virus, treated with this agent, produced no appreciable illness; and though the pig's temperature was raised on the fourth, sixth, and ninth days, this was probably accidental, as it showed no tendency to become permanent. Finally, two pigs were subjected to a hypodermic injection of a few drops of the blood of a diseased subject, mixed in a dram of a solution of permanganate of potassa for the one, and of bromide of ammonium for the other. Both inoculations took effect, and one of the pigs thus in�fected furnished the blood which conveyed disease to the sheep, rabbit, and dog, as recorded above.

NATURE OF THE HOG- FEYEE.

Though long confounded with typhoid fever, anthrax (malignant pus-ttile), erysipelas, measles, scarlatina, amp;c., this malady is distinct from all of them. In my report for 1875 I pointed out my reasons for declining to recognize in it either of the above maladies, and claiming it to be quot;a disease sni generisquot;; and this position has been fully indorsed by the recent researches of Klein, Usler, and others, as well as by my own ex�periments. This affection may be defined as a specific, contagious fever of swine, characterized by a high but variable temperature, by conges�tion, exudation, ecchymosis, and ulceration of the intestinal mucous mem�brane, especially that of the csecnm and colon, and, to a less extent, of the stomach; by congestions and exudations in the lungs in the form of lobular pneumonia; by general heat and redness of the skin, the latter effaceable by pressure; by darker red and black spots unaffected by pressure; by a papular eruption and abundant dark sebaceous exuda�tion ; by ecchymosis on the mucous and serous membranes generally; by swelling and ecchymosis of the lymphatic glands; by irregularity of the bowels, costiveness alternating with a fetid diarrhea; and perhaps most important of all, by the presence of colonies of minute globular micro-cocci in the various seats of morbid change.

An experiment of Dr. Klein, in 1877, in which he cultivated the micro-coccus for seven successive generations in the aqueous humor taken from the eyes of rabbits, using only a speck on the point of a needle to inocu�late every new portion of the humor, and finally inoculated the product of the fifth and seventh generations successfully on two pigs, seems to establish that these microphytes are the ultimate cause of the disease. My own experiment, in which the disease was conveyed by blood that had been kept lor eleven days in an incubator at the temperature of the body, goes to support the same conclusion; but I hope still to subject this question to a more crucial test. If we accept this hypothesis of the pathogenic action of the bacteria, it would almost of necessity follow

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that tlic blood, the channel through Tvhidi these must he earned to the various organs in which they are found, must prove virulent. One of Dr. Klein's experiments appears to negative tins conclusion, whereas three of mine ,co to support it. From what we know of the generation of microphytes, it seems not improbable that at certain stages of its de�velopment this specimen may fail to be injarious, or more probably the germs may be filtered from the blood, being arrested in the capiliaries, where they determine the morbid changes, and thus many specimens of blood may be obtained which are destitote of the morbid element, until that is again produced in abundance by proliferation in the tissues. By refereuce to my experiments, it will be seen that the blood with which the suecessftd inoculations were made was taken from pigs in the last stage of the disease, or just after death. That the blood is virulent at certain stages is unquestionable, and in the nature of things this can scarcely fai! to be the case, even if we were to set aside experiments and reach our decision from the lesions alone.

CAUSES.

It has been no part of my purpose to investigate the causes of this disease apart from the one specilic cause of contagion. It was indeed impossible to pursue such a line of inquiry at a distance from any dis�trict where hogs are largely raised, where the disease prevails exten�sively, and whore, presumably, new generations of the poison are taking place. One instance, however, of probable generation de novo has been brought under my notice, and the attendant circumstances were such that I think it important to publish the principal facts. In the end of April, 1871, Colonel Hoffmann, of Horseheads, purchased a large herd of swine to consume the buttermilk of his creamery. The swine were supplied with sheds, the open range of an orchard, with plenty of shade under the trees, on a gravelly soil, rising abruptly 10 to 15 feet above the general level of the valley, and were fed fresh buttermilk and com meal. All went well until late in June or early in July, when the hogs began to sicken and died in large numbers, with the general symptoms of the hog fevor. 1 have mentioned this mainly to negative the widespread belief that the source of the trouble ia in the exclusive feeding upon corn. Here we had a laxative and otherwise model diet, supplemented only to a slight extent by corn. It may be well to state that in other years, when lie has purchased Western hogs, the disease has always appeared quot;within ten days or a- fortnight after their arrival. When 'Sew York State hogs only have been bought the pestilence has not broken out.

In view of the strong assertions that pigs will not contract the diseasa wdien fed in part on green food or on succulent vegetables�turnips, beets, potatoes, apples, amp;c.�I had some subjects of experiment freely supplied with potatoes and apples, but whenever the poison was intro�duced by inoculation I could detect no difference in the period of incu�bation or tlie. severity of the attack.

!r. may be added that all unwholesome conditions of feeding and man�agement will favor the development of this as of other specilic fevers, by deranging the nutrition, disturbing the balance of waste and re�pair, loading the blood and tissues with effete and abnormal products, raising the body temperature, and on the whole bringing about a state of the system extremely favorable to the propagation and growth of disease germs. But while the importance of all these may be recog-

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nized as accessories, ^vo must ]iot allow them to withdraw our attention ixom tlie one condition essential to the developiaeut and propagation of tlic malady�tlie presence of the speciiic poison. To cpiote irom my report of 1875, quot; The important point is this: We know this is a con�tagions affection, to the propagation of which all possible insalhbrious conditions contribute. So soon as we concentrate onr attention on this point we have the key to its pre.Tention, if'not to its entire extinc�tion.quot;

IS THE TEBATMENT OV HOG rETEK C-OOD POLIOT?

In taking Arhat I know to he an iinjpopiilai position on this subject, I am led by the strongest convictions of duty. I well know how popular would be an investigation into the curative powers of different systems, and even nostrums, in this disease, and how many breeders and dealers in swine will readily spend more than the value of the sick hog in the purchase of boasted specifics, to say nothing of the cost of attendance, and how they will rejoice over the wretched unthrifty animal whose life is at times preserved. It is not that recovery is impossible. A certain proportion, 20, 50, or even SO per cent., will often survive. In my ex�perimental cases only 21 per cent, died and over 28 per cent, recovered from the first attack, so that they were used for further experiment, and this without any attempt at medication or treatment further than whole�some food, cleanliness, and disinfection of the pens. I am convinced that a still better showing could be made in the majority of cases if the sick animals were submitted to careful and intelligent medical treat�ment.

Were the question of the preservation of tlic infected pig the only one or the main one to be considered, I would strongly advocate medicinal treatment. But the question is rather one of comparison between this one sick Log or herd and all the healthy swine in the same town, county, State, or nation. This is not a question of moraiity, but a problem in political economy, and when dealt with by a government must be de�cided on the ground of what is best for the whole nation. If, then, the preservation and treatment of a single sick hog means the incessant and incalculable increase in its body and secretions of a poison which is in the last degree deadly to other hogs; if this poison can be dried and preserved for a length of time, and earned meanwhile to a distance of a thousand miles, and if not liogs alone but sheep, guinea-pigs, and even wild animals like rabbits and mice, can contract the disease and convey the poison to any distance in their bodies, then the best interests of the nation demand that the sick animal shall not be preserved, but promptly sacrificed to the good of the community.

This point is so important that I may be permitted to dwell on it a little further. Some of my experimental pigs were successfully inocu�lated with quills that had been dipped in the morbid exudajions of sick pigs in Xew Jersey and Uorth Carolina, and had been dried and pre�served for from one to six days in this condition. Here we had the thin�nest possible film, such as might have adhered to the clothing of man, the hair of an animal, the feet or bill of a bird, the legs or prehensile organs of an insect, to a dried leaf, or even to a floating thistledown, and might have been thus carried in a great many different ways to infect distant herds. What was actually conveyed some hundred miles on a dried'qiiijl, and preserved its virulence for six days in this condition, can be as certainly preserved on any other dry object, and if brought by

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accident in contact with a raw surface, will produce disease as surely as did the quills in my inoculations. My own observations in this respect have been more than corroborated by one of Professor Axe, of the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. He produced the disease by inoculating from ivory points on -which the cutaneous exudation had been dried up for the long period of twenty-six days.

That the poison can be preserved even in the liquid state when the germs of putrefaction are excluded, may be inferred from my successful inoculations with blood that had been kept in an isolation apparatus, at the ordinary body temperature, for the period of eleven days. As directly to the point is the cultivation of the poison in aqueous humor for seven days, by Klein, and its subsequent successful inoculation. This experi�ment of Klein is, however, possessed of vastly greater importance, inas�much as by it it was first shown that the poison can be cultivated and indefinitely increased out of the animal body as well as in it. On seven successive days he inoculated seven successive portions of aqueous humor with as much of the inoculated liquid of the previous day as would ad�here to the point of a needle, the first having been similarly inoculated from the sick pig. From the cultivations of the fifth and seventh days, respectively, a drop was taken and two pigs were successfully inoculated therewith. In the cultivation of each day were found myriads of hocillus, but no other organization, and thus Klein was the first to show that the bacillus is the probable cause of the disease. Had there been no repro�duction and increase of the poison, it must have been rendered incon�ceivably dilute, an approximate ratio of the poison added to the first day's cultivation, and that added to the last, being about as 1 is to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. That such a dilution could be operative seeais utterly incredible, and as modem research shows that virulence resides not in simple liquids, but in the solid particles contained in them, and as the only definite organisms in the cultivation liquids were the bacilli, it seems inevitable that these are the active cause of the disease. But if so, they cannot only be preserved, but increased in suitable fluids ouf-side the animal body. It is true they disappear when the active organ�isms of ordinary putrefaction {bacterium, termo) become numerous, but they are not necessarily destroyed. From what we know of the life of these mycrophytes it is to be feared that so far as the bacillus has ad�vanced to the production of spores, it will be preserved in a dormant state, like so many dried seeds, until conditions favorable to its growth shall transpire. On the other hand it may .be recollected that my at�tempts to propagate the disease from a putrefying bowel failed, so that further observation is wanted before we can say that the bacillus or its spores are preserved in a septic liquid. However that may be, the pos�sibility of its increase in a non-septic normal fluid is an additional argu�ment for the total destruction of all diseased pigs and morbid products.

In the case of high-priced pigs, where expense is no object, and where the patients can be kept in thoroughly disinfected pens, under the most rigid seclusion, treatment may sometimes be commendable; but in the case of common herds, and as viewed from the standpoint of the great�est good to the greatest number, there can be no question at all that the treatment of the sick is the most ruinous policy, while the most stringent measures for the extinction of the poison is the only economical one. The universal experience of veterinarians supports this conclusion, and nearly every European government has now reached the same conviction, 'and absolutely prevent the preservation and treatment of the victims of those fatal contagious diseases which most threaten their flocks and herds.

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MEASURES TO ARREST AND EXTIRPATE THE DISEASE.

To put a vStop to the ravages of the fever concerted measures are essential. One farmer may easily eradicate it from Ms own herds; bnt so long as his neighbors continue to harbor it his stock is daily subjected to the danger of renewed infection. His personal sacrifice is all in vain, so long as he is liable to have his herds infected by a chance visitor, a wandering animal or bird, or even a favorable wind. What is true of the individual fanner is equally true of the township, county, and State. One may crush out the disease at a cost of immense effort and outlay only to iind it reappearing the next day, as the result of carelessness on the part of an adjoining or even distant State or district. In our East�ern States this plague is almost invariably the result of importation, and though from the lack of pigs it never gains a wide prevalence, it suffi�ciently illustrates how the disease is propagated in the West, where its more extended ravages are liable to blmd the eyes to the fact. To secure a complete or even partial immunity active measures must be taken over the entire land, and while this cannot be done by States, districts, counties, or even towns, separately, it will be rendered the more effectual in the precise ratio that it is inaugurated as a uniform system over the entire country, and under one central controlling authority.

Without entering at this time into all the details of the necessary restrictive measures, the following may be especially mentioned: 1st. The appointment of a local authority and inspector to carry out the measures for the suppression of the disease. 2d. The injunction on all having the ownership or care of hogs, and upon all who may be called upon to advise concerning the same, or to treat them, to make known to such local authority all cases of real or suspected hog fever, under a penalty for every neglect of such injunction. 3d. The obligation of the local authority, under advice of a competent veterinary inspector, to see to the destruction of all pigs suffering from the plague, their deep burial in a secluded place, and the thorough disinfection of the premises, uten�sils, and persons. 4th. The thorough s.eclusion of all domestic animals that have been in contact with the sick pigs, and in the case of sheep and rabbits the destruction of the sick when this shall appear necessary. 5th. Unless, where all the pigs in the infected herd have been destroyed, the remainder should be placed on a register and examined daily by the inspector, so that the sick may be taken out and slaughtered on the appearance of the first signs of illness. 6th. Sheep and rabbits that have been in contact with the sick herd should also be registered, and any removal of such should be prohibited until one month after the last sick animal shall have been disposed of. 7th. All animals and birds, wild and tame, and all persons except those employed in the work, should be most carefully excluded from infected premises until these have been disinfected and can be considered safe. 8th. The losses sus�tained by the necessary slaughter of hogs should be made good to the owner to the extent of not more than two-thirds of the real value as assessed by competent and disinterested parties. 9th. Such reimburse�ment should be forfeited when an owner fails to notify the proper authorities of the existence of the disease, or to assist in carrying out the measures necessary for its suppression. 10th. A register should be drawn up of all pigs present on t�rms within a given area around the infected herd�say, one mile�and no removal of such animals should be allowed until the disease has been definitely suppressed, unless such removal is made by special license granted by the local authority after they have assured themselves by the examination of an expert that the

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animals to bo inoved are sound and out of a lic-altliy liord. 11th. Eail-road and shipping agents at adjoining stations should be forbidden to ship piglaquo;, excepting under license of the local authority, until tbe plague has been suppressed in the district. 12th. Wlien infected pigs have been sent by rail, boat, or other mode of corivcyance, measures should be taken to insure the thorough disinfection of such cars or conveyances, as well as the banks, docks, yards, and other places in or on Trhich the diseased animals may have been turned.

Other measures would be essential in particular localities. Thus in the many places where the hogs are turned out a* street scavengers and meet from all different localities, such liberty should be put a stop to whenever the disease appears in the district, and all hogs found at large should be rendered liable to siunmary seizure and destruction.

The great difficulty of putting in practice tho means necessary to the extirpation of the disease will be found to consist in the lack of veterinary expects. So one but the accomplished vetsrinarian can be relied on to distinguish between the different communicable and destructive diseases of swine, and to adopt the measures necessary to cueir suppression in the different cases. In i Uustration I need only recall the num erous reports in which what is supposed to be hog cholera has been found to depend on lunff 'worms, on any one of the four different kinds of intestinal round worms, on the lard-worm, on embryo tape-v:orms) on malignant anthrax, on pneumonia, or ou erysipelas. To class all these as one and apply to all the same suppressive measures woidd be a simple waste of the pub�lic money, but to distinguish them and apply the proper antidote to each over a wide extent of territory would demand a number of experts whom it would be no easy matter to find. This state of things is the natural result of a persistent neglect of veterinary sanitary science and medicine as a factor in the national well-being, and must, for a time prove a heavy incubus on all concerted efforts to restrict and stamp out our animal plagues. Tu will retard siiccess under the best devised sys�tem, and will sometimes lead to losses that might Lave been saved, yet if an earnest and prolonged effort is made the obstacle should not be an insuperable one, and the United States should be purged not of this plague only, but of all those animal pestilences which at present threaten our future well-being.

Eespectfully submitted.

JAMES LAW.

Ithaca, F. Y., January 2,1879.

swinio i'^vi':\'i;H.

Keporl Coimnissioiicr of Aynlaquo;nil inr IVji'1878.

1gt;1;.Ilt;- X

Vlirroscopic section sliow-iiig p^idalion in Ihe ra-cal mucDUs mcml)ianp

hrnc.illi all ulrrr

Microscopi. serlioii ihion�h sllt;m. slumino l.air follicle containing effused Wool The bristle was detached en mounting

.\ll.iv.,Si..I.illi.quot;.....MirMUl

SWTNE FKVKR.

Repoit ( onimissioiifiquot; of Agriculture for 1878.

Plalo XT.

i MlRSM^

Nficroscqpic section ol'lung' with, exudate lillni(gt; llie air cells. and tT�clcerrin� the Hlvcolarwalls.

Microscopic section of congested gut, showing villi willi excess oruivmulariiiaHer, stained m haema-toxylon Detached roundcells.

.\.l|c,.-ll)Higt;I.|t|raquo;ll-..₁lsl|..K.illlllir.lv

SWIXK FKVKW.

Repon Coumiissioiier orAdrij-iiltitrc I'or 1878.

Plate Ml.

M�ci'osropic raquo;pclion of hing, sIidwhic' UiifkcTietl walls of nir-cells; blocked vessels; exuclale into rell-walls. iuul a few of Ihe colls.

Mici-ostopir selt;lioii from ear, showing carlilage and raquo;kin wiili Inoken sniface, and rnist-eivlausjlinsi brisUes.

A.Hoeli(('iiliaiariiilsllr li.,llii

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raquo;

APPENDIX.

EF.conD of Dr. Law's Expeekiexts.�No. 1.

Male trlulcjp'uj, eight montlis old; nospedal hreed. Formerly feel offal from a slaughter-house.


Date.		Hour.	Temperaftnro of body.	Eemaxks.
Sept.	raquo;0	ilp.m.....	104.75deg; F.	Had eseaped and Tvas canglit after a good olinsc.
Oct.	1	9 a. m.....	103. 25
	1	6p. m.....	103.5
	2	9.30 a. iu ..	102.5
	3	9.30 a.m..	102
	5	4p. m.....	102. 75	lunculatrd from ifjill chargotl with dncd liquid from infected lung; matter from oS'ortli Carolina, and Uvo days old; quill dipped live minutes in solution of bisolpMte of soda�: 1:: 500.
	(i	5p. m.....	103. 25
	7	11 a. m-----	100
	8	13 noon...	101. 5
	*:gt;*	11 a. m-----	103.5
	10	5 p. m.....	101. 23
	n	10 a. m___	102
	12	4p. m.....	UP

Was found sprawling upon its Iiclly unable to stand; Tarcatliing slow, deep, pant�ing, and labored ; snout hot, dry, and of a leaden color; cars and feet warm, bhtisli, but without any rash, eruption^ blotches, or extravasations. Blood appears at the arms. An hour later this pig died.

Post-mortem examination thirty-six hours after death.-�Body in excellent preservation; condition low; skin scurfy along the back; snout livid blue, but without petechite.

Digestive organs: Tongue has papillss, at its base reddened ; a similar blush appears on the fauces and pharynx.

Stomach and howcls normal.

lArer firm and sound. Eidnoys and bladder sound.

Urethra (intrapelvic) deeply congested, almost black, but without any ohstruction.

Parasites in abaomen: A ftjw tncocephali {tchijp-worms) in the large intestines; a hy�atid in the pelvie fascia.

Chest: Pleura, normal; jperioardium healthy, with a small quantity of serum.

Might heart: Auricle and ventricle filled with dark clotted blood.

Zc/t heart: Auricle contains a small clot of black Wood; ventricle empty.

Dungs: A great part of these is in a condition of camifica tion or infarction. This is confined to deihufe lobules or groups of lobules, the collapsed, red, fleshy aspect of which is i.i marked contrast with the full form and pale xiiukish-white color of the remainder.

The air passages (bronchi and bronchia) contain small portions of the contents of the stomach which have been vomited up and drawn into the lungs in the last violent efforts to breathe. The air-passages leading to the collapsed lobules contain large quantities of a watery mucus and pellets of worms (strongylus clongatus) which com�pletely block them. The obstructed terminal bronchia are dilated, and have their mucous membrane variously reddened and congested. Around these bronchia the connective tissue is strongly congested and filled with extravasatod lymph, by which the vessels passing to and from the lobuletta are compressed and obstructed. In view of this state of things, the explanation of the process of infaiction iu the lobules is easy; the irritation ami congestion caused by the worms in the infested air-tubes ex�tended to the surrounding connective tissue and the sheaths of the accompanying blood-vessel:;; the exudation of lymph compressed and obstructed the vessels, inducing stagnation, congestion, and exudation in the whole substance of the lobule orlobnletts to which those led. Hence the invariable connection of the infareted lobule, and the blocked, congested, and woms-infested tube that led to it.

SWIXK KKVKW

Hf^pori ('omimssiDiuM' of A�ricull lire lor 1878.

Plate XII.

Micvosropic SPi-lioti of lung, silmw�ig Uiickenpd walls of air-cells: blocked vessels; cxmlali- into ci-ll-walls, and a li-w of Hie cells.

Microscopic seel ion ft'oni ear, slioivintf cartilage and raquo;kin vritli lnoki-n surface, and cmst-entan�lin� brisLles.

A t!.gt;.iiR-raquo; iditliocaiwtir Ballimorc

DISEASES OF SWINE A^D OTHER ANIMALS.

APPENDIX.

Recokd of Dk. Law's Expeeiments.�Xo. 3.

Male tuhitejpig, eightmontha old; no raquo;pedal hrccd. Formerly fed offal from a silaugUter-houae.


Date.	Hour.	TcmperflAroo of boily.	Hemarks.
Sept. 30	3p. in.....	104. 75= F.	Had escaped and vras eaugM after a food cliaso.
Oct. 1	9a.m.....	103. 25
1	6p. m.....	103. 5
o	9.30 a.m..	102.5
3	9.30 a.m..	102
5	4p.m.....	102.75	Ineculated from iinill eharfed with dried liquid from infected lung; matter from jS'ortli Carolina,and five days old; qniil dipped lire minutes in solution of bisulpinte of soda�: 1:: 300.
C	5p.m..... 11 a.ra----	103. 25
7	5p.m..... 11 a.ra----	100
8	12 noon...	101. 5
:i	11a.m....	103.5
10	5p. m.....	101. 25
ii	10 a. m___	102
12	4P-m.....	fii¹

quot;VVas found sprawlino;upon its Ijclly unaWe to stand; lireatliing slow, deep, pant�ing, and labored; snout hot, dry, and of a leaden color; cars and feet warm, bluisli, but without any rasb, eruption, blotclies, or extravasations. Blood appears at the anus. An hour later tMs pig died.

Post-mortem examination thirty-six hours after death.�Body in excellent preservation; condition low; skin scurfy along the back; snout livid blue, but witbout peteehiie.

JDigestire organs: Tongue has papilla, at its base reddened ; a similar blush appears on the fauces and pharynx.

Stomach and howcls normal.

XAver firm and sound. Kidneys and bladder sound.

Urethra (intrapelvic) deeply congested, almost black, but without any obstiuction.

Parasites in aMomen: A ftw iricocephali (whiji-wormt,) in the largo intestines; a hydatid in the pelvic fascia.

Chest: Pleura normal; pericardium healthy, with a small quantity of serum.

Might heart: Auricle and ventricle filled with dark clotted blood.

Zeft heart: Auricle contains a small clot of black blood; ventricle empty.

Lungs: A great part of these is in a condition of carnilication or infarction. TMs is confined to definite lobules or groups of lobules, the collapsed, red, fleshy aspect of which is in marked contrast with the full form and pale pinkish-white color of the remainder.

The air passngm (bronchi and bronchia) contain small portions of the contents of the stomo.ch whieli have been vomited up and drawn into the lungs in the last violent ciibrt-i to breathe. The air-passages leading to the collapsed lobules contain large quantities of a watery mucus and pellets of worms (sirongylus clongaius) which com�pletely block tiiem. The obstructed terminal bronchia are dilated, and have their mucous membrane variously reddened and congested. Around these bronchia the connective tissue is strongly congested and fillsd with extravasatcd lymph, by which the vessels passing to and from the lobuletts are compressed and obstructed. In view of this slate of things, the explanation of the process of infarction in the lobules is easy; the irritation and congestion caused by the worms in the infested air-tubes ex�tended to the surrounding connective tissue and the sheaths of the accompanying blood-vessels; the exudation of lymph compressed and obstructed the vessels, inducing stagnation, congestion, and exudation in the whole substance of the lobule or lobuletts to which these led. Hence the invariable connection of the infarctod lobule, and the blocked, congested, and woma-infested tube that led to it.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

raquo; EXPEBIMENT No. 2.

White male pig, eight weekraquo; old, umallcst of litter. Formerly fed offal at a slavghtcr-house.

Dato.

] Temporatiire 1 of body.

IZemarks.

Sept. 30

Oct. 1

8 S

7 8

Sp.ra.......

0 a. m.......

Cp.m--------

9.30 a. m___

....do.......

4 p. in.......

rgt;p. m.......

11nbsp;a. m......

12nbsp;noon.....

11nbsp; a. m......

5p.m.......

10 a. m......

4 p. iraquo;.......

12nbsp;noon____

4p,m.......

10 a. m......

...do.......

9.30 a. m___

2p.in.......

9a. m.,____

10 a. m......

9a. in.......

...do.......

9.30 a. m___

10 a. m......

...do.......

104. ⁰ F.

1(13.24

102. 5

102.

1(11.

102.

101.

100. 75

102.

Uns just come one mile in a wagon.

Bowels quite loose; rain.

Inoculated from quill dipped in liquids of diseased lunffs forty-

eight lionrs ago in New Jersey; quill treated witb chloride of

zinc before inoculating.

!) 10 11 12 IS 14

ir, J6 17 18 19 20

22 23 24 25 20 27 28 20 30 31 Nov. 1 3

101. 103. 25

101.nbsp;5 105. 25

102.nbsp;75 104. 102.5 102.5 104. 102. 5 103.3 103.

102. 102.5 102.75 103. 101. 102. 75 101. 102.25 '103. 100.5

102.nbsp;5 101.75 101.25

102.

101.

100. 5

103.

100.9

100.5

103.nbsp;5 102.9 103. 102.5 102.2 102.8 102. 5 102.

100.nbsp;5 103. 1(12. 102.

101.nbsp;75 100. 5 1(10. 5

ilT. 5 98.

Scouring! placed in pen witli semi-pntrid ulcerated intestine and manure of diseased pig.

Inoculated with quill charged with liquid from longs of pigs having no bowel lesions; sent from Indiana.

Pining; gets lighter daily. #9632;Wasting, but lively.

...do...

______I

...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do...

Very'weak and exhausted;-surface cold; breathing slow imd rattling; left its bed, but was unable to pet back without as�sistance. An hour later breathing seemed to have ceased, but when removed for dissection it returned in a gasping manner; liilled hv bleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin: Pale, bloodless, withered, and inelastic, covered almost universally with black concretions or unhealthy-lookinj; and thick, dirty, white scurf. Snout beneath the nostrils bine, but not ecchymosed.

Digestivlaquo; organs: Tongue healthy ; beneath the right tonsil is a considerable collec�tion of dirty, grayish-yellow, cheesy matter, consisting of jius-cells and much granular matter.

Stomaeh: Moderately foil, contents fetid and slightly acid, fmnly adherent to the mucous membrane, and bringing otf part of the epithelium when detached. The mn-

DISEASES OV SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

cous membrauo on the great curvaturo is congested, aud bears several patches of deep, blood-red extravasation.

Small mtesiines: Red and congested throughout. The contents are small in quantity and dry, being collected in dry masses at considerable intervals, and partly frothy. The duodenum aud first half of the jejunum contains twenty-two ascarides {A. Siiilla), one extending to 11 inches in length. At diflerent points the bowel is completely blocked by the rolls of these worms.

Large intestine: llio-ciecal valve normal. Cascum aud colon, like the small intestine, congested throughout nearly its whole extent, with patches of extravasation and ero�sion at intervals, but none of the characteristic sloughs nor ulcers, with thick indu�rated base. The ciecum and upper portion of the colon contains thirteen whip-worms (trkoccphalus crcnaius), their heads firmly imbedded in the mucous membrane, and requiring considerable force to withdraw them.

Zicer: Small and of healthy aspect. Gall-bladder full of a dark-green, tenacious bile. Spleen small, black, and somewhat soft. Pancreas normal. Mesenteric glands apparently little altered. Some were slightly congested.

Ki�neyi: Normal. In the pxepnse is a slight, fetid, concretion-like false membrane.

On the omentum are two hijdalkh.

Eezinratonj organs : The whole iuterior of the larynx is of a dull brownish-red, ex�cepting where covered by an extensive false membrane. Along the upper wall of the windpipe, where the ends of the cartilages overlap, is a false membrane about a third of an inch in breadth, and extending from the larynx as far as the lungs. This has a lirm consistency, and a dirty yellowish-white color, tinged with green, and stands out prominently from the adjacent mucous membrane by am abrupt margin on each side. Under the microscope it is seen to consist of large quantities of granular matter, gran�ule cells, epithelial and pus corpuscles, blood globules, and numerous crystals. It also contains eggs of the lung-worm beneath this morbid product.

Lungs: Whole anterior lobe of the right luug camified, of a deep-red color, and sinks in water. The special bronchus lor this lobe, aud its divisions, are filled with a tena�cious mucus, but contain no worms. Several lobulettes in the anterior lobe of the left lung are in a similar condition. On the posterior borderof each lung several lob�ulettes are consohdated, being of a dirty-gray color and semi-transparent. They pre�sent, in short, the appearance of pnhnouary cedema. The bronchia leading to these lobulettes are completely filled with a thick mucus and numerous worms (strongylus elongatm) and their eggs.

The Ironchial lymphatio glands appear normal.

Blood: The blood is very black, coagulates slowly but firmly, and without buli'y coat, and has its globules full-sized and rounded. The right side of the heart beat, #9632;when touched, for nearly five hours after the death laquo;f the animal, and of its removal from the body.

Expeiumext No. 3.

White pig, eight weeks old; no special breed. Has leenfed on raw offal at a slaughter-home.


Date.	Hour.	Teniperaturo of body.	Kcmarlcs.
Sept. 30	3 p. m.......	103. 5^ i'.	Has just come a mile inquot;a box-wagon.
Oct. 1	Da. m.......	103
� 1	0 p. ill.......	302. 5
2	0 a. in.......	3(11.3
3	....do .......	301
4
�	4 p. Hi.......	102. 3	Ulood taken from saplu'iia vein for cultivation experiment; then inocu'atud with rmUl-po�it cluutged with liiiuid from fliaeasod

			luns, fivu days old, from XortU Carolina.
laquo;	6 p. m.......	303	Slii:hfly costive.
7	31 n. m......	100. 75	Bowelraquo; natural.
8	3211UOU.....	102. 5
!)	31 a. in......	102.5
10	;) p. 111.______	103
u	30 a. :a......	103
12	4 p.li........	104
18	12 noon.....	103	Dung very fetid.
14	4 p. m.......	104. 2.-.
raquo; ir.	10 a. m......	3(12.25
11!	....('.0.......	303.5
17	....do .......	303.25
18	....do .......	303
li)	..-dp.......	302.75
20	....do.......	103	Inoculated witli pntrid intestinal ulcer from diseased pig m Now Jersey, led a portion of same.

21	....do .......	100
oo	....do .......	301.5
23	....do .......	3.02. 2.-)

78nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DiSEASKS OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

ExrERlMEST No. 3�Continued.


Date.	Hour.	Tcmpoi-atiiro of body.	*llcmaxka.*
Oct. 24	IDa-ra......	101deg; r.	appears to au�'oj' i'iuui mtrodnction of tliurnomcter.
25	....do.......	102.5
20	Sa.m.......	300.5
27	....do.......	101
28	10a.m......	101.5	n
#9632; 20	0.30 a. m____	1C0. 73
30	2 p. m.......	102. 25
31	9 a. in.......	302.3
Kot. 1	10 a. m......	101. 5
4
3	0 a. m.......	100. 25	Inoculated with dried disoafaod iutestijio scut from XorUa Caro�lina. Dried in su:. and air.
4	....do.......	301
E	9.30 a. m____	101. 75
6	10 a. m......	1,01.73
7	..-.do.......	103
8	....do.......	102
3	....do.......	100. 5
30	------do.......	104.5
11	....do.......	102. 5
12	.-..do.......	102.5
13	.--.do.......	103
a4	-...do.......	103. G
15	....do.......	103
16	____do.......	103.5	Limited pint papular eruption on akin.
17	..-.do.......	103
18	....do.......	103
19	____do.......	103
20	....do.......	102.5
21	....do.......	101
22	....do.......	302.5
23	..-.do.......	102
24	..-.do.,.....	101. 5
25	....do.......	102
26	....do.......	103
27	....do.......	304
28	....do.......	104
2'J	....do.......	10;.75
30			KmedbyWecaiog.
			KmedbyWecaiog.

Pont-moiicm examliiaiUni.�Skin: TIio scat of some papular eruption and black incnia-tatious, but without any patches of purple.

Digestive organs: Mouth and throat sound.

Stomach: Is mottled, of a dark brown along tho great curvature, hut without any extravasations or croHions.

.Small inicsiincs : lias several limited patches of slight congestion, hut no erosions. Itconsains twenty nscarides.

Large intestines: Shows some slight congestions, hut. uo slough, erosion, or ulcer. A dozen wlii p-woryis are present in the, ciecnin and colon.

Mcscnteric li/jnplwtir glands: Generally healthy, but a few were unusually red and congested near to tho congested patches of the sma,ll intestines.

Sydatids: The abdomen contains eight of these.

L�cr: Firm and of nearly a natural appearance.

Spleen and pancreas: Sound.

Kidnti/s : Have cor* leal substance blanched, but are firm and apparently sound.

Lungs: Have some iobnlettes solidified red, hrpervious to air, and sinking in water-In the main terminal luoncliia towards the posterior part of the luuf;s are numerous worms {sfrougylus elongatus), though not always in the air-tubes leading to the con�solidated lohulottos.

Jlcurl: Sound.

Jirain: Sound.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

EsPP-KIMliXT No. 4.

Wltitc female pUj ,ciijlii weeka old; no special treed. Formerly fed on rate qffiil at a tslatighter-

haimc.


Date.	Hour.	quot;Tcmperaturo of body.	Eemaiia.
Sept. 30	3 p.ra:......	103.73 raquo;I¹.	Just com-; one mile in a wagon.
Oct. 1	9a.]n.......	102.75
1	G p.m.......	104
2	9.30 li.m....	102
3	....do.......	100.5
5	4 p.m.......	102.
6	5 p.m.......	101
7	11 a,m......	103	Bowels laquo;piite loose.
8	12 noon.....	101.5	raquo;Inoculated with quill cliarged with lung-fluids of a pig tliat had died suddenly hi Sew Jersey. Virus one day on quiU.
9	11 a. m......	102.5
10	flp.m.......	104
11	10 a.m......	102.75
12	4p. m......	104.5
13	12 noon.....	103
14	4 p.m.......	105.75
15	10 a. m'......	105
16	....do.......	104.5
17	-...do.......	107
18	....do.......	10G
19	___do.......	104.25	Scouring. Cold north (rale, rain !md frost. Do. quot;#9632; ^
20	....do.......	105
21	...do.......	105.25
22	-...do.......	104	Sk^n covexed with purple and black spots with red fircola. Thp cuticle or hlaek spots is dead and easily separated.
23	....do.......	105.25
21	....do.......	1C3.75	Extensive purple hlotches on enrs, flanks, and ahdomen, and a pink rash one to two lines in diameter; appetite poor.
24	5p.m.......	105
25	10 a. m......	106	Kiilctl to-day hy hleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Has been purfjing; fecos fetid and briglit yellow.

Skin: Nearly covered with Mack spots of liom one to two lines in diameter, and evidently formed by slmiglis or smi'll necrotic patcbes of eaticle, infiltrated witli blood and dried up. Tiio median lino, of the belly betv.'ccn tho rows of teats is almost de�void of these spots.

A purple rasli in spots averaging ouo line across exists in different parts of the body, but is most abundant on snout, cars, buttocks, root of bail, and limbs, especially on the lower parts and inner si-lcs. At certain nomts, as on the pendant balf of the cars, on the hocks, in tho region of tho arms, and on part of the snout, there is a uniform leaden discoloration. Tho inner si aea oi' the arms h avcsimilar bnt more �ircumseribed patches.

Digestive organs: A deep purple blush extends along the lino of papillae on the right border of the tongue. Similar spots exist in tha posterior narcs. Salivary glands are pale and normal. The guttural lympbatio glands have spots of congestion on their surface, but not extending into their interior.

Ahdomen: No effusion. Throe ItgdaiUls are found attached respectively to the posterior surface of tho stomach, to th.^ back of the liver, and to tho mesocolon.

Stomach: Full of undigesl ed food, yellow at pyloras. No marked congestion nor softening. No parasites.

Small intestine: Duodomuu without sxtra vascularity; its epithelium gray, pjg-monted, and easily detached, jejunum and Uitun had circumscribed spots of conges�tion one-half inch in diameter on an average, and in ono case slightly eroded.

Zarge intestine: Ccecom presents three ulcers, each one-fonrtli inch in diameter, hav�ing a circular elevated mass of dirty-white deposit, apparently nou-vaseuiar, and a very slightly reddened base. Tho matter onth.^ surface of tho ulcer consisted of cells, round, angular, and of other forms, much granular matter and myriads of round and linear moving bacteria. None of theso ulcers appear to be situated on the solitary glands. The same remark applies fco the congestions and erosions of the small intes�tines. Colon andreetnin natural.

I'arasiics: The small intestines contain three ascarides (A. SuiHa). The colon con�tains a young whip-worm (tricocephalus crcnatus). Tho coats of the intestines at tho points of congestion and elsevrherc were carefully examined for parasites, but without result. The muscular tissue of the diaphragm was also examined in v.-in.

Ziver : Two small cysts, each one-halt line in length, oxisi on the middle lobe. They had thick fibrous walls and liquid contents in'which tko microscope detected cell fonus.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

The general sub�tauce of the liver is linn and natural, a few acini only isolated and in groups, being congested. The color prcdonaiuatcs in the center of the acinus. The liver cells are granular.

Gall-bla�der: Is full, hut not to excess, #9632;with bright yellow bile. Tlio bile-ducts in the liver are also full.

Panorecui: Normal, pink. Pancreatic lymphatic gland blotched ^ deep red on the sur�face.

Eidneys: Normal, unless it ho in extra pallor of tho cortical substance.

Chest: Heart, right auricle and ventricle contain clots showing a buoy coat. Left auricle and ventricle empty. A few petechia exist on the septum ventriculomm.

Lunga': Petechia exist on the pleura. A number ofUobt�ettes are soliditied or in-farcted, and of a deep red flesh color. The bronchia leading to such lobulottes are blocked by numerous worms (strongyJuraquo; eJongatus) and their eggs, embedded in an abundant tenacious transparent mucus. In some cases the bronchia appear dilated, the mucous membrane conjested, and the epithelium degenerating, round and ovid granular cells predominating in its structure. There is no visible stasis (coagulation) of blood in the capillaries of the bronchia. The worms are confined to the smaller bronchia, and are only exceptionally found in the otherwise sound portions of the lungs.

Blood: That from the glutoal vein contains no bacteria nor free hiBiuatino so far as can be detected. Bed globules are crenated and shrunken.

/nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;EyPEKIMENT No. 5.

Female white pig, eight weeks old, no special breed. Formerly kept on raw offal at a slaughter�house.


Date.	Hour.	Temperature of body.	Benutcks.
Sept. 30	3 p. m.	103.73deg; F.	Juet bronght one mile in a wagon.
Oct. 1	9 a. m.	103. 75	#9632;
1	Cp. m.	103
2	9 a.m.	102
3	9 a. m.	101.5
5	4 p. m.	102. 25
e	5 p. m.	102	Inoculated with a quill dipped in liquids of diaeaaed lung (tivo daysold). Before the Inoculation, quill was dipped ten sewmdg in solution of carbolic acid : 1:: 500.
7	11 a. m.	103
8	12 noon.	103.5
9	11 a. m.	103. 75
10	5 p. in.	104
11	10 a. m.	105	ISowels natural. Xively
11	5 p. m.	105	Lively. Hungry.
12	4 p. m.	103. 75
ia	12 noon.	104.3
14	4 p. m.	102.25
15	10 a. m.	104
16	....do.....	105
17	.-..(!o.....	104	Coughs.
18	....do.....	104. 23	Bowels loose. Feces fetid.
19	....do.....	103.75	Scouring.
20	....do.....	103	Inoculated with substance of a firm intestinal ulcer, sent amp;om New Jersey, and slightly putrid.
21	...Mo.....	102. 75
22	....do.....	103.23
23	....do .....	103. 75
24	....do.....	103	''
#9632;J.gt;	....do .....	102. 25
26	9 a. m.	101
27	..-.do.....	102
28	10 a. m.	103
29	9.30 a. in.	102. 73
30	2 p. m.	103
31	0 a. m.	103. 75	A slight pink rash on skin.
Nov. 1	10 a. m.	101.5
3	9 a. in.	102	Inoculated ivith intestinal mucus and ulcer fiom Illiiicis, very slightly putrid.
4	....do.....	100. 75
5	9.30 u. m.	101.5
G	10 a. m.	101
7	..-.do.....	103. 23
8	..-.do.....	102. 5
9	....do .....	101
10	....do.....	104. 73
11	....do .....	108.8
12	....do .....	102.75
13	....do .....	104	.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. Expkkimext No. ��Coutinuecl.


Dato.	Hour.	Temperature of body.	HemarliS.
Nov. 14	10 a. in.	104 laquo;F.	Shedding black scales, leaving rod conical papules.
15	....du .....	103.73	Abim.lant pink papular eruption, exceaaivo between thethiglis.
16	....du .....	103.8
17	....lt;lo.....	104
38	.....lo.....	104
ia	....do..-..	104
'M	.....lo.....	103. 75
21	....ilo.....	103.2
2a	.�.do.....	103
S3	....lt;lo.....	102.73
*�il*	.....lo.....	103.2
25	....rto.....	103.8
'Jli	.....lo.....	104
27	.....lo.....	103.5
28	....do .....	104
2D	..-.do.....	103
30	....do.....	103. 2
Dec. 1	....do.....	103
2	....do .....	103.2
3	....do.....'	102.3	KUled by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin: Presents many papules or slightly pinlc conical ele�vations, just raised enougli to be felt by the finger; also black concretions like pln-heads and up to twice or thrice that size. It is, however, uuich cleaner tlian it was a week ago.

Dif/cstive organs: Mouth normal, likewise the pharynx, larynx, and adjacent lym-pliatic glands.

Stomach: Has its mucous membrane dark brown along the great curvature, but with�out any extravasation, ulcer, or recent lesion.

Small intestines: Have a few spots of congestion, but these are very circumscribed. Tliey contain twelve ascarides.

Large intestine: With few and slight patches of congestion. No enlargement of Beyer's patches, nor solitary glands; nq erosions. The cascum contains six whip-worms.

lymphatic glan�s of the mesentery are mostly gray on the outside from pigmentary deposit, but normal in their interior^-. The pigmentation is evidently the result of a former blood extravasation, as is so constantly seen in the earlier stages of the disease. The blood coloring matter is being transformed into black pigment, as a concomitant of convalesceuce.

Liver: Presents several hard yellow concretions as largo as peas, also spots and patches of purple. Similar rounded yellow concretions are found in the mesocolon. They are covered by a reticulated membrane, and are ju-obably the remnant of some parasite. Gall-Vladder very full (tho pig had been killed fasting), bile green, glairy.

Spleen and panereas: Normal.

Kidneifi: One contains two hydatids ; excepting marked pallor of the cortical sub�stance they are otherwise normal.

Hydatids: Nine of these are found in different parts of the peritoneum.

Heart: Eight side normal; contains a small clot.

Left ventricle: Has numerous patches of extravasation, of a deep claret color, sit�uated mostly on tho earnw columna; and musculi papiJaries. These have their seat in and beneath the serous lining, and barely extended into the muscular substance. The margin of the bicuspid valve is slightly thickened.

Lungs: Have a very few red consolidated lobulettes; of the remainder many are only partially dilated, though they have nearly their normal color.

J'arasites : The terminal main bronchium of the right lung contains from thirty to forty worms (Strongylus elongatus). The lobules corresponding to this bronchium were slightly collapsed, but not consolidated nor congested.

Lympliatic glands of chest almost unchanged.

Jimin : Healthy.

A microscopic section from apetcchia on the heart showed, in addition to Iho blocked capillapes and blood extravasations, a Hue example of tho curious ovoid parasites long known as Kaiuey's cysts.

6 sw

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

EXFEIUMENT No. 6.

Malawhitiipilt;j, eight weeks old; no h^kcUiI breed; hem hecu hitlicrlo fed raw oful at a slauyhlcr-

house.


Date.	Hour.	Temperature of body.	_w------------------------------------------------,---------,-------. Horn ark a.
-#9632;,. g - *#9632;		#9632;
Sept. 30	3p. m.....	los- r.	Has Just come one mile in a -wagon.
Oct. 1	9 a. m.....	103. 25
1	6p. m.....	103.5
2	0.30 .1. m ..	101.75
3	....do.....	101.5
5	4p. m.....	102. 25
6	5 p. m.....	100
7	11 a. m-----	103. 25
8	12 noon ...	102. 25	luocnlated with quill dipped iu pulmonary exudation of a pig that had been sick foi a ^iveck or two. Infected quiU sent Ixom. ^Tew

			Jersey.
9	11 a. m-----	101.5	Kectnm very red, and Tjlccd� easily.
10	5p. m.....	103. 75
11	10 a. m___	103
12	4p.m.....	102.5
IS	12 noon .. -	102
u	4p.m.....	104
15	10 a.m....	103
18	....do.....	103
17	....do.....	101. 75
18	....do.....	103
19	....do.....	102
20	....do.....	102. 3
a	....do.....	103.5
*'22*	....do.....	105
23	....do.....	103.5
24	....do.....	104	Shows extensive iduo patches on ears, flanks, and belly: also a pink rash, spots one to two lines in diameter. Appetite im�paired.
21	5p. m.....	103
25	l�a.m___	105. 25
25	6 p. m.....	105.75
20	9a.m.....	105	Off feed, hut active j cars partly purple; fecea dark hut moder�ately lirm; struggles when the thermometer is used.
28	p.mC.....	101.75
	Oa.ni.....	105	Ears cold, livid in their outer half; pulse 120 per minute ; hreath-ing natural; is hrightaiul fcetls when up, hut is inclined to lie, and shows much weakness; has always resented handling, hut to-day, when caught, threw itself on its side and lay to have its temperature taken.
2*	10 a. m___	103.3	Costive; dung iu firm roumlhalls, Imtof good color, and not spo-ciallyoflensive; runs aruuiul readily, but isweak; discoloration mainly on cars.
29	9.30 a. in..	104.3	Still costive; ears cold and very blue.
JO	2p.ni.....	10(i	quot;Weak on limbs; esirs very dark purple; legs, tail, and rumpbadly blotched; bowels costive; dung in yellow balls.
31	9 a. m.....	103. 73	Skin extensivelyblotched with dark purple; bowels costive; weak on limbs, especially the hind.
*Sov. 1*	10a,.ni___	103. 75	Very weak: disinclined to move; sways on its hind limbs when up; bowels quite soft.
o	9a. ip.....	99.73	Very dull; weak; evidently sinking; pulse 132 per minute; grits its teeth continually when up; breathing ;jlow; nervous tremors and jerking constant.
J	6 p. in.....	90.5	Evidently deliiious; screams when itsdoox is opened, or when approached or touched: stands with dithculiy. having its bind feet drawn forward to the level of the lore, or in front of them; musmilar jerking constimt, and prevents us from taking the pulse; no grinding of toetii; has not eaten since mominff.
i		Found dead.	#9632;
		Found dead.

rosl-morlcniexiiim ualiun, Xoeem'bcr 4.�Skin : Almost universally scarlet, passing to dark purple on cars, belly, and hocks. Inner sides of the fore-arms and ihig�a have the skin white,but blotched with indelible purple spots onc-lialf to one line in breadth. Many of these spots have a dark red or purple axeola,'with a tirm black central scab or slough, evidently resulting from extravasation into the cuticle and superficial layers of the true skin. A section made perpendicularly to the surface shows much rednesa IVom blocked branching blood-vessels, especially around the hair follicles, and numer�ous iiiiuute spots of blood extravasations.

The slaquo;o('( is of uniform dark red, but with deeper purple spots ineffaceable by pressure.

Maryin 0/ the amis deep purple, almost black.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Digestive oryans: Tongue, left Tjorder has an extensive slough near the tip. Eight bonier has a numher of firm elevated points, Tvith purple aroola and yellow centers.

Softxialate: Lower or huccal surface has its follicles deeply-stained with blood and Burrounded with purple areola; some follicles arc lllled with a yellowish material.

Eiyht tonsil: Is swollen and bas its ducts distended with a thick, tenacious, trans-pareut mucus, containing great numbers of rounded granular cells.

Throat: Epiglottis bears spots of congestion incfl'acoable by pressure.

GK/W.MHealthy.

Siomucli: Moderately fall; acid. The mucous membrane on the great curvature presents patches of extravasation and erosiou, the latter varying from one to three lines in diameter. Contains a worm {ascaris Suilla).

Small iiUestine: Contains twelve ascurides, one as much as ton and one-eighth inches in length. The mucous membrane presents along its whole course patches of redness, congestion, and softening, which are especially numerous and extensive towards ita lower portion.

Ilio-cwcal valve: Bears a sloughing ulcer completely encircling it.

Ccecum : Contains a number of ulcers with white sloughs, many of them confluent, and forming bands or belts tending to encircle the gut, being situated on the summits of the transverse folds.

Colon: The anterior portion is much ulcerated, some of tho ulcers being confluent and tending to form transverse bands as in the cecam, while others are mere circular masses, two or three lines in diameter, with white necrotio center, and very little vascularity around tho margin.

Hectum: Has patches of congestion and extravasation one line and upwards in breadth; iu tho case of one, advanced to the formation of a. firm white slough and ulcer as in tho ccecum. Close to tho anus the entire mucous membrane is very deeply congested and thickened by exudation and extravasation.

Parasite: The ciecum contained ono whipworm (Tricoccphdlus crcuatus).

Parasites in the peritoneum: In tho cavity of tho afcdomcu were found twelve liyclatids in couueciion with the liver, stomach, omentum, mesentery, meso-colon, and pelvic fascia. Three others were lodged in tho perineum near the urethra.

Kidneys: Softened slightly and of an unusual pallor in their cortical portion.

Bladder sound. Intrapelvic urethra deep red, almost black, from petechial extra�vasation.

Urine about two ounces, turbid, strongly acid, albnmiuoi^�; density, 102D; urea, 3 per cent.

Chest: Heart has a golatinoid material filling tho auricula-ventricular groove simi�lar to that f ecu in No. ��.

Might heart has a considerable bu�y clot in both auricle and ventricle. Left auricle contains a small clot, almost the entire substance of which is pale orbufiy. It further contains some very dark fluid blood.

Lungs: A few lobulettes only arc infarcted or consolidated. In all cases the bron�chia leading to the consolidated lobulettes are blocked by worms (S. eUmgatus). The other bronchia are clear of worms excepting in the iimnediatoviciuity of the infarcted lobulettes. The great bulk of the lung is healthy, and of a soft white color, slightly tinged with pink.

Parasites: Attached to the pleura were two hgaaiids.

EXPKEIMENT No. T.

Fcmalcpig, eight weeks old, no special breed. Formerly fed raw Offal at a slauyhicr-house.

Dale.

Houl-

Temperature of body. |

Keniaia

Sept so | Oct. 1

3 p. m____

9 a. m.....

0 p. in.....

a. 30 a.m..

...do.....

#9632;i p. in.....

5 n.m.....

Has jit^t come one mile in a wagon.

103.

#9632;5deg; F.

103.

103 102 100. 7, 102.2 103

Inoculated Tvith quill uhargedwith matter JVom dlaquo; from Xew Jersey, six days old; quill treated (vitli copperas : 1:: 500.

eased hmg soluf-ioti lt;gt;'


7	11 a. in___	104
8	1 '1 noon ...	103. 25
3	11a.m....	104. -la
10	#9632;o p.m.....	103.25
II	10 a. m....	105. 75
11	o p.m.....	105. 75
12	4 p.m.....	104
13	lli noon ...	104
11	4 p.m.....	103.75

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS. Experiment No. 7�Continued.

Date.

Hour.

iTempcraturo, ¹ of body, j

Remarks.

Oct.

11a. uraquo;___

10n. in....

....do.....

...do.....

5p. m.....

10 a. in___

Gp. m.....

9 a. m.....

107deg; F. 105. 75 102.25 104.25

103

103.nbsp;75

104.nbsp;75

104.nbsp;�5 305. 50 105

105.nbsp;5 100. 5 104. 75 103

Lively; good appetite.

Scouriiig

Shows Tjluo patches on the rump and flauk, aud a red rash on belly.

Pulse 108 per niinute. quot;Will scarcely move from bed.

quot;Very dull; skin hot.

Dull; lie^ much; does not strujrglo Tvlicn bandied; ears deep purple; bowels loose; dung fetid ; skin cool.

Dull, Tery hot skin.

Skin very hot, hips stained with foces. Defecations semi-lluid, dark grecnisb, quot;with clayey aspect, and fetid. Dulse 1G0 per minute. Breathing 28 per minute; deep, rather labored; Tvbeezing inapiration, terminated by a snore. Can scarcely be roused, and crouches in the litter at once when released.

Scouring. Teces offensive. Lies constantly on belly. quot;When lifted bangs helpless witb no attempt at struggling. Discolor, ation is very marked on ears, snout, belly, ami thighs.

liau from bed to avoid being caught, but bangs helpless in bauds when lifted. l?'eces very soft; fetid. Skiu more deeply col. ored than before, but cool.

Very sick; stupid ; stands constnntly with fore liinbs drawn back and hind advanced, so that all four feet meet. Dlanka hollow. Skin on discolorationa very deep purple, almost black on rump. Bowels loose. Detid.

Lies in stupor, with limbs aud body jerking every instant. Breathing slow, sidling, rattling. Peces and urine discharged involuntarily, and have soaked the left (lower) thigh, which, iu consequence, shows a much brighter red than the other parts of the body. The general surface, exoopting some white patches inside the arms and thighs, was of a dark purple, ah most black on the ears, snout, median lino of the abdomen, rump, and hocks. Killed by bleeding.

Op. m..... 105.

9 a. m.....,' 107

10a. m... 9.30 a. m . 2p.m....

104.3 102.73 89.75

S4.5

9u. m.

Fovt-nwrian examination.�Blood: Scanty; that from axillary vein is neutral or slightly alkaline. Eed gloliules deeply cicnated and sliruukon very disproportion�ately to the -svliito globules, wliich aro largo and rounded, but appear deficient in numbers : 1 Ti 80.

Skin: Section of tho blue skin of tbe ear shows cutis, cuticle, and bristle follicles deeply congested, most of tho capillaries being blocked by coagulated blood, and microscopic extravasations appearing at short intervals. The red globules in this part are full, rounded, and of tbo usual size.

JJigeslicc organs: Tongue has a series of white sloughs along its tip and right margin, resembling those of tho iutcstines, being yellowish-white, laminated, non-vascular, and with very slight congestion aud redness around them. Microscopically theso sloughs are composed of epithelial cells vrith much granular matter. In one a central red spot presents stagnation and eoagula in tho capillaries and microscopic extravasa�tions. It is manifest these form in the same manner with the sloughs in the intestines. Circumscribed spots of the mucons membrane become the seat of congestion, resulting in coagulation of tho blood in the capillaries and exudation and extravasation alike into the epithelial and sub-epithelial layers, leading 1o thickening and induration of the deeper strata, and death of tho more superficial ones.

Softpalate: The, bnccal or lower surface bears a simihir slough, vvliilo many of its follicles arc. red, swollen, and filled with a yellowish-white (cheesy:') matter.

Throat: Tho laryugeal surface of the epiglottis is craquo;ngested, the redness being iu-efiaceable by pressure. Tho mucous membrane on the back of the right arytcnoid cartilage bears a four-lobed warty looking excrescence like a small pin's head, wliich, unilcT the microscope, discloses only round granular cells and free granules.

Ahdomm, Stomadi,: This contains a few ovneos of half-digested food. This, together #9632;vviili the lower portion of the gullet, is of a deep yellow hue, apparently from regur�gitated bile. No marked congestion of the mucous membrane.

Small intcstinv: Shows circumscribed spots and patches of congestion and small petechia, but no erosions.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEP ANIMALS.

Large u�csllne: One slongliiiig nicer on the ilio-cajcal A'alvo, tlii'oc on the cteotnzi, and a cousiderahle number in the colon. The colon and rectum also bore nnmerons patches of extravasation one to two lines in diameter. The last incli of the rectum is of an uniformly deep dark red. The mncosa and sob-mncosa are alike gorged with blood, and. at one point a bleeding pile, projects into the passage.

IJrer, panereos, and spleen are firm and seemingly healthy.

Kidneys: Firm and apparently sound; cortical part rather pale.

Bladder: Sound; moderately full.

Urine: Strongly acid; density, 1020; albuminous; urea., SAfe per cent.

ParasUes in, aoaomen: Attached to the peritoneum of stomach, liver, and spleen are seven hydeiiiih.

Chest: Kight heart contains clots; left, hcai't empty. Anricnlo-ventricular furrow filled with a gelatinoid material, which, under the microscope, appears as a loose fibrous stroma, its open meshes filled with a nearly bomogeneons material, together with a few fat cells, granule, cells, and almndant capillary net-work filled with nncoagnlatod blood. The white corpuscles are more abundant in these than in tlio axillary vein. Kb parasites nor ova could be found in this gelatinoid materiaL

Lnmjs: Mostly healthy. Isolated lobules and at certain points a few adjacent ones are infarcted and solid, and all such have their bronchia filled with worms (Strongylus elotigatus) and a thick mucous. The plugged bronchia are mostly dilated, and on the mucous membrane of one such is a white patch about a line In diameter, resembling the sloughs on the intestines, but not so thick.

Expeuijiknt No. 8.


	WliUcpig, eight weeks old; common hvecd. Formerly fed raw offal.
Date.	Hour.	Temperature of body.	Ilemarka.
Sept. 30	3 p.m....... 9a.m.......	104deg; r.	Just come a mile in a quot;wagon.
Oct. 1	3 p.m....... 9a.m.......	103
1	Cp.m.......	103
2	9.30 a. m____	101.5
3	9a.m.......	101
4	*lt;)**	*()**
5	4 p.m.......	98.75	Pi^s in next two yens inoculated. quot;Was fon * -etween door and bars, where it could not move.

C	5 p.m.......	99	Again between door and bars.
7	11 a. m......	99	Costive.
S	12 noon.....	101
9	11 a. m......	101. 5	Still very costive.
10	5 p. m......	102.75	Bowels natural.
11	10 a. ra......	102. 6
12	4p.m.......	103. 23
13	12 noon.....	103	Feces fetid.
14	4 p. m.......	104
16	10 a. m......	105	Lamo in right foro limb.
10	....do......i	104.25
17	....do.......	103. 5
IS	....do .......	101. 5	Sconrs. Feces fetid.
19	....do.......	102.5
20	....do.......	103.75	Pigs in adjacent pens rcinoenlated. '
21	....do.......	104. 25
22	....do.......	103.5
23	....do .......	103. 75
24	....do.......	103
2rraquo;	....do .......	103	Placed in new pen, with infected pen on each side.
2laquo; .....do.......		103
�27 9 a. m.......		103
28 10 a. m......		103
29 raquo;.SO a. m....		105. 3	Slisrht cutaneous rash
3,1 1 2 p. m.......		104	Lively.
31 j 9 a. in.......		104.2	Xo skin eruption.
Nov. 1 1 Id a. m......		105. 73	Still looks well.
3	11 a. m.......	104.8	Stiff in bind Imibs.
3	i) p. in.......	104
4	0 ll. m.......	103	Placed in pen just vacated by dead pig.
.-	11.30 a. in____	101 .	raquo;
. 6	10 a. ra......	103. 5
7	....do.......	102.75
8	....do .......	102. (j	Dull; no appetite; slcin covered with'nlicl; siiots one-third to one liue in diameter. Kiglit earha� purple spots. Killcdby

			bleeding.

* No observation.

P(Pil-mnrtem examination.�Slein : Nearly covered with black spots from one-third to one line in diameter, consisting of minute sloughs of epidermi*, infiltrated anil discolored with blood. In a mimber of these the subjacent layers of true skin are congested,

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

and even the scat of microscopio extravasations of blood, wliilo in Bome cases the black nccrotic cuticlo is covered by a dried crust of exuded lymph of a dark brown color.

The rigbt ear is of a deep purple color, and purjilo patches of various sizes are found inside forearms mid tliiglis, on tlieliocl.i3,andbei!0.'itli the cbest. In tlicse purple patches the true skin Is Ike seat of extensive eongestion ivich stagnation and coagulation of the blood in r-.any of the capiliiiries, and numerous microscopic clots of cxtravasated blood, #9632;wliilo all the rissues are stained with hwmatine.

Blood: That from the jugular is very dark and forms slowly a soft diffluent clot; red globules round and largo. That from the carotid is crimson, and clots quickly and firmly; red globules crenale, small and shrunken. Blood from both vessels is slightly alkaline.

Tongue: On the posterior third of the right border is a purple spot one-half line in diameter, which cannot be effaced by pressure. Under (he microscope this shows the same congestion and microscopic extravasations -witli the spots on the skin. The conical jiapilliE on the upper smrliice of the organ near its base have their tips of a very deep purplish rod.

Larynx: There is purple pnnctiform discoloration on the posterior surface of the epiglottis, ivl�ch cannot lie removed by pressure.

Zyvvplidtic glands: Those around the throat are deeply stained with blood, some only super�oially and some throughout. This is true ^!so of the glands of the chest, groin, and abdomen, but especially of the mesentery. In several cases the glands apxicar to be enlarged. Microscopically, Ihey present conscsted capilla des tilled with coagulated blood, minute extravasations, and a profusion of granules and granular cells.

Abdomen�parasites in jper'doneum : Two Jiydatids were found respectively in the omen-tnm and mesentery.

Stomach: Well filled: great curvature of a deep dark red; contents strongly acid.

Small infesfine: Congested in some parts, but with no observed extravasation nor deep discoloration; contents not abundant, but at intervals stained of a- deep biliary yellow, and with excess of mucus thxoughOTLt.

llbhcaical valve: With Payer's folliclesquot; dilated, and contents in some slightly yel�lowish.

Cwmim: Close to the ilio-c-ccal valve a considerable erosion, with raised center and margin, but no excess of vqscnlarity.

Colon: Six inches from the ca;cum is a sloughing ulcer, one and one-half lines in diameter, raised above the adjacent membrane, the super�cial layers being of a dirty white color in the center, and non-vascular, while around the margin of the ulcer is no marked redness.

TAver,colon,and rectum: Several extravasation patches averaging one line in diam�eter, bright red, and evidently quite recent.

No intestinal parasites.

Liver: Firm; solid; considerable portions are of .1 deep purple hue, the deep color�ation being mostly confined to the center of the acini.

Kidneys: Cortical portion soft and of a very light brown, almost parboiled, appear�ance. Fapiilse and racdullaiy parts of a very deep red.

Muscles: Contained no parasites.

Brain: Normal.

[EXTEEIMENT No. �).


	Femalex)ig, eight weeks old; treed, Cliester White.
Date.	Hour.	Tpmperat.nr� of body.	Bemarks.
Kov. 6	O.^n. tii____	103.75deg; F.
li	lOn.m......	in:;. 7.'.
7	..-.do .......	.kkj. 7r.	Inoculated quot;with part of small Intestine of pig that died Novein-ber 4. the Tirtuent product, having tirst been brongbt for live minnteo in contact with a solution of chloride of limo (: 1:: 500).
8	..-.do .......	100. 75
9	....dlaquo; .......	101
m	....do .......	104
11	....do .......	105
12	....do .......	103	Costire.
13	....do .......	104	Bowels loose.
14	....do .......	inn. g
15	.�.do ......	104.0
ia	�.do.......	104. 75
17	------do.......	104	Scoura.
is	....do .......	105
19	....do .......	105
20	....do .......	103	Sldlliot.
21	----'�quot;.......	100	Killed by bjecdins- S.. ... ..... . -.-- �.--

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Post-morlem examination, November 21, 11 a. m.�Boily in good coudition.

Skin: Almost devoid of eruption. The cars alone present increased vascnlarity, with a moderate blush and excess of scurf.

Digestive organs: Natural above tlie Htomacli. Guttural lympliatio glands in part congested and the seat of microscopic Wood extravasations. Stomach mottled of a deep hrown for a span of two and one-half inches by three inches along the mucous membrane, covering its greater curvature. Contents abundant, intensely acid, and fumes with ammonia.

Duodenum: Bears a small erosion near the pylorus.

Jejunum anil ilium: Have patches of congestion and microscopic extravasation at intervals.

Ilio-cweal valrc: Has its edges thickened and of a dark bluish gray. Many follicles in Payee's patch covering the valve are distended with a yellowish-white product, but there is no extra vascnlarity nor erosion.

Cwcum, colon, and rectum: Bear at intervals patches of congestion and microscopic extravasation in the mucous and snbmucous layers, over which the epithelial layer is softened and easily detached. No ulcers are found.

Liver: Discolored in parts by blue pnuetiform spots involving individual acini or several adjacent ones. Toward the lower margin of the gland the deep redness is mostly confined to the center of the acini.

Spleen: Seems large, but not unduly gorged with blood nor softened.

Pancreas: Healthy.

Kidneys: Pale in their cortical part, present pnnctiform petechiae on the medullary portion and papilku.

Bladder: Empty and normal. Ovaries and womb sound.

Tlie mesentcric, suhlumhar, and inguinal lympltalic glands appeared enlarged and more or less stained, of a deep blood-red color.

Parasites in the ahdomen: Two ascarides in the small intestine; cmo trkoccplmlus m the cascum.

Lungs: Present numerous congested lobules varying in color from brownish pink to a dark purple (almost black). The bronchia, leading to these lobules are pervious and without parasites. Thetongested lobules seem less solid than when worms have been present.

Heart and pericardium: Normal.

Brain: Sound. Dura mater bears four patches of extravasation on the right side near the vertex. The average breadth of these is one line.

Spival cord: Sound; snbaraehnoid fluid, about two drachms.

Experiment Kb. 10. While male pig, eight weeks old; breed, Chester Wliite; condilion.�nr.


Dato.	Hour.	TemperatttTP oiquot; body.	Bemaika.
			C Tr.ocidfitcd with mucus and congested nnd softened mncona
�	9.30 a. m-----	. 104.7:-PP.	lt; membrane of the small iutcstines ol No. �, found dead tliia ( morning.
(1	10 a. m......	103.75
7	....do .......	108. 8
8	....do.......	103.75
n	-...do .......	103.5
10	.--.do.......	104. 5
n	..-.do.......	103.15
12	.-..do .......	304	Ears red.
13	-...do.......	104. 5
14	..-.do .......	103
15	....do .......	105.1	Losing rondit.on. The akin shovrs the cnstoniary black necrotio spots of epidermis. Ears blue at edges.
15	3 p.m.......	103. 5	P.ospiration 3ii. Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin: Slight eruption on iho ears and blueness on the margins.

Digesiice organs: No lesions in the mouth or pharynx.

Pnaryngeal lymphaMo glands: Stained of a deep blood-red color.

Stomach: Well tilled with food. Contents strongly acid. On the great curvature a space of two nnd one-half inches square has a brownish mottled ilNcoloration, and numerous deeper brownish markings, as if from altered hteinal inc.

Small intestine: Epithelium is thick, soft, and easily detached. Contents liquid, with a great excess of uiucns. The bowel is reddened and congested around its entire

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

peripliery, and for a considerable distance at intervals, tlie congested portions being mostly empty and coutracted.

Ilio-cwcal voice: Peyer's patch, -vrliicli passes over the valve, has many of its follicles ijlled up -with a yellowish-white matter. The whole patch is swollen, but not very vascular to the naked eye.

Caicum and colon boar petechias: Many solitary glands in the colon are unusually large; some excessively dilated, filled with yellowish matter, and apparently commencing to form ulcers. Spots of congestion scattered over the mucous membrane show minute extravasations when placed under the microscope.

Mcsenterio glands: Some unchanged; Borne stained of a deep blood color. Inguinal glands large.

Kidneys: Normal.

Liver: Is firm and solid. Bears numerous punctiform petechiie on the posterior sur�face of its right lobe, and n large dark-purple patch on the posterior aspect of its mid�dle lobe.

Gall bladder: Moderately filled with a straw-colored, glutinous bile. Membranes of the bladder unchanged.

Pancreas and spleen: Normal.

Chest�heart: Left ventricle contains pctechias. Eight auricle just above the auri-culo-ventricular valve presents a brownish-red spot which, under the microscope, is seen to contain much granular matter in the sub-serous connective tissue.

Lungs: The right has two dark, blood-colored spots on its posterior part. The left shows similar colorations, mostly in lines along the inter-lobular spaces. The bronchia leading to such points contained no parasites nor exudation.

Bronchial lymphatic glands: Normal.

Brain: Normal.

Expeeiment No. 11.

White male pig, eight weelis old; hreed, Chester White.


Date.	Hour.	Temperatnre of body.	Hemaxka.
Not. 5	9.39 a. m____	102.75deg; F.
6	10 a. m......	103
7	....do.......	102	Inoculated with small intestine of pig that died November 4 the j;quot;t having been fumigated five minutes with sulphuxoue acid.
8	..-.ao.......	100.5
!)	....lt;lo.......	100.75
10	....do.......	101.75
U	....do .......	104. 5
12	....do.......	102. 5
13	..-.do.......	103. 5
34	....do.......	103. 5
15	....do.......	103.25
10	....do .......	104.75
17	....do.......	102.75	Scouring.
18	....do.......	104. 6	Fetid scouring.
19	..-.do.......	104. 5
20	....do.......	105	Feces still soft; unusually fetid; skin hot.
21	.-..do.......	105
22	....do .......	103
23	....do.......	103. 75
24	....do.......	103. 3
25	....do .......	104
28	....do .......	104. 25
27	....do .......	103
28	....do .......	104
29	____do.......	103.5
30	..-.do .......	103
Dec. 1	..-.do.......	102. 5	Eed ears; dull; thriftless.
2	..-.do.......	103. 2
3	..-.do .......	102. 25
4	..-.do .......	100. 75	Scours.
4	S p.m.......	102
5	9.30a. m....	102. 25
C	.--.do.......	102.5	Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examwatlon.�Skin; In great part covered by the usual black concretioi. Has patches of purple on ears and legs.

Digestive organs: Some deposit exists on the lower surface of the tongue, to the left of the frenum, composed of granular matter and cells having more than one nucleus; evidently the remnant of a small abscess. On the fauces, to the right side, is a pur�ple patch not removed by pressure, extending to an inch in length arid a quarter of an inch in breadth.

Pharynx and larynx: Normal.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTKEE ANIMALS.

Slomacli: Full; contents moderately acid. Shows tlio usual brownish tliscoloration of ilio mucous membrane covering the great curvature.

Small uitesftiun: Show only a few patches of congestion. The follicles of Foyer's patch just above the Uio-ctecal valve are considerably enlarged.

Large intestines: .Show a great many enlarged solitary glands, yet but little conges�tion. The rectum is much congested and presents two ulcers: one with raised edges and raw, depressed center; tho other, with a firm, dirty-whito slough in the center.

Mcseuicrie lymphatic rilamls: Enlarged and thickly streaked with gray. Those near tho ilio-CiBcai valve, and those above the rectum, are congested and deeply reddened.

Int/uinal fflands: Are also greatly enlarged and streaked dark-gray with pigment.

Lire)-: Of normal consistency and color, excepting some few patches of deep purple. Gall-bladder moderately filled with a yellowish-green, viscid bile.

Pancreas: Healthy.

Spleen: A portionquot;very dark colored (nearly black) extending its whole length and about half its breadth ; is evidently gorged with blood ; but is not raised above the level of the remaining part.

Kidneys: One contains an accphalocyst in its pelvis. Tho cortical substance of both is pallid, but no other change is noticeable.

The lungs, lieart, and brain appeared healthy.

Experiment No. 12.


		Male pig, eight weeks old; breed, Cheiter White.
Date.	Hour.	Temperature of body.	Bemarka.
Nov. 19	10 a. m___	104.5deg; r.	Costive. Inoculated vrith Wood of sick pis (No. 1) after treat�ing the same -wltli a solution of bromide of ammonia: 1:: 500.
20	....do.....	104.75
21	....do.....	104.2
22	....do.....	101.75
23	...do.....	104.2
24	....do.....	103.8
25	....do.....	104
26	....do.....	104.3
27	....do.....	105.75
28	.-..do.....	105. 75
20	...do.....	105.75
30	....do.....	10G
Deo. 1	... do.....	106.2	Edges of ears purple. Purple spots on scrotum.
2	....do.....	106	Eicht ear a deep purple, bleeding at the point -where exudation had formed a black scab.
8	....do.....	105
4	....do.....	105	Ears blue; skin has purple blotches only partially effaceable by pressure. Feces liquid; yellowish-white.
4	5p. m.....	105
5	10 a. m___	105
c	....do.....	101	Very prostrate; can barely rise. Found dead in pen this morning.
7	do

Posl-mortem examination.�Skin: Of ears, throat, breast, belly, and legs, of a uniform dark purple; white patches remain inside the forearm and thigh, and along the back, which is covered by a very thick scurf. The discoloration which is due to congestion of capillary vessels, the coagulation of blood mithin them, and numerous minute ex�travasations, is confined to the integument. The skin is also abundantly covered with the usual black concretions.

Digestive organs: Tongue blue, but with no abrasions.

Tonsils, fauces, and pharynx: The seat of general congestion and discoloration. (Esophagus has some spots of slight congestion.

Stomach : Distended with solid food; not so strongly acid as in many other cases. Its great curvature has ihe mucous membrane covered with patches of blood extra�vasation, such patches standing out in greater part as dark-reel clots.

Small intestine: Exceedingly contracted, almost empty, and congested throughout in varying degree, from a simple branching redpess, with softening of the mucous membrane and excessive production of mucus, to distinct circumscribed extravasa�tions wirh decided thickening; in several instances the redness and the thickening is most marked on Peyer's patches. The duodemuu contains three asoarides. Several small ulcers exist just above the illo-cn'oal valve.

Large intestine: Cajcum remarkably small and contracted. Neither csecmn nor colon contains much ingesta. The mucous membnmoalong tlw; whole large intestine is in�flamed, greatly thickened by exudation, and thrown into prominent circular folds. Its general color is of a dark brownish itd, in many points verging npon black. At dilierent, points ir shows the characteristic ulcers with a linn, dirty, white slough in the center of each, but these have in no ease attained .quot;. large size, nor any marked thickening nor induration of their base, and wiijhont special care in the examiuatiou

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

miglit be easily overloolcetl. The rectum contaius numerous WoocT extravasations and some cousidM-able ulcers with tLe central whitisli necrosed portions.

Mescnierlc glands: Almost universally enlarged and of a deep red, from congestion and extravasation.

liver: Of a very deep purplish In-own, gorged with blood, but not materially soft�ened nor moderately friable. It is especially dark near the margin of the lobes.

GaU-1/lodih-r: Moderately lull, bile dark green and viscid.

JPancmut: Sound.

Spleen: Enlarged, gorged with blood, and almost black.

Mdncus: Nearly normal as examined externally. Collide substance of a darker red than in most of the diseased pigs, and the papilhlaquo; bear black extravasations, punctiform and up to half a liue in breadth. The right kidney contains a small cyst in its pelvis.

Left supra-renal eapsule is enlarged to about one-tldrd the size of the kidney, and has a clot of blood and a collection of cheesy matter superposed iu its anterior end.

Zuni/s: Nearly normal; some congestion in the posterior lobes is evidently quite re�cent, and the cut surface freely exudes a frothy liquid.

Scarf: Eight ventricle slightly discolored by punctiform peteehiaraquo; beneath the endo�cardium. The great aorta, contains a very firm clot, partly buffed.

Blood under � No. 10 Hartnack immersion shows no moving bacteria, but a great excess of granular matter.

Experiment No. 13.

Wliite female pig, eight mcls old ; Ireed, Chester Wldtc.


Date.	Honr.	Ttoperatore of body.	Eemarks.
Nov. 19	lOa.m......	ion. 5= f.	Inoculated vri'di the blood of siok pilaquo;: Xo. �. five drops being miyed -with a drachm of a -waten' solution of potassium per�manganate (: 1:: 500) and injected.
20	..-.do.......	104
21	....do.......	103.25
n't	....do.......	103
23	--.do.......	104. To
24	.--.do.......	103. 25
28	--.do.......	104
26	....do .......	104. R '
27	....do .......	104. 75
28	--.do.......	104. 5
29	--.do.......	104. 75
30	.-.do.......	105. 3
Dec. 1	.-.do.......	105	Deep-red ears; ulacl: concrclions on skin.
2	....do .......	105. 3
3	___do.......	10 t. 25
4	....do.......	104.5	Stiff, unsteady gait; bumped back; bine ears; costive.
4	5 p. m.......	103. S
C	10 a. m......	103. 5
c	.-.do.......	105
i	....do.......	102.5
8	....do.......	105
8	� J), 111......	104
9	9.30 a.m____	104
10	....do.......	105
10	4.30 p. m____	104. 5
U	9.30 a. m____	104	Very dull and quiet.
n	0.30 p. iu____	108.5
12	10 a. ill......	107. 75	Very languid and prostrate.
12	#9632;T-lquot;.......	107. 75	Does not rise wlien handled; breatblog 28 perniinnte.
13	11 a.iii......	107	Feoes seft, fetid, yelloTvish. Pie very prostrate, eats nothing, and scarcely moves when pricked to obtain a drop of blood. Blood contains moving bacteria.
13	5 p. P!.......	107

Pig found dead on the morning of December 14.

Poif-nwrtem, examination.�Skin: Dine spots on the belly, legs, rump, perineum, and ears. Free port ions of the ears of a dark purple. Pink papillary eruption, and black concretions on the cars.

Digestive organs: Tongvehas an nicer, wiih slotigh a litile to the left of the tip-size one and a half lines in diameter.

T'gt;)!'^:.' and soft palate: The seat of a uniform bluish congestion, ^nbmaxillary lymphatic glands in part reddened and congested.

Guili!: Contains clots of a stringy, iibrinons material.

Stomach .- Near the left cul de sac is adirty, yellowish-white false membrane of about one inch sqnaxe. The great curvature is of a dark-brownish red, wi(h some brighter red spots of move recenl blood extravasation.

Small intestines: Nearly empty, though at intervals were rouud, hard pellets of in-

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

gesta. Tlio coats of this bowel #9632;were moro or less congested, -witli softening of fho membrane at difl'erent points.

A largo nicer is forming on the edge of the ilio-ca?cal valve, in Avhioli the outline of tlie follicles can still he seen of a yelkmisli color.

Zarr/c intestines: Ciccum and colon congested throughout, but much more at some points than at others. In the upper part of the colon arc extensive deposits of false membrane of a dirty yellowish-white color, in places in s;gt;ots of small size, and in others in extended patches of several inches in length. The ccecnm has smaller spots of the same kind. The rectum is very much thickened and of a deep red throug-hont, the thickening existing mainly in the mucous membrane. It. presents, further, uinu small ulcers, with the characteristic dirty sloughs in the centers.

Parasiies: The cccum contains one v.hip-worra.

Liver: In the main firm, bnt contains bluish patches.

Panateas: Apparently unchanged.

Spleen: Black, full of blood, bnt not apparently enlarged.

Me-senteric and sublumbar himpJtatic i�ands: Are almost universally of a dark red, almost, black color.

The left kidney: Has a cyst one-half inch in diameter in the anteriorpartof itspclvis. In common with the right kidney, it also presents numerous black peteohia on the medullary portions and papillagt;.

Chest and respiratory organs: Larynx shows considerable congestion, especially on the epiglottis and on the oxytenoid cartilages.

Pleura: Contained an abundant blood-colored liquid exudation, especially in the right sac, where the lung had contracted extensive adhesions by newly-formed false membranes. The liquid effusiou contained numerous white and red blood lobnles and actively-moving bacteria, which assumed the most varied forms in rapid succession. A loose coagulnm forms in the exposed fluid.

Bronchia : Filled with froth having a perceptibly pink tint.

Left lung: Anterior lobes congested and consolidated by recent exudation. Posterior layer lobe sound.

Bight lobe: Consolidated throughout; sinks in water: but has not yet become firm, granular, nor friable. The color of this lung varies from a light brick-red to a deep red, approachinif black, the darker shades mostly occupying the spaces of connective tissue between the lobules, these spaces bciug often stretched by the exudation to the breadth of a line or moro. Ou making a section of the lung a considerable pulmonary vein was found to contain a friable granular grayish clot which had evident ly existed for some time before death.

Pericardium: Contains a large amount of blood-colored etfitsicn, in which Wood-globules and moving bacteria abound. The parietal and visceral layers were con�nected by loose false membranes. Loose dark clots and some fluid blood existed in the right side of the heart, and spots of extravasation on the walls of the left ventricle.

Lymphatic glands: In the region of the throat are of a very deep red. The same remark applies to the bronchial and subdorsal glands.

Table sho'cing the duration, of inciwaticn in different canes.


		3	�.S	⁰ 5=
	o	S.	= 5	slt;sect;
Ko.	i	a	fee .	II	Remarks.
		laquo;

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	H	-^	P	Ph3
1	Xov. 19	Nov. 20	1	6.Cquot;	Inncvliitcd wilh o!il hlooil iliatlu in an incubator.	i\ beca tcpl eler	-en days
2	Oct. (!	Oct. 9	3
?#9632;	Oct. 0	Oct. 9	n	20
4	Nov. 7	Nov. 10	:t
5	Oct. S Xov. 7	Oct. 12 Nov. 11	4 4	^13.3	Temperature raised for liuw days	only.
7	Oct. 5	Oct. 10	.-	C.6
S	Oct. 8	Oct. 14	0	(13.3
!t	Nov. 4	Nov. 10	c	(13.3
10	Nov. 8	... lt;lo....	7	1
n	...do..-	... lt;lo....	7	120. 6
12	...do....	... do....	7	120. 6
13	Nov. 19	Nov. 2fi	7	J
14	Nov. 19	Nov. 27	8	CO
15	Oct. 8	Oct. 21	13	6.6

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

EXPEEIMENT NO. 20.

Exjiermicnt undertaken as a test of the propagation of the disease-poison through the air.

October 5.�A pig was placed iu a pen between two infecied ones, and separated from eacli only by an impervious double wall of matdied boards, witli building-paper be�tween. Tlio only means of coiumunieation -was tlirougli the oiien air by means of ventilators at the front and back of cacb pen, and the openings of wliieli in adjacent pens were less Ibau ii foot apart. On tho ninth, tenth, and eleventh days tlie pig had an elevated temperatme and #9632;was lame in tlie right shoulder, the illness being ovi-dontly rheumatic.

On October 20th, the twenty-fourth day, tho temperature rose 2deg; and remained at 104deg; F. and uinvard for six days (till November 3rd). It then showed a daily diminution, and by November Stir, having attained tho natural standard, the pig was destroyed.

Experiments on sheep, raVoit, anddoy. Inoculation wtth fresh virulent piy's blood, eontuining

mooing haoteriu.


Subject.	6 o .	M .a	**. . o a o 11 copy;.a g O Pa i i i	copy; 11 R i	Remavks.
	Dec. 14 Dec. 14 Doc. 14 Deo. 14	Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 13
Adult female rabb't. __
Kewibundlimd puppy, seven weeks old. remalt-pis, twelve weeks old.					. Temperature roso 2.25deg;, but was nor�mal ou tho second day. rurged actively for three days. quot;When inoculated tneplgwaa iu^advanced nou-ilt;jbrilo atago of the lever, and tho tenvperaturo did not ris.e above the nonnal.

Inocidation with fresh viruknt blood in ichich no moving bacteria had been, observed.

SiToject.

Itemiirks.

Merino wether......

Do............

Adulc female rabbit . Do............

Xot. 21

Doc. 7 Nov. 21 Dec. 7

Scouring and rise of temperature 1deg; vn lourtii and sixth days

only. Isc appreciable effect.

Do. Xemperature rose 1deg; on the tirst da;, only.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

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98nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

DR. LAW'S SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

As an addendum Ui my former report, I -would respectfully submit tlio following further obsciViitions on the lever of swine, commonly known as hog cholera:

kxi'i:i;imi-:xts in feedixg the viuulexx matter.

A healthy pig was fed the substance of an intestinal ulcer and a little manure from the same bowel, ljut showed no evil results for fourteen days, when it was put to other uses. It should be added that the ulcer fed to this pig was partially putrid, and was inoculated on two other swino without success.

A second pig was fed a portion of dried intestine and its contents, both of which had remained packed in wheat-hrau for a, month. Notwitlislanding this, the animal re�tained good health for seventeen days, when it, too, was put to other uses. The material fed to this xgt;ig acted with fatal effect on two other pigs on which it was in�oculated.

These expcrimeiils can only bo taken as showing that a small quantity of poison may pass through the intestinal canal with impunity, hut they would not warrant the conclusion that similar materials would be equally harmless when taken in larger quantities and with every meal, as invariably happens when swine are fed in the ordi�nary manner and plunge their nlthy feet and noses fresh from the pestiferous manure into the feeding-trough. Dr. Osier has succeeded iu developing the disease by feeding the diseased intestine, but as the feeding was accomplished by force there is just tho possibility of abrasion and direct inoculation. Ahrasious are indeed so common in the mouth from injuries by the teeth and by hard objects masticated and derangements of the epithelial covering of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, arc so frequent in connection with slight gasfro-intestiual disorders, that it is needless to calculate on an immunity which can only be secured by the entire absence of such lesions. If to secure immunity in feeding we must provide that not even a worm shall bite the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestine, any guarantee rests on au ex�ceedingly slender basis and had best be rejected at once.

SUCCESSEUL IXOCTJLATIOX WITH FBOZEK PRODUCTS OF THE DISEASE.

In two cases I have successfully inoculated viruleut products which had been frozen hard for one and two days respectively. Iu both instances the resulting disease was of a very violent type, and would assuredly have proved fatal if left to ruu its course. The freezing had certainly failed to impair the virulence: it had rather sealed it up to be opened and given free course on the occurrence of a thaw; for, once it is frozeu, it is manifest that no further change could take place uutil it was again thawed out, and if it was preserved for one night unchanged in its potency, it would he equally unalfected after the lapse of many months, provided its liquids had remained in the same crystalline condition throughout. In this way undoubtedly the virus is ofteu preserved through the winter in pens and yards, as well as iu ears and other convey�ances, to break forth anew with returning spring. This is precisely what we lind to be the ease with the other fatal animal plagues, the virus of rinderpest, lung fever, anthrax, and aphthons fever, being often bound up through the winter with frozen manure to reappear with undimiuished power on the access of warmer weather. This is a matter of no small momeut inasmuch as the long-continued frosts of our Northern States prevent any such destruction of the poison as takes place so readily in summer in connection with the alternate wetting and drying and the resulting putrefaction.

I have had instances brought under my notice in which, after the prevalence of the fever in a herd in early summer, new swine were introduced into the open yard a month or two after all trace of tho disease had disappeared and had continued to pre�serve the most perfect health. This is quite iu keeping, too, with iny failure in tho attempts to convey the disease by feeding and inoculating mm a semi-putrid intestine. It serves, moreover, to explain my failure, as the exposure and wet at a moderately high temperature would lead in both cases alike to decomposition and destmction.

The buaxingof this upon the prevention of the disease is self-evident. Infected yards and oilier laquo;pen and uncovered places may be considered safe after two months' vaca�tion in summer, provided that suflicieut raiu has fallen in the interval to insure tho soaking and putrid decomposition of all organic matter near the surface, and that there are no great accumulations of mannre, straw, hay, or other material in which the vims may be preserved dry aud infecting. In winter, on the other hand, tho yard or other open infected place may prove non-infecting for weeks aud mouths, and yet retain the virus in readiness for a new and deadly career as soon as a thaw sets in. Safety iu such circumstances is contingent on a disuse of the premises so long as the frost continues and for at least one mouth thereafter. Even during the continuance of frost such places are dangerous, as the heat of the animals' bodies or of the rays o�

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.

tho sun at mid-ilav may sutiico to setthevmta free. Again, while they are especially dongerotw on (he'accession of wuvmer weather, yet, when once the temperatnxe bus risen penniuiently above the freezing point, we may count upon the rapid putrefaction that i iiMiies in all organic bodies that have been frozen and on a lii.-iinfeetion almost as speedy, and it may be at times even more speedy than in the extreme heat of summer. The course of safety ilaquo; to hold all places that have been infected in lato autumn or during winter as .still infected until one or two months after the ficost has gouo out of thj! ground in spring.

This, of course, liaa little bearing upon the question of covered pens, bams, cars, amp;c., in which t he poison may be preserved dry, active, and accessibly in winter and summer alike. On tMsquestlon of infeetion through pens in winter I instituted tho following experiment:

COXTAGIOX FROM AX INFECTED 1'EX.

A healthy pig was placed in a pen from which a sick one had been removed thirteen days before. The pen had quot;been swept out, but subjected to no disinfection other than the free eirculation of air; and as the pig was placed in the pen on December 19, all moist objects had been frozen during the time the apartment had stood empty. Tho pig died on the fifteenth day without having shown any rise of temperature, but with jiost mortem lesions that shoved the operation of the poison. This case was an exam�ple of the rapidly fatal action of the disease, the poison having fallen with prostrating e�'eet on vital organs�the lungs and brain�and cut life short before there was timo for the full development of all the other lesions. It sufficiently demonstrates tho pres�ervation of tho poison in covered buildings at a temperatuio below the freezing point.

SUCCESSl'TL IXOC'JLATIOX Of PIGS WITH VIRUS THAT HAD BEEN KEPT FOR A MOXTU

IX DRY AVIIEAT-IJRAN.

Appended will be found the daily record of two pigs infected by inoculation with bowel ingesta and mucous membrane that had been preserved for a month in dry wheat-bran. In both cases the disease followed the inoculations promptly and ran a severe course, one case proving fatal, while in the other death was anticixiated by kill�ing the animal. At the autopsies the usual characteristic lesions were found.

Here, as in tho case of the virus preserved on quill-tips, wo find the poison pre�served without the slightest impairment of its potcucj'. Thus two series of inocula�tions with dried virus show how careful aud thorough must be the disinfection in dry seasons, and indoors in all seasons, and the importance of the destruction by fire, or in other certain manner, of all dry fodder and litter in which the poison may have been secreted.

COHABITATION WITH PICK PIGS IX DIFFERENT STAGES OF TUE DISEASE.

A healthy pig was inclosed in a pen with a sick one which had been inoculated with virulent blood on two occasions; 'the first thirty days and the last five days before. After the first inoculation thepijj had suffered from a slight fever aud the ohaiacteristio phenomena of the disease. Before the second iuocuhithui the temperature had been normal for eight days, and it was not materially affected by the operation. In short, the disease had manifestly spent itself in the system of the pig, though it had loft it a most shrunken, emaciated, aud wretched spectacle.

Tho two pigs occupied the same pen, lay on the same bed, and fed from the same trough for sixteen days, during which no unequivocal sign of disease was manifested in the healthy pig. It seemed indeed to have successfully resisted the contagion.

It was now removed to another pen and placed in company with a pig in which tho disease had just reached its height. On the twelfth day thereafter its temperature permanently rose, and it passed through a sharp attack from which it is now recover�ing.

This seems to show that the poison is much less virulent alter the febrile stage of the malady has passed, and that the danger from tho recuperating animal decreases with advancing convalescence. At the same time it must not be too hastily concluded that a mild form of the disease did not exist in this pig during the occupancy of the first pen. It appears unquestionable that the poison may be present in the system, and yet give, rise to so little disorder that the most carefiil obwrver would fail to detect anything amiss.

OCCULT EOKMS OF THE DISEASE.

On jfost-mortem sections I have found the characteristic lesions of the bowels and lymphatic glands, in cases where no cutaneous rash or cUscolorution, uq rise of tem�perature, no loathing of food, nor constitutional disorder had betrayed'its presence during lifo. The occurrence of such slight and occult forms of the disease must present

100nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

a serious obstacle to all attempts to stamp it out. lu most of the plagues of animals, and notably in lung fever, in aphthous fever, and in rinderpest out of its native home, the rise of the hotly temperature precedes all outward manifestations of the dis�ease. In these affections the indications of the thermometer alone enable us to sep�arate the sick and healthy before the disease has attained to a stage of material danger to their fellows. But in the pijj fever the earliest symptoms will vary according to the vagaries of the poison and its primary seat of election. Perhaps tbe most common initial symptom is the enlargement of the inguinal glands, but it may bo some derange�ment of the digestive organs, or it may be the elevation of the body temperature, or it may be the appearance of red spots or blotches on the skin, or finally the poison may bo operating in the system in the absence of all external manifestations. It is notice�able that since the access of extremely cold weather the cutaneous discoloration has been much less extensive than during the warmer season. Even when the tempera�ture has been abnormally raised it will rise and fall in such an irregular manner that no single observation will be always successful in detecting the disease. To detect such cases the investigation must bo conducted from day to day, and in view of all possible manifestations of the disease, to bo successful. Then again the temperature, even in health, varies widely in different swine and under different conditions of life, so that a knowledge of the body heat of the individual in the existing environment is essential to the drawing of sound deductions from thermometric indications.

INFECTION OP OTIIEK ANIMALS THAN SWINE.

I consider tho most important part of my researches to be that which demonstrates the susceptibility of other animals than swine to the fever we are investigating. Dr. Kline of London, England, claimed, nearly a year ago, that ho had conveyed the dis�ease quot; with difficulty quot; to rabbits. Guinea-pigs, and mice, but he gives no hint as to whether he had subjected the question to the crucial test of reinoculatiou Irom these animals back upon the pig. This test it seemed very important to apply, so that the identity or otherwise of the two diseases might be determined. I have accordingly iu-stituted experiments on a rabbit, two sheep, a rat, and a puppy, the three former ot which have turned out successfully.

INFECTION OF A BABBIT FEOM A SICK PIG.

After two inoculations with questionable results, made with the blood of sick pigs, in which microzymes had been observed, a rabbit was once more inoculated, this time with tho pleural effusion of a pig that had died during the previous night, and in which were numerous actively moving bacteria. Next day the rabbit was very fever�ish and ill, and continued so for twenty-two days, when it was killed and showed lesions in many respects resembling those of the sick pigs. The blood of the sick rab�bit contained active microzymes like those of tho pig.

SUCCESSFUL INOCULATIONS FKOM THE SICK RABBIT.

On the fourth day of sickness the blood of the rabbit containing bacteria was inocu�lated on a healthy pig, but for fifteen days the pig showed no signs of illness. It was then reinoculated, but this time with the discharge of an open sore which had formed over an engorgement in the groin of a rabbit. Illness set in on the third day and continued for ten days, when the pig was destroyed and found to present the lesions of the fever in a moderate degree.

A second pig, inoculated with the frozen matter which had been taken from the open sore in the rabbit's groin, sickened on the thirteenth day and remained ill for six days, when an imminent death was anticipated by destroying tho animal. Dur�ing life and after death it presented the phenomena of the plague in a very violent form.

It can no longer be doubted, therefore, thattherabbitisitself a victim of this disease, and that the poison can be reproduced and multiplied in the body of this rodent and con�veyed back with undiminished virulence to the pig. quot;We may follow Dr. Kline in according a similar sad capacity to the other rodents, mice and Guinea-pigs. The rabbit, and still more the mouse, is a frequent visitant of the hog-pens and yards, where it eats from the same fceding-tionglis with the pig, hides under the same litter, and runs constant risk of infection. Onee infected they may carry the disease as widely as their wild wanderings may lead them, and communicate it to other herds at a considerable distance. Their weakness and inability to escape, in severe attacks of tho disease, will make them an easy prey to the omnivorous hog, and thus sick and dead alike will bo devoured by the doomed swine.

PROBABLE SUSCEPTIBILITY OP OTHER RODENTS.

The infection of these rodents creates the strongest presumption that other genera of tho same family may also contract the disease, ami by yii'tuo of an oven closer rela-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;101

tion to the piga may succeed in conveying the malady to distant lierds. The rat is at once sngsested to the mind as heing almost nbiquitous in piggeries, as feeding in common -with the s-svine, as liable to be (levoured by the hog when sick or dead, as given to wandering from place to place, and as possessed of a vicious habit of gnaw�ing the feet and other parts of his porcine companion, and thus unconsciously inocu�lating him.

I have up to the present time had the opportunity of inoculating but one rat with the hog-poison. Unfortunately my subject died on the second day thereafter, the body showing Borne suspicious lesions, namely, congested lungs with considerable inter-lobular exudation, congested small intestines, dried-np contents of the large intes�tines, and sanguhions discoloration of the tail from the seat of inoculation to the tip.

IXOCULATIOXS FROM THE RAT.

With the fresh congested small intestine of the rat I inoculated one pig, and with the frozen intestine one day later I inoculated a second. The first had no appreciable rise of temperature, loss of appetite, nor digestive disorder, but on the sixth day pink and violet eruptions, the size of a pin's head and upward, appeared on teats and belly, and ou the tenth day there was a manifest culargemeut of the inguinal glands. From what I had seen of the occult forms of the disease I was led to the opinion that this was one of them. Unfortunately, I had at the time no healthy pig available for the crucial test of reiuoeulation.

In the second pig, inoculated with the frozen intestine, the symptoms were too obscure to bo of any real value. As soon as I obtain a supply of rats I propose to sub�ject this question to a further investigation.

SUCCESSFUL IXOCULATION OF SHEEP.

Less significant than the infection of rats, yet of immense practical importance, is the susceptibility of sheep to the hog-fever. I have experimented on two sheep of different ajjes, an adult merino wether and a cross-breed lamb, and in both cases have succeeded in transmitting the disease.

INFECTION OF THE JIERIXO.

This sheep was inoculated by hypodermic injections of one and a half drachms of blood from a pig just killed. On the fourth day he had elevated temperature, and on the sixth scouring and snuffling breathing, but the symptoms rapidly subsided. On the fourteenth day he had an injection of two drachms more of blood from a sick pig, and on the twenty-first day of one drachm of blood and pleural fluid containing mul�titudes of bacteria. Next day the temperature was raised and the snuffling breathing reappeared, both symptoms continuing for some time, pn the sixth day his blood was found to contain moving bacteria similar to those present in the injected blood. On the twenty-third day from the last inoculation he was reinoculated, tins time with the scurf from the ear of a sick pig. This was followed by no rise of temperature, but there existed much irritation of the bowels with redness and swelling of the anus, occasional diarrhea, and the passage of an excess of mucus, sometimes stained #9632;with blood. Seventeen days after the last inoculation he had another hypodermic injection of one drachm of blood and pleural fluid from a pig just killed. As before, this led to an extensive rise of temperature while the intestinal catarrh continued.

INFECTION OF THE LAMB.

The lamb was first injected with a saline solution of the scurf and cutaneous exuda�tion from the ear of a sick pig. There followed a slight rise of temperature, a scurfy eruption on the ears and ooziug of blood from different points on their surface, so as to form dark red scales.

On the sixth day following it was reinoculated by the hypodermic injection of one drachm of pleural fluid from a pig just killed, the fluid containing an abundance of moving bacteria. Next day there was extreme rise of temperature, some dullness and swelling in the right axilla, but appetite and rumination were not altogether lost nor suspended. On the fifth day there was tenderness and unusual contraction of the rectum with the passage of bloody mucus, and on the eighth day profuse diarrhea with the passage of much mucus.

SUCCESSFUL INOCULATION OF A PIG FROJI THE SICK SHKEF.

A healthy pig was inoculatod with mucus from the anus of the wether, and showed a slight elevation of temperaturo for five days, but without any other marked symp-

102nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWIKE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

torn of illnpss. Eleven days later it was reiuoculated with scab from the ear of tbe Iamb, and again throe days later with anal mucus from the sheef). The day before this last inoculation it was noted that the inguinal glauds were much enlarged, and six days after the temperature walaquo; elevated, and purple spots appeared on the belly. This fever temperature has lasted but a few days up to the present time, but, taken along with the violent rash and the enlarged lymphatic glands, it furnishes satis�factory evidence of the disease. We can therefore atfinn of the sheep as of the rabbit that not only is it subject to this disease, but that it can multiply the poison in its sys�tem and transmit it back to the pig.

Two other pigs have been inoculated from the lamb, but during the few days that have elapsed they have shown no outward symptoms.

UNSUCCESSFUL INOCULATION OP A TUrrY.

A draclmi of blood and pleural fluid containing bacteria, from n pig just dead, was injected liypodcmiicaily ou the side of a Newfoundland puppy. Kext day she was very dull and careless of food, while her temperature was abnormally high. The third day the heat of the body was natural, and a fair amount of liveliness had returned. A few days later a large abscess appeared ou the seat of inoculation, discharged and healed, and from this tiinc the health seemed to be re-established.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INFECTION OF KODEKTS AND SHEEP.

Many will, no doubt, be startled at the above developments, and inquire, half iucred-nlously, How is it that the susceptibility of these animals to this affection has never been noticed before? It may even be suspected that wo have been mistaken as to the identity of the disease, and that wo may be dealing with the malifinant anthrar (hloodi/ murrain) rather than the specilic fever of swine. But a slight attention to the phenomena and post-moricm lesions of our cases will speedily dispel the doubt. Malig�nant anthrax is more fatal to sheep and rabbits thau to the other domestic animals, whereas in my sheep the disease was so mild that its very existence would almost cer�tainly have been overlooked in the ordinary management of a flock, and it was only detected in these cases by the careful thcrmometrio and other observations made day by day ou the inoculated animals. In the rabbit the disease was more severe, and would undoubtedly have proved fatal if left to itself, yet even in this animal there was no indication of the rapid course and speedy destruction which characterize the malignant anthrax. Again, although in both diseases alike, the lymphatic glands are the seat of morbid enlargement, yet the increase and engorgement of the spleen which are so constant and so characteristic in malignant anthrax wore altogetlicr absent in ^my I'ig⁸ infected from the rabbit. Moreover the disease in the pigs ran the usual comparatively slow course of the pig-fever, rather thau the speedily fatal one of the anthrax affection. In the inoculated pigs, too, Ihe combined lesions of the skin, hmgs, bowels, and lymphatic glands arcquot; unquestionably those of the swine-plague, and not those of maliynant anthrax.

It is not surprising that the disease should have been liithcrto unrecognized in the sheep and rabbit. The most obvious symptoms in pigs�the pink, purple, violet, or black spots and patches of the skin�were never observed in these animals, unless we can consider the eruption on the ears of the lamb as of this nature. In the sheep, to which, alone much attention would be paid, the constitutional disturbance was so slight as to be easily overlooked, the appetite even, and rumination scarcely suffering for a day.

Again, the failure to recognize the identity of a disease in two different genera of animals is familiar to all who have made a study of comparative pathology. Cow-pox and horse-pox have existed in all historic ages, but it remained for the immortal Jenner to recognize and show their identity in the last century. Malifinant anthrax has prevailed from the time of Moses, yet in all the older veterinary works we find its different forms described as independent diseases�Main, quarter cril, xgt;nirUl sore throat, amp;.C. Even to the present day many cases of this disease, occurring in the human sub�ject (malignant pustule) are mistaken fur erysipelas (black erysipelas). Glanders in horses seems to have been known to Aristotle, and was familiar to (he ancient Greek Zooiatres and Roman Votermarii, but its identity with the same disease in man was oulysliown in Ic'lU by Waldinger, of Vienna. Aslaiic cholera lias prevailed in theEast from time immemorial, but it is only in the present century that its identity with cholera in animals has been shown by Indian and European observers.

It is no wonder, therefore, that the mildness of the nog-fever in the sheep should have masked its true nature, and that the universal disregard of the disease of the small rodent- should have led us to ignore it in these as well. Now, however, lhat the truth is forced upon us, wc must recognize it in all farther attempts to arrest the course of the disease or to exterminate it. The destruction and burial of infected pigs, aud the disinfection of the premises where they have been, can no longer be con�sidered a snfiioient safeguard. The extermination of rabbits, wild and tame, of Guinea-pigs, of mice, aud probably also of rats, within the infected area, will be equally essential. Sheep must bo rigidly excluded from the hog inclosurcs, and it

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

103

fhey have {j.ainetl admittance they must either bo deatroyed with the pigs, if few and valueless, or they must be shut up in a aeclntlecl place, or sent to a safe distottee i'rom all hogs until they can he ccrtitied as healthy, when they may lie laquo;lisinlecteil nnlt;l re- ' leased. No danger of :i fatal extension among sheep is to be apprehemled; Hie dis�ease appears to uo as harmless to the slieoj) as the fatal glanders is to the dog, yet the infected sheep is evidently daugcrons to the hog, and must he carefully secluded in all measureraquo; for the suppression of the plague.

Eecord op Dk. Law's kxpkkimexts�No. 1. Pig of comiiion race, eight weelis old.


Dato.	Hour.	Body tompcr-atnro.	Kcmavks.
Not. 19	10 a. m......	10*raquo; r.	Costivo. Inoculated with IiIihmI of pis liillcd Noycmber 8, and kept in inociilafov in isolation apparatus, commmucatme #9632;with the air only tliroiTfjli pings of cotton-wool. The blood

			smells stale, not putrid : its cells have disappeared.
20	... ilo.......	104.5
21	....do.......	104. 6
22	.....lo.......	10.quot;gt;. 2
21*	.....lo.......	104.75
2t	..-.lt;lo.......	104
25	...do.......	104
20	....ilo.......	104.75
27	.....1laquo;.......	104.5
28	....ilo.......	105
29	....do.......	104.75
.#9632;10	....do.......	104.75
Dec. 1	....do.......	103. 5	Quite dull. Pnrplo spots and Idack c�ncretiona on the skin.
2	....du.......	104. 75	lied and black spots ou tlio skin.
ii	....do.......	104.25
4	....do.......	102. 5	Scours, Ears blue and cold.
4	6 p. m.......	104	Do.
5	9.30 n.m____	104	Do.
8	....do.......	105	Do.
7	....do.......	103.5
8	....do.......	103.5
8	G p. m......	104
9	9.30 a. Ill ....	103	Bowels continue loose.
10	...do.......	103.5
10	4.30 p. m ....	104
11	9.30a. m....	103
11	Op. m.......	103
12	10 a. m......	102.25	i'eces flnid and of a bright yellow color.
12	5p.m.......	102. 75
13	9.30 a. m ....	102. 75	Quiet: cars deep red; extensive papular eruption and greasy exudatiou ou the skin j scouring.
13	5 p.m.......	102.5
14	9 a. in.......	100.5	Hypodcmiio injection of one dram of blood and plenral fluid from pij: just dead. Inoculation liquid contains nniaerous activcly luofin^ bacteria.
15	.-..do.......	102.75	Dull; has not eaten supper of last night.
15	5 p. in.......	102. 75	Scours.
16	l�a.m......	102. 25	Do.
10	5 p. in.......	102.5
17	10a. ni......	102
17	4 p. m.......	103.25	SUgWdy costivo.
18	10 a. m......	101	Sebaceous secretion oxcessivoon flu* inner sides of thighs and forearms, amp;c. Has a blackish-brown color, and disagreeablo but not putrid odor.
18	4 p. in.......	103.2
19	10 a. in......	103. 5
20	....do.......	.102.5	Improving; regaining appetite and liveliness.
21	....do.......	103. 23
21	5 p. Ill.......	103
22	9a. m.......	102.5
22	4.30]). m ....	102
23	9a. in.......	103
21	....do .......	103.25
25	...do .......	103.75
20	...do .......	104
27	....do ......	102. 5
28	....do.......	103
29	....do .......	104
30	.....lo.......	102
31	....do .......	102. 75
Jnn. 1	-...do ......	102. 5
�'	--.-do.......	103
3	--.-do .......	103	.
4	---.do .......	102. 5
5	....do .......	101. 5
fl	-----do.......	103
7	.-..do .......	102. 75	Killed by bleeding.

104

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

PoHt-mortan examination at once.�Skin: Covered almost universally by a blackisli exudation in gjreat part dried into crusts. On the ears are some remnants of the former exudations and extravasations; half an inch of the tip of one ear is necrotic.

Digestive organs: Mouth healthy. Guttural lympliatic glands greatly enlarged and gray from pigmentation.

Stomach: Pull; contents dry and acid; has reddish discoloration as from blood extravasations and broad lines along its great curvature. The mucous membrane at this point is peeling oil'.

Small intestine: Contents abundant and liquid. Spots of congestion of abont one lino in diameter; no ulcers nor erosions; six ascarides.

Large intestine: Presents little abnormal. One or two depressed spots like cicatrices.

Mesenteric glands: Greatly enlarged and mostly grayish from pigmentary deposit. Inguinal glands also much enlarged and gray.

Thoracic duct: Is filled with a milky fluid.

Liver: Pirm patches of purple. The lower margin very pale; almost transparent.

Spleen: Small, rigid, twisteetas if from binding organising lymph. Its surface is unusually white and fibrous-looking, but there is a deep black iine along its anterior border.

Pancreas: Sound.

Heart: Eight ventricle marked with bluish, discoloration, evidently from former ecchymosis. One flap of the tricuspid valve has a round, blackish nodule beneath the endocardium. Left ventricle with similar bluish surface, and bicuspid valve with agt; translucent thickening.

Itespiratory organs: Larynx and right bronchus have each a dark red ecchymosis. Lungs have black spots of ecchymosis and slight reddening of certain lobules.

Pronchial glands : Enlarged and pigmcuted.

Subdorsal glands: Enlarged and of a very deep red.

Brain: Generally unchanged.

Experiment No. 2.

Poland-China pig, nine weeks old.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature of body.

Remarks.

Dec. 19

20 20 21 21

10 a. m......

...do.......

5 p.m---------

10 a. m......

5p.m.......

9a. m.......

4.30 p.m___

9 a. m______

...do.......

....lo.......

___do.......

...do.......

___do.......

...do.......

103.5 o

104.25 103. 5

103.nbsp;25 104 103.5 102.5 102. 75 102

101.75 103.5 102

100.75 102 101 101 102. 5 102 103 102.75 103

103

104.nbsp;75 105 104 103 105 104

105.nbsp;25

105

100.5 105 105 105. 5 105. 5 105. 5 103 107

Fed ififected feces and intestinal mucous membrane predbrved for' a month in dry bran.

23 24 25 2G 27 28 29 30 31 Jan. 1

3 4

Inocnlatod wiili intestine of pig which died yesterday. The in-tostiiio had liecu frozen uvlt;;r night.

Purple spots on ears and nninpj greasy exudalion from skin. Enlarged inguinal glands.

Scours; a Imght-ycllow liqidd feces. Do. Do. Sconrs. Do. Do. Do. Groat prostration; wiUnotrifio for food nor to have temperature taken. Pniple blotfhes are especially abundant on cars and snout, and to n less extent on the head, generally the teats, rump, and hips. quot;Wien lift ed starcely made a struggle. KiUed by bleeding.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

105

PoHt-morlcm cxaminatton.�Blood: Dark colored; coutainocl moving bacteria.

Diricstive organs: Tongue sound. Tonsils unusually red in their openings.

SuirmaxiUarg and guttural Ijimphatic glands: Of a dark red, merging to a dirty yellow.

Peritoneum: With considerable reddish-brown effnsion and bauds of recently formed false membrane. Tbc liquid coagulates on exposure.' Under tbo microscope (No. 10 Hartuack) it is seen to contain numerous moving bacteria, also others less active, and two or four segmented cliain-like.

Stomach: Full; sour. Great curvature mottled red and brown.

Small intestines: Has considerable tracks of deep congestion. It contains much mu�cus, and ten ascarides. One ascaris extended into tbe gall-duct and as far as tho center of the right lobe of tho liver; a second extended into the middle hepatic lobe. Tbe pressure of these bad led to a considerable dilatation of the bile-duct just above its junction with the cystic duet.

Jlio-eaeal vah-c: Very black, with its follicles enlarged and filled with a yellowish product. The whole length of the large intestine is black from deep pigmentation of its mucous membrane, which is, besides, greatly thickened and puckered. Both con�ditions imply former active inllammation.

The rectum: Of a dark grayish red; had several caseous deposits under its mucous membrane.

The mesentci-g: Contains a yellowish caseous deposit as largo as a pea.

All the lymphatic glands of the abdomen are greatly enlarged, pigmented, andin many cases reddened from recent blood-staining. The inguinal lymphatic glands and those of the flank are iu a similar condition.

TAver: Has patches of deeper purple discoloration, especially deep in the center of the acini. Pancreas sound.

Spleen: Shrunken with puckered edges, and whitish thickening of its proper capsule.

Kidneys: Vascular, congested and softened; corticlo part dull brownish yellow. Medullary, more or less purple, with deeper shades in lines radiating from the papillse.

Itesjnratory organs : Margin of epiglottis bears a blue patch, surrounded by ramified redness, lironchi and bronchia sound.

Znngs: Of varying shades of light pink in the lobules, excepting one or two, which are of a dark red. The interlobular spaces are of a deep blood-red color, giving a dark marbling over the entire surface. Eight pleura contains a little effusion with thread-liko false membranes, and tbe same bacteria named as existing in tho peritoneum.

The axillary prcpectoral, internal pectoral, hronchial, and suh-dorsal lymphatic glands were enlarged, pigmented, and in some cases blood-stained.

Tbe heart bore some purple discolored spots on the internal lining.

EXPEEIMENT NO. 3.

Poland China pig, nine weeks old.


Date.	Honr.	Temperattire of body.	Eemarks.
Dec. 19	10 a. m......	102.5 deg; F.	Placed ia infected pen from ivhicb a aick pig had been lemoved December C.
20	....do.......	102.75
21	.-..do.......	103.75
21	Sp.m.......	103
22	9a. m.......	102.8
22	4.30 p. m___	102
2�	9a. m.......	101
24	....do.......	102.75
25	....do.......	101.5
26	--..do.......	102
27	--..do.......	102.75
28	....do.......	101.75
29	---.do.......	98.8
80	....do.......	101
;u	---.do.......	101.5
Jan. 1	---.do.......	100
2	-...do.......	101
3	--.do.......	101
4	....do.......	9U.5	Eves very red and prominent. Scarcely aWc to stand. Screams quot;when toncbed. (Evident phrenitis.) Died at 2. p. m.

Post-mortem examination the same afternoon. �Skin : Presented little change.

Digestive organs : Mouth sound, fauces and pharynx of a deep blue color, iiTemova-blo by pressure.

Stomach : A portion of about an inch square of a deep red, and with an abundant gelatinitbrm exudation under the mucous membrane.

106

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Small hilcxHncs : Empty, much congested, and coutainuig ten nsearulea.

Large iutesttneraquo;: Has itsmucotismcmbrauescongested, mldeueil, tmdfMckeamp;ed. At intervals are oirciimescribed spots of bloody extravasation, covered by a clot of blood on the free surface. These vary from one to two lines in diameter.' In a great por�tion of the colon the contents are very dry and blood-stained. Between the layers of the mesentery, among the convolutions of the large intestines, are translucent gela-tmoid exudations.

Liver: Gorged with blood, softened, and somewhat friable.

Spleen and panerearaquo;: Normal.

Mcseuteric glantlraquo;: Small, hut in some instances partially discolored by blood.

Liiiii/s : Congested throughout, of a brick-red, with circumscribed black spotraquo; of extravasation.

Bronchia: Tilled with frothy liquid, but without worms.

Heart: The right cavities were gorged with an intenselv black clot,

The left cav-

it ies contained a smaller clot.. No ecchyraosis was observed.

ExrKr.iirexT No. 4. Poland, China 2gt;gt;0r nine weeks old.


Date.	Hour.	Temperatnre of body.	Kemarlcs.
Dec. 19 20	ICa.iii...... ....do.......	103. To⁰ F. 104.2	Inoculated witli vims preserved one month	in wheat bran.
20	5p.in.......	104.5
21	10 a. m......	104
21	5 p.m......	103
	9a. mj......	104
	4.30 p.m-...	104. 7,',
23	9a. in.......	103.5
24	-.--ilo.......	104
25	...do.......	102. 25
20	....do.......	101. 75
27	....do .......	103. 75	Passes bloody mucus from the bowels.
28	....do .......	102. 75
29	..-.do.......	102
;io	....do .......	101
31	....do .......	105
Jan. l	..--do .......	10G
2	..--do.......	103
3	-...do .......	102
4	....do .......	101
u	....do .......	101
6	-----llO.......	98.75	Very lo-n^-; can scarcely stand. Died during	the follo-niug night.

Post-mortem examiuaiion Junuarii 7.�Skin : Extensively covered with purple raacnhe and patches. Snout deeply blood-stained, some of the spots extending over the lips into the mouth. The greatec part of the skin being black, congestions and extravasa�tions into it are only clearly made out when it is cut into.

Dif/cstire organs : Tongue sound. Pharynx has pellets of food accnmulatcd in front of the epiglottis. Submaxillary and guttural lymphatic glands enlarged .and stained of a blood red.

Slomaeh : Not one-third filled; odor faint, mawkish, not sour. Bears red patches of congestion and ecchymosis on its great curvature.

Small intestines: Congested almost throughout. Peycr's patch .just above the ilio-c;L'cal valve has some black ecchymosis. On the lower smface of thevalve the follicles are enlarged and tilled with a yellowish deposit.

Carum and, to a still greater extent the colon and rectum, arc deeply congested, and of a dark red; the mucous niembrano is much thickened and thrown into prominent folds and wrinkles.

Ta-o asenrides were found in the small intestine.

Liver : Extensively discolored of a purple hue, the staining being deepest in the cen�ter of the acini.

Spleen : Large, gorged with blood. Pancreas unchanged.

The lymj /,,;/laquo;#9632; glandraquo; of the liver, stomach, intestines, sublumbar region, pelvis, groin, and flank are much enlarged and of a very deep red, iu many cases almost black.

Kindeys: Cortical substance pale; medullary deep red, with spots of ecchymosis. The anteriorpaxt of the left kidney contained a cyst as large as a bean. Tlio rifrht contained two cysts, one in the pelvis, the other in the anterior part.

Besprratoryorgeota: The epiylottislmreon its posterior surface some congestion and red�ness, partly ramified and partly difltise and ineffoceable by pressure.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

107

Tlic hnir/n Lave .a low black spots of eceliymosis and blood-coloved extravasation in tlio connective tissue betrween the lobules. Tiie lobules themselves are only very slisj'htly congested. 'J'lio left main bronchus present a spot of ecobymosis.

Ilcart-: Empty, presents dight sanguineous discoloration through the lining mem�brane.

Experiment No. 5.

Pohfitd China pig, nine weeks old.


Di.tc.	Hour.	Ti-mpi'i-atini! of body.	Kemavks.
Deo. 19	10 a.m....	104= F.	Tnocnlatcd witli in^estafronraquo; the lar^e mtestine; also a portion of tlie mncona int-mbi-ane, both bavins been preaerved in dry Vgt;r.in for a mout b.
20	....lt;lo.....	104.5
21	....do.....	103. 75
21	rraquo;iraquo;. hi.....	104
22	9 a. m.....	103
22	4.30 p.m..	104
23	9 a. m.....	101
24	....do.....	103.5
25	.-..do.....	103
26	....do.....	102. 5
27	....do.....	102.5
28	--..do.....	102.75
29	.-..do.....	101
raquo;0	.--.do.....	102
81	....do.....	105
Jnn. 1 2 3	....do..... ....do..... -.-.do.....	100.75 104.75 102	Bump and tips of cars purple.
Jnn. 1 2 3	....do..... ....do..... -.-.do.....	100.75 104.75 102	Scours.
4	---.do.....	102
K	....do.....	102
G	....do.....	103
7	....do.....	101. 25
8	....do.....	102. 5	Scours; feces fetid.
9	....do.....	101	Very quot;weak; eats little; fetid diarrhea.
10	.-.-do.....	100.9
11	---do.....	100
12	---.do.....	98.5	.
13	....do.....	102.5
14	.-..do.....	100. 5
15	--..do.....	104.5	Killed by Ueeding.

Post-mortem examination at once.�Slin : Ears of a deep purple and thickly covered #9632;with concretions. Eemainder of the skin has similar concretions, but no ecchymosis is observable. The snout presents scarcely a spot of discoloration.

Digestice organs : Extensive induration and ulcer en the left side of its median part and extending over its border. A similar hut smaller ulcer exists on the right margin directly opposite. Small ulcers exist on the dorsuin near thebip; also a diphtberitic-looking deposit extending over the margin on to the lower surface. Tonsils, palate, and pharynx sound. Submaxillary and gutteral lymphatic glands' are enlarged and congested.

Stomach: Has its mucous membrane thick, rugose, and as if water-soaked along its great curvature.

Small intestine : With mucous membrane thickened and puckered throughout; the duodenum deeply congested.

J lio-ca'eal valve : Thickened; its follicles enlarged and filled with a yellowish deposit.

Mucous membrane of eweum and eolon deeply pigmented and of a dark gray aspect. Some parts of the eolon are still red in patches. Eectum pigmented, presents several small ulcers and a caseous deposit beneath the mucous membrane.

Liver: Bears blue patches of various sizes; gall-bladder contains a little bile of a bright yellow color, with greenish Hakes.

Spleen: Small and puckered, so that its borders turn inward.

Pancreas sound.

AMominul lymphatic (/lands: Hepatic, gastric, splenic, pancreatic, mcscntcric,sahlom-bar. and pelvic, as well as the iliac, are enlarged, pigmented, and partially congested.

Kidneys: Corticlo substances pale yellowish, slightly softened; in the case of one, reddened to the depth of one-third line. Medullary portion deeply colored.

Mesptratwy organs: Larynx and trachea sound; right lung with almost the normal pale pink hue externally, but seems to be congested internally whcti cut into; left lung nearly normal; heart and pericardium normal.

108

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Experiment No. 6.

Poland ChinapUj, eight weeks old.


Date.	Hoiu*.	Body temper-�ture.	*Jlcmaika.*
Dec. 19	10 a. m___	lOlo P.	Placed in pen with pig partially convale�cent.
io	....Ho.....	IP!)
21	....do.....	103. 75
21	5 p. Ill.....	104. 5
22	9 a. m.....	108. 75
22	4.30 p. m.-	104
2:1	9 a. in.....	104. 25
24	..-.do.....	102.75
25	....rto.....	108.7S
20	....do.....	105	�
27	....do.....	103
28	....do.....	104
2D	....do.....	104
ao	....do.....	103
si	-...do.....	102. 5
Jan. 1	..-do.....	102
o	.--do.....	103
3	....do.....	103. 25
4	..-do.....	103	Placed in pen witli anotlier pig iu height of the diaeaae.
5	....do.....	103
laquo;	....do.....	101
7	...-do.....	102.75
8	....do.....	102.5
9	..-do.....	103
10	�do.....	103
11	�do.....	103.25		.
12	....do.....	104
13	�do.....	101.25
14	....do.....	103. 5
15	....do.....	10laquo;
16	....do.....	105
17	..-do.....	105.5	Peces coated -with film of hlood.
18	....do.....	104.8
19	....do.....	104.5	Bloody feces.
20	...,do.....	104. 25	Do.
21	...do.....	105	Do.
22	...-do.....	103	Do. .
23	----do.....	103	Do.
24 25	....do..... .�do.....	103 101	Bloody feccs. Inguinal lymphatic glands enlarged.
26	....do.....	104.75
27	..-do.....	104
28 29	....do..... ....do.....	103 102	Appetite improving.
30	-..-do.....	102
31	....do.....	103

Experiment No. 7. Female rahhif.


Date.	Hour.	Body temper-atme.	liemarks.
Xov. 21	!		Inoculated livpodermicSlly with one drachm of the blood of ii sick pig just killed.

	9 a. m.......	104O P.
23	.�do.......	104
24	-..-do .......	1U4.1
25	....do.......	104. 5
26	....do .......	104.5
27	....do .......	104
28	....do .......	104. 5
29	--..do .......	1(14
30	....do.......	104
Doc. 1	....do.......	104
�gt;	....do .......	104
*',i*	....do.......	104
5	----do.......	104
7			Hypodermic injection of one diachm of hlood of pig which died during last night.

8	9a. tn.......	105
a	____do.......	104. 75
30	----do.......	103.75
11	....do.......	103.75	A flrm ovoid nodule in the seat of inoculation.
12	--.do.......	104.5
13	.�do.......	103

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

109

Experiment No. 7�Coutiuued.


Date.	Hour.	Body temper-atme.	Remarks.
Dec. 14	9a. m.......	103.5deg; F.	Hypodcimio injection of one dracbm of blood of pi^ found dead thisiuornhig. Blood swarming with actively-moving bacteria.

15	....do.......	105.5	Has not eaten supper.
15	5p.iu.......	105.5	Eats nothing.
16	10a.m......	106. 25
1laquo;	5p. m.......	106. 75
17	l�:i. m......	105. 5
17	4p.iu.......	103
18	10 a. m......	105. 75
18	4p.in.......	105.5
ia	10 a. m......	104	Blood showed numerous moving bacteria as in the pig. Indura�tion in the right iliac region.
2laquo;	....do.......	104.75
21	....do.......	103. �
21	5p.m.......	104.5
22	9a. m.......	103.5	.
22	4.30 p. m-----	104. 25
23	9a. iii.......	103.5
24	....do.......	104
25	....do.......	104
26	....do.......	104. 75
27	....do.......	104. 75
28	....do.......	105	Abscess has burst to the right of vulva. A white tibrous ex. travascular mass exposed.
29	....do.......	104
30	....do.......	105
Jl	....do.......	105
Jail. 1	....do.......	104
�j	____do.......	104
3	....do.......	103
4	....do.......	103	-
5	....do.......	103
6	....do.......	102.5	Is verv low and has eaten little for some days.
7	....do.......	102	Sore a'till open. Killed by bleeding.

Posl-mortem cjcaminaiioti at once.�Connocted #9632;with the raw sore iu tbo groin was an immense mass of whitish, fibrous material, infiltrated with pus, and extending from the lumhar vertehrso above to the median line below. The meseuteric glands were en�larged and blood-stained. Two had been transformed with yellow, cheesy-looking masses. The stomach and bowels appeared healthy; also the liver and spleen, heart and lungs.

Experiment No. 8.

Poland China pig, eight weeks old.


Date.	Hour.	Body temper�ature.	Kemarks.
Dec. 18	4p.m.......	103.75deg; F.
19			Inoculated with blood of sick rabbit hypodemiically.
20			Inoculated with blood of sick rabbit hypodemiically.
21	4p.m.......	103.5
23	9 a. m.......	101.5
22	4.30 p.m-----	103.75
23	9 a. m.......	100.75
24	....do.......	101
25	....do.......	101	Skin hot. Hides under the litter.
26	....do.......	101.5
27	.-..do.......	101
28	....do.......	101	Scours.
29	....do.......	100
30	....do.......	100
�31	....do.......	103
Jan. 1	.-..do.......	103.75
2	....do.......	102	Inocnlated with matter from open sore of sick rabbit.
3	....do.......	101.5
4	..-.do.......	102
5	....do.......	103.5	Fcces fetid.
6	....do.......	104. 5
7	.-..do.......	104. 75
8	____do.......	104.5
9	....do.......	104. 23	Fetid diarrhoea.
10	....do.......	103
11	.-..do.......	103
12	...do.......	103.5
13	.--.do.......	103
14	.-..do.......	101. 73
13	....do.......	103	Killed by blccdmg.

110

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

Posi-mcrtem exainimttioit.�fiklii: Naturally black; no purple nor congested sjiota Been.

Digestive organs: Mouth ami tbxoat healthy.

Gutliiral lymplmUo glands: Enlarged and somewhat eoamp;gestfid.

Stomach: Mod�tat�v I'lill; of � dfeep brownisli red along its great curvature.

Smail inUamp;'itc: Slightly congested in {ratamp;hca; contains twelve ascarides.

Zarge inlcslinc: Se��J iicnr.al.

Meseuterie lympliaiio glands: Enlarged and slightly congested. Their smfoco pfesents clear, gli�teuing, rounded masses like, pins' heads. Inrjithiul glands Imvlaquo; the same character.

Lung: Isolated lohuleltes lire dark red and solid; at some points the interlolmlar connective tissue, is distended liy a dark-red iutiltration.

In tho bronchia of the loft lung #9632;wore twelve strongyli.

ExrEMMENT No. 9. Common wMtejiig, Icn weeks old.


Date.	Hour.	Body temper�ature.	Hcmai-ks.
Jan. 7	1U a. m......	i�4= r.	Inoculated with irozou Tflute product {loia the groin of Infected rabbit.	the
8	.-.do.......	102.5	.
9	....do.......	103
1�	....do.......	103
11	....lt;lo.......	101. 73
12	..-.do.......	102
13	..-.do.......	103
14	..-.do.......	103
15	2p. m.......	101
16	10 a. m......	102. 25
17	....do.......	103. 25
18	....do.......	103.8	.
10	....do.......	103
20	....do.......	105. 25
21	..-.do.......	105.3
22	....do.......	104.5	Parplo spots on rump. Eats little.
23	....do.......	105	Blue ears.
24 25 26	....do....... ....do....... ...do.......	102. 5 105 98.75	Scours, bright-yellow liquid foceraquo;. lunppetcnce. Do. Do.
24 25 26	....do....... ....do....... ...do.......	102. 5 105 98.75
27	..-.do.......	97	Does not rise #9632;\vhcu temperature is taken; is stretched ob	its
			side with muscular jerking. Killed hy bleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin: Margin of snout for one-half line deep of a dark brown, and apxiarently without vascularity or life. Beneath this is a red congested line.

Ears : Deeply blotched with dark red and purple macula;, each about one-half inch in diameter, but to a great extent confluent, so as to form extended lines and patches. Stump of tail maculated. Perineum and adjacent parts of hip of a deep purple.

Digestive organs: Tongue with a whitish fur. Ou the center of its dorsal aurface is a dark spot about two lines in diameter, which is found to cover a considerable ex�travasation and clot on the muscular substance. Glandi�arfollicles on the lower sur�face of the soft palate oiled with a soft yellowish puriform mass.

Submaxilliary CymplmUe glan�a: Greatly enlarged and of a deep potplo. Guttural glands also blood-stained and moderately enlarged.

Stomach: Full, very fetid, not sour. Great curvature has its mucous membrane much congested with numerous black spots of extravasation projecting bcyoud the general surface. In the left cal�esao the ingesta next the mucous membrane is of a dark baked appearance and iirmly adherent to the mucous membrane, the epithelial layer of which comes off with it. It has evidently been adherent for somo time.

Small intestines: Have largo, tracts ofcougestion, and in the duodenum and commence�ment of the jejunum are ten ascarides. Seven ascarides have made their way into the gall duct and the different lobes of the liver, but. none in the cystic dnct nor gall�bladder. The biliary duct is greatly distended and coated with a layer of yellowish-green biliary coloring matter.

J.'hc ilio-ea'cal valve: Has its margin of a deep grayish-black and its follicles en�larged.

The large intestines : Are throughout black from pigmentary deposit, the blackness being especially marked on the. agminated gland, extending from the ilio-ca'cal valve on the colon. Many round blackish elevations are scattered over the length of the colon, appearing like enlarged solitary glands. On some parts of the colon the dark

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.

Ill

color is modi�ed by tlic deoi) red of a receut eoiigostiou. Thrcmah the wliolo kugih of the largo Intestiuo the mucous membrane is considerably thickened and puckered. Nearthe amis are some caseous deposits beneath tlio laquo;mcoiis membrane, ))ut comrauui-catiug #9632;with Hie siuiUco by open orifices.

The liver: Has great patches of a dee)) purple, deepest in the center of the asciui.

The (/all blutklcr: Is lull of dark drecii, thick, very viscid bile.

Tlw inguinal, siibluuibar, meeenterlo, mesooolio, gattrio, und Jiepalio lynijpltatio glands: Are greatly enlarged and deeply blood-stained.

2Vi(! Jiidueys: Somewhat softened, arc of a dull yellowish brown in the cortical por�tion and of a purple hue, with darker radiating lines in the medullary.

Sespiratory organa: Larynx souud. Lungs somid, excepting souie slight congestion iu partienhu; lobes, and the lilling of t!io uionchia and aii'-celis with blood evidently drawn in in dying. No plenral ellusion.

Heart and pericardium: Sound.

E.XrKKI.MK.NT NO. 10.

Merino ahcrp.


Dutlaquo;.	Hour.	BodyUmpcr-ature.	Kemarks,
Kov. 21	2p. m.......	103^ 1''.	Hypodermic iujei^tion of one aad a hali'drachms. Blood from sick pig juat liilled.
22	10 a. m......	102. 5
*�Si*	....do.......	103. 75
24	....do.......	103
25	....do.......	101. 5
20	....do.......	103. 25
27	....tlo.......	104. rgt;	SflonWquot;S und Miiiiftiiug.
28	...do.......	103. 75
20	....do.......	103
30	....do.......	102. 5
Dec. 1	....do.......	103.75
2	....do.......	102.5
3	....do.......	103. 25
5	....do.......	102.5
7
			died during the niglit previous.
8	....do.......	103. 75
0	-...do.......	103.3
10	....do.......	103. 75
11	-...do.......	100.25
12	--.do.......	103
13	....do.......	103
14	____do.......	1�3	Ilypodermic injection of one dracbm blood and iiloural fluid of pig which died during tho preceding night. Fluids full of actively moving hacteria.
15	.-..do.......	105.5	Snuffling.
15	op. m.......	105
16	10 a. m......	104.5
10	5p. m.......	104.5
17	10a.m......	105.5
17	4 p. in.......	103. 5
18	l�a.m......	103. 75
18	4p.m.......	105
19	10 a. m......	103. 25
20	..-.do.......	105.2	Blood laquo;howraquo; moving bacteria, but lesa numerous than In ths
20			rabbit.
21	10 a. ni......	102. 25
21	4p. in.......	104
22	9 a. m.......	104
22	4.30 p.m....	105.25
23	8a. m.......	103.25
24	....do.......	102
25	....do.......	103
20	...do.......	104
27	....do.......	103.75	�
28	....do.......	103.2
29	....do.......	103. 5
30	...do.......	102.75
31	....do.......	104
Jan. 1	....do.......	103
2	....do.......	103.75
3	....do.......	103
4	....do.......	103
�	....do.......	103
0	.-..do.......	103	Inoculated with scurf from the ear of a e-iek pi^.
7	....do.......	102	#9632;
8	....do.......	102.75	Scours.
0	....do.......	103,8	Do.

112

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMAJJS.

Experiment No. 10�Continued.

ITMno sltccp�Continued.



Date.	Hour.	Body.tcmper-ature.	Kemarls.
Jail. 10	....do.......	103deg; r.	Scours. Anusred aud sore. Strongly objects to the tlicrmom-ctcr. Has passed bloody mucus.
11	....do.......	103
13	....do.......	103
13	....do.......	103. 5
14	....do.......	103.5	Anus still red and puffy, with abundant mucus.
15	....do.......	103
16	....do.......	103. 5
17	..-do.......	103.5	Scours.
18	-.-.do.......	103	Do.
19	....do.......	104
20	....do.......	103.75
21	....do.......	103
23	....do.......	103.5	Anus still red and a-n-ollen.
. 23	10 a. m......	103	Same afternoon injected one drachm of blood and pleura! fluid from pilaquo; just killed. I'lnids contained active bacteria.
24	..-.do.......	104	Slisbt subcutaneous swelling in tlie right axilla. Xenderneisa of tbo skin of the abdomeu.
25	____do.......	104.5
26	� .do.......	104
26	4.30 p.m....	lor.
27	12m........	105
28	10 a. m......	101!
28	5p.m......	104
29	10 a. m......	105
30	-...do.......	101

EXTEKIMEKT NO. 11.

Long icoolcd (cross-lrccil) lamb.


	Date.	Hour.	Body-temper�ature.	Heuuirks.
3	m. 17	10a.m......	104.25deg; F.	Injected bypodermically in tbo axilla matter from the ears of two sick pigs, also anal mucus from one of them.
	18	-.-do.......	104.25
	19	....do.......	103.8
	20	....do.......	1U5.23
	21	-----do.......	103.5	Ears with scurfy craption.
	22	....do.......	100.5	Bleeding spots on ears.
	23	5p.m.......	104.75
	23	10 a. m......	1U4.5	Injected liypodermically one drachm plmiral fluid containing actively moving bacteria from pig just killed.
	24	-�do.......	108	.Hard engorgement two inches in diameter in right axilla.
	*�27gt;*	...-do.......	107	Axillary swelling more delined; like a hazel-nut.
	26	-...do.......	104
	26	4.30 igt;.m___	108
	27	12m........	108
	28	lOa.ui......	105.25	Ecctum contracted and tender; thermometer covered with bloody mucus.
	28	5 xi. m.......	100
	29	10 a. in......	108
	30	..-.do.......	104

JAMES LAW.

Ithaca, ST. Y., February 5, 1870.

EEPOET OF DR. JX W. YOYLES.

Hon.

Wm. (!. Le Dro,

Com m iss loner of Agrioulture: Sie : in condactmg an examination of tlie diseases of swine, as pre�vailing throughout the State of Indiana during the present season, the following plan was pursued, viz:

A tour of observation and inspection was made through the counties of Floyd, Harrison, Washington, Greene, Morgan, Monroe, Owen, Put-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;113

nam, and Bartholomew. Some of the most intelligent and leading stock men of each county were sought, and all the information obtained which they had upon the subject of the disease, both in regard to its present manifestation and past history. Speculators in live hogs and large feeders were closely interrogated upou every feature of the disease as coming withiu the range of their experience and observation. Diseased herds were visited, and in each case the farm minutely inspected in all its bearings upon the health of animals; the methods of breeding, feed�ing, and general management of swine diligently inquired into; dead animals, where not too far advanced in decomposition, dissected, and living ones, having the disease, were slaughtered for examination, and the pathological indications carefully noted. The month of September was entirely devoted to this branch of the investigation.

The object of this method of inquiry was to ascertain whether the disease, as prevailing throughout these several districts, was uniform in its character, differing only in such modification in type as may be due to local influences : or whether these were to be found separate and dis�tinct diseases in different localities, due to entirely different causes for their production; and if uniformity was found to exist in the character of the disease as now prevailing, to learn from practical and intelligent observers in each district whether, in any essential particular, it differs from the disease that has prevailed in other years.

PEEVALENCE OP THE DISEASE.

The several districts visited were all more or less affected by the dis�ease, but to a much less extent than during former years, except, per�haps, in the county of Putnam, where it was prevailing for the first time as a general and wide-spread epidemic, the loss being estimated at from fifty to sixty thousand dollars. In this county the surface is sufficiently undulating to produce good drainage; the soil is red clay on limestone. Springs of pure limestone water are abundant, and woodlawns beauti�fully swarded with blue grass are seen upon almost every farm. Feed�ing swine has been an extensive and profitable branch of farm industry in this county, and the herds are, therefore, quite large for a grass-grow�ing section. During the summer months hogs in this county run upon blue grass and clover, and are fed some corn. We found the corn so fed often unfit for use, because of a very reprehensible practice of haul�ing to the field for convenience in feeding and throwing it in an open rail pen, where, by exposure to heat and moisture, it soon becomes moldy. The mean temperature in this county during the summer was slightly above, and the rain-fall considerably below, the average seasons.

The counties of Floyd, Harrison, and Washington possess much the same kind of soil, and are abundantly supplied with running springs of limestone water; but blue grass and clover are not so extensively or generally grown. In these three counties hog-raising is not a branch of farm industry sufflciently remunerative to induce the farmers to gener�ally engage in it, and the herds are, therefore, usually small and the animals very imperfectly cared for.

The observations made in the counties of Greene, Owen, Monroe, Mor�gan, and Bartholomew were on a line with the White Biver Talley. This and the Wabash Valley constitute pre-eminently the hog-growing sections of Indiana. It is in this part of the State that the disease has prevailed to the greatest extent. Hog-raising being the leading busi�ness industry, the herds are ordinarily quite large.

No observations were made in the Wabash country. In the White Saw

114nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Eiver Valley the disease him prevailed duriug: the preseut season to much less extent than lor several years past. This is due in part to the fact that there are not so luauy hogs here as formerly�great loss having greatly discouraged hog-raising, a branch of agricultural industry here�tofore paramount to every other interest.

The less prevalence of the disease is also due in part to the increased facilities for selling to summer packers; the approach of the complaint in any given locality being the signal for the selling of every marketable animal.

In these hog-growing districts, the surface of the country is quite flat, atiording very imperfect natural drainage, and as a consequence much stagnant water prevails. The soil is a mixture of clay and sand. The food is mainly corn, with some clover during the summer months, the animals often subsisting upon corn alone from the time of birth to that of slaughter.

In tlio county of Bartholomew there are several quot;grease factories,quot; where they render dead animals, and it is estimated that during the year 187G there were rendered at these several factories no less than one hundred thousand animals that died of the disease in that and adja�cent counties.

It is the concurrent testimony of the leading and most intelligent ob�servers, whose experience and observation have been most extensive, that while the disorder prevails more or less at all seasons of the year, it prevails to the greatest extent and with most fatal efi'ect during the dry months of the fall season, and again during the last winter and first months of spring�rebruary and March.

SYMPTOMS OP THE DISEASE.

A greater degree of uniformity was found to exist in the symptoms and character of the disease than was anticipated at the beginning of the investigation. The first symptoms that usually attract the atten�tion of the farmer, indicating approaching disease, is a wheezing cough, coupled with a disposition to mope. During this period the. animal stands about as if in a ^a brown study,quot; with its ears dropped and its eyes inclined to water or matter.

Following in the usual succession of symptoms comes a failure in the appetite, with occasional vomiting and diarrhea, although the two last-named symptoms constitute an exception, to whicli constipation is the rule.

A complete failure in the appetite, intense thirst, with increased tem-perature of the body, indicates the supervention of the febrile and in�flammatory stage of the disease. During this stage the temperature not infreriuontly rises as high as 107deg; F., as indicated by the introduc�tion of the thermometer into the rectum of the animal. The cough in�creases; the brea�iing becomes more accelerated and laborious; the respiratory movements are scarcely observable in the walls of the chest, but become conspicuous at the flaut, and range from .'JO to 00 inspira�tions to the minute ; the arterial circulation is increased in frequency and diminished in volume. I'ctechial eruption is often observed on the skin and is most distinctly observable on white animals. This is due to extravasated blood from Iho capflleriesinto the tissues, whicli, on under�going (iecfimposilion, produces nlceration of the skin in the future course of the disease, particuhirly if the animal becomes convalescent.

Jn the last stage the animal becomes very weak; staggers in gait, if qfele torifie at aHj refuses both food and drink; falls in temperature.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 115

souietimes an low as 00deg; F.; .seeks the suiisliiuc or n covering of litter, and speedily dies. Emaciation is a rapidly progressive sytuptom througlj' out tlie entire course of the disease.

DUHATION OF TIIK DISEASE.

The disorder is by no means iiniform in its duration, varying from a few hours to many days and even weeks. When death occurs only a few hours after the attack a complicatiou of heart disease is usually the cause of the rapid termination of the case. Early fatality may occur also from rapid congestion of the lungs, producing hepatization of a large portion of that organ. The average duration of the disease can be, therefore, scarcely approximated.' Perhaps five days would include' the length of time consumed in most fatal cases, whereas a much greater length of time is required in cases that recover. In its most violent epidemic form a much less time than five days would include the course of the disease in all fatal cases.

PATHOLOGY OF THE DISEASE.

As before stated, all dead animals not too far advanced in decomposi�tion were examined, and one or more sick animals were selected from each diseased herd, and after a careful study of their symptoms, as com�pared with the other sick stock of the herd, were slaughtered for exam�ination.

Memoranda from thirty dissections made from fifteen separate and distinct herds fairly representing the disease as observed under all the varied circumstances as to food, soil, water, and general management, show the following results:

In every case, without exception, disease of the lungs was present, varying in degree from slight congestion to complete softening from suppuration and inflammation. In two cases the lung disease was tuberculous in character. In eight eases adhesion occurred between the costal pleura and lung. In six cases circumscribed spots of inflam�mation were found on the walls of the heart and its investment, with an effusion in the pericardia! sack. In six cases were small patches of ulceration of mucous lining of large intestine. In six cases were conges�tion of mucous lining of the stomach. In all cases tbo liver presented a darker hue than natural, in tour cases slightly, and in one greatly en�larged; but in all other cases in size and general appearance would compare favorably with that organ as usually observed in animals re�garded somid and healthy. The spleen was in all c'ases discolored, as in case of the liver. In few cases there was slight congestion of the kidneys. In one case there was evidence of fatty degeneration, and in all others the organ indicated a healthy couditiou. The blood was always dark-colored, the muscles pale and relaxed.

The disease of the lungs was in all cases the leading pathological con�dition, to which all other diseased appearances wore secondary in im�portance, constituting complications only.

A section of the lung of an animal slaaghtered during the active inflammatory state of the disease, shows, .under the microscopo, a com�plete solidilication of lung-tissue, the air-cells being-filled with epithetial exudation, no extra vasated blood appearing. A section of the liver of the same animal shows a thickening of the septa-, acini by a proliferation of epithetial cells, tending to or constituting fatty degeneration; other acini in the same section exhibit a perfectly healthy condition. A sec-

116nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

tiou of intestine from same animal shows a liealtLy conditiou. These three sections are transmitted with this report lor verification, (See microscopic sections, Plate XV, Figs. 1, 2, and 3.)

The contents of the stomach and intestines were liquid in six cases, and dry, hard, and very dark colored in all others.

The gall-bladder usually contained a small quantity of thin, greenish fluid.

The trachea and bronchial tubes contained a large quantity of matter apparently consisting of mucus aud broken-doAvn epithelium.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE.

Judging from the visible causes that appear most active in its develop�ment�the symptoms and pathology of the disease�we feel warranted in pronouncing it, in its milder manifestations, bronchial catarrh, and, in its most active and fatal form, catarrhal pneumonia.

There is no symptom uniformly present in the disease, as we have observed it, that bears any analogy to the symptoms of cholera as affect�ing the human subject, and the term quot;hog-choleraquot; is therefore a mis�nomer; and although there is, ordinarily, little or nothing in a name, in this instance the misnaming of the disease has been a source of incal�culable loss, by suggesting a Ime of treatment irrationally administered and calculated to aggravate rather than cure it.

ITS CAUSE.

It is when seeking the cause of this wide-spread epidemic disease that the field of investigation takes widest range. As already stated, it pre�vails more or less at all seasons of the year, and under almost every con�ceivable condition and combination of conditions as to soil, food, water, locality, and general management; but the difference in its prevalence under certain circumstances is so marked and uniform that from these facts we may derive some definite information as to the causes most active in development.

The past history of the disease would indicate that it originated in this country at a time when the condition of swine was visibly altered from a comparative state of nature to one of more perfect domestication. When the country was new, affording almost unlimited range, the hogs bred, grew up, aud roamed in the forest until maturity. Eeing allowed the free use of their noses, and being omnivorous in nature, they fed on #9632;worms, roots, mast, and such other food as was provided and given them by their owners; they exercised as their inclination or necessities in�clined them; had free access to muuerous springs and streams of run�ning water; slept in storm-sheltered thickets on beds of clean leaves, and enjoyed under these circumstances a vigor of constitution and an immunity from disease unknown to the modern swine-breeders of the country. As the country became more densely populated, rendering it necessary to clear up aud inclose the land for agricultural purposes, the lank, active, long-nosed animal of the pioneer age began to disappear in order to give place to a new and more advanced civilization in the history of his race. A close business calculation demonstrated that a hog fed to profit on food produced by manual labor must have an inbred tendency to take on flesh, and that tendency encouraged by close con�finement and high feeding.

The hog of to-day is the result of persistent in-breeding for an obese habit, encouraged by want of exercise and over-feeding. An animal

SWIXK ITEVER

Report Commissionei' of A�riculluvlaquo;* IVraquo;-1M7H.

Plale XV.

Fid. 1.

Microscopic section of diseased liver

in quot;Horf Cholera.quot;

(�'id. 2.

Microscopic scclionoriimg

in catai'rhal pnexunonia

KiV.3. Microscopic section of intestine in quot; hoo-cholrra.quot; showing healtKv condition.

\ Htmxi raljlh.....UMlir Bnltimr

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;117

quite comely in shape, early in maturity, of strongly-developed fattening tendencies, and. of enfeebled constitution, is the intelligent and natural result. An animal thus deprived in part of the constitutional vigor of its ancestors, forced to give in part the instinctive habits of its race in obedience to the regulations of modern farming, must necessarily have acquired a diseased tendency. If, under these circumstances in the era of modem swine-breeding, the animal is more exposed to causes produc�ing disease, a general prevalence of disease must be the result. Do such causes generally prevail, which, operating upon well-known prin�ciples in animal physiology, are calculated to produce the disease as we have observed it ? If not, we are forced, in the absence of visible and rational causes, to indulge in hypothesis, and seek some hidden poison which, operating to produce the disease, may, therefore, propagate it by contagion.

We have assumed that the animal of the present period is one of impaired constitution, and that its habits, as imposed by the will of the farmer, as to food, water, cleanliness, exercise, and rest, do not approach so nearly a strict observance of the laws of health as do the instinctive habits of the animal in an unrestrained state of nature. The habits in the latter state have been briefly alluded to already. What are the altered conditions that conflict with the laws of health as imposed by the former state ?

POOD.

In considering this branch of the inquiry we will examine briefly the subject of food. The hog is an omnivorous animal; he eats both animal and vegetable food; his instinct demands and his health requires it. In his native state he obtains the animal food required by the industrious use of his nose in digging for worms and insects; but the most improved methods of modern swine-breeding have proclaimed the nose of the hog a useless appendage, and bred it to the smallest possible size�a thing of beauty to adorn a ring. The animal, thus deprived of the natural means of obtaining a supply of animal food, is forced to subsist almost exclusively upon vegetable diet, consisting almost wholly of com. That this style of feeding long pursued is not conducive to the highest state of health would seem self-evident. In the hog-growing districts, corn alone is often the only food fed to swine from birth to slaughtering, and it is in these districts that the disease is most prevalent and fatal. On the contrary, hogs fed the offal from milk and cheese factories, or from city and hotel garbage, are always most free from disease. In the city of New Albany, Indiana, there are more swine to the square mile than elsewhere in the State; their rights are somewhat sacred; they run in every street, sleep in every alley, and break into almost every yard; as scavengers they constitute a sort of independent body of health police, auxiliary to the board of health; the average councilman regards them in some sense as his constituency, and the people, therefore, have vainly prayed for hog-ordinances and hog-cholera, and still the animal feeds upon our bounty, multiplies his race, and almost defies disease.

WATEE.

During the dry months of the fall season it seldom happens that hogs have a proper sripply of good pure water, even in well-watered districts of country. In all the herds examined where the disease prevailed, in but one instance was a proper supply of pure water observed; in a large number of cases there was positively no water, only thin nmd at thlaquo;

118nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AKB OTHEE ANIMALS.

watering place. At the farm of Mr. Quinn, near Hartsville, Indiana., where the disease was prevailing, twelve head of sick animals were rnn-ning in an inclosnre, and when the proprietor was asked ahont the sup�ply of water, lie said, quot; There was plenty�a good spring.quot; On personal examination the spring was found to issue from a hill-side, with but lit�tle incline; from the place where it issued to the point where it disap�peared from exhaustion�a distance of some 40 feet�there was a long bed of thin mud, and no visible appearance of ranning water at any point. He was asked on our return when he last inspected the watering place, and answered, quot; This morning.quot; He was then asked if he thought the supply of water at that spring would supply a few horses or cattle with water, if the hogs were taken out, and he replied promptly in the negative, and when asked by what process of reasoning he came to the conclusion that water of acknowledged unfltness for anything else was quite good enotigh for hogs, and sick ones at that, he replied, in sub�stance, that hogs would not use water until they rendered it unfit for any other kind of stock!

We mention this case in detail because it fairly represents the views of the average farmer upon the subject of water for swine�quot; any water is good enough for a hog.quot;

CLEANLINESS.

The domesticated ammal does not approximate the habits of his pioneer ancestor in point of cleanliness. It is the instinctive habit of the animal to bathe in water and wallow in mud to counteract heat and as a protection against flies; but in a state of nature, when the mud has served its purpose, the animal cleanses himself by friction with the nearest tree; the filthy bed which the domestic animal becomes satisfied to occupy in a state of confinement is never occupied by animala run�ning in the forest, and given opportunity to make and change their sleeping places at will�in short, when allowed to provide lor his own existence, he exercises a more intelligent regard for his wants than is ordinarily exercised for him by his owner, who attempts to supersede in�stinct by reason.

The frequent allusions madraquo; to the native hog may provoke the in�quiry. Are we to return to the ili-shapen and ungainly animal of forty years ago 1 Certainly not. In this age of high-priced com, such an an�imal is unworthy of an existence. The only thing to be admired of him is his health and constitution; the only usefnllesson to be derived from allusion to his history is the means by which these were acquired and maintained. Food, faulty in character and wanting in variety; water, deficient in quantity and purity; quarters, too limited in space and filthy in condition, are the three leading factors in the production of disease of swine.

Special attention was given to the examination of the surface land oc�cupied by diseased animals, and while there were exceptional cases, in quite a large majority of instances they were running in fields producing quite a luxuriant growth of weeds which, during that season, were shed�ding their seed, bloom, and leaves. The earth was exceedingly dry and dusty. In traveling through the fields the animals created a dust from the earth and from the weeds also, which, together, were taken into the air-passages and lungs with the air breathed, constituting an active source of irritation. While pursuing this branch of the inquiry we were informed by some intelligent observers that they had noticed that ani�mals running in such nclds, particularly wheat and rye stubble, over-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 119

grown with weeds, were the most unliealthy; and under these ch-cran-stances the greatest amount of disease was observed. It is at this particular season of the year that hogs are most neglected. Having been turned out during^- the summer months to take care of themselves, while the grass is green and filled with nutritious qualities, they thrive and do well; hut, at the approach of the dry season, green grass gives place to that which is mature and dry, in which state it is indigestible and constipating. The water at this particular season fails. It is also at this season that swine keep their skin clothed with mud as a protection against flies, seriously interfering with its healthy functions as auxiliary to the lungs and other depurating organs of the body. This is the season when the cold nights precipitate heavy dews, and while run�ning through the grass and weeds, during the nights and early morn�ing hours, the animals become wet and cold, to be dried off and scorched in heat and dust at the returning noonday. During the nights they are chilled, sending the blood from the surface to the internal organs of the body, and breathe a damp, cold atmosphere; during the day they are overcome with enervating heat, and breathe a dry atmosphere, loaded with dust and dry particles of decaying vegetation. Is not this an array of existing circumstances well calculated to excite catarrhal affections, and are not these conditions as universally present over a large area of country as the disease itself ? It may be objected that the disease sometimes prevails where the conditions mentioned are wanting. That it does prevail in some instances where there is no visible cause for its production is true, but the instances arc of rare occurrence. As before stated, it prevails again in an active and fatal form during the months of February and March. This is the season when bronchial and lung diseases prevail among the human family, due to the atmos�pherical changes, and exposure to the damp earth then in a state of alternate freezing and thawing. Swine arc similarly affected during that period of the year from the same cause; and being more generally exposed to these causes than the human family, are more liable to such diseases in their epidemic form. The principal objection to this rational theory of the cause of the disease is that it is found to exist at other seasons of the year than those mentioned, and under circumstances where almost all the conditions named are wanting. In a few instances we observed it where there was no visible want of first-class care in the management of the swine as to food, water, cleanhness, and shelter, and when they were ranning on clean blue-grass pastures well shaded and watered; but the prevalence of the disease under such circumstances mis cxcecdinfjty rare. It is the general opinion among farmers that the disease is due to some specific poison, and is contagious in character. This opinion was generally entertained by the farmers of Putnam county, where the disease prevailed this season for the first time as a general and widespread epidemic. Many claimed that the disease was communicated by a lot of diseased swine driven through that county from the county of Boone; but many cases occurred on farms entirely off the route traveled by the diseased animals, and entirely isolated from public highways, and upon which no new or strange animals had been introduced by purchase or otherwise. A toU-gate keeper living near the village of Bainbridge, in that county, had a few swine running at large, and coming in close contact with all the animals driven over the road, and still they had escaped the disease; while those occupying inclosures by the roadside generally had it. Numerous instances were reported by reliable and intelligent men, where the disease prevailed upon one farm with but a partition fence separating the sick animals

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from those of a neighbor, in an adjoining field, and the latter not be affected by it. No case of this kind was reported, #9632;where a stream of water led from the diseased herd to the opposite lot of animals, in which the latter escaped; which circumstance would indicateithat while the disease may not be strictly contagious it becomes infectious, and can be transmitted by contact with diseased matter. Experimental operations conducted with a view to ascertain this fact were wanting, because of the lack of absolute knowledge that the animals operated upon would not have had disease without the introduction of diseased matter by inoculation; barring this doubt, the introduction of diseased matter into the system of a well animal produces the disease in four out of five cases. It is a safe practice to separate the sick from the well animals at the very first indication of approaching disease. The eating of the flesh of the dead animals, dying of the disease, by those surviving, is a very reprehensible practice, and should under no circumstance be allowed. The dead should be speedily removed and buried or cremated. Some farmers, however, claim that where they allowed the sick to eat the dead the animals seemed to recover faster by the practice�an observation, if correctly made, only demonstrating that the herd was suflering from want of animal food to such an extent that that furnished them in a dis�eased condition did them more good than harm. Those holding to the theory of contagion generally agree in the period of incubation as rang�ing from ten to twelve days.

Mr. William B. Taylor, of Martinsville, Ind., a gentleman of long experience as a feeder and packer, and an intelligent observer of the disease, states that when a herd of diseased animals were turned in a field with others not previously exposed, that the disease would almost invariably run through the entire diseased herd before attacking the others; and Mr. Joseph Goss, of Gosport, Ind., a feeder and packer of forty years' experience, and a most careful and intelligent observer, cor�roborates the statement of Mr. Taylor.

THE DISEASE AS AFFECTINGr DIFFEEENT BEEEDS.

This branch of the inquiry was forced upon our attention by certain parties who claimed in behalf of certain breeds of swine a partial or complete immunity from the disease. Unfortunately our field for obser�vation in this regard was not good, since all the animals observed were grades in which the Poland-China and Berkshire blood largely pre�dominated. The best information gained upon the subject was to the effect that the breeds for which such immunity was claimed were those not in general use, and that the absence of loss from such breeds is due to the small number of such animals existing in the diseased districts. Such claims were made in behalf of the Chester Whites and Jersey Beds. We saw none of either of these breeds in our travels, either sick or well. The latter breed may have a partial imimmity from these considerations. It is an Eastern bred animal, developed in a section where in-breeding, close confinement, and over-feeding and monotonous diet are not so gen�erally practiced as in the West, and that breed has, therefore, possibly a better constitution with which to resist diseased tendency.

EECURKENCE OF THE DISEASE.

All experienced feeders agree in the opinion that animals having the disease and recovering from it seldom have a second attack, and state that in purchasing animals to feed preference is always given to those

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that have gone through -with the disease. We are inclined to accept this opinion as of little consequence, for the reason that such as are fed for pork do not afford a sufficient lapse of time to clearly demonstrate this point: and, on the contrary, among breeding animals that are allowed to live older, in which timely opportunity is given, our informa�tion is that a second attack is not an unusual occurrence.

HEREDITAEY EFFECT OF THE DISEASE.

Females having the disease when breeding almost invariably cast their young. If they escape that accident, the offspring usually die very soon after birth. Subsequent litters from the animal, after com�pletely recovering from the disorder, do not appear to be wanting in vigor, and do not exhibit a greater aptitude for the disease than other animals.

PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.

The widespread prevalence of the disease, its rapid course and dread�ful fatality, warrant the opinion that measures of prevention, if discov�ered and applied, will be much more beneficial inresidtthan the discovery of a successftil hue of treatment for the disease, unless that treatment shall consist of some specific remedy, a practical use of which can be made by the farmers in all stages of the complaint. That such a remedy will be discovered, we are of opinion, is^not within the range of proba�bility. The measures necessary to prevent disease in domestic animals embrace within their range a careful study of their natural habits and wants, and a strict observance of the laws of health that govern all animal life, the principles of which are the same in their application to the inferior animals as to man. Those errors alluded to when considering the cause of the disease_? as, in our opinion, largely contributing to, if not wholly the cause of, its development, must be corrected. The idea that swine are exempt from the ordinary laws governing health, and will thrive under any and all circumstances, must be abandoned. Forced to keep pace in his superior development with the civilization of the age in which he lives, be requires additional care in bis management in order to ward off the numerous ills to which he is liable, many of which were unknown to his race in its unimproved state of nature. The food of the animal should, at all times, consist of the greatest possible variety; the water drank should be strictly pure; too many animals should not be herded together; the young animals should be kept to themselves; frequent change of locabty, by shifting from one field to another; the frequent plowing up or burning over of the lots usually denoted as hog-lots in order to disinfect them; frequent change of sleeping-places, and the removal and destruction of old, filthy bedding-material. During the dry fall months, when the swine are running at large, they should be daily inspected, and at the approach of that period when the succulent grass is giving place to the mature and dry, laxative food, such as bran-mash or oil-cake; or aperient medicine, as linseed-oil or Glauber salts, given to counteract the constipating effect of the dry grass; the watering-places daily inspected; if running in open fields with high weeds and grass, they should be taken out at night and kept from the cold, wet grass, and turned into woods, if there is such a place available; they should be kept from weedy and stubble fields during the dry dusty period of the fall season, both day and night. When confined in close pens, these pens shoulcl be cleaned daily, and disinfected when there is stench, by the use of copperas, chlorinated lime, or with dry,

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fresh ilirt. The opinion that com, almost alone, is sufflcicnt food for swine, and contains all that is necessary for the growth and develop�ment of the animal, will not be abandoned by the average farmer until after many costly lessons from experience, while attempting to freight their corn crops to market throngh this uncertain medium of transpor�tation. A judicions and intelligent system of inbreeding cannot be abandoned without a rapid reversion to the ill-shapen animal of forty years ago, and we do not insist that in-breeding, when judiciously and intelligently practiced, is materially deteriorating in its influence upon the health and constitution of swine; it is only by coupling animals near related, that have a constitutional defect or a diseased tendency, and where these defects and tendencies are duplicated, that such a course becomes positively injurions. In the natural state of swine, when run�ning at large and growing up without man's iutervention, in-breeding frequently occurs; and the bad tendencies are warded of� by the more vigorous males fighting oft' or destroying the feeble ones and becoming the sires of the race. Tims nature provides for a quot;survival of the fittest.quot; In artificial breeding, the selections made for breeding purposes are too often made with special reference to shape and beauty, and too little consideration is given to vigor and constitution. There is no prac�tical test made in the prize-ring between the most comely male and his less handsome brother, as to which is by nature best entitled to become the sire; but the breeder makes the choice from other considerations than quot; might makes right.quot; Good feeding is the counterpart of good breeding; but there is a marked difference between good feeding and overfeeding or stuffing. Good feeding consists in giving an amount of good healthy food in sufficient variety to provide for the waste of the body, and in quautity only sufficient to develop the future growth of the animal. Overfeeding or stafftag consists in pushing the amount of food to the full assimilative capacity of the animal, with a view to the greatest possible anionnt of excessive liesh. The first is essential to good breed�ing; the other is deteriorating tc the coustitutional vigor of the animal.

THEATJIEIvr OP THE DISEASE.

This branch of the subgect we might sum up in these few words: Xo remedy was discovered having any marked beneficial effect upon the disease when once fully established; no farmer was found who ever in his own expei'ience tried any remedy or remedies that seemed to exert any well marked curative effect npon the disease. Many isolated cases were reported; one animal recovered by having the tip end of its tail cut off; two, by being saturated with coal-oil, and a few others of like absurdity.

The auuouncenient of the names of the individual members of the commission appointed to conduct this examination brought to our notice by letter a large nnmber of so-called hog quot; cholera cures,quot; which their several proprietors asked us to test, or allow them to test in our pres�ence. As the requests were coupled with the expressed or understood condition that in case said remedies proved efficient cures their proprie�tor should have the benefit, for his private use and gain, of an official indorsement of the remedy, we did not think the investigation of such remedies for .such purpose came within the range of duties properly devolving upon a commission appointed to make an investigation at the public expense for the public good, and therefore declined to answer all communications relating to such subjects. What valuable discoveries left in temporary obscurity by our course in the matter time alone must

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disclose. quot;We must say that in tin's matter we were not influenced by a strict regard to the observance of a liigb-toned professional code of medical ethics, bnt entirely from a sense of the proper discharge of a public duty. The sick herd of Mr. Quinn, previously alluded to, was tafeen as one offering a fair opportunity for treatment. The sick animals were all in the formative stage of the disease, and surrounding circum�stances seemed favorable to their cure. They were confined to proper limits, in a pen well situated as to health and comfort, and were given a dose of purgative medicine as a starting point, consisting of Glauber salts. It was observed by all with whom we conversed that a larger per cent, of recoveries occurred from among those animals that at the com�mencement of the disease had vomiting and diarrhea than from others. The dry and hard condition of the fecal matter found in the aniflaals dis�sected leads to the belief that purgatives at the commencement of disease would always be a judicious course. Bromide of ammonia was then given in solution in doses of 30 grains every six hours. This remedy we tested at the suggestion of the Agricultural Department, at the instance of a gentleman who insisted that inasmuch as it exerted a salutary effect in the disease of cholera as affecting the human subject, it might prove equally beneficial in such disease in swine. So it might, but we did not find that an analogous disease, and therefore the remedy having no properties calculated to meet the character of the disease that ice did find, proved of no practical benefit in its treatment, the animals dying in about the same proportion as when not subjected to any plan of treat�ment, but left entirely to themselves. Mr. Stadda's herd, in the same county, was subjected to the same plan of treatment with the same re-si�ts. The herd of Mr. Thomas, in Harrison county, was treated under our direction by giving a mild purgative at the commencement of the disease, and during the acute inflammatory state of the complaint ad�ministered antimonials as a sedative to the circulation, and in the sec�ond stage tonics and nutritious food of milk, mill-feed, and vegetables, but the per cent, of deaths remained much the same as when not treated. Other isolated cases occurred under ci. umstances where extra care and effort was made in trying to elieet a cure by several different lines of treatment, but candor compels the admission that as far as relates to the discovery of any plan of treatment proving sufficiently efficient to enti�tle it to respectable consideration, our efforts were without good results. And, lest our speculations and theories as to the proper line of treatment may be wrong, and present further obstacles in the way of the discovery of a successful remedy, we will refrain from giving them, preferring to present such points only as we fully believe will be of practical value. I remain, verv respectfullv, your obedient servant,

D. W. YOYLES, M. D. Kew Albany, Ind., November 23,1S7S.

EEPOET OF D. E. SALMON, Y. S.

Hon. William G-. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agrieidture:

Sir : In my investigations of the contagious hog-fever as it exists in North Carolina, it has been my endeavor to decide those points which it was indispensable for me to know before adopting preventive meas-nres, rather than others which might be equally interesting from a scien�tific standpoint. What is the percentage of loss from swine disease in

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this State I Is it one and the same disease from which the hogs are dying in tlie different parts of it ? If but one, what are its symptoms, pont-mortem appearances, nature, and cause ? And what are the means by which such losses may be diminished or entirely prevented ! These are the questions which it seemed most important to answer; they are those to which my time has been entirely devoted.

It was found very difficult to obtain information of localities in which the disease existed; for although requests were made through our news�papers for such information, and although, as I have since learned, swine were dying largely in every section of the State, I received during the whole time but three letters naming such localities. If to this we add that a large part of this State is without railroads; that the farms are large, and, consequently, the country is thinly settled; that usually but few hogs are kept on each place, it is seen that a great part of the time must have been spent in unproductive work in searching out infected localities, and, when these were found, in traveling from farm to farm to find herds suitable for experiment, or dead animals for examination. These facts must explain the small munber of experiments which I was able to carry out.

To give a connected view of the subject, and one convenient for refer�ence, the report is presented under, the ibllowing headings:

THE LOSSESsOP-SWINE.

a. Extent of disease, number and percentage of deaths.

h. Are the great bulk of these losses caused by one disease, or are they more equally distributed among all those to which these animals are subject?

II.

THE CONTAGIOUS HOG-PEVEE.

a. Symptoms.

h. Post-mortem appearances.

c.nbsp; Nature.

d.nbsp; Cause.

in.

MEANS OP PREVENTION.

a. Hygienic and medical treatment. h. Sanitary regulations.

EXTENT OP DISEASE, NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OP DEATHS.

North Carohna is a State with a great diversity of soil and climate. In the western or mountainous part the summers are not excessively hot nor the winters extremely cold, and, with the exception of river bot�toms which are of comparatively small extent, the soil is rolling and naturally well drained; the water is good; there is no malaria, and the couutiy is rightfully considered a very healthy one. Extending from the mountains for two hundred miles eastward is a strip of country much of which is not sufficiently rolling for good drainage through the com�pact subsoil, and in a large part of which intermittent fever prevails to

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125

a considerable extent among people. Still fartlier east is a strip of sandy and swampy country, extremely malarious, and very subject to intermittent fever and other diseases of malarial origin.

Now, if our hogs were dying of unhealthy surroundings; if their dis�ease or diseases originate to any extent from malarious emanations, it is certainly in this eastern belt that we should expect to tind by far the largest percentage of losses. quot;We should not be disappointed in finding a few in the central belt, but in the Lealthy, elevated west, where the hogs roam in vast mountain forests, we should certainly expect au un�usual freedom from disease, especially in summer. Viewing the matter from this standpoint, I visited-the western and central sections, and Avould have gone to the seaboard if my own health had not failed me at tbjs point.

Fortunately statistics have been collected of the number of deaths among swine in the different parts of the State for the year ending April 1,1878, and these, as far as can be obtained (twenty-three countiesonly out of ninety-four), are as follows:


Counties.	Total number of swine.	Number of deaths.	Cotmtles.	Total number of swine.	Number of deaths.
	22, 286 12,076 laquo;,341 5,586 27, 858 5,183 4,998 11,446 13,406 7,064 10,043 22,392 8,358	5,131 3, l'J4 1,940 2,138 9,103 538 1,286 3,493 2,000 2,451 6,339 1,041 888		18 604 6,011 12,755 8,972 14,964 12,789 10,030 27,411 14,409 17,448	3,853 2 303
			McDowell		3,853 2 303
Burk					3, 070 1 380
			Mitchell...............		3, 070 1 380
					1,977 3,084 1,192
			Person................
Clav . ........
					8 764
					1,943
			Wake........		4,112
TVanVlln			Total............		4,112
			Total............	304,492	66,946
Hydo				304,492

That is to say, hogs have died to an alarming extent from Cherokee, Mitchell, and Buncombe counties in the mountains, to Camden, Onrxituck, and Craven on the seaboard. Nor was the year above reported an ex�ceptional one, as these losses are now being repeated in Haywood and Yancy in the west, and from thence in localities eastward to the sea. Speaking in round numbers we have reports here from one-fourth of the counties in the State, and these counties in 1870 contained about one-fourth of the hogs in the State, and contain now very nearly the same number as then. We may, therefore, estimate the losses in the entire State at four times the number in these counties, say 260,000. Taking the counties mentioned, the loss amounts to 21^ per cent, of the whole stock, and ranges from 38i per cent, in Camden to only 4J per cent, in Guilford.

AEE THESE LOSSES THE EESTJLT OF A SINGLE DISEASE 1

This question has been raised again and again, whenever any measure has been proposed for diminishing the death-rate of these animals, and notwithstanding investigators in widely difierent localities have observed similar symptoms and similar post-mortem appearances, the great ob�jection to sanitary laws has always been the uncertainty in regard to the affection or affections from which death occurred. It, thereforo, seemed advisable to visit a large part of the State in order to decide this ques-. tion of primary importance. The disease was seen by the writer in Haywood, Buncombe, and McDowell counties, in the mountain district,

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in Eowau, Mecklenburg, Liacolu, Gastou, ami Alamance, iu the ceutral belt, aud particular inquiries were made of those wbo bad observed it iu the counties bordering on the coast. Several counties not euumera-ted above were visited, but I was not successful in finding infected localities. My greatest regret is tbat I was not able to malic personal observations in every part of tbe State.

In each of the counties mentioned a considerable uuiabec of herds were visited and examined, and without exception the living animals presented similar symptoms, and the dead ones showed .similar changes in the different organs of the body. Slight variations were of course observed, as is always the case in any disease, but these were as great between different individuals of the same herd, sick at the same time, as between different herds, even in different coimties. And, what is of great importance, 1 did not find a single case in which it could possibly be supposed that death resulted from a local disease; but in every case a variety of organs, belonging to different apparatus, were found diseased; the blood often showed marked changes; there were extrava�sations in various parts of the body, and always inflammation of the lungs and large intestines, generally, also, of the heart, and often of the eyes; the skin, too, was often plainly affected, and the temperature was found to be increased before any other symptoms of disease were iu the least apparent.

Considering all these facts, there can be no doubt that these animals all died of a general disease�a disease not caused by changes in any single organ; but, on the contrary, a disease which caused the various organic changes observed. Again, from the similarity of symptoms iu all these cases Avhich I saw, and in those reported to me horn other parts of the State, and from the correspondence in post-mortem appear�ances, there can scarcely remain a shadow of doubt that the great mass of the hogs dying in Kbrth Carolina are affected by one and the same disease.

SYMPTOMS.

An increase of tenrperature precedes for an undetermined and prob�ably variable length of time the appearance of all other symptoms. In one lot of seven ten-months-old pigs, only one of which showed symp�toms of disease, the six remaining had a temperature varying from 103.0deg; P. to 106deg; F., and this temperature was preserved uualtered for six days, with jlo other changes in the condition of the animals than increased dullness of the eyes, a general unthrifty condition and a disin-clination to search for food, although the appetite was still good. The pig first affected died about this time, and a post-mortem examinatiou left no doubt of the disease.

In another lot of ten throe-inonthsold pigs, but ouc of which was plainly sick, six had a temperature ranging from lOAi⁰ P. to 107deg; F.; with one this was 1031deg; F., with two 101deg; F. aud 102deg; respectively, while with the sick one it reached 107.4.deg; F.

In a herd of twelve, from which one had just died, and one was plainly sick, four others showed a tempernturc from 103i^o F. to 107deg; P.

In a lob of fourteen animals, one had died, one was plainly sick, aud three others had a temperatere from 103deg; F. to 10-4deg; F.

Of five pigs, one hudjust died, three had a temperature or 10S9 F. to 10(P F., and the remaining one 103deg; F,

Of eleven hogs, two had died, one was plainly sick, and five had a temperature ranging from 103deg; F. to 100deg; F.

From these and similar cases it has seemed probable that a high tern-

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perature may exist several weeks before other symptoms are inauifested, or even tliat the disease may iu some cases be conflned to, and run its course iu, the blood, without a localization in any organ or organs. Snch a view is also sustained by the often-observed fact that when the cholera exists in a herd, animals, which show no positive signs of sickness, are found in an unhealthy condition, and cannot be made to thrive and fatten. This point, however, remains to be cleared up by future inves�tigations. An objection may be brought to the lower temperature here recorded, that according to other observers it is common to find a temperature of 103deg; F. to 104^ F. in healthy animals. This, however, does not agree with the observations which I have been able to make. In one herd of ten, the last of a much larger number which had been reduced by this disease, all of which appeared healthy and thriving, not one showed a temperature by my thermometer as high as 103deg; F. In several other herds of healthy animals which I examined, but notes of which were not preserved, the temperature was found to range from 96deg; F, to 102^deg; F, In nearly all these cases the animals were called up from fields where they were running at liberty, and were immediately examined. So that, although there may be differences in thermometers, I think there can be little doubt from these observations that an increase of temperature precedes other symptoms by a number of days.

The first symptoms apparent externally are a dullness of the eyes, the lids of which are kept nearer closed than in health, with an accumula�tion of secretion in the corners; there is hanging of the head with lopped ears, an inclination to hide in the litter, to lie on the belly, and keep quiet; as the disease advances there is considerable thirst, more or less cough, a pink blush, rose-colored spots, and papular eruption on the skin, particularly along the belly, inside of thighs and fore-legs, and about the ears. There is accelerated respiration and circulation, increased action of the flanks in breathing, tucked-up abdomen, arched back, swelling of the vulva in the lemale, as if in heat; sometimes, also, of the sheath in the male; loss of appetite, and tenderness of the abdomen; occasionally there was persistent diarrhea, but generally obstinate con�stipation. In some cases larsje abraded spots are observed at the pro�jecting parts of the body, caused by separation and loss of the epidermis; in these cases a slight blow or friction on the skin is sufiicient to produce such abrasions. In many cases the eruption, blush, and spots are entirely absent; petecbise were formed in about one-ihird of the cases; in one outbreak, chiefly confined to pigs in which the eruption was remarkably plain, there was considerable inflammation of and discharge from the eyes. Some animals have a very disagreeable odor even before death. In nearly all cases there is weakness or partial paralysis of the posterior extremities, and occasionally this paralysis is so complete in the first stages of the disease as to prevent walking or standing.

The percentage of animals affected and the violence of the symptoms vary greatly, according to the time the disease has existed in a locality. In the early part of an outbreak from 70 to 00 per cent, die, and most of these in the first stages of the disease, from deterioration of the blood or apoplexy. Iu one case there was a loss of 102 out of 107 head; in other cases whole herds of 30 or 40 succumbed; later, many of the animals linger for weeks, and finally die from persistent lesions of the lungs or bowels. In some instances a, considerable nnrabcr of those affected�20 to 25 per cent.�recover; many of these lose all their hair, and often the epidermis as well. Of those recovering, a very few fatten rapidly and do well, but by far the greater part cannot bo fattened, and are always unthrifty and profitlesa animals.

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POST-MOKTEM APPEAEANCES.

In about oue-tliird of the cases petechiae and larger blood extravasa�tions are seen on tbe tbiuner parts of the skin; in a somewbat larger proportion of cases tbe abraded spots, abeady mentioned, are present; making a section tbrougb tbese, tbe skin appears tbickened and of a very high color, but tbe subcutaneous tissue is not appreciably altered. In one or ftro cases tbere was no effusion in tbe abdomen, but in all tbe rest tbis cavity contained a variable quantity of liquid�sometimes of a brigbt yellow color and clear, sometimes of a straw color, and very often turbid and mixed witb the coloring matter of the blood. In every case the colon and caecum were plainly affected, reddened externally, and internally showed changes varying from simply a deep coloration to inflammation and great thickening; in some cases they were studded with petechite, in others there were none; ulcers of various sizes were frequently found, and also tbickened fibrous, concentric patches, occu�pying sometimes nearly the entire walls of these organs. In one case there were large blood extravasations in the walls of both colon and caecum, distending them to a thickness of half to three-fourths of an inch; on section, tbese spots had the appearance of a clot of black blood; they were firm and tough and did not yield to scraping with a knife. Bound, firm nodules, one-half inch in diameter, were frequently found in tbe walls of tbese bowels, which, on section, were of a grayish-white color, and appeared to be composed of compact fibrous tissue, with tbe exception of one case in which they were less firm, and presented the appearances of the extravasated-blood patches akeady described. quot;With the exception of petechiae the small intestine was nearly always normal; in one case tliere were two or three patches of inflammation one to two inches in diameter. The rectum was congested or inflamed in spots only; there were occasionally the nodular masses mentioned above, but in a majority of cases this part of tbe intestine showed little or no change.

The stomach in one-third of the cases was unchanged; in the remain�der there were patches of inflammation from tbe size of the palm of the hand to the involving of half of the surface of this organ. Sometimes tbis was confined to the mucous coat, but often implicated the whole thickness of the walls.

The cavity of the thorax in every case contained a considerable quan�tity of a turbid, bloody liquid, in some cases nearly black in color; the pleurae were generally thickened and covered with false membranes; the lungs were constantly foimd inflamed, occasionally in a few small spots only, but generally the greater part of the lung tissue was in�volved. Often these organs were greatly congested throughout, and would break down under the slightest pressure. The bronchial tubes were also found congested or inflamed, and contained considerable frothy mucus, which in some cases entirely filled them. The pericardium was in nearly every case distended with a turbid, blood-colored liquid, but no false membranes were discovered, and only in one case a piece of coagulated lymph the size of a hen's egg was found floating in this liquid. Tbe heart seemed to be congested throughout in most of the cases, and had patches of a deeper hue than the rest on its external surface. These patches were very suggestive of inflammation, but in the absence of coagulated lymph this may be considered doubtful. Tbis organ at times contained clots of blood of different consistency, and always of dark color, and at other times all the cavities would be found empty. In all cases tue blood was very dark, and generally Ibmied an imperfect clot, and the lymphatic glands were enlarged and greatly con-

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gested. The larynx ami pharynx were I'ouud normal in all the post�mortem examinations, but in some of tbe living cases there was consid�erable swelling about the larynx and idcers on the posterior part of the tongue. The liver was generally as in health, though in some cases it was congested, spotted, and softened, and once was found smaller and more dense than natural. The bile was at times very thick and dark, and again very thin and of a bright yellow color. The spleen was normal in two-thirds of the cases; in the remainder it was slightly enlarged and softened. In two cases the interior was almost of a fluid consistency, while in one the organ was smaller and firmer than in health. The bladder was generally normal, but in two or three cases was inflamed and covered with blood extravasations about the neck, and contained in these cases bloody or very turbid urine. The kidneys were seldom more than slightly hypersemic, but in a few cases there was considerable ex-travasated blood in the tissues about the hilum, and on section the sub�stance about the pelvis was found infiltrated with perfectly black blood. We have here a considerable variety of pathological changes, the only constant ones being congestion and inflammation of the lungs, colon, and ca;cum, and congestion of the lymphatic glands. To mention any single peculiarities of these lesions as characteristic of this disease would not be possible from this investigation. Neither the thickened flbrous patches, the ulcerations, gray elevations of the intestines, the cuticular eruption, nor petechiae were constant.

NATURE OF THE DISEASE.

In studying the nature of an unclassified disease the first question that occurs to us is: Is the affection a general or a local one ? In other words, does the disease originate from functional or organic disorder of any particular organ or apparatus, or are the anatomical lesions devel�oped secondarily as the consequence of a general affection ? And this question, as regards the disease under consideration, can now be an�swered in a definite and satisfactory manner. Indeed, when we consider that the first sympton, and one preceding all others by several days at least, is an increase of temperature; that when localized a great variety of organs belonging to different systems and apparatus are involved, as, for instance, the nervous system, as shown by occasional paralysis and apoplexy, the lungs, pleura, bronchial tubes, heart, liver, stomach, in�testines, spleen, kidneys, bladder, and skin; that there are considerable changes in the blood, as shown by imperfect coagulation, solution of the coloring matter, and blood extravasations, there can scarcely remain a shadow of doubt that the trouble is not a local but a general one.

The next question in logical succession relates to the contagiousness of the disease. Is its extension due to a principle which is multiplied in the bodies of sick animals, and which is of itself sufficient to cause the disease in healthy ones ? In answering this question I will merely men�tion the experiments of Professors Axe, Klein, and Osier, which prove that the disease may be inoculated without detailing their facts; and I will only allude in like manner to the instances already recorded by Dr. Button, Professor Axe, and others, which seem to prove its highly con�tagious character. Most of these facts have been published in recent reports of the Department of Agriculture, and there is no need of repeat�ing them. In my own investigations I have met with facts which en�tirely confirm the opinion of these observers in regard to this latter point. Thus I have found the disease to start at some point and spread slowly in different directions�not rapidly, as though depending on at�mospheric conditions�and the rapidity of this extension depends to a very great degree on wlietbeiraquo; these sinimals arc allowed entire liberty

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or whether they are kept on the premises of the owner. In Mecklenburg county no stock is allowed to run at large, and the disease existed dur�ing the present year, in some localities, from early in the summer, and up to October first by far the greater part of tlie country was free from it; while in Alamance county, where no restraint is put on the animals, the disease spread from one extremity of the county to tlie opposite in a few weeks. In each of these outbreaks, and, indeed, in every one I have observed, it is no difiicult matter to find one locality where the hogs have nearly all died and the disease has finished its work some weeks or even months before, while in almost every direction, at a distance of five, ten, or fifteen miles, these animals are just taking the affection; that is, the disease has extended and is extending, and it has required this length of time to travel this short distance. Can it be possible that an atmospheric or climatic change would travel no faster than this! Again, if dependent on such conditions, why do we find one township devastated by it and another not many miles distant entirely free from it f Such instances are very apparent in Hay wood, Mecklenburg, Lin�coln, and Gaston counties at this writing, and were not less so in Bun�combe county in 1877. If it is claimed that this depends on the condi�tion of the soil, it is only neccessary to reply that in the outbreak just mentioned, in Buncombe county, there are no facts to justify such a theory. In Swannanoa township, which is high, rolling laud, with very tew bottoms, no swamps or malaria, and which cannot be surpassed for healthfulness, the loss was CO per cent, of the whole stock; while in Upper Hominy, which has no advantage over Swannanoa in healthful location, but which is more remote from thoroughfares traveled by west�ern droves, the loss was only 2 per cent. It was probably entirely free from this disease.

A large number of instances could be produced of outbreaks in this State, particularly in the western part of it, clearly traceable to infected droves, and this is, above all, the case with the first introduction of the disease. It is difficult to establish exact dates, but all accurate testi�mony points to 1859 as the first appearance of this trouble. Some think the earhest outbreaks might have been a few years before that date, but of this I have been able to get no evidence. Mr. Morris, of Polk county, remembers that a drove stopped at his place in 1859; that some of the hogs died there of the disease, and that soon afterward this malady spread among most of the hogs in that locality. This was the first ap�pearance of the trouble in that county. Mrs. Davidson, of Buncombe county, remembers that during the life of her father, who was a large hog-raiser, and who lived on the route followed by the droves, no hogs were lost by this disease, but that about the time of his death (1858) droves came through with sick animals, and that this was the first ap�pearance of the disease in that locality. Many other people who can�not remember dates are positive in the opinion that the disease was in�troduced by droves from Tennessee and Kentucky. One man remem�bers that he was employed by the drovers to kill the animals that were sick and cure the meat. He also remembers that these animals had diseased lungs, aud such a bad odor that they could scarcely be dressed. This was his first experience with the disease known as quot; hog-cholera.quot; Colonel Polk, our present commissioner of agriculture, informs me that the first appearauce of this disease in Anson county was in 1859 ; that it was undoubtedly brought there by western droves, aud that these ani�mals died to such an extent that the drovers took them secretly to the woods and buried them under brush and rails to conceal them. A drover who sold his hogs in Georgia at that time informed me that the disease was first introduced in that State in 1859, and that he had no doubt it

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was carried there by the droves. Indeed, I have found but one opinion among those best informed on this matter, and that is, that the disease was never known in this section till introduced by animals driven from Western States; and in some sections of this State, a part of Ala-mance county for instance, the disease never existed till the present year.

Judging from all these facts, therefore, we camiot escape the conclu�sions that this disease is a contagious fever.

In this connection there is one more question that is generally raised by those discussing the nature of this fever, and that is, does the disease always originate from pre-existing contagious germs, or is it often or generally developed de novo as a result of improper hygienic surround�ings 1 In the consideration of this question I shall confine myself to the facts brought out by the investigation in this State, simply premising that most of these facts are as true of the Middle States and proba�bly of most of the Southern States as of North Carolina. The first point that attracts attention is the fact that this State was free from the disease till about 1859, certainly till it was introduced by droves from other States, whatever the date may be; hogs had been- kept in this State from the time of its first settlement undoubtedly under similar hygienic conditions, and yet the disease had not appeared up to that time, when it was brought by imported animals, Just as England was free from contagious pleuro-pneumonia up to 1842, when it was imported with animals from the Continent. It is claimed that in the west the dis�ease is produced by overcrowding and filth, but I doubt if these animals are crowded any more now than forty years ago; indeed, I was sur�prised at the results of my investigations on this point, for, in all the time I have been visiting infected localities, I have not found a case of overcrowding, and not more than two or three where there was any�thing like filthy surroundings. In the western part of the State most of the hogs are kept in the large mountain forests, or are at least allowed the run of the highways and commons; in the east they either run in the highways and old fields or have ample pastures. If it originates from restricted range and unheathful climatic conditions, it is certainly in the east that we should expect to hear of its originating and proving most disastrous; but it was known in the mountains as early as in the other parts of the State. And if we examine the list of counties which I have given above, we shall find it as fatal in the elevated and heathful west, with its immense mountain ranges, as in the malarious east. I append some conspicuous examples of this:

JUiss in eastern cmmtieraquo;.

Per cent.

Camden........................... 38

Lenoir........................------- 24

Eobeson......................�.. 14

Hyde.............................. 10}

Loss m western counties.

Per cent.

McDoweU......................... 37

Buncombo......................... 25}

Mitchell........................... 15}

Clierokee.......................... 10}

We find here, then, just as large losses in the west as in the cast, and just as small ones in the east as in the west; in other words, the quot;disease rages irrespective of these climatic and hygienic extremes; and this becomes still plainer when we add that in Swaananoa township of Buncombe county the loss reached GO per cent.

Of course, at the present time, as with all contagious diseases which have existed for several years in a country, there are some outbreaks which it is impossible to trace to their source; and it seems probable that the contagion may be preserved over winter in manure, straw, litter, or in the remains of unburied animals which died the preceding year. There are some outbreaks that cannot well be explained otherwise, and, indeed, there is no reason to doubt that this maybe the case; ci ntagious

132

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.

germs may also imdoubtedly be carried a considerable distance by other animals or birds, and it is for this reason that many farmers have con�cluded that pasturing hogs on vrheat-lields produces the disease; but hogs were pastured on wheat-fields as well thirty years ago as now; why did not the same result follow then?

I have concluded, therefore, after a careful study of these facts, that this contagious disease does not originate de novo in North Carolina; and that if the contagious germs now in the State can be destroyed and their importation prevented, we shall be as free from it in the future as we were before its first importation, about the year 1859.

HYGIENIC AND MEDICAL TEEATMENT AS PEEVENTIVES.

It was one object of this investigation to determine if the best hygienic conditions, clover pasture, large range, and variety of food have any preservative influence against this contagion; and while a large num�ber of cases where these conditions seemed perfect could not be collected, the few that were observed prove tliat these alone are absolutely power�less to keep off the disease. Thus, Mr. Wadsworth, of Charlotte, lost 117 animals, nearly his whole stock, which had the run of a clover pasture and large wood lot, which had in addition slops from the city hotels, and grain. In this case disinfectants were freely used. Mr. Davidson, of Hopewell, lost 50 per cent, of his herd under similar conditions. A herd kept at a slaughter-house, in Charlotte, which had other food as well as the refuse, was the first to take the disease, and suffered to the same ex�tent as others. Indeed I met with hundreds of cases where animals had large pastures and other food in addition daily, where such popular pre�ventives as salt and ashes, sulphur, tar, oil of turpentine, charcoal, and copperas were freely and regularly given, where the majority of the ani�mals were neither too fat to be vigorous nor so poor as to be wanting in this respect, and yet from 50 to 90 per cent, succumbed to this affection. In one case where I bad the tincture of chloride of iron given regularly as a preventive, commencing before any of the animals showed even an elevation of temperature, and where they were in a large pasture at a considerable distance from any others, the disease has appeared; two have died and others will probably follow.

Some experiments were made with bisulphite of soda, salycilic acid, bichromate of potassa, and bromide of ammonia to determine if these have any power to arrest the disease when given before any symptom but increased temperature had appeared; the results of these were as follows:


Agents.	0 ll i ^S	Beginning of tem�perature.	Dose per day.	cm a	Final tempera�ture.
BltulphiU of soda.	G 4 3 4 raquo; 3 4	10:1.eo tolO(P P... 103J⁰ to 107deg; r... 103deg; to 101deg; l'... 1045deg; to 107deg; F... 103deg; toio(ideg; r... 103Jdeg; to 107deg; F... 103deg; to 100deg; F...	4 druclims........	Days. 7 4 7 7 � 7 7	90deg; to 99deg; F.
			4 druclims........		102Jdeg; to 105deg; P. 103deg; to 100deg; F.
			Ito J ounce.......		102Jdeg; to 105deg; P. 103deg; to 100deg; F.
Salycilic acid.			Ito J ounce.......		100deg; to 101deg; F
Kxperinuait STo. 2�,........ Bichromate 0/potassa.					103deg; to 105deg; F
Kxperinuait STo. 2�,........ Bichromate 0/potassa.			1 quot;lain............		103deg; to 105deg; F
Bromide of ammonia. Esperinieamp;t 2no. l..............			23 gcaiiis..........		103deg; to 106deg; F.

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These experiments sliow tliat none of these agents can be depended on to stop the changes going on in the blood as a consequence of this disease. Although both bisulphite of soda and salycilic acid in one ex�periment each appeared to accomplish this, they failed in other cases where given in larger doses for an equal length of time; and when we consider that in no contagious fever has a remedy been discovered capable of arresting the course of the malady, the doubt in regard to the efficacy of these agents in this disease must increase.

SANITARY EEGULATIONS.

We are finally brought to the irresistible conchision that sanitary regulations properly framed and enforced are the only means at our command for checking the ravages of this disease and relieving our farmers from the enormous losses at present occasioned by it. quot;We can�not expect, however, that this desirable object will be accomplished without considerable expense, especially in the first years of the attempt. We must expect outbreaks in all parts of the country where the disease has previously existed, caused by contagious germs which have been preserved in some of the quot;ways already mentioned; but we should be encouraged by the fact that in most parts of the country, at least, these germs, unless especially preserved in straw, manure, remains of dead animals, amp;c., are entirely destroyed during winter. Thus, in Swannanoa township, where 60 per cent, of the hogs died in 1S77, there has been . no outbreak up to October 30,1878. Above all must we realize the necessity of thoroughly destroying every particle of contagion wherever it appears. Although this would undoubtedly be very expensive, it would certainly be a great saving, even at the start, on the great losses which we are now annually experiencing; and if the work is thoroughly done we may expect that this expense will be reduced to a compara�tively small item in the course of a few years. At the worst such ex�pense would be much less than the use of a specific by individual farm�ers, even if siich a remedy were discovered. In regard to such regula�tions I would suggest the following points as necessary according to what is now known of the disease:

1.nbsp; The regulations should go into effect in winter or early spring when fewest animals are affected, or when, as my experience indicates, the disease is entirely extinct.

2.nbsp; People living in localities where the disease has prevailed within two years should keep their hogs in an inclosure free from accumula�tions of manure, straw, litter of any kind, or remains of dead animals in which the contagion might possibly be preserved, and in which there were no sick hogs the preceding year.

3.nbsp; That in such localities, i. e., where the disease has existed within two years, it should be made obligatory for persons owning hogs to re�port each and every death occurring in their herds promptly (within forty-eight hours if but one, or twenty-four hours if more than one, or if others are sick), to a designated person to be located in every town�ship or county, unless such deaths were plainly caused by mechanical injuries, drowning, maternity, amp;c. And that there should be districts established of convenient size, in each of which a competent veterina�rian (or physician in case the veterinarian could not be obtained), should be appointed, to whom the above township or county officer should report whenever two or more such deaths have occurred in the same herd within a fortnight; whenever an unusual number of deaths have occurred in any locality, or whenever there is any reason to sus�pect the presence of this disease.

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4.nbsp; On receipt of sucli report the veterinarian should visit the locality and make a careful investigation into .the nature of the disease, using the clinical thermometer and maldng jpost-mortem examinations.

5.nbsp; If the contagious fever is indicated the whole herd should be slaughtered, the animals deeply buried, the place thoroughly disin�fected, and no more hogs allowed there till after a succeeding winter.

6.nbsp; When the disease exists to any considerable extent in a locality, those owning hogs in adjoining townships or even counties, according to the extent of the outbreak, should be required to keep them in small inclosures or pens, at a distance from roads or streams of water coming from infected localities. This is necessary to lessen the danger of in�fection and to allow mere thorough disinfection in case the disease ap�pears.

7.nbsp; A certain compensation should be allowed for slaughtered ani�mals�say 25 per cent, on a fair valuation for those plainly sick, 50 per cent, for those which simply show a rise of temperature above 103^deg; F., and full value for the healthy ones.

8.nbsp; In case a hog-owner fails to comply with above regulations a pen�alty might be fixed, or at least such a person should receive no compen�sation for slaughtered animals.

These are the regulations that seem to me most necessary, but there may undoubtedly be circum stan ces in which these may be advantageously modified. Thus in case of a herd of several hundred animals, in which but few are affected and the remainder show a healthy temperature, it might be advisable to simply kill and bury the affected ones, to thoroughly disinfect the premises and to kill others as soon as a high temperature becomes apparent. Or in case all were killed the meat of the healthy ones might be preserved and marketed. It is also possible that, through negligence in making reports or an improper diagnosis of the disease, such a large territory may become infected as to make it advisable to establish a sanitary cordon, isolating the locality as much as possible; and leave the disease to run its natural course. In such cases no live hogs should be allowed to leave the iufected section till after a succeed�ing winter, nor any carcasses of hogs till after freezing weather; people living within this district should be prohibited from going near swine outside of it, nor should drovers or others from outside be allowed to visit the infected swine. All dead animals-should be prompoly and deeply buried, and disinfectants freely used. All hogs in such district, and for twenty miles distance from it in all directions, should he kept in small inclosures at a distance from roads, in order to lessen the chances of extension and to allow thorough disinfection.

If such regulations are thoroughly carried out there can be no doubt that the ravages of the disease will be greatly diminished at once, and in a few years many States which now sutler terribly from it will be completely exempt: while in those where it now proves most disastrous there is reason to believe it would never cause serious losses. Sanitary regulations similar to these are the only means that have ever been suc-cesstul in combating the contagious diseases of animals, and while we would not be understood as discouraging the search for specific remedies we cannot disguise our opinion that it is extremely irrational and absurd to delay action in thin disease till such specific shall Lave been discovered; in other words to neglect those measures which bave alone succeeded and chug to those which have always failed.

Respectfully submitted.

D. E. SALMON, F. S.

8quot;WANNAlTOA, F. C, November 15, 1878.

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EEPOET OP DE. ALBEET DUNXAP.

Hon. quot;Wai. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture:

SiB: On the last day of July, 1878,1 received from you a quot;commission to act for the Department of Agriculture in the examination of diseased animals,quot; accompanied -with printed instructions directing me to par�ticularly examine into causes of the disease known as quot;hog cholera.quot; I interpreted my instructions as follows: Find out what disease or dis�eases are destroying the swine and the symptoms of the same; the causes, both predisposing and exciting; the sitage of incubation, morbid anat�omy, amp;c., and to discover how far attention to hygienic care will prevent the spread of the disease in infected herds and its inception in healthy droves; and in addition to test the value of various medicinal remedies for curing the sick and preventing the spread of the disease. Eecog-nizing the primal fact that the hog is an animal of short life, low vitality, and of comparatively little pecuniary value, singly, as compared with other domestic animals, and that they are kept in large droves by most Western farmers, I considered it of little profit to attempt to meet each special symptom with its appropriate remedy; but rather, after having folly diagnosed the disease or diseases, their nature, causes and lesions, and the predisposing causes which had assisted in the spread of the same, to try and devise a system of treatment, both hygienic and medici�nal, which could be used in'the treatment of large droves already infected, and reduce the liability of healthy droves contracting the disease. I do not claim for this report any degree of perfection. The limited time allowed only permitted the examination of the disease under certain climatic influences, and not through the various seasons of the year. I am, therefore, only able to report on the diseases which came directly under my own observation in this State (Iowa) during the two months of investigation, briefly referring to cases of diphtheria which I careftdly observed last winter, and of which I have seen no cases during this inves�tigation.

The medical literature upon the subject of the diseases of swine was very limited, and I could find no strictly scientific work treating upon the topic. I was, therefore, forced to fall back upon my knowledge of the diseases of man as a foundation, and after having fully examined the symptoms and morbid lesions in a series of cases selected out of an infected drove, I compared those symptoms and lesions, with like symp�toms and lesions found in man, and thus arrived, I think, at correct con�clusions as to the proper name of the diseases under consideration. I was thus materially assisted in tracing out both the predisposing and exciting causes of these ailments. To the casual observer it may seem absurd to form conclusions in regard to diseases of swine from a previous knowledge of the diseases of man, but when we consider that the hog resembles his two-footed brother in many respects, has a similar alimen�tary canal, like viscera, the same system of blood-vessels and nervous structure, is also omnivorous, and that the diseases under consideration are caused by specific blood poisons, which act in like manner on man and brute through the process of inflammation, we can but conclude that if we find a set of certain classified symptoms in a hog with a distinctly marked uniform set of pathological lesions, and a similar set of symptoms in man with like morbid lesions, that these two are one and the same disease, and should bear the same title, especially when we can trace the cause ^n both cases to the same exciting agent. 1 have been forced

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to depend entirely upon my own observations for the material of this essay, and I mil say in defense of the position or theories I advance, that they are my conclusions after inspecting over three hundred herds of diseased swine in various comities of this State, and after a careful dissection of nearly one hundred diseased animals. In justice to the farmers of Iowa, it is my duty to state that I received much valuable assistance from their hands. During the progress of my investigations prominent symptoms were pointed out by farmers who had made the disease a study, and I am only sorry that I cannot give each one credit for his particular contribution. I made my quot; headquarters in the field,quot; and strived to obtain a thorough knowledge of the subject in all its details. I was forced to abandon the use of the microscope after a few days' trial.

HOG-CHOLEEA.

Definition.�Any contagious or infectious disease attacking swine with usually fatal results. This definition will include all fatal diseases that are contracted by one hog from another, either by direct contact or by contact with the discharges or exhalation of any diseased animal, or the gases arising from any contaminated matter. Under this head can be properly included the three diseases I have discovered during my investiga�tion, vi^., diphtheria, typhus, and typhoid/ever. The deftoition will exclude worms, lung-fever, pneumonia, pleurisy, or any special inflammation of internal viscera which are the results of climatic influences, Aicissitudes of weather, or improper food. I am led thus accurately to define the disease and draw the line of distinction, because I have repeatedly found droves of swine sufiering with so-called hog-cholera, when, in reahty, there was no contagious disease whatever prevailing, but they were sick and dying because the rules of common sense had not been observed in their care. Because a number of hogs in a drove are taken sick at one time and with like symptons, it does not follow that they are suffering from any conta�gious disease, and the sooner the fact is impressed upon the farmers the better it will be for their pockets. Often it is not medicine that is needed but a change of food. I will give a few cases which will best illus�trate the ideas I wish to convey. Mr. B. kept Ms swine in a lot of one acre, more or less, where they had but little exercise, regular food, and sheltered bed. After gathering his corn he turned his entire drove into the field to glean. They also had the range of a forty-acre wood lot. Two days after he found a number of his shoats sick, five of which soon died. The disease was pneumonia or lung-fever. Morbid anatomy in each case showed at least one lung hepatized and inflammation of pleura.

Cause.�The hogs were previously conflned without exercise and had regular food and sheltered bed. They were then turned out in large range, exercised fully (especially the shoats), slept on bare ground at a time when the weather changed suddenly colder, and the residt was lung-fever and death. No medication was needed to present the healthy shoats contracting the disease, and a little care and simple medication would have probably cured the sick.

Mr. M. kept his hogs on a clover and grass range. They had stag�nant water for drinking, and sour, fermented swill was fed freely twice a day. The land was flat river bottom, with black soil; ringers were used to prevent rooting; no roots, vegetables, or corn were given. The natural result of snch errors in diet was sickness, emaciation, and death. First, the young pigs pined away; sudamina appeared upon the eye�lids, nose, and ears, and one animal after another was attacked with convulsions and died. The brood sows and stock hogs soon followed in

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the same way, and when I visited the farm fifty oftt of eighty head had been cut off in this useless and unprofitable way. Three sick hogs were killed and dissected. The lungs were white, but showed no signs of or�ganic disease. The kidneys were light colored and showed some irrita�tion in tubules; all internal viscera without organic disease. There was a lack of red corpuscles in muscular tissue, which appeared almost white. The disease, in this case, was simply starvation. As yet no contagious disease has appeared in the herd, but the hogs were in such a condition that if exposed to the slightest miasma they would inevitably contract any contagious disease, and_; with the debilitated blood to begin with, would rapidly succumb to it. Now, I assert that although the drove was suppUed with abundance of food in kind, yet it was not the nour�ishment demanded. There was an excess of certain constituents and absence of others necessary to health. Every article of food furnished this drove contained acid. This was the case with the clover, grass, and slops given them. The water was poisonous also, and they were deprived of the alkaline salts necessary to life.raquo; The small quantity they might have obtained from the ground was made inaccessible by the rings in their noses.

In tins drove the tongues of the hogs were large, white, and flabby, indicating plainly the need of change of diet. There are many other errors in diet which will be alluded to when we come to speak of the predisposing causes�errors which do not cause death, but which render the hog peculiarly liable to contract contagions diseases, and also in�crease the expense of feeding.

I will now give an illustration of a case where too much care, misdi�rected, caused disease and death: Mr. C. builds a so-called moael pig�pen. It is low and tight; the sun and air are excluded; the floor is of boards, and is raised above the ground. To prevent dampness, straw is famished liberally to keep the hogs warm. The feed-lot is exposed to the north and west winds. The hogs, sleeping in this damp place, with cold boards under them, pack closely together in the damp straw, for, no matter how dry the straw may be when put in, in the course of a few hours it will be wet and loaded with ammonia. Mark the results. At reveille they come from their sheltered house wet and heated, pass into the feed-lot exposed to the bleak north wind or cold rain from the west, and the natural consequence is coughs, colds, bronchitis, pleurisy, lung-fever, inflammation or irritation of some internal viscera from the sud�den check given to perspiration, or sudden change of temperature by the inhaled atmosphere. If the exposure is not sufficient to cause a fatal inflammation, it will cause a bronchial irritation, as shown by cough. The system is vitiated, and any contagious disease prevailing in the vicinity is liable to attack the drove. The owner reports the cough as existing for one or two months as the first symptoms. In this case the cough was caused by errors in care, and was but a symptom telling the farmer that his swine had contracted a cold, and that this disorder of the system would debilitate and render them more liable to contract any contagious disease to which they were exposed.

We will now take up in their order the three diseases which come properly under the title of quot;hog-cholera,quot; that is the diseases which an�swer to the definition we have given of hog-cholera. quot;We do not claim that these are the only contagious diseases which are known to cause death. There may have been others in past years, or even in this year, but they did not come under my observation, and having accurate reports from many prominent and intelligent stockmen in all the West-em States, detailing the symptoms in their infected hogs, I can but con-

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elude tliat these three diseases are the only coutagious diseases which ha,Te attacked hogs in the last tvro years. After describing each dis�ease, its symptoms, course, stage of incubation, pathological lesions, causes of death, and exciting causes, we shall take np the shbject of predisposing causes toward the contraction of these diseases. Then we shall point out the best plan of treatment, both hygienic and medical, Jbr curing the sick and preTenting the spread of any contagious disease among healthy animals.

TYPHUS FETER.

Definition.�A specific continued fever, attended with increased tem�perature, usually above 105deg; F.; stupor; congestion of brain; swelling of forehead; stiffness of joints; excessive soreness of all tissues; a pro�fuse eruption on the belly and inside of thighs, with costive bowels dur�ing the first few days, and usually terminating in death within fourteen days.

Symptoms.�Headaohe, as shown by wrinkled forehead; partially shut eyes; nose held near the ground; loss of appetite; stupor; indisposition to move; excessive soreness of all tissues, the slightest pressure causing excessive pain; swelling of forehead between the eyes; tongue gener�ally large, white, and flabby, especially if the disease is complicated with malarial poisoning. There is also great restlessness, shortness of breath, and cough. The sick hogs are frequently lame in one limb, and cannot even put it to the ground. The heat of the body is excessive, the temperature rarely ranging below 105deg; F., and generally reaching as high as 108deg; to 109deg; F.; and if the hog is not carried off from the fifth to the seventh day a copious eruption appears on the bowels and on the inside of the thighs and other soft parts. The bowels are almost always costive during the first week and the discharges hard and dark colored. Thirst is excessive, and the hog will often drink until it falls over dead. During the second week we have increase in the severity of symptoms. Sordes collect in mouth; small watery pimples appear on nose, eyelids, and ears; there is great prostration of strength, with staggering gait when forced to walk. Costiveness may now give place to diarrhea; urine is passed while lying down, and convulsions or fatal stupor intervenes; enlargement of glandular structure, especially in the neck, is a common symptom, but in no case have I found abscess with healthy pus, but rather thin sanious fluid. A common symptom during the second week is thumps, and I have never known a case to recover when this symptom was present. The thumps appear to be nothiug more than a spasmodic action of the nerves, like hiccough in man, and denotes great prostration and approaching death. In advanced stages of the fever these are the main symptoms, and this alone is a common course of the disease, as I havt observed it. But there are many exceptional cases. Many hogs, especially those debilitated by errors in food or from the effects of malaria, will succumb to the influence of accumulated poison acting on the brain and nervous system, and die within twenty-four hours. This is of frequent occurrence, especially in young pigs and shoats. Others will die from obstinate constipation, the impacted leces causing ulceration and rupture of descending colon and rectum. In some herds convulsions, from congestion of the brain, occur during the first day, and unless relieved the case terminates in death in a few hours. Tubercular deposit in the lungs and in the mesenteric glands is very common. In this disease, as also in typhoid fever, the smouldering spark of scrofula is fanned into a flame by the fever, and the tuberenhu' matter is deposited in the lungs and glands, and the patient

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that might have recovered from the fever is carried off \dth consump�tion. The odors of the exhalations are peculiar, and will at once diag�nose the disease from any other. To describe this peculiar smell would be impossible in words.

Duration__The duration of the disease is variable. Many animals die

within a few hours, but if the bowels are emptied by saline cathartics or injections, the animal generally lingers into the second or third week before the crisis will occur. The prognosis is very unfavorable, especially in large droves, where little can be done to relieve symptoms. Our ad�vice is, hi all large herds where this disease obtains access, to destroy at once th^ sick animals, bum or bury the carcasses of the dead, and labor to check the progress of the disease by prompt hygienic measures. In small droves, or where the stock is of peculiar value, an effort maybe made by the use of medicinal agents and care to relieve the symptoms and guide the case to health. But in large herds this effort will be foimd unprofitable. When we remember that in man, with all the advantages of a thorough knowledge of the disease, with skilled physicians and competent nurses to care for the sick, many of those attacked in crowded armies succumb to the influence of the disease, we certainly cannot ad�vise farmers having large herds to attempt remedial measures. Another argument against attempting to cure those having well-marked symp�toms of the disease is that, if there is the slightest taint of the scrofu�lous diathesis in the blood, the spark will almost certainly be fanned into a flame, and the patient, reacting from the specific fever, will be carried off by deposit of tubercular matter in the lungs or mesenteric glands. ]Sbw, we know that the hog is an animal of low vitality, and, in a major�ity of cases, of scrofulous habits, hence we need not be surprised to find consumption a very frequent sequence in this disease.

Pathological lesions.�During the first three days after the appearance of the outward symptoms of the disease dissection will show but little, if any, change in the viscera. The bowels will be found loaded with hard fecal matter, and careful examination will disclose some thickness of the inner coat of caecum and ascending colon. A hog which has been sick a week or ten days will still disclose no disorganization of internal organs sufficient to account for the severe outward symptoms. The blood is blacker and.less coagulable than in health; a general irritated condi�tion of all mucous membranes will be noticed. The lungs will show no organic change, unless tubercular matter has already been deposited. In a majority of cases dissected, I have found the liver, kidneys, and spleen healthy�at least showing no signs of disorganization. I have never, in this disease, found abscess of any internal viscera, but have frequently found a low form of inflammation in the glands of the neck, which discharged a thin, sanious matter, but not true pus. In all cases examined I have found certain uniform morbid lesions, invariable thick�ening, and deposit in certain portions of alimentary canal, particularly at opening of small bowels into large bowel. This increase of tissue may take place in stomach or in any portion of alimentary canal, but will always be found in the caecum around the ilio-caecal valve. In a large number of cases I have found at this point that quot;peculiar bearded appearancequot; spoken of by Flint. But these black specks were only found during the first few days of the disease. At a later stage there was invariably great increase of tissue, thickening, and hard deposit. During the investigation I dissected over fifty hogs, all presenting the peculiar symptoms of typhus fever, and in every case I found thicken�ing or deposit around the ilio-caical valve; in several cases where the disease was recent 1 found the minute black specks, and my own opinion

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is that the bearded appearance or black specks are the commencing les�ions of the disease, and that this is followed by thickening or deposit. Anomalous lesions were found in many cases. In one the entire mass of bowels were found agglutinated. In several others were found enormous thickening or deposit in coat of stomach; but in all cases, as before men�tioned, there was one lesion always present, a deposit or thickening around the ilio-csecal valve where the solitary glands of ctecum are sit�uated.

The cause.�The exciting cause of this disease is a specific poison in the blood, an infectious, miasmatic poison, and the disease cannot be generated by any excess of filth, by want of care, or any errors in food. The specific poison must be there. The hog, to contract the disease, must be exposed to the specific miasma arising from another animal suf�fering from the disease. This disease is very contagious, and if it once obtains access to a drove of swine, prompt measures only can prevent its spread to the entire lot. The rapidity of its spread depends upon the condition of the drove and the ventilation. When the hogs are allowed an extensive range, and are not crowded together, it will spread slowly; but where they are cooped up in a contracted pen it will spread very rapidly. Although, as I have before said, this is the most conta�gious and fatal of any disease that has attacked swine, yet it has one redeeming feature, it is more easy to prevent its access to a drove, as the miasm cannot be carried as long distances by wind and other meth�ods of conveyance as can the poisons of diphtheria and typhoid fever.

It may be well for me to explain the statement that filth cannot gene�rate the disease. No amount of filth, no confinement in close quarters, no errors in food can produce the disease, but filth, want of ventilation, and improper food can deprave the system, disorder the stomach and render the animal more liable to the inception of the malady. Hence the disease often obtains access to a drove by means of one or two ani�mals whose systems are disordered, and having once obtained a foot�hold spreads to the healthy ones, the contagious influence being now nearer and stronger.

Incubation.�From the few cases where the stage of incubation could be accurately determined, that is, the period of time elapsing from the time of exposure until the outward manifestations of the disease, I would place the period of incubation at fourteen days. I have but two instances to report where the time of exposure could be exactly deter�mined. To verify this statement, in each of these cases the exact time of exposure (by arrival of strange hogs suffering from the disease,) and the first outward symptoms of the disease were noted, and in each case it was fourteen days from time of exposure until the symptoms of dis�ease appeared. [See notes on Homestead (Amana Society) Colony.] We shall speak of the predisposing causes when we come to consider the three diseases collectively, as the same causes will promote the spread of either one of them, but in different ratio.

Typhoid fever�Definition.�A specific continued fever, attended with great prostration of strength, stupor, tympanites, diarrhea, showing specific anatomical lesions, namely, ulceration of the solitary glands of caecum and colon. The disease, when uncomplicated, runs its course in nine days. During the first month of my investigation I made no separate classification of those two diseases�typhus andquot; typhoid fever. My course was as follows: From each infected drove inspected, I selec�ted from two to five diseased hogs of various ages and at different stages of the disease. After carefully noting the age, history, and morbid symp�toms in each case, the auimal was killed, and exact notes taken of the

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condition of the blood, and also of each of the internal organs. From the start I noticed that the symptoms varied greatly in different droves, particularly in condition of bowels^ the amount of eruption on skin and the duration of the disease and its fatality. I also noticed the mor�bid lesions varied greatly in different droves. On my return to my office, after three weeks' inspection, I made a careful review of my notes taken in the field, and found I could separate the symptoms into two distinct classes, only resembling each other in the one peculiarity of being low or typhoid in their character. I also found that the pathological lesions could be separated into two distinct classes, and that each of the two classes of symptoms were accompanied with one of the two classes of lesions. I was also impressed with the results obtained from treatment by those whose swine presented the peculiar symptoms and lesions which I now call typhoid fever, who reported that the disease had been promptly checked in then droves and a large part of the sick hogs cured by fol�lowing my instructions in regard to hygienic care and medical treatment. Those whose hogs presented the typhus symptoms and lesions almost invariably reported that all the sick had died, and in most cases the disease was still continuing its ravages. I had also noticed that the pecuhar odor spoken of was present in some droves and absent in others, and on examiniug my notes found that this odor was confined to the typhus cases. There was, of course, more or less smell wherever there was any disease among the swine, but the odor in the typhus form had a certain difterence that could be noticed by any one. Thus finding I had two distinct diseases to deal with, the one resembling very nearly typhoid in man, the other presenting symptoms and lesions with which I was not particularly familiar, I turned to my medical library for in�formation, and found a disease described as occurring in man with symp�toms and lesions exactly resembling those I had classified in swine. I, therefore, called this second disease typhus fever. I placed typhus first in my list, because I found it the most frequent and most fatal of the three, and the one which has caused the greatest pecuniary loss to the farmers.

Typhoid fever symptoms.�Loss of appetite; headache; avoidance of light; standing with its head iu a fence corner, or lying in such a posi�tion as to keep the light from its face; will only move when urged, and then but a short distance to resume its former attitude; a hot, dry skin; high fever; thermometer often showing 105deg; to 109deg; T.; increased urine; diaruhea; tympanitis; cough; shortness of breath, or quick breathing; stiflhess of Liud quarters. The hog moves his back from side to side as he moves his hind legs. Bleeding at the nose is a common symptom. These symptoms continue with remarkable uniformity during the nine days. There is an entire loathing of food, and as the disease progresses great weakness is manifest. The hog cannot be forced up, but lies for hours in a semi-stupid condition, but still restless and showing signs of nervous excitement. If the case is of a severe type the symptoms will be aggravated. The bowels will be enormously distended; urine scanty and high colored ; fecal matter will be passed while lying down, and the urine will pass every time the hog is moved; more or less petecchiae will be found on the abdomen, but in limited numbers. The first sign of improvement is inclination for food and disposition to move around, and in this disease this is the most critical period. Improper or over�abundance of food is liable to cause rupture of bowels and death, and it is at this time that many swine which have passed through the disease to the crisis are killed by incautious feeding. The nose bleeding is sel�dom severe, but hardly ever absent. The cough is of no importance an

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a symptom, as it is present in all inflammatory diseases depending upon a specific blood poison. Many farmers point to a cough lasting from one to three months as a preceding symptom of the disease, but this is a mistake, as the cough is due to the climatic changes or sudden ex�posure as set forth in another part of my report, and has no connection with the specific fever. This preceding cough should have told the farmer that there was some error in his management, which, unless corrected, would render his drove more liable to contract any infectious disease if exposed to its influence. The tympanitis is a prominent symp�tom in this disease, and if the hog is lying down a gentle tap on its distended flanks will show the presence of wind. Thumps or hiccough occurring during the second week is a fatal symptom. During con-valesence small abscesses or boils often appear, and also sloughing of ears; in many cases the entire ears rot off. This condition is due to depraved blood, and demands tonics. Tubercular disease in lungs often makes its appearance during convalesence, and the hog is carried off by what is known as galloping consumption. Malarial complications often render the dangers of the disease more difficult, and have a material in�fluence xipon the rate of mortality. In most cases the malarial debility or fever is the primary disease, and the typhoid fever the secondary. The causes which lead to this fever we shall speak of under the head of predisposing causes of the specific fever. Enlargement of the glands of the neck does not often occur in typhoid fever. The duration of the disease may be set down at from nine to fourteen days when uncompli�cated. I have no data from which I can give any information on the period of incubation.

Morbid anatomy.�I can best illustrate the lesions by quoting a few cases from, my field-notes: Visited the farm of G. W. Davis, near Frank Pierce post-office, Johnson county, Iowa; breed of hogs, Poland-China; range, rolling prairie with clay subsoil; about ten acres in lot; lot covered with grass and brush; hogs also had a rim of rye stubble; water running through lot; feed, raw sound com and sour slop regularly. There was no disease in vicinity, and could trace cause to no contagious influence; disease had appeared two weeks previous^, and nine head had died, three large animals and six shoats. There were twelve ani�mals sick, five large brood-sows and seven shoats. This man complained, like many others, of losing his pigs. Symptoms, loss of appetdtej high fever, diarrhea, emaciation, general stupor.

Dissection, A^To. 1.�Shoat three months old, sick one day; lungs white and showing no organic disease; someinflammation of stomach; liver and bowels appeared healthy. Thermometer showed 106deg; P.

No. 2.�Shoat two months old, sick one week; heat 107deg; P.; hepati-zatiou of one lung; liver, spleen, and kidneys appeared normal; some inflammation of inner coat of stomach. On opening the caecum there were found deep ulcers scattered around the ilio-csecal valve. These ulcers had only the peritoneal coat for a floor, and were in position of solitary glands.

No. 3.�Age two months, sick twelve days; thermometer showed 102deg; P.; lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed no organic disease; lungs lighter colored than normal; considerable enlargement and inflammation of meseutcric glands; ulceration of solitary glands, but ulcers small and evidentlj' healing.

Here we have an illustration of the disease in three dilierent stages. In the first case ulceration had not yet commenced in the bowels. In the second it had eaten through all the coats of the bowels except the peritoneal. In the third case the ulcers were healing, and in a few days

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the pig would have been well again. In some cases I have found small abscesses of solitary glands, each one discharging matter on pressure, and I think this mil usually b6 found the primary stage of the ulcer. Whatever other morbid lesions may be found, the farmer should carefully inspect the inner coat of the bowels and determine the nature of the lesions of the ilio-caecal valve in order that he may accurately diagnose the disease. I would impress this particularly, because in several in�stances I opened swine and found no morbid appearances whatever to account for the severe symptoms until the bowels were examined and the inner coat exposed. In one case a farmer in Hamilton county, who had made a specialty of doctoring hog cholera, after making what he called a thorough examination, declared that a diseased hog was healthy, but I opened the bowels and showed the signs of specific disease on the inner coat. Although we find the lesions in both typhus and typhoid fever at this point, we can only look upon it as an effect of a certain poison in the blood, but why it uniformly develops morbid lesions at this one point has not yet been determined, even in man.

Diphtheria.�A specific septic blood-poison, contagious in its character, with inflammation of mucous membrane of pharynx (throat), and exuda�tion of lymph; inflammation and abscess of kidneys; constipation and fever. Symptoms: Loss of appetite; fever; swelhngof glands of neck; discharge of blood and matter from nose and mouth; weakness; the bowels are casually constipated; the urine is at first increased in quan�tity, but afterwards decreases in amount. The hog may try to eat, but there seems to be a difficulty in swallowing the food. As the disease advances all the symptoms are aggravated. The hog becomes stupid, and only moves when forced to do so. The glands of the neck are enor�mously enlarged, the urine diminished, and is at last entirely suppressed. The animal strains to evacuate its bowels every time it gets up, but passes only a few hard lumps, and, unless relieved, it dies within from two to five days from suffocation, caused by swelling of the throat or accumulated poison in the blood acting on the brain. The primary dis�ease may be either constitutional or local, but in either case both gene�ral and local effects are soon manifest. This disease is a contagious blood-poison received into the blood, and passing through the stage of incuba�tion, manifests its presence first when the system strives to rid itself of the poison through the four great waste-gates of the body�the lungs, kidneys, bowels, and skin. The expired air, loaded with the poisonous excretion, passes from the lungs, and as it obtains exit from the wind�pipe, is thrown with force against the postetior fauces. There the poison is deposited, and diphtheritic .inflammation and exudation is the result. The kidneys, also, strive to eject the foreign matter and are at first stim�ulated to increased work; hence the increased flow of mine; but as the labor increases the kidneys become irritated from overwork, then in�flamed, and the septic poison, instead of being eliminated, is deposited in the kidneys, and abscess in the same is the result. If the free egress of air from the lungs is prevented, either by sweUing of glands externally, or swelling and exudation internally, either in fauces or wind-pipe, the poison cannot be thrown off as freely as it passes into the lungs, and ab�scess of the lungs is the result. In fact, wherever this poison is deposited an abscess at once forms. The skin is hot and dry, and there is often an eruption or rash apparent on the surface. Abscess of the liver is also a common sequence of this disease if it has continued for any length of time. The bowels are invariably costive, and, unless relieved by injec�tion or brisk cathartics, the hog will die, either in convulsions or coma, from the united depressing influence of the septic and cmsmic poisons

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acting on the brain, as the costive bowels causes increased labor for the kidneys and hastens inflammation of those organs, resulting in abscess. The duration of this disease is from one to six days. Death is caused either by suffocation or from accumulated poison acting on the brain. 1 saw no case of this disease while making my investigation for the de�partment, and my account of it is taken from my record of the disease as it appeared during the winter of 1877-'78. A.t that time it spread rapidly, and I had no means of testing the period of incubation. Dissection showed the following morbid lesions: In the first stage, inflammation of throat with diphtheritic exudations on fauces, and inflammation of all internal viscera. In the second stage, all pathological appearances were more positive. The glands of the neck were enlarged, and often contained pus; throat often a mass of ulceration, with diphtheritic mem�brane extending to windpipe; lungs inflamed and kidneys containing extravasated blood, and showing signs of commencing abscesses. In every case where the symptoms were severe and had continued for several days, abscesses of lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen were observed, and putrefaction set in very rapidly, rendering examinations very dangerous. The specific cause of the disease, as stated in definition, is a septic poison, specific in type, and very contagious. It spreads more rapidly than either of the other fevers, and usually within two weeks after it obtains access to a drove it spreads to the entire herd, unless prompt and thorough means are adopted to check its progress. Although, probably, the most contagious of the specific fevers, it yields more rapidly to treat�ment and care, but if neglected it is more rapidly fatal, few that are at�tacked escaping with life.

Having treated of the three diseases I have found in swine, I will now glance at the symptoms and lesions which assist us in a diagnosis of the disease. In typhoid we have diarrhea, tympanitis (wind in bowels), very little eruption, and entire loathing of food. There is seldom much swelling about the neck, but there is ulceration of the bowels and loss of substance. In typhus we find costive bowels and lank flanks, except when filled out with solid feces; profuse eruption; except in few cases, considerable swelling of glands of neck, but not containing true pus. Dissection shows increase of tissue and deposit, frequently in coats of stomach and invariably around the ilio-ciecal valve; also accumulation of feces in bowels if they have not been relieved by purgatives before death. In either disease there is seldom much disorganization of internal viscera, unless in advanced stages, when tubercular deposits maj be found in the lungs. In diphtheria we found constipation. There may be eruption, but this is not a uniform symptom; discharge of matter and blood from the nose and mouth, swelling of glands of neck, appetite not entirely absent, but, although the hog tries to eat, soon turns away from food. Dissection shows ulceration of throat, exudation and inflam�mation of lungs and kidneys, and in advanced cases inflammation, disor�ganization of kidneys, lungs, liver, and spleen. In diphtheria also the disease spreads more rapidly and is of shorter duration, except in cases of constipation in typhus, where death often occurs in a few hours. In all three diseases we have cough, rapidity of breathing, and fever.

Predisposing causes.�Included under this head are any causes which have a tendency to reduce the vital strength of the hog, disorder the stomach, or deprave the blood in any way. These causes are foul air, food improper in quantity or quality, bad water, filth, malaria, atmos�pheric influences, scrofulous diathesis, unusual exercise and over-suckling. All of these causes combined cannot generate the disease, but any one of them, by reducing the vitality or disordering the system in some way,

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may be the cause of tlie disease obtaining access to the drove. We will consider each cause and how it can be avoided. One of the conunon causes of disease among swine is confinement in a pen where the air does not circulate freely enough to cany off the carbonic acid expelled by the hog. The result is that from dark to daylight the hogs are forced to breathe an impure atmosphere. Many farmers build luxurious pens, tight and warm, and with an abundant ventilation only above, and abundance of straw below, forgetting that in such a house there is no ventilation, that, in fact, the breath, loaded with exlialation from the hog, is heavier than the air and sinks to the bottom of the pen. Even if, by reason of increased heat, the expfred air attempts to rise, the cold air from above congeals the moisture ami it falls as minute raiu or snow. Other farm�ers build tight pens without any thought of ventilation and let the hogs pack in as they choose. In this case the air becomes very foul before morning with noxious gases, and if the owner would but put his hand within he would hardly find the air with sufficient power to sustain life. Now, it folloAvs that we must have the pens so constructed that the swine can have pure air, at the same time the intense cold of our northern winters must be avoided, and either artificial heat must be provided or the heat of the hog utilized to increase the temperature where the sur�rounding atmosphere is below zero. TVe must remember that the nat�ural haunts of the species in a wild state are in the torrid zone, and that swine are never found in a northern climate in a wUd state except where they have escaped from domestication and become wild�that they are not provided with fur to protect them from extreme cold. Now, com�mon sense teaches that when attempting to domesticate any wild ani�mal his natural habits�food, climate, and mode of life�should be care�fully studied. Again, effort has been made by careful breeding and feed to change the natural form and development of the hog�to raise a breed of swine with small bone, little muscle, and capacity for taking on fat while young, and these changes have been made at the expense of nat�ural strength and endurance. It is a conunon remark among farmers that wild hogs do not have cholera, and acting upon this idea mauy farmers keep their hogs in large timber lots without shelter, and are dis�appointed to find disease appear and carry off a large proportion of the drove. In these cases, where the hog is not confined and forced to breathe foul air, but is exposed to the vicissitudes of weather, with loss of vital force by so-called improvement of breed, he becomes weakened and succumbs. I have noticed this particularly in regard to diphtheria; several large droves were almost swept away in a few days, although they had large range, pure water, and good food. This is true of diph�theria poisou, but I have never known the other fevers to attack any iso�lated drove having pure air, clay soil in range, and good food, xmless hogs having the disease were allowed in the same lot. The confinement of swine in close pens has another danger. The animal, heated by the con�fined atmosphere and damp straw bed, goes out at feed-call on a cold or rainy morning with its skin and hah damp from the accumulation of the gases which have congealed during the night. The cold, frosty air is a sudden change from the heated atmosphere of the pen, and bronchial lung irritation is the result. It is also wet, and this moisture, if it is a very cold day, is congealed, and the skin is chilled; and thus, from this error in care, the animal is exposed to a double danger. To avoid these dangers the pen should be so constructed that free ventilation can take place at the top, as it is absolutely necessary in a cold climate to utilize the natural heat of the hog to keep the pen at a moderate temperature. It will not do in winter to have any openings below to admit cold air, 10 sw

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hence we must use some absorbent for the poisonous gases constantly being exlialed by the hog, and the best and cheapest yet known to man is dry clay, wbicb will take up a large amount of gas in proportion to its bulk. The dry clay will also assist in keeping the hog thy and clean, and with reasonable ventilation above the air will remain quite pure. The plan for a pig-pen annexed I have furnisbed to many prominent stock men, and all have united in stating tliat it is the most perfect plan they have seen. (See drawing of pig-pen.)

The lot should, if possible, Lave a clay soil surface, and the feeding floor should have a slope of two inches to carry off the rain that falls upon it. By having the floor open to sun, rain, and wind it is kept clean and pure; by having the lot sloping away from the pen, the rain will assist in keeping it clean by removing refuse matter Irom the surface. In this way nature assists tlio farmer in keeping his pens clean and healthy. No straw or other litter should be allowed in sleeping rooms, as it will accumulate moisture and give forth noxious air at all times. Straw should not be allowed in the lot, as it will absorb any poisonous vapors passing over, and birds coming from herds infected with septic disease will bring the matter on their ieet, and it will retain its Ufe in the straw. But on dry ground, even if it finds lodgment, it will soon be disinfected. The hogs should be furnished with pure fresh water in abundance, not only because it is necessary to health, but because water assists mate�rially in producing fat. On the subject of food supply there has been much diflerence of opinion, and I can only give my own views and the scientific reasons for them. The prime object in feeding swine is to ac�cumulate fat as rapidly as possible on those intended for market, to keep stock hogs in healthy growing condition, and to have brood-sows in the best condition for bearing and suckling young. Of course, to accomplish these objects the stomach must be kept in healthy condition and not overloaded; the food must be of due variety and in suitable quantities, and its character and quality must be considered. For stock hogs, ot course, green food is absolutely necessary. The hog cannot thrive upon an exclusive diet of dry corn and water; but the green food must not be the exclusive diet any more than dry corn. If the hogs are kept on a clover lot, sour fermented slop should not be fed at the same time, but rather roots and vegetables, as potatoes, turnips, rutabagas, and beets, which contain large quantities of the soda salts, which the clover lacks. Hogs fed or com may have sour slop to advantage, as this will assist digestion, and in this case prevent an undue acid condition of the stomach and blood. The hog's natural instinct will lead him to seek just what his system demands, and he will root in the ground not for the mere pleasure of destroying the clover-field, but to find certain salts necessary to health that cannot be obtained except from the ground. Then if you deprive him of the means nature has fmiiished for obtaining these neces�saries of life, you must furnish liim with them in some other way.

Observing iiumers have learned by experience that sickness in swine shows error in iced, and at onue change to the opposite extreme. If feeding clover they change to dry corn, and if dry corn to clover. This rule has saved many droves from being laquo;wept oh' by infections diseases. But i will give a rule which I have adopted in my investigations which is simple, but which at once tells the farmer what general course to pur�sue. If the herd is not doing well, if they do not eat well and appear less active than usual, at once examine the tongues of a few and notice the color; if the tongues arc red and contracted give sour slop or turn them on clover pasture or on green food, and they will at once improve. If their tongnes are large, pale, and flabby, give corn, corn-meal, cooked

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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root vegetables, and add soda to the feed, oi' soda and milk, but give no sour slop. The large, white, pale tongue shows that the stomach and blood are in acid coudition and need alkalies; the contracted red tongue shows a subacid condition, and that acids or sour remedies are needed. For years the farmers' journals have lauded clover-fields and advised keeping swine upon a clover range during the entire summer, on the score of economy of feed and health. As far as it goes this is good advice, and yet following this advice has been the chief cause of the spread of the contagious diseases among swine. When the clover range is on clay soil, or the hogs have access to clay banks, and the use of rings is avoided, all will go well, but if rings are used in the nose, or the soil is exclusively black loam and no other food is furnished but the grass and water, or, perhaps what is worse, sour slop in addition, an acid condi�tion of the blood is engendered. The hog becomes debilitated and peculiarly liable to any contagious disease which may appear in the vicinity. Of course farmers must keep their swine on grass and clover, and, as a matter of economy, must use rings to prevent the clover from being rooted up when the range is limited, but they must at the same time study the natural habits and food of the species and supply that food or its constituent elements in some form. The natural food of this class is not a vegetable diet, but they were designed by the Almighty so that they could obtain those roots from the ground. quot;When, there�fore, they cannot obtain them, they should be furnished in kind. As a rule, the constituents of all grasses and annual plants are acid�have an acid reaction. Especially is this the case with clover. Eoot vegetables have an alkaline reaction, and are composed largely of phosphates and soda salts. In clay soils the hogs can probably supply themselves from the ground with phosphates, but when confined to a black, loamy soil they can obtain but little of these necessary salts from the earth. A noticeable fact is, that no matter how wide the range the swine will select the bare points to root in rather than the soft loam. Where root vegetables cannot be obtained and hogs are kept on clover range, soda and lime or sulphate of iron should be given regularly. Dry com as an exclusive diet is not a natural food for hogs, and some additions should be made to the bill of fare. Turnips, potatoes, or some other cheap vegetable must be added to insure good health. I know there is a bitter feeling among many farmers against cooking or grinding corn lor food, on the score of extra expense and trouble, but I have never yet known a farmer abandon the practice when once thoroughly tried. It will pay any farmer to grind and cook the corn fed to his hogs, even if that staple is worth but 13 cents per bushel. Practical farmers, who have made the profitable feeding of hogs a study, report that one pound of cooked corn-meal is equal to one and one-half pounds of raw meal, and to three of whole corn, in fat-producing power. One advantage in feeding cooked feed is that root vegetables can be combined with com-meal and cooked at the same time. Where raw corn is used as a steady diet sour slop will assist in its digestion, and should be given regularly to prevent as far as possible the evil results of error in diet. The use of coal, charcoal, ashes, and rotten logs in the pen assists in keeping the hogs hi health by supplying certain chemicals needed by the animals. I have been thus particular in speaking of errors in diet because I be�lieve that this cause more than any other has helped to spread the fatal diseases among swine. A single hog with diseased stomach may be the cause of imparting the malady to a herd, and having thus obtained a foothold it may, unless prompt measures are taken, spread to the well

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hogs, which would, if it had not been for the one or two unliealtliy ones, have escaped infection.

The water should be clean, pure, running water, and should be within reach of the hogs at all times. Stagnant water, covered with green scum and loaded with organic impurities, is unfit for hogs to drink, yet many fanners furnish only such to their swine. Foul air, by vitiating the blood, is one of the common predisposing causes of disease. I have already spoken of the influence of heated air on the health of swine, and the evil effects of sudden changes, but I did not mention the depressing influence of the foul air itself upon the animals. Swine breathing air loaded with carbonic acid and ammoniacal gas for half of each day can�not remain healthy any more than man can, and the same natural results #9632;will follow�impure blood, disease of lungs, and other viscera. A pen erected on the plan set forth in diagram will remove this cause of dis�ease. The dry clay is the best and cheapest disinfectant yet discovered, and will absorb the poisonous gases and render the air pure. Even though a large number of hogs are confined in a limited space, by open�ing the large doors on the south side on a clear day the sun's rays will dry the clay and renew its absorbing powers.

Scrofula is another common predisposing cause, and one of the principal causes of the large mortality in diseases of swine. The two chief causes of the scrofulous diathesis are breeding young sows and in-breeding. In order to avoid these causes sows should not be allowed to become preg�nant until one year old. By that time she has matured and is fitted to bear young. Before that time she is growing and is immature. Not only the mother may be injured by early breeding, but the progeny will inherit disease. In-breeding has been largely practiced in the Western States, and whenever practiced it is easy to pick out the young resulting from this management. They were the first of the pigs attacked, and the 'post-nwrtem examinations disclosed tubercular disease in every case. Before the close of the investigation I became so thoroughly convinced on this subject, that, whenever I detected tubercular disease in lungs or mesentery, I sought out parentage of the pig. In several droves where a portion of the diseased swine were the oflspring of in-bred sows and part cross-breed, the tubercular disease was found in the former and not in the latter. In-breeding is often practiced through the effort to obtain a perfectly pure breed of any particular species. With but few excep�tions, and those among the imported stock, the pedigree does not extend back more than one or two generations, and often unwittingly the same blood is infused into a drove of sows, although the male may have come from a distance. To avoid this grave error, I would advise crossing breeds, selecting carefully the male from some special breed, as Poland-China, and crossing with an opposite breed in shape and habits, as the Essex. The finest drove I saw this year was the result of such a cross. Mr. Pendroy, of Monroe, Jasper county, bred two years to Essex boar and two to Poland-China, making a special effort to obtain as different blood as possible from that in his own herd. The herd of nearly three hundred head were in fine health, except some brood-sows which had been suckled down and were poor. These sows contracted the disease, but it was promptly checked by proper measiires, and did not spread to any extent in his drove.

And this illustrates another very frequent cause of the contagious diseases obtaining a foothold in a herd of animals. The brood-sows be�come worn down with oversuckling and want of suitable food during pig-bearing and nursing, and with systems thus disordered are very lia-able to contract any disease in the vicinity. See that brood-sows liave

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root-vegetables aud milk, and that soda is furnished them liberally with green food, and they will not become so emaciated and debilitated.

Malarial iulinences can affect swine as well as man, and is one of the most troublesome and fatal of complications in infectious fevers in their first stages. The low sloughs, covered with green mold and surrounded with rank vegetation, are not the most healthy resting places for swine or any animal, biped or quadruped, especially between the hours of sun�set and sunrise. The plants are giving off carbonic acid gas during the night, and the wet ground, loaded with organic matter, is giving off malaria. If the hogs are allowed to breathe this poisonous air their blood becomes vitiated and health is impaired, as in man. Typhus and typhoid fever find a favorable location for incubation here. To avoid these two causes combined, impure water and malaria, let the drove be gathered in at sundown into a large pen on high ground with sloping surface prepared, and kept there until the morning sun has dispelled the perceptible mists. If the day is inclement the drove may be allowed to range two hours after the hour for sunrise. They should be furnished pure water to drink before leaving, if they are to be confined in a range with stagnant water. Many will say that all this trouble will entail in�creased expense,- but it has not been found more expensive where tried. Swine, like any other domesticated animal, can be trained to regular habits, and a drove can be trained to return to its sleeping place, if a small quantity of food is furnished them each night until the habit is formed.

Unusual exercise, which debilitates the hog and weakens his vital force, is another cause of the inception of contagious diseases. In sev�eral cases which have come under my observation, choice hogs for breed�ing purposes were purchased from apparently healthy herds, taken on cars and wagons a considerable distance, and after their arrival showed signs of disease and eventually died. In a few days others in the herd to which they had been taken were affected, and thus the disease was spread from a new locus to a large number of droves. I, of course, could not state where these hogs contracted the disease. When they started from their first home they were probably in perfect health, but confined in a close box and jolted around in a wagon, or confined in cars with irregular or unusual feed, and nervous excitement as additional causes, brought on a gastric irritation, and during these travels they were exposed to a contagious illness more or less intense, and their sys�tem being iu a condition to receive and take up the poison, it formd a lodgment, and after a stage of incubation showed itself by outward symptoms. Hogs brought from strange droves should invariably be kept in strict quaratiue for at least fourteen days, no matter how per�fect the bill of health they bring from their former owners. Neglect of this precaution has been the cause of the spread of the disease from new points, and many counties could trace the disease which had car�ried off thousands of hogs to a single imparted animal. In one county visited in Western Iowa, which had previously had no swine disease, an estimated loss of over $100,000 worth of hogs was claimed to have been sustained during the past year, and this disease started from a central point�a single imported hog. (I use the term imported as meaning from a distant county, or another State.) The disease spread to the drove in which it was placed, and from that drove to adjoining herds. Several expensive lawsuits for damages and much ill-feeling between stock-men might have been avoided by attention to this point.

We will now take up the subject of treatment, which naturahy divides itself under 1 wo heads�Preventive and Curative. Each of these can be

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divided into two classes, hygienic and medicinal. The whole secret of success in preventing the inception of contagious diseases by hygienic care, as has been already pointed out, can be included under two rules, viz., keep the system of the animal in a healthy state, and avoid expos�ing it to poisonous, contagious influences. We have already shown how the first rule can be followed with success�by fresh, uncontaminated air, suitable food, fresh water, seasonable exercise, and avoidance of low, damp places for sleeping quarters; also avoidance of those causes in breeding which are known to engender the scrofulous diathesis. The second requires that all dead organic matter, such as straw, hay, litter, and other matter, which is liable to catch the poisonous fungi floating in the air or carried along by the wind, should be kept away from the animal. All strange hogs must be kept in quarantine for fourteen days before being allowed to ran with healthy herds. If there is any disease in the vicinity, especial care must be taken that no man, vehicle, or animal from infected localities be allowed to pass over meadows where healthy hogs arequot; allowed to range; and if any stream passes through your range from an infected district, the stock must be kept from the water, as water will hold the poison and keep it alive for a considerable time. The yards and pens where the swine stay at night must be kept clean of cobs or other organic matter, so that the rains can wash the surface clean. All swine, either brood-sows, shoats, or pigs, not in gen�eral health, or showing evidences of debihty, should be kept away from the drove and carefully treated, the causes of sickness removed and effects remedied. No medical treatment can be positively recommended as a preventive for contagious diseases. Eemedies may be used to correct any derangements of system, as has already been recommended�soda, if the tongue is broad, flabby, and pale; acids, if the tongue is narrow, red, and contracted. In sows worn down with nursing, nothing can have a better efiect and improve their condition more rapidly than soda and sweet milk or buttermilk. If the bowels are constipated, Glauber salts may be given hi doses of one-half to one ounce to each hog, or one pound to every thirty hogs; once a day, until the bowels are acted upon. Salt should be furnished to all swine, in small quantities, every day. If any contagious disease is in the near vicinity, hyposulphite of soda in milk or fresh slop, given every morning on an empty stomach, offers the most reasonable hope as a preventive, and if the disease is diphtheria or typhoid, belladonna should be added. There is much difference of opinion in regard to the power of belladonna to prevent the spread of the septic diseases, diphtheria and scarlet fever. From my own obser�vation I base the belief that it is a positive preventive or prophylactic, and on that account I extend its use to swine, and have recommended its regular use in small doses whenever diphtheria or typhoid was prevail�ing. As a preventive, the following would be a good formula for general use: Saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda, one gallon; tincture of belladonna, one fluid ounce. Of this mixture, give one gill to every twenty hogs in slop every morning on an empty stomach. Believing that all the contagious diseases are received into the system through the mucous mem�brane, and that any agent having power to destroy these minute fungi before their absorption will prevent the disease, I have for years recom�mended the use of chlorate of potash or sulphate of soda as preventives when persons are exposed to any contagious diseases. As typhoid has but a limited IK)wer of contagion, I cannot say positively that the, vomedy has prevented the spread ofthat disease; but I have never had a second case occur in a family where the remedies I recommended were used regularlv. I would therefore recommend this formula to be used once

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a day #9632;where contagious diseases are in the near vicinity to diminish the chances to the lowest point. If the tongue is pale and broad, bicarbon�ate of soda must be added to neutralize the acid in the stomach, also sulphate of iron in doses of five grains will be found useful.

The curative treatment like the preventive must be both hygienic and medical. If disease has appeared in a herd prompt measures must be at once taken to prevent its spread. The sick must be immediately sep�arated from the well. All organic matter, such as hay, straw, and litter, to which the hogs have access, must be burned, the lots cleaned up, and every possible effort made to destroy contagion. The well hogs, if pos�sible, should be at once placed upon fresh ground; that is, on ground over which the sick hogs have not passed since a heavy rain cleansed the surface. Any disorder of stomach or general system should be at once corrected, and at least once a day the remedy before mentioned should be given in slop. Each day all hogs in well herds showing symp�toms of disease should be at once separated from the others. quot;Where the season will permit, especially in cases of typhoid fever, keep the entire drove on plowed ground, and have the ground harrowed every day to insure thorough mixture of fecal matter with the soil. Keep the sick hogs on a dry clay floor, with free ventilation, and protected from cold wind and rain; feed nothing but cooked slop and milk, and these only in limited quantities, adding the medicines recommended with the slop. In typhus and diphtheria the important point is to relieve the bowels as speedily as possible, and for this purpose castor-oil or saline cathartics must be freely given until the object is accomplished. In typhoid, diar�rhea is a prominent symptom, and cathartics should be avoided. When the animal is a valuable one and will repay the trouble, injections of warm soft water into the bowels will be found the best plan for mov�ing the same. The injections should be repeated until the bowels are well acted upon. In diphtheria the important point is to neutralize the poison as rapidly as possible, and eliminate it from the system. This can be effected with the sulphite and helladonna. The following will be found a useful formula, viz: Saturated solution of sulphite or hyposul�phite of soda, one quart; fluid extract belladonna, three drachms; fluid extract aconite, two drachms. Of this mixture give one gill to every sixteen hogs five times a day, in a limited amount of milk or cooked slop. If the glands of neck are swollen to such an extent as to threaten danger from suffocation, oil of turpentine and sweet-oil may be freely applied externally. By following these directions in treatment few, if any, of the hogs suffering from diphtheria will die, and recovery will be rapid and permanent. quot;When a good article of the powdered herbs can be obtained, the following will be found preferable to the tinctures and fluid extracts: Sulphite or hyposulphite of soda, five pounds; sulphur, two pounds; powdered belladonna leaves,four ounces; powdered aconite root, two ounces; powdered elecampane, a half-pound; powdered ginger, two ounces, and mix thoroughly. On one pound of the powder pour three quarts of water (boiUng); add a quaint of molasses, stir and cover. Of this mixture give one gill to every fifteen hogs, or one tahlespoonful to every hog, in a little milk, four or five times a day. The medicine should be kept in a stone crock or wooden bucket�not in a tin vessel. In typhoid fever the condition of tongue is our principal guide to determine treatment. The sick will, as a rule, utterly refuse food, and very little medicine will be needed. Carbolic acid in milk, in doses of two to five drops in one pint of milk, as often as the hog will drink, or three times a day if given by force, will accomplish a good purpose if added to medicine, and oil of turpentine may be added as a useful adjunct. If

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the tongue is red, muriatic acid, diluted in doses of ten drops in a little slop, can be given as often as the hog -will drink, or the water may be acidulated with the acid. Where there is a large number of hogs sick it will be impossible to attend each one. I would therefore advise the use of these remedies to all the sick, not attempting to treat special symptoms in each case. If the disease is promptly treated as above, the first symptoms of typhoid may be destroyed, and the hog will improve at once, but if treatment is delayed the case must run at least a nine days' course. Great care must be exercised in returning to solid food, as this error may render a hog worthless that might have entirely recovered from the effects of the disease.

Under the above course of treatment I have succeeded in checking the spread of the disease, and a large majority of the sick hogs have re�covered.

Treatment of typhus fever.�I must confess I have not had any very flattering success in the treatment of this disease, and can only give my views and recommendations and the reasons therefor, hoping that some of my colleagues may have been more successful. As mentioned before, the bowels must be relieved either by saline purgatives or by injections. This is an important point, as impacted fecal matter is a frequent cause of death. Another important point is to keep the hogs on a large range, scattered as much as possible, as crowding together only increases the intensity of the poison. Internally give as follows: Bromide of potas�sium, J ounce; bromide of ammonia, J ounce; gelseminum (fluid ex.), 2 ounces; aconite (fluid ex.), 2 ounces; capsicum (tr.), J ounce; water sufficient to make 4 ounces. Of this mixture give one teaspoonful to each hog three to six times a day, in milk or slops. After the bowels have been freely moved the amount of podophyllin (may-apple) must be reduced. The same remedies can be obtained in powdered form and given in infusions: Bromide of potassium and ammonia, of each one-half ounce; powdered gelsemini and powdered aconite root each one-half ounce; powdered capsicum (cayenne), two drachms; powdered ele�campane, one-half ounce; powdered podophyllin, two to four drachms. Upon this powder pour one quart of boilingwater, stir and cover, and give a tablespoonful to each hog twice a day, or oftener, in a little slop. The same medicine may be given to the well animals as soon as they are separated from the sick. It should be given on an empty stomach every morning. The great difficulty in obtaining powdered drugs is that most of the powdered vegetable drugs have been kept so long in stock that the medicinal properties are lost, and are perfectly inert. I would, therefore, advise the use of fluid extracts in preference to pow�dered medicines, unless a reliable article can be procured.

Thefollowing may be considered the best general treatment for a drove of hogs attacked with contagious disease: Separate the sick from the well animals; keep the sick on bare and fresh ground, not having been passed over by diseased hogs since a heavy rain. 1^ constipated, see that the bowels are moved either by using salts, oil, or injections. Pro�tect them from inclement weather, and give internally, if the tongues are large, white, and flabby, soda, hyposulphite and bicarbonate, each one-half drachm, sulphite iron flve grains, belladonna leaves two quarts, powdered aconite root two grains, elecampane (powdered), twenty grains, once a day to well and three times a day to sick hogs, in milk or fresh, rich slop. If tongues are red and contracted, give water and slop acidulated with muriatic acid to all, and to sick hogs give bromide, gel�seminum, and mandrake, in regular and free doses. 1 would particularly caution the farmer not to rely upon medical treatment to the exclusion

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of liygieuic care, but ratlier to follow carefully the directions set forth for the case of swine, and make the medical treatment an auxiliary.

A few words may be proper in regard to worms in alimentary canal. I have found no species of worms which could be strictly included under the head of contagious diseases, or could in any way be called a cause of the disease to Ygt;^rhich swine are subject. I have seldom examined a hog in any stage of the disease without finding worms in some form. The long, round worm in the stomach, and frequently the small thread�worm in the csecum, have been found. These worms are natural to the swine and to all domestic animals. They may increase in numbers and cause trouble, but they are not the disease or the cause of the disease, but rather an ciiect of the condition of weakened mucous membrane which has increased the parasite. Oil of turpentine, in milk or slop, given once a day (preferably on an empty stomach), will expel those worms when so numerous as to affect health. I have received many letters from farmers and proprietors claiming that the worms were the specific cause, in fact the disease itself, and approving remedies to meet their single indications. I will therefore state emphatically that, in the dissections I have made, numbering over one hundred, I have found no form of worms which are not frequent in health, and have found no for�eign parasites of any kind that could be detected with the naked eye that could possibly be a cause of the disease of swine. A careful exam�ination of the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys -with a powerful micro�scope may disclose some minute animalcula or parasite (as I said before, I found I could make no practical use of the microscope in field); but even these minute objects are but an effect, and the poison germ lies be�hind as the cause of the depraved system which has permitted the par�asite to find a home. There is one disease known as kidney-worm, of which I have heard almost every farmer speak, but I have not seen a specimen of the parasites, although I have dissected a number of hogs which farmers claimed were suffering with this affection. I invariably found inflammation of kidneys, but no worm visible to the naked eye.

There seems to be a general belief among farmers that rings are a strong predisposing cause of disease, and, instead of meeting the oppo�sition to this theory which I expected, I find that careful observers are willing to admit the truth of the statement, and either abandon the rings or furnish the food which is cut off by their use. In Jasper county, which has a rolling, clay soil, and the hogs generally have extensive ranges, I particularly noticed the fact that, in a ride of fifteen miles through a thickly-settled country, the droves in which rings were used were invariably sick, and in those in which they were not used there were no sick animals. In one drove only the brood-sows were rung, and these alone were attacked at the time of my visit. Although this is but one isolated county, yet it furnishes food for reflection. I do not claim that clover does not contain potash and soda (sodium) in a neutral form. The claim I set forth is that this food has an acid reaction in a green state; that it contains an excess of vegetable acid; and that confine�ment to this diet will induce flatulency and dyspepsia in any omnivor�ous animal. It is the natural food of horses, cattle, sheep, deer, and buffaloes, but not of swine; and the anatomy of the hog proves the Statement. My claim is that no omnivorous animal can remain in health on an exclusive diet of green clover. I append the following notes from mydaily journal: John Mmiek, near Washington, Iowa, had a breed of Chester Whites, mixe� with Berkshire. Pens, filthy; range, timber, witli clay soil and grass; food, soaked oats after they had been taken sick; good water. Had ninety-four head; sixty-seven died and seven

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recovered; seven now sick. Symptoms: diarrhea, prostration of strength, tympanitis. Dissection of one hog one year old shoved great emacia�tion, tympanitis, little change in liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Bowels were expanded with gas, and there were a number of ulcers sit�uated at seat of solitary glands. The disease was typlioid fever. No treatment was attempted, as the man refused to follow instructions; but the slowness of progress under the rather unfavorable circumstances showed the slight contagion there is in typhoid, as merely turning the drove out on a different pasture had alone checked the rapid progress of the disease, although sick and well remained together.

John V.Anderson, Washington, Iowa. Poland-China herd; on grass and away from straw or manure when attacked. Soil, black loam; wa�ter, open ditch; intense heat, 99deg; F., at time of attack in July; disease in near vicinity, and had been in this herd three weeks. The owner had lost seventeen hogs, fifty-eight shoats and pigs, and had remaining thirty-eight hogs and three pigs. The disease had spread gradually, and was killing two or three per day. The symptoms were the same as in last drove�pale, large, and flabby tongue; diarrhea; tympanitis. All sick. I ordered milk and lime-water, and ground cooked feed made into slop, and limited quantities of soda bicarbonate and hyposulphite (each five pounds), sulphite iron (one pound), given at the rate of one pound to drove of thirty-eight hogs twice a day. Mr. Anderson reported that all the sick animals recovered except three pigs, two of which were sac�rificed in the cause of science. This man did not allow in-breeding; no scrofulous taint was detected in dissection; he did, however, use rings, which I consider were the predisposing cause of the disease in this herd.

W. J. Hamilton, Washington, Iowa. Breed, Poland-China; feed, growing rye and dry whole com, with slough water for drinking. Pens clean, large range, but soil black loam, and rings used in nose. The disease had continued ten days, during which time ten had died and thirty-five had been attacked. Dissection of a few of the sick showed tubercular disease, and the gentleman stated that he had been in-breed�ing for some time. The same treatment was adopted as in the last case, but report showed no beneficial resxdts when used with sick hogs, or in preventing the spread of disease.

Amana Colony, Homestead, Iowa county, Iowa. Breed, Poland-China ; pens in poor order ; feed, com and slop. No disease had been known in the colony for twelve years. In July the agent purchased in Iowa City five boar pigs, and they were hauled to depot and forwarded on cars to Homestead when it was intensely warm. On arrival one of the pigs refused to eat, and was put in a small pen in breeding-house, where it died a few days afterward. On the fourteenth day the hogs in pens on each side of the one occupied by infected hog were taken sick and died, and the disease gradually extended until over two hundred had died. Two of the five boars were sent to the North Amana Colony, and in five days refused food, sickened, and died; and in nineteen days from their arrival the pigs in pens on each side of the one containing sick boars were taken sick and over five hundred died in a few mouths. In each of these cases the disease appeared first only in the pens imme�diately adjoining the infected pen, and afterwards spread to the other pens. The other boars were carried to the other colonies of the society, remained well, and no disease appeared in any of the seven setliements except the two mentioned. 1 visited the man from whom the boars were purchased, but could elicit but very little information. He stated that his quot; hogs had cough, as all hogs had, and that he had lost about thirty-five head by the intense heat, they being very fat, but that no disease

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had appeared in Ms drove; and, further, that he lost no hogs for some weeks after selling those to the colony.quot; It may have been that these hogs Lad the poison germ in their system before starting from home, and might have succeeded in throwing off the poison if they had been re�tained at home; but worry, fatigue, and confinement during excessively hot weather, in a close box in a tight car, was enough of itself to reduce the animal vitality to a low ebb, and give the most favorahle encourage�ment for the disease.

Eespectfully submitted.

ALBERT DUNLAP, M. D.

Iowa City, Iowa, December 3,1878.

EEPOET OF EEUBBK F. DYEE, M. D.

Hon. William G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture:

Sir: Having been appointed by you to investigate the diseases of swine in this locality, I entered upon that duty August 1st, which duty was to extend over a period of two months. Having performed that duty to the best of my ability, I now proceed to make a detailed report of my investigations.

Having carefully noted the origin and spread of the epidemic among swine in this county, which first made its appearance on the farm of Mr. William O'Mera in May, 1877, the report I am now to make will commence at the time when, from that starting point, the disease has become quite universal in this locality.

In order to thoroughly understand the cause of the disease, I will commence at Mr. O'Mera's farm. He is situated on the bottom-lands of the Illinois Eiver, close to the bluff, which rises some 60 or 70 feet. His hog-yard, which comprises about one acre, is close to the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific Eailroad, so that his herd was exposed to any conta�gion that might be transmitted by moving stock-trains. An instance of this kind occurred in the case of Mr. A. Holderman's herd, which was attacked about one month ago. There was no diseased herd within sev�eral miles of his place, but the same railroad passes through his farm.

The same condition is seen again in this town near the stock-yards of this railroad. Pigs confined in pens near the stock-yards have been infected in the same manner. Also on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Eail�road, where the railroad crosses the niinois and Michigan Canal, a Mr. Loudergrau had some pigs confined in a pen close to the railroad. The trains stopped directly opposite his pen to take in water, and his pigs became diseased. As it is a well-known fact that these roads have been shipping diseased hogs, it appears quite evident that these points be�came infected by disease transmitted by the railroads, and also by wag�ons transporting hogs to market.

Owners of hogs, as soon as the disease attack their herds, and some�times' before, sell all fat animals, hauhng them to market in wagons. All along the road thus traveled herds will take the disease, and it is probable that the herd so attacked is infected by hogs thus transported. This is evidenced in the manner in which it is distributed, as one herd will take it. and then it may pass two or three farms before another one is infected,'and this peculiarity of attack is only observed on roads over which diseased as well as dead hogs are hauled. When not carried in

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this or some similar manner, but left to its own natural course, as a rule it moves steadily along, taking in each farm in turn. There are but few-exceptions to this rule.

In the northern part of this county it is particularly observed on roads over which dead hogs have been transported that hundreds of animals are suflering all along the line of these roads with the same peculiarity of attack as is witnessed by the live diseased hogs passing. In view of these facts, it is fair to presume that Mr. O'Mera's herd contracted the disease from the stock-trains on the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific BaUroad. From this herd it began to spread to the adjoining farms, going up the bluffs to herds on farms situated along the bluff.

In June, 1877, it struck Mr. A. Strawn's herd, and he lost very heavily. West of Mr. Strawn's it attacked Mrs. Hardy's herd, and she lost nearly all. The next farm west, which was only separated by a common board fence, on each side of which hogs were confined, it did not attack, and the owner attributed his immunity to adding sulphur to the swill fed his hogs; but it went east, taking several farms, and was only arrested for want of material to prey upon.

From Mr. O'Mera's it crossed the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and extended east and west up and down the Illinois Kiver.

Mr. J. Delbridge had a herd of young hogs, which he sold late in the fall at an auction sale. At the time of sale it was not supposed that his herd was affected, bat the heard adjoining his had been dying for some time. The sale was made, and different parties purchased the pigs, took them home, and placed them with their own hogs. In a few days after it was noticed that these pigs were diseased, and every herd in which they were placed, without a single exception, was attacked by the dis�ease in question. In the herds thus contaminated the disease lingered until the spring, but it did not spread much until warm weather, and since the growth of vegetation became rank it has spread all over the southern part of the county, destroying not less than $50,000 to $70,000 worth of hogs up to this time, and it is still raging. One great source of spreading the disease is observed by the small pigs wandering to the herds of adjoining farms, and thus importing the malady. Farmers usually confine their hogs in lots only sufficiently fenced to keep in the large ones, hence the small pigs readily escape and gain access to other herds. Many fanners tell me that when their herds are sick they do not know what becomes of the small pigs, as they all disappear and seldom return. quot;When asked if they know how their herd contracted the dis�ease, they very frequently answer, quot;Well, one morning I noticed a strange pig in my herd which was sick, and in about ten days or two weeks mine began to die.quot; Another instance proving thaf the disease is transmitted by those infected occurred only a few days ago. Mr. Dunlavy, who lives north of the Illinois Kiver, in Ottawa township, purchased five pigs from a Mr. Poundstone, who lives in the infected district south of the river. Soon after Mr. Dunlavy placed those pigs in his herd he noticed they were sick. Two of them soon died, and this morning he tells me he has lost seventy of the remainder of his herd and all his small pigs; also lost eleven of his fat hogs. He had one hundred and ten head, all told. Mr. Poundstone tells me he has lost his own since selling those to Mr. Dunlavy.

The same rule holds true by placing well pigs in a diseased herd. In March last three well pigs were placed in a diseased herd, and in a short time they were taken sick. This shows that the disease retained suffi�cient vitality through the winter to impart itself in the spring. I care�fully examined three of these cases, and found the disease a, typical case.

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Only one of them had then died. I might go on and illustrate by a good many examples to prove the contagiousness of the so-called hog-cholera.

The mycotic theory, which is now so popular among scientific men, and which ascribes the disease to parasites of the lowest form and smallest size, would seemingly offer the only explanation for this disease. It can�not be a toxic poison, as no one has ever been able to demonstrate a a organized poison as a cause of any contagious disease. The lowest forms of organisms live in the air and in water as well as when attached to solid bodies; A specific germ, a favorable medium of development, and con�tact with the animal to be infected are fundamental conditions for the development of the disease and its diffusion; and every purturbation, every solution of continuity in the chain of these factors of development may prevent or lessen its destructive action.

From numerous observations I am convinced that the moving of dead animals does not import the disease as readily as do the live ones. I am led to believe that putrefaction diminishes the capacity for infection, and that the bacteria of decomposition is destructive to the germs of the dis�ease. It is a well-known fact that one low form of organism is destruc�tive to another low form. Climatic influences have but little control. I think that warm weather acts more favorably to the formation of the infecting germ. Along belts of timber it readily spreads; it also ex�tends out on the prairie where the growth of vegetation is luxuriant. Contact of diseased with well animals imports it under all circumstances, climate having no influence to prevent its spread. As to diet and care, it matters not how well or how poorly fed, or how cleanly kept, if such well-fed hogs come in contact with the disease, they are as sure to con�tract it as those that have no care. Where not caused by other means, the prevailing wind gives the direction or march of the disease. The greatest distance that it has been carried by the wind, in any well-au�thenticated case that has come under my observation, is two m�es. As a rule, a greater or less number of animals in every herd will escape the disease, or have it so lightly as not to interfere with their doing well.

It appears that quantity as well as quality of the germ, and aptitude of the animal to receive it, are the conditions which influence contagion. Some animals possess an absolute power of resistance. Trousseau says that quot;there are individuals who pass unharmed through every kind of an epidemic, be it influenza or cholera, scarlet fever or measles, small�pox or typhoid fever. There are individuals whom it is impossible to afiect with the vaccine virus; inoculate them twenty times, and you wUl obtain no result. If I may use tbe expression, 'the soil is barren,' and in it the seed cannot germinate. There are others again in whom the power of resistance is only temporary. It is in general difficult to find out the condition upon which this power of resistance depends. It is known that the ability to resist contagion varies with the age of the in�dividual. There is less power of resistance in the youth than in the old man. One attack of a contagious disease generally confers complete immunity from any subsequent contamination. Occasionally it may be repeated, but these exceptional cases do not at all invalidate the general rule.quot;

The same writer still further says: quot; It wotdd appear that virus or morbific matter, upon its entering the economy for the first time, puts in motion all therein that is fermentable, and so thoroughly destroys it that the leaven�the contagion�when introduced again, finds nothing whereupon to exert its action.quot;

Wilson says: quot;That in every epidemic there is always a great variety in the gravity of the disease, some cases being very serious, others very

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Blight, without any apparent cause for sueli difference. Sometimes an epidemic begins with moderation and closes with severity, and vi9e versa?

Trousseau holds: quot;That every contageous disease must have a spon�taneous development, as contagion necessarily implies the presence of two individuals, one the giver, the other the receiver, of the morbific germ.quot; This remark he follows by another which modifies it: quot; While there is every reason to beheve,quot; he says, quot; that at present there are some diseases, such as syphilis, small-pox, and measles, that are always reproduced by contagion, there are other maladies which we see arise spontaneously.quot;

I believe it is now generally conceded that all diseases that pass through a regular period of incubation are contagious or infectious, and that they depend upon a morbific germ for their development. In sev�eral of the contagious diseases the morbific germ has been discovered by the microscope, and in all probability the morbific germ in all conta�gious diseases will yet be discovered, as has already been the case in the measles, small-pox, whooping-cough, scarlatina, typhus and typhoid fevers.

Lubermeister, in his introductory remarks on acute infectious diseases, says quot; that a peculiarity of infectious diseases, which they have in com�mon with the poisons proper, or intoxications, but by which they also differ in the most marked manner from all other diseases in their spe-cificness, which shows itself in the fact that always and under all cir�cumstances a given kind of disease is solely due to a given kind of morbid agent or cause. There is no such constancy between cause and manifestations in other diseases. Exposure to different degrees of cold will produce different affections. * * * On the other hand, vaccina�tion with the virus of variola ouly produces variola, if any disease at all is produced by it; vaccination with the vaccine matter only produces vaccinia; the infection from a patient with measles only produces mea�sles, and never anything' else, and rice versa. Whoever, therefore, is affected with small-pox, measles, syphilis, amp;c., is certain that he has taken the disease by becoming infected with small-pox, measles, syph�ilis, amp;c., and of no other disease. In infectious diseases the predis�posing cause, which in most other diseases plays a more important part than the exciting cause, is to be considered only in so far as it may de�termine the severity of the disease. The kind of disease is entirely in�dependent of it. Various physiological conditions may induce other pre-existing affections, and are influential in so far as they may increase or diminish the susceptibility, but the kind of disease will not be de�termined by it.

quot;Through the longest series of generations diseases preserve their spe�cific character with the utmost persistency, and if at times some of these characteristics are not brought into complete maturity, owing to an un�favorable field for their development, they assume them again as soon as they are planted in favorable soil. The weather, the period of the year, the climate, the conditions of the soil, amp;c., conduce to, or prevent the spread of, an infectious disease, but they never change the nature of the disease. The kind of diet and all other physio-chemical influences act indifferently with regard to the nature of the affection, and one in�fectious disease is never changed into another. The doctrine of specific-ness would arise, as a necessary consequence, from the hypothesis of a contagion vivum, even if it were not already proved by the facts. From the specificness of infectious diseases we naturally conclude that they never arise spontaneously, but are dependent upon a transmission or continued propagation of the diseased person,quot;

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When a hog is attacked by the disease in question, the first thing that is usualTy noticed by the owner will bo that it has reftised its food ; it walks slowly along with its nose to the ground. The attack may or may not be preceded by a cough, but a cough is usually noticed in starting the animal from, its resting place. It is inclined to hide itself in its bed�ding. Sometimes a distinct chill will be noticed, the animal shivering or shaking like one with ague. There may be bleeding at the nose, also bloody mine. The bowels may be loose or costive. Usually in small pigs a diarrhea will be observed, sometimes quite severe and producing pains. Vomiting is often present, and many cases, especially among old hogs, where this is the case, they recover, while others in the same herd that do not vomit or have diarrhea die. In many herds quite a per�centage of all that have an active diarrhea recover, while in other herds that are not thus affected, nearly all die. A swelling of the face, ears, watering of the eyes, increased saliva, and also increased discharge from the nose, are all symptoms of the disease. The genitals in sows will be frequently swollen; an eruption over the entire body; in some cases quite red, in others dark discolored spots appear. Some limp off as if lame in all the feet; others only in one loot. Some are attacked by convulsions. The fever runs high for four or five daj's, if the animal is not sooner destroyed. In fact, all the tissues of the animal suffer more or less as though the poison affects all. The mouth and throat often have a diphtheritic appearance, and bronchitis and infiammation of the lungs supervene with pleurisy. On post-mortem examination during the period of incubation you will notice the capillaries of the lungs already inflamed and bursting. Later, a circumscribed interlobular inflammation; still later, gangrene of the lungs. The liver may be inflamed, also the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. The kidneys some�times present traces of inflammation; in some the peritoneum with slight effusion into the abdominal cavity. The temperature during the fever often runs very high, from 107deg; to 108deg; F., but some time before death it decreases. The same or nearly the same temperature will be observed morning and evenin g. There are exceptional cases that have come under my observation.

Among the affections of the nervous system is an inflammation of the meninges with rigidity of limbs, spinal meningitis, muscular paralysis, and convulsions with eclampsia.

Among inflammations may be mentioned that of the pericardium, gan�grene of the lungs, interlobular inflammation of lungs, abscess of lungs, peritonitis and inflammation of mucous membrane of the stomach and in�testines, liver, and spleen. The inflammation of the stomach and intes�tines is of a cataniial character, sometimes moderate and sometimes severe; diarrhea with intense pain; bleeding from the kidneys; abor�tions by sows with pig; also abscesses in subcutaneous tissue. A hem-orrhagic condition manifests itself by bleeding about the ears; inflamma�tion of pleura with adhesions of a fibriuous character, but no effusion into the pleural cavity.

Aggregating a large number of cases in the same herd, you will lind all the tissues diseased, but more particularly the lung tissues and the mucous membrane of the intestines.

I saw one case that bad survived the acute attack that in two months terminated by tuberculosis and ascite; gangrene of tissues in hams and about the face; inflammation of fetlock or ankle joints, involving liga�ment and bone. In observing a diseased herd of several hundred head, you are impressed with the fact that the infectious poison invades all the tissues to a greater or less extent. In one hog it will be noticed

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that the brain or spinal cord is the point most severely attacked; in an�other, the muscular and ligamentous tissues suffer; another, the bowels receive the attack, but all ending alike, \dth a destruction of lung tis�sue. The whole course of the attack very much resembles the effect pro�duced by an epidemic of measles, and quite similar to typhus fever in man.

The first herd that I visited after receiving my appointment was Mr. J. Follet's, of Deer Park. Mr. Follet had a herd of six hundred head, large and small. They had been dying for three weeks. He had been giving kerosene and lime in their drinking-water. The herd was a mixed breed of Berkshires, Poland-Chinas, and Chester quot;Whites. Two years ago he lost nearly Ms whole herd. His pasture was woodland prairie, traversed by ravines, so that every rain washed the ground, es�pecially his feeding-ground. The water to drink was from a spring, pumped into a trough by a windmill, and the trough was so constructlaquo;! that they could not get their feet into the water. This herd was well sheltered from storms and sun, and their sleeping places were scatter�ing out-buildings, so that there was no crowding together.

I advised him to continue lime in water, and to disinfect thoroughly with carbohc acid and chloride of lime, and to give sulphur, soda, bi�carbonate, and salt, which he did; also turpentine in swill. The ani�mals soon ceased to die, and he saved nearly all of his older hogs which he had wintered oxor and a few of this year's pigs. One hog, whenever it found a dead pig, would at once eat into its entrails and devour the whole internal viscera. This hog thrived finely.

Joseph Watts, who had ai large herd, lost a great many hogs. They had been dying for about the same length of time. I advised the same course as with Mr. Follet's, but I cannot say that any very satisfactory results followed. His herd nearly all died, and out of one hundred and fifty head he saved only thirty.

Mr. Henry Green's herd had, since May, been running on a timothy and clover pasture, through which ran a creek. They had no com. His year-old hogs began to die first, then the breeding sows, and lastly the pigs. He disinfected very thoroughly with carbohc acid, chloride of lime, and lime. As he had a very choice lot of Poland-China hogs, he was very anxious to save them. He sold what pigs would do to go to market, but with all his care by changing lots, turning into his corn�fields, amp;c., he saved only four or five head.

In this herd I separated a few sick ones and placed them by themselves and gave fluid extract aconite to control the fever; but the results were un�favorable, as those thus treated finally died. A few others I gave a physic of mandrake with like results, losing all or nearly all the small pigs. I will here remark that but few of the farmers that have large herds know anywhere near how many small pigs they have, as they only count the larger hogs. Mr. Watts thinks he has lost a hundred small pigs.

Mr. Kockwood's herd is confined on an adjoining farm to Mr. Green. He also had a very choice herd of Poland China hogs, numbering one hundred and sixty-five, ninety large ones, seventy-five spring pigs. He sold twenty-two large ones after his herd was taken sick, lost thirty large animals, and has only five or six small pigs and thirty-eight large ones left. He used soda, turpentine, sulphur, and kerosene after the herd was taken sick. Fumigated once with sulphur, and regrets he did not repeat this process, as, he says, quot;after doing that they appeared so much more lively.quot; I made several post-mortem examinations in all these herds with like results.

Talman and Ed. Libby's herds were in a woodland pasture, with 11 sw

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plenty of good water. Previous to turning out to pasture this spring lie fed salt, sulphur, and wood-ashes combined. As soon as he discovered the herd was sick he took them from the woodland pasture and divided up the herd, placing some in a yard and some in an orchard, and others in an open field with straw stacks in it, and npon my advice gave salt, sidphur, soda, and turpentine, disinfecting with carbolic acid.

On the Cth of October I visited his herd and found he had only lost a few of his hogs, and these were mostly small pigs. He said he quot; never had hogs do any better than they are now doing.quot; He coiitiunes the sulphur treatment.

Michael Eyan's herd consisted of only six shoats, which he had win�tered. They were running in a pasture of timothy and clover; grass tall; clear stream of water; hedge fence for shelter. When I visited the lot I found them lying in tall grass, and all sick. His farm adjoins that of Mr. Eockwood. One half died. JTo treatment.

Mrs. David Strawn has a large herd, which she fed sulphur, copperas, and salt up to three months ago. She has commenced this treatment again. This herd lost heavily. The surroundings in the way of sleeping places were rather bad, being old straw stacks and dirty sheds; but they had a good pasture with plenty of spring-water for drinking. Mrs. Strawn's hogs being in very fair condition, she shipped all that were not sick. She lost most of her small pigs. Just in this neighborhood the disease appeared to be more fatal than in any other locality in this seo tion.

John Craig Mori's herd consisted of thirty large and tAventy small animals, and were confined in woodland pasture. He lost three large and six small hogs. He gave sulphur, copperas, and wood-ashes.

Isaac Eeed's herd was confined in an orchard and open-lot pasture. He had five old hogs and seventeen young pigs. Once a week he gave fine soft coal, wood-ashes, and salt, with occasionally a little sulphur. He lost both large and small animals; has only two left.

John Goss had a herd of seventeen and lost twelve; the remainder had the disease, but got well. He bought seven more and put them in the pen two months after, and they did not take the disease.

Joseph Black's herd is situated just across the road south of Mr. Henry Green's. Mr. E. put sulphur and asafetida in his swiE-barrel, and disinfected with chloride of lime, and saved a large number of his pigs and nearly all the older hogs, while Mr. Green lost severely, and the only difi'erence in care and situation consisted in Mr. Black com�mencing treatment before his herd was taken sick. I saw no reason why Mr. Black should not have lost as many as Green or Eockwood under the same conditions.

Mr. Black's herd was in a timber and prairie pastctre, cut up by ravines. He had seventy-five head, and lost five old and half his young pigs. He gave Tame, sulphur, and wood-ashes.

Eichard Smith, living on the south bluff of Illinois Eiver, liad seven�teen hogs, a year old, and thirty young pigs. Au old animal and a young pig were the first to die. The pig weighed from 75 to 100 pounds. The old animal was a sow with sucking pigs. All the pigs died, and in ten days more other pigs began to die. After he had lost four he gave one.MiwiiiiTatepotashin water and she recovered. I advised asafetida, sulphur, and soda, with turpentine, in swill. After lie coiinnenced this treatment ho lost no more hogs. Mr. Smith says, quot;Every time I give turpentine I can see that that cough gets better.quot;

Mr. G eotlemen's herd was treated with a secret remedy by a Mr. Sut-ton, Mr. Sutton claimed specific treatment. He also treated some of

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Mr. AVatts's and E. C. Lewis's held, but tliey report no particular succesa. Mr. Dunlavy also employed a patent-medicine man to treat some of bis bogs, but lie says quot; His medicine does not amount to a row of pins, if tbe governmcut did give kim a patent.quot;

Mr. Newell's herd, at Deer Park, was treated with bi-sulpliite soda, but without success. He then changed to sulphur in swill, and there was marked improvement. On October 11th Mr. Jewell reported that this last treatment succeeded well. In all cases where carbolic acid has been used for disinfecting purposes, parties so using it have added some to the swill in trough. One litter of pigs which I treated entirely with carbolic acid passed the acute attack, but liually wasted away and died. On post mortem examination I could not discern any immediate cause of death.

Cornelius Sullivan, living in the outskirts of the city of Ottawa, had three large and six small pigs taken with the disease. At the time I saw the lot he had lost two large and one small one. I gave him bro�mide ammonium, but have not yet heard how it acted after the second day of administration. He said then that he could see no diflerence. I gave the same remedy to Mr. Thomas Toombs and a Mr. John Hickey, but have not yet received any report from them.

Mr. Hunt tried a remedy administered by Dr. Dunlap, of Iowa. At last accounte they were still dying, but he says he thinks it helped them some.

Many have used tar as a preventive quite freely with more or less apparent advantage. quot;While nothing gives entire immunity, yet herds in which this disinfectant has been used do not suffer so severely as others not so treated.

Abner Strawn had a very fine herd of Berkshires. He is largely engaged in raising fine stock, and is fitted up with every convenience for feeding and sheltering it. Still he lost very heavily. The widow Hardy directly west of him lost all but one or two of her hogs, but in the next herd west of widow Hardy's, owned by Mr. Duffy, which was only separated by a common board fence, not one died. He fed sulphur mixed in swill. This was in the summer of 1877. This year the disease is not in that locality, and what few animals Mr. Strawn -had left have done well, and he has raised some very fine pigs from a sow and boar that had the disease last year. A Mr. Degan has also raised a fine Utter of pigs from a sow and boar that came very near dying last year. I have seen several instances where those that had passed through the disease and were used for breeding purposes have done well. I met with one case, that of Mr. Goss, who says that he did not succeed in raising pigs from parents that had been affected, but the cause may have been in the boar, as he made no further test.

Peter Doulavy, situated north of the Illinois Eiver, imported five sows and introduced them into his herd the latter part of August. He purchased of a. Mr. Poundstone, whose herd it has since been proven was infected at the time, as they subsequently died. As Mr. Doulavy was situated in a neighborhood where there was no disease pending, I desired to make an effort to quarantine the disease and confine it to his herd. ISovr, at the present writing (October Sth) it has not spread to any ad�joining farms. His nearest neighbor is eighty rods away. Mr. D. has disinfected thoroughly and continuously with a solutiou of crude car�bolic acid, a tea-cupful to a pail of water, using a sprinkling pol to sprinkle his hogs and yards, sleeping and feeding places.

If it can be established that the disease can be quarantined, then I think we have made a move in the only direction with which I have any

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knowledge by -which we can prevent its spread, unless the government will do as England did with the cattle plague, kill every infected hog and pay the owners a part of the loss, and thus stamp it out. Certain it is that some stringent measure should be used to prevent trans�porting diseased animals. As long as railroads are allowed to ship, or owners to sell, diseased animals, just so long will we have the disease spreading over the country. The loss, starting from one contaminated spot in this country by transportation by rail of diseased hogs, has cost this county this year already not less than seventy-flve to one hundred thousand dollars. Some place the figures much higher. The loss is not only to the owners immediately, but in the future. quot;When it shall become universally known that diseased animals are being continually slaughtered and packed for shipment, when Europe shall learn that we are sending them cholera hog-meat to eat, then one of the greatest sources of rev�enue to this country will be seriously damaged. It is a notorious fact that the stock-yards in Chicago are full of diseased animals. Commis�sion men say that they are selling that class of hogs for slaughter�ing and packing, and think nothing of it. I know that in the yards in this town hogs die from this disease, and as well hogs are put into the yards preparatory for shipment, they will, of necessity, contract the mal�ady. They are sent to market, and about the time they should be slaughtered are taken sick. I know this is not a very pleasant picture for those that like a steak of ham with eggs, but it is a true one, and when Congress can only appropriate the paltry sum of tenthousana dol�lars to aid in trying to stop this annual loss of twenty or thirty millions of dollars' worth of property, I want every Congressman to just reflect that almost everything he eats has a little lard in it, and that every time he calls for ham he may be eating a piece of cholera hog. I do not feel competent to present this subject in the light it ought and deserves to be presented. If we wish to preserve this industry the matter must be grappled with vigorously and with no stinted hand, and prosecuted until the last vestige of this disease is swept from this country.

I have used by way of experiment nearly all the articles recommended in your circular, but the time of observation is so limited I cannot yet report results that would be of any practical information to the govern�ment. Owners of hogs were willing to pay the expense of medicines themselves, and I have to thank those gentlemen who have kindly and earnestly seconded my efforts to arrest the disease, and at the same time try to obtain information in regard to this terrible scourge. In sum�ming up I do not deem it necessary to give a history of each individual herd that I have seen, as those mentioned are types of them all.

As to treatment, I am led to the conclusion that the use of disinfect�ants offers the best field for success. The use of turpentine for the cough acts better than anything I have tried, and when given early, I think, very much mitigates the severity of the disease. A mild laxative like sulphur also acts well; besides, it has the additional advantage of being destructive to low forms of organisms. Alkalies during the attack are certainly beneficial. Frequent changing of the location of the herd and stamping out every sick pig will, in the end, save money to the owners.

I hope, now a beginning has been made, that Congressmen will see the importance and real necessity of following up this small beginning until it is thoroughly ascertained what must be done. If it proves, like most contagious diseases, largely uncontrollable after the animal has once been attacked, and must have its own run, then we must turn our at�tention to eradicating the plague by more expensive and radical means.

Such legislation in regard to transporting diseased animals, or the

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sale of them by owners, or the killing of all animals that have been ex�posed to the disease, must be enacted as will eflectually put a stop to the spread of it over this country.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

EEHBEN F. DYEK, M. D. Ottawa, III., October 1,1878.

REPORT OP DR. ALBAN S. PAYNE.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture:

Sie : My description of this disease (so-called hog-cholera) -will be con�fined to its history as it invaded that beautiful section of country lying between the Blue Ridge and the Catoctin chain of mountains, in Vir�ginia, during the summers of 1869-'77-'78.

GENERAL CONSIDEKATIOKS ON CONTAGION.

Before speaking of the endemic and epidemic disease under considera�tion, generally known as hog-cholera, although a palpable misnomer, I will offer a few remarks upon the subject of contagion. This is always a question of paramount importance, not only to the investigator of dis�eases, but to the people at large. One great difficulty in arriving at a definite conclusion as to the contagion or non-contagion of a disease, I am persuaded, arises from the too great latitude given to the definition of the word contagion by the older and more systematic writers. In the sense in which this term is used at the present time it strikes my mind as being too vague and indefinite. The same objection may be urged against the term infection. For if you mean to signify by the term contagion a disease that transmits disease from one subject to another by direct contact, without the assistance of any susceptibihty or predisposing cause on the part of the patient, I should then contend that very few epidemic or endemic diseases were so, strictly speaking. But if you mean by contagion to signify a disease from which exhalations or emanations may arise during its progress, capable of exciting a similar disease in those exposed to the influence of the noxious exhalations, or rather deoxygenizing emanations, then I will say that most of these epidemic and endemic diseases to which man and the domesticated animals are equally liable are more or less conta�gious. For here you have an exciting cause furnished by a foul deoxy-genized atmosphere and a predisposing cause furnished by a weakened, impoverished system from improper food, bad water, or from the want of proper protection from inclement weather, or from sudden climatic alternations, causes sufficient of themselves, under certain circumstances (which we call epidemic influences), to produce disease in man or domes�tic animals. Infection is as unfortunate and indefinite a term; nor are the terms quot;specificquot; contagion and quot;contingentquot; contagion, as defined at the present day, by any means explicit. In my humble opin�ion fevers are a unit, varied in their character by surrounding circum�stances ; that is, in a temperate climate a remittent bilious fever becomes yellow fever in a hot climate when the temperature of the atmosphere is at its acme of power. The theories of ozone, quot; disease germs,quot; micro-cocci, amp;c., are very plausible in theory, but they have yet to be proven.

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Contagions diseases are produced either by a virus capable of causing them by inoculation, as in small-pox, or by miasma proceeding from the sick, as in the plague, measles, and scarlet fever. jSTo two physicians agree as to which diseases are contagions and vhich are not. The con-tagia of the plague and typhus, especially the latter, is denied by many. It seems probable that a disease may be contagious under certain cir�cumstances and not so under others. That is, a case of ephemeral fever, fever of acclimation, the mildest form of fever known to the medical profession, arising from cold superinduced by sudden and decided climatic alternations, may, if the patient is kept in a close, foul condi�tion, be converted into a disease capable of producing emanations which will reproduce a similar disease in those exposed to them, and with great vimlence. Ephemeral or camp fever is almost sure to manifest itself in cases where large bodies of healthy men are brought into camp from different sections of the country. This is equally apt to be the case when you bring together healthy young animals from different parts of a country, even if from different parts of the same county. We know this much; but how much this materia morbi weighs, what its color is, how it smells, are to us secrets yet hidden from our view. We know that if a man has fever and it intermits he becomes cold and shakes; we say he has quot;intermittent fever,quot; quot;chills and fever,quot; quot;ague and fever,quot; and we know if he has a long continuance of this kind of fever, one of the organs of his system (the spleen) is apt to become enlarged, and this is about all we really do know as yet, because no one has seen, weighed, or smelled the peculiar miasma which causes inter�mittent fever.

I noticed two facts which threw important light upon this subject of hog-cholera in this Piedmont country, viz., that recently the larger por�tion of the sick hogs were under twelve months of age (shoats), and the larger portion of them were taken sick while eating the com after cattle which were being fattened for market. The popular name given this disease is, as I have before said, a palpable misuomer. If I am correct in my diagnosis�and I think I am�it is Kotkeln, or Dutch measles, and should be classed with the exanthemata, along with erythema, erysipe�las, rubeola (measles), roseola, scarlatina, nettle-rash, and the artifi�cial exanthemata. The young hogs being mostly the ones affected, strengthens the hypothesis of its being an eruptive fever. As far back as 18521 recorded the fact that I considered epidemic tonsilitis (Eotheln) as the most frequent epidemic disease to which Piedmont, Va., was lia�ble, and that this arose from the moist and variable character of the climate. I have since seen nothing to make me change this opinion, but much to strengthen and confirm me in this theory. Horses, hogs, cattle, and sheep are as susceptible to disease from exposure to cold, rainy weather, and to sudden climatic alternations, as the human family; probably more so. � They suffer from exposure to cold as easily, and are as much given to catarrh or cold as the human race.

A disease peculiarly liable to be felt by the young of both the human and animal race, yet no age, sex, or color affords any certain protection from this epidemic disease, called Eotheln, or German measles. In my opinion, then, this so-called cholera is no cholera at all�has not a siugle choleroid symptom, as the bowels are invariably constipated until moved by medicines, or give way under the last throes of speedy dissolution; but that it is rather a fever prevailing in an endemic and epidemic form, subject to all the natural laws governing fevers, from its inception to its termination, in restoration or in death, and more closely resembling scarlatina and scarlet fever than any other of the varieties of the anginose

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exanthemata, and is now known to some of the medical profession as Eotheln, or German measles.

I will now proceed to give yon a short history of the so-called hog-cholera as it appeared in that section of country known as Piedmont, Vir�ginia, during the fall of 1877 and during the spring of 1878. In the fijll of 1877 hog-cholera, so called, made its apppearance in that section of country lying south and east of the Bull Eun Mountains, and the losses by death reached an aggregate of 85 per cent., mostly young animals, as I learned from Messrs. John and Ludwell Hutchison, intelligent farmers living near the old Braddock road, four miles below the village of Aldie. The people were much divided in opinion, some believing the improved stock of hogs most liable to the disease, others that they^ proved to be more exempt from its fearful ravages. The care which a farmer took with his hogs, 1 presume, had more to do with lessening the bill of mor�tality than the difference in breeds. Hogs feeding after cattle, and young hogs, were generally the first to show symptoms of the disease. No remedy so far as they knew seemed to be of any benefit. Dr. Ewell re�commended calomel, and some persons thought it of service. So far as I could learn no case occurred north or west of Catoctin Mountains until October of 1877. The section of country where it occurred as early as February, 1877, is at an average altitude of 400 feet above tide-water. On the 13th day of October, 1877, J. Milton McYeigh first noticed that one of his hogs, feeding after bis fat cattle, appeared stupid, dull, droopy, mopy. He very soon noticed others appearing to be affected in the same way. This farm is located just above the little village of Aldie (the William Berkley farm), at an average altitude of 550 feet above tide�water. He had on his farm at this time fifteen home-raised hogs, but having some large cattle that he thought would justify him in corn-feed�ing he determined to purchase some hogs to follow after the cattle and eat up the waste com. Accordingly he bought, about the 1st of August, 1878, of Mr. Cox twenty-two fine, healthy shoats, of Mr. 0. B. Eogers twenty healthy shoats, and of Jack Simpson ten more. These fifty-two animals were turned into a field to run after his cattle. The field was high and dry, rolling, and at an altitude of 600 feet above tide-water. The hogs had good, comfortable, dry, warm shelter to go to, and in the field there was an abundance of fresh running water from a large, fine mountain-spring. About the middle of November the disease commenced in earnest, first with shoats purchased of Mr. Cox, then with those bought of Mr. Eogers, and lastly with those procured from Mr. Simpson. He lost fifteen head between the middle of November and the 1st of De�cember. One or two would be taken at a time and die, and about the time he would flatter himself that the disease had subsided, one or two more would be taken. This continued until the 1st of February, 1878, and during this time he lost thirty-nine out of the fifry-two.shoats. After this, no other cases occurred. None of his home-rmscd hogs took the disease until he had sold his cattle and disposed of the remaining shoats, when, supposing the disease killed out by frosts and the cold weather, he turned a fine large sow and eleven pigs into this field where the sick shoats had run. The sow escaped the disease, but the pigs soon became sick, and he lost seven out of eleven of them. About the 1st of January following, the remainder of these shoats having become fat, and being apparently healthy, he killed five, and after dressiiig them he found the skin purplish, red to pale black; little pustules or pimples covered the shoulders, and by pressure pus would spin out. The throat gave unmis�takable evidence of disease, and the lungs were in a condition of decay. The lower bowel� were full of black, hard, dry balls (scybahe) the color

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of tar, and very dry and bard. These animals had never been in the barn-yard, and there were no marshy places in the field in which they ranged. This history, as it occurred on Mr. McVeigh's place, militates strongly towards the theory of ephemeral fever (fever of acchmation) as the exciting cause. The #9632;weather was rainy, #9632;warm, alternating with damp, raw, chilly weather. The hogs of his neighbors, John Carl, William Trf-liany, and Samuel Simpson, living in a southeasterly direction, wexe dying at the same time. They gave signs of great thirst, would eat mud and soft soap avariciously. As a general thing they had a cough, and occas�ionally vomiting; appearance of eye not noticed. E. C. Brown's hogs, of Middleburg, began to show signs of disease; would mope about and look dull and stupid. About the 20th of June, 1878, all his hogs had a cough; bowels very much constipated; discharges from calomel sticky and tarry, black as tar itself; great thirst; would eat mud, soft soap, and their own excrements. All had more or less eruption upon the skin; skin had scarlet blush. Hogs had plenty of good feed, grass, grain, slop. He tried every remedy, almost everything; thought calo�mel the only thing of service that was tried; lost about 50 per cent, of Ms hogs. Shoats proved to bemostliableto the disease. ThehogsofMr. A. B. Moore, proprietor of Aldie Mills, commenced to show symptoms of disease about the middle of June, 1878. The disease was not as fatal with his hogs as it generally was with those of his neighbors. Attributed this fact to good clean shelters, good food, mill-feed, apples, and slop. Gave no medicines. Altitude of his place 400 feet above tide-water. About this time, advancingamp;om the northeast and traveling sonth(in direction of pre�vailing winds and fog), it began to be felt at all the farm-houses along the road leading from Middleburg, in Loudoun county, to Salem, in Fauquier county, playing sad havoc with the young hogs of A. B. Eector, Mr. Hath-oway, John Middleton, Howell Brothers, Maj. T. B. Hutchison, amp;c. Mr. A. B. Eector thought the plant known in some neighborhoods as barrow-root, in others as bttrvine, in strong infusion, was beneficial. This region of country is mostly 600 teet above tide-water. Here also the hogs run�ning after cattle were those most affected. About this time the disease passed up the pike leading from Aldie to Upperville and Paris, never halting until it reached near to the summit of the Blue Eidge, above the village of Paris, in Pauquier county, at an altitude of 1,100 feet above tide-water. Prom Salem it passed up the main road, leading from Salem to Markham, Mr. T. A Sector's hogs being among the first affected. His nearest neighbor, Mr. Wilford TJtterback, living between Mr. Eector and Salem, was unusually fortunate with his hogs. He did not lose many; thinks they need good attention; knows of no remedy. Altitude of Mr. Eector's and Mr. Utterback's farms, 550 feet above tide-water. P. W. Maddox, proprietor of Oak Hill farm, lost about one hundred hogs. Mr. Charles Brown lost all he had, except five shoats. The disease was very fatal at Maj. S. B. Barley's farm, near Delaplane Station. At A. J. Chumi's, John E. Strother's and others, on the west side of the Little Cobbler Mountain, the disease was very fatal. These farms all he at an average altitude of 600 feet above tide-water. No remedy seemed of any avail in stopping its ravages on any of these farms. Above Mark-ham, at Mr. George Strother's, Mr. Conner's, and Mr. Charles Trussel's, the disease was quite fatal. At Mrs. Palmer's, above Petersburg, at an altitude of 1,150 feet, it prevailed with violence. The altitude at Mr. Strother's, Mr. Trussel's, and Mr. A. Conner's is about 550 feet above tide-water. Mr. Trussel's hogs were fed upon mill-stuff, com, and slop. He lost six�teen out of twenty. Mr. A. Conner lost eighteen head out of twenty. Young hogs were the ones that suffered most. Mr. Charles Trussel

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thought his hogs had some kind of a fever. He tried no remedies. I think I can safely set down the loss by disease this season in hogs in this rich productive country at 75 per cent. In my travels through this section of the State I saw many hogs, partially recovered, but stul in a low state of health, that had lost their hair and their hoofs. The tegument-ary tissue (skin) looked as if it came off in fine bran patches, instead of coming off in large flakes. This I considered unmistakable evidence of tegumentary excitement. The internal mucous membrane being a con�tinuation of the external tegumentary tissue (skin), we may reasonably expect to find the internal mucous membrane likewise in a, state of phlegmhymenitis. Add to this symptom the significant fact of such great thirst, and we raise a strong presumption that the disease is a fever, and one of the eruptive fevers, beyond peradventure. The instinct of the hog tells him what is cooling to him, therefore you find him eating mud, soft soap, his own excrements, rotten wood, ashes, and the like. I met no intelligent man who did not believe that either the hog's lungs or his throat were affected.

Mrs. Simpson's hogs, running in the common just below the village of Aldie, within fifty yards of Ish's tan-yard, were among the first to take the disease. Ish's hogs ran regularly in the common, yet none of them took the disease, while almost every one of Mrs. Simpson's hogs died. Ish gave his hogs chamber-lye in their slop. Mrs. Simpson did not use this remedy with her hogs. J. Milton McVeigh tried the same remedy, but without apparent effect. B. P. Carter, sr., gave his hogs coal-oil, and lost none. B. F. Carter, jr., gave his hogs the oil in same quantity and lost all. D. Mount and Daniel Lee used asafetida one year, with supposed good effect; another year it had no effect at all. Thomas A. Eector gave his hogs soap-suds and soda in their slop one year, accord�ing to advice of the writer, with marked success; persuaded by others to give turpentine and sulphur in the present epidemic, his loss was large. I found many persons who had come to the conclusion that dur�ing some period of the disease the hog's throat was sore, and that the disease was the putrid sore throat, which was so fatal to swine some forty years ago in this Piedmont region of Virginia. I find most of them agree that there is swelling about the face and eyes, eruption on the skin, great thirst, often cough, occasional vomiting, constipated bowels, a thumping in the side or sides, lower bowels full of hard, dry balls of fecal matter, with a rapid loss of fiesh. Other farmers seem to notice sequelae of the disease more, and speak of swelling of the fore�legs; that they shed their hair and hoofs; skin peels off, and new skin becomes scurfy.

I gave for publication a short history of the so-called hog-cholera as it prevailed in this section of Virginia in 1868 or 1869. I have no notes left, and I am not morally certain in which year the disease prevailed. I remember, however, to have remarked that the first indication of sick�ness in the hog noticed by me was closing the eye in the bright sunshine of morning. Now, this symptom may have been from swelling of the face, but I then attributed it to contraction of the pupil of the eye and from intolerance of light. The next one had a ticking in the side, and then a rapid loss of flesh, so much so that a large fat hog would become so thin in a few days that you could almost read a newspaper through him. I will remark that the only symptom at all like cholera is this rapid loss of flesh. But then there is no purging, no loss of fluid by urination, but it seems rather that the heat in the internal organs of the hog is so intense that all the fluids in his system are dried up. To sat�isfy myself on this point I placed them in pens, with clean, dry plank for flooring, overnight, and in the morning the large hogs would be

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almost living skeletons; but you never could discern any nrinary or other discharges on the clean dry floor of their pens. I made some post-mortem examinations, and {jenerally found inflammation in various stages in the posterior portion of the lungs, and the glands and throat in a gangrenous condition�blood thick and black as tar and disinclined to flow; indeed, in some cases it was black, hard, and as dry as a chip. Any one who carefully reads the reports of the Department of Agricul�ture for 1877 will perceive that some of the winters describe the disease as attended by a fever; others, again, speak of the peculiar ernption attending it. iNbw, I submit that if there is a fevej: accompanying hog-cholera, and an eruption also, it is prima-facie evidence that it is a dis�ease which rightfully belongs to that class of maladies known as erup�tive fevers, and it only remains for us to establish to which species of the exanthemata it belongs for us to place its treatment on solid and well-established grounds.

The description I gave in 1872 and the account given by Dr. Gillespie in 1877, goes very far to identify rotheln with the hog disease that pre�vailed in Piedmont region of Virginia in 1877-'78. Fortunately the remedy I shall recommend as a preventive, as well as a curative, agent during its prevalence is equally beneficial in scarlet fever, diphtheria, and ery�sipelas in some forms. It is a trite saying but a true one that an ounce oiprevention is worth a pound of cure. If this is true in regard to dis�eases in the human family, it becomes eminently more so in the diseases incident to domestic animals.

Etiology.�The causes of disease are, unfortunately, frequently obscure, although they are sometimes evident enough. The causes of disease resolve into several varieties. As writers divide them differently, a short explanation may not be out of place. As a general thing the predis�posing and occasional causes are the only ones on which much stress is laid by medical writers. Causes accessory are those which have only a secondary influence in the production of disease, as the want of proper shelter for domestic animals in inclement weather may be indirectly the means of producing disease among them. Accidental causes are those which act only on certain given conditions and which do not always produce the same disease. Cold may be an accidental cause of acute pneumonia, inflammatory rheumatism, amp;c. Proximate cause is the dis�ease itself; superabundance of blood is the cause of plethora, amp;c.; exter�nal causes are such as act externally to the patient, as cold, amp;c.; these causes are such as determine the form of the disease; internal causes are those which arise within the body; mechanical causes are those which act mechanically upon the windpipe in producing suffocation; negative causes comprise all those things the privation of which may derange the functions, as want of food, water, amp;c. They are opposed to positive causes which of themselves directly induce disease, as the use of crude, rotten, indigestible food, amp;c; occasional or exciting causes (actual causes) are those which immediately produce the disease. Occult, hidden, or obscure causes, any causes with which we are unac�quainted; also certain inappreciable conditions of the atmosphere� if I may use such a word, quot; distemperaturequot;�which we believe gives rise to endemic and epidemic diseases. Physiological causes are those which act only on living matter, as narcotics; predisposing or remote causes are those which render the body liable to disease, as previous low, depressed condition of system, bad health, amp;c.; principal causes arc those which exert the chief influence in the production of disease as dislinguished from the accessory causes; specific or asserted causes are those which always produce a determinate disease, contagia, for ex ample.

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The deaths, in many instances, iu this hog-disease arose from a me�chanical cause. Throwing him down on his back to quot; drench himquot; with some remedy produced suffocation, the wind-pipe or the swollen tonsils were tilted back by pressure upon the epiglottis, and the glottis being thus mechanically closed no air could penetrate the lungs, and the re�sult was death. When drenching is resorted to, the animal should be made to stand up on its hind feet, and sudden deaths will not so often occur from the administration of such remedies. The treatment of rotheln and epidemic diseases generally resolves itself into prophylac�tic (preventive) and curative. Amon g the most valuable remedial agents to prevent epidemic diseases among domestic animals, especially the hog, may be enumerated a good, clean, diy bed of leaves or straw often renewed, protected by a good shelter and with a plank floor; a good supply of pure running water to drink; plenty of good, strong, gener�ous food, made up of corn, buckwheat, or oats, vegetables, fruits, and slop. Give them regularly a little dry salt, all the ^M soapsuds quot; you can, and let them have a bank of hickory ashes to run to. By this means the hog would be better able to withstand the sudden climatic alter�nations of from heat to cold, for these chmatic alternations are, in my opinion, the most prolific source of all epidemic diseases to which the human race as well as domestic animals are liable. It is an admitted fact, I believe, that domestic animals, in fact all animals, breathe more through the pores of the skin than the human family do. By this the internal organs are relieved of a considerable burden. Hence arises the importance of keeping the pores of the skin open and in a healthy work�ing condition. To eflectually do this you must provide your hogs with frequent new beds; bum up the old ones, which, when worn down to dust, become moistened and the whole tegnmentary tissue of the hog is agglutinated, as it were, by a paste-like substance, and is rendered totally unfit to perform the functions necessary in the animal economy. quot;We can see why this should strongly predispose to disease. To further prevent this undesirable condition of the hog's skin, I would recommend washing with strong soapsuds and then scrubbing them dry with a clean corn-cob until their skin presented a red, healthy glow. See that the pores in the fore legs are opea (the little safety-valves); give them plenty of chlorate of potash of the strength of two drams to a pint of water, and the chances of disease will be greatly lessened. Timothy, orchard, and other grasses incline them to constipation, which cannot be relieved except by the strongest remedial agents. Green plantain and purslane are good for hogs.

For a long time a great many German physicians, and a number of the profession in our own country to-day, believe that the extract of belladonna (deadly nightshade) given beforehand will prevent children from catching .scarlet fever. Kbw, as rotheln is a kindred eruptive fever, might not some herb be found that would prove a preventive in this disease ? I am more inclined to recommend Veratrum viri�e (Ameri�can hellebore) as a prophylactic in this disease, because I am satisfied that venesection (bleeding) in the early stages of the malady is demand�ed. I remember that all hogs not castrated, and those castrated early in the disease of 1808 or 1869, recovered, and not only recovered, but mad good recoveries. So did all the hogs I saw in those years early enough to get blood from them. After the first and second stage of the disease in those years the blood was very dark, black, thick, and could not be made to flow. From this condition of the blood, and from the low tem�perature I found in many hogs, I suspected congestive chills, or more probably dumb chills, of a very severe character. I am still disposed to cling to this opinion. In all those cases where the hog is mopy and

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chilly looking, I would, after tlie first stage of lowering the pulse has passed, recommend a teacupful of a strong infusion of the leaves of dog�wood or,the same quantity of a strong cold infusion of boneset. .In either case add a teaspoonful of powdered ginger or thirty drops of the oil of black pepper, to he given morning, noon, and night regularly. Chlorate of potash, two drams to a pint of water, for drink at will.

I think the hog is peculiarly susceptible to the influence of malaria, therefore they had better be kept in the woods, or in a #9632;pea, or on high and dry places where there is not much grass, and fed on corn, oats, and buckwheat, with a proportionate admixture of fruits, vegetables, and slops. Soapsuds, all the preparations of potash, hickory ashes, soda, saleratus, amp;c., are anti-febrile, and will be found very beneficial when given in slops. In my opinion the throat and the adjacent parts, the upper and the posterior portions of the lungs, are the only really vul�nerable portions in the animal economy of the hog. Protect these and you thereby protect the whole hog. I have no doubt that in one epi�demic in this hog disease you may have it so dressed in the livery of pneumonia that the most accurate observer might diagnose the disease to be primarily pneumonia. In another case you may have an exudation of membrane, thereby simulating very closely diphtheria. Again, you may have rotheln, but the disease spreading to the paxenchymatus por�tion of the lung and on to the pleura, producing rotheln complicated with pleuro-pneumonia, and so on. To show that the stomach of the hog is not very susceptible to the action of poison, I will state a fact known to almost every one in this region of country, that the hog can feed sump�tuously on the rattlesnake, moccasin, and the poisonous copperhead with perfect impunity. Again, unless the snake bites the hog about the throat, and on the jugular vein and carotid artery, there is no harm done, but if over either of these blood-vessels the bite is speedily fatal. The internal remedy upon which I most rely, both as a preventive and cura�tive agent, is that invaluable remedial agent, chlorate of potash. Dr. L. P. Dodge, in Georgia Medical Companion, December number, 1872, page 717, says:

The therapeutical effects of thia agent are obtained by direct application and by absorption. When taken into the stomach it imparts a cooling sensation to the mouth and throat; the circulation is somewhat depressed. Hence it has been classed by au-thoA as refrigerant, and from increased action of kidneys diuretic. By some it has been supposed to exert hepatic action. Without doubt it does, bnt to what ex�tent we are not prepared to state. When applied locally to ulcerated surfaces of the mucous membrane, as in ulcerated stromatitis and many other diseases of the mucous membrane, and also to ulcers of the integuments, it has a stimulating action, as shown by increased sensation of the parts and excited vascular action, which becomes alter�ative, and, therefore, salutary. Its most decided effects are obtained when taken into tho system. Chlorate of potash, we think, has a specific action on the mucous mem�brane�the glandular and cutaneous systems. In scarlatina it is universally recog�nized as tho best remedy. In diseases of the mouth and throat, whether ulcerative or inflammatory, chlorate of potash has a salutary efiect. In diphtheria it is one of the most reliable remedies for lesions of tho throat. In no disease is its alterative action better shown. Given to an adult in tablespoonful doses of the saturated solution every hour for twenty-four hours, and there will be a marked change in tho general appearance of the diseased parts. The exudation vrill be diminished, the fever re�moved, the surface paler, the swelling diminished, the vascular action less, the sensa�tion ameliorated; the skin becomes cool, the pulse less frequent; in fact, a large per cent, of the incipient form of diphtheria requires �o other remedy.

You can, then, safely give the hog one good dose of calomel in this disease, and then rely with an abiding confidence on the chlorate of potash.

Eespectfully submitted.

ALBAX S. PAYNE, M. D.

Maekham, Va., November 25, 1878.

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EEPOET OP DR. J. K MoNTJTT.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture:

Sm: I have the honor to report that, in obedience to instructions from your department, I have devoted the past two months to the investiga�tion of diseases of swine. Though my labor has been confined to one county (Jefferson), I had abundance of material, and have examined several hundred diseased hogs, and made thirty post mortem examina�tions.

quot;While the results of my experiments and examinations may not be as satisfactory as could be wished, I am convinced, first, of the nature of the disease, and, secondly, that if it cannot be cured in all cases, it can by proper hygienic measures be with much certainty prevented.

I have aimed to have the results of my examinations as practical as possible, and will endeavor to present them devoid of any scientific theories.

The disease has, in this county, as in other portions of the State, pre�vailed in different localities for a number of years. It usually begins in early spring, and increases in extent and severity until the late sum�mer and fall months, disappearing toward the approach of winter, only to appear in another locality with the return of spring. Although in different seasons and localities it presents different symptoms, it is evi�dently the same fatal enemy to the pig raiser, only in another garb. Unfortunately, as the name of a disease should convey some idea of its nature, this dreaded scourge is called quot; hog-cholera,quot; why we know not, unless from its rapid and almost certain fatality.

While the pathological conditions found in my examinations were many and varied, yet the main lesions pointed to the intestinal mucous membrane and lungs, with sufficient uniformity to clearly indicate the nature of the disease; and as it is clearly shown that the disease, while contagious, is not communicable to other animals nor to man, it is evi�dently a specific contagious disease sui generis�typhoid fever of swine. The disease occasionally begins suddenly with symptoms of a chill, the pig standing drawn up and shivering on the sunny side of a barn or fence. But the disease generally begins more insidiously, and the first thing noticed is, in a previously healthy pig, a dull appearance with a wrinkled, drawn look about the head and neck. It stands with back humped, head and shoulders drooping, eyes listless and watery; loss of appetite, or perhaps eats for a few moments and then stands over its food with an appearance of loathing ; sometimes it show a disposition to nausea, great and constant thirst, increased temperature, first about breast and belly, and after one or two days extending over body and limbs. Fever at fist of a remittent character; temperature in rectum 102^o-104⁰ F., in morning; in the evening rises to 106^o-109^o F. Has hacking cough, which is increased on exertion; sometimes attended with frothy (wlute or yellowish) and in last stage offensive discharge from the noso. Breathing rapid and labored, with drawing in of the flanks; panting. Bowels usually, at first, constipated; in some continue so; in others become lax after a few days, to be frequently followed, especially in pro�tracted cases, by very dark fetid diarrhea. Kidneys usually act well, though urine is generally scanty and high colored. In very malignant cases it is suppressed. As the disease progresses the patient shows a disposition to get away from the herd; lies on its belly under straw, brush, or any pl;u;c for a shade; is stirred up with difficulty; walks with

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a staggering, painful gait. Some, if they attempt to run, go sidewise, and cany their bead to one side. In -white hogs, rose-colored spots ap�pear on belly and inside of arms and breast, e�aceable by pressure, but return immediately. On dark hogs, the spots are of a petechia or hemor-rhagic character, Avith elevation of the cuticle, especially behind the shoulders and on the neck and back of the ears. In one case, sick three weeks, I found sloughs one inch or more in diameter, thickly scattered over belly, neck, and snout. Large abscesses are occasionally seen in parotid glands (behind the ears), and in a few mabgnant cases the legs swell until the skin bursts, discharging a thick, yellow serum. In some cases the hoofs fall off. If the case does not end fatally, as it often does in a few days, the symptoms increase in severity. The animals rapidly lose flesh, get lousy, refuse to eat or take note of their surroundingsquot;; if possible to arouse them, they immediately relapse into a stupor. Some pass off in this way; in others, convulsions close the scene. quot;When one occasionally gets well, it is after a very protracted convales�cence. Abscesses, ulcers, amp;c., form on different parts of the body. The hair all falls off, and it seldom makes much hog anyway.

My subjects tor post mortem examinations were taken, some of them a few hours after death, and others were killed during various stages of the disease, from the first day to the third, and in the fourth week, by bleeding. The subj ects that had died were usually very much emaciated, lousy, offensive; snout and ears a dark purple; eyes shrunken, some�times ulcerated, and body covered with dark spots of extravasated blood.

The principal lesions found were in the alimentary mucous membrane and in the organs of the chest. The tongue I seldom found coated, though usually red and often ulcerated, especially towards the base, extending into throat and down the oesophagus. The stomach was usually found distended with undigested acid, and sometimes offensive ingesta and flatus. The ileum (small bowel) and colon (large bowel) filled with hard dry feces or with dark liquid, fetid discharges, and distended with gas. The mucous membrane of stomach and intestines, differing- with the stage of the disease at which death had occurred, presented the various stages of inflammation and its sequela, from a faint pink blush to a dark red thickened condition. This was the case with the whole surface of the stomach and of the ileum or colon, or more or less extensive portions of each. In some cases the dark thickened membrane could be easily stripped from the sub-mucous coat. Ulcers in the glands of the small intestine and ctecam were frequent. Peyer's glands in two or three cases were very much enlarged and thickened, and covered with hard, dark scabs. In several cases the ileum was so contracted in several places that they looked as if they had been scorched.

The peritoneum was generally more or less inflamed, and in two cases I found in one two and in the other four quarts of straw-colored serum in the abdominal cavity; a portion of which, in the largest, was coagu�lated, apparently by the great heat of the bowels. (The temperature was 109deg; R)

The lungs I found, with two exceptions, in different degrees of inflam�mation, -varying with the period of the disease, which constitute pneu�monia. This was the case either in the first stage (that of congestion), the second stage, (no hepatization), or third stage (gray hepatization); though, as is usual in diseases of a low and feeble character, these stages were not always well marked, but often presented more the con�dition called splenization, caused by the blood not yielding sufficient plastic matter to form the firm, resisting character of hepatization.

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The amount of lung involved, of course, varies in oacli case; in some one lobe, usually the upper if the left lung, and lower if the right; in others, again, all of one lung, and in one case I found the whole of both lungs involved, the left in the third and right in the second stage. In young pigs I found what is known as lobular pneumonia, that is, diseased lob�ules, of which each lobe is composed, were mixed indiscriminately with healthy lobules, giving this lung a mottled appearance. In one case I found the disease in the upper lobe of the right lung. The inflammation was confined to the air vesicles, and constituted quot;vesicular pneumonia;quot; In this case 1 found tubercles scattered through the diseased luug, and in one the upper lobe of the left lung was one mass of tubercles. AH of .the cases were complicated, to a greater or less extent, either with inflammation of the pleura (the covering of the lung), or of the bronchi (air-passages). In some cases the bronchial tubes were inllamed and filled with a frothy and occasionally a bloody mucus, in others ulcerated and secreting a yellow, offensive pus; the ulceration often extending into the larynx, and even into the nasal passages. In six or eight cases the pleura, especially the right, presented more or less extensive patches of inflammation, with adhesions between the pulmonary and the costal portions, that is, between the portion of the pleura and that lining the chest.

The heart was, in protracted cases, pale and soft, and in one case in�flammation of the pericardium (covering of the heart) with effusion into the pericardial sack was observed.

The liver was, in most cases, more or less congested, and in one case very much enlarged and filled with patches of inflammation. The galh bladder was usually filled, sometimes distended, with dark-green, thick bile.

The pleura was in all cases enlarged, and in one case very dark, almost black, and so friable that it would not sustain its own weight. The kid�neys were usually pale and sometimes soft, and in the two cases where there was so much oedema of the lungs and suppression of the urine; the malpighian bodies were of a dark-red color, and the lining of the pelvis (inside of kidney) was very much inflamed and covered with extravasated blood.

With a few exceptions the mesenteric, inguinal, and other lymphatic glands, especially bronchial and cervical, were in various stages of in�flammation and enlargement, and in some cases of a peculiar dark-red color.

The brain proper and the spinal cord I found usually in a normal con�dition. In one case there was effusion into the ventricles. The rnen-inges of the brain and spine were, in protracted cases, congested or inflamed, and in two cases the dura mater (lining of the skull) was thick�ened and easUy separated from the skull.

The cause of the disease has been variously ascribed to feeding, crowd�ing, overdriving, filthy pens, ringing, amp;c. From information obtained from hog-raisers, from our own observation, and reasoning from analogy, I am satislied that the real cause of the disease is the present manner of breeding, raising, and feeding the pigs, and as a result of iny obser�vation and treatment I found the same remedies as used in reinittents in the human subject as the most effectual. I am satisfied that the disease is at least developed by malaria, and relieved, if at all. by the same treatment as malarial diseases in man. Instead of raising pigs from a sow eight orten months old, and cramming them with slops and dry corn in order to make three-hundred-pound porkers of them in twelve months, select good healthy sows from eighteen to twenty-lour months

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old; allow them to have but one litter each year; let the pigs grow up naturally; feed them but little, and give them no dry corn; let them have plenty of water and clay to drink and bathe in, and give them a chance to root for a living, and to that end furnish them good pasturage on soft, moist, and, if possible, shady soil, where various roots are plenty; in fact, let them quot;root, hog, or die,quot; and wallow to their hearts' content. The roots they may get are their natural food, and by frequent bathing in muddy pools they keep the skin in a lively, healthy condition, free from dandruff and vermin. A hog looks filthy enough when he first comes out of his cool bath in a mud-hole; but see gt;iirn after he has dried the clay in the sun and rubbed it off on some convenient stump or fence-corner, and he is a nice, clean, and very presentable ani�mal. After he has attained his natural growth in this manner, say from eighteen months to two years, he can be fattened on com, if you will, without fear of disease. That the disease once started is easily communi�cated by contagion and infection I have easily found by tracing its rav�ages in regions of my inquiries. Starting from a diseased hog brought into the neighborhood, it next showed itself in the herd of the only neighbor who let his hogs run at large, and whose hogs visited an in�fected farm. Thence it was conveyed by the hogs of the second party dying alongside of a large pasture filled with well-fed, well-watered hogs. Then other neighbors' hogs broke into this pasture and mingled with the sick hogs, and soon went home to die of the disease and infect others. Others, again, separated by a large creek, crossed to the infected neigh�borhood and were soon numbered with the dead. During a dry, south wind, lasting several days, hogs one mile to the north, separated by the same creek, developed the disease. Thence it was traced in the same manner, carried either by straying hogs or dry winds, and in the case of winds always in the direction of the wind, and then often jumping two or three farms for favorable material.

Treatment.�Under this head I will necessarily be very brief, for unless the case is taken early in the disease, i. laquo;., unless the pig-raiser under�stands the early symptoms of the disease and adopts what might be called the heroic treatment at once, little, if anything, can be done by medication.

After fully satisfying myself as to the nature of the disease, I found by taking the case in its incipiency and giving a good cathartic (calomel 5 to 20 grains, and podophylhn J to 2 grains, according to age) in boiled potatoes at night, to be followed each morning for two or three days by sulphate cinchoneidia 10 to 40 grains, according to age, in slops, and after and during this treatment give spirits turpentine (5 to 20 drops), or car�bolic acid in slops (1 to 3 drops) every four hours, resulted in a cure in 80 to 90 per cent, of cases treated. In addition I would follow sugges�tions recommended in prevention of the disease, viz., isolate the sick; keep them in pastures with free access to water and clay. Clay is one of our best antiseptics, and the hog knows it, and will when tlursty, if he can, mix it with the water before he drinks. Give them but little, if anything, to eat, and, if any, such vegetables as turnips, parsnips, artichokes, and other food of this class. By no means feed com, espe�cially dry corn. I really think that if the suggestions as to the manner of breeding, feeding, and caring for the pig here offered were followed out there would be but little, if any, need for treatment.

Before closing I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Maj. James S. Meilen, of Saint Louis, for many and valuable suggestions. I am yours, very respectfully, amp;c.,

J. F. MoNUTT, M. D.

Pevely, Mo., OctoUr 14, 1878.

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EEPORT OF DE. C. M. HINES.

Hou. Wm. G. LeDxtc,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir : Having been honored Avith an appointment as an inspector of diseases of domesticated animals, under the direction of tlie Department of Agriculture, I accepted the same on the first day of August, and at once took the necessary steps to find a field for an investigation, which had reference more particularly to the diseases of swine.

After diligent inquiry I found the disease was not sufficiently exten�sive in the State of Kansas for any extended inquiry into the cause and remedy for quot;hog-cholera,quot; or the infectious fever of hogs. Under instructious from the department I therefore proceeded to Cass county, Nebraska, where it was said to prevail as an epidemic in the neighbor�hood of Eight-Mile Grove.

Upon my arrival at Plattsmouth, the county seat of Cass county, I was informed that no quot;hog-choleraquot; had prevailed in that region for nearly three months prior to my arrival.

After a detention of several days in the vain effort of finding a proper conveyance into the country, I at last succeeded, being aided by Mr. James Hall, of Eight-Mile Grove. I was assured that I would find but little of the disease, as I was too early in the season, it being more prevalent in cold weather.

As the time for investigation was limited, I determined to make as much of it as possible. Passing through Cass county I found several small herds under treatment by a veterinary surgeon, and in nearly every case I found they were being quot;doctoredquot; by the owner, or some one professing to cure the disease. Also, other owners, rejecting all interference, were apathetic, and seemed to consider it something beyond human ken, and as one expressed it, left them to quot; worry through.quot; In�deed, one farmer said that he intended as soon as he was sure the disease was in the herd, to quot;ship all those large enough for the marketquot;�an example followed by many others, making widespread havoc. From Cass county I proceeded through Otoe, to the borders of Johnson coimty, passing over a large portion of both counties, returning again to Plattsmouth when the time for the investigation had nearly expired.

In arriving at the conclusions to be found in this article, I must be permitted the privilege of argument, in order to show my reasons for the same, and, first, I would observe that the disease known as quot;hog-cholera,quot; or quot;infectious fever of hogs,quot; is not, as I think, so difficult of solution, nor has it a protean character. I consider it one disease from tico causes having two effects.

The hog is said to be improved by quot;crossing,quot; and persons ignorant scientifically of its effects, and how far it may be carried with propriety, write and speak learnedly of the matter. They attempt to improve upon nature, and it has been carried to such an extent as to almost obliterate all traces of original breeds. They attempt also to make a distinct, separate, and, as they suppose, permanent stock that will reproduce itself. Although all hogs may belong to the one great family, there is a law in nature that, where a great divergence has taken place from any parent stock, a tendency to revert must prevail, or the creature must suffer from the lex talionis naturw. quot; So true is it that nature has caprices which art cannot imitate.quot;

Persons, otherwise good farmers, who have improved their stock, as 12 iSW

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they suppose, by crossing or continual breeding in tlie same stock, do so until tliey are really ignorant of liow close tliey are breeding, and of its evil effects, for (as in the human being) the penalty for this violation of the law of nature is loss of vitality, less power of resisting diseases, and scrofulous degeneracy.

I have seen pigs not a month old which were totally blind, #9632;with large sores on the jaws, and hogs of eight or ten months with great sloughing sores on the body, and I have been told by reliable gentlemen that some lose the flesh from the jaws, leaving the bone exposed. In the older hog this affection may, perhaps, be brought about by feeding exclusively upon old corn that had been exposed to the elements, but time did not allow for proof of this.

Cholera in Kansas and Xebraska seems to attack preferably the Berk�shire, and the Berkshire crossed by the Poland-Ckma, which appear to be the kinds preieiTed in those States. The quot; common stock,quot; and those not bred so close, are not so liable to the disease as where tliey have been continually crossed and called quot; fine-blooded.quot; I have been told by gentlemen who arc largely engaged in hog-raising that the common stock and those of pure breed are less liable to the disease�that they have been in adjoining ranges to those diseased, and have escaped the infec�tion. I have no doubt of this fact.

TREATMENT OP THE HOG, HIS FOOD, QXJAETERS, ETC.

Of food.�As Dr. Detmers, of Missouri, in a report upon this same subject says,quot; Because he is a hog, must he be treated hoggishly?quot; Poor hog! Man seems to think he quot;has no stomach that he need respect.quot; With what do they not dose him (in lieu of what he would find for him�self, were he at liberty?) Stone coal, charcoal, ashes, concentrated lye! Give him sour food, and afterward an alkali to correct acidity of stom�ach! Ah very good when intelligently administered, no doubt. But, does not the hog need an acid sometimes as well ?

The almost universal food for swine in these States is corn, nothing but corn. If, perchance, they get any green food it is green com cut and thrown to them.

Corn is raised in such abundance and the price is so low, in order that there may be a return for the labor of the farmer it must be converted into either beef or pork; and as, according to general belief and practice, a hog requires less care than other domestic animals, and can stand any�thing, he is the favorite instrument through which to realize gain, and every farmer has his herd of hogs, large or small.

Of quarters.�The laws of the States of Kansas and Nebraska prohibit the running at large of domestic animals, and, as a consequence, the hog is confined in quarters of various kinds and dimensions, dependent upon the ability, inclination, or industry of the farmer. Thus we find that in a prairie country where fencing is expensive they are not apt to have too much range.

In that part of the State of Nebraska to which my observations ex�tended nearly all the farms were located on #9632;water-courses of variable size, and for convenience the hog-pens were on the banks of the streams, in many cases at an inclination of from 15deg; to 25deg;. The inclosures were full of manure of perhaps years' standing, mixed with earth of the kind known as the loess deposits, into which the hogs rooted, wallowed, and when sick they would cat, in a vain effort to relieve their sufferings. (In many cases scarcely anything else was found in the alimentary canal.)

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They liad at pleasure tlie privilege of indulging in a bath of or drinking the semi-fluicl matter in the streams passing through their inclosures, composed of old and recent manure, mth an admixture of the black soil and material of a like character conveyed to them from sties fifty or a hundred miles above. They might also at their pleasure, after such recreation, bask themselves in the sunshine (with the mercury in the nineties) on the hill-side the livelong day.

Fed with corn that had been exposed to the snows and rains of one and sometimes Uco years; heated by the sun in summer, cooled by the snows of winter, washed by the rains of spring, and fanned at pleasure by rude Boreas, is it to be wondered at that animals so treated, and fi'om which so much is expected, shoidd become diseased and die, and that, following the example of the farmer who said that he would quot; ship his hogs as soon as he was satisfied disease was in his herd,quot; the quot; hog-choleraquot; should coatiuue, being spread by rail over a great extent of country, dropping some here and some there f True, all are not so treated, and where they are treated in a rational manner few are lost.

If the same attention was given the hog that is bestowed on other domestic animals there would be less cause for complaint, and it is use�less to attempt to remedy the matter except by a radical change in the treatment of the animal.

Many farmers keep their com in cribs without covering, and one who was losing hogs every day told me that he had been feeding them on com that had been exposed to the elements for two years. I have found that in proportion to the care taken so was the ratio of health and dis�ease, all other things being equal.

The causes, then, in my opinion, which develop the disease known as quot;hog-choleraquot; are of two kinds. First, continual close breeding, which has a tendency to lessen vitality, produce a scrofulous condition of body, with less power of resisting disease; second, want of proper treatment, which includes food, quarters, and general management.

SYMPTOMS OP DISEASE AND MODES OF ATTACK.

First mode of attack.�Generally the hog is sick a considerable time before it is noticed, and he is not cut ofiquot; as suddenly as many suppose.

The hog's external depurating apparatus is said to be fixed in the posterior portion of the fore leg and the nose. When the disease sets in the discharge from these parts ceases, and often (especially in young pigs) a swelling of the foreleg may be noticed, extending to the shoul�der. The nose becomes dry, and the hog now has the fever. His bowels become constipated, and when moved by the administration of a cathartic his discharges are of scybala, coated with mucous or epithelium. His appetite fails, and he eats what is unusual for him in a state of health, such as dirt and herbage, that, when well, he would pass by. He lies down, or leans against the side of the inclosure, and when started up moves wearily. Two moist streaks may be seen, one from each eye; holds his head down, and his ears fall; when lying down rises up and falls down; stumbles along as though he had rheumatism; is weak in the fore legs; becomes lousy, and if he does not die by the disease which fixes itself upon the brain and spinal cord, he may recover, but is often left entirely blind. If recovery or death does not take place in this first mode of attack, he passes into the condition of those under the second mode of attack, and the force of the disease is exerted upon the

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mucous membraues of the alimentary canal. In this first mode of attack the disease is seated in the serous membranes.

Second mode of attack.�Begins with fever, as in the first mode, but, although the brain is attected, the force of the disease is exerted more directly upon the stomach, bowels, and lungs (upon the mucous mem�branes). The hog loses his appetite, grows rapidly thin, and instead of the discharge from the eyes it is from the bowels. He lurches from side to side as he moves along, is weak in the loins, has diarrhea, often vom�its, and worms are sometimes discharged from both stomach and bowels. The discharge from the bowels is of a yelhnv color, seemingly mixed with pus. In this mode of attack all the parasites that infest the hog, of whatever character, seem roused to unusual activity, and the hog, unable to partake of a sufficient amount of nourishment, these parasites, fixing themselves in many parts of the body, prey upon its vitals until it succumbs.

Cough is a prominent symptom, sometimes from the first; is of a spas�modic character, and apparently due to some extent to nervous irritation. In some cases, at every fit of coughing there would be a discharge from the bowels.

Character of the disease.�Asquot; before stated, it attacks first the serous, secondly the mucous membranes, or it may be confined to either.

In the first mode of attack the fever is of a sthenic character, and presents many of the characteristics of measles in the human being. There is fever, discharges from the eyes, sometimes a discharge from the nostrils, and discoloration of the skin. Cough, which is an attendant upon measles in man, is generally absent in the hog in the beginning of this disease. I prefer to consider it a fever developed in the same man�ner as typhus or typhoid fever is in man; that there is quot; blood poison�ing,quot; and that the disease germs are intangible; that it has no symptom in common with cholera in man, save the diarrhea. The action of the infection upon the blood is quite the opposite to that of cholera, for in the disease in question there is a lack of fibrin and of Inematin; it is pale, deficient in red corpuscles, and does not quot; cup.quot; I do not believe that it is dependent upon any particular condition of the atmosphere, except that portion immediately surrounding the diseased animals. Ithink there can be no doubt that it may be communicated to other hogs, and more readily to thoseofalike breed, and living under like conditions. Being(as Ithink) not primarily of amp; typhoid character, I cannot see any reason why this term should be applied to the disease. The truth is, I believe, that the hog is sick some time before it is generally noticed, and that a little attention given him at the commencement will stop it. Is this, then, of a typhoid character quot;i In confirmation of this I will state a little circum�stance related to me by a gentleman in this neighborhood. A colored barber called upon him at his farm one day, and while looking at a fine hog, which the owner said would eat but little, and appeared to be sict, the barber said: quot; Your hog has the cholera. I will cure himquot;; and im�mediately, to the great amusement of the gentleman, caught the hog, opened his mouth, made two incisions in the papillie at the root of the tongue, and then began rubbing the fore-legs of the animal with a com cob. Telling the gentlemen to give the hog a dose of some purgative medicine, he went his way. In a few hours the hog began to eat and recovered in a short time.

Of infection.�Hogs of the same class, and placed under like circum�stances, are more liable to convey the infection to each other than to those differently situated. I met with a farmer in Nebraska who was

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purchasing diseased hogs at a low figure, and taking them on his farm for treatment, without fear of communicating the disease to his own herd. He had some knowledge of the disease, and had treated his own herd.

Professor Law says, as quoted by the commissioner of agriculture of the State of Virginia, quot; contagion is the main cause of the disease.quot; We are satisfied that we understand the circumstances under which one may contract the chills or intermittent fever, but I presume no medical man will say that he can touch the quot; disease germs,quot; as they are termed. Con�tagion cannot cause it, but may aid in spreading it.

Prevention of the disease.�In my opinion the surest means of preven�tion are those of a hygienic character. Do not breed close, give the animal a variety of food, keep his range clean, and protect him from extremes of heat and cold. In a prairie country, where domesticated animals are not allowed to run at large, I would recommend that ranges for the hog should be inclosed by portable fences in sections. Posts should be placed at the proper distances (they might be of iron and driven) and the sections wired together or fastenings might be attached to each section so as to unite at once. Constructed in this manner the range may be changed to another location in a few hours. This should be done once or twice a year at least, and preferably in the spring and the beginning of winter. Eaise vegetables especially for them. K pos�sible sow oats, and let them have the range of the field. Give them fresh water to drink, which may be raised by a windmill and conveyed through pipes to the range. Instead of having hogs to quot;followquot; the cattle, as a matter of economy, I would feed them separately, and have the com for the cattle ground in a horse-power mill.

Eradication of the disease.�This might be effected partly through State laws prohibiting the transportation through the States of hogs showing evidence of disease, attention to hygienic laws, and a greater. admixture of the breeds known as quot;common stock,quot; gradually brought about.

Treatment of the disease.�This is very simple if attended to in time, and very few need be lost. Simply a transfer to a new range and a change of food at the beginning of the disease will save a great many. Give the hog a purgative of soft soap, raw linseed-oil, or any simple purgative; afterward warm mashes and comfortable dry quarters. Veiy often this is all that is necessary to arrest the disease. As soon as his nose becomes moist and the secretion is restored in his fore-legs, you may count upon his recovery. A farmer told me that his herd had the quot;cholera,quot; and that he fed the living with the carcasses of those that died, and his hogs recovered. Another that, having more fresh beef than he wanted, fed th� feurplus to his herd, and they recovered. This food, being unusual, acted upon their bowels, hence their recovery.

In investigating this disease I had many obstacles to contend with. There were no herds to be found within a reasonable distance (nor be�yond that I was aware of) which had not been dosed with something, and none so isolated as to be entirely free from contact in some way with other herds. As a consequence I made no use of the clinical thermom�eter, which would have given no perfect data to discourse upon.

The first herd of hogs treated numbered forty-five head, situated on high and dry land; but the range was dirty from the accumulations of old manure, they having been fed on com from crib exposed to the ele�ments for a considerable period. Were drinking water from a well. All sick. No other hog had been near the range except a boar, and he was said to be well; neither had.any been away from the herd. The breed

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was Berkshire, crossed with Poland China. Owing to the inland situa�tion and #9632;want of necessary articles at the place the troughs were not made with circular holes, but were constructed iu the following manner:

The trough was di�vided longitudinally by a board on edge so that the hogs could feed on either side without permitting rS the admission of the

^ feet, thus: They were graded 1, 2, 3, 4, according to age and condition. Tile herd was suffer�ing from both modes of attack, as heretofore described. They were moved from their range and placed on new ground. As a general thing the younger hogs suffered the most.

Pen 'So. 1 contained the oldest hogs, fifteen in number, from one to three years old.

Pen No. 2 contained fourteen head, from eight months to one year old.

Pen No. 3 contained eleven head, from five to eight months old.

Pen !Nb. 4 contained five bead, from five to twelve months old, and wsls the dead pen.

No food was allowed for the space of twelve hours. Nos. 1 and 2 were given salt and water, which they were compelled to drink, being without food or water. This had the effect of causing vomiting and purging. In several cases worms were discharged from the stomach and bowels; principally from those suffering from the second mode of attack. Some had to be pressed forward and urged to drink. After the action of the salt the tincture chloride of iron was administered in water in doses of twenty drops every four hours, for the older, and fifteen for the younger hogs. Amash of bran was made (which wasalways fed while fresh and sweet), and they were allowed to partake moderately of the iron half an hour after the first dose. They were fed at intervals between the doses of iron, and no other food was given until convalescence began, when they were allowed some com in connection with the mash. In those suffering from the disease in the first mode, there was coustipation of the bowels, dry noses, and watery discharges from the eyes. When the bowels were moved (and in some instances they were very torpid), the passages would be sterooraceous, and covered with a white substance (apparently epi�thelium), were very hard, and upon examination appearecl to be com�posed almost entirely of earth. These began to improve on the third, and were so much improved on the sixth day that they were allowed a more liberal supply of food. They were not considered out of danger until the eighth or tenth day. It was not necessary to give any other purgative, and gradually the discharges from the bowels became of a proper consistency.

Xo. 3. Most of these had dianhea. Some had a cough, and whenever a fit of coughing came on there would be a profuse discharge from the bowels, thin anclof a yellow color. Occasionally there would be vomiting also, shov.ing the gieat irritability of the pneumo-gastric nerves. quot;Worms wonkl also, at times, be ejected from the stomach or bowels. To these were ixliiiini.stcred from one and a half to two fluid ounces of raw linseed-oil, according to the age of the animal. After the action of the oil the discharges were not so frequent, and the animals seemed more lively. Twenty drops of carbolic acid were then administered to the older, and fifteen to the younger hogs every four hours.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 183

The action of this remedy not meeting my expectations, I had recourse on the third day to the tincture chloride of iron, as in the cases of Xos. 1 and 2. Fifteen drops were given to the older and twelve drops to the younger every four hours with marked improvement. The food given was the same in all cases. Convalescence in this class was slower than in Xos. 1 and 2, it heginuing a day or two later, and the recovery was more protracted, with the prospect, in some cases, tbat a month or longer must elapse before they would he of any value.

No. 4.�The dead-pen.�In this pen were live hogs of different ages, ranging from five months to a year old. They were selected for this pen, as there was but little hope of saving them. Two were sick after the first mode of attack, and three after the second mode. Linseed-oil was administered in corn-meal and water. They had to be urged and brought up to drink. One utterly refused, and was too far gone to under�go treatment. He died in a few hours in convulsions, as in the first mode. The morning after two more were found dead, and the next day another died. These latter were after the second mode. One after the first mode recovered. The tincture chloride of iron was administered to these also. As they began to improve, which was in from six to ten days from be�ginning of treatment, they were fed more liberally according to their condition. The pens were kept clean, the man ore being removed at once. Chloride of lime was used as a disinfectant.

The loss was four out of forty-five hogs. Together with the foregoing treatment, the following was administered every four hours, between the doses of iron: Powdered alum, ^iss; sulphur sub., ^iij; powdered saltpeter_? fissj flaxseed-meal, ^ix. These were mixed, and two pounds of the mixture was added to eveiy barrel of mash in which it was given.

The second herd treated numbered originally 123 bead; several had died, reducing it to 114. The breed was Berkshire crossed with Poland-China. They had been bred very close. This was a bad lot to treat, as they had been dosed with quot;condition powders,quot; quot;concentrated lye,quot; and several other articles. They had been fed on com exclusively. Their range was located on a hill-side, and a stream of water passed through it. It was covered to a considerable depth with old and recent manure, exposed to the sim, and without shelter for the hogs. The stream was thick with mud and manure, where the hogs could wallow at pleasure and bask in the sun all day. There were other ranges above and below; the number I have no idea of, but presume that every farm located near this stream had its range on it, as it was common so to do for convenience. No other hogs had been brought there, and none taken away and returned.

The herd was moved to new ground in the shade, and graded accord�ing to size and condition. They were divided into five classes.

First class.�This consisted of eighteen hogs, the ages ranging from one to three years. They were suffering with symptoms belonging to the first mode of attack; had no cough. The bowels of some had been moved by remedies, others not. Could partake of some food, but not heartily. They were treated together.

Second class.�This consisted of twenty-one hogs, ranging from one to two years, and were suffering from an attack after the second mode. They had cough and diarrhea.

Third class.�This consisted of thirty-nine hogs, ranging from five months to one year old, suffering from an attack after the first mode.

Fourth class.�This consisted of twenty-six hogs, ranging from five months to one year old, suffering from an attack after the second mode.

Fifth class;�dead-pen.�This consisted of ten hogs of different ages.

184nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Three were after the first mode and seven after the second mode of at�tack.

Believing that the theory of hlood-poisoning was correct, I did not see any reason for a change of treatment from that followed in the case of the first herd. Those suffering from the disease by the first mode of at�tack were first given salt and water and afterward the iron, as in the case of the first herd. Those suffering from an attack in the second mode received a dose of linseed-oil, and afterward the iron and powder as de�tailed in the case of the first herd. Many had to he urged and forced to drink. Some refused altogether to partake of anything. I sum up the deaths hy class:

Of class 1................................................................... None.

Of class 2...................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2

Of class 3...................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3

Of class 4____................................................._______.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;rgt;

Of class 5...................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; S

Total number of deaths___............................................ 18

Nine had died before treatment, making twenty-seven in all.

Post-mortem examinations.�In nxaMagpost-mortem examinations, I was afforded opportunities in Nebraska (besides those under my own obser�vation), by Mr. A. J. Eainey, a veterinary surgeon, who had a large numher of animals under treatment. Also, by a Mr. Dudly, an enter�prising farmer residing in the neighborhood of Syracuse, who gave me permission to examine his herd, in any manner I saw fit, in furtherance of my object.

In my description of appearances after death, I shall confine myself to one or two dying under each mode of attack.

Hog six months old.�TJie hlood.�This had the appearance of water colored yellow. Fibrin broken up, and a want of hematin. Excess of serum and salt. Poured upon the ground it was absorbed, leaving scarcely a perceptible stain.

The hrain.�Effusion of serum in cavity of skull, and softening of the brain. Effusion in the membrane of the eye.

The lungs.�Effusion of serum in pletual cavity. Ease of lungs some�what congested, apparently of a passive characterquot;.

The 7imrf.�Normal condition, but pale.

The stomach.�Normal condition, the spleen enlarged.

The live}:�There was but little bile in the gall-bladder; the organ was darker in color, with petechial spots. Kidneys pale. No ulceration of intestines. This hog died from the first mode of attack.

Hog six months old.�This hog had recovered from an attack in the first mode. Was left blind, and had an ulcer on one of his feet. He was killed. Was apparently free of disease; the blood was of the proper consistency and color, and coagulated. Blindness was the effect of the disease.

Examination of those dying from sceond mode of attack.�Hog six months old.�This hog was very thin, nearly all the fat having been absorbed. Could detect no disease of the brain. In this case there was the usual diarrhea, cough, amp;c., belonging to this class. Heart normal in structure, but pale. No effusion in pleural cavity.

Lungs.�These presented the appearance mentioned by writers on this disease as gray hepatization.

Stomaeh.�This presented evidences of disease. Two ulcerated patches were found, nearly healed, circular in form, and eight or ten inches in diameter. The dead mucous membrane was still adherent, but waa easily removed.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

185

The liver was discolored; dark patches were diffused over its surface. One large worm {Ancaris lumbrieoidea) was found in the duodenum. There was a large ulcer, about an inch in diameter, in the ascending colon, plainly seen on the external surface of the intestine. Its edges were very hard, and the inflammation extended some distance beyond. There were other ulcerations in different parts of the intestines, but less extensive.

The spleen was of natural size, but darker in color.

The kidneys presented a grayish appearance, very pale, and having an appearance as though there had been a deposit of black pigment in their substance. They were easily broken up, the internal portion or belly showing evidences of suppuration.

The bladder.�This organ was intensely inflamed, so much so as to. diminish its capacity to one fluid ounce. All the organs in the course of the alimentary canal had more or less petechial spots on them.

JT0.7 �ve months old.�Killed him. He was very much emaciated. Was apparently recovering from the disease, but very slow and doubt�ful. Found three large worms in the stomach and one in the duodenum. The one in the duodenum had his head inserted in the gall duct up to the gall bladder. There was some chronic inflammation at the upper portion of the duodenum where the worm had fixed himself. The stom�ach of the hog was full of grass. It seemed that this hog woi�d have to die of inanition, the presence of the parasite interfering with the flow of bile into the alimentary canal.

Geology of the district of country where these examinations were made: The soil is of what is termed the quot; Loess deposits,quot; and by analy�sis by Samuel Aughey, Ph. D., contains�

lusolnble (siliceous matter)......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;81.28

Ferric oxide.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3.86

Alumnia........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.75

Lime, carbonate.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6.07

Soda ..........

Organic matter..

Moisture........

Loss in analysis

.15 1.07 1.09

.59

100.00

Lime, phosphate................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;:{.58

Magnesia, carbonate.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1.S9

Potassa.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.27

Parasites.�Of the entozoa that infest the hog I have seen but three kinds. Two of those are familiar to most persons, and are found in man. The third is a smaller parasite, and is often found in the stomach of the hog, and which is said at times to destroy the pyloric orifice of the stomach. I have seen but one of this species; it was white, and from eight hues to an inch in length.

I append a statement by some farmers in Kansas, who are successful hog-raisers, as to their treatment of hogs. Mr. Jacob Allen, of Neosho county, says: quot;Last year my hogs had the fever, or 'hog-cholera.' They would eat dirt; dirt was found in lumps in their stomachs; but few worms, and those in intestines and kidneys. Ko trichina under microscope. Were constipated. I lost some; cured the others by the use of senna and jalap.quot;

Eev. John Schoemakers, of Osage Mission: quot; Has been a resident here for thirty years, and states that he is of opinion that the disease comes of want of proper management, forcing them with com, and want, of a variety of food.quot; He states that they have a large number of hogs on the Mission farm, but that they lose none by cholera. They are let run in a large field that has been under cultivation. Does not confine them to pens.

Mr. David Bloomer, of Neosho county, feeds his older hogs com in the winter and spring. Sows oats for them in two separate fields, and at different times. When the oats are four inches high he turns them

186nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANUtALS.

into the field first so-vred, and afterwards into the second field, so as to keep them until com is quot; ont of the railk,quot; when lie cuts and feeds them corn. Feeds his pigs on oats and shorts dimng the quot;winter. Lets the sows wean the pigs. Breeds his sows twice a year j first litter to come about the 20th of Febrnary, next litter the 20th September. After the green oats are gone he turns them Into a pasture of 120 acres. They have access to clear running water and to shade in summer. Has cover lor pigs in winter, but none for old hogs. Does not quot; shuckquot; his corn, and keeps it always under cover. Breed, pure Berkshire, not bred close. Loses no hogs by cholera.

In conclusion I have to state that of other diseases afiecting animals in the States of Kansas and Nebraska, there were an unusufjdy small number, and only of those familiar to nearly every one.

In giving a name to the disease known as quot; hog-cholera,quot; I have no hesitation in saying that the disease in the latter stages has all the characteristics of gastro-enteric fever in man. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

O. M. HIKES, M. D.

Osage Mission, Kans., October 29,1878.

PBEYALENCE OF DISEASES AMONG DOMESTICATED ANI�MALS.

By a perusal of the subjoined correspondence of the department, it will be seen that there has been no abatement of diseases among domesti�cated animals during the current year. Those incident to swine seem to have been quite as prevalent and almost as fatal and destructive to the animals attacked as they were during the year 1877. The per cent, of deaths for the last-named year was given at 58.94, while this year it is given at 52.75. Now that the disease which has been so destructive to this class of farm animals has been shown by recent investigations to be highly infectious and contagions, proper care and vigilance on the part of farmers and stock-growers wUl lessen the spread of the plague, and confine it to such limits as to greatly reduce the heavy annual losses of the past few years.

Many diseases of a malignant and contagious character have pre�vailed among other classes of farm animals the past year, which will receive the attention of the department during the coming season.

Bthh Ciimiiji.�Tho, losses from cliolera among liofts are annually very heavy. At least 40 per cent, of all the hogs in the county suffer from this disease, and 75 per cent, of those attacked die. Cholera is also prevalent among fo-wls, and large ntunbeis of them (lie.

Clarle.�A few horses annually die in this county of farcy, a fatal contagions disease, and a few from want of care and proper attention, the latter mostly owned by negroes. There seems to ho no disease among stock-cattle. Both hogs and chickens die of cholera.

Ciillman.�There is some murrain among cattle, and considerable cholera among the hogs and chickens in this county. There is but little stock raised in the county.

Jiscam hilaquo;.�The only class of farm stock affected by contagions diseases in this county i.^ thai of swine. These diseases have been a great drawback to hog-raising.

Jefferson.�Horses suffer severely from distemper. Cattle are occasionally affected wi(li black tongue and murrain, but at this time are unusually healthy. Hogs are seriously affected with cholera, quinsy, and other unknown diseases. The losses have been very heavy this season. Cholera and roupe prevail among fowls.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;187

Lanilenlalc.�Wp have had no infectious or contagions laquo;lisenKes among horses or cattle in this county. They suffer terribly, however, laquo;luring the winter for lack of food and proper attention. At least five hundred horses and mules, and a greater number of cattle, arc annually lost from this cause. Ilog-cholera, prevails hero every year, and the hisses are sometimes enormous. I estimate that between 7,000 and 8,000 head have been lost during the past year. The condition of farm stock generally is low� worse than at any time since the war.

Madison.�No infectious or contagions diseases prevail among farm animals in this county. Hogs frequently die of so-called cholera. Fowls arc a Iflicted with the same malady. The general condition of farm animals as compared with previous years is good.

Monroe.�A few hogs only have heen lost by disease in this county this year.

Saint Clah:�Stock in tliis county is in very good health and condition. I hear of no infectious or contagious diseases.

JValkey.�Horses are seriously affected and frequently die of epizootic distemper. A good many cattle are lost by murrain and black tongue, and many hogs die of cholera. Fowls die of cholera and a disease which affects their Ihroats. There are but few sheep raised in this county; but this industry is Oi\ the increase.

ARKANSAS.

Baxter County.�The graded calves of this county have this year suffered severly hy a disease called black-leg. The first symptom is a lameness, and they usually die within from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. No remedy has been found. About one-fifth of the calves have heen attacked, and nine-tenths of those attacked have died.

Boone.�The only diseases of any moment that have prevailed among farm animals the past year are those incident to swine. The losses have not been very heavy.

Braclley.�Horses, cattle, and sheep are free from disease. About 10 per cent, of all the hogs in the county have died during the past year from eating cotton-seeds and lying in the dust. Cotton is the only product that is raised here for the market.

Fulton.�Hogs in a few localities of this county have been fatally affected with cholera.

Grant.�Chicken-cholera is prevailing here to an alarming extent. The hog-cholera has somewhat ahated. There are no diseases existing among horses, sheep, or cattle, of a serious nature.

Marion.�Horses and sheep are very healthy, and cattle moderately so. Many of the latter have died this season of black-leg. Many fowls are annually lost by a dis�ease commonly known as cholera. A great many hogs have been lost this season in this county by an unknown disease. It is not cholera, but more resembles yellow fever in man.

Monroe.�Cholera among hogs and fowls prevails here every year, and usually proves very fatal. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy this year.

Montgomery.�Horses, cattle, and sheep are proverbially healthy, at least the excep�tion is so small that it is not worthy of note. Until this summer hogs have been healthy, but cholera is prevailing extensively among them at this time.

Perry.�The health and condition of farm animals is generally good. Diseases among hogs continue to prevail at irregular intervals.

Pope.�Occasioualy a horse dies here from bots and blind staggers, and sometimes from bad treatment. Fine cattle bronght here from other States frequently die of murrain. Hogs suffer terribly from what is called cholera. In some localities it kills almost every animal. Fowls also suffer from cholera. Sheep die of rot and had man�agement.

Scvier.�AH classes of farm stock arc healthy save that of swine, and a good many of these animals are dying in the northern part of the county of cholera.

Saint Francis.�A new disease has appeared in this neighborhood among cattle; it first appeared among sneking calves, but has lately carried off several grown cattle. The symptoms arc a trembling appearance and gradual prostration, which ends in death in from three to seven days.

Stone.�All classes of form animals have been unusually healthy during the past year in this county.

White.�At least one-third of 1 he hogs in this county have been afflicted with disease during the past year, and of this number eighty-five per cent, have died.

CALIFOKXIA.

Calaveras County.�We have never had any infections or contagious diseases among any class of farm animals. Every year we lose a greater or less number of animals by starvation. Last winter probably ten per cent, of all the cattle and sheep in this county died from this cause alone. In 1862 fully three-fourths of all the cattle died for the want of feed.

188nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASElaquo; OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Contra Costa.�Hogs liero aro subject to cholera and pneumonia. These diseases are brought on by lack of proper care and attention.

Lassen.�There are no infectious or contagious diseases prevalent among domesti�cated animals in this county.

San Bernardino.�This portion of California has always been remarkably healthy for all classes of farm animals. No contagious disease has ever prevailed here except scab among sheep, and this disease never destroys the animals.

San Diego.�The only disease existing among cattle is murrain; this disease is very fatal, especially in dry seasons. Hog-cholera is not known here. A good many sheep are killed by eating poison-weed after our spring grasses aro dried up. We lose a good many fowls from a tUsease known as swelled head.

Shasta.�Horses in this district are annually afflicted with an epizootic distemper; if properly cared for but few of them die. Cattle and liogs are healthy. Sheep are affected with scab, but when washed and properly treated but few are lost. Our State is turning some attention to the Angora goat. I think the raising of these animals will eventually make the best business of the State. California contains avast extent of country adapted to the roving of this animal which is fit for nothing else. It sub�sists entirely on brush, and seldom, if ever, grazes.

Tuclumne.�Farm animals of all kinds are in a healthy condition. The weather i.i mild, and feed is starting.

Yiiba.�A kind of epizootic disease is seriously affecting horses in this county. Dis�eases among cattle are generally caused by want of proper care in winter. Cholera prevails among hogs and fowls. Sheep become diseased for want of proper care, and keeping too many together.

COLORADO.

Bent Count;/.�Neither horses nor cattle are affected with infectious or contagions diseases hero. Cattle-raisers estimate their annual losses at about 5 per cent. A few sheep are lost by a disease known as scab. Stock is in extraordinary good condition at this writing.

fiunnison.�This is a new county, and there are not over one thousand horses in it. About half of these have suffered this year with epizootic distemper, but none have died. There are no hogs or sheep in this county. There are a few fowls, but they are entirely free from disease.

San Juan.�There are no domestic animals raised in this county, and none are win�tered here. During the early summer there are quite a number of animals poisoned by eating a w^eed which the Mexicans call quot;Loco.quot; The botanic name of this weed is unknown to the writer.

DAKOTA TERRITORY.

Sriile Comity,�There is but little stock in this county. No disease of a serious character prevails.

Lake.�A few horses have died of distemper this year, and a few calves and cattle have been lost by the disease known as black-leg. Fowls are affected with rough, scabby legs, and perhaps 10 per cent, of them die from this disease very suddenly and while in good condition.

1'emlima.�This is a very new county, and contains but a few farmers and little stock. What little we have is healthy, and free from all infectious or contagious diseases.

Traill.�A contagious but not very fatal distemper exists among horses in this county. The symptoms are a discharge from the nostrils, and swelling of the throat to such an extent as to prevent even the swallowing of water for three or four days at a time. Pants when driven severely, and his tongue hangs out of his mouth.

DELAWARE.

New Casitlc County.�Chicken cholera prevails this season. The best preventive is a tea made Af smartweed, and placed easy of access to the fowls. Condition of farm animals, quot; good and improving.quot; Wo believe the best stock and the best care will insure most satisfactory and profitable results.

Calhoim Count)/.�Cattle are generally affected with black tongue, hollow horn, and innrrain. Horses suffer to a considerable extent with staggers and scurvy; and many hogs arc annually lost by cholera and staggers.

Columbia.�Native horses aro generally much more healthy than those brought in from Northern States. Cattle have been generally healthy, except in a few localities, and in these the losses have been quite heavy. About one-third of the hogs in the county have died from cholera, and the thumps; the greatest fatality ever known has occurred among fowls this year.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;189

Dwial.�There is no disease of any kind existing among farm animals here, except a disease known us salt sickness, which afiects cattle only. Diseases affecting fowls are attributable to lice, and are contagious because they are infected by contact. They receive no care. The breed is wild; they are rarely fed, and the only wonder is that they do not all die.

Lafayette.�There are but few horses in this county, perhaps not over fifty head, and but little attention is paid to raising or caring for them. There are about 3,000 cattlo in the county. They depend entirely on wood range for subsistence, and are generally in bad condition. Hogs subsist on mast, and do very well. No sheep are raised here. During the summer fowls are afflicted with cholera.

Levy.�Staggers among horses is very fatal, especially among young animals. Epi�zootic distemper is the most fatal infectious disease among this class of animals. Cattle are affected with what is known as quot; saltsquot;; called this, perhaps, for want of a better name. Hogs are subject to cholera, sheep to black tongue, aud fowls to quot; sore-head.quot;

Madison.�Distemper and glanders are the only contagious diseases prevailing among horses in this county. Cholera has been very destructive among hogs. A few cases of thumps have been reported among the same class of animals. Many fowls have died of cholera and sore-head.

I'olk.�The losses of cattle in this county, from various causes, amount to about 5 per cent, of the whole number. But few horses are raised here, and sheep are just being introduced. Fowls do not do well; the climate seems to be too warm for them.

Saint John's.�No sort of attention is paid to the raising of hogs or sheep in this county. I have not learned of a single person having an improved breed of pigs. All depend on the quot;razor-backquot; or quot;land pike.quot; Dut little disease prevails among any class of stock.

Santa Horn.�Very few cattle die from disease hero, but a great many die from want of proper care in the winter, and food in the spring. Some few sheep die of rot or grub. Hogs are sometimes afflicted �with fatal diseases.

Sumter.�Pink root or foot disease is quite common among white hogs, but does not affect black ones. Salt-sick is a disease common among cattle. AV'e have no remedy, but some recover.

Suwannee.�Out of 60 head of horses recently brought hero from Texas, 30 died, with no apparent well marked symptoms of disease. No other horses were so afl'ected. Hogs are afflicted with so-called cholera, and chickens with what is here known as sore-head. The head of the fowl becomes very sore, and so much swollen that the tongue hangs out of the mouth, the eyes swell shut, and they soon die.

Vohma.�Horses and mulca are seldom attacked by any disease except blind stag gers and sand disease. About 60 per cent, of the first and 20 per cent, of the latter, attacked by these diseases, die. Cattlo are affected with salt-sick aud hollow-horn. The greater loss is from the former. Hogs aud chickeus are sometimes affected with cholera and other diseases.

Wakulla.�Horses, colts, and mules die of staggers, grubs, and colic; cattle of hol�low-horn and hollow-tail, aud hogs of thumps aud cholera. Chickens also die of cholera.

GEORGIA.

Cliarlton Comity.�During the past twelve mouths hogs have died in greater num�bers than was ever known before. We have no improved breeds, our hogs all being quot;land pikes.quot; Wo have no remedy for the diseases which cany them off in such numbers.

Coffee.�Horses in this county are seldom attacked by contagious diseases. A few are aficcted with epizootic distemper, and a good many die of staggers. Occasionally one dies with colic or sand disease. Cattle are only affected with diseases brought on by poverty in the winter season. Cholera among hogs is the most dreadful and fatal disease we have to contend with. Sheep are sometimes affected with staggers and sore-head, but rarely die except from old age or poverty.

De Kalb.�The value of horses lost by disease in this county during the past year will reach $5,000, aud that of hogs $8,000 or more. Immense numbers of chickeus have also died of cholera.

Faniiin.�Stock of all kinds have been remarkably free from infectious aud con�tagious diseases in this county. Stock here is raised only for domestic purposes.

I'omyth.�Horses are affected with bots and staggers, and a good many cattle die of distemper and murrain, aud hogs of cholera.

Hart.�The losses in this county from diseases amoug farm stock are generally very light.

Jones.�The only disease among cattle here is hollow-horn, aud that, as a general rule, is produced by neglect in bad weather. Hogs and fowls have suffered severely with cholera the past two seasons.

Laurens.�We have no infectious or contagious disease among horses, cattlo, or sheep. Disease prevails more or less among hogs every year. The general condition of farm stock is good.

190nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Lincoln.�Farm animals this year have generally been exempt from infectious and contagious diseases. In a lew localities chicken cholera prevails #9632;with more or less fatality.

Marion.�A fovr horses have died during the past year of epizootic and lung fever. Cattle and sheep are healthy. Cholera is quite prevalent and very fatal among hoth hogs and chickens.

Murray.�Ahout 5 per cent, of the hogs and sheep of this county are annually lost by disease. Perhaps 2 per cent, of the cattle are lost by murrain.

Pulaski.�We have no contagious diseases among horses except distemper, and that rarely kills. Cattle are healthy, but hogs are more or less subject to cholera every year. The only disease afi'eeting sheep is rot. Fowls havo more or less cholera every year, which is generally very fatal.

Jlandolph.�The most fatal disease among horses which has prevailed here during the past year is staggers. Cattle are subject to a good many maladies, some of which are quite fatal. Cholera and big-shoulder sweep off a great many hogs annually. In some localities almost all the fowls have been destroyed by cholera.

llockdalc.�No diseases of a very destructive character have visited our farm stock during the past year.

Schlei/.�There are no diseases of any character prevailing among farm stock in this county. This section is most prosperous to the farmer, as there is a full crop of all products and good health throughout to both man and beast.

Screvcn.�The most prevalent disease here, and the most distressing one to the farm�ers, is colic in mules. It is very fatal, and generally kills within from five to ten hours. At least �vo out of every seven of those attacked die. It seems to be caused by an accumulation of wind in the body, and not in the intestines. The body swells to the greatest dimensions, and the most excrutiating pains follow and continue until death.

Spaldiny.�The losses among farm stock in this county from the various diseases in�cident to the same will probably reach as high as sect;16,000 for the current year.

2'attnall.�Staggers is the most fatal disease among horses in this county, and black-tongue amonjj cattle, although more of each class die of poverty than from the effects of disease. Cholera is very fatal among hogs and fowls.

Towne.�There are no diseases prevailing among farm animals in this county except hots and distemper among horses and milk-sick among cattle; also, cholera among hogs.

Union.�Wo have no contagions disease among any class of farm stock, but a good many animals are lost every year from common and well-known diseases.

Waxhinyton.�Murrain amoug cattle and cholera among hogs and chickens are dis�eases that are proving very fatal here. Nearly all the animals and fowls attacked by these diseases die, as we havo no remedies. Young animals and those being fattened seem the most liable to attack. Parm animals in this county axe now in a better con�dition than ever before at this season of the year. One reason for this is that a large number of planters do their cotton-ginning by steam and water-power instead of with animals.

Wilcox.�A greater or smaller number of hogs die every year of a disease called chol�era. All other classes of farm stock are measurably healthy.

Wilkes.�Hogs die annually in some localities in this county of a disease called chol�era. Some years this disease is much more destructive than in others.

IDAHO TEKRITORY.

Bear Lake Connli/.�Horses arc occasionally subject to a distemper which is regarded as contagious. The symptoms arc heavy discharges from the nostrils.

Idaho.�This climate is very favorable to farm stock. All classes subsist ou the abundant bunth-grass of the range during the winter, and disease is rarely known among them.

LLXIXOIS.

Adams County.�A good many horses have died during the past year of distemper. As usual, the so-called hotc-cholcra has pxevailed extensively, and has earned off stock to the value of 05,000 or �30,000.

Carroll.�All farm aninials have been remarkably free from contagious diseases except hogs. Never before has there been so great a mortality among swine in this county. quot;With pigs and shoats the disease has been most fatal. No remedies seem to be of any benefit, and no sanitary condition is a safeguard against attack. They are affected in a great variety of ways and apparently by different diseases.

Clark.�A mild form of epizootic distemper prevails amoug horses in the southeastern part of the couiily, and there have been some deaths. Hog-eholera prevails in a veiy latal form in the eastern part of the county, and many hogs arc dying. Chickea-laquo;liolera is also very proyaleot and fatal.

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Clinton.�A good many horses are every year attacked by an epizootic distemper, and about 5 per cent, of those attacked die.

Crawford.�Hogs irequently die of a disease commonly known as cholera. A great many chickens are annually lost by a disease of like character.

De Kalb.�Diseases among swine have prevailed to a most fearful and dcstmotive extent among the hogs in this county during the past season. The losses are esti�mated at sect;50,000 and upwards.

Ford.�Hog-cholera is about the only disease of consequence that prevails in this locality. It is sometimes very fatal and destructive.

Crrundy.�At present hog-cholera is prevailing in one or two townships of this couuty, and many hogs are dying. A Mr. Ely has lost 160 out of a herd of 260 head, and the disease is still raging.

Hancock.�The value of hogs lost in this county during the past year will amount to over $35,000.

Hard'm.�Horses in this county are more free from disease at this time thau they have been for three years past. Distemper in a rather bad form is the vworst disease now atfecting this animal. Cattle are also unusually healthy. Hogs are less affected with cholera than for many years past. Poke-root slop is the best preventive we have yet found, in addition to the burning of the dead carcasses. A law should be passed for the fine and imprisonment of any person �who neglects this latter precaution.

Henderson.�The mortality among hogs for this year is greater than for any previous year. The losses npto this time will exceed $80,000. I feel confident that injudicious feeding, in connection with insufficient shelter, are the predisposing causes of disease among swine.

Iroquois.�During the past few months the number of hogs lost in this couuty by disease has blaquo;en immense. Several breeders of fine Berkshires have lost their entire herds.

Jackson.�Hog-cholera is the only disease that has seriously affected any class of farm animals in this county.

Johnson.�Hog-cholera has prevailed to a limited extent this season, therefore the losses have not been very heavy.

Kaiikakee.�A large number of hogs have died of disease during the present year. Perhaps the aggregate of these losses would amount to $15,000 in this county. About 1 per cent, of all the fowls die every year from diseases incident to them.

Kendall.�Hogs have been seriously affected with cholera. Other classes of farm stock have had the usual affections.

Knox.�With the exception of swine all other classes of farm animals have remained in good health during the past season. The mortality among hogs has been very great.

Lee.�Domesticated animals in this couuty have been remarkably healthy for the last year with the exception of hogs, which have died in great numbers. My own opinion is that the predisposing cause has been too close in-breeding, and a consequent weakening of the constitution and loss of vitality.

Livingston.�No infectious or contagious disease prevails among horses, cattle, or sheep. Diseases incident to swine and poultry are quite prevalent and fatal. I pre�sume the diseases affecting swine are similar to those existing elsewhere.

McDoitough.�The loss among hogs in this county during the past year has been very heavy�perhaps sect;100,000 would not cover it. Other classes of farm stock have remained in their usual health.

McHcnri/.�Hogs in this county are seriously afflicted with infectious or contagious diseases. Some 2,500 have died from the plague. About nine-tenths of those attacked die, and the aggregate losses thus far will reach $15,000. Other classes of farm stock are healthy, and their general condition above an average.

Macoupin.�Hogs and fowls are annually affected with cholera, and great numbers of each die of this disease.

Madison.�No infectious or contagious diseases have recently prevailed among horses and cattle in this county. Among hogs the cholera is quite prevalent and very fatal, reducing the number at a rapid rate. A great many fowls die from the so-called chicken-cholera and from gapes.

Monroe.�We have had a great deal of hog-cholera in this county. I think the disease is mostly caused by malaria, the result of filthy keeping and careless feeding. AVe also have chicken-cholera, for which we have no remedy.

Or/lc.�Hog-cholera, or disease among swine, still prevails to a limited extent in sonic localities in this county, but is not so severe or so fatal as last year.

1'iatt.�There is no infectious or contagious disease prevailing among any class of form aiiiuuiLs except among swine. Recently a malarial fever broke out among some imported stallions in our county, owned by Mr. Harvey E. Benson, and tiny all died. There were eight or ten of them in number.

1'ikt:�Hogs are generally seriously aflected hero with cholera at two periods of their existence, viz., in July, before they are old enough to wean, or between milk and

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grass, aud again just before tbey are old enough or larglaquo; euouglraquo; to fatten. Some die at all stages aud every season of the year from the effects of this haueful and destruc�tive disease.

Pope.�The only disease of any moment prevalent among farm stock iu this county is cholera among hogs and chickens. The annual losses among both classes are very heavy.

I'ulatsld.�But few farm animals are raised in this county, and the losses from disease have been light during the past year.

Itaudolph.�What is known here as hog-cholera has prevailed in several parts of the county, but has generally been most destructive where large numbers were herded together. Cases are reported of several droves, numbering one hundred or more, where but ten or fifteen head, in all, recovered.

Samgamon.�Horses, cattle, and sheep have been healthy during the past year. There has been the usual loss among hogs aud fowls, but the aggregate cannot be given in the absence of reliable data.

Sclmyler.�Hogs are the only farm animals that have been affected with infectious or contagious diseases in this eonnty during the past season. Great numbers of turkeys and chickens have also died of cholera, but I can give no idea as to numbers that have been lost.

Shelby.�During the past year hogs have died in great numbers iu this county of cholera and lung diseases. The aggregate loss will amount to over $60,000. A few horses have died of distemper, and a good many cattle of dry murrain.

Stark.�The hog-cholera has been very severe on some farms this fall, a good many farmers having lost nearly all their stock hogs and some of their fattening stock.

Stephmson.�The losses of swine in this county have been fearful. The class now dying are mostly shoats�last spring's pigs�and they are dying so rapidly in some localities that it is impossible for the farmers to hunt them up and bury or burn them, consequently the air is tainted with their carcasses.

Tazewell.�Immense numbers of hogs have died in this county during the past year of the various diseases which �afflict them. No cure has been discovered for these maladies.

Wdbmli.�Cholera among swine seems to be the only disease affecting any class of our farm animals. About one-half of all the hogs iu the county annually die of this disease.

Washington.�The usual diseases have prevailed among farm auimals in this county during the past year, and the losses among all classes will reach $8,000 or $10,000 in value.

INDIANA.

Adams County.�The only class of farm animals affected by disease in our county is the hog. The disease seems to be epidemic and contagious, and has occasioned heavy losses among hog-raisers.

Brown.�The only disease of any consequence that has prevailed among farm ani�mals in this county during the past year is cholera among swine.

Carroll.�Cholera has been very destructive among swine during the present year. The losses in this county will amount to $38,000 or $40,000. The symptoms are various and seem to defy anything like successful treatment.

Clay.�I doubt if this county at any time during the past eighteen years has been clear of the hog-cholera. In most herds it has been very fatal.

Clinton.�The losses iu this county during the present year from diseases among swine will amotmt to over $20,000.

Crawford.�The general condition of farm animals in this county at this time will compare favorably with previous years, and is fully up to an average, if not above.

Dearborn.�There has been but very little hog-cholera iu this county during the present year.

Deealur.�All classes of farm animals iu this county arc healthy except that of hogs. These animals are affected with the usual maladies, aud the losses have been very heavy during the last year.

Greene.�With the exception of hogs aud foivls all classes of farm stock have been measurably healthy during the past season. Perhaps five thousand hogfi have been lost during the year by the usual diseases.

Hancock.�The value of the hogs lost in this county during this past year from the various diseases affecting them will amount to over $60,000.

Sendrieks.�Our horses, cattle, and sheep are comparatively exempt from disease, but hogs aud poultry are seriously affected. The losses among hogs particularly are very heavy.

Jay.�The only farm animals affected with disease iu this county are hogs, and they die by the thousands. The disease affecting them is known as hog-cholera. About one-half of those attacked die. I think the disease is contagions.

Kowiusko.�Nearly 50 per cent, of the hogs in this county have died this season.

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Some fanners have lost as high as 80 per cent. Some die of a disease resembling lung fever, some of cholera, while others are literally eaten up -with worms. The flesh of the hogs fairly swarms with these worms.

Marion.�Hog-cholera is the only disease of any consequence prevailing in this county. The losses have been heavy.

Miami.�The losses to the farmers of this county from diseases among swine will amount to over $20,000 for the present year. Cholera has been very destructive among fowls.

Ohio.�But few losses have teen sustained daring the past year from diseases among horses and cattle. Cholera prevails among hogs, and is frequently very fatal. Tlibse fed on soap-suds and kept out of the dust seem to be exempt from disease. Plenty of lime, sand, and pure water will prevent cholera among fowls.

Shelby.�Horses, cattle, and sheep in this county are measurably clear of disease. Hogs and fowls, however, are reported as largely afflicted with cholera, from which many of them die. No remedy seems to prove effectual.

Starh.�The disease among hogs in this county is commonly known as cholera, although the symptoms are varied. The disease has not been very destructive this season.

Switzerland.�Some distemper exists among horses, but the losses have been compara�tively small. Cattle are healthy and tree from all contagious diseases. Hog cholera is prevalent, but not sufficiently general to discourage hog-raising. The losses from this disease will perhaps amount to one per cent. Thete is some chicken-cholera prevalent, but not sufficient to impede the business.

Tippecanoe.�For this and for several years past it would be safe to say that 50 per cent, of all the swine pigged in this county have died of what is usually termed hog-cholera. This year nearly all the farmers in this region have been afraid to feed then hogs, and have shipped them as soon as shippers could handle them at the summer packing-houses. The fine heavy hogs that the Wabash Valley used to produce are things of the past. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy.

Jipton.�Hog-cholera has prevailed to an alarming extent during the past year and has been very destructive. The disease is of varied symptoms. Some die very sud�denly, while others linger for a few days or weeks.

INDIAN TEMIITORY.

Cherokee Jfation.�It will be several years, under the most favorable circumstances, before our people can hope to be as abundantly supplied with farm stock as they were before the late war; but it is encouraging to know that our people, by their vigilance and industry, have increased the number of their cattle, horses, hogs, amp;c., and now have not only sufficient for home supply but a small surplus to ship each year to dis�tant markets. Among cattle the most serious and fatal disease we have to contend with is murrain. Hogs are afflicted with various diseases which are classed under the general name of cholera. The principal disease among horses is distemper, though they are occasionally afflicted with blindness and big-head.

IOWA.

Adair County.�Diseases are prevailing among horses and swine in this county. The losses in hogs have been heavy.

Buchanan.�The only epidemic that has prevailed among any class of farm animals during the past year has prevailed among hogs. The mortality among this class of animals has been very heavy.

Crawford.�Hogs in this county have heen largely affected by cholera, and but few attacked by the disease recover. The greatest destruction has occurred among pigs. The losses are estimated at $40,000 for the year.

Des Maines.�A few horses and sheep and a great many hogs have been lost in this county during the past season by disease.

Envmett.�A few colts have died here with a disease known as distemper. No dis�ease among other classes of farm animals.

layette.�Perhaps $3,000 would cover all the losses of farm animals in this county for the past year from purely contagious diseases, but the losses from all other causes would no doubt swell the aggregate loss to twice or three times this amount.

Franklin.�Hogs have remained healthy until within a few weeks past. Recently a number of fat hogs and shoats have been lost in this locality.

Guthrie.�Distemper is the most common disease among horses, and black-leg among cattle. The latter is more prevalent and fatal among calves than among grown cat�tle. Cholera and quinsy prevail among hogs, and these diseases are quite destructive. Chickens have cholera, and I never knev one attacked by the disease to get well. Sheep are healthy.

13 SW

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Morrison,�Hogs are annually attacked mth a disease kno-wn here as cliolera, and a great many of them die. The past year has proven as disastrous as former seasons.

Mmiboldt.�This county has been remtrkahly tree from all infectious and conta�gious diseases among farm animals. There has been some cholera and roup among chickens. The largest loss of hogs that I have heard of was five out of a herd of over one hundred head.

Ma.�Hogs are dying in this locality this year of inflammation of the lungs. About one-half the herds afiected die. The animals die in about one -week after the first Symptoms are noticed. Those that recover from the disease do not amount to much. This is the first year that hogs have died of any disease in this county.

loim.�Among horses the only contagious disease prevailing seems to be a very serious distemper. It affects young horses to a greater extent than old animals. Quinsy and cholera have prevailed among hogs this year, but to a less extent than usual. The losses will amount to 818,000 or 120,000.

Jackson.�Cattle have been remarkably healthy, and so have hogs until within three or four months past. From information recently received I am inclined to behove that the losses will bo heavy�heavier, perhaps, than ever before.

Jefferson.�Horses and cattle are healthy in this locality. Hog-cholera prevails in some sections of the county, but not in as malignant a form as usual. Still the losses have been quite heavy. Fatal diseases prevail among fowls, for which we have no remedy. The general condition of farm stock is above the average.

Johnson.�No disease has prevailed this year among either horses, cattle, or sheep in this county. The losses, therefore, are merely nominal. The loss of hogs is not so great as last year. The largest number of those that have died were young hogs, and therefore were of less market value. The disease, in all cases, was supposed to be cholera.

Lyon.�Until the past summer all classes of domestic animals have been extremely healthy in this couuty. During the past summer some herds on the Little Eock were affected with a disease claimed to be black-leg, which I doubt, but of which quite a number died. I notice that all animals well cared for through last winter have es�caped. We have never had a case of hog-cholera iu the county. I hear of no diseases among fowls.

Jfarioraquo;!.�Hogs and sheep are less affected by disease thau usual at this season of the year. No infectious or contagions disease exists among horses and cattle. Some seasons a great many fowls die of disease.

Marshall.�Hogs have sufiered to a greater extent from disease the past season than ever before. The losses have been heaviest among pigs and shoats. The losses are estimated at from sect;85,000 to $90,000.

Monona.�Lung fever has caused some heavy losses among horses iu this county during the past year. There have been some losses among cattle from black-leg and other diseases. Hog-cholera prevails, and the losses, as usual, have been very heavy. Almost all those attacked die. The few that recover are worthless.

O'Brien.�Cholera or influenza kill a good many hogs iu this county every year, although the disease has never appeared as an epidemic.

Palo Alto.�The only contagious disease known among horses hero is glanders or nasal gleet. Our young cattle are sometimes attacked with black-leg. I have never known farm animals to'bo iu a more thrifty aud healthy condition than they are this year.

I'oweshkk.�Horses arc afflicted with an epizootic distemper, which has caused many deaths. The mortality among hogs, from a disease supposed to be some kind of fever, has bceu terrible. The losses the present year, in swine alone, will aggregate from $36,000 to sect;40,000.

Sioux.�This is a new county, aud but few farm animals are raised. The few we have are iu good health aud condition.

Story,�Hog-cholcra has prevailed exknsiveiy, and has been most virulent and de�structive during the past season. About one-half the hogs iu the county have been attacked, aud 99 per cent, of those attacked have died. The losses will amount to over sect;30,000.

Wbo�bury.�The assessors' returns showed 9,982 hogs in this county this year. Ten per cent, of these were attacked by a disease known as cholera, and about all those affected died. I believe the disease to be an afl'ection of the luugs. Horses are trou�bled to seme extent with lung diseases, but other classes of farm stock are healthy and in good condition.

Washington.�No diseases of eousequenco have recently prevailed among farm animals in Ibis county, itside from those incident to swine. Diseases among these animals seem to bo most destructive where corn is the only diet. The losses during the year will reach 840,000.

Wright.�During the last two years we have been greatly troubled with hog-cholera in this county. It is about the only disease of consequence among our farm animals

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that we have to contend against. It has been very destructive to s-wine. quot;Wo lose a few young cattle every year with a disease called �lack-leg.

KANSAS.

Allen CoitHty.�Cliolcra and congestion of the lungs carry off a good many hogs iu this county every year. Scab in sheep and cholera among fowls also prevail to some extent.

Brown.�Hog-cholera is the only disease that has prevailed to any considerable extent in this county during the present year. The losses have quot;been quite heavy.

Chantanqua.�A few horses, perhaps 200 head, have hcen lost in this county by an unknown fever. Grown cattle are affected with murrain and young ones with black�leg. Cholera and pneumonic fever are prevailing among hogs, and these diseases are proving quite fatal. A good many fowls are dying of a disease called cholera.

Clay.�Our stock is annually visited by one kind of disease and another, and some�times our losses are very heavy. This year our losses among all classes of animala will aggregate from $12,000 to $15,000.

Cloud.�The only disease of an infectious or contagious character is that prevailing among swine, and generally known as hog-cholera. It is not so prevalent this year as formerly. The condition of all kinds of farm animala is from 25 to GO per cent, better than in any previous years.

Crawford.�The prinf.ipal disease among horses is lung fever, brought on for want of shelter and proper attention. Cholera prevails very extensively among fowls.

Davis.�Cattle are occasionally fatally affected �with black-leg, and cholera prevails to a limited extent among hogs where many are kept together.

Elk.�Horses and cattle suffer from various diseases, and the losses will this year perhaps amount to $7,000 or $8,000. No epidemic has prevailed among hogs during the year, but a great many fowls have been lost by the usual disease.

Ford.�A disease called Texas fever prevails hero among cattle. It hardly ever proves fatal to cattle hrought from Texas, but when it attacks native cattle it is very severe, and generally fatal. A disease like cholera affects chickens, and seems to be contagious.

Franklin.�There are no diseases of any kind prevailing among farm stock in this county. Stock-raising of every kind is greatly on the increase hero.

Jackson.�The prevailing disease among cattle is black-leg, and that is confined principally to calves and yearlings. Hogs are afflicted with cholera, but the disease is not so X'revalont this season as usual. Chicken-cholera annually destroys a great many fowls. The condition of farm animais is fully an average.

Kingman.�Cattle are afHioted with wolf-tail and hollow-horn. Foui out of every ten horses that are brought here from the East die before they become acclimated. Hogs and sheep are healthy.

Labette.�Spanish fever has prevailed among some cattle infected by stock brought in from Texas and the Indian Nation. Cholera has also prevailed to a limited extent among hogs.

Leavenworth.�Horses are rarely sick, but when they are attacked by disease they usually die. Hogs are afflicted with various diseases, and they nearly all die that are taken sick, as nobody tries to doctor them. Fowls also die rapidly.

Lincoln.�AH classes of farm animals in this county have been, exceedingly healthy during the past year. Stock is in very good condition.

Miami.�The only disease reported among farm animals is that existing among swine. This disease was very destructive last year.

Mitclicll.�Muixaiu, black-leg, and lung-fever have prevailed to some extent among cattle during the past season, and cholera, quinsy, thumps, and lever among swine. A lamentable ignorance seems to prevail in regard to the nature and cause of disease among swine.

Ncmalta.�No disease of consequence has prevailed among our stock this season. There has been some hog disease, and a greater loss than usual from diseases among fowls. Iu some instances parties have lost all they had.

Seno.�A number of horses in this locality have been sick with blind-staggers and glanders, and some have had a mild form of the epizootic. The lirst two diseases prove quite fatal, one of my neighbors having lost live animals, another three, and so on. Cattle arc usually healthy. A few cases of black-leg, or something like it, have occurred. A disease is prevalent among hogs, which causes them to lose the use of their hind parts, and from which they die in about sis weeks. Sheep ate very healthy. Fowls arc frequently seriously affected in the fall with cholera.

KENTUCKY.

Brcathitt County.�A. good many hogs have been lost this year by cholera, and many eheep with foot-rot. Horses are suflering with distemper, and cattle are frequently attacked with marram.

196nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Bullitt.�Cholera prevails to a considerable extent among hogs in this county. It seems to be more fatal among pigs and shoats than among older hogs.

Calloway.�Distemper prevails among horses, cholera among hogs and fowls, and rot among sheep. Cattle are healthy.

Can-oil.�The disease tnown as hog-cholera is not so prevalent this year as usual. Many of our swine, however, have a delicate and unhealthy look, and do not improve fast even with the best treatment. This we regard as an evidence that the disease is hereditary.

Clay.�The so-called cholera among hogs has proved very disastrous to the fanners of this county during the past year.

Cumherland.�A few horses have died of distemper in this county. There are no in�fectious or contagious diseases prevalent among cattle. Hogs are afflicted with chol�era, and a great many have died.

Estill.�The only diseases of consequence prevailing among cattle are hollow-horn and murrain. Horses are afflicted with distemper, and occasionally die of some kind of lung-fever. Hogs are badly afflicted #9632;with cholera. I should say from 80 to 90 per cent, of those attacked with the disease die. A good many hogs also suffer from thumps, and about two-thirds of them die. Cholera also prevails among fowls.

Fleming.�Horses are afflicted with distemper and lung diseases, from which about one in twenty die. The most destructive disease we have to contend with is cholera among hogs. At least one-fifth of all the bogs in this county annually die from this disease. Two years ago I lost one hundred and seven bead, and this fall I have already lost sixty bead more.

Hart.�Hogs, in some portions of the county, are more or less affected every year with cholera, but the loss this season is small compared with other years. Horses and cattle are free from all contagious diseases. Chickens sufier from various diseases.

Kenton.�There is but little stock raised in this county, and the only disease that has caused material loss to farmers is that among hogs.

Knox.�Hogs in this county have been seriously afflicted with cholera and blind-staggers. Murrain has also prevailed extensively among cattle, and distemper among horses.

Lewis.�This is one of the largest poultry-raising districts in the State. The loss by disease runs into the thousands. The shipments from this post are about one thousand chickens per week.

Martin.�The most prevalent and destructive disease among any class of farm ani�mals is that of cholera among hogs. This disease is very fatal, and makes its appear�ance semi-annually. We have no remedy. Fowls also sufier with a disease generally known as cholera.

Ohio.�Hogs, as well as fowls, are still afflicted with cholera. The mortality among the former has been very large.

Oldham.�Distemper is the only disease afflicting cattle in this locality. Hog cholera prevails more or less all the time. Sheep are affected with various diseases, among others those of rot and scab. Fowls are suffering from cholera and roup. We have been unusually free from diseases of all kinds this year.

Pendleton.�Hog-cholera has not been so destructive this season as in previous years. The losses this year will, perhaps, not amount to over $16,000 or $18,000.

Rowan.�Hog's die in great numbers from cholera. There is no other infectious or contagions disease prevalent among the farm animals in this county. Fowls also die in great numbers from a disease generally called cholera.

liussell.�The disease commonly called bog-cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent in some portions of this county. The losses have been at least 75 per cent, of those attacked. Out of a herd of 75 head I lost 55. I hardly think the disease is contagious. So fearful has been the ravages of the disease that there will not be enough pork raised in the county to supply the home demand. Other classes of farm stock are in good health.

Shelby.�But few horses are raised in the county. The assessors report 9,588 head of cattle in the county. Owing to the ravages of bog-cholera there has been a falling off in the number of swine. Sheep husbandry is largely on the increase, and aggregates nearly double that of any previous year. At least 45,000 head have been placed on the farms of the county this fall for breeding purposes. No diseases of consequence, except hog-cholcra, are prevalent.

Warren.�The losses have been quite heavy from diseases among hogs. Other classes of farm stock are healthy.

Whitley.�Distemper is quite prevalent among horses, and occasionally we have a case of murrain among cattle. Hog-cholera frequently prevails, and is often very fatal.

LOTHSIAXA.

Bienville County.�Horses here are subject to bots, colic, distemper, and blind-stag�gers. Perhaps 50 per cent, of the losses are occasioned by bots. The most common

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diseasa among cattle is known as screw-worm or quot; wolfquot; (in the 'back), hollow-horn, and, occasionally, mnrrain. Hogs are subject to cholera and mange. The former is much the more fatal.

Clailornc.�Cholera among hogs is the most destructive disease now prevailing in this county. Domestic fowls are also dying rapidly from the effects of the same dis�ease. We have recently lost some fine cattle, hogs, and mules by hydrophobia. They were bitten by mad dogs.

De Soto.�Tho only destructive disease among farm animals that we have to contend with here is a disease among swine, which kills about one-half of those attacked.

Jackson.�Horses frequently die here of blind-staggers and bots, and cattle of hollow-horn or head disease. A good many hogs are annually lost by cholera and thumps, and sheep .with scab.

West Felidana.�Charbon, which has prevailed in a mild form among horses and mules, and distemper among sheep, are the only affections among any class of farm animals. A few deaths have occurred among horses and mules, and many sheep have died of distemper.

MAINS.

Fiscataquis County.�No infectious or contagious diseases prevail among farm stock in this county. About 10 per cent, of the fowls are annually carried off by disease. _

Waldo.�The only contagious disease we have to contend with here is an epizootic distemper among horses, and this is fatal in but few cases.

Tork.�The usual number of diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this county during the past year, and the losses will amount to from $10,000 to $12,000.

MARYLAND.

Alleghany County.-^-Hoga have vrhat we call cholera, and but few of those attacked recover. Fowls also have what we term cholera, and nearly all that are affected die.

Baltimore.�Lung fever has prevailed among cattle in the vicinity of Baltimore for the past twelve or fifteen years, and the losses have been considerable. Hog-cholera prevails in a few localities in the county, and a number of animals have died. The losses in fowls seem to be less than in former years.

Dorchester.�Hog-cholera prevails to a limited extent in this county.

Howard.�Some seasons the losses from hog-cholera are very heavy, and perhaps amount to as high as $5,000. The annual losses ftom chicken-cholera will amount to that sum.

MICHIGAN.

Alpena County.�As this is a lumbering county a large number of horses and cattle (oxen) are used, but very few of them are raised here. A few milch cows and a few stock bulls, however, have been raised in the county. No disease has prevailed since the epizootic in horses.

Cass.�Distemper has prevailed among horses, milch fever among cattle, and so-called cholera among swine and fowls.

C/iipjjeico.�-This is a new county and we have but little stock as yet, and it is en�tirely healthy. Grass is grand for dairy cattle. It is always green and nutritious. All animals that run at large in the summer are rolling fat in the fall.

Clinton.�Farm animals in this locality are free from all infectious or contagious diseases.

Delta.�This is comparatively a new county, and what little stock it contains is in a healthy and thriving condition.

Emmett.�A few horses have been affected with colds and a discharge from the nose, but none have died.

JSoughton.�Diseases among hogs have prevailed hero for three years. Some have died suddenly when in apparent health and in good condition. A number of cattle are affected with cancer or worm in the tail.

Huron.�Distemper prevails among horses, but the disease seldom proves fatal. All other farm animals are free from infectious and contagious diseases.

Ealanmzoo.�No disease has prevailed this year among farm animals except cholera among swine. This di�ease has prevailed to a limited extent this fall.

Kcni.�There have been no infectious or contagious diseases prevalent among farm animals during the past year.

Manistee.�The general condition of farm animals in this county is geod, and rather above the average.

Muskegon.�The proportion of farm animals that are attacked and die with infec�tions and contagious diseases in this county is very small. Of horses perhaps 1 per cent, are lost; of sheep, one-half of 1 per cent. I hear of no losses among cattle and hogs. Of fowls perhaps 5 per cent, die annually of disease.

Oakland.�One year ago the disease known as hog-cholera created a good deal of un-

198

DISEASES OF SWINB AND OTHER ANIMALS.

easiness, but the low price of pork has caused the quot; tMnninj; outquot; to siich an extent that we now hear but little complaint. The losses this year will perhaps amount to $9,000 or $10,000.

Otse;io.�Several hogs have been lost by the farmers in this county during the past year iroiu some disease thought to he contagious. All other classes of stock are healthy.

Presque Isle.�Horses, hogs, and fowls in this locality arc measurably healthy, but calves seem to bo allected with a contagious disease.

Saginaw.�About 1 per cent, of the cattle and hogs raised in this county annually die of disease. As a rule all our stock is housed in the winter and comfortably cared for.

Saint Clalr.�Several horses have died in this county during the present year of con�tagious diseases. Cholera prevails among swine in one locality, but has not ap�peared iu a very malignant form.

MESTNESOTA.

Beltrami County.�The only disease prevalent among any class of farm animals is distemper among horses. This is an Indian agency, and there are but few animals in the county.

FarihauJt.�A few cattle die annually in this county of a disease known as black�leg, and a few sheep with the scab. Other classes of farm stock are healthy.

Houston.�The only disease among our stock that we have had to contend with the past season has been Ihe so-called cholera among hogs.

Isanti.�Cattle in this county are frequently attacked with black murrain, and a dis�ease that causes a rising and running sore on the head. There is no remedy known for the latter disease, and when an animal is attacked by it, it is generally killed. Hogs are subject to cholera and a disease called staggers, both of which arc very fatal.

Lac-qui-parlc.�Black-leg is quite prevalent among cattle, but is principally con�fined to young animals. All die that are attacked with the disease. The general condition of farm animals is above the average.

Martin.�A few horses die annually in this county from epizootic, and perhaps 5 per cent, of the cattle from black-leg. Stock generally is in good health and condition.

Nicollei.�Glanders prevails among horses in this county, and is the only contagious disease with which these animals are afflicted. Quite a number of cattle died of black-leg during the past spring, and about one hundred more from the eliccts of eat�ing smutted corn.

Olmste�.�No diseases prevail among any classes of farm animals in this county that I am aware of. Iu some localities cholera exists among chickens.

Pope.�Epizootic has prevailed among horses, of late, with some fatal cases. Cattle have beeu suficring more or less with black-leg, which is fatal, with but few exceptions. Hogs and sheep have been healthy, so far as I can learn.

liice.�All classes of domesticated animals in this county arc in good health. I have not heard of the prevalence of any infections or contagious diseases during the year.

Jtoelc.�There has never been a marked case of any infectious or contagions disease among farm stock in this county. There yet lingers some traces of epizootic distemper in horses, but few, if any, deaths have occurred from that cause this year.

Saint Loni-t.�Our farm animals are remarkably free from all infectious or contagious diseases. The diseases peculiar to fowls arc roup, amp;e., much of which is clue to in�breeding.

Scott.�Recently there lias appeared among horses here an epidemic or endemic disease somewhal akin to the epizootic of some years ago. The first symptom is a maens discharge from the nose, culminating in ten or twelve days in an affection of the kidneys. After having reached this stage the disease generallyraquo;proves fatal. If taken in time the patient can be cured.

Stoift.�The only disease of a serious character that has visited any of the farm animals in 1 bis county, during the past year, is black-leg among cattle.

Yellow Medicine.�A few horses in this county have been alilicted with distemper, but none have died. No other contagions disease is prevalent, and all classes of farm stock are healthy.

MISSISSIPPI.

Ciilhou,! County.�In this county, horses and cattle are rarely if ever afl'ectcd with infectious and contagious diseases. Hogs are frefjuently afflicted with cholera, and the estimate given (.$7,000) is hardly high enough during a year of its general preva�lence. Slice]) are hardly ever alliietcd with any disease save rot. Fowls of every breed occasionally have cholera, and when it attacks a llock it generally kills them all.

Choctav:.�Cat tie sutler with charhon, hom-ail, and murrain, and hogs frequently die of cholera or swine-pox. Sometimes a farmer loses nearly all his hogs by these maladies.

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Covingion.�Owing to the extremely hot #9632;weather during the summer wo lost at least 20 per cent, of our farm horses by staggers. All ages were afiected alike. At this time all classes of farm animals are in fmo condition.

Franklin.�The number of hogs affected with diseases during the past summer was greater than usual, and at least 50 per cent, of those affected died. Other animals have remained healthy.

Holmes.�A good many colis dio in this county every year from distemper. Hogs die in great numbers of cholera, lung fever, and quinsy. Fowls are subject to cholera and roup, and frequently one-half of them are lost by these diseases.

Leahe.�From the most reliable information I am able to obtain, I am led to believe that about 8,000 hogs were lost in this county during the past season, a largo majority of which died of cholera.

Lee.�A very destructive disease prevails among fowls in this locality. It made its appearance here four or five years ago, and has continued with more or less virulence ever since. It frequently sweeps oil whole flocks. I myself have this year lost 300 game fowls. It is not cholera, but a disease more resembling paralysis. They are taken very suddenly, lose the use of their limbs, fall down and flutter until they (be, which is generally within from twelve to forty-eight hours. If they linger beyond that length of time they are apt to recover. The disease is singularly sudden and fatal, and causes a heavy loss to the people of this locality.

Lown�es.�Since the prevalence of the epizootic some years ago no contagious disease has prevailed among horses in this locality. Murrain is the most fatal disease wo have among cattle, and it annually proves very destructive. The losses among hogs from a disease called cholera are very heavy. Fowls also die oftener of cholera than of any other disease.

Marshall.�The usual diseases prevail among all classes of farm animals, and the aggregate losses this year will x'erhaps amount to from $8,000 to $10,000.

Noxubee.�All classes of farm animals, with the exception of hogs, have been free from disease this year. The losses among swino. have been very heavy, and will per�haps aggregate $10,000. Pastures were quite good throughout the summer, but very little cattle feed has been housed, and a spring report will no doubt tell a tale of star�vation, amp;o.

Prentiss.�A few cases of hog-cholera have been reported in the county, but the dis�ease has not been very destructive.

Ranhin.�Charbon and blind-staggers occasionally prevail among horses, and various fatal diseases among hogs.

Scott.�The only diseases of any consequence that have occurred among farm ani�mals in this county during the past year have been among swine. Between one and two thousand head have died.

Tippali.�Last year a number of hogs died here from a swelling of .the head. The head would swell until the skin would break, and the hog would bleed to death in a few hours. I cured a cow recently of murrain by giving her kerosene oil, lard oil, and epsom salts, in doses a few hours apart.

Tishomingo.�Diseases of a mild type have prevailed among all classes of farm ani�mals during the past year. The losses have been light.

Wilkinson.�Hogs in this county frequently suffer and die of pneumonia and con�gested liver, as do also fowls.

Tazoo.�A great many horses die annually in this county from a disease called big-head or big-jaw�an enlargement and softening of the bones. It is caused by feeding com exclusively. Hogs annually suffer severely with cholera.

MISSOURI.

Andrew County.�This year has been remarkably favorable to all kinds of farm stock. I have heard of no infectious or contagious diseases among any class except hogs.

Barton.�The losses among horses, cattle, and hogs from disease will probably amount to $10,000 or $12,000 for the present year. Diseases have not been so prevalent among farm animals during the past season as usual.

Benton.�All classes of farm animals, with the exception of hogs, have remained healthy during the past year.

Buchanan.�Horses, cattle, and sheep arc free from serious diseases, but cholera ex�ists among both hogs and fowls. With nay own hogs I noticed that all those that had diarrhea recovered. The most of those afflicted were costive and had high fever. Cattle are frequently attacked with hoven, caused by eating white clover.

Clay.�Heavy losses have been sustained by the farmers of this county during the past year in the loss of hogs, sheep, and fowls by various contagions and malignant diseases. Horses and cattle have remained healthy.

Franklin.�The so-called hog-cljolera has not been so prevalent and wide-spread in this county the past season as during previous years.

Henry.�No epidemic has prevailed among horses here for several years past. Texaa

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fever among cattle has prevailed to a limited extent, but only vrhen parties here violated quarantine laws regarding it. Hog-cliolera has prevailed extensively, and the estimated loss is put at lowest figures $20,000 annually.

Hickory.�Hog-cholera has prevailed to some extent in this county during the past year, but the losses have not been as heavy as usual.

Jasper.�Hogs and fowls are afflicted with cholera, and cattle with a disease gen�erally known as murrain.

Lawrence.�Black-leg prevails to a considerable extent, and is very fatal among calves and yearlings. There is also some murrain among older cattle. Cholera (so called) is quite prevalent among hogs, but the greatest fatahty seems to be among pigs and shoats. I do not think one hog out of a thousand, however, dies of cholera. The disease is more like lung fever or congestion of the lungs, and has been very destructive the past year, especially among young stock.

Lewis.�I have heard of no infectious or contagious diseases among domesticated animals in this county, except among bogs. The diseases which affect hogs are mani�fested by various symptoms. The annual losses are very heavy. We have no remedy, but generally separate the sick from the well hogs immediately on discovering that they are sick.

Marion.�The disease prevailing among swine and poultry in this locality is com�monly called cholera, and that among horses and sheep is designated as distemper.

Miller.�Hogs and fowls in this county are dying at a rapid rate of a disease com�monly known as cholera. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy.

Mississippi.�A few cases of blind-staggers among horses and murrain among cattle have occurred. Cholera prevails among swine, but it is impossible to give the amount of annual losses.

New Madrid.�The diseases most prevalent here among farm stock are cholera among hogs and fowls, distemper among horses and nmles, murrain and hollow-horn among cattle, and rot among sheep.

Nodaway.�A contagious distemper prevails among horses, but it is not of a very fatal character. Black-leg and Texas fever have been very destructive to cattle. Hog-cholera also prevails and seems to be much more fatal to pigs than to older ani�mals. Sheep are to a limited extent afflicted with scab and grub in the head.

Pettis.�Cholera and lung diseases have prevailed among hogs during the past year, and have been very fatal. Eowls have also suffered considerably with what we term cholera.

Phelps.�A few horses have died of distemper, and some cattle of Texas fever and murrain. A heavy loss has been sustained by the farmers of the county from diseases among swine.

Pike.�Hog-cholera is the only disease that has prevailed among any class of farm animals in this county during the past year. The losses will amount to from $12,000 to $15,000.

Platte.�There is but little demand for horses here, hence stock-raisers have turned their attention to raising cattle. They find them more profitable and less liable to disease, and ready for market at a much earlier age. When cattle are well cared for we lose but few by disease. The most skillful farmer, with the assistance of our best physicians, have completely failed to find a remedy for diseases of hogs. All die that are attacked, and the same can be said of fowls that are attacked by disease. But few sheep are raised in this county.

Polk.�Cattle are afiected to a limited extent with Texas fever and black-leg. Other classes of farm stock are healthy, with the exception of hogs, and a good many of these have been lost by the various diseases incident to them.

Putnam.�The class of animals mostly affected with disease in this county is hogs, a great many of which die of a disease generally known as cholera. The remedies used, as a rule, I do not think amount to much. The general condition of farm animals is better than last year.

Shelby.�Horses, cattle, and sheep are very healthy, but our hogs die at a fearful rate with a disease commonly called cholera. It prevails at almost all seasons of the year, but with more virulence during some months than in others. Sometimes it will kill nine-tenths of all the hogs in a herd, at others perhaps one-half, and at still others but a few will die. We do not know what causes the disease, nor have we a remedy for it. Chicken-cholera also prevails to a fearful extent, and sometimes carries off as high as nine-tenths of the crop. The general condition of farm stock, aside from hogs, is good.

Stoddard.�Our principal losses are from cholera among swine and fowls. Horses, cattle, and sheep are moderately free from diseases.

Stone.�The so-called hog-cholera is more fatal this season than usual. The losses up to this time are estimated at from $40,000 to $50,000.

Worth.�All farm animals except hogs are free from disease. These animals are afflicted with cholera. Chickens also occasionally suffer from cholera.

Wright.�No disease of any moment exists among farm stock in this county. Last year about one-third the hogs in this county died of cholera.

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MONTANA. TEMUTOKV.

Lewis and Clarice County.�Stock of all kinds in this county are comparatively liealtliy. A few sheep introduced from Oregon show the scab to some extent.

XEBRASKA.

Cass County.�The only diseases among farm animals in this county are confined to swine. The losses are not very heavy.

Cedar.�Many cattle die in this county during the month of November from a disease contracted by feeding on corn-stalks, but the disease does not seem to be infectious or contagious.

Clay.�Deaths frequently occur among horses from colic, fevers, and Inflammatory affections. Cattle are affected with murrain and black-leg. There is no cholera at present among hogs, but there has been a loss of about 600 head of sheep in the county during the past year from diseases incident to this class of stock. Many fowls, espe�cially young chicks, die of roupe and gapes.

OMminj.�-There are a few cases of epizootic and distemper among horses, but the diseases are of a mild type, and but few animals have been lost. Black-leg is about the only malady among cattle. Hog-cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every year.

Dakota.�From ten to fifty head of horses annually die in this county, supposed to be from the effects of alkali. About one hundred yearling calves die annually of a disease called black-leg. We occasionally lose hogs by cholera, but the disease is not prevalent this year. Fowls also frequently die of cholera.

Fumas.�We have a new disease among cattle here that has killed a great many In the past two weeks. They are attacked hy a twitching and jerking of the nerves of the whole body, bloat a little, are in great pain and agony, and die within from six to fifteen hours. I examined four animals to-day, and found two with the galls bursted, another very large, and a fourth blood-shotten. The cattle thus attacked have been running in corn-fields after the com had been harvested. The disease is new to us, and we do not understand it.

Greeley.�A good many horses die annually in this county, but in almost every case the loss can be traced to exposure and ill treatment.

Knox.�Black-leg prevails extensively among calves and is very fatal. There are no diseases prevalent among other classes of farm animals.

Merrick.�But little disease prevails among domesticated animals in this county. Perhaps sect;3,000 or $4,000 will cover the annual losses for all classes.

Xuckolls.�A very bad distemper prevails among horses in this county. There is also prevalent a m�d form of epizootic which few horses escape. Cholera also pre�vails among hogs.

Pavmee.�Cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent among hogs in this county dur�ing the past season, and the losses, in value, will exceed |10,000.

Platte.�Young cattle frequently die within a few hours after being attacked with a disease supposed to be caused by eating smut found on the stalks of com. A good many hogs have died from that pest of the farmer, the cholera, but at present the disease seems to be confined to one locality in the county.

Red Willow.�While this is a remarkably healthy climate for farm stock, a good many cattle and sheep annually die from diseases incident to these animals.

Richardson.�The disease commonly known as cholera has carried off a great many hogs in this locality during the past season.

Saline.�This is a new county, and what few farm animals we have are in a very healthy condition.

Sarpy.�Black- leg is quite prevalent and destructive among calves. There seems to be more cases this fall than usual. Hogs are afiected with a lung disease, which made its appearance here last year. The disease is chiefly confined to pigs from three to six months old. At least 10 per cent, of those attacked die.

Saunders.�The only diseases prevalent among horses are glanders and distemper, or qidnsy. Some six head of horses have died of these diseases. The increase in the pro�duction of hogs is 7,543. Of this number 33 per cent, were affected with cholera, and one-third of them died. The only disease among sheep is foot-rot.

Valley.�This is a new county, and what little stock we have is healthy, and free from all infectious and contagious diseases.

Wayne.�No disease of any consequence has prevailed among farm animals in this county since the epizootic some years ago.

Webster.�The farm animals in this county are entirely free from all diseases of an infectious and miasmatic character.

Port.�Some hog-cholera prevails in this county, also cholera among chickens. Horses and cattle are healthy.

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NEVADA.

Xye County.�All kinds of stock range our moimtams and plains, and are only gathered in once a year to corral. No diseases of an infectious or contagious charac�ter prevail among them at present. All losses occur from starvation and exposure in winter.

NEW JERSEY.

Burlington County.�The prevailing disease among cattle in this county is pleuro-pneumonia. It is very fatal, and the losses in this class of animals have been very heavy. Hog-cholera is prevailing extensively and in a very fatal form. The same might be said of diseases among fowls. The losses among all classes of farm animals will annually amount to over sect;100,000.

Camden.�There are no diseases prevalent among horses, except those peculiar to colts and young horses. These are generally of a mild character. Hog-cholera pre�vails to some extent; so does cholera among fowls.

Cape May.�During the past year horses have suffered severely from a disease called blind staggers. A good many animals have been lost. Hog-cholera prevails to a limited extent.

Middlesex.�A contagious lung fever prevails among cattle in this county, but it has not as yet appeared in a, very malignant form.

NEW MEXICO TERIUTOUY.

Colfax County.�Scarcely any disease is prevalent among domesticated animals in this county save scab among sheep. The losses among this class of stock perhaps amount to 1 per cent, of the whole number raised. There is scarcely any infectious or contagious disease among our larger farm animals.

Dona Ana.�A few flocks of sheep, of improved variety, have scab in a mild form. Hogs and fowls are free from cholera. Occasionally a cow is lost by hoven, brought on by eating green alfalfa; and I lost two merino rams the past summer from the same cause. I also lost two Angora bucks from an unknown disease.

San Miguel.�There are about 100,000 sheep annually raised in this county, and about 1 per cent, of them die of an affection of the milt.

Taos.�Horses are generally affected with epizootic distemper and cattle with Texas fever. A great many die in the spring of the year from the effects of eating poison-weed. Hogs, sheep, and fowls are generally healthy.

NEW YORK.

Allegany County.�Our horses are frequently attacked with strangles or distemper, a disease which is believed to be contagious. A few cows are annually lost from milk fever, and a limited number of calves die of murrain. Sheep are affected with foot-rot, and many fowls die of cholera.

Chenango.�I have heard of a few calves dying of worm in the lungs, which seems to be a new disease in this county. A farmer who lost three examined the lungs and found large quantities of worms about an inch long and the size of an ordinary thread. I lost a few calves by the disease known as black-leg, and on opening the lungs found a few worms.

Fulton.�Owing to abundant feed, stock of all kinds is in fine condition this fall.

Genesee.�The value of farm stock lost by various diseases during the past year in this county will amount to from ij�OjOOO to sect;25,000. The heaviest losses have occurred among horses and swine.

Montgomery.�A great many cows suffer annually from abortion; and the loss by accident and the various in�ammatory and congestive diseases will average one cow for every dairy of thirty-five cows. No contagious disease prevails in any of our flocks, or herds.

Niagara.�Light diseases, with but few fatal restilts, have prevailed among swine during the past season. Other classes of stock have remained healthy.

Seneca.�AH classes of farm animals iu this county have been unusually healthy dur�ing the past year.

NOKTH CAROLINA.

Alleghany County.�quot;SVe have no diseases among either horses, cattle, or hogs. Sheep occasionally die from distemper and a disease called rot. Young chicks frequently die of gapes.

JJrnnswicl:�On consultation with the best informed persons in the county I do not find that any diseases have prevailed among farm animals during the past year.

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Large nmnbers of fowls have died, but it is impossible to estimate the number or give any uame to the disease.

Cherokee.�There arc no diseases of a contagions character prevalent among the farm animals of this county. There have been some losses of young chickens and turkeys by gapes, but I do not think this disease is contagious.

Cumba-land.�The loss of hogs from the various diseases to which they are incident, but all of which are called cholera, has been very great. A great many fowls have also diedquot;from a disease generally known as cholera.

Currituck.�The only disease of any consequence that we have had to contend with among the farm stock in this county has been that commonly known as cholera among swine. The loss so far has been quite heavy.

Halifax.�All classes of farm stock have been more free from disease this year than any year during the past ten,

Haywood.�Hog-cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every year and kills a great many animals of all sizes, but is more fatal among pigs. Chicken-cholera is also quite prevalent and fatal. Stock generally is in better condition.

Henderson.�A large number of both cattle and hogs have been lost during the past year; perhaps the aggregate for these two classes alone will amount to sect;18,000 or $20,000.

Hertford.�Horses and mules are affected with but one contagious disease�that of glanders or farcy. All that are attacked die. Thousands of hogs die annually of dis�ease, but whether it is contagious or not we have not determined. Cholera is gener�ally prevalent and very destructive among fowls.

Jackson.�Infectious and contagious diseases among horses, cattle, and sheep are almost unknown in this county. Last year nearly all the hogs in the county died of disease, but during the previous five, years but few were attacked.

Madison.�The only class of animals affected by disease during the past year has been that of swine. Cholera has been quite prevalent and fatal among fowls in some localities.

Mitcliell.�Large numbers of hogs and fowls are annually lost in this county by a disease commonly called cholera.

Orange.�Some four or five thousand hogs have been lost by disease in this county during the current year. A few horses and cattle have also died from diseases peculiar to these classes of farm animals.

Pamlico.�The most prevalent and fatal disease we have to contend with is that of cholera among hogs and fowls. The disease annually carries off numbers of both hogs and domestic fowls. The condition and quality of farm animals is bettor than for years past and is gradually and surely improving.

Perquimons.�Hogs are much diseased in this county and are very cheap. Young pigs attacked with cholera seldom recover.

Person.�The prevailing disease among farm animals here is that of cholera among hogs, which is very destructive. Trichina destroy many of the pigs and shoats. Sheep are healthy, but a great many fowls die of cholera. The goose and peafowl are the only species of domestic fowls that do not sutler with it.

Poieson.�Hogs in this county are more affected by disease than any other class of animals. Cholera is the prevailing disease among them, and for which we have no remedy. The general condition of farm animals is 50 per cent, better than for pre�vious years.

Sampson.�No epidemic has visited horses, muleg, cattle, or sheep so far as I have been able to learn. At least one-third of the hogs of the county die every year from a disease known as cholera. If any recover they are of no value, as the disease either leaves them deaf, blind, or afflicted in some other way. Fowls die in about the same proportion from a disease of like character.

Transi/hania.�We have no contagious diseases among cattle. Our losses are occa�sioned by exposure and want of feed during winter, Ko unusual disease is prevalent among any class of farm animals.

Wake.�Horses, cattle, and sheep are free from infectious and contagious diseases. Hogs suffer a good deal from cholera and lung diseases. When these diseases appear in a herd there seems to be no cessation until the last animal is destroyed. Fowls are subject to all sorts of diseases, and frequently the mortality among them is very great.

Wilkes.�We have some distemper among cattle, but aro at a loss to know what causes it. It seems to prevail mostly where the people have the typhoid fever. Cholera is the prevailing disease among hogs and chickens. It has boon very de�structive during the past summer,

Tadkin.�Hog and chicken cholera has prevailed here for several years past. When the disease gets among a class of fowls it lolls nearly all of them.

Yancey.�Distemper prevails among horses and sheep, and murrain and hollow-horn among cattle. Hogs have been seriously affected with cholera and some kind of fever; a good many fowls are also lost by cholera. The condition of all kinds of farm stock is better than usual at this season of the year.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;*

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OHIO.

Ashland County.�We have no infectious or contagious diseases among domesticated animals in this county. There are a few sporadic cases of disease and death, but the aggregate loss is very small. About one fanner out of every twenty-five loses Ms chickens every year by cholera.

Athens.�The so-called cholera prevails among hogs and fowls in this cjunty. I believe the greatest number of deaths among cattle have occurred among cows, which have died of milk fever. The disease shows itself from the first to the third day after calving, and generally attacks the animal after the fourth calving. Select breeds and good milkers, and those in good condition, are generally the ones that suffer. The symptoms are loss of appetite, staggering gait, wild look, and cessation of rumination; they fall down and cannot rise; the brain seems to be aifected; the animal will dash about, striking her head and horns against the ground, when she soon dies. We have no remedy.

Auglaize.�Hogs seem to be the only farm animals seriously affected with dis�ease. They suffer with the disease generally known as cholera. The losses so far this year �will amount in value to from |25,000 to $30,000.

JBrmvn.�A few colts are lost in this county by distemper, and a good many hogs and fowls annually die of a disease commonly called cholera. Sheep die of grub in the head and of neglect while young.

Erie.�There is no special disease prevailing among the farm animals in this county.

Fairfield.�With the exception of swine the live stock of this county has been com�paratively free from disease during the past year. Swine have suffered with cholera, though not so extensively as in former years.

Franklin.�Largo numbers of hogs and fowls have died in this county during the past year of the various diseases common to them.

Gallia.�Hog-cholera prevails to some extent in this county, but in a rather mild form this season. Chicken-cholera is quite prevalent and malignant, and the losses are heavy.

Geauga.�No disease of consequence exists among any class of farm animals in this county. The general condition of farm stock is good.

Gnemsey.�The prevalent diseases among horses are those affecting the lungs, prin�cipally lung-fevers. Hogs are affected with cholera and cattle with murrain.

Hardin.�Hog-cholera has prevailed to a limited extent in the northern part of the county, but in this locality we have not suffered from the disease this year.

Jefferson.�No diseases of a malignant character have prevailed among farm animals in this county during the past year. Owing to abundant pasturage farm stock is in very high condition.

Knox.�There is no disease among farm animals here. Chicken-cholera prevails every year and carries off a great many fowls.

Meigs.�There have been few, if any, deaths among farm animals in this county during the present year, except from natural causes. During the past eight or ten years chicken-cholera has prevailed from time to time, and is prevalent in some locali�ties at this writing.

Mercer.�The so-called cholera still prevails among hogs in some localities in this county. Cholera among fowls is also prevalent, but the disease is not so fatal as formerly.

Miami.�But little disease exists among farm animals in this county aside from the so-called cholera among hogs. The loss among this class of animals is, in some years, very heavy,

Monroe.�No infectious or contagious disease has prevailed among farm animals in in this county during the past year.

Montgomery�Chicken cholera has prevailed as an epidemic during the past season, and many fowls have been lost. Cholera among hogs has also been very destructive.

Ottawa.�The only disease prevailing among any class of farm animals is a disease among hogs, and this is confined to two townships of the county. The animals have a diarrhea, vomit, and wheeze as one afflicted with asthma. They die very suddenly.

Paulding.�The mortality among horses has been unusally large in this county during the past year. The same can be said of cattle. During the two years hog-cholera has been very extensive and fatal. Fowls are also subject to cholera,

Eichland.�It is estimated that the product of chickens in this county will aggregate 150,000 per annum, and that 25 per cent, of these die of cholera. Several diseases an�nually prevail among farm animals, and frequently the losses are very heavy.

Summit.�Several fatal diseases are prevalent among horses, among others inflamma�tion of the lungs and bowels, and distemper or epizootic. Cattle are afflicted with hollow-horn and murrain. The prevalent diseases among hogs are cholera and blind staggers. But few of these animals recover. Consumption carries off a good many sheep, and cholera is'very destructive among fowls.

Trumbull.�The production of farm animals in this county has decreased in the past

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four or five years, but stock of all kinds lias improved in quality. No infectious or contagious diseases are prevailing.

21tt8c�rolaquo;KJ8.^No epidemic disease has recently prevailed among farm animals in this county, but a good many domesticated animals have been lost during the year by the various maladies incident to this class of property.

Wood.�Horses and cattle have been free irom infectious and contagious diseases dur�ing the past year. Hogs and chickens have suffered severely from a disease commonly known as hogand chicken cholera. The losses among hogs have heavy been very, as some farmers have lost entire herds. Sheep have healthy.

Wyandot.�Cholera has prevailed among hogs to a limited extent in this county the past season. Cholera has seriously affected the fowls, in some cases sweeping off whole flocks.

OREGON.

Clacl-amaa County.�'No disease among horses. A good many cattle die annually for want of proper attention. A few hogs die every year from liver-disease.

Zinn.�Horses here are suffering to a limited extent with contagious distemper; cat�tle are healthy, but sheep are subject to scab and other diseases.

Folk.�Cattle, hogs, sheep, and fowls are afflicted with the usual diseases, though the losses are never very heavy.

Tillamoolc.�There are no diseases of a contagious nature prevailing among the farm animals in this county.

PENKSVLVAXIA.

Armstrong County.�Cholera prevails to some extent among hogs in the eastern part of the county. One man recently lost twenty head by this disease. Chicken-cholera also prevails, and is fatal in most cases. A good many sheep annually die of foot-rot and grub in the head.

Blair.�Distemper and lung-fever prevail among horses, and cholera among hogs and chickens. Foot-rot also seriously affects sheep where not properly treated and cared for.

Erie.�No special diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this locality for some years, and hence the losses have been comparatively light.

Lycaming.�There have been no infectious or contagious diseases among farm ani�mals in tlus county the past year.

McKean.�The condition of farm animals is good compared with previous years. Horses are overworked in the oil regions, and many die from abuse and lack of proper attention.

Northampton.�There has been no contagious diseases among farm animals in this laquo;ounty so far as I have been able to ascertain.

Perry.�Losses among horses and cattle Irom various diseases will perhaps reach $3,000 annually in this county. Losses among hogs, when no epidemic disease pre�vails, will probably amount to |800 or $1,000 per annum. Some years cholera is very destructive among chickens, so much so as to kill about all in some localities.

Wayne.�But few horses are lost here by contagious diseases. A good many young pigs and chickens die of cholera.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Barnwcll County.�The only disease known among horses in this county is staggers or blind staggers. We know nothing about the pathology of the disease and have no remedy. Ninety-nine animals out of a hundred that are afflicted with the disease die. Occasionally our hogs are afflicted with cholera. Sometimes one farmer will lose two-thirds of his entire stock of hogs while his next-door neighbor will lose none. Fowls die by the hundreds when closely confined in coops that have remained on the same ground for a number laquo;f years.

Colleton.�Many hogs are annually lost in this county by a disease generally known as hog-cholera. Great numbers of fowls also dio of a disease called cholera.

Lexington.�Hogs have suffered less this than last year from cholera. The losses last year were frightful. Fowls have this year suffered beyond all precedent from so-called cholera. I had a fine lot of 100 Bram'ahs, from which I had 150 dozen eggs during the early spring. As warm weather came on they were attacked and nearly all died� only one of those attacked survived. Unless something can bo done to prevent the annual recurrence of this fatal epidemic, we will have to stop trying to raise fowls.

Oeonce.�We have no infectious or contagious diseases among either horses, cattle, or sheep. In a few localities of the county hogs have suffered from cholera. There arc a few localities along the Blue Eidgo range of mountains where the cattle greatly suffer from milk sickness. An appropriation by Congress for the discovery of the cause of this disease would be emiucutly proper.

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Orangchurgh.�Hog-cholera has prevailed thifj year in some localities in this county.

Piclcens.�The diseases common to cattle are distemper, murrain, and milk-sick. Distemper is regarded as contagious, and a similar disease prevails among horses. The prevailing diseases among hogs is commonly called cholera, and it nearly always proves fatal.

TESNESSEE.

Bedford Couuly.�There is no disease here among cattle escept murrain, #9632;which was brought in from other States and seems to be coatagious. The most fatal disease among hogs is cholera, for which we have no remedy.

Benton.�Horses, cattle, sheep, and fowls are affected with the usual diseases. Wa have had no hog-cholcra this year. This disease usually kills nearly all the hogs in this section about once in every three or four years.

Bradley.�All kinds of domestic animals are exceedingly healthy in this county.

Blount.�Horses and mules suffer from distemper, epizootic, and glanders; cattle from murrain and sore tongue; hogs from cholera and quinsy; sheep from rot; and fowls from cholera. These diseases prove fatal in many cases.

Dyer,�Horses, cattle, and sheep in this county suffer very little from disease of any kind. Hogs and chickens frequently suffer terribly from the ravages of cholera. The disease seems to be infectious or contagious with both classes, and is very fatal, as but few of either class recover. The malady is not at all understood, and no remedy that amounts to much has as yet been discovered.

Fentrcss.�There are but few horses in this mountainous county, but cattle are plen�tiful. Hogs could be raised here in great ahundance were it not for the ravages of the disease known as cholera. Fowls frequently die of gapes.

Hamhlen.�Several horses have died during the past season with blind staggers or brain fever. The condition of farm animals is better than usual.

Hardeman.�There were some losses of horses and cattle last spring from starvation and bad treatment. Wo have suffered greater losses, however, from diseases among hogs than of any other class of farm animals. The disease is caUed cholera by some, and by others red mange, and by still others measles. The hog at first presents a mangy appearance; afterwards it breahs out in pimples or sores, and soon dies. A black hog of mine which recovered from the disease is now gray.

Hardin.�Milch-cows and oxen have suffered severely during the past season from murrain. Cholera prevails among swino of all ages.

Henderson.�Blind staggers is about the only disease that proves destructive among horses. Every disease incident to the hog is called cholera, and diseases aro more prevalent among swino than among any other class of animals. Eot prevails among sheep, and cholera among fowls.

Jackion,�The groat bulk of the annual losses of hogs in this county occurs from a disease known as cholera. Fowls die of a similar disease.

Macon.�Cholera is the only disease that affects hogs in this county. The disease has been quite prevalent and fatal during the year. Chickens also die of cholera.

Marion.�Horses aro subject to distemper and blind staggers, from which many of them die. Cholera prevails among our hogs, and has proved very fatal. During some years almost all the fowls die of cholera. All kinds of stock suffer for want of proper attention.

Monroe.�There are from two to three thousand horses annually raised in this county. There is but little disease among this class of animals�nothing worse than common distemper, and an occasional case of bots or colic. About five thousand cattle are annually raised, and they aro seldom affected with disease. Formerly hog.cholera prevailed extensively, and the fatality was very great, but of late years the disease has been very mild and has not prevailed as an epidemic. But little interest is taken in sheep. Fowls aro raised by almost every fan. ily, and have become an important matter of trade among the ladies of the county in buying little items in stores.

Morgan.�Diseases in various forms have prevailed extensively among our hogs and fowls for years past. They have not been so prevalent during the past year.

Ohion.�Horses, cattle, and sheep aro remarkably healthy. Cholera exists among hogs, and a good many animals have been lost, but the disease is not very extensive this season. Cholera also prevails among fowls in some localities.

Overtoil.�Our cattle do not often suffer from contagious diseases, but mauy of them die for want of proper care and attention. Hogs and fowls suffer from cholera, and sheep from rot.

Perry.�The loss of hogs from cholera in this county during the xgt;ast year will amount to not less than sect;12,000. Sheep have been affected with rot, and a good many fowls have died with cholera.

Sequatohie.�Swino are affected with what seems to be diseases of a local character. Miiny of these diseases aro no doubt brought on by careless treatment.

Secier,�But little disease has prevailed among iarm animals in this county during

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tlie past year. A good many hogs have been lost, but the diseases among them have not been so widespread as in former years.

Van Buren.�The disease among hogs in this county is generally called cholera, although it manifests varied symptoms. Chickens are also affected by a disease des�ignated as cholera.

JFeakley.�With the exception of slight affections among hogs and chickens, all classes of farm animals have been unusually healthy during the past year.

Austin County.�The losses of horses by infectious and contagious diseases varies greatly, but for the last two years they have been unusually large. The losses have been heaviest among stock horses on the prairie, and the disease affecting them seems to bo a distemper or kind of croup. A strange disease has been prevailing among cat�tle in the northern part of the county, and every animal attacked has died. The dis�eases among hogs are cholera, lung affections, measles, inflammations of the throat, amp;c. Most of the animals attacked die. Cholera prevails among chickens, and losses have been very heavy.

Handera.�All classes of domesticated animals have been unusually free from dis�ease during the past year. Fowls are afflicted with various diseases, some of which are very fatal.

Bcxar.�A few diseases annually prevail among domesticated animals in this county, and the annual losses among all classes -will probably aggregate from sect;8,000 to sect;10,000.

Cam]).�Stock generally is iu good condition in this county. I have heard of no dis�eases prevailing among any class of farm animals.

Comal.�The only disease among horses consists in a swelling of the glands of the throat, frequently ending in nlceration. The disease prevails more extensively in spring when the weather is cold and wet. The majority of the animals that die are colte. The affection seems to bo an epidemic, produced by scanty pasturage and rough weather. There are no contagious diseases prevalent among cattle, hogs, or sheep.

Do Witt.�Horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep are generally healthy and in good condi�tion in this county. The losses are so small as to attract but little or no attention. Fowls fretiuently die of a disease known as cholera.

Eastland.�A good many horses die in this county of blind staggers and big head, caused principally by feeding unsound corn. Diseases among cattle are not so fatal this season as they were last year. Wo have no special diseases among hogs, but a great many of them have died this year for lack of feed. Foot-rot and scab prevail amoug sheep. Fowls die of various maladies.

Harrison.�A fewer number of horses have died from disease in this county during the past twelve months than for several years past. Our hogs die in considerable num�bers from a wheezing disease caused, no doubt, by eating cotton-seed, picking them up from about our gin-houses, or where they have been dropped by cattle. Our chickens and turkeys have died by the thousands with a disease wo call the cholera.

Hays.�Our farm animals are in remarkably good health and condition. We have been free from all contagious diseases for three years past.

Hill.�A disease heretofore unknown has been quite troublesome to horses in this neighborhood. Our stockmeu generally designate it as quot;loin distemper.quot; Cholera among hogs and fowls is frequently quite prevalent and fatal.

Hopkins.�Horses in this locality are affected with glanders, and cattle with bloody murrain. Hogs arc affected with cholera, and a disease which causes wheezing and choking, as of a hard lump iu the throat. These diseases generally follow an acorn crop. Sheep die with scab, and a great many fowls are lost by cholera.

Jasper.�Farm animals are iu much better condition than lor several years past. No coutagious disease prevails except among hogs, and the losses are quite small, as we raise but few hogs in this county.

Ken,�I have never known an infectious or contagious disease to prevail among horses and mules in this county. Fifty-four cattle have died during the present year of dry murrain. A large number of goats and sheep have died of foot-rot and scab. A great many hogs have died of a disease termed sore eyes, and many fowls have died of cholera. So destructive has been the latter disease that many farmers are entirely without chickens. The condition of all farm animals, however, is a little better than the average.

Lavaca.�Ticks kill a good many colts in this county every spring. Wo have some distemper among horses, but it has rarely been fatal. Until this year hogs have always been healthy, but for several months past cholera has prevailed among them, and in some neighborhoods all have died. The disease seems to be contagious, and I think was introduced by the importation of fine breeds.

Llano.�Owing to depredations by Indians, but few horses are raised iu this county.

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Cattle are moderately healthy, and hogs entirely bo. Sheep have scab occasionally, but the disease is cured by dipping. Fowls are subject to cholera, and I never knew one to recover from an attack of this disease.

Marion.�We have had, and still have, hog and chicken cholera in several localities in this county. It is very destructive during some seasons.

Matagonla.�Cattle in this locality have been healthy this year with the exception of an epidemic of opthalmia, which seemed to be atmospheric in' its origin; or, in other words, it was caused by excessive heat and moisture. A good many horses have died from the cfiects of bites and stings of insects, which were never so bad before. Ticks, screw-worm, and the large horse or cow fly have destroyed many animals. Measles prevail among young pigs and shoats, and a good many of those attacked die. This disease is both contagious and infectious.

Maverich.�There are no hogs raised in this county. Horses and cattle are healthy. There is some scab among sheep, but much less than in former years.

Menard.�The disease called scab prevails among sheep, yot I believe a greater number die from careless management than from this or any other disease. Other classes of stock are healthy and m good condition.

Montague.�Cholera among hogs prevails to some extent this season, but the disease is not so general as in former years. The general condition of farm stock is good.

Navarre.�The losses among hogs in this county from cholera and other diseases will aggregate for the past year not less than |15,000 in value. Chickens also die of cholera, and sheep from liver-rot and scab. Horses and cattle are healthy.

Rusk.�Hogs and chickens are suffering with a disease called cholera, which seems to visit some portions of the county annually. Various preventives are used, but no specific has as yet been found for it.

San Patrido.�There are no diseases affecting any class of farm animals in this county. I have resided here twenty-seven years, and this is the first year within that time that any important disease has prevailed among fowls. About nine-tenths of them have died in this town and surrounding localities of cholera, at least the disease was so pronounced by those who know the symptoms.

Somerville.�Stock of all kinds in this county have been unusually healthy this year.

Titus.�Infectious and contagious diseases affecting horses are not so fatal as hereto�fore, though glanders and distemper kill a great many. A large number, however, are lost by staggers and hots. Cattle are affected with murrain and black tongue, and nearly all me that are attacked by these diseases. Many also die from feeding on acorns. A great many hogs are annually lost by cholera and red mange or measles, thumps, and staggers. Scab, rot, glanders, and black tongue produce fearful ravages among sheep. We have no remedy for these diseases.

Upshur.�A good many cattle and hogs have died in this county during the past year of diseases peculiar to these classes of farm animals.

Uvalde.�Horses die of blind staggers and a kind of lung fever, and cattle of lung fever and spinal diseases. The principal disease among hogs is cholera. Sheep die of scab and lung fever, and chickens of cholera. We have no successful remedies for any of these maladies.

Victoria.�This has been a very disastrous year for sheep, owing to the great amount of wet weather. There is no disease among native cattle, but about one-third of those imported die of Spanish fever. Horses, and especially colts, die of distemper.

Williamson.�The principal disease among horses is distemper. The disease prevails to a greater or less extent every fall, and principally among colts. The losses among cattle are generally occasioned by the same disease. We occasionally have hog and chicken cholera, but the losses are not very heavy from this disease. A few sheep are annually lost by scab, but not so many as in former years.

Young.�All kinds of stock and poultry have been unexceptionably free from disease during the past year.

UTAH TERRITORY.

San Pete County.�Contagious diseases have prevailed among cattle in this county during the present year. A few casss of bloody murrain have also occurred.

Wasatch.�There is no malignant disease prevailing among farm animals in this county. Fowls are subject to croup, of which a good many die.

VERMONT.

Addison Count;/.�Horses arc afflicted with a distemper which is regarded as conta�gions. Cattle have what is called murrain or black-leg, a disease which seems to be epidemic and contagious, but is coniined mostly to calves. Murrain never attacks lean cattle. Many deaths occur among cows in early summer from milk fever. Cattle gen�erally are in fine condition.

Caledmia.�No infectious or contagious diseases of a serious nature have prevailed among farm animals in this county during the past year. The season has been favor�able, and stock generally is in good condition.

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Chittenden.�The number of cows have increased in this county since the last cen�sus, nearly one-sixth. Horses and swine remain about the same. Sheep have fallen off materially, say three-fourtlis. At present there is a lively interest in fowls, espe�cially of pure bloods. The namber haraquo; increased at least one-third. Our animals are all in a healthy condition.

Grand Isle.�Since the prevalence of the epizootic some years since, there has been no infectious or contagious diseases among horses in this county. Cattle, sheep, and hogs are almost entirely free from disease. I ascribe such exemptions to the better care they receive in good feed, protection from storms and cold weather, and better care generally.

Rutland.�Foot-rot has prevailed extensively and fatally among sheep in this county during the year, but the disease is now diminishing.

VIRGINIA.

Accomac County.�The annual losses from disease among all classes of farm animals in this county will amount to from $12,000 to $15,000.

Alexandria.�Upwards of 100 head of cattle have died in this county during the past year, principally of pleuio-pneumonia. The origin of the disease has been traced to Georgetown. It occurred first among cattle there about two years ago, and has since gradually traveled down the river to a distance of about 25 miles. It has not, as yot, extended over 2 miles from the river toward the interior.

Botetowrt.�There has been no infectious disease among horses in this county for sev�eral years past. The disease a�ecting cattle seems to bo confined to those under one year old, and is known as bloody murrain. Those that are best kept are more liable to the disease than those poorly cared for. Flour of sulphur given with salt once a day for three days is the best remedy known here. Hog-cholera, the only disease af�fecting swine, is less malignant than in former years. Cholera in fowls has been suc�cessfully treated by placing iron in the water which is given them to drink.

Jirunswiek.�Cattle sometimes die in large numbers from a disease called murrain. A good many hoge are also annually lost by cholera, a disease which appears under many different forms or symptoms.

Camphell.�Wehavehad no infectious or contagious diseases either among our horseraquo;, cattle, hogs, or sheep, with the exception of an unknown disease that has prevailed among cattle in the vicinity of Lynchburg. Cholera among fowls sometimes depopu�lates an entire henery in a few days.

Dinwiddie.�A good many horses, cattle, hogs, and fowls have died this season from the various diseases incident to them. Cholera prevails more or less every year among hogs in this county.

JUsscx.�l have heard of no infectiona or contagious diseases prevailing among any class of farm animals, except swine.

Floyd.�The only contagious disease among horses here is a distemper which affects very seriously the head and throat of the animals. The most fatal disease among cattle is black-leg. Its attacks are more frequent among young animals of from one to two years of age. The only disease affecting swine is known as hog-cholera. All other animals are healthy.

Olouocater.�A large number of torses, hogs, and sheep have been lost by disease in this locality during the past season. The disease affecting hogs is the so-called cholera.

Gremc.�The infectious and contagious diseases prevailing here are distemper among horses, and cholera among hogs and chickens.

Halifax.�An infectious distemper is prevailing among horses in this county, and murrain and distemper among cattle. The latter seems to be a contagious fever, and kiila nearly all attacked. The prevailing diseases among hogs are measles and quinsy. There are no diseases among sheep. Tie condition of all farm-stock is good, better than leaf, year, as pastures have been abundant. The cattle distemper, which is a high grade of fever, and generally considered contagious, is the worst disease farmers have to contend with. Ko effectual remedy has been found, but the following has proved generally quite a successful preventive: 1 gallon common salt; i pound flour of sulphur; 2ounces saltpeter and bounces copperas. Dissolve these ingredients in three gallons of water and mix with red clay to the consistency of plastering mortar, and put in troughs for the cattle to lick. The troughs should bo kept supplied from the first of July to the first of November. It rarely fails as a preventive.

Henrico.�Hog-cholera has been very severe here during the past season. About all the hogs affected have died.

Highland.�The prevailing diseases among horses are lung fever, distemper, diarrhea and mad stagger or tits. Cattle have horn-ail and hogs arc afflicted with cholera. Domestic fowls also have cholera.

James City.�Horses are frequently affected with a distemper, the results, no doubt of former attacks of epizootic. Hogs are afflicted with cholera and mango. In cases oi

14 SW

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cholera a eliango of both pasture and food isrecommendeil. Eawtumii)sfed on alternate days are thought to be a preveutlve.

Page.�Perhaps sect;5,000 or |!0,000 -will cover the loss among all classes of domestic animals by disease in this county during tho past year. Farm stoch is in much better condition than usual.

Fatrick.�There have been some losses of horses in this country by distemper and cattle by murrain. Hogs, as usual, have been seriously afflicted with cholera.

Fitisylvania.�The principal disease among horses in this county, during the past year, has been pneumonia or lung-fever, -which is not considered contagious. Cattle are afflicted with murrain, and hogs with various diseases.

Eappahannock.��The number of horses and cattle affected with contagious diseases in this locality is small. Some low hogs die of cholera. Sheep arc healthy.

Eoanoke.�No diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this county during the past year. There has been some cholera among chickens, but the disease has not pre�vailed as an epidemic.

Bockbridge.�Black-leg is tho only disease that atfects cattle fatally in this county. I do not tlunk it contagious, though all the animals attacked by it die. Hogs and fowls are sometimes fatally affected by cholera.

Smyth.�Distemper has prevailed to some extent among the horses in this county, but it has proved fatal in but few instances.

Sjiottsylcania.�No diseases of a malignant character have prevailed among farm stock in this county during the past year.

Sussex.�Cholera has, and still is prevailing to a considerable extent among hogs and fowls in this locality. The losses have been quite heavy.

Washington.�Distemper and murrain prevail among horses and cattle, and cholera among hogs. A disease similar to murrain also prevails among sheep. Fowls are annually lost in great numbers by a disease called cholera.

Wise.�Diseases have prevailed to a considerable extent among hogs in this county adringthe past season. All other classes of farm animals are healthy.

#9632;WASmNGTON TERBITOKY.

King County.�There are no infectious or contagious diseases among horses, cattle, or hogs. Sheep, however, are afflicted with scab, and fowls more or less troubled with vermin.

San Juan.�No infectious or contagious diseases exist among either horses, cattle, hogs, or sheep in this locality. There are frequently losses among all classes of farm stock from accident or lack of proper attention.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Boom County.�Epizootic distemper prevails among horses, murrain among cattle, and cholera among hogs. Fowls are subject to both cholera and gapes.

Doddridge.�Distemper is the only contagious disease prevalent among horses and that of foot-rot among sheep. Murrain also exists among cattle. All of these diseases are destructive, but none of them so much so as cholera among hogs. Many persons regard this disease as contagious.

Gilmer.�No cUseases of any consequence are prevailing among farm stock in this county. Occasionally a horse is affected with distemper, but I have never heard of a case of lung-fever. Cattle are sometimes affected with foot-evil, which is the only disease I ever hear of as affecting this class of animals. I have heard of a few cases of cholera among hogs.

Grant.�I have made diligent inquiry, but can hear of no infectious or contagious diseases existing among the farm stock in this county.

Greenbrier.�There are no infectious or contagious diseases prevailing among farm animals in this county. About 13,000 chickens and other domestic fowls are annually lost by the people of this county from disease.

Sarrison.�The only disease wo have among horses is an infections disease, which, for the want of a better name, we call quot; distemper.quot; Horses that have it, generally recover. Among young cattle we have a disease called quot;black leg,quot; which annually kills a number of cattle, and generally those in high condition. Our leases are some�times very heavy from this cause. Wc also have a disease among cattle which affects their feet, and which wo call quot;foot-evil.quot; This disease does not kill cattle, but hin�ders tlicm in llieir growth and deteriorates them in value. If a. simple and sure remedy could be found for this disease it would save our people a considerable annual loss. We oi casionally have a case of hog-cholera, and those attacked usually die, but, as a general iliing, hogs arevery healthy in this county. Chickens, in some localities, have snfamp;rcd with cholera, and the flocks attacked generally all die.

Lewis.�No diseases of any consequence have affected tho farnt animals of this county during the past year. Pasturage is very abundant, and cattle are generally in good

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condition. Hogs aro in goo� health, -which -we attribute to their consumption of bitu�minous coal.

Logan.�Horses hero are much given to distemper. Sometimes the disease proves fatal; but the greatest loss occurs from colic and bots. Cattle sometimes have a dis�temper much like that of horses, but this seldom occurs. Diseases are preval ent among hogs, and they often die quite suddenly. Sheep aud fowls are ia pretty good condi�tion. Sometimes the former are afflicted with rot.

Morgan.�The number of hogs and chickens that have died in this county during the past year of cholera has been very largo. Other classes of farm stock have been healthy.

#9632;WISCONSIN.

Door County.�No infectious or contagious diseases prevail among any class of farm animals in this county.

Dunn.�Last winter horses in this county were seriously afifected with distemper; but it disappeared in April and has not since made its appearance. Several animals were lost. Cattle and hogs are healthy, and are in very good condition.

Green.�The so-called cholera has prevailed among the hogs in this county for the first time during the present year. A great many have died. Cholera prevails exten�sively among fowls also, and many thousands have died.

Iowa.�Diseases among swine have been very prevalent during the past year, aud the losses to the farmers of this county have, consequently, been very heavy, as the maladies have been of a fatal character. Other classes of stock have been healthy.

Jackson.�There are no diseases whatever of a destructive nature prevalent among farm animals in this county.

Juneau.�Distemper and inflammation of the lungs, or lung fevor, aro the only dis�eases of a serious character prevailing among horses. Other classes of stock are healthy.

Jiewaunee.�Aside from a few horses afflicted -with glanders, all classes of farm ani�mals are in good health.

Monroe.�AH classes of farm animals are in good condition and measurably healthy.

Ozaukee.�With the exception of a few cases of hog-cholera, I have heard of no other disease among farm animals in this county.

Portage.�Domestic animals in this county are exempt from contagious diseases to a remarkable degree. Indeed, I hear of but few farm animals dying of any disease, except sheep and hogs�sheep from grub, and hogs from black vomit, or something like it.

WYOMING TERRITOEY.

Laramie County.�There are no diseases whatever among farm animals in this county. The losses among cattle, caused by eating the poisonous loco weed, will perhaps not exceed 1 per cent. About 300,000 head of cattle come into the Territory annually from Texas, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and Nevada.

COEEESPO^fDEKCE EELATING TO THE MOEE COMMON DIS�EASES OP DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ALABAMA. Mr. Eobert Wardland, Tuscumbia, Colbert county, Alabama, says:

Not having had much experience with farm animals, I will confine my remarks to fowls and the ailments to which they are subject. I grow them for my own table, and not for market or fancy purposes. Long years ago I devoted considerable attention to fowls, and soon became satisfied that the majority of the diseases incident to them -were induced by carelessness and inattention to their sanitary condition. I have found that prevention is much better than cure, ami now, if I desue a sick chicken to expe�riment, I am compelled to go to some of my neighbors for the subject. In cases of what is known as cholera, the liver of the chicken is foimd very pale, much enlarged, aud literally rotten. The whole internal viscera is more or less deranged. With such cases it is the veriest quackery to attempt a cure. A careful examination of the dis�ease known as gapes has convinced me that it luis its origio in paxasitcs. These, and that other great pest, bee, x'roduce many of the diseases which result so fatally to fowls.

My treatment of fowls, which has proved very successful, is Tory simple. I give them a well ventilated yet cheap house, provided with plenty of roosts, nests, amp;o.

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Next, I have none quot;but healtliy birds to breed from, and am very particular to keep their quarters perfectly clean. I have my hen-house cleaned once a Tveok during summer, and once in every ten days during the winter season. I remove the contents and have them stored under cover for use as a fertilizer for my crops. I use quick�lime and wood-ashes as disinfectants, and charcoal as an absorbent. The result is clean houses and healthy fowls.

I pay close attention to their food. Too much com makes them fat and indolent. Once or twice a day is as often as they should have grain. They should bo provided with grass lots for grazing, as the amount of this kind of food they will consume would astonish any one who has not given the subject attention. Pure water and plenty of it is indispensable. Sick birds should at once be separated from the well ones, but the best plan is to cut off their heads and bury them.

I am partial to dark-colored fowls, as I am of the opinion that they are more hardy than the light-colored ones. I am careful not to overstock my flock, and breed only from those that are peaceable, and as a result have no games or ill-natured fowls.

Mr. V. O. Lavmore, Valley Head, De Kalb county, says: My observations and experience with farm stock extends to a period of near forty years. In the care of horses I am particular to give them good grazing and sound feed. In winter I give them good shelter and feed both hay and grain. I also give them salt and ashes, slaked lime, and copperas or saltpeter. During the summer months I keep the nits cleanly scraped off from their limbs and bodies. I practice about the same treatment with cattle, and in addition use sulphur, rosin, and turpen-tine in the summer and fall to keep off the ticks. I use the same preparation to re�move lice from my hogs. When disease is in the neighborhood I give them salt and ashes, and sometimes turpentine. My hogs have been visited but once with cholera, and then they had it very bad. I tried everything I could hear of, but to no purpose until I separated them into three different lots. I put the well ones into a field by themselves, those that looked feehle into another, and the sick ones I turned into a meadow through which a stream passed. I drove them through this creek once or twice a day. I burned all the dead carcasses, old beds, and even the woods where they had been running in the mast. I had about two hundred head, and many of them died, but they commenced to improve soon after I commenced this treatment, and soon the disease disappeared.

Mr. E. Tucker, Marion, Perry county, says:

Hog-cholera seems to prevail throughout the United States, and perhaps more hogs die from the effects of this disease than from all other causes combined. I have been using preventives for years, and when I attend strictly to this duty I hardly ever lose a hog by cholera or any other disease. I use copperas, lime, ashes, charcoal, sulphur, and tar. The most of these articles are good for worms and keep the hog in a healthy condition. Cholera makes its appearance in various forms, and in many cases, I think, what we call cholera is caused principally by worms.

In this latitude we have a disease called murrain among cattle, which, perhaps, is more destructive than any other to this class of domestic animals. It usually makes its appearance in the spring of the year. We have what is known as both the dry and bloody murrain. As preventives we use salt and sulphur freely, and keep tar in the feeding-troughlaquo;. When a severe case makes its appearance it is hard to cure, though soap and oil have been used in cases of dry murrain with some success.

Blind staggers seem to be the prevailing disease among horses and mules. A horse properly fed on sound com and hay, with lime, wood-ashes, tar, and sulphur constantly in their troughs, will never have the blind staggers. Bots and colic also kill a good many norses. Oil and chloroform will generally effect a speedy cure in such cases.

Dr. George T. McWhorter, Chickasaw, Colbert county, says:

In connection with my report of the hog-disease, which prevailed so fatally here during the past season, I desire to call your attention to reports from Van Wert and Preblo counties, Ohio, Iroquois county, Ohio, and Laudordalo county, Alabama, found in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1876, page 108. I am con�vinced that the quot;new diseasequot; mentioned by correspondents from these counties is the same that prevailed here, and that it is caused by the worm, specimens of which I sent you. You will observe that all call attention to the lung trouble, some stating that the lungs were the only parts affected. By careful examination I found, as stated iu my report, the lungs, liver, stomach, and bowels infested by these worms, but in every case the lung tissue had suffered most, in some cases being entirely broken down.

I suspect also that much of the pneumonia (page 109, same report) reported from Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas is duo to the same cause. The trouble is so much more patent in the lungs than elsewhere that it might reasonably be over�looked in other situations. You will remember that the worms taken from the lungs were much larger than those from the bowels, I attribute this to the inferred fact

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that the Inngs afford better conditions for their development than the other organs. The fact that their presence in the lungs is so much more deleterious to the health of the animal, and manifests itself by such decided symptoms, is perhaps the reason that some have supposed that they alone were affected. I am still of the opinion that the alimentary canal is the nidus in which the egg is hatched, and from which the young worm starts, producing violent and noticeable symptoms when the lungs are reached and perforated.

AEKANSAS,

Mr. William B. Turman, Waldron, Scott county, says:

As hogs are the only class of farm animals affected by disease in this locality, I will confine my remarks to the malady generally known as hog-cholera. The symptoms are a cough, followed by constrained breathing, producing, in many oases, a movement similar to thumps in horses. The animal refuses food. After awhile great thirst pre�vails, and scarlet red spots, from the size of a pin's head to that of a man's hand, ap�pear on the surface of the body. At this stage of the disease they refuse to leave their beds. In some cases death ensues within a tew hours, while in others the animal may linger for several days. Perhaps one hog in ten survives a mild attack. An exami�nation after death reveals the lungs, to all appearances, greatly affected, and in many cases much decomposed. In some cases the bleed is also found coagulated in and nrotmd the kidneys, and the entire flesh in a more or less putrid condition.

I am informed by Mr. W. M. Johnson that for the last twenty years he has kept hia hogs healthy by giving them, with their food, common pine tar, occasionally smear�ing some on the hair of his hogs. He has not lost a single hog by this very common disease.

Mr. Dearman keeps his hogs healthy by giving them soap, pine tar, and sulphur. Mr. A. J. Gentz keeps his in good condition by mixing boiled garget or poke root with their feed. Mr. A. H. Hooper gives sulphate of iron and salt, which has proven an excellent preventive with mm. #9632;

Mr. W. W. Hughey, Warren, Bradley county, says:

There has been no disease in this immediate vicinity that has seriously affected swine since 1873. During that year ftdly three-fourths of the hogs in the county died of what is commonly known as hog-cholera. The first symptom of the disease was a refusal to eat, followed by a dull, stupid appearance. Frequently eruptions about the size of a pea would appear on the body, and death would then ensue in from five to twelve hours. In a few hours after death the carcass would swell to such an extent as to break the skin in many places, from which a yellowish water would run.

About the 20th of December last, a similar disease made its appearance in the west-em part of the county, which is proving quite fatal to grown and fatted hogs. Not more than one in five of those attacked recover. We expect it to spread throughout the county by the first of May, as it did on its former visit. Hogs are not raised here for market, yet most farmers endeavor to raise a sufficient number to provide them�selves with their own meat.

Mr. J. IT. Deaderick, Wittsburg, Cross county, says:

The most fatal diseases we have among horses here are staggers, Spanish fever, and charbon. In sleepy staggers a disposition is shown to move around in a circle The general treatment is blistering over the brain and profuse bleeding from the nose. The disease lasts from one to two days, and the fatality among those attacked is about 90 per cent.

In Spanish fever the symptoms are extreme languor, stupor, and high fever. The duration of this disease is from five to fifteen days, and the per cent, of deaths about the same as in staggers.

Charbon first makes its appearance by a small hard lump, somewhat resembling that caused by the sting of a wasp. This lump grows and spreads very rapidly, and frequently chokes the animal to death in a few hours. The remedy generally used is to paint with iodine.

Cattle are affected with murrain, Spanish fever, and charbon, and occasionally a disease resembling dropsy in the human system. When attacked with the latter disease they generally drop dead without a struggle, and on tapping them, very often as much as a barrel of water will exude from the incision. The fatality in murrain is about 95 per cent., and in dropsy all die.

Hogs are aflected with cholera, quinsy, and mange. The symptoms of cholera are varied. In the most violent cases there are discharges from the bowels, bladder, and lungs. In other cases a loss of appetite is occasioned, and there is a disposition to bed up during the night; and during the hottest weather, if driven from their beds, they will shiver as though suffering with a hard chill. The loss is about 75 per cent, of ail attacked. A great many remedies are used, but with little success. I value soft soap

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more tlian anytliing else. Pino tar is a good remedy for quinsy. Mango or scab is very fatal to young pigs. It appears as ulcers in the mouth, throat, and iu the body. Car�bolic acid, sulpLur, and turpentine aro used with considerable sneoess. The fatality in this disease is about 50 per cent, of those attacked.

Sheep are sometimes affected #9632;with rot, a disease somewhat resembling Spanish fever or dry murrain in cattle. The fatality is about GO per cent.

Cbickeus are liable to cholera, and often drop dead from their roosts -svilhout -warn�ing. Otliers have copious discbarges of lilthy, green matter, their combs aud gills become very pale, and after lingering a week or two die in a. very emaciated condition. It frequently happens that some farmers will lose their entire flocks by this disease, while others living near by will not lose any. There seems to be no remedy, and about all die that are attacked by the disease.

FLOEIDA.

Mr. T. K. Collins, MikesTille, Columbia county, says:

A disease commonly called quot; thnmpsquot; is perhaps the most fatal disease that affects hogs in this part of Florida�more fatal from the fact that no remedy has ever been found for it, at least to my knowledge. I have resided here seventeen years, and dur�ing that time have not known a single case cured, notwithstanding 8 per cent, of our hogs die of it annually. The first symptoms of the disease are a cough, shortness of breath, thumping or bellows-like motion of the sides, with loss of appetite, and ulti�mately, like in cases of consumption in man, waste away and die a mere skeleton. The duration of the disease is from one to three months. I can offer no remedy for this disease, or even suggest its cause. Some old stock-raisers say that this disease la always worse after a heavy pine mast, which my own experience confirms.

Staggers is also a common disease among hogs here, hut it is seldom fatal. Cutting the ears or scarifying the head generally gives relief, but cold applications or sun-Btroko treatment, when applicable, is considered better.

Cholera made its appearance among swine here this season, and cut our meat crop short. Most of those attacked died suddenly, many of them even before they were known to be sick. This disease is new to us, and as yet we have found no remedy for it. These are about the only diseases that attack swine in this locality.

Mr. Chester S. Coe, Coe's Mills, Liberty county, says:

With the exception of cholera among hogs we have but few other diseases among any class of farm stock. As regards this disease we have never been satisfied as to its origin, as hogs take it at any time and under all circumstances, those running at large in the range as well as those kept in inclosed pastures. During many years' experi�ence I have noticed that those which wo term yard hogs�i. e., that are fed on dish�water and kitchen slops�seldom or never take the cholera, and that if those that take it in the range are confined in pens and fed on kitchen slops, with the addition of a little copperas and sulphur, they generally get well. As for a preventive, we have never found a positive one, though I am of the opinion that if hogs are frequently fed on slops seasoned as above stated they will seldom take the cholera.

In an every-day experience of over sixty years in the use of horses and mnles I have never lost but one, and that one I lost by blind staggers. Good care in feeding, water�ing, and driving, with an occasional handful of salt mixed with a little lime or strong ashes, has always kept my stock in health and good order.

I have had no disease among my fowls for thirty years. We keep a supply of nux vomiea on hand, and twice or thrice a week mix it with their feed, giving from a fourth to a teaspoon level full, according to the number to be fed. This has kept them free from all disease; and more thanthat, if a hawk ever takes one ho will never come back for another. There is no perceptible difference caused in the taste of the moat. The drug may be used by bruising two or three buttons and steeping them in hot water. Then add a few spoonfuls in mixing up their feed.

INDIANA.

Mr. D. C. Smith, Vincennes, Knox county, says:

Thediscaseknown ashog-cholera is causedby worms. There arc two kinds of worms. One works upon the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs, and is more dangerous when it is in the region of the heart. It looks like a kidney-worm, but is somewhat smaller. It penetrates to all parts of the body. I have found it between the leaf-lard and the intestines, and between the shoulder and the ribs. The other worm works upon the Btomach uiid small intestines, and causes the diarrhea. When they are in the liver they cause a dry, hacking cough; when in the lungs the cough is more severe, and

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tlio hog will bleed at the nose, and a blooily foam will nrn from its month. The Rvmptoms of the disease may he seen in the hair of the hog standing up straight, and tto discoloration of the skin behind the ears, -which sometimes turns yellow and at others assumes a bluisb cast. The hog will walk very slowly, and when it stops will drop its head and look as though it were standing on its nose. Some will become lame in their fore legs. When the worm is in the stomach the hog will purge and vomit.

I have taken as high as ten worms out of the liver of one hog.

I have a remedy for these diseases, which I have used with great success for ten years. Since using it I have never lost any hogs by cholera. Ihe remedy is as fol�lows : Mis two tablespoonfuls of spirits of turpentine in a half-barrel of slop, stir well, and feed three times a week every other week. Give this amount to fifteen or twenty head. While they are eating pour a tablespoonful of coal-oil across the back and shoulders of each hog. This will penetrate the skin and drive the worms in�wardly, when the turpentine will kill and expel them.

Tlie following are extracts from a letter from Mr. Lewis Bollman, of Bloomington, dated August 26, 1878:

I see that you have appointed a commission to investigate the hog-cholera. I hope that it may result in some greater practical utility than prior commissions have effected. Allow me to add to this communication the little I know about it.

I have always understood that the disease originated at Aurora, in this State, a town on the Ohio Eiver, in Dearborn county. A large distillery is there, and years ago it fed about 4,000 hogs on the distillery slops. This excessive crowding and unnatural feeding generated the disease, and from there it slowly but steadily spread over the West.

While a farmer here years ago, I raised from 50 to 75 hogs annually, and for three years my neighbors lost many hogs with this disease. One year my adjoining neigh�bor lost about 70 head; there being between our hogs the common rail-fence only. I never had a hog sick from the cholera, and I attribute this exemption to my practice of salting my hogs with a mixture of salt and pulverized brimstone and copperas. Of three parts, two salt; of the remaining part, two parts brimstone and one part cop�peras. I adopted this salting to destroy intestinal worms and lice. I strictly adhered to this practice twice a week in summer and about every ten days in winter.

A. farmer here told me the other day that he lost hogs one year only amp;om the disease, but having adopted this feeding with sulphur and copperas he never since had any of his hogs sick with it.

Whether this salting is really a preventive I cannot certainly say. I but state my experience. In its modes of infection the hog-cholera is much like the rinderpest when in Great Britain. If well animals crossed the track of diseased ones they caught the disease, as with cholera. If I remember rightly British authorities were forced to confine their cattle to the farms of their owners and to prohibit the sales of unfattened cattle at fairs where such are generally purchased by those purposing to fatten.

So far as my observation extends I believe this moving of our hogs, and allowing them to run outside of their owner's inclosure, is the cause of the continued existence of the disease.

A farmer here recently rented an out-field to hog down, located about a mile from his home. The first thmg he knew was that that field emitted a stench from his dead hogs. About $300 worth died in a few days, nearly all that he had. So I learn that many have died around this place in consequence of their running at large. The greatest fatality exists on our river bottoms where the hogs are collected by purchase and driven on the extensive corn-field to hog down the com.

I suggest to your consideration a careful examination into the consequences of this mode of moving stock hogs in order to fatten them, and if found to be a common and fruitful source of the spread and continuation of the disease that the exclusion resorted to in Great Britain be enforced here. It is a quarantine regulation such as is now sought to be enforced in our Western cities to stay the spread of the yellow fever.

Believing that lie had made an error in attributing the cause of the disease in this herd to the fact of its removal to another farm, Mr. Boll-man writes as follows under date of September 2,1878:

A few days ago I wrote yon a letter, chiefly on the topic of hog-cholera, mentioning a recent case of a farmer here who had lost about sect;300 worth of hogs by that disease. I attributed the loss to moving the hogs to another farm. I saw him since writing, and learn that it is probable the hogs were liable to the disease before their removal. He has raised hogs very extensively, and heretofore has lost heavily from the cholera. His recent loss, I am now satisfied, was the result of overcrowding his farm with hogs� an error so certain to this result that I now again write that the attention of you commission may be directed to it.

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One of the greatest ilifflcnlties a fanner has to encounter arises from having a, largo number of certain kinds of stock, quot;which cannot safely be crowded, no matter how complete may be his arrangements to grow them, or any one of them.

Hogs, sheep, fowls, the silk-worm, amp;c., cannot be raised in large numbers together without soon exhibiting a liability to epidemical and other diseases. The diseased condition of the sheep at the close of the war obliged farmers to sell their flocks at the lowest prices. All attempts to raise chickens in large numbers, or the silk-worm, have failed from large losses by epidemical diseases. And so with the human race. An army generates camp-fever, measles, and other diseases, no matter how strictly every sanitary regulation may be enforced.

As a farmer, I found it was easy to raise twelve or fifteen hogs, but difficult when the number was increased to fifty or eighty. I mentioned my exemption from hog-cholera, as I suppose from the regular salting with copperas, but I am satisfied that as long as any farmer, from year to year, grows many hogs together, the hog-cholera cannot be eradicated. Few farmers understand this tendency to fatal diseases from too great numbers, and I hope the commission may give it a thorough examination.

ILLINOIS.

Dr. Joseph Sybertz, V. S., Bellville, Saint Olair county, 111., contributes the following paper on the disease commonly known as quot;hog-choleraquot;:

We must regard this affection of pigs as a disease peculiar to this species of the family suida, having close affinities with the scarlet fever of man, yet essentially dis�tinct. Few diseases are designated with a greater number of names than this one. For instance, it is called enteric fever, typhus, pig distemper, epizootic influenza of swine, measles, scarlatina, gastro-enteritis, anthrax, Ac. Some authorities advocate the theory that the affection known as hog-cholera is in reality typhoid fever (abdom�inal typhus). Veterinary authorities agree that it is a form of anthrax or carbun-cular fever. But there is an essential difference between anthrax and typhoid fever.

In the first-mentioned disease, the presence of bacteria in the blood is invariable, these parasites, indeed, being considered the cause of the affection. In typhoid fever, bacteria have never been discovered, either in the blood of the patient or in the char�acteristic lesions of the disease, the determining symptoms in this affection being ulceration of the glands of Peyer, as shown in post-mortem examinations. Now, in au forms of anthrax this ulceration is never seen, although mycosis (fungus) of the intestines is frequently noticed.

The line of demarkation between these affections is, then, sufficiently broad; but to which of them does hog-cholera belong ?

H�g-cholera is a disease peculiar to pigs of this part of the country; the virus is not communicable to other domestic animals, so far as is ascertained up to this time by the veterinary surgeons of this country.

For the sake of brevity, I will, in dealing with the disease, call it by the conven�tional or rather common name of hog-cholera.

Hog-cholera is a contagious, febrile, and exanthematons disease, and embraces scarlatina in degrees of virulence in all stages.

Course of the disease.�a, stage of incubation; 6, stage of florescence; c, stage of des-qnamation (scaling off).

The contagion poisons the blood, and produces local inflammation and ulceration in various parts of the system, though more frequently in some portions than in others. The action of this contagion possesses the peculiarity that it affects chiefly the skin and the throat, and originates in both a diffuse inflammation.

Symptoms in general.�First stage : Fever with a full and frequent pulse; the pharynx presents an exanthematons flush, but there is no effusion; general debility; appetite smaller than in health; thirst increased; skin hot and dry; sometimes a profuse diarrhea, and in single subjects delirum or spasm. The urine remains of its natural color.

Second stage: More intense fever; elevation of the temperature of the rectum to 35deg; 40deg; Lelsins; tremulous motions of the cervical muscles; pharynx inflamed; deglutition difficult; the amygdalie swollen; the mucous membrane presents a vivid red appearance. There is occasionally vomiting or diarrhea, usually constipation. A dry, hard cough is one of the symptoms in early stages, and continues to the last; quick and vibrating pulse, and occasionally epistaxis (the state of bleeding from the nose). Increased heat and redness of the skin; the eruption is not so generally distributed as in the former affection; it disappears often suddenly, and returns after an uncertain period of time. By the effusion of the red points, the disease passes on to the�

Third stage: The symptoms are of a graver type, even in the first accession. In fatal cases the patient is, in fact, by an elevation of the temperature to 43deg; Lelsius, stricken dead by the poison in a few hours, before any emntion or local symptoms come on. The eruption does not present scarlet appearance, but is more of a livid

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;217

bne, and frequently interspersed with petechisB. In young animals convulsions and coma are frequent concomitants; in grown, delirium and deafness, sometimes great restlessness, running round towards one side, until at length the patient breaks down and lies helpless and insensible, or in a muttering delirium, till at length death ap�proaches silently, and life ends without a struggle. The temperature is high until death approaches and hloody urine flows, when it very perceptibly diminishes.

The sequelae of the disease are: Anasarca (effusion of senun in the cellular sub�stance) ; ophthalmia (inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or eyeball); otitis (inflammation of the ear); enteritis (inflammation of the intestines); and cynanche parotidia (inflammation of the sahvary glands), causing difficulty of breathing and swallowing; in grown hogs, affection of the sub-maxillary (mandibular) and inguinal gland, the last mentioned causing the staggering gait in young animals.

A secondary stage frequently follows, mostly caused by catching cold or by a dis�turbed crisis; then metastasis (a sudden and complete removal of the disease from one part to another) often occurs. This would seem to account for the fact that medical experts found so many different lesions by post-mortem examinations.

The next cause of the disease is an atmospherical contagion, which is always trans�ferable. The infection is therefore double, atmospherical and individual.

Only constant lesion (and it is questionable whether it can be considered entirely characteristic) is the want of coagulability of the blood and the petechial eruption; all other lesions may he considered incidental; sometimes scarcely one organ of the body is found that is not the seat of some anatomical lesion.

If we consider the hog-cholera as an independent disease, and the malignant throat disease as a partial symptom of it, or the latter disease as an independent typhus dis�ease, an infection of the blood, and the first as a partial symptom of it, has been up to this time, so far as I know, not ascertained, and the process of this epidemic is still a mystery, as in other epidemics.

In single cases and in epidemics it has sometimes the character of a local affection (maUgnant throat disease); in others, more the character of a general illness (infec�tion) ; or it may be distinguished by this, that it occurs in all forms intermixed.

I have seen in different hygienic conditions swine affected with the disease, but, by perfect cleanliness, which necessitates the separation of the sound from diseased, and the free use of disinfectants, the poison, even generated or introduced, will be virtually starved out. In neglected hygienic conditions, I saw patients without care and treat�ment recovering, and on the contrary, the best rules and remedies designated for the prevention and most careful treatment could not prevent them from dying. These are sporadical cases. If the epidemic has existed for a length of time, the disease will seem to become more mild, and a much larger proportion will recover, while the first cases that occur will be very severe and will nearly all prove fatal.

In my practice as a veterinary surgeon I have tried many recommended remedies, hut without much success.

I have adopted the following rules: As a preventive, disinfection of the atmosphere and the surrounding objects, and disinfectants for the free use of the animal. Protect them from the hot-bed of manure and close sleeping-places, where they are huddled together in great numbers; supply them with sufficient fresh straw for bedding in different places, as far as xiossiblo from each other. Supply them with fresh water and a succulent diet.

When the disease exists the sick should be placed by themselves, and the healthy ones taken to a fresh and disinfected place. Very sick hogs, without any hope of re�covering, should be instantaneously taken from the herd, killed, the carcasses interred very deep, and with quick-lime and sulphate of iron overstrewed, so that no noxious emanation takes place.

For disinfection of fecal matters of stables, pens, or other places giving rise to nox�ious emanations, fill up a bucket with a strong milk of lime, add about one-half pound of sulphate pf iron before separately dissolved in water, and sprinkle it upon the places which you intend to disinfect.

For disinfection of surrounding objects, as stable-walls, troughs, pen-rails, amp;c., take a strong solution of chloride of lime (1 pound to 12 pounds water), and whitewash thraquo; objects. This operation develops much chlorine, which destroys the contagion and purifies the surrounding air.

A specific remedy in general never will be found; disinfectant, diaphoretic, sedative, refrigerant, astringent, saline, cathartic, antiseptic, and antizymotic agents, one or more of them, according to the demand of each form and stage of the disease, are bene�ficial.

Of greater importance, and more useful than the medical treatment, is the preven�tion of it. From the peculiar construction of the larynx in hogs it la sometimes not possible to give medicine in form of a drench without their vomiting a part of it, or dying from suflbcation; beside, this is not practicable with a great number of animals, and would hardly compensate for the trouble and expense necessary to secure the life

218nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

of diseased iiogs. For this reason the liest Tray is to select sach remedies as-the ani�mals are apt to use willingly. The medicine should be given in a form suitable to their small appetite, and iii a way that they may get an approximately full dose of it, according to their age.

IOWA.

Mr. George T. Gibbs, College Springs, Page comity, says:

As I bave been hroken up by the so-called bog-cholera, I have come to the conclu�sion to give you iny theory in regard to the disease. I believe the whole difficulty lies in tbe manner of breeding which has been practiced for the last fifteen or twenty years. quot;Wo hold to tbo maxim that like produces like, and pay high prices for short�horns to improve our cattle and large sums for fine hogs to improve our swine, and then give the lie to our theory by our practice. The practice by most hog-raisers, and especially by those that have been supplying the country with, fine stock, has been to breed their sows at the age of from six to eight months, then fatten them and breed from the pigs at the same age. I claim that this has been kept up until the constitu�tion of tbo hog has been ruined, and any little thing will bring on disease, which sometimes becomes epidemic and appears to be contagious. If you breed from animals #9632;whose bodies are immature and constitutions already weakened, if like produces like, yon are getting an animal weakened from infancy. The old way of breeding was to allow stock hogs to make a little bone and muscle as well as fat, to mature their bodies before allowing them to breed, and when yon once got a good breeder to keep her as long as sbe would bear pigs. In those days we never heard of hog-cholera, and we could raise eight, ten, and twelve pigs from one sow. My father kept one sow for several years, which raised ten pigs every litter. He sold the pigs all over the county for breeders. They were not hazel-splitters either. I have helped to butcher some of this breed that dressed 250 pounds at six to eight months old, and some that were kept until four years of age weighed 800 pounds. Now hog-raisers get two or three pigs from a sow, sometimes only one. A great many object to fine stock on this account; but we can raise eight or ten pigs at a Utter from thoroughbred Poland-China, Berk�shire, or Chester Whites, if we treat them properly.

I expect to be laughed at by the wise and scientific, but I have watched this mat�ter closely for the last five years, and I am satisfied I have found the true solution of the difficulty.

SOUTH CAEOLINA.

Dr. C. J. Faust, Graham's, S. C, writes under recent date as follows:

I see much written in regard to hog-cholera, as it is termed in the Northwest and in our own Southern country. So far as my own observation goes I am inclined to think that Dr. J. JI. Johnson, of Locksbarg, Ark., is correct in regard to its symptoms, cause, treatment, and pathology. Last winter I lost ten or twelve head myself out of a herd of twenty-four. They were all in fine order.

Wo also had an epidemic of staggers among horses and mules in our neighborhood, which proved fatal to a great many animals. The disease generally lasts from six to forty-eight hours. An animal attacked with it rarely recovers. I lost seven head of horses myself last winter, which cost me sect;1,200, and many of my neighbors lost a greater or less number. The disease known as staggers, however, was not the cause of the death of all of them. The animal, when first attacked, seems to be stiff¹ in his fore legs, is veiy dull in riding, and when touched with the whip springs off very suddenly for the moment; but this is soon over. The nervous sensation seems to be very acute, and when allowed to run on an hour or so the animal does not seem to have^ower to lift his feet high enough to keep him from hitting them against the smallest rise on the suil'uce of the earth or any small object in his way. He soon commences to go around in a circle, say 80 or 100 feet in diameter, and when once broken off from this circle he will go over anything in his course, and will even plunge into a dwelling. He becomes dangerous to those around him, and will go on until he is thrown down by running over some large object, when he soon dies in great agony. Our treatment has been full blood-letting, oven tofainring, and copious drenching with a free purgative, com-posed of 300 grains of aloes, 150 grains jalap, and 80 grains of calomel, made into a bolus. Tliis is placed upon a long paddle, two and one-half inches in width, and the paddle put down the horse's throat as far as it will go. The bolus rolls off without trouble and the animal swallows it. It soon acts thoroughly on the bowels. If this treatment should have the desired effect the horse should not be allowed to eat any�thing for two days, and then only bran mashes and a little green food. This should be continued for several days, when the horse will begin to slowly and gradually recover.

contagious Ltrsra tever of caVtle.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 219

VIEGrlNIA.

Mr. Charles M. Keyser, Cedar Point, Page county, says:

Having hail some experience vnth tlie tlisease commonly called hog-cliolera, I will try and relate the result of my investigations made recentl3'. .The disease -was close to mo and there were some cases in my immediate vicinity. About October lOtli last I penned my hogs to fatten in their usual health, as I thought. Ahout the 1st of De�cember I found that they hegan to refuse some of their food, so I butchered them, and, upon examination, I found their lungs and livers in a very bad condition. The lungs #9632;were very much darkened and decayed, and the pores or small tubes -laquo;-ere filled -with #9632;worms ahout the size of a hair; they varied from one to three inches in length, and seemed to completely choke the hog. In color they resembled that of the kidney-worm, though they were not so large. I had no microscope and could not make a close examination. The liver was full of hoils, and seemed to be in a perfectly torpid condition. The bowels seemed to he in a healthy condition.

My former experience concerning the disease is that the lungs and liver are the points most affected. The symptoms of the disease were manifested in a dull and drooping condition of the animal, coughing, and a heaving of the flanks�a beating and working like a bellows. In some instances the animals would turn quite a com�plete somersault and fall over dead. In other cases they would die quite easy.

I do not think there is any cure for the disease after it gets a fair hold on the animal. It seems that hogs that run at large�roam through the woods and fields�are more liable to the disease than those that are kept in clean, comfortable pens and are well cared for. The use of tar in the troughs and wood-ashes (hickory preferable) spread on the ground where they are fed, in a dry time or in a dry place, is a very good pre�ventive, if not a cure, in some cases. They will eat some and inhale a little, which has a good effect on the animal.

PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA OE LUNG PEVEE OF CATTLE.

The following letter, addressed by the Commissioner of Agriculture to Hon. A. S. Paddock, chairman of the Senate Committee on Agricul�ture, on the 14th day of February last, gives all the facts in regard to the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this country, so far as they were then known to this department:

Sie: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of recent date, asking for such information as may be in my possession re�lating to the subject of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle. The subject is one that is attracting great attention in this country at present; hence information is rapidly accumulating in this department, the more impor�tant portion of which I herewith transmit for the information of your committee. I shall first give a brief statement of the action of the de�partment in the matter, and then submit such letters, telegrams, and other information of an important character bearing upon the subject as have recently come into my possession.

In August, 1877, within one month after my accession to the position of Commissioner of Agriculture, I instituted a preliminary examination of diseases of domesticated animals. For years I have been cognizant of the loss of immense numbers of swine and other farm animals by dis�ease, supposed to be of an infectious and contagious character; and, with the very limited means at my disposal, I opened a correspondence with leading farmers and stock-growers in almost every county in the United States for the purpose of eliciting definite information in regard to these maladies, and the probable annual losses occasioned thereby. The re�sult of this correspondence was the accumulation of a vast amount of important information on the subject under consideration, which, by request of the Senate, was communicated to that body on the 27th day

220 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OP CATTLE.

of February, 1878, and was afterward published as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 35.

In order tbat a thorough examination might be made into some of the more destructive diseases affecting farm animals, and such remedial and sanitary measures instituted as would prevent the spread of such mal�adies as were well known to be both infectious and contagious, an appro�priation of $30,000 was asked, and the sum of $10,000 was granted. In my letter of transmissal to the Senate in February, 1878, the following language is used:

Our #9632;wide extent of ccmntry and its great diversity of temperature and variation of climate, the severity of frosts in some sections, and the intensity of heat in other lo-calites, render farm stock liable to the attacks and ravages of almost every disease known in the history of domestic animals. So general and fatal have many of these maladies grown that stock breeding and rearing has, to some extent, become a pre�carious calling instead of the profitable business of former years. This would seem especially true as it relates to swine. #9632; Year by year new diseases, heretofore unknown in our country, make their appearance among this class of farm animals, while older ones become permanently localized and much more fatal in their results. Fanners, as a rule, are neglectful of their stock, and pay but little attention to sporadic cases of sickness among their flocks and herds. It is only when diseases become general, and consequently of an epidemic and contagious character, that active measures are taken for the relief of the afflicted animals. It is then generally too late, as remedies have ceased to have their usual beneficial effects, and the disease is only stayed when it has no more victims to prey upon.

This interest is too great to be longer neglected by the general government. Not only the health of its citizens, but one of the greatest sources of our wealth, demands that it should furnish the means for a most searching and thorough investigation into the causes of all diseases affecting live stock.

At the time this communication was made it was not known that the destructive disease known as contagious or malignant pleuro-pneumonia among cattle was prevalent to any considerable extent in any section of the country. There may have been, and no doubt were, isolated cases of the disease, but they were not sufficient in number to attract atten�tion or cause alarm. During the past summer and fall my attention was called to the prevalence of the disease in several localities widely sep�arated from each other. Among other letters addressed to me on the subject, I cite the following.

J. Elwood Hancock, of Burlington County, New Jersey, writes:

The prevailing disease among cattle in this county is pleuro-pneumonia. The dis�ease is very fatal, and the losses among this class of animals from this malady have been very heavy.

Mr. J. E. Hancock, of Columbus, Burlington County, New Jersey, states that the disease has been prevalent in that county lor some years. He says:

I have had some experience with pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, having lost one-third of my herd from its ravages in 1861, when I succeeded in eradicating the disease after a duration of about six months. I had a second visitation of the malady in my herd in the early part of 1866, when I lost 6 head from a herd of 23. Of the animals affected I am satisfied that not more than one-third will recover.

N. W. Pierson, Alexandria, Ya., writes as follows, under date of Oc�tober 12,1878 :

The principal disease among cattle in this locality is pleuro-pneumonia. The dis�ease started from Georgetown, D. C, two years ago, and has gradually spread down the Potomac for a distance of about 25 miles, extending back from the river not more than 2 miles.

B. A. Murrill, Campbell County, Virginia, writes, about the same date:

An unknown disease has prevailed this fall among cattle in the immediate vicinity of Lynchburg, but has not spread elsewhere. [This disease was pronounced pleuro-pneumonia by competent authority. ]

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 221

E. L. Eagland, Halifax County, Virginia, writes that the cattle in that county are affected Tnth a contagious distemper which is supposed to he pleuro-pneumonia.

C. Gingrich, Eeistertown, Baltimore County, Maryland, says:

Liing fever (plouro-pnemnonia) has prevailed among cattle in the vicinity of Balti�more for the past twelve or fifteen years, and the losses from the same have been quite heavy.

A report from William S. Vansant, veterinary surgeon, contained in the report of the New Jersey State hoard of agriculture for 1876, shows that nineteen different herds of cattle suffered from this disease in Bur�lington County of that State during the year above named. It would seem that while the disease has been almost constantly present in New Jersey for many years past, no organized effort on the part of the State has been made for its suppression and extirpation.

With no means at my command for the suppression of the malady, in November last I caused an examination to be made of some of the afflicted cattle in the vicinity of Alexandria, Va. The investigation was conducted by Dr. Alban S. Payne, of Fauquier County, Virginia, who, as will be seen by his report below, pronounced the disease a contagious type of pleuro-pneumonia. The results of his investigation are thus given in the following brief extract from his report:

I visited Mr. Eoherts's mill, one mile south of the city of Alexandria, Va., with as little delay, under existing circumstances, as possible. I found Mr. Eoberts, in con�nection with his other business operations, carrying on a dairy. On his farm were sixty-two milch cows, and of these forty have had pleuro-pneumonia. Twenty-two have not as yet taken the disease. I also found almost in the heart of Alexandria City two cows sick with the disease. One of these cows belonged to Mr. Townsend Bag-gott and the other to Colonel Suttle. I also examined about the suburbs of Washing�ton City some sick cows. All the cases I saw were, without doubt, cases of pleuro-pneumonia of the non-malignant variety.

Knowing the insidious and destructive character of this disease, and that it was liable to assume a contagious form and cause the destruction of millions of doUars' worth of property, and interrupt and perhaps destroy one of our greatest commercial interests and sources of income, I called the attention of Congress to the existence of this fatal malady in my preliminary report, bearing date of November last, and asked the immediate intervention of the government by the enactment of measures for its suppression and extirpation. The following is a brief extract from this report:

One of the most dreaded contagious diseases known among cattle is that of pleuro-pneumonia, or lung fever. It was brought to this country as early as the year 1843, and has since prevailed to a greater or less extent in several of the Eastern and a few of the Southern States. It made its appearance about a century ago in Central Eu�rope, and has since spread to most European countries. With the exception of rinder-pest, it is the most dreaded and destructive disease known among cattle. Unlike Texas cattle fever, which is controlled in our northern latitudes by the appearance of frost, this disease quot; knows no limitation by winter or summer, cold or heat, rain or drought, high or low latitude.quot; It is the most insidious of all plagues, for the poison may be retained in the system for a period of one or two months, and even for a longer period, in a latent form, and the infected animal in the mean time may be transported from one end of the continent to the other in apparent good health, yet all the while carry-inquot; and scattering the seeds of this dreaded pestilence.

Since the appearance of this affection on our shores it has prevailed at different times in the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Dela�ware, Virginia, and in the District of Columbia. It has recently shown itself at two points in Virginia (Alexandria and Lyuchburg), where it was recently prevailing in a virulent form.

At present the disease seems to be circumscribed by narrow limits, and could be ex�tirpated with but little cost in comparison with the sum that would bo required should the plague be communicated to the countless herds west of the Alleghany Mountains,

222nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEK OF CATTLE.

This disease is of such a destructive nature as to have called forth for its immediate extirpation the assistance of every European government in which it has appeared, many of them having found it necessary to expend millions of dollars in its suppression. The interests involved in this case are of so vast a character and of such overshad�owing importance, both to the farming and commercial interests of the country, as to require the active intervention of the Federal Government for their protection, and for this reason the considerate attention of Congress is respectfully asked to this im�portant matter.

Prof. F. S. Billings, V. S., temporarily residing in Germany, -writes under recent date as follows:

Beklin, January 16, 1879, 14 Louisen Street.

My Deab Sik : I intended in my last to have meutioned some ideas for your consid�eration upon the so-cahed contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle in the United States. I have given the subject a long-continued consideration, and it seems to me the views which now appear conformable to our case will find their approval with you. The disease is one which is rather a new thing to us, and while we find cases coming to pass in many sections, still we caunot say it has acquired any devastating extension. I truly believe that by using what means we have at command, and hy fixing two or at the most three points by which cattle can be imported from Canada, and by further�more exacting that such cattle be accompanied by attested health certificates of com�petent men, and furthermore that all such cattle, except when destined for immediate slaughter, be compelled to undergo twenty days of quarantine at point of entry when unaccompanied by such certificates, like rules applied to sea-ports�if we can make and enforce such regulations, then in one year at the most we can stamp the disease out of the United States and keep it out. For us the inoculation should be absolutely forbidden and severely punished. It is only of value in localities where the disease has become almost domesticated, and where of the two evils the lesser must be chosen, and that is, as is being attempted in Saxony, to inoculate every animal, and produce as soon as possible the artificial disease; all uewly-introduced animals to be by law at once inoculated.

This renders the losses less severe to such a community, probably not over 25 to 30' per cent., if as much; statistics as yet are unrebable. But it is self-evident this is also the way by which the disease is rendered a constancy�it becomes domiciled, a thing we do not desire. Hence I recommend to your consideration the absolute killing of every infected and exposed animal, or, perhaps, utter quarantining�isolation of the latter under rigid inspection. The slaughtered animals to be paid for at full mar�ket price, real, not fancy, by the respective State governments, or, better, by the gen�eral government; for, if we are to have a general law, then the general government must take care of it. I earnestly recommend your bringing this to the attention of Congress, and you yourself must see the recommendation is logical and true to the country's interest. The first cost might be a little startling, but the final results equally fortunate. The rinderpest was at last reportraquo; limited and decreasing. Your obedient servant,

F. S. BILLINGS. To Hon. Wm. G. Le Dec,

Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Professor Gadsden, of PhiladelpMa, who recently made an examina�tion of infected and diseased cattle on Long Island, writes as follows:

134 North Testu Steeet, Fhiladelphia, January 29, 1879.

Sir : I consider it my duty to report to you that the contagious disease known as quot; pleuro-pncnmonia quot; exists to a frightful extent among the cows near Brooklyn, Long Island. On the return of Professor McEachran, the cattlc-iusiiector of Canada, from Washington, he asked me to accompany him to New York State, and find out for our�selves if the report was true that a contagious disease existed. Wo found it too true, as at a distillery at Williamsburg we found a largo byre, or cow-house, containing about eight hundred cows, with very many of thciu in the last stages of quot;contagious pleuro-pneumonia.quot; Others had this disease in a milder form. The place was very dirty, the cows very much crowded, ceiling low, and everything favorable for the rapid spread of this disease.

The cows belong to a number of milkmen, who keep them tlipie very cheap on hot swill (from llio distillery) and hay, which increases the milk very much. This place is a regular pest-house for the disease. We were informed, on good authority, that just before the cows die they are killed and dressed, then sent into the New York market as beef, where we are told that they bring a good price because they are ten�der and not too fat. Others are sold, when the milk dries up, to farmers on Long Island,

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE. 223

Thia disease is very prevalent within a few miles of Brooklyn, and has been for some time. Cannot you, sir, try and stamp it out ? as I am afraid if it spreads from there the English Government -will not receive any cattle from our ports, as they have a law ready to put in force as soou as they are satisfied this or any contagious disease exists in cattle. I have made inquiry from several veterinary surgeons in this State ; they all answer there are no contagious diseases in cattle in their district. I have no reason toholieve there is au5^r in Pennsylvania or in the Western States; sol do hope this disease on Long Island will not interfere with the sending of live cattle from Phila�delphia to England,- as I know they are making great preparations tor this spring's trade.

Eespectfully, amp;c.,

J. W. OADSDEN, V. S. Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commis8iolaquo;er of Agriculture.

On tlie morning of the 30th of January, 1879, tlie following telegrams appeared iu the metropolitan journals:

Tokonto, Ontakio, January 30.

Intelligence of the slaughtering of cattle lately shipped to Liverpool on a steam�ship creates an anxious feeling among dealers here. On or about the 14th instant the steamship Ontario sailed from Portland for England with a cargo of cattle, the ship�pers being Messrs. T. Crawford amp; Co., of this city. The cattle numbered 265 head, and were, according to Mr. Crawford's statement, in sound condition, having been ex�amined by competent men at both Montreal and Portland. The Ontario reached Liv�erpool on Sunday last, and on the following day Messrs. Crawford amp; Co. received a cable dispatch from their agent there that the cattle had been detained for inspection by order of the British Government. This inspection was evidently attended with unsatisfactory results, for on Tuesday the agent cabled that the cattle had been con�demned on account of disease and were to be slaughtered. The disease was said to be pleuro-pneumonia. The Toronto Exportation Company and Messrs. Crawford amp; Co., the two firms that do the largest shipping business in their line in the city, were instructed by their agents to ship no more. The first named have a cargo of 170 head on the steamship State of Alabama, which it is anticipated will arrive at Liverpool on Friday next. What will become of these remains to be seen. The general feeling is that it is not at all likely that a trade which was rapidly becoming a necessity for England will be allowed to suffer interruption for any great length of time without a good cause for the embargo being adduced.

Ottawa, Ontario, January 30.

Information having been received that the British Government has totally prohib�ited the importation of cattle from the United States, the cabinet met last evening to consider the situation. The result of the meeting was the adoption of a resolution that steps would be taken to prevent any injury being done to Canada.

Moxtkeal, Quebec, January 30. Considerable anxiety exists iu regard to the order from the imperial government prohibiting the importation of Canadian cattle into England. It is said if the order is continued cattle will be slaughtered here and the moat will be taken across in refrigerators.

The following letter from the president of the American Veterinary College will explain itself:

American Veterinary College,

New York, February 1,1879.

SlK: In returning from Washington, where he had the honor of seeing you. Pro�fessor McEachran, of Canada, asked mo if pleuro-pneumonia was to he found in New York State. I took him to Long Island, and there had the opportunity to show him a bam where a large number of cows (some 600) are kept, and where we found our�selves in the difficult task, not to detect diseased animals, but to discover healthy cows. Post mortemraquo; confirmed our diagnosis, so that no doubt can be had of its cor�rectness.

The milk and the carcasses of these diseased subjects find their way to our market in New York City. Our boards of health have no veterinarian to detect, the disease and enforce the laws! Our market meat-inspectors are deficient in detecting diseased from healthy meat! Our cattle are exposed to the spreading of that IVaiJul disease! Our exportation is now impeded to such extent that to-day I am told animals exported to France even must have a clean bill of health, and England is threatening closing her ports to our stock!

May I respectfully be allowed to call your attention to this state of affaiis, and to

224 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

place myself at your orders for whatever professional assistance I may be able to give your department in overcoming this great danger to our European cattle trade and to our own live stock.

I am, sir, your obedient servant.

A. LIAUTAKD. Hon. W. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

On the 4tli instant I received the following telegram from Mr. J. B. Sherman, superintendent of the Chicago Union Stock-Yards:

Union Stock-Yaeds, Chicago, III., February 4,1879. The Commissioxek of Agriculture:

The most important blow struck at the interest of this city. State, and Northwest is the report in circulation in reference to the prevalence of cattle disease in the West, aEd these reports are absolutely false. I have sent a telegram to the Secretary of State, on whom I wish you would at once call.

This business of the export of live cattle to England has developed immense propor�tions in the last year, and we must not, cannot, remain quiet and see it destroyed. It is worth millions to the country, and affects directly every farmer in the Northwest, while the whole country feels the effect of this large increase in its exports. The action of the British and Canadian Governments is based on a misconception of the facts, and we need such final investigation as will put the matter at rest.

J. B. SHEEMAN,

[Superintendent.

To #9632;which the annexed reply was at once forwarded:

Department op Agriculture,

Washington, D. C, February 4,1879. J. B. Sherman,

Superintendent Union Stock-Yards, Chicago, III.:

The disease to which your telegram refers appeared in this country as early as 1843, and there is no more reason for the present action of the British Government in this matter than has existed for years past. Pleuro-pneumonia has never troubled the cat�tle-breeders of the West, from whence alone cattle for exportation are derived, but the existence of the disease on our eastern coast at all is a constant threat to the cattle-raising country beyond the Alleghany Mountains, for the extermination of which I have asked authority of Congress. I hope and expect that action will be taken that will speedily remove all excuse for the objectionable orders of the British Govern�ment.

WM. G. Le DUG, Commissioner of Agriculture. '

On the recommendation of gentlemen largely interested in the live�stock trade, I at once made the following appointment of an examiner for the port of New York:

Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C, February 5, 1879. Sir: You are hereby appointed an examiner, and directed to make as thorough in�quiry and examination as the owners and shippers of stock will permit into the con�dition of the live stock sent, or about to bo sent, from your port, and certify daily to this department the health of each particular shipment, so far as possible, examining particularly as to pleuro-pnenmonia in cattle, and noting the presence or absence of this disease in each ease. You are authorized to give a copy of your certificate for the department to the shippers, if desired.

WM. G. Le DUG, Commissioner of Agriculture. Dr. John J. Craven,

Jersey City, N. J.

I also forwarded a like appointment by telegraph to H. J. Detmers, V. S., Chicago, 111., and received prompt replies from both accepting the positions tendered.

These examiners were also directed to furnish a certificate of health to such shippers of live stock as might desire it, a copy of which is here�with appended:

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 225

INSPECTION OP CATTLE FROM THE PORT OF ----------, AUTHORIZED BY THE UNITED

STATES GOVERNMENT, AND UNDER THE IMMEDIATE DIRECTION OF THE COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE.

This is to certify that I have this day inspected---------beef cattle, owned by Messrs.

, to be shipped by them upon------------------sailing Fobmary �, for the

port of Liverpool, England, and found the animals sound Dated February �, 1879.

(Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------------------,

Inspector.

These letters were promptly followed by the following, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, informing him of the action taken by this department:

Department op Agriculture,

Washington, February 5, 1879. Sm: I have the honor to inclose for your information a copy of a letter this day ad�dressed to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J. I have also telegraphed to Dr. Detmers, of Chicago, substantially the same instructions as are noted in Dr. Craven's letter.

So far as the limited funds at the command of the department will permit, the pro�posed examinations will be continued, with the view of furnishing shippers informa�tion relative to the health of the stock, and thus prevent the shipment of any that are diseased; and the certificate of the veterinary surgeon of tlds department making the examination will be in the nature of a quot;bill of health,quot; and should go far towards allaying any apprehensions, real or fancied, which may be entertained by persons who receive the stock.

This department is ready to second any efforts made by the Treasury Department to quiet the mmecessary excitement now apparent in Europe and in our own country on this subject.

Eespectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. G. Le DUC,

Commiaeioner, Hon. John Sherman,

Secretary of the Treasury.

To which the following reply has been received:

Treasury Department,

Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, February 7, 1879. Slit: I am in receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, inclosing a copy of one ad�dressed by you to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J., authorizing him to make inquiries into the condition of live stock about to be sent from that port to foreign countries, and to certify daily to your department the health of each particular ship�ment as far as possible.

I inclose herewith for your information twelve copies of a circular issued by this department, under date of the 1st instant, requiring as a condition precedent to the shipment of live cattle abroad an examination thereof by the customs-officers with reference to their freedom from disease, and the issuance of a certificate by the col�lector that they are free from such disease, if the facts shall be found to warrant it.

Doubtless Dr. Craven, and any other person appointed by your department for the purpose named, could give valuable aid to the collectors of the ports ftom which such shipments are made, and this department would be pleased if yon would instruct the experts selected by you to afford aid to the customs-officers in this respect as far as possible.

You will see that the circular requires that the officers of the customs shall also fur�nish this department from time to time such information upon the subject as they may be able to procure, and I would be pleased if you will also forward such information as you receive it.

This department has furnished the State Department with copies of the circulars before mentioned, and the Secretary of State has doubtless furnished them to the proper representative of the British Government.

This department perceives the importance of protecting its export trade in live ani�mals as far as possible, and will do all in its power to attain the desired object. quot;Very respectfully,

JOHN SHERMAN, Secretary of the Treasurs. Hon. Wm. G. Le Dec,

Commissioner of Agriculture,

15 sw

226 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE.

The following is a copy of the circular inclosed by the Secretary of the Treasury:

[Circular.]

#9632;laquo;*�

INFOKMATION IN KEGARD TO CATTLE DISEASE.

Treasury Department, TVashiwjton, D. C, February 1, 1879. To collectors of customs and others:

By department's circular of December 18, 1878, it ivas directed that live cattle shipped from the various ports of the United States might bo examined with reforenco to the question whether they -svore free from contagious diseases, and that, if found to he free from such diseases, a certificate to that effect should lgt;o given.

By that circular such inspection was not made compulsory, but the certificate was to be issued only upon the application of parties interested.

As the export trade in live cattle from the United States is of vital importance to large interests, every precaution should bo taken to guard against the shipment of diseased animals abroad, and such a guarantee given as will satisfy foreign countries, especially Great Britain, that no risk will ensue from such shipments of communicat�ing contagious or infectious diseases to the animals in foreign countries by shipments from the United States.

Collectors of customs are, therefore, instructed that in no case will live animals be permitted to be shipped from their respective ports until after an inspection of the animals with reforenco to their freedom ftom disease, and the issuance of a certificate showing that they are free from the class of diseases mentioned.

Notice of rejected cattle should bo promptly given to this department.

In order that this department may be fully informed in regard to such diseases in any part of the United States, collectors of customs are requested to promptly forward to tms department any information which they may be able to obtain of the presence of contagious or infectious diseases prevailing among live auimals in their vicinity.

It is probable that if the disease prevails to any considerable extent it will be no�ticed in the local press, and collectors are requested to send copies of any such notices to this department for its information.

JOHN SHERMAN,

Secretary.

The following letter has been received from Prof. James Law, who, it will be seen, has been ordered to the port of If ew York by the governor of that State:

Astor House, New York, February 8, 1879.

Dear Sir : I came down here last night in accordance with instructions from the governor of New York to ascertain and report as to the existence of tho lung fever in cattle. From what I have seen to-day I have no doubt of its existence in Kujm and Queens Counties, but I hope very soon to be able to report on the jgt;ost-mortemlesioTis as well as the ante-mortem symptoms.

I hear that tho malady exists in Watertown, Conn., perhaps at Eatonah, Wcstches-ter County, New York, and around Newark, N. J. The two first places I expect to visit in the interest of New York, and I shall fiud out what I can about the vicinity of the shipping yards for the stock exported to Great Britain. Would it bo well for mo to visit Newark also before returning?

I strongly commeud the position you nave taken in this matter, as tho only just and tenable one. If we should ever sutler from a temporary suspension of the foreign trade in cattle, it will be well expended if it should lead to a thorough extinction of the lung plague in the United States. Yours, very trulv,

' JAMES LAW.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

The following late telegrams, showing the action of the British Gov. ernment, are appended:

Till- AMOIICAS CATTLE TRADE�NO FURTHER IXTERrERENCE EXPECTED.

London, February 8. A committoe of the Cattle Trade Association at Liverpool, in order to avoid inter�ruption to the trade, have oficred to erect the necessary lairago and abattoirs to com�ply with tho requirements of the Privy Council. It is believed, however, that, in consequence of the growing importance of the trade to Liverpool, cither the authori-

COXTAGIOUS LUNG TEVER OP CATTLE. 227

ties or the corporation or tlio dock toard will undertake the -work. All arrivals of cattle from America since tlie steamer Ontario's cargo have been found entirely free from disease. The severity of the weather, therefore, it is believed caused the out�break in that instance. The British Government Is, under the circumstances, not in�clined to interfere with the importation of cattle from America, provided there is adequate inspection before shipment and provision of the required lairage at Liver�pool to put them in position to meet such cases as the Ontario's. It is not believed that slaughter on the quays will be enforced where no disease exists. Persons in the trade say that under these conditions American shippers need not fear any interference with the business.

Lokdobt, February 9. In regard to the importation of cattle from America, no action of the Privy Council has been made known since the notice read in the Liverpool town council on Febru�ary 5, that cattle cannot be lauded at the Liverpool docks after March 1, unless pro�vision is made for slaughter on the quay.

THE CATTLE EXPORT TRADE�EFFECT OF THE BKITISII ORDER IN COUNCIL.

Liverpool, February 11. The order of the Privy Council adopted yesterday revoking after March 3, 1879, article 13 of the foreign animals order so far as it relates to the United States was a great surprise to the trade here. All cattle from the United States after March 3 will have to be slaughtered in abattoirs now being prepared on the dock estates of Birken-head and Liverpool within ten days after landing.

I also forward you articles on tlic subject of plemo-pueumonia, clipped from the National Live Stock Journal of Marcli, 1878, and November, 1878, from the pen of Dr. James Law. Tliey were inclosed to me and my attention directed to them by Mr. J. H. Sanders, the able editor of that Journal.

[From tho Xationiil Live Stock Journal of Marcli, 1878.]

THE GREATEST DANGER TO CUE STOCK�THE LUNG FEVER�CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-

PNEUMONIA.

The Journal has frequently called attention to tho great dangers that beset our live stock from imported plagues of foreign origin. During the past year the sudden in�vasion of Western Europe and England by the rinderpest roused the agricultural com�munity from their dream of safety, and called forth from the Treasury an order remark�able alike for its promptitude and good intentions, and for the fatal blunders which rendered it worse than a dead letter. Once more there seems a prospect of a renewal of these apprehensions, tho Eusso-Turkish war having led to an extension of this cat�tle plague into Hungary, from which the Atlantic coast and Great Britain may be any day infected, owing to the activity of the stock trade. Should this unfortunately take place, it will find us no better prepared than we were a year ago, and our Treasury order, now in force, will freely invite the disease to enter, provided it makes its advent respectably�in the systems of hlooded stock, and not in poor cross-bred animals, which it would be ruinous to import, even if sound. A similar welcome is extended, by im�plication, to all those ruminants which are devoted more particularly to luxury, and have not been degraded to such vulgar utilitarian objects as tho production of meat or wool. Yet all ruminants are subject to rinderpest, and this malady was carried to France, in 186S, by two gazelles, as other plagues have often been earned to new countries by the privilegelaquo; I lAomlcd stock.

But we started out to no!ice a danger which is no longer separated from us by the broad barrier of the Atlantic, and whose malign presence is not to be dismissed by any one of ten thousand contingencies, as is the case with the possible advent of the rinder�pest. This danger stands in our midst, and is steadily gaining in force as it encroaches further and further, showing ho v.- certain it is, if nnchecked, to lay tho whole country under contribution, and inllict most disastrous and permanent losses. The lung fever of cattle, imported into Brooklyn, L. I., lor the first time, in lt.^;li!, in a Dutch cow, has never since been at any time entirely absent from our soil. From this center it has slowly and irregularly extended over a portion of Nev.' York, New Jersey, Pennsyl�vania, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia, besides having repeatedly invaded Con-nccticnt. The slowness of its extension has begotten a false sense of security, and no real apprehensions of serious consequences remain from an animal poison which has been for over a third of a century hidden away in the near vicinity of the Atlantic coast.

To disturb this comfovtable and restful condition of the public mind is an unpleasant

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task, which, nothing bnt the imperative sense of duty would compel us to undertake. But this disease has a history, which we can only ignore at our peril; and as its records can now he drawn from all quarters of the glohe, we can have before us an unequivo�cal testimony as to what will inevitably happen under given conditions of clunate, Burroundings, and treatment.

England imported the lung fever of cattle in 1842, just one year before we did, was soon very generally infected, and has continued so to the present time. Up to 1869, it is estimated that England had lost, almost exclusively from this disease, 5,549,780 bead of cattle, worth �83,616,854 (say $400,000,000). For the succeeding nine years, up to 1878, the losses have been, in the main, as extensive, so that we may set them down as now reaching at least $500,000,000 in deaths alone, without counting all the contin�gent expenses, of deteriorated health, loss of markets, progeny, crops, manure, amp;c., disinfection, quarantine, amp;c. With us no attempts have been made to estimate the losses, but they cannot exceed an inconsiderablo fraction of those above named; and thus we have slept on in a pleasant dream of immunity.

It is even alleged that the disease has, in a great measure, been shorn of its virulent power, by being transplanted to the shores of the New World, and that we may com�fort ourselves with this, and continue to ignore its presence. If, on the other hand, it can he shown that the difference is in no material respect afiected by climate, but altogether determined by the surroundings, it will be well for us to attend to the facts of the case, and face the real danger. The lung fever, which had really entered Eng�land, by a special importation, some time before the free trade act of 1842, was, by virtue of this act, thrown upon her in constantly accumulating accessions. The ports at which the continental cattle were landed, and the markets in which they were sold �London (Smithfield Market), Southampton, Dover, Harwich, Hull, Newcastle, Edin�burgh, laquo;Sec.�insured the mingling of the imported stock, week by week, with the native store cattle. Then, if they failed to find a profitable sale, they were sent by cars to other and inland markets, where they were again and again brought into con�tact with numerous herds of store cattle, by which the germs of the disease were taken in, and carried all over the country.

With us, on the other hand, the disease was long confined to the dairies of Brooklyn and New York, where the cows were kept until they died, or were fattened for the butcher. A few doubtless found their way to the country, and by these the disease was carried to different farms, which were thus constituted centers of contagion from which the adjacent country became infected. But any such movement from the city dairies was necessarily of the most restricted kind, and it never took place to any great distance. It would have been folly to move a common milch cow, worth $40 to $70, to the West, where she could be bought for one-half or one-third of that sum. The same deterrent condition existed in the case of the farms on which the diseased city cows had been brought. Sales were no doubt occasionally made from infected herds, to secure the apparent value of an animal which the owner had good reason to believe to be doomed, and as such animals would, for obvious reasons, be sent as far from home as possible, this became a principal means of the formation of more distant cen�ters of contagion and the wider diffusion of the malady. But with us the disease has hitherto had to fight against the heaviest obstacles�the current of cattle traffic hav�ing been almost without exception from the cheaply-raised herds of the West to the profitable markets of the East. The exceptions have only beenin the case of thorough�bred stock, and hitherto our Western stock has escaped contamiriation by this means.

The wonder is not so much that the plague has failed to reach the West, but that in the face of such tremendous obstacles it has succeeded in invading all of the six or seven States that are now infected. In Great Britain, where some would have us believe that the disease is more virulent, we can point to a more satisfactory record. There the great body of the country has been infected for thirty-five years, but the greater part of the highlands, exclusively devoted to the raising of cattle and sheep, has en�joyed the most perfect immunity. Here, under nearly all possible predisposing causes of lung disease�altitude, exposure, cold, chilling rains, and fogs, the piercing blasts of the Atlantic and German Oceans�this contagious lung disease has never penetrated, though severely ravaging the lowlands immediately adjacent. The explanation is, that these hills support none but the native black cattle, and other breeds are never introduced. In spite of the alleged virulence of the disease in England, it has proved powerless to enter this magic circle from which all bnt the native stock is excluded. The same holds true concerning some parts of Normandy, Brittany, the Channel Islands, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, amp;c.

The fact that the disease has maintained a foothold among us for thirty-four years, and in spite of all obstacles has made a slow but constant extension, is sufficient ground for the gravest apprehensions. A disease-poison which shows such an obsti�nate vitality and such persistent aggressiveness cannot be allowed to exist among us without the certainty of future losses which will echpse those of Great Britain by as much as our herds of cattle exceed those of that nation. A recent outbreak in Clin�ton, N. J., caused by a cow brought from Ohio, suggests the possibility of the disease

CONTAGUOUS LUNG FEVEK OP CATTLE. 229

having already reached the latter State; an occnrronce which #9632;was iuevitablo soonoi or later, but the actual existence of -wliicli must enormously increase our dangers. With every such step westward there is the introduction of more diseased and infected cattle into the natural current of the traffic, and the earlier probability of the general infection of all parts to the cast of such ultimate centers of disease. There is, further, the infection of more cattle cars, -vrhich, carried West, may be the means of securing a rapid extension of the plague to our most distant States and Territories.

RELATIVE DANGERS OP THE POISONS OP LUXG FEVER AND OTHER PLAGUES.

The persistent vitality of the lung-fever poison, in comparison with that of any other animal plagues, is noteworthy. It has held a tenacious grasp on the United States for over a third of a century, though forbidden by circumstances to make a wide ex�tension. Aplitlicnm fever (foot and mouth disease), on the other hand, though twice imported into Canada within the last ten years, and on one occasion widely spread in New York and New England, was on each occasion easily and early extinguished, and with little or no effort on the part of the States. It might indeed almost be said to have died out of itself. Even the dreaded rinderpest has its poison early destroyed by free exposure to the air, in thin layers, at the ordinary summer temperature. Numer�ous experiments on hides hung up and freely exposed in warm weather have shown that the infecting power is lost as soon as they are quite dried. But the poison of lung fever maintains its virulence for months in the dry state in buildings, and we have known parks, with sheds, that proved regularly infecting year after year to all cattle turned into them. In other eases wo have known the virus carried for miles on the clothes of attendants, and thus introduced into new herds.

A far greater danger lies in the lengthened period during which the poison of long fever remains dormant in the system. This averages about three weeks or a month, but may extend, in exceptional cases, to not less than two months. An ox or a cow which has been exposed to the contamon may, therefore, be carried from one extremity of the continent to the other, may he exposed in a succession of markets, and may change hands an indefinite number of times, and be all the while in the best apparent health, though infallibly approaching the manifestation of the disease, and for the latter portion of the time spreading the germs of the malady to others. There is here an opportunity for the vmserupulous to sell off exposed and infected animals without the purchaser having the least suspicion of foul play. There is also the strong proba�bility of animals that have contracted the disease by accident, in cars or otherwise, in passing to a new home, mingling with the herd of the new owner and infecting them extensively before there is a suspicion that anything is amiss. This long period of incubation after the animal is infected, and the equally long period of latency of the malady in animals he has infected, one or two of which only will be attacked at inter�vals of a month, lull suspicion as to the presence of contagion, and it is too often only after great damage has been done that the truth dawns on the mind.

In aphthous fever and rinderpest, on the other hand, the disease shows itself in from one to four days after infection, and the surrounding animals are so rapidly at�tacked after the coming of the infected stranger, that there is no room for hesitancy as to the existence of contasion. Nor can the victims of these diseases be carried far from the point where they have been infected and disposed of as sound animals; so that in the very vigor and promptitude of their action we have an excellent basis for their restriction and control.

DANGER OF INTECTIOX IN OUR UNFENCED STOCK RANGES.

It is needful to note the above-named insidious progress and stealthy invasions of the lung fever, and to contrast them with the more prompt and open manifestations of the other animal plagues, in order to show the great peril to which we are subjected by the presence in our midst of a pestilence which literally walketh in darkness. Let us now consider the prospective infection of our great stock ranges. That this is inevi�table, though slow, at the present rate of progress of the plague, has been sufficiently shown. That it might occur any day by an animal infected in an Eastern farm or stock-yard, or in a railroad car in which it was sent for the improvement of the West-em herds, must be abundantly evident to every one who has read this article. If we now add the fact that more than one thoroughbred Ayrshire and Jersey herd has been infected with this disease during the past year, we are at once confronted with a strong probabihty of an early Western infection. Let us remember that thoroughbreds alone are carried West for improvement of native herds, and that a bull of the Ayrshire, Jersey, Holstein, or short-horn breed, taken from a herd now or recently infected, may be carried to any of our Western Territories and mingle for a month with the native herds before his own infection is so much as suspected, and we can conceive how im�minent is the danger when the infection has reached our Eastern thoroughbred cattle.

To illustrate the result of the infection of our unfenced stock ranges, I must quote

230nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS LUNG PEVEE OF CATTLE.

anotlier page from the history of tliia disease in other countries. The instance of Ans-tralia is the most recent as well as the most striking. The lung fever was introduced into Melbourne in 1858, by a short-horn English cow, which died soon after landing. Having been confined to an inclosed place, there is every reason to believe that with her the disease would have ended, had not a teamster turned his yoke of oxen into the infected park under cover of the night. These oxen working on the streets infected others, the disease soon spread to the open countey, and the mortality increased at an alarming rate. Vigorous measures for its suppression were adopted, thousands of in�fected and diseased cattle were slaughtered, but all proved of no avail. Not only were the free, roaming herds infected, but so many places were contaminated that it was soon perceived that help from this source was not to be expected. Destroy a whole infected herd, and you still left the infection in the station from which, in its unfenced state, other herds could not be excluded, and where tbey were certain to take in the germs of the malady. After enormous losses bad been sustained by the combined operations of the pest and the pole-ax, it was concluded that the remedy was worse than the disease, and the colonists reluctantly fell back on the expedient of inoculation. This is based on the fact that the disease is rarely contracted a sec�ond time by the same animal, and it can be practiced on all calves #9632;with losses at the rate of from two to five per cent, only, so that the mortality is insignificant as com�pared with the thirty to fifty per cent, which perish where the affection is contracted in the ordinary way. The great objection to inoculation is, that it can only he prac�ticed at the expense of a universal diffusion of the poison, and of its maintenance ii^ a state of constant activity and growth. With such a universal diffusion of the vims, the stock owners are virtually debarred from introducing any new stock for improving the native breeds, or infusing new vigor or stamina, inasmuch as such new arrivals would almost certainly fall early victims to the plague. Australia, therefore, now sufiers from the permanent incubus of the lung plague, and can only import high-class cattle at great risk.

This is an occurrence of yesterday, but it is only a repetition of the immemorial ex�perience of the steppes of Russia. There we find the same conditions of great herds roaming free over immense uninclosed tracts, and all the facilities for an easy and wide diffusion of animal poisons. There, accordingly, wc find the home, in all ages, of the animal plagues of the Old World. To these endless steppes Europe and Euro�pean colonists owe their frequent invasions of lungfei-er, rinderpest, ajnhthous fever, and sheep-pox. To these are to be charged the losses, to be estimated only by many thou�sands of millions, which have repeatedly fallen on the other civilized countries of the world. From these steppes the disease has spread over the continent on the occasion of every great European war, dating from the expulsion of the Goths from Hungary by Attila and his Huus, in A. D. 376, down to the present Turkish war, which has se�cured the extension of the rinderpest to Hungary at least. On these steppes, too, the Eussiim veterinarians believe the rinderpest, at least, to be an imported disease derivod from Eastern aud Central Asia, yet all their efforts to crush out this or the lung fever, though receiving the freest support from the Russian Government, have failed. The same conditions exist, to a largo extent, at the Cape of Good Hope; and there, too, the lung fever, imported in 1854, has acquired a permanent residence.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES DEJIAKDED.

Such is the history. Now comes the question pregnant with weal or woe to our future stock, agricultural, and national interests: .Shall we learn from the disastrous experionce of others and extirpate the lung plague from the United States while it is still possible, or shall wc sit quietly by with folded hands aud await the inevitable, early or late, infection of our open Western stock ranges, aud then repeat, for the benefit of other nations, the already twice-told tale of a desperate and extravagant but fruitless attempt to suppress a plague which wc have criminally allowed to pass beyond our control? With oi-without a prodigal but vain effort to crush out the poison, the results maybe thus summed up: The infection of stoch-yards, loading-banks, cars, and markets, and ageneral diffusion of the plague over the.Eastern States. This would imply a national loss, by cattle disease, like that of England, but much more extensive in ratio with our great numbers of stock. Thus England, with her 6,000,000 bead of cattle, has lost in deaths alone from lung fever in the course of forty years over S�OO.OOO.OOO.' Wo, therefore, with our 28,000,000, shonlil lose not less than $3,000,000,000 in the same length of time, allowing still a wide, margin for the lower average value per head in America. And this terrible drain is for deaths alone, with�out counting all the expenses of deteriorated health in the survivors, of produce lost, of loss of progeny, of loss of fodder no longer safe to feed to cattle, of diminished harvests for lack of cultivation and maviure, of quarantine and separate attendants whenever new stock is brought on a farm, of cleansing and (lismleetion of sheds and buildings, raquo;fee., which become absolutely essential in the circunistances.

We do not include the expense of supervising the trade, examining aud quarantia-

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 231

ing the stock at the frontier of every State, and of the disinfection of cars, loading-banks, stock-yards, andmarkets. If such were resorted to, after an extensive infection of onr Western herds by lung lover, the cattle trade would be virtually stopped. Thus a safe quaipntiae for store cattle could not be less than three weeks, and a registra�tion and supervision for five weeks more on the farms to which they are taken, would be absolutely essential. Thus the quarantine yards and sheds would be continual centers of infection, and would require to be very extensive, thoroughly isolated from each other, and constantly and perfectly disinfected, the air as well as the solids, to prevent the infcctioii of newly-arrived stock. Such an incubus upon the trade would amount to a virtual prohibition. In rinderpest, sheep-pox, and aphthous fever, quar�antine is a comparatively simple and available expedient, as the disease shows itself within a week; but, in lung fever, with the germs lying unsuspected in the system for one or two mouths, a protective quarantine is practically impossible wherever an active cattle trade is carried on. Henco in the countries of Central and Western Europe, through which the active traffic from the East is carried on, a complete con�trol is usually maintained over rinderpest and sheep-pox, while the peoples have resigned themselves to the prevalence of lung fever as an unavoidable infliction. The same holds in Great Britain. Twice within eleven years has she crushed out invasions of rinderpest, and repeatedly has the same thing been accomplished for sheep-pox; but the lung fever is accepted as a necessary evil, between which and her large im�portations of continental cattle she must make a deliberate choice.

Happily, in these United States we are as yet under no such compulsion. The lung fever on American soil is still confined to the Eastern States and to inclosed farms, from which it is quite possible to eradicate it thoroughly. Of this possibility wo have abundant evidence, alike in the Old World and the New. In several countries of Western Europe, through which there is no continuous cattle traffic between nations on opposite sides, this disease has been killed out and permanently excluded by an in�telligent veterinary sanitary supervision. Sweden imported the disease in Ayrshire stock in 1847, but at once circumscribed the infected herds and places, slaughtered the diseased, disinfected all with which they had come in contact, and promptly extin�guished the outbreak. Denmark, invaded the same year from .1 similar source, and on several subsequent occasions from Holland and England, as often quenched the poison by analogous measures. Oldenburg, Schleswig, and Norway, successively in�vaded by the importation of infected Ayrshires, in 1858, 1859, and i860, respectively, enjoyed a similar happy riddance, through the application of the same system of sup�pression. Switzerland, long slandered as the native home of the lung plague, has at last awoke to the truth of the statement of the immortal Haller, made more than a century ago, that this disease only occurs quot; when an animal has been brought from an infected districtquot;; and, by the judicious use of suppressive measures, has permanently rid the country of the pestilence, and demonstrated that their Alpine air is as clear and wholesome for beast as for man.

In America, Massachusetts and Connecticut have furnished examples equally strik�ing. The former imported the disease in Dutch cattle in May, 1859. In April, 1860, when it had gained nearly a year's headway, an act was passed, and a commission appointed, with full power to extirpate it. After the slaughter of 932 cattle, it was believed that this had been achieved; but new centers of infection were discovered in the two succeeding years, and it was not until 1865 that the commonwealth was purged of the poison. Since that year the lung fever has been unknown in Massachu�setts. Connecticut has had a similar experience. Her proximity to New York City and Long Island has brought upon her a series of invasions; but, profiting by the ex�perience of her neighbor, she has, on each occasion, grappled successfully with the enemy, and driven him from her midst.

What has been done by tho Scandinavian nations, by Oldenburg and Switzerland, by Massachusetts and Connecticut, can be done by all of our Eastern States. On this point the teaching of history is as unequivocal as on tho certainty of the irreparable results if our open Western stock ranges were infected. The one indispensable pre�requisite to success is the vigorous and simultaneous action of tho various infected States, and its persistent maintenance until the last infected beast has disappeared and tho last contaminated place or thing has been purified. It matters little whether controlled by State or national government, if vigor and uniformity of action can be secured; but, as such combined and unflagging work is necessary, it could bo best con�trolled by an intelligent central authority. The United States Govcminent is as much called upon to defend her possessions against an enemy like this�so implacable, so relentless, and so certain, if not repelled, to lay us under an incubus which will in�crease with the coming centuries, and dwarf the prosperity to which we arc. entitled� as against the less insidious one who attacks us openly with firo and sword. Let the national Congress consider this matter well. Let every stock-owner press ir upon his Representative as a matter that cannot be safely ignored even for a single day. Let boards of agriculture, farmers'clubs and conventions, granges, and all citizens who value the future well-being of the nation, unite ia a strong representation on the sub-

232nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

feet. The danger threatens all classes alike, thougli the first sufferers will be the stock-(rwners; for every tax ufion production necessarily enhances the value of the product; and, as agricultural progress must bo seriously retarded, the tax will not fall upon neat alone, but upon every product of the farm. Nothing can excuse a continjied neglect of this subject, the dangers surrounding which increase from day to day, and the Anal results of which, if once it reaches our Western and Southern States and Territoryraquo;raquo; can only be computed by the prospective iucreasa of our population and our herds of cattle. For this is not like an evil preying on our currency, banking, trade, or manu�factures, the full extent of which may be, in a great measure, seen from the beginning, and the repair of which may be at any time inaugurated by legislative enactment. The animal plague only increases its devastations as we increase the numbers of our herds, and threatens soon to acquire an extension to which no legislation can oppose a check, and a prevalence in the face of which the most desperate efforts of the nation will prove of no avail. Thus our cattle are increasing at the rate of 13,500,000 every ten years, so that by the end of this century they way be exactly doubled, with a prospective loss, if our Western and Southern ranges are infected, of $130,000,000 yearly in deaths alone.

The choice is now in our power. So far as we know, our stock-raising States and Territories are still unaffected. We can still successfully meet and expel the invader; next year it may be too late.

[From the National Live Stock Jourmil of Novemljer, 1878.]

OUR GOVERNMENT AND THE ENGUSH CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACT.

By an Associated Press dispatch from Washington we learn that quot;The Secretary of State has been officially notified of the passage of an act by the British Parliament entitled 'The Contagious Diseases (Animal) Act, 1878,' under which, except in the case of countries specially exempted by the Privy Council, in whole or in part, from the operations of the act, all animals landed from abroad in any part of the United King�dom will, after the 1st of January next, be slaughtered at the port of debarkation. The British Government has also notified Secretary Evarts that, in case the United States desire to be exempted from the operations of the act, the lords will require a statement ofthe laws which regulate the importation of animals into this country, and the method adopted to prevent the spreading of any contagious disease when it exists in any part ofthe United States. Secretary Evarts has sent a copy of the act ofthe British Parliament to the Secretary of the Treasury, in order that ho may fur�nish the desired information preliminary to any action being taken to bave the animals shipped from the United States into the United Kingdom exempted.quot;

We think it will puzzle the Secretary ofthe Treasury to find laquo;nt/methods that bave been adopted by our general government quot; to prevent the spreading of any contagious disease when it exists in auy part of the United Statesquot;; andif he will take the trouble to investigate the matter pretty thoroughly, he will find that all the regulations that have from time to time been ordered by bis department to prevent the introduction of contagious and infectious diseases into the United States trom foreign countries are practically worthless. When this fact comes to be reported to the British Govern�ment, it is not unlikely that the exemption which the United States now enjoys from the operation of the act will be revoked, notwithstanding our present comparative freedom from any diseases likely to be transmitted by exportation to England. When this condition of things is brought about, and the business of exporting fat cattle, sheep, and swine from this country to England�which has, within the past few years, grown to such enormous proportions and exercised so powerful an influence upon prices in this country�comes to a sudden halt, we shall expect such a pressure to be brought to bear upon Congicss as will compel the passage of some such act as that introduced into the House last May by Hon. J. S. Jones, of Ohio, to which reference was made in these colnnms in June last.

But is it wise in us to await unfavorable action on the part of the British Govern�ment before taking such steps as will preclude all probability of this country being included in the prohibition f Clearly, the interest is too large, and the efl'ect of ad�verse action on the part of the Goyemnient of Great Britain upon our farming com�munity would be too disastrous, to justify ns in taking any chances in the matter. The regulations now provided by law against the importation of plagues and infectious diseases from abroad are confessedly worthless; and as for the stamping out of such diseases when they do make their appearance, we have absolutely no law that is gen�eral in its operation. A few of the States bave attempted it on their own account, but most of them have no laws at all upon the subject, and none can be effectual without the sanction of our general government; for Congress alone has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and between the several States.

It is imperative that early and efficient action bo taken by our Congress tipon this matter, if we would not have our present lucrative trade in fat cattle and sheep with

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 233

England seriously crippled. Membois of Congress are now at home among the people, and such a pressure ought to he brought to bear upon them as will compel them to act upon this question as soon as they reassemble at Washington.

In addition to the foregoing, I inclose you copies of the laws passed by the legislatures of Massachusetts and New York for the suppres�sion and extirpation of the disease during its prevalence in those States, and the rules adopted and enforced by the British Government for the extirpation of this and other contagious diseases among farm animals in its Indian possessions. *

All of which is respectfully submitted.

WM. G. LeDUO, Commissioner of Agriculture. Hon. A. S. Paddock,

Chairman Senate Committee on Agriculture, Washington, J). C.

Since the publication of the above letter (Senate Mis. Doc. No. 71, Forty-fifth Congress, third session), many additional facts in relation to the prevalence of this disease, and the measures taken to suppress, and, if possible, eradicate it in the various localities in which it has been found to exist, have come into the possession of the department. To the in�formation contained in the following letter from the pen of Dr. James Law, which appeared in the New York Tribune of February 25, is due in part the active measures instituted by the authorities of that State for the suppression of this destructive malady:

A EEVIEW OF THE DISEASE.

To the Editor of The Tkibune :

Sir: The excitement about the cattle disease has had its proverbial coarse of nine days, and there are already signs of reaction. From every side we begin to hear state�ments that the danger has been exaggerated, that the disease only exists in three or four herds, that it is seen only sporadically�not epidemically; that the English live�stock trade must be speedily re-established; and that, in short, the whole thing has been a gigantic mistake. Should this spirit prevail so as to prevent a uniform and concerted action by the different infected States to crush out this baneful exotic, it will rob the country of her best, and perhaps her only chance, of securing and main�taining the European live-stock market.

If the object of this laisser faire argument is to soothe the minds of our European cousins, and persuade them that this disease is less dangerous than that of Europe, they may as well save their labor. Europe has learned by centuries of sad experience the true nature of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. Europeans now realize that wherever there is one animal suffering from this disease, there is a standing men�ace to the whole cattle of the country. They know that where they allow the disease to exist at all it decimates their herds yearly. They know that wherever they have lioldly grappled with the enemy, crushed out every remnant of the' malady and its vi�rus, and jealously guarded their frontiers against its further importation, they have permanently cleared their folds of a disastrous pestilence. They see that wherever the disease has appeared in Western Europe, or in the western or gouthem hemi-spheres^it has only been where a diseased animal or its virulent products have carried the seeds into such a land. They know that so long as they allow the free importa�tion of cattle from an infected country, all their efforts to crush it out of their home stock will be absolutely futile.

Turning to England,'which has been themain agent in drawing public attention to the matter, she was absolutely ignorant of this disease until forty years ago, and in Youatt's and other veterinary works published prior to this date we And the most un-t)at isfactory accounts of this and other plagues known only on the continent. But from 1839, when it was first, in the present century, brought to the British Isles, and above all since 1842, which brought the free-trade act and the free importation of continental stock, Great Britain has suffered more from this than from all other animal plagues put together. It was estimated that in the first quarter of a century after its intro�duction this plague cost England $450,000,000 in deaths alone. The additional losses from deterioration and lack of Uve stock, and from the infection of forage, amp;c., which

* For these acts and the rules alluded to in this paragraph, see appendix.

234 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

could no longer bo put to thoir most profitable uses, have never been computed, but must enormously swell the sura total.

England had a hard lesson to learn, and she has been forty years iu learning it, but #9632;we may depend upon it she has now learned it most thoroughly, and can no more forget it nor treat it with indifterence while the present generation survives. Many years ago I was engaged, with other veterinarians who had acquainted themselves with the continental experience and literature, in enforcing on Great Britain the truth that to deal with this disease economically they must kill out the poison within their own borders, and exclude all stock from infected countries. Then, as now, we found many alleging that the disease was native to the soil, and occurred sporadically, not epidemically. Then, as now, we found men bearing the name of veterinarians, who had fallen so far behind the age as to support these allegations, being either criminally ignorant, or so morally oblique that thoy preferred the wrong because the popular side. So long as it can be shown that this disease never invades a new country, but as im�ported in the animal body or iu some of its products, so long will all claims for its spontaneous generation, its sporadic appearance, or its development from certain local conditions, like swill-feeding, be put out of court.

THE DISEASE PROPAGATED BY CONTAGION.

The history of the malady in all time, and in all countries and hemispheres, east, west, north, and south, testifies with one voice that out of the steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia it is propagated by contagion alone.- The unreasoning and misleading talk about quot;no epidemicquot; is, therefore, in the highest degree reprehensible. Theaifec-tion is not an epidemic in the sense of being due to some generally diffused influence, which acts alike upon all the stock of the country, and strikes them down indiscrimi�nately, and without regard to proximity or contact. Were this the case, our efforts to permanently extirpate it were vain. But its spread is always and only proportionate to the facilities for contagion and infection. Ajid the present comparative immunity of America is only due to the fact that the plague reached here at that seaport toward which the greater part of the cattle traffic of the country tends, and from which few animals are removed inland. Given in the United States the same free movement of cattle from our infected points to all points inland as was till recently seen in Great Britain, and there would speedily follow the same general infection of the country. This is sufficiently illustrated in our past American experience. Massachusetts im�ported the disease from Europe, and although it was met by repressive measures as soon as recognized, it cost the commonwealth two years and sect;70,000 to extirpate it. It was imported into Brooklyn, and though it had to fight its way against the uniform current of cattle traffic eastward and northward, it has extended to New Jersey, Penn�sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

My recent observations in this neighborhood are in perfect harmony with the above. The stables at Blissville, holding 800 to 900 cattle, fatting and milking, the property of different owners, who could purchase when they chose in the surrounding infected locality, could not fail to become a prominent hot-bed of the disease. Had such sta�bles, with all their drawbacks of overcrowding, filth, and swill-feed, been thoroughly disinfected, filled with healthy Western stock and sedulously secluded from all neigh�boring cattle and visitors, they would not have become infected with contagious plon-ro-pneumonia. Again, at Fifteenth street, Brooklyn, I found that all, or nearly all, the dairies iu the vicinity had recently suffered from thediscase, and that this infected center was within two blocks of Prospect Park, whore the herd of Jerseys had been subjected to its ravages in August and September. At Now Lots, Kinjjs County, where I found seven infected herds in a very limited area, the testimony of the owners was to the effect that the disease only appeared and spread through their herds as they bought new cows from jobbers. At Eoslyn, Queens County, Ifounfl two infected herds; the first contaminated by two cows bought from a New York jobber, and the second by two cows bought from the first. In New York City I found one infected herd? caused by a cow purchased from the same jobber whose cows took the disease to Eoslyn. The Connecticut herd which I esaminea at Morrisaniawas infected by two cows purchased from a New York jobber, and the same man, according to his own sworn testimony, was proceeding to resell members of the same infected herd into other dairies wheu his career was cut short by the action of the metropolitan board of health. Nor were the results in such cases but the infection of one or two iu a herd; where the diseased cow w.is introduced a general infection was the usual consequence. All that I could learn about ihc progress of the disease in this and former years waste the same effect. The malady never appeared apart from the introduction of strange animals, and when in�troduced the general infection of the herd was the consequence.

RAPID SPREAD OF TUE PLAGUE.

Tho disease is not widely prevalent, because it extends its ravages only by contagion and infection, and the conditions of the American cattle trade have been strongly op-

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 235

posed to this. But the disease lias not only Leid its own for tliirty-six years, bnt lia3 slowly gained against every obstacle until it numbers its victims in six different States. It is not wanting in virulence, but will, when it has a fair opportunity, sweep with remorseless force over the entire land. To this it is daily tending. From Brooklyn it has laboriously crept onward as far as Maryland and Virginia, and unless extirpated it will continue its baleful course until, reaching our opcu pasturages of the quot;West and South, it #9632;will poison the sources of our cattle trade, descend upon our Eastern States with every cattle-train, infect the rolling stock on all our f;rcat railroad trunks, and bid defiance to all control. Wheroverit has met with similar conditions it lias proved thus intractable. In the steppes of Eastern Europe it has held perennial sway despite the best directed efforts of the Russian Government, and on the open postures of Aus�tralia it still prevails, notwithstanding the most persistent and almost ruinous efforts for its extermination. So will it prove should wo neglect the present oppoxfunity and allow it to spread until it reaches our uufenced ranges of Texas, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, amp;c.

\Ve are advised to employ inoculation. But what is inoculation ? If successful, the production of the disease artificially, with its prominent lesions, in a less vital organ. In every stable where cattle are successfully inoculated the poison is produced in unlimited quantity. It is diffused through the air. It lodges in the dry parts of the building, in the fodder, etc., and is preserved for months and years. Unless these buildings are subsequently disinfected, they are deadly to the first susceptible animal that enters them. Finally, the immunity obtained by inoculation is not permanent, but lasts at the most for about two years. Inoculation, therefore, is a ruinous recourse, unless a country is already generally infected. It is itself a prolific means of spread�ing the poison. It cannot be effectual, unless the whole bovine race of the country are operated on and all the calves as soon as dropped; and so long as it is practiced, the stables must be considered infected, and the stock coming from such infected cen�ters must be held to be dangerous to the animals. No country in Europe has practiced inoculation to so great an extent as Holland, and no countryin Europe is to-day more extensively ravaged by this disease. England has tried inoculation to a very large extent, and England has been reluctantly compelled to abandon it. Australia has fallen back upon it as a dernier resort, and she has found that it only lessens the losses, while it has failed to exterminate the disease.

THE INTECTION MCST BE STAMPED OUT.

The day may come when wo, too, may wisely follow Australia in adopting a general inoculation as a palliative of the disease. But this can only bo if we criminally neg�lect the plague until it reaches our Western stock-ranges and bids defiance to all efforts at its extinction. To follow such a course at the present time would be ruinous, indeed, and those who counsel it cannot understand the problem we have to deal with. As already remarked, England, engaged in extirpating the disease from her own herds, will never offer us an unrestricted trade in cattle so long as wo harbor this insidious enemy. A maintenance of infection by continued inoculation of our herds assuredly means the indefinite suspension of our foreign hve-cattle trade; and nothing will se�cure the resumption of this trade short of the entire extermination of the malady.

Certificates of soundness of the cattle shipped are not worth the paper they are writ�ten on. No one would knowingly export sick animals to Europe, and no one is capa�ble of detecting the existence of this disease during its lengthened period of incuba�tion. We need not shut our eyes to this fact, for assuredly the English, who have had a far longer and harder experience of the disease, will not. Those who, knowing the character of the malady, counsel any measures short of its speedy and absolute ex�tinction, are the true enemies of the live-stock interests and of the country. If their words should prevail, the future generations of Americans, seeing their counf ry more ravaged than even the States of Europe, and by plagues exotic to her soil, will look back with regret to tho time when it had been possible for their fathers to have averted such a baleful legacy.

It is still possible for ns as a nation to do what has been done by Norway, Sweden, Deumark, Holstein, Oldenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and what is now being attempted in England, to stamp out this plague, which as an exotic should never have gained a footing ou our shores. If the governors and legis�latures of the States now infected and if Congress do their duly, they w ill follow the lead of Governor Eobiuson, of New York, and spare no effort nor expense until this plague has been banished to the Old World, whence it came. And if every citizen will do his duty he will cause such power to be exerted on these State and national authorities as will forbid any further neglect of this matter. No one having a full acquaintance with the subject can aiibrd to remain silent in face of the existing facts, and this feeling alone has impelled mo to pen the above remarks. New York may act alone, but, if so, she must either establish a long quarantine at her border or she will soon again import the disease from New Jersey. New Jersey may act independently,

236 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OF CATTLE.

but she must be left in constant danger of infection from Pennsylvania and Maryland. So -witb the other States. The only path of safety is to -wage a war of extermination simultaneously in all the Infected States; and should the State legislatures and Con�gress fail to meet the need, they will prove recreant to their trust, and entail a great evil upon this continent. Yours, amp;c.,

JAMES LAW. Ithaca, N. Y., February 21,1879.

In pursuance of the provisions of an act passed by the legislature of New York in tlie year 1878, entitled quot;An act in relation to infectious and contagious diseases of animals,quot; on the 12tli day of February last Gover�nor Robinson appointed General Marsena K. Patrick his assistant, and directed him to take active measures for the suppression and extirpation of the disease in Kings and Queens Counties of that State. The follow�ing instructions were issued to General Patrick by the governor:

It has been made known to me that the infectious and contagious disease among neat cattle, called pleuro-pneumonia, has been brought into and exists in various places in the counties of Kings and Queens of this State. You are therefore directed, as such assistant, to prohibit the movement of cattle within said counties, except on license from yourself after skilled examination under your direction. You are also directed to compel all owners of cattle, their agents, employes, or servants, and all veterinary surgeons, to report forthwith to you all cases of disease by them suspected to be contagious. When such notification is received, you are directed to have the cases examined, and to cause all such animals as are found to he infected with the said disease destroyed and buried with slashed hides. Yon are directed, further, to quaran�tine all cattle which have been exposed to the infection of said disease, or are located in an infected place; but you may, in your discretion, permit such animals to be slaughtered on the premises and the carcasses to be disposed of as meat if, upon ex�amination, they shall he found fit for such use. Yon will forbid and prevent all per�sons not employed in the care of the cattle there kept from entering any Infected premises. You will likewise prevent all animals and fowls from entering such premises. You will prevent all persons so employed in the care of animals from going into Stahles, or yards, or premises where cattle are kept, other than those in which they are employed. You will cause the clothing of all persons engaged in the care, slaughter, or rendering of diseased or exposed cattle, or in any employment which brings them in contact with such diseased animals, to be disinfected before they leave the premises where such animals are. You will prevent the manure, forage, and Utter upon infected premises from being removed therefrom; and you will cause such dis�position to be made thereof as will, in your judgment, best prevent the spread of in�fection. You will cause all buildings, yards, and premises in which said disease exists, or has existed, to be thoroughly disinfected.

You are further directed, whenever the slaughter of diseased or infected animals is found necessary, to certify the value of the animal or animals so slaughtered at the time of slaughter, taking account of their condition and circumstances, and to deliver to their owner or owners, when requested, a duplicate of snch certificate. Whenever any owner of such cattle, or his agent or servant, has willfully or knowingly withheld, or allowed to be withheld, notice of the existence of disease upon his premises or among his cattle, you will not make such certificate. You are further directed to take such measures as you deem necessary to disinfect all cars, or vehicles, or movable articles by which contagion is liable to be transmitted. You are also to take such measures as will secure a registry of cattle introduced into any premises in which dis�ease has existed, and to keep such cattle under supervision for the period of three months after the removal of the last diseased animal and the subsequent disinfection of such premises. You are further authorized and empowered to incur such expenses in carrying out the provisions of the foregoing order as may, in your judgment, be necessary, and to see to it that the bills for such expenses bo transmitted to this de�partment only through yourself, after you have examined and approved them, in writing.

L. ROBINSON.

By the governor.

General Patrick at once established his headquarters at the Brooklyn board of health, and called to his assistance Professor Law and many other eminent veterinarians. Active measures were immediately insti�tuted for a suppression of the disease, which will no doubt be continued with the same energy until it is extirpated.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OF CATTLE. 237

Further legislation having been found necessary for the speedy and complete eradication of this malady, an additional act was promptly passed by the legislature of New York, on the 15th day of April. (For provisions of this act, see appendix.)

During the latter part of February last, and shortly after the com�mencement of this investigation of the condition of the dairy stock in the vicinity of Brooklyn, Dr. Law was summoned before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, which was then engaged in taking testimony in regard to the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this country. At the request of this committee he submitted the following #9632;written statement:

PLE�EO-PNEUMONI�. IN NEW YOKK AND ELSEWHERE.

Statement of Dr. James Law.

ixfection and mfected places arouio) new york.

Up to the time of my leaving New York vre had found in that neighborhood thir�teen centers of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia, embracing over twenty separate herds, and more than one thousand animals. At one place alone (Blissville), we are now killing the sick at the rate of twenty head and upward per day. We are further doing all we can to encourage the slaughter under our own supervision of the ani�mals that are in such Infected stables, out which do not yet show signs of illness. These are being disposed of at the rate of from thirty to seventy per diem.

Healthy animals slaughtered in this way are sold as human food and their hides dis�infected. All infected places are placarded as snch, and placed in quarantine, within which neither man, beast, nor bird is allowed to enter or pass out, save the necessary attendants, who are disinfected and forbidden to go near other cattle.

In the infected counties no movement of cattle is allowed save under special per�mit given after examination. All are compelled, under penalty, to report to General Patrick the existence of cases of contagious disease as well as all suspicious cases. Finally, all sick cattle killed to stay the progress of the malady are paid for by the State, according to appraisement, which shall in no case exceed one-half the original value of the animal. This point I consider all essential to encourage the owners of sick stock to report them, and at the satae time to avoid the risk of artificial or care�less infection of unmarketable animals for the purpose of selling them to the State.

The minor details of our action I need not record.

CATTLE KEPT AT THE BLISSVILLB SWILL-STABLES.

It having been testified before the committee that the cows in the stables of Gaff, Fleischmann amp; Co. were there for dairy purposes only, I think it requisite to correct the statement. The stables wore filled not only with cows, but also steers and bulls. The stock belonged to many different parties, but mostly to dealers and butchers who hired their board. The owners of the stock had on their part, as a rule, no interest in the milk, which went to third parties as payment for the care-taking of the ani�mals. The healthy cattle fattened rapidly and were sold for beef, and as there was a constant change of stock the contagion had an ample field among the newly-come and susceptible animals, and had a chance of extension to other places and herds with every beast removed, fat or otherwise.

I have had testimony that the fat stock frequently went out of Long Island, but have no peisonal knowledge of this. Now any such movement is prevented, and the consequent danger is at an end.

NATURE OP THE CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

When speaking of this disease we should strike out of our vocabulary such words as epidemic and laquo;poradic. Out of Eastern Europe'or Asia the malady is absolutely nn-known, save as propagated hy contagion or infection.

Wherever, out of these regions, it has made an inroad, it can always be traced to the importation of a sick or convalescent animal, or of some product of such an ani�mal. Many such instances could be drawn from the records of its existence on the continent of Europe, but, manifestly, those cases are more satisfactory which refer to the extension of the disease to distant islands and continents. During the European wars at the beginning of the century, this malady, like the rinderpest, prevailed all over Europe, wherever the armies marched, and the eastern or steppe cattle were

238nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

drawn for tbeir support. But tho British Isles remained perfectly exempt until 1839, when the plcuro-pneumouia reached Ireland by some cattle sent by the British consul at the Hague.

It spread from this center, reached England some time in 1841, and since the passage of tho liee-trado act of 1842 has been kept up by continual arrivals of infected conti�nental stock.

Yet it only reached where the railroads penetrated, and seemed to respect the High�lands of Scotland, where the native black cattle only are bred, and into which outside stock are never brought.

The United States knew no such contagious disease until the importation of an infected Dutch cow in Brooklyn, in 1843, and this, together with one or two other im�portations, have furnished the material for its extension over seven different States.

Anstraliu, with her thousands of herds, was respected until 1858, when an English cow conveyed the poison which has .since ravaged her herds without intermission.

The Cape of Good JKojjc remained clear until 1654, when an English cow carried the infection which still prevails in tho capo herds.

The same truth is shown negatively by tho fact that every country and State that has vigorously stamped out the first arrivals of disease, and taken measures to prevent further importation, has rid its territory of the pestilence. Among them may be named Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig, Oldenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Some of tho countries have been again infected in connection with the Danish and Franco-German wars, which, for the time, destroyed all safeguards, but until such a contingency arrived their herds were preserved in health.

The fact that in our country and in Western Europe this disease is propagated only by contagion, is the grand central truth round which all our thoughts of the malady should revolve, and upon which wo should base every measure adopted for its extinc�tion. If the affection could arise spontaneously, from any faulty conditions of hygiene in our own land, then farewell to all hope of permanently ridding our herds of the plague. But all history testifies to the contrary, and we can foretell with as much contidenee as wo can the rising of to-morrow's sun, that if we could once extinguish the products of the imported poison, we need fear no more contagious pleuro-pneu-monia until it is again imported from an infected land.

There is no such thing as a sporadic case of coutagious pleuro-pneumonia, and no epidemic case in the sense that it is due to some condition of life apart from tho pres�ence of the virus in tho country. Every case in this country, as in Western Europe, the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia, is the result of direct or indirect contagion, and of that alone.

It is true that affections of tho chest will occur in all future time as they occur in other animals, and in man himself, and as they occurred in cattle before tho importa�tion of the coutagious germ, but such cases have not been in the past and will not be in the future the cause of the propagatiou of the disease from animal to animal, or in other words of the development of a contagium.

Extirpate from tho country this exotic contagium and we can supply unassailable beef to the world.

DAXGEK TO THE COUNTRY OF THE POSSIBLE IXFECTIOX OF WESTERN HERDS.

For ten years I have been publicly warning tho country of tho danger of allowing this disease to extend to our Western States and Territories. (See especially National Live Stock Journal, March, 1878, and Transactions of New York State Agricultural Society, 1877-78.) Infection of the Western herds means speedy infection of all the cattle cars of the railways, yards, loading-banks, amp;,c., and tho starting of a constant stream of infected animals towards our Eastern States and markets.

This means a uniform infection of tho country and losses of thousands of millions of dollars in a short sxiaee of time.

Worse than this, should the malady extend to our unfenccd cattle-ranges it will be practically unmanageable. Such has been the experience on the open steppes of Rus�sia and the cattle-ranges of Australia, where the most costly efforts at the extinction of the disease have proved futile and the poor palliation of inoculation has been estab-lished. (See National Live Stock Journal, March, 1878.)

DANGER OF INOCULATION.

The public advocacy of inoculation demands a word on this subject.

Successful inooulation in favorable conditions leads to the loss of but two or three per cent, of animals operated on. The survivors are protected from contagious plcuro-pneumouia for a variable period averaging two years. But every inoculated animal is infected, the places where inoculated animals are kept arc infected, all their products are infected, and there must be the most thorough system of disinfection for all such places and things before immunity can bo gained. Every new animal intro-

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dnced and every calf bom must he inoculated. It becomes evident, therefore, that to the stock of the country at large inoculation produces all the dangers of an equal extension of the disease in the ordinary way.

Inooulation, therel'orc, is ruinous to any attempt at extinguishing the poison. It has been tried in Holland more extensively than in any country in Europe, and Hol�land is to-day the most plague-ravaged country on the continent. It lias been fol�lowed extensively in Great Britain, but she has been reluctantly compelled to abandon it in favor of a system of absolute extinction. It has been practiced widely around New York, yet this district is probably now the most prolific center of the disease in America.

Australia has fallen back upon it as a dernier resort, after a fruitless attempt to expel the malady from the open pastures. Wo, too, must one day como to this wretched palliation, if we neglect to stamp out the disease while still coulined to our eastern and inclosed farms, and allow it to reach our western open prairies.

DAXGEK OF MEDICINAL TREATMENT.

As with inoculation, so with the maintenance of sick animals alive for treatment. The production and diffusion of the poison is iu exact ratio to the period during which the animal is allowed to survive after illness has been detected. To treat the sick, therefore, is almost equivalent to propagating the disease, because on a large scale and in all sorts of stables it is impossible to keep up a constant disinfection of the air and other diseased products.

Wherever extinction of the poison is attempted, treatment of the disease must be forbidden under heavy penalties.

IMPOKTAXCE OF UXITED STATES ACTIOK.

The isolated action by individual States is eminently unsatisfactory. In New York we are working at the extermination of the disease, but after wo have accomplishecl this wo can only preserve our immunity by subjecting all New Jersey cattle to a quarantine of one or two moulhs at our frontier. If New Jersey on her part kills it out, she must quarantine agaiust Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania against Maryland and Virginia, and so ou as far as the disease is found to extend. Isolated action will be incomparably more expensive, tardy, and uncertain than a uniform movement under one central head, and everything ought to give way to secure such a desirable result. The question involves tens of millions of dollars of our foreign commerce annually, and the trade has been steadily increasing, so that it is surely a matter in which the central government can properly act.

SUGGESTION OP MEASURES FOR THE EXTINCTION OF THE DISEASE.

1st. Appoint a veterinary sanitary staff to act with the Commissioner of Agriculture in stamping out the contagion.

2d. Make it incumbent on all stock-owners and their representatives, and on all veterinarians, to report all suspicious cases to the Commissioner under a penalty.

3d. Let the sanitary staff promptly investigate all such cases and take measures accordingly.

4th. Let every infected county be proclaimed and placarded, and lot all movements of cattle within such county bo forbidden excepting by special license.

5th. Let all sick animals in an infected herd be at once slaughtered, their hides slashed, and the carcasses deeply buried; and in case the owner has not withheld notice ot the existence of the disease let him obtain an order on the treasury for a suitable indemnity, which should in no case exceed one-half the value of the animals ; failure to notify should entail loss of the indemnity.

6th. Let all cattle found in infected places bo likewise slaughtered, their hides dis�infected, and their beef allowed to pass into consumption as food, if lit for this pur�pose. For such animals, indemnity should be allowed to the extent of not more than two-thirds of the value, after deducting salvage obtained from meat and hides.

7th. Let all infected stables, all manure, and all movable ob.iects that have come in contact with diseased cattle, be subjected to an exhaustive disinfection, and let all cattle afterward placed in such buildings bo sequestered iu quarantine under the supervision of the veterinary sanitary authorities until at least three months after the removal of the last sick animal and the disinfection of the premises.

8th. Let all railroad cars, ships, boats, wagons, and other movable objects that have become infected be cleansed and disinfected under the direction of the veterinary sanitary staff before they are again used for the transportation of cattle.

The advice to slaughter the exposed as well as the sick cattle I think very import�ant, as it enables us to stamp out the disease quickly and to disinfect once for all, and

240 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

obviates the necessity for a long-continued and expensive supervision in the cane of every infected herd. If such exposed animals are placed in quarantine, as we are still compelled to do by a defeat of the law in New York, we find that every three weeks or a month, a new case develops, necessitating continued visitation, professional ex�amination, and slaughter, and repeated and expensive disinfection, without taking into account the enormously enhanced danger of the extension of the disease to other herds.

One other question will not brook an hour's delay. The testimony concerning the two ship-loads of cattle slaughtered at Liverpool may be misleading, but unless a gigantic blunder has been committed it implies that the disease has already reached ono or more isolated spots in the West. This was inevitable sooner or later if the disease was not crushed out in the East, and I have constantly uttered warnings on the sub�ject. If it has already taken place it should be treated at once, for the evidence im�plies that not only has the malady gained a footing in the West, but that the owners of the infected stock are acting unamp;irly by the country, and selling off their infected stock to make what salvage they can. There are, then, not only of infected cars, stock�yards, amp;.C., but of the sale of lean stock to different localities in the West, whence we shall have new streams of infection, until our unfenced ranges suffer. No delay should occur in ascertaining the facts of the case. If there has been a mistake it will relieve the country to know it, whereas if there is even ono center of infection in the West it should be stamped out promptly at any cost.

REPOKT ON THE STOCK-YARDS AT THE PORT OP NEW YORK.

In investigating the existence and status of lung fever in the cattle of Long Island and Manhattan Island, I met with several outbreaks in which the disease was traced to cows sold into the herds in question by Patrick McCabe, a New York jobber. Three such instances may be named: First, Mr. Wheelock, farmer, at Eoslyn, Queens County, purchased two cows of McCabe in August, which communicated the disease to the whole herd of eighteen head, and to that of a farm about two miles diitant, to which two of his (Wheelock's) cows were taken. Second, Mr. Brazzel, Eighty-first street. New York, got a cow from McCabe the week after Christmas which conveyed the dis�ease to his herd. Third, Mrs. Stur, Fiftieth street, New York, had a cow from McCabe about ten days ago on trial. This cow had been sick ever since her arrival, and when I saw her on Saturday was in a condition of advanced pleuro-pneumonia. I had fur�ther information, from a man in the trade who has a high reputation for honor, that the cattle that had passed through the hands of this McCabe had been for two years the most prohfic source of disease in the dairies of Brooklyn and Long Island.

Accordingly on Saturday last, in company with Dr. Lautard, I went to examine his (McCabe's) premises and stock, when we were much surprised to find that he kept them in the New York public stock-yards at Sixtieth street, and I could not discover that he had any other place. The clerk found in charge of the office at the yards as�sured us that he constantly kept his cows there, and only removed them as he found purchasers. He did not think he could have any other place for keeping cows.

At the time of our visit he had a number of cows in the yards. At these yards the cows of all the dealers are usually placed in the sheep-house for warmth, but this is immediately adjacent to the inclosures for the other stock, and all alike must enter and leave by the same roads and gates or wharves. Further, when the sheep-house is crowded the cows are turned out into the open cattle inclosures in the yard. Cows are received in these yards indiscriminately from near as well as remote places, in�cluding among the former Westchester, Kocklaml, and Orange Counties, which, accord�ing to the best evidence I can obtain, are infected. (I have not yet verified the last fact by personal observation.) No precaution is taken to prevent the proximity or contact of these cows with the other stock.

There seems, therefore, no alternative; we must consider the New York stock-yards at Sixtieth street as infected, and that stock shipped from these yards to Europe will he liable to develop the disease after landing if kept alive long enough to allow of the completion of the period of incubation. That the evil results have been seen mainly in the cows is exidained by the fact that they are allowed time after leaving the yards for the completion of the period of incubation (one to two months), whereas the fat cattle even if sent to Europe are slaughtered before this time has elapsed.

JERSEY CITY STOCK-YARDS.

In these as in the New York stock-yards there is the entire absence of any means of separating cows brought from near and infected neighborhoods and stock brought from tha West or other unimected localities. The cow-stable is at the north side of the yards and can only be reached by cattle that have passed through among the inclosures for the other stock. The stable itself is furnished with open gates, not doors, facing the

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE. 241

inclosnres for other stock and separated from them only by a narrrow wagon road, perhaps fifteen feet wide.

Mr. Fowler, whom I found in charge of the yard, was violently denunciatory of the mere idea that this disease existed anywhere, and of all who would mention such a subject, and could with difficulty be persuaded to give any information regarding the yards, the stock, its proximity in the inclosurcs, and its disposal. He admitted, how�ever, that they got four or five cows per week, and on rare occasions one or two car�loads ; that thoy mostly came from Eastern Pennsylvania, and that they remained in the yards until they were sold to parties in New York City, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island, amp;c. I may here state that on the occasion of my visit, late on Satur�day night, the cow-stable contained eighteen cows and eight calves waiting for sale; so that, according to Mr. Fowler, I must have hit upon the very exceptional case of an arrival of two car-loads.

I farther drew from Mr. Fowler that the fat stock for exportation were taken from any part of the yards, wherever suitable animals could be found, and carried by boats to the ocean-going steamers. There was no attempt made to keep such animals apart from such as might possibly come from infected districts in New Jersey and adjacent States, nor from the inclosnres where such cattle had formerly been, olaquo; indeed why thould there he, seeing the whole story of the disease was a fabrication t

As bearing on the question of the probable infection of these yards, I shall add that the malady is well known to exist in Alexandria, Va. I have had the most circum�stantial reports of its existence around Washington. According to Dr. Corliss, it pre�vails to some extent around Newark, N. J. Last year it made havoc in the town of Clinton, and the year before near Borliugton, N.J. Further, in making inquiry among the formers at New Lots, Kings County, New York, whose herds are now infected, I found that they had repeatedly traced the disease to Jersey cows brought into their herds. There is, therefore, the strongest circumstantial evidence that both the Jersey and New York stock-yards, the two points from which cattle are shipped to Europe, are infected places, and that the apparent absence of disease in American cattle when landed in England is due to the fact that they have not yet had time to pass through the long incubation period of the disease.

ABSURDITY OF A CEETXFICATE OP SOUNDNESS.

The professional examination at the yards of animals destined for exportation can never be better than a farce. The most accomplished veterinarian has no means of detecting the presence of the specific poison ur.tU the period of incubation has passed, and as this lasts for from three weeks to two months, the evidence of infection con�tracted in the New York stock-yards cannot possibly bo recognized until long after the animals have landed in England. The great mass of our Western cattle is sound so far as the contagious pleuro-pneumonia is concerned, and if infected, it is presuma�bly only after they have been sent East. The disease, therefore, can only be in the incubation stage so long as they remain on our shores, and in this stage no man can recognize it, though It only wants time for its development. Any examination in such a case must be the most empty of forms, and must bo prejudicial rather than beneficial, inasmuch as it leads to the certifying of the soundness of animals that may be, and often probably are, infected. It is quite manifest that in the case of cattle that may have been infected in the New York or New Jersey stock yards, an examina�tion a fortnight later on their landing in Liverpool would bo almost as great a farce as the examination prior to shipment at New York. Hence the soundness of the Eng�lish position in ordering the slaughter at the quays of all cattle from an infected country.

THE COURSE OF SAFETY.

If we can be assured that there is not yet an infected center in the great stock-raising regions of the quot;West, the cattle from there might be safely shipped to England under the following regulations:

Ist. Let the Western cattle-trains be made up of cars that have never been used for the local cattle traffic in the eastern parts of the Atlantic States or of such as have been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use.

2d. Let all such trains be from tho West through, and let these take on board no live nor dead cattle, nor other unmanufactured products of cattle, east of given points on the respective lines, such points to bo designated as soon as we know conclusively how far the pleuro-pneumonia has extended westward. Let such trains pass to des�ignated stock-yards on the quays at least one-fourth of a mile apart from all other stock-yards, or cattle stables, or pastures.

3d. Let such yards be rigidly closed against all visitors, no one being admitted ex�cept the Tiecessary attendants, and no one being employed as such who has recently been in charge of other cattle in tho East.

4th. Should it be necessary to sell any such stock for home consumption, they must

16 SW

242 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE.

De driven by theii attendants to o^her yards or pastures at a distance, or to the other stock-yards, -where buyers may see them. The attendants on the foreign stock-yards may drive such animals into the common stock-yards, but must not, on any account, enter themselves.

5th. The cattle intended for export must be transferred to the ocean-going ships direct, or earned to them on boats that have never been used for conveying other cattle, or that have been subjected to the most thorough disinfection subsequent to such use.

6th. It should bo shown that the ocean-going vessels, in which the export cattle are shipped, have not carried, and do not now carry, any hides or other unmanufactured products of cattle; or, if they have previously carried such articles, that they have been thoroughly disinfected since.

PLETJKO-PNETOIONIA�THE LUNG PLAGUE�CONTAGIOUS LUNG DISEASE

OF CATTLE,

Plearo-pneumonia is a malignant contagious fever to #9632;wkich, as far as kno\yn, cattle only are liable, and in tliem is accompanied by inflamma�tion and other diseased conditions of the lungs and their membranes, together with great prostration of the entire system.

It proceeds from a poisoned condition of the blood. How, when, or where this poison was first generated it is impossible to tell. Nor is it less difficult to determine its specific nature. So far as reliable informa�tion has yet reached, it is never generated spontaneously, but depends entirely on the introduction of a virus or contagion into the system of a healthy animal. A single animal so infected infects the herd; the herd, subdivided and scattered, infects other herds until in time large areas of country have been visited and devastated by the fearful scourge.

Beginning, as we have reason to believe, in the far-off East, and at a remote date, its course has been westward until, crossing the Atlantic in the system of stock imported from European states, it has at length found lodgment here.

The earliest symptoms of the disease are not always easily detected, there being no intensity of inflammation at first, and the period of in�cubation varying often from eight or nine days to three or four months. The knowledge of the existence of the disease in adjoining States or farms, or even in remote sections from which cattle have been intro�duced, should serve to put every one on guard and lead to frequent thermometric trials even with cattle apparently in perfect health. While such trials would not, perhaps, in every case determine infallibly the existence or non-existence of the disease, yet in a very largo ma�jority of cases�possibly in nine out of ten, and particularly if other symptoms were present�they would lead to a right conclusion. The trial is made by inserting the thermometer in the rectum. If a rise of temperature to 103^o-106^o Fahrenheit is observed we may bo reasonably sure that the disease exists, at least in an incipient state.

Its further development is indicated by fits of shivering, often so slight and transient as to escape the notice of all save the practiced eye; by a dull, staring coat, with (frequently) a rigid skin; by a harsh, dry cough, the more apparent when the animal is made to move briskly; by irreg-ular chewing of the cud; constipated bowels; excrement dry; urine diminished, but with hish color; and, in the case of cows, by a falling oilquot; in the quantity of milk.

At an early stage of pleuro-pneumonia there is a harsh sound or roar produced by the passage of air through the wind-pipe and its subdivis�ions, which may sometimes be heard at some distance from the sick ani�mal. Occasionally the air rushing through the bronchial tube (made rigid by a mass of hardened lung) produces a very decided whistbng noise. A somewhat watery discharge from the nose, increased in the

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE. 243

act of coughing, is noticed early in the disease, and driving sick cattle in the earliest stage produces much thirst, and there is sometimes a ropy saliva discharged Irom tlie mouth, while the muzzle is hot and dry.

As the malady progresses the pulse rises to seventy, eighty, and even a hundred heats per minute; the respirations to thirty-five and forty per minnte, and are labored and audible, while each expiration is ac�companied In most cases by a short distinctive grunt or groan, the more marked whenever pressure is apphed to the ribs over the lungs.

At this stage the cough increases, the gait becomes more languid, the eyes more prominent and fixed; the countenance assumes an uneasy, pained expression, and a disposition is manifested by the sick to sepa�rate from the well. When the animal stands the elbows are turned out, the fore limbs extended, the hind feet drawn forward under the body, the head and neck stretched out, and the back arched, while the nostrils are more or less convulsively expanded at each inspiration. When lying, to which there is a tendency, the animal rests, especially in the latter stages of the disease, on its brisket, or on the affected side, leaving the ribs on the healthy side as much freedom of motion as possible.

With a still further advance in the disease, the pulse becomes more frequent (often rising to 120 per minute) and the heart-beats, at first subdued, are now marked and palpitating; the tongue becomes foul and covered with fur, and the breath has a nauseous smell. Listlessness, grunting, grinding of the teeth, diminished secretions, and weakness rapidly increase; the breathing is more frequent and labored; the animal gasps for breath; the spasmodic action of the nostrils is more marked, the groan more audible; the temperature is irregular, the tendency being to coldness of the horns and extremities. These conditions are followed by a mattery or watery discharge from the eyes and nose, rapid loss of flesh, hide bound, and cither obstinate constipation or else a violent watery diarrhoea of foetid matter associated often Avith a considerable discharge of clear-colored urine.

Percussion over the lungs will, in the beginning, often reveal the dis�ease when not otherwise apparent. With some practice and a Uttle care almost any one can distinguish the sick from healthy cattle by listening to the sides of the chest. In the earlier stages of the disease percussion gives out a clear or resonant sound, followed, as the malady increases, by a dull, heavy one, easily distinguished from the sound caused by the lungs in health.

Where one lung only is affected, partial, sometimes complete, restora�tion may result; but acute pleuro-pneumonia, in which both lungs are affected, we may safely assert is never terminated except by death.

As stated above, the period of incubation of this disease varies from eight or nine days to three or four months; the usual average period being from twenty-five to forty days. The acute stage of the disorder varies from seven to twenty-one days. Convalescence extends over a period of from one to three months, during the.greater part of Avhich time the convalescent animal is often capable of infecting healthy cattle.

As a rule, in mild outbreaks, the mortality attains twenty-five per cent., and in severe epidemics sixty, seventy, or even one hundred per cent.

In England, the lung disease has more than doubled the ordinary mortality of the country, entailing a loss of many millions of dollars.

While various remedies for this insidious disease have from time to time been recommended and tried, not one of them, nor aD of them com�bined, have proved a specific against its destructive effects; and as a means to he relied on for the protection of the stock of the country, they

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are worse than useless. As a rule, the malady baffles the skill of the most learned veterinary practitioners, frequently attaining its greatest mortality where most they have combated it.

Nevertheless, as there may be circumstances under which partial re�lief might be afforded by timely remedial agents, it is deemed expedi�ent to give in this place the treatment which, in general, has been found most efficacious.

The course most obviously to be pursued, when the slightest symptom of the disease is observed, or where the slightest cause for suspicion ex�ists, is to apply the thermometer, to separate at once every suspected animal from the rest, to use disinfectants, to adopt a low diet, and to watch carefully for further developments. The weight of testimony is against bleeding. If constipation is detected it should be removed by a moderate dose of salts. Slight diarrhoea need not be checked; but when violent use a mixture of gallic acid (or its equivalent) and gruel, one-half ounce of the former to one-half pint of the latter; or else, one-half ounce powdered alum to one quart of milk. Sometimes there is considerable swelling or bloating of the stomach, which may be re�moved by carbonate of ammonia�one ounce in a moderate quantity of gruel, repeated if necessary. To lower the temperature and ease the breathing give acid sulphite of soda, one ounce, twice a day. In an ad�vanced stage of the disease administer one or two ounces of whiskey or of oil of turpentine every three or four hours. If no relief is observed employ copious warm-water injections, and give two or three times a day an ounce of carbonate of ammonia in a quart of linseed-tea. Al�though out of place in the acute stage of the disease, blisters, setons, rowels, and cauterization may be applied in some cases to advantage after the fever has abated. Several preparations of carbolic acid quot;have been tried with more or less success. Perhaps the best is�

Pure carbolic acid, 1 drachm; Water,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1 pint;

given at a dose, three times a day.

Convalescence begun, restoration to health will be hastened by giving a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron in the food at each meal. The herd itself from which the sick have been removed should be placed, as a possibly preventive measure, on daily doses of the same preparation, (sulphate of iron,) allowing about half a drachm to a drachm jper capita, mixed with an equal amount of coriander seeds, given in meal or bran, the better to disguise the iron.

A post-mortem examination of the chest generally reveals layers of yellowish, Mable, false membrane (covering-skin) stretching across and around the sack containing the heart. With them is found a yellowish, clotted fluid, highly charged with albumen and shreds of solid deposit. Diseased portions of one or both lungs are found adhering to the mem�brane of the ribs and diaphragm, from which there is more or less diffi�culty in detaching them. The membrane covering the lung, usually smooth and glistening, is rough and mottled with a number of more or less marked pimples or warts.

The fluid around one or both lungs varies from a few ounces to sev�eral gallons. At times it is tolerably clear when warm, and gelatinizes on cooling; at others it is difficult to separate it from the shreds of lymph and false membranes in which it is held. Pus-cells often abound in it, and it assumes in some cases the character of pus, from which an intolerable stench sometimes proceeds.

On removiug the lungs the essential appearances of the disease in all

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

245

cases mil be found quite imiform, although differing considerably in extent.

In recent and mild cases in which only one lung is affected, the sur�face of the lung maybe smooth; parts of it collapsed, as in health, with the normal pink color preserved. The affected part is swollen, hard, and mottled. On cutting into this, the older diseased portions present a very peculiar marbled appearance. The substance of the lobules is solid and of a dark red color, and the tissue between the lobules is of a yel�lowish-red, more or less spotted with red points, but sometimes of al�most pure yellowish-white color. The more recent deposits are dis�tinguished mainly by a lighter red color of the thickened lobules.

At a more advanced stage of the disease the lung will be found harder and of darker color, its tissues having lost a portion of the marbled ap�pearance, the blood-vessels obstructed, and showing how nourishment had been cut off from the lungs, while the older, darker, and more solid portion of the latter have become detached, so that they remain as for�eign bodies imbedded in the cavities of the diseased tissue. The admis�sion of air into these cavities, by dissolution of the lung tissue, produces the cavernous sounds which the ear can detect in the Uving animal.

On taking a warm diseased lung, severing the still healthy portions, making incisions into the parts so�difled, and suspending them so that they may drain, a large amount of yellowish serum, of a translucent character, and varying greatly in weight, is obtained. The quantity of this serum, and of the solidified deposit in a diseased lung, is so large that, from a normal weight of four or five pounds, a lung attains ten, twenty, forty, or even fifty pounds.

The condition of the air-passages will be found to vary from one of perfect freedom in the healthy portions of the lungs to a state in which the mucous surface is coated with false membrane, or solid exudations of lymph in the diseased parts. These passages are sometimes found nearly filled, throughout their whole extent, with a deposit similar to that usually found on the surface of the diseased lung.

The heart's sack is sometimes found to be thickened by deposits around it, and not unfrequently to contain an excess of serum. The heart itself is contracted and pale, containing a little dark blood.

The organs of digestion at different stages manifest a state of dryness. The third stomach, which is so constantly packed with dry food in fe�brile diseases, is in the same condition in pleuro-pneumonia. In ad�vanced cases there is found a more or less diffuse redness, and even effusion of blood in the large intestines, with fluid, fetid, and sometimes slightly blood-stained excrement, such as is discharged in life.

Such briefly, and in language free from technicahties, are the descrip�tion, cause, symptoms, treatment, and post-mortem appearances of pleuro-pneumonia as gathered from previous pubhcations of this De�partment and other recognized authorities.

246nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONTAGIOUS LWSQ FEVER OF CATTLE.

APPENDIX.

MASSACHUSETTS.

LUNG FEVEE OE PLEtTRO-PNTSUJIOOTA OF CATTLE.

The follomng act, for tlie suppression and extirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneamonia among-cattle, -was passed by the Massachusetts legislature April 4, 18G0:

A2T ACT to pnmdo for the extirpation of tho disease called pletiro-pnetunonia among cattle.

Be it enacted, J-c., as follows :

Section 1. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint tlireo commissioners, #9632;who shall visit #9632;withont delay the several places in this commomvealth where the disease among cattle called plcuro-pneumonia may be known or suspected to exist, and shall have full power to cause all cattle helongingto the herds in which the disease has ap�peared, or may appear, or which have belonged to sneh herds since the disease may be known to have existed therein, to be forthwith killed and buried, and the premisea where such cattle have been kept cleansed and purified; and to make such order in relation to the further use and occupation of such premises as may seem to them to be necessary to prevent the extension of the disease.

Sec. 9. The commissioners shall cause all cattle in the aforesaid herds not appear�ing to be affected by the disease to be appraised before being killed at what would have been their fair market value if the disease had not existed; and the value of the cattle thus appraised shall be allowed and paid out of the treasury of the common�wealth to the owner or owners thereof.

Sec. 3. Any person Who shall knowingly disregard any lawful order or direction of said commissioners, or who shall sell or otherwise dispose of an animal which he knows, or has good reason to suspect, has been exposed to the aforesaid disease, shall forfeit a sum not oxceding five hundred dollars.

Sec. 4. The commissioners shall make a full report to the secretary of the board of agriculture of their proceedings and of the result of their observations and inquiries relative to the nature and character of the disease.

Sec. 5. Tho commissioners shall duly certify all allowances made under tho second seotion of this act, and other expenses incurred by them, or under their direction, in the execution of their service, to the governor and council; and tho governor is here�by authorized to draw his warrant therefor upon the treasury.

Sec. C. This act shall take effect from its passage, and continue in force for the term of one year thereafter, and no longer.

[Approved April 4,18C0.]

On the 12th of June, 1860, the following additional acts were passed:

AN ACT ooncemiug contegiona di�ease among cattlo,

Sectiox 1. The selectmen of towns, and the mayor and aldermen of cities, in case of the existence in this commonwealth of the disease called pleuro-pucumonia, or any other contagious disease among cattle, shall cause the cattle in their respective towns and cities v.iiich arc infected, or which have been exposed to infection, to be secured or collected in some suitable place or places within such city or town, and kept iso�lated; and, when taken from the possession of their owners, to be maintained, one-fifth of the expense thereof to be paid by the town or city wherein the animal is kept, and four-fifths at the expense of the commonwealth, such isolation to continue so long as tin? existence of such disease or other circumstaucc� renders the same necessary.

Sec. 2. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen, when any such animal is adjudged by veterinary surgeon, or physician by them selected, to be infected with the disease called plcuro-pneumonia, or any other contagious disease, may, in their discretion, order slicU diseased animal to be forthwith killed and buried at the expense of such town or city.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

Sec. :!. Such selectmen and mayor and aldermen shall cause all cattle which they shall so order to be killed to bo appraised by three competent and disinterested men, under oath, at tho value thereof at the time of tho appraisal, and the amount of the appraisal shall bo paid as provided in the first section.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 247

Sec. 4. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen are hereby authorized to probibit the departure of cattle from any inclosme or to exclude cattle therefrom.

Sec. 5. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen may make rejrulations in #9632;writing to regulate or prohibit the passage from, to, or through their respective cities or towns, or from place to place within the same, of any neat cattle, and may arrest and detain, at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found passing in violation of such regula�tions, and may take all other necessary measures for the enforcement of such prohibi�tion, and also for preventing the spread of any such disease among the cattle in their regpective towns and cities and the immediate vicinity thereof.

Sec. C. The regulations made by selectmen and mayor and aldermen in pursuance of the foregoing section shall he recorded upon the records of their towns and citiea respectively, and shall heyuhlished in suck towns and cities in such manner as may he provided in such regulations.

Sec. 7. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen are authorized to cause all cattle infected with such disease, or which have heen exposed thereto, to be forthwitli branded upon the rump with the letter P, so as to distinguish the animal from other cattle; and no cattle so branded shall he sold or disposed of except with the knowledge and consent of such selectmen and mayor and aldermen. Any person, without such knowledge and consent, selling and disposing of an aniisal known to be effected with such disease, or known to have been exposed thereto within one year from such sale or disposal, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by im�prisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 8. Any person disobeying the orders of the selectmen or mayor and aldermen, made in conformity with the fourth section, or driving or transporting any neat cattle contrary to the regulations made, recorded, and published a? aforesaid, shall he piui-ished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 9. Whoever knows, or has reason to suspect, the existence of any such disease among the cattle in his possession or under his care, shall forthwith give notice to the selectmen of the town or mayor and aldermen of the city where such cattle may be kept, and for failure so to do shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hnndred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 10. Any town or city whose officers shall neglect or refuse to carry into effect the provisions of section one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day's neglect.

Sec. 11. All appraisals made under the provisions of this act shall be in writing, and signed by the appraisers, and the same shall he certified to the governor and council, and to the treasurer of the several towns and cities wherein the cattle appraised belong, by the selectmen and mayors and aldermen respectively.

Sec. 12. The selectmen of the towns and mayor and aldermen of the cities are here�by authorized, when in their judgment it shall he necessary to cany into effect the purposes of this act, to take and hold possession, for a term not exceeding one year, within their respective towns and cities, of any lands, without buildings other than bams thereon, upon which it may be necessary to enclose and isolate any cattle, and they shall cause the damages sustained by the owners in consequence of such taking and holding to be appraised by the assessors of the town or city wherein the lands so taken are situated, and they shall further cause a description of such land, getting forth the boundaries thereof, and the area as nearly as may be estimated, together with said appraisal by the assessors, to he entered upon the records of the town or city. The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first section, in such sums and at such times as the selectmen or mayor and aldermen respectively may order. If the owner of any land so taken shall be dissatisfied with the appraisal of said as�sessors, he may, by action of contract, recover of the town or city wherein the lands lie, a fair compensation for the damages sustained by him; hut no cost shall be taxed unless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of interest, exceed the appraisal of the assessors. And the commonwealth shall reimburse any town or city four-tii'ths of any sum recovered of such town or city in any such action.

AS ACT in addition to an act concerning contagions diseases among cattle.

Section 1. In addition to the commissioners appointed under the provisions of chapter one hundred and niaety-two of the acts of the year one thousand eight hun�dred and sixty, the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, is hereby authorized to appoint two additional persons to constitute, with those now in office, a board of commissioners upon the subject of pleuro-pneumouia, or any other contagious disease now existing among the cattle of the commonwealth.

Sec. 2. When said commissioners shall make and publish any regulations concern�ing the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle infected with, or which have been ex�posed to the disease of pi euro-pneumonia, or other contagious disease, such legnlations shall supersede the regulations made by selectmen of towns and mayors and aldermen of cities, upon the same subject-matter, and the operation of the rcguliitioiis made by such selectmen and mayors and aldermen shall be suspended during the time those

248 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OF CATTLE.

made by the commissioneis as aforesaid shall be in force. And said selectmen and mayors and aldermen shall carry out and enforce all orders and directions of said com�missioners, to them directed, as they shall from time to time issue.

Sec. 3. In addition to the power and authority conferred on the selectmen of towns and mayors and aldermen of cities, by the act to which this is in addition, and which arlaquo; herein conferred upon said commissioners, the same commissioners shall have power to provide for the establishment of a hospital or quarantine in some snitable place or places, with proper accommodations of buildings, land, amp;c., wherein may be detained any cattle by them selected, so that said cattle so infected and exposed may be there treated by such scientific practitioners of the healing art as may be there appointed to treat the same. And for this purpose said commissioners may take any lands and buildings in the manner provided in the twelfth section of quot;the act to which this is an addition.

Sec. 4. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, is hereby authorized to appoint three competent persons to be a board of examiners to examine into the disease called pleuro-pneumouia, and who shall attend at the hospital at quar�antine established by the commissioners mentioned in the foregoing section, and there treat and experiment upon such number of cattle, both sound and infected, as will enable them to study the symptoms and laws of the disease, and ascertain, so far as they can, the best mode of treating cattle in view of the prevention and cure of the disease, and who shall keep a full record of their proceedings, and make a report thereon to the governor and council, when their investigation shall have been concluded: Provided, That the expense of said board of examiners shall not exceed ten thousand dollars.

Sec. 5. The selectmen of the several towns, and the mayors and aldermen of the several cities, shall, within twenty-four hours after they shall have notice that any cattle in their respective towns and cities are infected with, or have been exposed to, any such disease, give notice in writing to said commissioners of the same.

Sec. 6. The commissioners are authorized to make all necessary regulations for the treatment, cure, and extirpation of said disease, and may direct the selectmen of towns and mayors and aldermen of cities to enforce and carry into effect all such regulations as may, from time to time, be made for that end; and any such officer refusing or neg�lecting to enforce and carry out any regulation of the commissioners, shall be punished by fine not exceediug five hundred dollars for every such offense.

Sec. 7. The commissioners may, when in their judgment the public good shall require it, cause to be killed and buried any cattle winch are infected with, or which have been exposed to said disease, and said commissioners shall cause said cattle to be ap�praised in the same manner provided in the act to which this is an addition; and the appraised value of such cattle shall be paid, one-fifth by the towns in which said cattle are kept, and the remainder by the commonwealth.

Sec. 8. Wboever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the common�wealth east of the Connecticut River to any part west of said river before the first day of April next without consent of the commissioners, shall be punished by fine not ex�ceeding five hundred dollars, or by Imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year.

Sec. 9. Whoever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the com�monwealth into any other State before the first day of April next, without the consent of the commissioners, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year.

Sec. 10. If any person fails to comply with any regulations made, or with any order given, by the commissioners, he shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 11. Prosecutions under the two preceding sections may be prosecuted in any county in this commonwealth.

Sec. 12. All appraisals made under this act shall be in writing and signed by the appraisers and certified by the commissioners, and shall be by them transmitted to the govemnor and council, and to the treasurers of the several cities and towns wherein the cattle appraised were kept.

Sec. 13. The provisions of chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of one thousand eight hundred and sixty [except so far as they authorize the appointment of commissioners] are hereby repealed, but this repeal shall not affect the validity of the proceedings heretofore lawfully had under the provisions of said chapter.

Sec. 14. The commissioners and examiners shall keep a full record of their doings, and make report of the same to the next legislature, on or before the 10th day of Jan�uary next, unless sooner required by the governor; and the said record, or an abstract of the same, shall be printed in the annual volume of Transactions of the State Board of Agriculture.

Sec. 15. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have power to terminate the commission and board of examiners whenever, in his judgment, the public safety may permit.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEK OF CATTLE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;249

STATE OF NEW YORK.

AIT ACT to prevent tlie introduction and spread of the disease Inioi� as rinderpest, and for the prolaquo; tection of the flocks and herds of sheep and cattle in the State of New York from this and other in�fectious and contagious diseases. Passed April 20,18G6.

�e it enacted hy the senate and assemhly of New York:

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the health officer of the port of Ne-w York, in addition to the duties now imposed on him by existing law, to examine and inquire #9632;whether any animals are brought in any vessels arriving at said port in violation of any regulation of law passed by the Congress of the United States prohibiting the im�portation of such animals.

2.nbsp; Whenever any animal is brought as a ship's cow, #9632;with no intention of landing the same or of violating any such law or regulation of Congress as aforesaid, the same shall be carefully examined and kept in quarantine for the space of at least twenty-one days, and if any symptoms of the infection or incubation of the disease commonly known as the rinderpest or any other infectious or contagious disease shall present themselves, it shall be the duty of the said health officer immediately to cause the said animal or animals to be slaughtered, and their remains boxed with a sufficient quantity of quicklime, sulphate of iron, or other disinfectant, and with sufficient weights placed in said box to prevent the same from floating, and to be cast into the waters of the said port. It shall also be his duty to cleanse and disinfect by suitable agencies the berth or section of the ship in which said animal or animals were lying or slaughtered, and also to cause the clothing and persons of all taking care of the same or engaged in slaughter and burial to be cleansed and disinfected.

3.nbsp; William Kelley, of Dutchess County, Marsena E. Patrick, of Ontario Conntyy and Lewis F. Allen, of Erie County, are hereby appointed as commissioners under this act, and with powers and duties as hereinafter enumerated.

4.nbsp; In the event of any such disease as the rinderpest or infections disease of cattle or sheep breaking out or being suspected to exist in any locality in this State, it shall be the duty of all persons owning or having any interest whatever in the said cattle, immediately to notify the said commissioners or any one of them of the existence of such disease: whereupon the said commissioners shall establish a sanitary cordon around such locality. And thereupon it shall be the duty of the said commissioners to appoint an assistant commissioner for such district with all powers conferred by this act on the said commissioners or their agents or appointees, which said assistant commissioner shall immediately proceed to the place or places where such disease is reported to exist, and cause the said animal or animals to be separated from all con�nection or proximity with or to all other animals of the ruminant order, and take such other precautionary measures as shall be deemed necessary; and if in his opinion the said disease shall be incurable or threaten to spread to other animals, to cause the same immediately to be slaughtered, their remains to be deeply buried, and all places in which the said animals have been confined or kept to be cleansed and disinfected by any of the agencies above mentioned; and also to cause the same to be carefully locked or barred so as to prevent all access to the same by any animals of a like kind for a period of at least one month. Any animal thus slaughtered shall be appraised nnder the supervision of said commissioners, and one-half of the value of said animal shall be paid by the State to the owner thereof.

5.nbsp; It shall be the duty of the said assistant commissioner, immediately on his being notified of his appointment, or at any time thereafter of the breaking out of the said disease in any place contiguous to the same and within the county in which he resides, to give public notices of the same in at least one newspaper printed or published in the said county, and to cause notice to be posted up in at least five conspicuous places in said neighborhood, and it shall be his duty to enjoin, in said notice and otherwise, all persons concerned in the care or supervision of neat cattle or sheep not to come within one hundred feet of the said locality without the special permission of the said assist�ant commissioner.

C. It shall be the duty of the commissioners appointed nnder this act, whenever they are advised that any such disease has made its appearance within the limits of the State, to publish in the State paper and in at least one paper published in any county where such disease exists, a statement of the methods approved by the New York Agricultural Society for the treatment of cattle affected therewith, for the isola�tion of the same, for the disinfection of the premises or building in which said cattle are found affected as aforesaid, and for the prevention of the spread of the same through any agencies of whatever kind.

7. The commissioners aforesaid, and all such assistants as they may appoint, when�ever in their judgment or discretion it shall appear in any case that the disease is not likely to yield to any remedial treatment, or whenever it shall seem that the cost or worth of any such remedial treatment shall be greater than the value of any animal or animals so affected, or whenever in any case such disease shall assume such form of malignity as shall threaten its spread to premises, either contagious or infections or

250 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

otherwise, are hereby empowered to cause the said animals to be slaughtered forth-#9632;with and buried, as above provided, and to do all such things as are mentioned in the fourth section of this act.

8.nbsp; The said commissioners or their assistants are hereby empowered to enter upon and take possession of all premises or parts thereof wbore cattle so affected as afore�said are found, and to cause the said cattle to be conlined in suitable inclosurea or buildings for any time requisite in the judgment of the said commissioners or their assistants, and prior to the slaughter and burial of the said animals and the full and complete disinfecting and cleansing of such premises; and all persons, whether owners of or interested in such cattle or otherwise, who shall resist, impede, or hinder the said commissioners or their assistants in the execution of their duties under this act shall be deemed guilty, and on conviction of the same, of a misdemeanor, and shall be punishable -with fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not ex�ceeding the term of six months, or of both, in the discretion of the court before which they shall be adjudged guilty as aforesaid.

9.nbsp; The commissioners shall have power to establish all such quarantine or other reg�ulations as they may deem necessary to prevent the spread of the disease, or its transit in railroad ears, by vessels, or by driving along the public highways; and it shall be proper for the governor of the State, by public proclamation as aforesaid, to enjoin all persons concerned or engaged in the traffic or transit of cattle or sheep, not to enter upon any such places, or take therefrom any such animal, or to pass through any such locality, and #9632;within such distances from the same as in the said proclamation may be prescribed.

10.nbsp; The sum of one thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated to pay to the laquo;aid commissioners for their services, while actually engaged in the duties enjoined upon them in this act, at the rate of five dollars per day to each, and such further sums as may cause them actual expenditures in traveling to and from the places they may be called upon to inspect or visit, and in the printing or pub�lishing of all regulations or notices mentioned in this act. And the further sum of fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropri�ated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay for animals slaughtered by the provisions of this act, and the comptroller is hereby directed to pay for the same on the warrant of the said commissioners.

11.nbsp; The assistant commissioners are to receive for each and everyday while actually engaged in duties provided by this act the sum of three dollars per day, and all actual expenses and disbursements paid or incurred in the discharge of their duties as afore�said, which said sums shall be a charge upon the county for which he is appointed, and shall, when duly audited by the board of supervisors of the said county, be paid by the county treasurer.

12.nbsp; The slaughtering of animals for beef after having been exposed to the contagion, or supposed to have been so exposed, may be permitted by the commissioners, or pro�hibited by them, as they may judge proper.

13.nbsp; This act shall take efiect immediately, and shall continue in force for one year.

AS ACT in relation to infectious and contagions diseases of animals. Tassed April 15,18T8; tliree-

fiftlis being present.

2hepeople of the State of New York, represented in the senate and assembly, do enact araquo; follmw:

Section 1. Whenever any infectious or contagious disease affecting domestic ani�mals shall be brought into or shall break out in this State, it shall be the duty of the governor to take measures to suppress the same promptly, and to prevent the same from spreading.

J 2. For such purpose the governor shall have power�

To issue his proclamation, stating that infectious or contagious disease exists in any county or counties of the State, and warning all persons to seclude all animals in their possession that are aflfected with such disease or have been exposed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take such precautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may in his judgment render necessary or expedient.

To order that any premises, farm or farms where such disease exists or has existed be put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be removed from or brought to the premisea or places so quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge necessary or expedient to prevent infection or contagion being communicated in any way from the places so quarantined.

To call upon all shcrifls and deputy sheriffs to carry out and enforce the provisions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations; and it shall be the duty of all sheri�s and deputy sherifi's to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they may receive from the governor in the premises.

To employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners and snch other

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;251

persons as he may from time to time deem necessary to assist him in performing Ms duty as set forth in the first section of this act, and to fix their compensation.

To order all or any animals coming into the State to be detained at any place or places for the purpose of inspection and examination.

To prescrihe regulations for the destruction of animals affected with infectious or contagious disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides and carcasses, and of all objects which might convey infection or contagion, provided that no animal shall be destroyed unless first examined by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the em�ploy of the governor, as aforesaid.

To prescribe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway cars, and of all objects from or by which infection or contagion may take place or be conveyed.

To alter and modify from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdraw the same at any time.

sect; 3. Any person transgressing the terms of any proclamation, order or regulation issued or prescribed by the governor under authority of this act shall be guuty of a misdemeanor.

$ 4. All expenses incurred by the governor in carrying out the provisions of this act and in performing the duty hereby devolved upon him, shall be audited by the comp�troller as extraordinary expenses of the executive department, and shall be paid out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

THE IMPOETATION OP CATTLE PEOHIBITED.

The folio-wing is an official copy of the act passed by Congress to prohibit the importation of cattle in 1865:

AN ACT to prevent the spread of foreign diseases among the cattle of the United States.

Se it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of tlw United States of America in Congress assembled, That the importation of cattle be, and hereby is, prohibited. And it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to make such regulations as will give this law full and immediate effect, and to send copies of them to the proper officers in this country and to all officers or agents of the United States in foreign countries.

Section 2. And be it further enacted, That when the President shall give thirty days' notice by proclamation that no further danger is to be apprehended from the spread of foreign infectious or contagious diseases among cattle, this law shall be of no force, and cattle may be imported in the same way as before its passage.

Passed the House of Representatives December 11,1865.

Attest:

EDWARD McPHEESOST, Clerl:

THE BRITISH GOVEEmiENT.

The folloTving is an abstract of the rules and regulations adopted by the British Government to prevent the spread of the rinderpest and pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, and foot and mouth disease among sheep in its Indian possessions:

1.nbsp; When cattle or sheep are purchased at a fair, they should always be treated aa having been probably exposed to contagion.

2.nbsp; When cattle or sheep are being removed from one locality to another, they should not be allowed to mix with other cattle or sheep en route, and should never be kept overnight in or near quarters previously occupied, as such quarters are often contami�nated by having recently been occupied by diseased animals.

3.nbsp; When cattle or sheep are purchased in a fair or elsewhere, they should, on being brought to the purchaser's premises, be kept by themselves, and not allowed to mix with tho old cattle of the farm, at pasture, or watering time, or any other time. They should be kept by themselves in complete isolation for one month or six weeks, in order to have proof afforded whether they are affected with a contagious disease or not.

4.nbsp; When cattle are traveling, or are moved from one district to another, they are

252 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE.

liable to be exposed to contagion and contract disease; therefore, on their arrival at home, they should be carefully inspected, and if they have passed through an infected district, they should he kept by themselves for some time. (See Rules 20 and 21.)

5.nbsp; When diseases of a contagions nature, or supposed to be of a contagious nature, appear among cattle, the first important duty is to separate the sick from the healthy animals.

6.nbsp; Carefully inspect all the animals, and remove to the hospital any showing the slightest symptoms of disease.

7.nbsp; Divide the healthy cattle into several lots, making each lot as small in number as space will permit. Picket the cattle in such lots a good distance apart and to windward of the sick cattle. Frequently inspect each lot, and remove at once any animal in the least unwell. By steadily adopting this plan, the disease will be found in a few days to exist only among one or two lots, and by at once removing to the hospital any becoming sick, the disease will speedily be arrested in spreading through the herd. Each lot should be kept isolated from other cattle for a period from four to six weeks.

8.nbsp; The hospital to contain the diseased cattle should be inclosed by a strong fence and isolated. The attendants and the sick cattle must not be permitted to leave the isolated area. Food and water may be taken to the attendants and cattle, hut no forage, water, litter, clothing, or anything else should be taken from the hospital. Dogs should not he allowed to go to and from the hospital, as they may carry con-tagium to places where healthy stock may be.

9.nbsp; The dry litter, amp;c., of the hospital should he burnt inside the hospital area, and the moist dung and discharges, amp;c., should he frequently removed from the stalls and buried in pits dug in the hospital premises. These pits should be six feet or more deep, and si von Id be filled with the wet litter, dung, amp;c., of the hospital up to within two feet of the surrounding ground surface, and then quicklime and good fresh earth should he used to fill up the remaining two feet.

10.nbsp; The stalls, walls, amp;c., and ground of the hospital should be scrupulously cleaned by frequent sweepings and washings, and after every cleansing disinfectants, lime, ashes, or even dry earth, should be plentifully scattered over the floors and ground, and the wood-work and walls should be first washed and then whitewashed.

11.nbsp; The hospital should be well ventilated; sulphur fumigation should be daily carried out for an hour or so in the hospital building, and at this time the doors and windows may he closed and the ventilators only kept partly open.

12.nbsp; The constant burning of sufficient litter, opposite the doors or the windward side of the building, at seasons when flies are numerous and troublesome to cattle.

13.nbsp; The sick cattle should be kept scrupulously clean, and have thin gruel and fresh green grass in its season for diet. The healthy cattle should also be kept on laxative food, as cattle fed on hard dry food have the disease in a more severe form than those fed on laxative fodder.

14.nbsp; When these contagious diseases have prevailed among cattle or sheep, they should not be allowed to pasture, or to be kept with unaffected herds, until a month or six weeks have expired after the last case of disease occurring among the affected lot.

15.nbsp; Animals that recover should be well washed with warm water and soap prior to being removed from the hospital, and, if ohtainable, carbolic acid should be added to the warm water in the proportion of one #9632;wineglassftu of the acid to a gallon of warm water.

16.nbsp; Carcasses of stock that die of rinderpest, black-quarter, and other forms of an�thrax fever, and pleuro-pnemnonia, should ho buried and covered with at least four feet of earth.

17.nbsp; The hides of cattle that die of these contagious diseases should he either well scored or slashed with a knife, thus destroying their value, and should be then buried with the carcasses.

18.nbsp; The surface of earth floors of stalls and ground on which cattle affected with contagious diseases have been kept should he removed and buried, and the earth below should be well dug up and turned over, and the floor remade with fresh earth. Brick and stone floors may be scraped, washed, and disinfected with quicklime or carbolic acid.

19.nbsp; Poles of carts and harness, or saddlery, amp;c., used by animals affected with con�tagious diseases, should be washed and disinfected.

20.nbsp; The periods of incuhation of rinderpest, black-quarter, and other forms of an�thrax fever all helieved to be within twenty-eight days; so a month has been named as the time for an animal supposed to have been exposed to the contagium of these diseases to be kept isolated.

21.nbsp; The period of incubation of pleuro-pneumonia varies from two to six weeks, but has been found, as a rule, to bo ahout forty days; so, when cattle have been exposed to the contagium of this disease, they should he kept isolated for forty-five days.

A STRANGE CATTLE DISEASE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;253

A STEANGE CATTLE DISEASE.

Mr. W. W. Lenoir, of Sliull's Mills, Watauga County, North Carolina, gives the follomng account of a strange disease which has prevailed among cattle in that State for several years past:

Sik: Your letter, directed to my former residence in Haywood county, North Caro�lina, reached me after long delay, but ought to have been answered sooner. I retained no copy of the letter written by me in 1872, to which you refer, in relation to the strange disease among cattle which has been of late years in the Northwest and North, incorrectly called the Texas fever, but which was known throughout a large portion of the South for many years before the independence and annexation of Texas by the Tague name of the distemper, and is still so named.

It evidently prevailed first near the coast, and a dim outline of its history and prog�ress, and of the imperfect knowledge and erroneous theories which prevailed con�cerning it, can be traced in this State, and probably in other Southern States, in the legislation concerning it.

In North Carolina we have a broad belt of land adjoining the coast, stretching entirely across the State from Virginia to South Carolina, which is almost a level plain, and which extends far enough inland to include many counties and parts of counties. This belt is composed of large bodies of exceedingly rich alluvial swamp-lands, which are rarely dry enough for cultivation without artificial drainage, and which lie along the streams, and are separated from each other by bodies of Wei, sandy, dry land which form the remainder of this level belt.

These swamp-lands are covered with dense forests of cypress, juniper, oak, and quite a variety of other kinds of trees, many of them of immense size. The dry sandy lauds between the swamps are covered almost exclusively with forests of pine trees.

Above this level belt lies another broad belt, which also sweeps entirely across the State, and is called the sand hills. The alluvial lands along the streams extend through and above the sand hills, and have a similar forest growth, but are narrower, and form sometimes swamps and sometimes rich alluvial bottoms diy enough for culti�vation in grain without ditching. The uplands of the sand-hill region are composed of innumerable hillocks, and low flat ridges, and narrow plains of very sandy land, the forest growth of which is almost exclusively pine.

Above the sand-hills and extending- from them to the Piedmont region, another broad belt runs across the State, which may be called the midland belt of North Car-obna. This is an undulating region, composed of clay upland, interspersed with fine alluvial bottoms along the streams. This belt is almost destitute of pine, except in the old fields, of which there are far too many�lands which have been once m cultivation, and have now grown up in thickets of what are called old-field pines. The principal native forest growth of this belt of the State is oak, with an abundant mixture, how�ever, of hickory, poplar, walnut, dogwood, sourwood, gum, and a variety of other trees.

Above this midland belt of the State comes the Piedmont region, extending to the foot-hills and lower portions of the southeastern slopes of the Blue Eidge, and includ�ing the secondary ranges southeast of the Blue Eidge, called Lauratown, Brushy, and South Mountains, amp;c.; and the fine Piedmont valleys of the Dan, Yadkin, Catawba, Broad, and other rivers; which lie between the smaller mountain ranges and the Bine Eidge.

The Piedmont region is marked by a surface becoming by degrees more and more undulatory, broken, and at length mountainous; by the presence still of alluvial bot�toms along the streams; by a greater variety of soil as well as surface of the uplands, portions of which are here found to be somewhat sandy; by a greater variety of forest trees, and by the partial reappearance of pines, which are now found scattered over the uplands among the other trees, not in excess, but in ample abundance.

Finally, we have the mountain region, including the summit of the Blue EidgCj which in North Carolina forms the water-shed between the Atlantic and Mississippi waters, and extending from it to the Alleghany range, which forms the State line be�tween North Carolina and Tennessee. This highly elevated mountain belt has a cool, moist, temperate, healthful climate, and a denghtfully varied surface of lovely val�leys and rich mountain sides. Its agricultural resources are wonderfully varied and extensive. It is a land eminently suitable for permanent pastures and meadows; and when its immense forests are subdued and its lines of transportation opened up, it will soon become the finest grazing, stock-raising, and dairying land in the United States. Please excuse this slight outline of the State, which is interesting in itself and has some bearing on the subject.

An early statute on the subject of the quot;distemper,quot; enacted in North Carolina many years ago, prohibited the driving of cattle from the pine lands in the eastern portion

254nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;A STEANGE CATTLE DISEASE.

of the State to the oak lands in the middleportionof the State. This marked the prog�ress the disease was making at that date, and indicated the belief that its cause ex�isted in and was confined to the pine lands in the eastern portion of the State. But the disease has slowly crept across the midland belt and into and nearly across the Piedmont belt of this State. A recent North Carolina statute, passed I think in 1876-'77, prohibits the driving of cattle from below the Blue Kidge into Watauga county, which is on and west of the Blue Kidge, in the mountain region of the State.

I regret that I have not the means, in this secluded locality, of giving you exact dates and fuller references. I think that when I wrote the letter in 1872, to which you refer, the quot;distemperquot; had just reached Morganton, in Burke comity, Korth Carolina, within a few miles of the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge. I am glad to be able to state that its progress, as it approaches the Blue Kidge and reaches higher eleva�tion, seems to be slower; and strengthens the belief generally held here, that it will not get a permanent foot-hold in the cool climate of our mountains west of the Blue Eidge.

Some of the facts connected with the progress and contagious character of this dis�ease are so strange as to challenge credulty; and yet so important and so easily veri�fied, that it is still more strange that they are so little known, and have been sub�jected to so little careful and systematic investigation. �

The progress of the disease over the region which it infests may be compared to that of the disease called ringworm on a surface of the human body. There is a slowly ad�vancing angry external border around the infected region, in which border the disease is violently active, killing a large proportion of the cattle where it first makes its ap�pearance, on many of the farms all, or nearly all. This angry border advances at on irregular rate, and presents an irregular outline, pausing in places for several years; and then perhaps advancing suddenly and destructively several miles in a single sea�son. I think I have observed in Caldwell and Burke counties, North Carolina, and it is probably the case elsewhere, that it sometimes makes more rapid progress along the deep valleys than above them. I have not observed that it advances along the lead�ing thoroughfares of travel and traffic, except as they conform with such valleys. In quot;Wilkes county, North Carolina, it has made a long pause on the south bank of the Yadkin Eiver. But I fear it is about to get a permanent foothold on the north bank. James Gwyn, Elkin, Snrry county. North Carolina, who lives on the north bank of the Yadkin in Wilkes county, has lost cattle twice from it, and can inform you of its progress, in his neighborhood.

But though thus irregular in its outline and progress, this angry border which sur-lounds the infected region has, at all times, a tolerably definite location, and is desig�nated among us as the quot;distemperquot; line. The region within, over which the disease has already passed, is said to be within or below the '' distemper quot; line. The region be�yond it to which the distemper has not permanently reached, is said to be above or without the quot;distemperquot; line.

The disease is most fatal in autumn, disappears after white Irost, and does not reap�pear until warm weather in the late spring or summer.

The country below the distemper line, like the surface within the border of the ring�worm, seems to be comparatively free from the disease. The cattle have become acclimated, and there are only occasional cases of the quot;distemper.quot; But whenever cattle from above the distemper line are driven below it after warm weather is well advanced, or in winter, and suffered to remain there till then, there is a strong proba�bility that they will take the quot; distemperquot; and die of it.

When cattle from below the distemper line are driven above it in winter, they may remain there permanently without any probability that they will suffer from or prop�agate the disease. And if cattle from below the quot; distemperquot; line, and acclimated there, are driven above the distemper line after warm weather has set in, they will thrive and fatten, and show no outward appearance of the disease. But they impart the disease in its most destructive character, especially when they have been heated by hard driving or work, to the healthy cattle around them. Cattle only passing over the road which they have traveled, it may bo several days before, if it has not rained in the mean time, will take the disease and die. As cattle are very apt to smell the dung of other cattle in passing over it, it seems probable that in such cases the germs of the disease are inhaled from the dung.

Still more wonderful than this, when taken in connection with it, is the fact that the cattle thus taking the disease from apparently healthy cattle, and dying of it in its acute form, may die surrounded by healthy cattle of their own neighborliood to which they will not impart the disease. However violent such accidental outbreal;s of the disease may be at the time, it never gains a permanent foothold when carried in this way far above the slowly advancing quot; distemperquot; lino.

I am not skilled nor well-read in the diseases of cattle, or in other diseases. In the only book I have which treats of the diseases of cattle, a slip-shod American rehash and abridgment of a standard English work, the disease called in England red water resembles our so-called quot;distemperquot; more than any other disease described in it.

EINDEEPEST OE CATTLE PLAGUE.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;255

Tho organized and widely extended inquiries of your department might determine some very interesting and important questions concerning this disease. Has it causes #9632;which give it a spontaneous origin in certain localities in the Southern States ? Can those causes he removed ? What are tho hest methods of preventing the spread of it hoyond those localities, and of suppressing it where it has already a permanent foot�hold beyond them ? What is the best treatment of the animals attacked by it, amp;o.

A widespread belief exists that it is caused by ticks. I am sure that this is an error. But it is -worth investigating for tho sake of exploding it. The ticks -which often prey in disgusting numbers on the cattle at the South, both above and below the quot;distemper line,quot; and may well aggravate the distemper, or any other disease, are worth investigating on their own account. Cattle maybe kept ijree from them by the regular addition of brimstone to their food or salt.

Hoping that this very meager and imperfect statement may aid yon in directing a more minute and accurate investigation of this disease, which has been so fatal to Southern cattle and has so depressed their value, I am, very respectfully, yours,

W. W. LENOIE.

Hon. quot;Wm. G. Lk Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture,

EINDEEPEST OE CATTLE PLAGUE.

The following letter, addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, gives the symptoms sm� post mortem appearances of the destructive dis�ease known as rinderpest or cattle plague:

Sin: At your request I will give as fully as possible the symptoms and post mortem appearances of a fatal disease in cattle, known as rinderpest or cattle plague.

The disease I allude to made only one great invasion in Great Britain during the present century (in the years 1865 and 1866), and swept away many thousands of cat�tle, the money loss from its ravages being between ten and twelve million pounds sterling. At that time (1865 and 1866) 1 was in practice in a largo agricultural dis�trict of England (Berkshire), and as soon as the disease visited that county I was ap�pointed by the government one of the cattle-plague inspectors, and therefore had ample opportunities of examining large numbers of animals affected with the disease, and availed myself of the chance of making many ^josf mortems.

The disease is purely contagious, and therefore preventable. It is a specific, malig�nant fever, indigenous to the Asiatic steppes of Eussia, runs a definite course, and generally terminates fatally. It is essentially a disease of the bovine family, but may�be communicated to the sheep, goat, deer, amp;c. It has a period of incubation varying from four to ten quot;days; during this period the animal gives no indication of being affected.

Symptoms.�Primary fever, as indicated by a rise in the temperature; a remarkably dull and dispirited condition of the animal, which will stand with its head hanging down, ears drawn back, and coat staring, refusing all food or even water. Kuniina-tion is suspended; if made to move it shows great prostration of strength, and fre�quently staggers as if about to fall. The skin is hot in places, aud remarkably so between the limbs; an eruption on, and a peculiar appearance and condition of, the mucous membrane of the mouth is seen; it is red and furred, presenting raw-looking spots, especially on the inner side of the upper lip and along the roof. The breath is fetid, and the mucous membrane of tho vagina alters to a dark-red color. These signs are rarely absent. Tears early trickle from tho eyes, which are red and express�ive of suffering, and a watery raquo;lischarge flows from the nostrils. There is a continu�ous increase of these secretions, which become more or less purulent in tho advanced stage of the malady; rigors and twitching of the superficial muscles, failing pulse, oppressed breathing, sores on tho skin, with discharges from the same. Emphysema of tho tissues of the neck aud back; the extremities are cold at the commencement of the disease, and in the latter stages the increased heat of the body gives place to a re�markable coldness along the course of the spine. Secretion of milk is arrested very suddenly, the animal grinds its tooth, arches the hack, moans, and shows signs of great uneasiness.

At first the bowels arc constipated, but soon violent purging commences, leading to dysentery, tho evacuations being slimy, lirinid, and sometimes of a dirty-yellow color, tinged with blood, of a fetid character, with much straining. The urine is scanty and dark in color. The bnccal membrane becomes covered with a ycllowislKwhitc mate�rial, which can bo easily stripped off, showing an ulcerated surface under it. The ani-

256nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;E1NDEEPEST OR CATTLE PLAGUE.

mal now stands with great difficulty, gets quite drowsy and unconscious; the hreath-ing short, quick, and more painful.

The animal will sometimes sink as early as twelve hours from the commencement of the attack, but in many cases the disease will he protracted to the iifth or sixth, and occasionally to the eighth or ninth day. As death approaches the mucous membranes acquire a leaden hue, with dark-colored spots on their surface. Tympanitis sots in, and the discharges from the bowels are involuntary.

The mortality in Great Britain was very great. The disease is highly contagious, and will not yield to medical treatment. Vaccination and inoculation were tried, but all seemed only to spread the pestilence.

Poraquo;t mortem appearances will differ according to the part of the organism chiefly affected, and especially according to the time of duration of the malady. In many cases, the roof of the mouth will be found covered with a dirty-yellow exudation upon an ulcerated surface, the lining of the larynx, pharynx, and all the mucous membranes of the mouth is of a deep red color, and often covered with a layer partaking of the characters of lymph and pus combined, varying from the finest film to a quarter of an inch in substance. The lungs are often covered with a soft membranous exudation; emphysema of them is also very commonly found, but not always. On opening the abdominal cavity, the omentum is frequently found to present patches of redness; the intestines are altered in color, from the condition of the mucous membrane being par�tially seen through their walls. On cutting the rumen (or paunch) a quantity of un�digested food is generally found, but nothing more than a tinge of reduess in patches can be found here. The reticulum (honey-comb) does not show any signs of the dis�ease; the omasum (manifolds) affords, in themnjority of cases, very characteristic in�dications of the effects of the malady, its folds being inflamed in patches, or ulcerated in patches, even showing large perforations from sloughing, with claret-colored edges. The contents of this stomach are dry and caked.

The fourth, or true digestive stomach, the abomasum (rennet) is inflamed and shows specific lesions of the disease. The contents are nearly always fluid, and often mixed with blood; the mucous membrane is not only intensely red, but is studded with superficial erosions; the membrane can be easily removed ftom the submucous tissues, in some cases showing deep sloughs or ulcers. This condition is more marked near the pyloric region, being of a claret color.

The intestines show similar morbid changes, particularly the jejunum and theileum, also the caecum, which shows a peculiar mottled appearance from the accumulations, in the follicles, of a dirty-white or yellowish secretion. The liver is mostly unaffected, but the gall-bladder is remarkably full. The lining membrane of the vagina is of a dark red color and semi-detached condition.

I have given above all the early symptoms of this disease, together with the post mortem appearances, and I am sure yon will agree with me that it differs materially from any other disease of the cow or sheep.

Sheep will take the disease from cattle; in order to test this, experiments were tried at the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. Sheep took the disease from cattle and died, showing the same^osi-mortoraquo; appearances. Cattle also took it from the sheep and died. Afterward Professor Simon ds found a large number of-sheep in England affected, from having been in company with or near diseased cattle.

Professor Law, of Cornell University, says: quot;Treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all circumstances, all the attempts of the different schools of medicine, and of empiricism have only increased its ravages; while nations and dis�tricts that have vigorously stamped it out, and excluded it, have saved their prop�erty.quot;

I trust we have no cases of this terrible scourge in this country, and that the re�ports in some of the Philadelphia newspapers of the past week, of its prevalence in the vicinity of Washington, may prove to be unfounded, as I have cause to believe they are. But if ever introduced into this country, the victims and all other cattle with which they had been in contact, should be promptly destroyed and buried deeply, and the places and things with which they have come in contact be disinfected in the most perfect manner.

I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,

JOHN W. GADSDEN, M. B. C. V. S., England.

Philadelphia, October 86,1878,

GLANDERS.

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[These illustrations are photographic copies of the plates accompanying Professor Gerlach's treatise on glanders, published in the Jahresbericht der Koeniglichen Thter-arzneischule zu Hannover, 1868. The same illustrate the morbid anatomy of glanders.]

Plate I.�Fig. I. Development of glanders-cells of connective-tissue corpuscles in the mucous membrane of the septum. Enlargement 300.

1.nbsp; Spindle-shaped cells, #9632;with a large oval nucleus.

2.nbsp; The same, more swelled ; nucleus larger; a second nucleus developing.

3.nbsp; Cells like No. 2, but -with ends blunted; more granulated and approaching decay.

4.nbsp; Round cells of different size, with a large nucleus; the largest ones have a dark, granulated nucleus; beneath free nuclei and granulated detritus.

Fig. II. Microscopic cut from gray-yellowish glanders; nodules of the mucous mem�brane of the septum, in which (cut) can be seen spindle-shaped cells in different stages of development to round cells with a fibrous intercellular substance. Enlarge�ment 300. At a the spindle-shaped cells and at 6 the round cells prevailing.

Fig. III. Development of glanders-cells of epithehum elements in the pulmonal nodules. Enlargement 300.

1.nbsp; Normal cylinder-cell with a nucleus.

2.nbsp; Cylinder-cell with a second nucleus developing.

3.nbsp; Cylinder-cell with two and three developed nuclei.

4.nbsp; Bag-shaped rudiments of cylinder-cells filled with young round cells.

5.nbsp; Giant-cells with young round cells.

6.nbsp; Small and large round cells with a large, dark, and granulated nucleus.

Plate II.�Fig. IV. Lower end of the septum with glanders-nodules and ulcers. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; Various gray glanders-nodules.

2.nbsp; A group of glanders-nodules with a round hole in the middle. (Incipient glanders-ulcers.)

3.nbsp; A solitary glanders-ulcer.

4.nbsp; Confluent glanders-ulcers with elevated borders and dirty bottom.

Fig. V. Transversal cuts through the gray nodules in the mucous membrane of the septum. (Natural size.)

a.nbsp; Gray nodule in the midst of the tissue of the mucous membrane; the upper layer of the mucous membrane raised.

b.nbsp; Gray nodule in the upper layer of the mucous membrane, visible on the surface. Fig. VI. A piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; Miliary tubercles.

2.nbsp; Tubercle of the size of a pea.

3.nbsp; A largo glanders-nodule developing.

Fig. VII. Also a piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; Miliary nodules surrounded by a red crust.

2.nbsp; Large gray glanders-nodule (glanders excrescence) growing yet in one direction.

OI,Agt;MJ)KriB

icpoi-i Convnrissioiier ol'Agi-ic ullui'c Cor 1878.

FieJ.

Plate 1.

�_;.@copy;^J.^

Pig.T.

DcvelaiMucnt of glandera-cellraquo; of connective-tissue corpuscles in tlie mucous

iiii-mbraiic of the septum.

Firi.II.

Pig Jl.

Mii.Tdsrnpic nil liom 'iiviv-yclllt;mish Ghmilci's.

Kio'lll.

15/

#9632; -#9632;,*o?^,)-''^,-f)- '

�

~v/

ll� 111.

Development of �l(a\deislt;;ells of epitheliuni elements in the pulmonal noiides.

.VHfwhamp;CoLiUioniusUc Ballutarlaquo;

GLANDERS.

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[These illustrations are photographic copies of the plates accompanying Professor Gerlach's treatise on glanders, published in the Jahresbericht der Koeniglichen Thier-arzneitchule zu Hannover, 1868. The same illustrate the morbid anatomy of glanders.]

Plate I.�Fig. I. Development of glanders-cells of connective-tissue corpuscles in the mucous membrane of the septum. Enlargement 300.

1.nbsp; nbsp;Spindle-shaped cells, vpith a large oval nucleus.

2.nbsp; nbsp;The same, more swelled; nucleus larger; a second nucleus developing.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Cells like No. 2, but with ends blunted; more granulated and approaching decay.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Eonud cells of different size, with a large nucleus; the largest ones have a dark, granulated nucleus; beneath free nuclei and granulated detritus.

Fig. III. Development of glanders-cells of epithelium elements in the pulmonal nodules. Enlargement 300.

1.nbsp; nbsp;Normal cylinder-cell with a nucleus.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Cylinder-cell with a second nucleus developing.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Cylinder-cell with two and three developed nuclei.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Bag-shaped rudiments of cylinder-cells tilled with young round cells.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Giant-cells with young round cells.

6.nbsp; nbsp;Small and large round cells with a large, dark, and granulated nucleus.

Plate II.�Fig. IV. Lower end of the septum with glanders-nodules and ulcers. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; Various gray glanders-nodules.

2.nbsp; A group of glanders-nodules with a round hole in the middle. (Incipient glanders-ulcers.)

3.nbsp; nbsp;A solitary glanders-ulcer.

4.nbsp; Confluent glanders-ulcers with elevated borders and dirty bottom.

Fig. V. Transversal cuts through the gray nodules in the mucous membrane of the septum. (Natural size.)

a. Gray nodule in the midst of the tissue of the mucous membrane; the upper layer of the mucous membrane raised.

h. Gray nodule in the upper layer of the mucous membrane, visible on the surface.

Fig. VI. A piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; nbsp;Miliary tubercles.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Tubercle of the size of a pea.

3.nbsp; A large glanders-uoilule developing.

Fig. VII. Also a piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1.nbsp; Miliary nodules surrounded by a red crust.

2.nbsp; nbsp;Large gray glanders-nodule (glanders excrescence) growing yet in one direction.

GrlvJUSTDKR-S.

Repon t'omiuissioiier of Ayrii iillure Cor 1878.

Plate 1.

Fid.l-

Pig.T. IVvclopiiiciil of glanders-cells of coraiective-tissue corpuscles in Ihr mucous

nicinbi'anr of tlif septum.

I'id.ll.

,J)/ jf

j\\ StaL

^-^E

Pig U.

Microsciipic rut (vom uiviy-yi-llowisli gliiuili'is

I'iQ.IH.

l-'ie. Ill Devolopmenl of flandetfwrells of epitheliuni pIpiiipiUs in ll.c pnlmonal no.lulrs.

A Hnniamp;l lt;.I.iil,...-.iiistic B;.ltiTi

CilvAN ui: W H

I N'pDi'i Com in issi oner (if Aiji'ifiilliirr I'm- liS7S.

I'l;illt;- 11

B'id. IV. Lower piuI igt;r ilir sp|iIiiiii willi gkuulers-nodiilrs inraquo;! ulceis (iialin'al sizi')

- ^j*'^!r,^ �amp;*�^

'otmf,:.,.jam!*

l-'ig. V.

I'l'iuisvi'i'sjil nils llirmi'jh llic 'Jray liocluios in lln^J iiiihous iucmiIiiviiii'igt;t'llic ni'|gt;Imii\.

Inalmvtl size).

Ki.J V! Piece of (lie lowi'r Imrilrr ol' a lunij nil surl'ai lt;� I iialtiral size ).

I'll; \1I.

Also a piereot'llie lowev hordoi' of :i lun;

\Hi..-iiS(.-l.itlraquo;raquo;..i!siii- ll.i

u! suH'arc i nallU'al size)

GLANDERS.

By Dr. H. J. Detmees, V. S., Chicago, III.

Definition.�Glanders is a contagions disease sui generis of animals belonging to the genus equus. It has usually a chronic course, can be communicated by means of its contagion to several other species of ani�mals and to human beings, and must bo considered incurable if fully developed. The principal seat of the morbid process is usually in the nrncous membrane of the nasal cavities. Three main symptoms, viz., discharges from the nose, swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, and particularly r�cers of a peculiar, chancrous character in the mucous membrane of the septum of the nose, characterize glanders, and are, therefore, of the greatest diagnostic value. Wherever these three symptoms, or only two of them, are present and fully developed, there the diagnosis is secured. But unfortunately this is nob always the case; sometimes two, and even all three, principal symptoms may be wanting, and still the horse may be atfected with glanders. In such a case the seat of the morbid process is not in the nasal cavities, but further on in the respiratory passages, or even in the lungs. Several such cases have come to my observation, and have also been described by others, espe�cially by Professor Gerlach. In still other cases, in which the disease might be called quot; external glanders,quot; but is better known by the name of quot;farcy,quot; the morbid process has its principal, or even its exclusive, seat in the subcutaneous connective tissue and in the skin or cutis. The late Professor Gerlach, in his treatise on Glanders, published in the ^u JalircsbericM der Koeniglichen Thierarzneiscliule zu Hannover, 186S, discriminates, hi consequence of these differences, three distinct forms: Nasal or common glanders, pulmonal glanders, and farcy. As such a division of glanders proper into nasal and pulmonal glanders�farcy is described by every author under a separate head�facilitates considera�bly the diagnosis, and explains also at once why just those symptoms which are usually looked upon as most characteristic remain sometimes imperfectly developed, or entirely unobserved, it will be convenient to adopt Gerlach's classification.

1. Nasal Glandees.�This form is that which is most common, best known, and characterized by the three principal symptoms which have been mentioned.

(laquo;.) The discharge from the nose, although the most conspicuous of those three symptoms, is really the one which is the least characteristic, or of the least diagnostic value, because several other diseases of the respira�tory organs are also attended with discharges from the nose, which are more or less similar. It is true, the discharge in glanders possesses some properties which, if considered as a total, are characteristic and are not found combined in any other disease; but the difficulty is one or another of these qualities is not always sufficiently developed. Consequently, if the other two principal symptoms, the swelling of the lymphatic glands and the ulcers in the nose, arc absent or not observed, the discharges 17 SWnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 257

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from the nose are seldom cliaracteristic euough to serve as tlie sole basis of a reliable diagnosis. The same are frequently one-sided, and, accord�ing to most authors, oftener from the left than from the right nostril. According to my experience they are nearly, if not quite, as often from the right as from the left nasal cavity, and, at any rate, just as often from both nostrils as from one only, but always more abundant from one, either right or left, than from the other. At the beginning the dis�charges are usually thin, almost watery, frequently greeuish, or some�what similar in color to grass juice; afterward the same appear to be composed of two different fluids, one yellowish and watery and the other whitish and mucous. Still later the discharges become thicker, more sticky, exhibit frequently a mixture of different colors, are sometimes greenish, sometimes dirty white or grayish, contain not seldom streaks of blood, and, in advanced stages especially, particles of hone or cartil�age. They have a great tendency to adhere to the borders of the nos�trils and to dry there to dirty yellow-brownish crusts. As to quantity, the nasal discharges in glanders are seldom very copious, at least not as copious as in many other diseases�strangles, for instance. The quan�tity, however, varies. Sometimes, especially when the weather is warm and dry, the discharges may be very insignificant or be absent altogether, and, at other times, particularly if the weather is rough, wet, and cold, will increase in quantity and become comparatively abundant. Several authors have attached special importance to one or another of the vari�ous properties as something characteristic, by which the nasal discharges in glanders can he distinguished from those of other diseases, but, in re�ality, none of those properties are constant enough, or belong exclusively to glanders, to be alone of great diagnostic value. Sollcysel and Kerst-ing considered the stickiness as such a characteristic, but the discharges in strangles are frequently just as sticky. Pinter and Yit6t relied upon the specific gravity; they found that the nasal discharges of glanders, which consist partly of matter and partly of mucus, sink to a certain extent in water, while the mucus discharges of distemper swim on the surface. This test is of some value, but is not decisive, because matter is sometimes admixed also to the nasal discharges of other diseases. Others have laid stress upon the oue-sidedness of the discharge, but the latter is just as often from botli nostrils as only from one, and a one-sided discharge belongs also to some other diseases; is, for instance, observed in a catarrhal inflammation of one of the frontal or maxillary sinuses, if caries in one of the three last molars of the upper jaw has effected a fisttdous opening into the maxillary sinus, if a polypus has developed in one of the nasal cavities, amp;c. Professor Gerlach considers the green�ish color as a very important characteristic, but that, too, is not reliable, because it is not constant, is ixsually observed only at the beginning, and belongs frequently, also, to the nasal discharges of catarrh, strangles, and influenza, if the patients are kept on green food or in a pasture. The nasal discharge constitutes a characteristic symptom of glanders only, if all its essential properties are present (sufficiently developed), and are considered as a whole. If the other principal symptoms (swelling of the lymphatic glands and ulcers in the nasal cavity) are absent or remain unobserved, some minor symptoms, which may happen to be present, and the absence of all such symptoms which are peculiar to other dis�eases, make frequently a diagnosis possible.

{!gt;.)_ A distiMtly limited sicelling of ilw suhma.xUlary lymphatic glands constitutes the second essential symptom, which is more characteristic of glanders, and of greater diagnostic value than the discharge from the nose. The swelling corresponds to the discharge; that is, if the latter

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is one-sided, for instance, from tlic left nostril only, tlie glands of the corresponding left side of tbo head are affected, and if the discharge is from Loth nostrils the glands of both sides are swelled, but always tbose of that side the most on #9632;which the discharge is most copious. The swelling does not exhibit any conspicuous sign of inliainmation, and is usually not painful, except at the beginning or after a sudden increase of the morbid-process. It is always distinctly limited, and the swelled gland is always hard and usually of the shape and size of a peanut; may occasionally, however, he found as large as a hen's egg. Large in-Ihnnmatory swellings without distinct limits do not belong to glanders. At lirst the swelled glands are more or less movable beneath the skin, but afterwards, in an advanced stage of the disease, the same frequently appear to be attached more or less firmly to the bone and are immova�ble. The swelling, unless irritated by external causes, never dissolves in suppuration like the inflammatory swellings common in distemper, and is absent only if the lymphatic glands have been extirpated, if the lymphatics have become obliterated, or if the morbid process in the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages is situated too high to be within the province of those lymphatics which are connected with the submaxiUary glands, for the swelling is caused solely by a deposit of deleterious matter which has been absorbed by the lymphatics. Pro�fessor (lerlach looks upon every horse as probably affected with glan�ders which shows a distinctly limited, hard, knotty, and painless swell�ing of the submaxiUary lymphatic glands. I will not contradict a man of his experience and learning, and admit that such a swelling consti�tutes a very suspicious and characteristic indication of glanders, espe�cially if some other symptoms of that disease are also present; but I am obliged to remark that I have seen horses not affected with glanders in which those glands were swelled to the size of a peanut, and were hard, without pain, and movable.

(c.) Ulcers of a peculiar, chancrous character on the mucous mem�brane of the nose, and especially of the septum or cartilaginous partition between the nasal cavities, constitute by far the most characteristic symptom, and, in fact, the only one which makes the diagnosis a certainty, even if all other symptoms should be absent or imperfectly developed. Still, such is never the case; if there are ulcers in the nose, theti there is also a discharge of matter mixed with mucus from the corresponding nostril. In some cases these ulcers are present, but are situated too high to be seen unless the horse is examined in bright sunlight and the rays of the sun are reflected by a mirror into the cavity of the nose. The seat of the ulcers is usually on the septum and near the nasal bone. Their size and shape vary (Fig. IV). Some ulcers are small, isolated, almost round: others are large, of an irregular shape, and of uneven depth. All produce matter, have elevated, corroded borders, a dirty, steatomatous-lookiug bottom, and are never covered with a seal). At lirst small gray specks or elevated gray spots (glanders-nodules), vary�ing in size from that of a pin's head to that of a pea, make their appear�ance (Kg. IV, 1 and 2, and Fig. V, a and h). These nodules soon decay and form ulcers. G-raduaJly the ulcers increase in size and depth (Fig. IV, o); their borders become more elevated and corroded; the process of decay goes on; and if two or more small ulcers are close together, they become confluent, unite, and constitute one large, irregularly-shaped ulcer (Fig- IV, 4), which continues to increase in size and depth. Decay and destructicn work their way deeper and deeper, even into the car�tilage, and if ulcers happen to be existing in both cavities, or on both sides of the septum, it occurs not seldom that the latter becomes per-

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forated. I observed several such cases, one especially in Lee Centre, Lee county, Illinois, in 1860, in whicli the hole in the lower or anterior part of the septum Avas fully as large as a silver half-dollar. The borders of the same appeared irregular, corroded, much swelled or elevated over the surface of the septum, and coated with a dirty-looking, discolored, and blood-streaked glanders-matter. The disease, in that case, was far advanced, and the animal about ready to die.

Sometimes it happens that a glanders-ulcer shows a tendency to heal; it loses its chancrous character; granulation makes its appearance; a scurf or scab is formed; a healing takes place, and a fibrous, whitish-colored, somewhat puckered or star-shaped scar is left behind.

Some authors have attached considerable diagnostic importance to a bluish or lead-gray color of the nasal mucous membrane, and to bluish or lead-gray spots, which usually make their appearance before it comes to ulceration. Such a bluish color, however, is not a constant symptom�in some cases only small red specks can be seen on an other�wise rather pale mucous membrane, and is not characteristic either, be�cause it is observed also in catarrhal diseases, and in horses driven against the wind in cold weather.

(d.) Minor symptoms.�The three principal symptoms just described are usually accompanied by some others of minor diagnostic value, but under certain circumstances very important, especially if one or another of the principal symptoms should happen to be imperfectly developed. As such minor symptoms, may be mentioned, first, an accumulation of a glassy, whitish-gray mucus in the inner canthus or corner of the eye of the diseased side of the head. It is a symptom which usually makes its appearance at the beginning of the disease; second, a lusterless, dry, and dirty-looking, or so-cahed quot;deadquot; coat of hair; third, more or less difficulty in breathing; fourth, a pecuhar short and dry cough, somewhat similar to the well-known cough of a horse affected with heaves. These last three symptoms, of which the cough is the most characteristic, make their appearance only after the morbid process has made considerable progress. In some cases the plain outbreak of the disease, or the appearance of plain and unmistakable symptoms, is pre�ceded by a swelling of the inguinal, the axillary, and other lymphatic glands.

The difficulty of breathing, and the peculiar and somewhat character�istic cough, though only minor symptoms in common or nasal glanders, rise to great diagnostic importance if the morbid process has its princi�pal seat in the lungs instead of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavi�ties�if, in other words, the animal is affected with that form of the disease which Professor Gerlach has called quot;ptilmonal r�an�ers.'quot;

It happens sometimes that a horse is affected with glanders and com�municates the disease to other healthy animals, but does not itself show any of the three principal symptoms characteristic of that disease; has no discharge from the nose, no swelled glands, and no ulcers iu the nasal cavities. The late Professor Spinola, in his lectures on veterinary pa�thology at Berlin, related such a case to his students, which will serve as an illustration. It is substantially as follows: In a village near Berlin glanders broke out in a stable in which several horses were kept. A veterinary sm-geon was called, who made an investigation and con�demned every horse that showed any symptoms of the disease, and every animal condemned was immediately killed. The horses appa�rently not affected were kept for several weeks under police control, and trom time to time inspected, but finally released. Among them was one old sorrel horse which had the heaves, and which had been brought

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into the stable a aliort time before the first case of glanders made its ap�pearance. This sorrel Lorsc soon after was sold to a man in another village, and came into a stable containing also quite a number of horses. In that stable, too, glanders broke out. A veterinary surgeon (another one) Avas called, and every horse showing symptoms of glanders was condemned and immediately destroyed. The old sorrel horse, however, Avhich was known to have quot; the heaves,quot; was again released after some length of time, together with those which had remained exempted, and was sold once more, this time to a man who kept over 30 horses (I have forgotten the exact number) in his stable a few miles from the city. In this last stable glanders likewise made its appearance after some lapse of time, but in that case Professor Spinola was called.. He, too, after a careful investigation, condemned every horse tbat showed any symptom of glanders, and insisted upon condemning also the old sorrel horse, whose history was then unknown to him, notwithstanding that no symp�toms of disease, except such as are usual attendants of heaves, could be observed. The owner hesitated to consent to the loss of a horse appa�rently not alfected with glanders, but Spinola insisted upon the con�demnation. The 2)ost mortem examination revealed that the old horse, which had the quot;heaves,quot; was affected with pulmonal glanders in a very high degree; and Spinola, after learning the history of the old sorrel, was convinced that the latter had caused the outbreak of the disease in all three stables. Professor Gerlach, in his valuable treatise, cites sev�eral cases, which to relate would lead too far. Some cases, though not so strking as that related above, have also come nnder my own observa�tion. In pulmonal glanders the morbid process has its principal seat in the lungs, and may remain limited to the latter for months, and even for one or two years; and during that tune, or as long as the morbid process is confined to the lungs, no prominent symptoms may make their appearance except such as are usual attendants upon heaves�some dif�ficulty of breathing, and a peculiar short, weak, and dull cough, which must be heard, but is not easily described. Finally, however, but not before the disease has made considerable progress, the difficulty of breathing increases, more or less discharge from the nose makes its ap�pearance, emaciation sets in, the natural glossiness of the coat of hair disappears and becomes rough, stands on end, and exhibits a so-called dead and dirty-looking appearance. The skin, too, loses some of its natural elasticity, and the animal becomes quot; hiderbound.quot;

The morbid changes are revealed only at thepost mortem examination. Smaller and larger glanders-nodules (usually called tubercles) present themselves in different stages of development and subsequent decay in the tissue of the lungs. Some of them present themselves as formations rich in glanders-cells (see illustrations), and others, especially if the disease is of long standing, as decayed, cheesy, dried, and shrunk substances and glanders-tumors of a sarcomatous and fibroid character. In some of the oldest ones even a deposit of lime-salts may have taken place. I remember one case, which occurred in Germany, a few miles from my residence, about twenty years ago, when I first commenced to practice. I was called to examine a horse suffering from some pulmonal disorder. The symptoms were those of pulmonal glanders in an advanced stage of development; even nasal discharges had made their appearance. I diag�nosticated glanders, but being young and without much experience, de�clined to take the responsibility of condemning the horse, because the laws of Germany are very strict in that respect, and provide that every horse affected with glanders be destroyed immediately. I therefore reported the case, not to the proper executive authorities, but to the

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veterinary surgeon-genoral, #9632;\t1io, at my solicitation, came immediately and examined tlie animal. He did not pronounce it a clear case of glan�ders, but doubted, at least hesitated. The owner, liowever, consented voluntarily to have the horse Icilled. The postmortem examination re�vealed puimonal glanders in a very advanced stage. A similar case, of #9632;which I shall have to give a brief account in another chapter, I had an opportunity to observe in ISGO, near Dixon, Lee county, Illinois.

As the principal symptoms of pulmoual glanders are essentially, for some length of time at least, only such as are also observed in common cases of heaves (one of the most frequent disorders of horses), the diag�nosis must frequently be based, as a lawyer would say, upon circumstan�tial evidence.

A horse must be suspected of being affected with glanders, first, if the peculiar, weak, and dry cough constitutes, compared with the difficulty of breathing, the predominating symptom; if the animal becomes more and more emaciated and hide-bound, and if the appearance of the coat of hair is such as to indicate the presence of a cachectic disease. Sec�ond, if it is known that the animal in question has been exposed to the contagion. Third, if other horses have become affected with glanders or farcy, after having been together with the animal that shows those symptoms. Fourth, if a horse apparently affected with heaves has pre�viously exhibited other symptoms, more or less characteristic or suspi�cious, of glanders. Fifth, if other symptoms, such as are observed in so-called quot; nasal gleet,quot; or incipient nasal glanders, make their appear�ance.

3. FAECT, OE EXTERNAL GLAINTDEES.

The name quot;farcyquot; is given to such cases of glanders in which the morbid process has its seat in, and immediately beneath, the skin, and in which nodules, boils (glanders-buboes), and ulcers of a very infectious and chancrous character make their appearance in the subcutaneous tissue, and in the skin itself. Glanders-uodules and lenticular ulcers in the tissue of the skin, boils beneath the skin, smaller and larger open ulcers penetrating the same, a strand-shaped swelling of the subcuta�neous lymphatics, swelled lymphatic glands, and edemata, the latter especially in the legs and on the head, constitute the most essential symptoms.

Professor Gerlach discriminates two forms: Subcutaneous glanders or common farcy, and exanthematous glanders or skin farcy.

(a.) Suhcutaneom glanders or common farcy.�The morbid process in this rather frequent disease has its principal seat in the subcutaneous connective tissue, and in the lymphatic system of the skin and be�tween the skin and the muscles, but especially on the inner side of the hind legs, on the lips, on the neck, between the fore logs, and on all such places where the skin is thin and fine. At first distinctly limited swell�ings of an inflammatory character (incipient boils or glanders-buboes) make their appearance in the subcutaneous tissue. These swellings or boils soon commence to dissolve, or to decay, from within; the tilcera-tion begins in the center, but the matter, being very corrosive, soon worts its way into the skin, the boil finally opens, and presents a farcy-nicer with a steatomatons bottom, and elevated, corroded, and in-flamed borders. At the same time, or even before the formation of the first nicer has become completed, deleterious matter is absorbed by the nearest lymphatics, and deposited in the lymphatic glands. The for�mer, in consequence, swell to hard and plainly visible cords or strands, and the latter to paiuiul and distinctly limited tumors. The partial or total

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closing of the lymphatic vessels and glands thns effected interferes with, and even prevents, a peribmance of their fnnctions, or stops tho absorption of lymph, and cedematous swellings, more or less ex�tensive, aro thlaquo; necessary consequence. The same make their ap pearance especially if the seat of the morbid process is on the inside of a leg, and if either the ingniual or axillary glands are swelled and closed by a deposit of deleterious matter. The more extensive and com�plete the swelling and closing of the lymphatic vessels and glands, or the more lymphatics are affected, the more extensive is also the oedema. Lameness, usually caused by snch an oedema, is also a frequent at-teiulant.

The renndish boils or tnmors increase in size from that of a hazel-nnt to that of a lien's egg. At first, when such a boil is making its appear�ance, it is not fastened to the skin; the latter can yet be moved a little in every direction over the boil, but soon the neoplastic process and the snbsequent decay will extend to the tissue of the skin, and boil and skin will become firmly nnited before the ulcer breaks and discharges its ex�tremely infections and corrosive contents, consisting of decaying glan�ders-cells or matter, and lymph.

(b.) Exantlicmatoiix glanders or sldn farcy.�In this form of glanders or farcy tlie principal seat of the morbid process is in the tissue and in the lymphatics of the skin or cntis. It is a rare form in horses, but the only one in which external glanders or farcy makes its appearance in a human being. Distinctly limited swellings (nodnles and tumors) of the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nnt, either isolated, or nnited and re�sembling a string of beads, make their appearance in the tissue of the skin. These swellings soon break, and then present round ulcers with elevated and corroded borders. The discharge consists of a mixture of matter, composed mainly of decayed glanders-cells and lymph. In other, though rather rare cases, the swellings are very small and nnmerons, and present themselves as small nodules, some of which are so small as to be scarcely visible, while others are about as large as common peas. These small swellings, too, are soon changed to ulcers, which are usually flat, lenticular, and constantly suppurating. If close together the same become frequently confluent. Only one case of skin-farcy has ever come imder my observation. It was about five years ago, at Manhattan, Ivans. Nnmerons small ulcers were crowded closely together on the nose and the muzzle of the horse, which was also affected with nasal glanders.

On the hmnan skin, not being covered with hair, the whole process can be observed much better than on the skin of a horse. Professor Yirchow's description of skin-farcy in men may, therefore, find a place. Virchow says:

At first these spots are mncliicddenecl, but very small, almost Uko flea-bites; then papular swellings are formed; tlio surface of those swellings rises gradually rather in the shape of :b roiual and solid elevation than of a pustule, and assumes a yellowish color, which gives it a pustulous uppcarnuce. If the epidermis is removed from such a flat or i-oaiitlish papule or nodule, which is not depressed in the eenter, but snr-rotmded hy a swelled and reddened court, a pnriform, moderately consistent yellowish fluid is formed, which contains but few organized constituents, and consists mainly of the decayed elements of tho formerly solid uodulc. Tho fluid, therefore, is not lodged in a pustulous elevation of the epidermis, but in a small hole in the eorium, which penetrates the latter as if it had been made with a punch. After some time tho fluid (matter) becomes colored by homorrhagic admixtures; stilllater its color is changed to bluish red, and finally small brown or blackish crusts or scabs aro formed. Such erup�tions appear sometimes in enormous numbers on tho whole body.�(Gcrlach's Treatise.)

Ifasal (fleet.�This is a name which I have accepted only with great re�luctance, because it signifies no definite disease, and is used frequently,

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as I shall hereafter have an opportunity to sliow, to cover ignorance, fraud, and crime. It can he retained only if applied exclusively to sucli cases of disease (usually occult or incipient glanders) in which the horse has a suspicious-looking discharge from the nose, hut shows no othei characteristic symptoms sufficiently developed to base upon them a sure diagnosis. So, for instance, it may happen that a horse has a chronic discharge of matter and mucus from one or both nostrils, and, perhaps, also a distinctly limited swelling of the suhmaxillary lymphatic glands, and yet neither the discharge nor the swelling may be sufficiently charac�teristic to justify the decision that the horse in question is affected with glanders, because the latter is a disease which, for obvious reasons, de�mands a correct and positive diagnosis. To declare that a horse has glanders is ecpial to condemning the same to be killed. The term quot; nasal gleet,quot; therefore, is convenient and admissible, if used exclusively to signify a disorder of the respiratory organs attended with suspicious discharges from the nose, and other symptoms common in glanders, but not yet fully enough developed or sufficiently characteristic, one way or another, to make the existence or absence of glanders a certainty. Such a disorder, of course, must be considered as incipient or occult glanders till every doubt has been removed.

Chronic and acute glanders.�Glanders, as a rule, is a chronic disease. The morbid changes develop slowly. Of the various forms in which the disease is able to make its appearance, pulinonal glanders, unless com�plicated with one of the other forms, or with other inflammatory or feverish diseases, is the most chronic, or takes the longest time to pro�duce conspicuous symptoms and to become fatal. It takes frequently two or three years before the animal succumbs. IsTasal glanders is usu�ally not quite so slow in its progress; still it also very often takes half a year or longer before the morbid process makes sufficient headway to produce plain, unmistakable symptoms, or before the chancrous ulcers, characteristic of glanders, make their appearance in the mucous mem�brane of the septum of the nose. Farcy, or external glanders, is usually the least chronic (comes the soonest quot;to a tennination) of the various (uncombined) forms of glanders. Plain and unmistakable symptoms (veritable farcy-ulcers) make their appearance almost always within three months and frequently within a week or two after the infection has taken place. In mules and asses, however, the various forms of glanders are usually less chronic, make a more rapid progress, are more destructive, and come sooner to a termination than hi horses. The prog�ress of the morbid process depends also to a great extent upon the con�stitution and the organization of the animal and the mode and manner in which it is kept. Weather and temperature, too, have considerable influence; warm and dry weather usually retards, and cold, wet, and stormy or inclement weather usually accelerates and spreads the morbid process. Most authors discriminate between acute and a chronic form of glanders. Prom a practical standpoint such a distinction is perfectly admissible, but to separate acute and chronic glanders as two diflerent diseases, as has been done by some (French) authors, must lead, and has led, to very dangerous mistakes and to great confusion. Every form of glanders, as I have said before, is naturally�eo ipso�more or less chronic in its course, but may become acute, either from the first beginning or at any stage of its development, and sometimes very sud�denly, under any of the following conditions:

1. If a complication takes place either with one of the other forms of glanders or with another disease or disorder. Sometimes even a small

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wound is sufficient to inaugurate the acute course or a rapid progress of the morbid process.

2.nbsp; If glanders has .been communicated by a direct introduction of glanders-matter into a wound, or a direct contact of the contagion with the blood. The greater the quantity of glanders-matter introduced the more concentrated the contagion inoculated, or the larger the woimd the more acute or rapidly progressing and spreading is usually the morbid process of the communicated disease.

3.nbsp; If the constitution of the animal has been weakened, or if the vitality of Its organism has been seriously impaired either by glanders itself or by any other disease, the course of glanders, although natu�rally slow or chronic from the beginning, is usually changed to an acute one as soon as the morbid changes have become sufficiently important and extensive to weaken essentially the constitution of the animal, and to cause a profuse infection or spreading of the contagion through the lymphatics in the animal organism. Toward its fatal termination glanders, therefore, always changes its course from chronic to acute. Unlike most other diseases it commences chronic and ends acute.

4.nbsp; Exposure to wet, cold, and inclement weather, catching cold, hard work, close, dirty, and ill-ventilated stables, unhealthy food, amp;c.�in short, everything that is calculated to produce an injurious influence upon the organism, or is calculated to impair the health of the animal, has a tendency to accelerate the morbid process, to change the chronic course of glanders to an acute one, and to hasten the outbreak after an infection has taken place.

The morbid process of glanders is accelerated and caused to spread more rapidly if the latter becomes complicated with an inflammation, or with any very feverish or very typhoid disease. The morbid pro�cesses of glanders and inflammation increase each other reciprocally. The inflammatory process adopts, to a great extent, the nature and characteristics of glanders, and the morbid process of the latter disease becomes blended with the former, and assumes the attributes of an in�flammation. In either case all the symptoms become very violent, and the morbid process progresses and spreads very rapidly, particularly in those tissues which are in a state of inflammation. Ulceration, too, becomes extensive in a short time, and the lymphatics, by absorbing the deleterious matter, seem to spread the contagion and the elements of glanders rapidly through the whole system. If the original disease is glanders, farcy will also make its appearance within a short time; and vice versa, existing farcy will soon be complicated with nasal and pulmonal glanders of an inflammatory character. The exudations pro�duced by an inflainmation which has assumed the nature of glanders are always very deleterious and corrosive and destroy like a caustic the tissues with which they come in contact. The morbid changes effected by such an inflammation resemble those of a malignant diphtheria. In extreme cases the morbid process may become so violent as to cause the neoplastic process, characteristic of glanders, to bo superseded by immediate destruction and mortification. In such a case profuse, diphtheritic ulceration and destruction of tissue take the place of the neoplastic production of glanders-cells and their subsequent decay. The glanders-cells are destroyed (decay or perish) before their forma�tion has been completed, consequently are absent.

That a direfct and abundant introduction of glanders-matter into a wound, or a direct contact of the contagion with the blood, is well cal�culated to produce an acute form of glanders, or sufficient to inaugurate a rapid progress of the morbid process, is probably best illustrated by a

j'.i

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rase which occurred about eleven years ago, near Dixon, Leo county, Illinois, where I #9632;was then practicing^-. A farmer, Mr. 33., came to my office with a horse which he had recently bought, and which was appar�ently suffering from some pulmonal disorder. The animal was in a mod�erately good condition and free from fever. The morbid symptoms ob�served consisted in a slightly laborious breathing, a short, dull, but somewhat loose (not dry) cough, some discharge from one nostril, and a slight swelling of the snbinaxillary lymphatic glands of the same side of the liead. The symptoms, consequently, were the same as are usually observed in pulmonal glanders; but as none of them were sufficiently developed or presented sufficiently characteristic properties to indicate with certainty the presence of glanders, and as no ulcers�the most im�portant diagnostic symptom of glanders�could be discovered in the nose, I hesitated to make a definite diagnosis, but informed the owner of my suspicion, and advised him to put the horse, if convenient, to hard work for the purpose of accelerating thereby the morbid process (if glanders), and to return the animal for farther examination within a week or so. A few days afterwards the same farmer came again to my office with another horse with a badly torn eyelid and an inllamed eye for treatment. This latter horse, which I will call horse ^STo. 2, had heen bitten in the eyelid and had the same torn by the horse with the suspi�cions symptoms, which I had seen before, and which I will call horse Xo. 1. In examining the wound, which probably had been made during the night, 1 found the b�rders very much swelled, and the wound and the conjunctiva of the eye in a condition which strengthened my suspicions of horse ISTo. 1 being affected with glanders. Still, by means of a few stitches, 1 united the margins of the wound as well as circumstances permitted. After I had performed the operation I examined the horse as to his general health, but especially as to symptoms of glanders. With the exception of some Teverish acceleration of the pulse and the very inflamed condition of the. torn eyelid and the conjunctiva, no morbid symptoms could bo found. The horse appeared to be in good health and free from any respiratory disorder. The next day I saw both horses, JSbs. 2 and 1, on E.'s farm, a few miles from Dixon. Horse Xo. 2 had higli fever; the wound in the eyelid presented considerable swelling and had suppurated; some of the stitches had been torn out; and a lump of grayish and glassy mucus had accumulated in the inner cor�ner or cantlms of the eye. These symptoms, though comparatively in-signilicant under other circumstances, convinced me still more that the torn eyelid wotdd not heal and that horse INb. 1 was affected with glan�ders, and had commnmcated the contagion to horse No. 2. in the con�dition of horse Xo. 1 no essential changes had taken place, except per�haps a slight increase in the discharges from the nose. About a week later horse Xo. 2 presented plain and unmistakable symptoms of glan�ders, consisting of lameness, swelling of the inguinal glands, copious discharges from the nose, swelling of the submaxillary glands, and diphtheritic uleeration on the septum. The condition of horse No. 1 was almost unchanged. IJoth horses were killed the next day. The post mortem examination of horse No. 1 revealed, besides the characteristic morbid changes in the lungs, indicative of pulmonal glanders of long standing, only alow small ulcers high up on the septum, while horse No. 2 showed all the essential symptoms of ftdly-developed acute nasal glan�ders and of incipient farcy, but scarcely any morbid clianges in the lungs. Whether the inoculation with glanders-contagion effected by the biting and tearing of the eyelid constituted the first communication of the contagion to horse Xo. 2 by horse ]So. 1, or whether a previous in-

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fection had taken place (both horses had bceu worked together, mid had been kept in the same stable u week or two before the eyelid was torn), I was unable to decide, but hold myself convinced that the direct intro�duction of a comparatively large quantity of the contagion into a fresh wound, and the immediate contact of the same with the blood, consti�tuted the cause of the acute course of the disease, inaugurated by the inflammation in the wound of the eyelid. There can be no doubt of the disease having been communicated by horse ISio. 1 to horse yo. 2, because subsequent inquiries elicited the fact that horse Iso. 1 had become in�fected with glanders several months before he came into the possession of Mr. B., by another horse to which the disease had been communicated by a condemned United States Army horse affected with glanders and sold by the government to a farmer, in whose possession he died.

Another case, perhaps not less illustrative, occurred in the same year, also not far from Dixon. I was called upon to examine a mule which showed suspicions symptoms, indicating the presence of glanders, but as no ulcers could be discovered iu the nose a definite diagnosis could not bo made. This, however, was the more necessary and desirable, as the mule in question had come from another State (Indiana), and had been bought only a few days before. To get out of the difficulty ami to force a decis�ion, I inoculated the mule Avith his own nasal discharges under the sternum behind the fore legs. In a few days a nice farcy-ulcer had developed, the symptoms of glanders proper, too, had made considerable progress, and the chronic course of the disease had been changed to an acute one.

Wherever glanders presents itself as an acute disease, either an uncom�monly large quantity of the contagion has been introduced at once and brought in direct contact with the blood, or a complication of some sort has been effected.

The nature of glanders,�The hypothesis in regard to the nature of glanders, and the theories concerning the morbid changes and their relative importance, have differed very widely, and have recently under�gone great changes. Although modern investigations have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that all the old hypotheses arc erroneous, some of them seem yet to have their adherents.

At the end of the last and the beginning of this present century most veterinarians looked upon glanders as a blood disease. Bourgelat (1770), Kersting (1784), and Coleman (1839), supposed that glanders pro�ceedlaquo; from a morbid, corrupt, or defective composition of the blood and looked upon that as the immediate cause of the disease.

Later veterinarians advanced different opinions. Dupuy (18-!0) called glanders an laquo;//cc/wh. tubercvleme, considered it, together with strangles or distemper, grease-heal, amp;c., as a tuberculous disease, and denied, like most French veterinarians, the existence of a contagion. Marel (1825) looked upon glanders as the natural consequence of a chronic inflamma�tion of the nasal mucous memlsrar.es. Dance and Cruveilhier connected glanders with an in'iammation of the lymphatics. Loiset found throm�bosis in the lymphatics of the mucous membrane of the nose, and after that a tendency prevailed to consider glanders as a pysemic disease. This new doctrine culminated in the hypothesis of Tessier, who denied the absorption of matter, substituted a formation of matter (pus) in the blood, and pronounced glanders as one of many diseases in which a ten�dency to produce matter is primarily existing in tiie blood. Finally clinical observations were made in France which removed (?) every doubt as to the pysemic nature of glanders. Benault (Rcaicil lt;le mm. veter., 1835, p. o9�) published observations, according to which glanders

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proceeded from a fistule on the ATithers, from bruising of the upper eye�lid, and from a. llstule of the spermatic cord. Dupuy {Bulletin �e VAcademic de med,, 183(J, p. 481) observed that glanders proceeded from a seton on the shoulder, liiss {liccneil de med. veter., 1837, p. 602) observed several cases of glanders which were caused by severe contusions of the nose. Eey observed that glanders ma 3 its appearance after a fracture of the nasal and maxillary bones, afterwards Ilenatdt and Bouley (Becneil de med. v�er., 1840, p. 257) endeavored to corroborate or to afflnu these observations by direct experiments. They injected matter into the veins of horses, and claimed to have produced glanders-ulcers in the nose of a horse by such an injection of innocent matter. Bey {Bccueil de med. vetvr., 1SG7, p. 417) looks upon the experiment of llenault and Bouley as a singular case, but Professor Hering in Stuttgart {Bepertorium, 1868, p. 30) does not find it singular at all, and says that ho made the same experiments a long time ago, and had succeeded in producing in some cases glanders, in other cases suppuration (in the lungs), and in others no result whatever. Such statements are, to say the least, exceed�ingly queer, particularly if made by such a learned and experienced man and otherwise so reliable an authority as Professor Hering, because such observations are, and must be, based upon a mistake either one way or another. There are three possibilities: Either the matter injected into the veins must have been taken from a horse affected with glanders or farcy, the animals experimented on must have been previously infected with the disease, or exposed in some way to the contagion, or the disease produced was no glanders at all. A previous infection'must be considered as the most probable solution, because the horses sub�jected to such experiments are usually-old or condemned animals bought for anatomical purposes at from two to four dollars a head. A great many experiments with injections of matter (pus) into the veins of horses�probably the most that ever have been undertaken�have been made at about the same time, but independently and at different places, by Professor Griieuther in Hanover {Nebel u. Vix ZeitscJiri�, 2. B.) and Professor Spiuola in Berlin (lieber das Vorkommen der Eiterknoten in den Limgen, 1839). The same were afterwards repeated at various times by Professor Gerlach, the late director of the Eoyal Veterinary School in Berlin, who died in 1877. jSeither of these three very reliable investi�gators nor anybody else, except Bouley and Hering, has ever succeeded in producing (?) glanders in a horse by an injection of innocent matter (pus) into the veins.

All those, hjiiotheses and theories, notwithstanding some of tiiem were only short-lived, contributed a great deal in creating the confu�sion hi regard to the contagiousness or non-contagiousness of glanders {la morve), which, until recently, has been prevailing among the French veterinarians. Bouley separated acute glanders and chronic glanders as two distinct or entirely different diseases, and considered chronic gland�ers as non-contagious, and acute glanders and farcy as contagious and pyremic diseases. Grodine {Elemens (VHygienc retcrinaire, suivis de re-cherches sur la morve, etc., 1815), went still further, and denied the con�tagiousness of glanders altogether. Bouley, however, liually admitted that contagious acute glanders might, under ceriaiu circumstances, be developed from non-contagious chronic glanders. These fallacious doc�trines of the professors of the Alfort veterinary school, not only caused great confusion in regard to diagnosis (glanders not being considered as a disease sui generis, was frequently confounded with other diseases), but also great losses, amounting to millions of dollars, to the people of Prance, by preventing a strict condemnation of glandered horses, and allowing thereby an unlimited spreading of the disease.

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The veterinarians of Belgium, too, became infected ^vith the French or rather Alfort confusion, otherwise they never would have stated in their official reports {Bulletin du conseil sujterkur cPagriculture du roymme de Belgique Arme, 1858, Bruxelles, 1860), that of 810 giandered horses, 136 had been cured. The veterinary school of Lyons, Franco, has always kept aloof from the errors of the Alfort institution in regard to glanders, and has never denied the contagiousness ofthat disease.

The German veterinarians, though differing at times considerably in opinion as to the nature of glanders, have never doubted its contagious�ness ; and German governments have always been very strict in taking the most eflective measures against the spreading of that terrible enemy of the equine race Ijy requiring a prompt destruction of every horse re�ported by a veterinary surgeon as being affected with the disease. As a consequence, glanders has become a rare disease in Germany, and the annual losses are very insignificant.

Most of the older German yeterinanaus looked upon glanders as a dyscratic disease. Some believed they had found the immediate cause in a qualitative change of the animal albumen; others, in a morbid in�crease of fibrin. As to the morbid changes, some thought they had dis�covered something characteristic in a stagnation of lymph in the lym�phatics, others in a formation of tubercles, and still others considered glamlers as a product of scroftilosis. A few went even so far as to hold glanders to be identical with tuberculosis and scrofulosis. The tuber�culosis doctrine originated in France, and gained a good many adherents willing to look upon glanders as an equine tuberculosis. The scrofu�losis doctrine was based upon the erroneous supposition that glanders proceeds or develops from strangles or distemper, and that the latter is a scrofulous disease. Erdt (iuraquo;his Eotzdyscrasie und ihre verwand�ten Krankheiten) declared glanders, as recently as 1863, to be a dyscratic disease, and discriminated a scrofidosis, blennorrhoeic, septicamic, carcinomatous, syphylitic, and other forms of glanders, but considered scrofulosis glanders as the generic form. Professor Gerlach, in his valuable treatise from which several of the notes just given have been taken, refutes the theories of Erdt by the following statement, for the correctness of which I can vouch from my own knowledge of the facts:

The Tjrced of the milk-white (white-Xiorn) horses of the royal stables of the late Kings of Hanover was kept pure by eoutiiiuous in-and-in breeding. As a consequence more than half of the uumber of colts born perished every year of scrofulous diseases. At the jJOSi-moWm examinations the mesenttrial glands presented every stage of scrof�ulosis from simple swelling to a cheesy degeneration. Still, never a case of gland�ers occurred, neither among the colts nor among the grown horses. This proves that scrofulosis really makes its appearance in colts in exactly the same form as in chil�dren, and it is therefore not justiliable to attribute an entirely di�ereut disease of horses to scrofulosis.

For our present better knowledge of the nature and the morbid anatomy of glanders we are indebted especially to the thorough, unbiased, and sci�entific researches and investigations of Professors Virchow (Hand�buch der speciellcn Pathologie, Bd. 2, and Die IranJchaften Geschicuelste, Bd. 2); Leisering {Bericht lieber das Vetcrinairwcsen im Koenigreich Sachsen, 1862 und 1867); Eavitsch {Virchow's Archie, Bd. 23); Bolofij (Magazin von Gurlt und Herticig Bd. 30), and Gerlach {Jahresbericht der Koenigl. Thierarzneischule zu Hannover, 1808).

THE 3IORBTD PROCESS.

Glanders commences as a neoplastic process�new morbid formations (glanders-cells) are produced. The mucous membrane of the respira-

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�

toiy passage, the limgs, the subcutaneous tissue and the cutis, and, oc�casionally, some of the connective tissues of other parts of the body, constitute the primary seat of the morbid changes. The lymphatic vessels and glands become secondarily affected. The ueoplastic pro�cess, however, does not in every case of glanders occur in all those tis�sues named; its seat in a certain tissue determines the form of the dis�ease. In coiinnon or nasal glanders the morbid changes have their main seat in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities, and of the maxillary sinuses; in pulmonal glanders the same make their appear�ance principally in the. lungs; and in farcy the neoplastic process is taking place cither in the subcutaneous connective tissue (common farcy), or in the cutis itself (skui-farey). In other tissues, morbid changes, as a general rule, occur only if glanders has become complicated with another disease�an inflammatory process, for instance. The products of the neoplastic process consist of round cells, and of spindle-shaped cells. The latter, usually, undergo further changes; some of them de-velop to round cells, and others seine as the elements of excessive or morbid growths of connective tissue, which, however, do not present anything characteristic, and must be considered as subordinate products of the neoplastic process. The round cells are in shape and form simi�lar to granulation-cells and matter-corpuscles, but vary in size from that of the latter to two, three, four, five, and in some cases even ten times as large. The youngest round-cells, or those latest produced, present rather delicate outlines, and are the smallest; the oldest ones, which are distinguished by their granulated contents and their dark color, are the largest, and sometimes very large. All have large nuclei, which grow in the same proportion as the cells, and present in the older ones a dark, granulated appearance. {F*g. I, ^Nb. 4, and Fig. Ill, 'So. G.)

The formation of these cells constitutes the real formation of all the morbid changes iu glanders, and may, therefore, be considered as some�thing characteffistic of the disease, and the cells themselves are,appro�priately designated as glauder-cells. These glander-cells have two dif�ferent sources; they proceed from connective-tissue corpuscles, and also from epithelium-cells.

1.nbsp; Dcvdojmcnf of glanders-cells from connective-tissue corpuscles.�The latter become prollferons and swell; the nucleus of each cell or corpus�cle grows larger; a second and a third nucleus are produced within the walls of the cell, but not by a division of the first one. The other con�tents of the cell gradually granulate, the appendages or extensions drop off; finally the whole body of the cell decays. The nuclei become free; the nucleus-envelope or membrane expands, and becomes distinct from the interior, and the metamorphosis of a nucleus into a nucleated cell is thus completed, ouch a new cell presents at first a very delicate con�tour and a large and bright nucleus, but, under favorable circumstances, will soon become firmer and grow larger. Under unfavorable conditions no further development will take place. (Fig. I, jSos. 1 and -1.)

2.nbsp; iJevclopmcvl of glanders-cells from epithelium-cells.�A process of proliferation makes its appearance in the tesselated and cylindrical epithelium-cells, is plainest, however, iu the latter. At first the oval nucleus increases iu size; then a second, and finally a third nucleus are formed at a little distance from the npper obtuse end of the first, which is not divided. The formation and growth of these nuclei cause the cylindrical cell to increase in size, or to swell, and to change its original shape till it is transformed to a mere bag filled with nuclei and small round cells. Finally the bag or the old cell-membrane decays and breaks, and the nuclei and young cells are liberated. (Fig. Ill, Xos. 1

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and 1.) Such a production or development of glanders-colls just de�scribed can take place in yonng or undeveloped and incipient epithe�lium-cells, because round giant-cells tilled vdtL. nuclei and small round cells are formed frequently in the deeper or youngest strata of the epi�thelium. (Fig. Ill, Xo. 5.')

Wherever such aneoplastic growth is making its appearance the pro�cess is always essentially the same. The original nucici of the primary epitheliam-ceUs and connective tissue-corpuscles increase in size, and new nuclei are formed within the external membrane, or envelope, of the primary cells. These nuclei are transformed into small round cells, which are liberated by the decay of the old mother or brood-ceils, and constitute what is called daughter-cells, and grow larger. This growth and development constitutes a characteristic peculiarity of the large round glanders-cells, which distinguishes the same from otherwise simi�lar granulation-cells, matter-corpuscles, and tubercle-ceils, because the hitter, during their whole existence, remain unchanged at their first stages of development. Although young glanders-cells are small, and large ones old, the difference in size does not depend exclusively upon the age of the cells. Other growth-promoting and growth-retarding in-fluences must be existing, because some cells grow faster than others, and some do not seem to grow at all. Under certain circumstances only small cells can be found, which are not difierent from common matter corpuscles, and in other cases a great many large ones, sometimes of an extraordinary size, present themselves, if the morbid process is a vio�lent or a very rapid one, the glanders-cells are always small; rapid development and a fluid intercellular substance constitute the agencies which deprive the cells of their ability to grow, or cause them to remain small, ami of a somewhat uniform size. Consequently, in all those cases in which the morbid process of glanders is blended from the beginning with more or less inflammation and exudation, the glanders-cells will be small and numerous; and as the imiiammatory exudations destroy and dissolve the intercellular substance, the latter and the exudations them�selves will constitute a fluid in which the glanders-cells are kept sus�pended. The glanders-matter thus formed does not present, under the microscope, any characteristic differences from any other matter or pus. A production of glanders-mailer and of numerous small glanders-cells is common if the neoplastic process has its seat in the subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues consequent in farcy- In all those cases, however, in which glanders presents itself as a chronic disease, free from any complications with inflammatory processes, amp;c., whatever, in which the formation of the glai � dors-cells is a gradual and slow one, and in which the intercellular substance is not destroyed and dissolved, the glanders-cells will grow to a certain size, and young cells with delicate contours and large, bright nuclei, older and larger ones, and very largo ones wirk dark-colored nuclei and granulated contents, will present them�selves.

The vitality of the neoplastic products ot glanders is limited, but dif�fers considerably according to circumstances. The small, rapidly pro�duced, and therefore numerous, cells, suspended in a dissolved intercel�lular tissue and exudations, are similar in every respect to matter-corpuscles ; the same not only do not grow, but shrink and decay very soon. If the intercellular substance does not decay, but retains its original connective properties, the glanders-cells not only grow larger, but also a great deal older, than matter-corpuscles or tul raquo;ercle-cells. This vitality will be the greater the larger the space or the greater the amount of the connective intercellular substance between the single cells. Their

^jy

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,age, however, probably never exceeds a year or several mouths, not-_r withstanding that some glanders-nodules, tuberclesect;, and tumors may exist, apparently unchanged, a much longer time, because the constitu�ents of the latter, the glanders-cells, change. Old ones decay, and new ones take their place even if the whole tubercle or tumor remains essen�tially as it is. It is to be supposed that such a change is taking place, because every old glanders-tubercle or tumor contains always old and new cells in different stages of development.

The retrogressive metamorphosis may be called a fatty necrobiosis. At first small granules (fat granules) make their appearance in the nuclei; the latter swell or increase in size, and grow darker; gran�ules appear also within the cells, but outside of the nuclei; finally the envelopes or external membranes of the cells decay and fall to pieces, and a granulated detritus is left behind. Therefore, after a regressive metamorphosis has set in, the glanders-nodules or tubercles and tu�mors are found to contain a granulated detritus, small and large granulated cells, and free granulated nuclei, if examined under the microscope. The glanders-cells may thus perish or be destroyed without any simultaneous decay of the intercellular substance. In such a case the further changes which are going on in the tissues, in which the glanders-cells are imbedded, differ according to circum�stances. If the glanders-cells are but few, and rather far apart, the granulated detritus is removed by absorption, and the morbid process comes to a termination by local healing. lu other cases new glanders-cells are produced, and take the place of the old ones, and the morbid growth (tubercle or tumor) continues to exist. If the decaying glan�ders-cells are numerous and lodged close together, the retrogressive metamorphosis is usually attended with a morbid or excessive growth or production of intercellular connective tissue; and the absorption of the detritus in such a case is attended with, and makes room for, a some�what extensive production of new fibrous (scar) tissue; linear and some�what prominent, white stripes, usually uniting in a common center, cor�responding to the center of the former neoplastic process, make their appearance and constitute a star-shaped, whitish scar or cicatrix. In chronic glanders such cicatrices occur very often in the mucous mem�brane of the septum; the hard, fibroid, and callous swellings, which are sometimes found iu the mucous membrane of the nose, and the fibroid tumors which occur in the lungs, and which are easily distin�guished from the more pulpy glanders-nodules and tumors, are pro�duced in the same way.

Frequently, however, that is, in all such tubercles aud tumors in which the glanders-cells are numerous and separated only by very little intercellular tissue, the decay or retrogressive metamorphosis of the glanders-cells involves and causes a simultaneous decay and destruction of the intercellular substance, and of the tissue in which the morbid products are imbedded. The continuity is destroyed, and an abscess is formed. The decay usually, though not necessarily, begins in the cen�ter of the nidus of cells, and it seems that certain external influences are able to change or to accelerate the whole process. So, for instance, a general decay, or a formation of ulcers or abscesses, does not usually take place in the mucous membrane of the maxillary cavities, but almost invariably, or, at any rate, a great deal earlier in such parts of the nasal mucous membrane, which are exposed to the cunent of air passing through the nose at each breath. The irritation caused by the passage of air probably constitutes the cause of the more frequent occurrence of glanders-ulcers in the mucous membrane of the septum than in any

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273

other part of the nasal mucous membrane. If glanders has become complicated with inflammation, tlie whole process, as has already been mentioned, is entirely different. In farcy, too, in which the morbid changes have their seat in the loose subcutaneous connective tissue, the abscesses are formed in a somewhat different way.

Theinfectiousnessof the ueoplastic products of glanders constitutes a specific and pathognomonic attribute of the same, which excludes identification with any other otherwise similar ueoplastic or morbid products. The same specific agency, or the same virus, which is instru�mental in communicating the disease from one animal to another, consti�tutes also the cause which spreads the morbid process within the organ�ism of the affected animal. The efficiency does not seem to be dependent upon any particular shape or form of the morbid products, but to be inherent in the material, because not only the live glanders-cells, but also the dead or decayed ones, the granulated and cheesy detritus, and the watery transudations are infectious. The immechate changes pro�duced by a local infection withiu the tissue, or the creeping of the morbid process from cell to cell, can be seen only under the microscope. If the glanders-process is not complicated, that is, if no other disease is exist�ing, the spreading of the morbid process, or the progress of the local infection, is a very slow one, but is accelerated or becomes rapid if a com�plication sets in. The morbid process, however, spreads not only by means of a direct infection from cell to cell, but also by means of the lymphatics, which absorb infectious elements and deposit the same in the nearest lymphatic glands. That this is the case becomes evident if an animal is inoculated with glanders-virus. The lymphatics proceed�ing from the inoculation wound soon commence to swell like strands or chords, and undergo not seldom ulcerous decay. The lymphatic glands, too, commence to swell to solid and painfal tumors which afterwards become harder and firmer, but less painful. A morbid production of connective tissue causes the firmness of the swelling, and usually ren�ders such a diseased gland impervious to a further passage of the con�tents (lymph and infectious glanders elements) of the lymphatics, and prevents, therefore, a further spreading of the infection. If, however, a lymphatic gland, thus degenerated, becomes finally itself a seat of the ueoplastic glanders process, or of the production of glanders-cells, the lymphatics which pass from that gland to another one will also absorb infectious material, and cause thereby a further spreading of the infec�tion and of the morbid process. In nasal glanders, a swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands (which receive directly through the lymphatic vessels the lymph from the seat of the morbid process), un�attended with any affection whatever of the lyfnphatics beyond them, is a very frequent occurrence. Hence the spreading of the morbid process by means of the lymphatics is also usually a slow oue in chronic gland�ers; several months may elapse before a new source of infection is formed. The spreading, however, will be a comparatively rapid one in all cases of glanders in which a. compUcation with another destructive or acute disease, as an inflammatory process, has taken place. The morbid process is also apt to spread more rapidly through the lymphat�ics in common farcy, in which loose connective tissue constitutes the seat of the disease. The morbid process of glanders, therefore, is in�fectious ; a spreading of the same is not only effected witbiu the tissue by a propagation of the glanders-cells, but also by means of the lym�phatics which absorb the vims and carry the same to the nearest lymphatic glands, where the progress of the morbid process .stops, if the latter are degenerated by an excessive production of connective IS sw

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tissue, but proceeds furtlier if those glands become the seat of a neoplastic production of glanders-cells, as is usually the case in farcy, and always if glanders is complicated with inflammation. It is evident that by such a spreading of the virus and absorption of deleterious glanders-matter some infectious elements, whatever their nature may be, will finally pass into the blood, and cause in that way a general dis�order, or a general dyscratic condition usually called quot; glanders-dyscrasy.quot; That virus or infectious elements pass over into the blood, and pervade the whole animal organism, becomes apparent by the fact that the blood and the various animal secretions, the sweat for instance, possess con�tagious properties already at an early stage of the disease, or before the morbid process has spread much beyond its original seat, and are able to communicate the glanders from one animal to another. It may ap-pear to bo somewhat strange that the early infcctiousness of the blood and of the various secretions does not effect a general outbreak of the glanders-process in every suitable part (mucous membranes and con�nective tissues) of the animal body, and that, notwithstanding the facility with #9632;which the glanders-contagion communicates the disease from one animal to another, the morbid process remains usually for a long time conflned to certain parts of the organism. It is, however, not any more surprising than a healing, or a cessation of the morbid process, of other equally contagious diseases�pleuro-pneumouia of cattle for instance� while the organism is yet replete with the contagion, which, in very small quantities, is able to communicate the morbid process to other animals. The truth is, our knowledge concerning the true nature of the contagious principle of the various contagious diseases is yet too lim�ited. If the theories of Hallier and others, based upon the discovery of micrococci, amp;c., in the blood and in the secretions of animals affected with contagious diseases should prove to be correct; if, in other words, those micrococci�in glanders Malleoinyces eqnestris, H.�do constitute the infectious elements, and the real, immediate cause of the morbid changes, all those strange phenomena may yet find a satisfactory ex�planation. If, however, those micrococci should not constitute the con�tagion, and should not be the cause of the morbid process, but the product of the same, or if their presence should prove to be a merely accidental one, it will be dif�cult to reconcile those facts. Professor Gerlach, who discards those theories as unfounded, hints at an 'ex�haustion of predisposition as affording a possible explanation.

The anatozsiical CHANGES.�The morbid products of the glanders-process make their appearance usually in more or less distinctly limited nests, or in shape of noddies or tubercles and tumors, which vary con�siderably in size. Some of them are as small as the size of a pin's head, and are called miliary tubercles5 others are larger, of the size of a pea; and still others are quite large, and constitute tumors or glanders-ex�crescences. Practically, therefore; a discrimination between glanders-tubercles or small nests of glanders-cells, and tumors or large ones, is admissible. The former, however, must not be looked upon as identical with genuine tubercles as occurring in tuberculosis. A glanders-tubercle is a different thing altogether, only the name has become too convenient to be abolished. Glanders-tubercles occur�1, in the substance and in the subserous tissue of the lungs; 2, in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities and of the maxillary sinuses, but especially in the mucous membrane of the septum; 3, in the swelled and indurated submaxillary glands; and, 4. in the cutis. Some au�thors have considered the presence of small miliary tubercles in the lungs as the criterion of the presence of glanders, but others have

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found that glanders may exist and stdl no tubercles may be found in the lungs. Professor Eoell, in Vienna, found miliary tubercles in only about 6� per cent, of all cases tliat came under his observation, and Pro�fessor Leisering, in Dresden, and Professor Gerlacli, in Berlin, searched for them frequently in vain. Glanders-tubercles make their appearance in the lungs only if the morbid process, which has its principal seat usually�I would like to say, normally�in the mucous membrane of the nose, extends to the lungs; or if original nasal glanders has become complicated with puhnonal glanders, which, in the course of time, is a common occurrence. In thoao cases in which such a complication is ex�isting from the beginning, or in which puhnonal glanders constitutes the primary disease and nasal glanders the complication, miliary tuber�cles are found in the lungs frequently within a short time after an in�fection has taken place, sometimes within from one to three weeks. The same are imbedded in the healthy pulmonal tissue, are surrounded by a court of turgid blood-vessels (Fig. VII, l!fo. 1), have each a small blood�vessel of their own, are at first grayish-white and rather soft, consist of more or less uniform and rather small round cells, with nuclei, con�nected with each other hy a delicate intercellulary tissue, and become, when older, enveloped by a fine tissue of connective fibers. The court of turgid or congested vessels around the tubercles disappears after some time, the blood-vessel which enters the tubercle becomes obliterated, and the substance of the latter, receiving no more nutriment, undergoes decay. A necrobiotic process commences, the round cells shrink, the intercellu�lary substance decays, and the interior of the tubercle is changed to a cheesy substance, in which finally lime-salts are deposited. The whole process is the same as that which is taking place in a true tubercle in tuberculosis, therefore every difference disappears after the retrogressive process has set in. Hence, glanders-tubercles have frequently been iden�tified with veritable or tuberculosis tubercles, and glanders itself has, at times, been looked upon as a tuberculosis of horses, which assumes pe�culiar forms, different from tuberculosis of other animals; but as real common tuberculosis occurs in horses as an independent disease, the same as in other animals, as the cells of a glanders-tubercle are usually somewhat larger than those of a genuine (tuberculosis) tubercle, aud as, finally, each glanders-tubercle possesses a fall intercellulary substance, and has a blood-vessel of its own, either of which is wanting in the veri�table (tuberculosis) tubercle, there can be no doubt as to glanders and tuberculosis of horses being entirely different diseases. Besides that, in tuberctdosis of horses, the single tubercles are usually a great deal larger than the miliary tubercles of glanders, and only the smallest ones (those of the size of a pea) present some similarity to the larger glanders-tubercles. The retrogressive process does not present anything charac�teristic.

In the mucous membrane of the nose the glanders-tubercles or nodides are always plainest on the septum (Fig. IV, Nbs. 1 and 2). They, too, vary in size from that of a pin's head to that of a pea, and project but little over the surface of the membrane, and are therefore sometimes scarcely visible. At a, post mortem examination, however, the same can be seen and felt more plainly, because then the inucous membrane is less succulent and swelled. Either singly or in groups they arc imbedded in the mucous membrane, usually in the upper layer, and are distinguished from the reddened membrane by their gray, grayish-white, or grayish-yellow color. Sometimes these tubercles, or glanders-nodules, are situ�ated deeper, in the middle or lower layer of the mucosa, and therefore less distinctly circumscribed, and indicated only by a slight elevation

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above the surface of the membrane, but not by any distinct color. On a cut, however, the same can be seen very plainly (Fig. V, a and h). The substance of the glanders-nodules in the nose is more or less soft, and consists of round cells, free nuclei, spindle-shaped cells, and a fine connective intercellular substance. The spindle-shaped cells are lodged mostly side by side; some of them, the younger ones, are rather thin, and others are swelled in the middle, and are ripe and near breaking. The nodules or glanders-tubercles present usually a gray-yellowish color, if composed principally of round cells, and their color is somewhat in�distinct if spindle-shaped cells constitute the prevailing element. The retrogressive metamorphosis consists in a decaying to a fatty or cheesy substance. A real shrinking and exsiccation and a deposit of lime-salts do not occur. Glanders nodules or tubercles in the cutis are a compar�atively rare occurrence in horses, but are observed very often in human beings affected with glanders. As the skin of horses is coated with hair, only the larger tubercles or nodules will be noticed; the very small ones usually escape observation till the regressive process has been completed, and has changed them to small lenticular ulcers. Otherwise the morbid changes are the same as in the mucous membrane.

Mibary tubercles, finally, can also frequently be found imbedded in the morbidly increased connective tissue of the indurated submaxillary and other lymphatic glands. On a cut the same can often be pressed out of the surrounding tissue as small knots or nodules. An exsiccation is a frequent occurrence, but a deposit of lime-salts has not yet been observed.

Glanders-tumors, or very large nests of glanders-cells, can be found fully developed only in the lungs, but are even there not as frequent as the tubercles. They have their seat usually immediately beneath the pulmonal pleura, especially toward the lower sharp border of the lungs. In some cases, however, the same are also found imbedded in the pul�monal tissue, and are then not seldom numerous. The tumors, or gland�ers growths, are either distinctly limited, and varying in size from that of a cherry to that of an apple, or the same are more or less diffuse. The large tumors seem to be composed of two or more smaller ones which have increased in size till they have come in contact with each other and have united. The intermediate pulmonal tissue in such a case has disappeared. Large tumors thus produced are frequently of an irregu�lar shape. The pulmonal tissue surrounding the gray or grayish-yel�low tumors is at first hyperaemic, and the outlines of the latter are more or less indistinct, but afterwards the same become more delined. On a cut these tumors present an appearance somewhat similar to bacon. In some cases the same are more or less firm and solid, like a fibroid growth, and iu others of the consistency of a sarcoma. (Fig. VII, Kb. 2, pre�sents the grayish-yellow cut-surface of a glanders-tumor in natural size, for the most part distinctly limited from the hyperoemic pulmonal tissue, but at one end yet encroaching upon the latter, and not yet presenting a distinct demarcation. Fig. VI, Xo. 3, is a smaller glanders-tumor in natural size, presenting yet visible, small, round, primary nodules ai*l some remnants of puluional tissue, indicating plainly that the growth takes place, not from one but from several centers, and is not effected by peripheric apposition.) Under the microscope the constituents are found to be essentially the same as those of the smaller nodules or tu�bercles. The round cells, however, vary much more in size. Some are very large and distinguished by their dark and granulated nuclei. STumerous epithelial mother-cells, containing nuclei and incipient cells, spindle-shaped cells in different stages of development, some, maybe,

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very much swelled or just brealdngf, and others decayed and discharg�ing their granulated contents and large nuclei, and a connective inter�cellular substance which gives the whole tumor its continuity and a cer�tain degree of solidity, constitute the principal components. The softer glanders-tumors, similar in consistency to a sarcoma, are composed mainly of round cells, while the firmer or more solid ones consist prin�cipally of spindle-shaped cells, and contain comparatively few round cells imbedded in the intercellular substance, which latter is here and there fibrous and solid, and thereby the cause of the greater firmness. The presence of both kinds of cells, spindle-shaped and large, round ones, proves that connective-tissue corpuscles, as well as epithelium ele�ments, contribute to the formation of puhnonal glanders-tumors. The retrogressive metamorphosis proceeds, according to the observations of Gerlach, in two different ways. Sometimes all components of the glanders-tumor, the intercellular substance as well as the glanders-cells, undergo a process of decay which proceeds either from one center�if the tumor is a simple one�or from several centers simultaneously, if thetumor is acompli-cated one. In the former case the whole tumor is changed to one cavity with cheesy contents, but in the latter two or more larger or smaller cavities, corresponding to the number of the original tubercles or tumors, are produced. The contents of the same present also a cheesy appearance. Sometimes, however, the whole process is different. The round-cells decay and are absorbed, and an excessive growth or production of con�nective tissue is taking place. The tumor becomes harder and firmer, and assumes finally the characteristics of a fibroid growth, which con�tains interspersed in its tissue a few round-cells, and may not undergo any further changes for a long time. Such fibroid tumors correspond to the fibroid cicatrices which occur frequently in the mucous membrane of the septum, and are found not seldom if the morbid process has been a very slow or chronic one. If glanders is acute or compUcated with other morbid processes which accelerate its progress, such hard and firm fibroid tumors or cicatrices are never formed. On the contrary, the glanders-tumors decay rapidly, often before the same have had time to assume definite shape and form.

Glanders-ulcers or abscesses are produced if the intercellular sub�stance of the tubercles undergoes dissolution. Dissolved intercellular substance and decayed and decaying glanders-cells constitute the matter. The process is about as follows:

Farcy-ukers in the suhcutaneotts connective tissue.�The development or the growth of a farcy-tumor is always attended with some local in�flammation in the surrounding tissues. A violent proliferation begins in the center of the tumor, and numerous small round-cells which can scarcely be discriminated from matter-corpuscles are produced. The inflammatory process furnishes a sufficient quantity of exudation to loosen and to envelope the round-cells almost immediately after the same have been produced. Some white blood-corpuscles may become intermixed, but the same must be regarded as strangers, because a very large majority of the cells suspended in the fluid exudation are the pro�duct of the proliferous process. So it may happen that a farcy boil or tumor shows fluctuation, and contains matter within a few days, or is changed to an abscess much sooner than a commou boil. The matter of a farcy-ulcer does not exhibit any distinctive difference from other pus except in so far as it possesses infectious qualities. Almost as soon as a farcy-boil has been changed to an abscess, or contains matter, the nearest subcutaneous lymphatics commence to swell to plainly visible chords or strands, and in their course not seldom new boils are formed,

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whicli also undergo the same metamorphosis as the first one. Hence it happens very frequently that farcy boils and ulcers make their ap�pearance in rows somen-hat resembling- strings of beads, which consti�tutes one of the characteristics of the disease. A little later the nearest lymphatic glands, too, commence to swell and to be changed to hard and more or less painful farcy-buboes. The circulation or the current of lymph' in the lymphatics of such a swelled gland or glands becomes interrupted, and in consequence oedematous swellings make their ap�pearance in the parts in which such an interruption has been effected, usually in a leg. The swelling of the lymphatics and of the lymphatic glands, the lymphatic abscesses, and the appearance of oedemata have led to mistakes ; an inflammation of the lymphatics has been supposed to constitute the primary and the production of farcy-ulcers a second�ary morbid process. Sometimes, it is true, it is rather difficult to find the primary boils or ideers from which the morbid process has spread. The comparatively rapid dissemination of the glanders-virus through the lymphatics in the loose subcutaneous connective tissue explains why farcy usually spreads sooner over the whole body, and becomes fatal in much less time than either pnlmonal or nasal glanders.

The products of the glanders-process, however, do not always present themselves as distinctly limited growths in form of nodules, tubercles, tumors, and boils. The morbid products in certain cases, especially in such in which an inflammatory exudation is taking place in the same parts in which the glanders-process has its seat, become diffuse, and the glanders-cells almost as soon as produced are carried off by the exuda�tion. Gerlach discriminates two forms of diffuse glanders, viz., glan�ders-catarrh and diffuse production of glanders-cells in the mucous membranes.

1.nbsp; nbsp;Glanders-catarrh.�If the glanders-process makes its appearance in a mucous membrane, the first morbid changes and symptoms are always those of glanders, blended with a catarrhal affection. Consequently the first stage of nasal glanders may appropriately be called a quot; glanders-catarrh,quot; and may under favorable circumstances exist almost unchanged for a long time without being attended by any other characteristic symp�toms exceptperhaps some swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands (so-called nasal gleet). Afterward, in a more advanced stage of the dis�ease, more characteristic morbid changes make their appearance, but the catarrhal discharge from the nose remains. In gJandors-catarrh the se�cretions of the nasal mucous membrane differ only in so far from those observed in a common catarrh as they present frequently a greenish or green-yellowish color, and contain very soon epithelium-scales and small, round glanders-cells similar to matter-corpuscles. With the appearance of the epithchum dehris, however, the somewhat characteristic greenish color usually disappears. The glanders-cells have their source in the epithelium-producing layer of the mucosa, and develop from epithelium-cells, but are carried off or washed away by the fluid exudations. Still the discharge itself, although containing glanders-cells, offers no charac�teristic of great diagnostic value except its infectiousuess, which exists from the very beginning. The microscope reveals no essential differ�ences, neither between the nasal discharges in glanders and in catarrh nor between farcy matter and common pus.

2.nbsp; Diffuse produdion of ylanders-cclls in the rmceoiis' membrane.�The glanders-cells arc not produced in certain limited spots or nests, but in diffusion over huge parts of the mucous membrane. The latter appears swelled and loosened in its tissue, and contains larger or smaller num�bers of round glauders-cells of different size. Afterwards an exuberant

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morbid growtli of connectiTe tissue makes its appearance, wliicli causes the mucous membrane to become more or less tliick and callous. If the glanders-process extends to the frontal and maxillary cavities, the nat�urally fine mucous membrane, especially of the latter, is usually found coated with a muco-purulent secretion, and presents more or less uneven swelling and degeneration, caused by an exuberant neoplastic produc�tion of connective tissue elements. In the nasal cavity, but especially on the septum, the diffuse glanders-process penetrates not seldom the whole mucous membrane, and extends to the subinucosa. Callous swell�ings arc formed by an exuberant production of neoplastic elements of connective tissue, and within these swellings appear diffuse center-sta�tions, or nests of round cells, Avhich (latter) gradually undergo decay and are absorbed. Fibrous or scar-tissue, which afterwards shrinks or con�tracts to a scar or cicatrix, takes their place. So it may happen that scars or cicatrices make their appearance without any ulceration having preceded. These scars or cicatrices usually contain a center, from Avhich several whitish strands of fibrous tissue, produced by the same process, are radiating in different directions. Still not every scar or cicatrix found on the mucous membrane of the septum has been produced in the same way, without any preceding ulceration. Under favorable circum�stances a healing even of a glanders.-ulcer will now and then be effected, but in such a case the scar left behind is usually less promiaent or con�spicuous, and is destitute of such long radiating strands of fibrous tissue.

Glanders-ulcers.�The same, if present, constitute the most character�istic and unmistakable morbid change of the whole morbid process, and are found usually in the mucous membrane of the septum, especially toward the nasal bones, but also in the mucous membrane of the con-chce, the nasal ducts, the larynx, and the windpipe, and, in rare cases, in the cutis. Professor Gerlach says he has found ulcers in the mucosa of the throat and windpipe only in acute glanders. I remember one of chronic glanders that occurred in 1809 in Quincy, 111., in which, at the post-mortem examination, numerous ulcers presented themselves in the nasal ducts and in the mucous membrane of the larynx and windpipe, but none on the septum. In that horse the only observable symptom consisted, for a long time, in difflculty of breathing, resembling a kind of roaring Avhen exercised. The post-mortem examination, made by myself, revealed glanders in a very advanced stage of development, not�withstanding that the horse, a fine black roadster, was not suspected of being affected with glanders up to within two weeks before he was killed.

Glanders-ulcers are always preceded by glanders-nodules or tubercles in the mucous membrane or skin, respectively, and are the product of a decay of the glanders-cells and a dissolution of the intercellular sub�stance of those nodules or tubercles. The process, however, by which these ulcers arc developed is not always the same, but varies somewhat according to the size and situation of the tubercles. If the latter are large, of the size of a pea, and extend deep into the mucous membrane, a depression, which soon changes to a small hole, at first not larger than a pin's head, makes its appearance in the middle of the external surface. This hole, however, soon grows larger (Fig. IV, ISo. 2), and constitutes within a few days an ulcer corresponding in size to that of the former tubercle (Fig. IV, No. 3). The deeper the latter extends into the mucosa or submucosa, the deeper will also be the ulcer.

If the glanders-tubercles are very small and superficial, or, as it some�times happens, visible only as gray specks or dots, the proceeding is a little diifereut. At first the epithelium is cast offj a small, scarcely

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visible loss of substance takes place, wbicli gives the incipient ulcer the appearance of a small erosion. In other cases the decayed, superficial part of the tubercle presents itself as a yellowish-gray mass, which remains for a short time coated with epithelium. The decaying tubercle, in such a case, has the appearance of a small pustule. In both cases, finally, small, flat, lenticular ulcers are formed, which, if numerous and close together, as frequently happens (glanders-tubercles, if very small, are usually situated close together in groups), become soon confluent, and present then one large, flat ulcer with an uneven bottom. A few days ago I had an opportunity to observe small lenticular, and one medium-sized confluent ulcer, on the right side of the septum of the nose of a former circus-horse that had been aflfected with glanders�had had discharges from the nose�for over eight months.

A glanders-ulcer once formed grows in depth and circumference as follows: At the bottom and on the borders of the ulcer, and also in the immediate neighborhood of the same, appear again gray specks and nodules (nests of round cells), which also undergo decay, become con�fluent with the ulcer, and increase thereby the size and depth of the latter. The bottom of a glanders-ulcer presents a grayish-yellow (bacon-like) appearance, marked with red blotches, and is composed mainly of round glanders-cells, the decay of which adds to the depths of the idcer. Consequently, as after each decay new round cells make their appear�ance, a glanders-ulcer is not only able to work its way through the mucous membrane and its connective tissue, but also into and even through the cartilagenous septum and the osseous conchae. This, how�ever, takes place only in a very advanced stage of the disease, and un�der the influence of a complication with an inflammatory process. The bottom of a deep ulcer presents usually a dirty appearance, caused by decay or decomposition of tissue and blood (Pig. XY, No. 4). Growth of a glanders-ulcer in circumference is a very common occurrence. The process is usually a rapid one, if the ulcer is composed originally of small lenticular ulcers, so-called erosions, with corroded gray or inflamed and red borders. If two or more of such compound ulcers happen to be in close proximity of each other, the same very often become con�fluent in a comparatively short time, and present then one large ulcer�ating surface. In the cutis the ulceration process is exactly the same, and is invariably preceded by a formation of glanders-tubercles. The latter have their seat usually in the skin of the lips and nostrils, seldom in the skin of the legs and of other parts of the body. In the cutis, too, deep ulcers, and flat and lenticular ones, can be discriminated. In some cases the cutis-ulcers have a special tendency to increase in depth�if the preceding tubercles have been large�while in others a tendency to grow in circumference is prevailing. The latter is the case especially if the tubercles have been small and close together. Both kinds of ulcers, however, like those in the mucous membrane, produce abundant exuda�tion and matter, a peculiarity by which deep glanders-ulcers situated in the skin are easily discriminated from farcy-ulcers or glanders-abscesses. Besides that, the latter are always kettle-shaped, have red and elevated borders, and are situated in the subcutaneous connective tissue, while the former have their seat in the skin.

THE CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF GLANDERS,

As to the causes and origin of glanders, opinions, especially in former timeSj have differed very widely. A great many veterinarians, particu�larly in France, and there until quite recently, either denied its conta

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giousuess altogetlier (La Fosse, sen. and jun., Fromage Defengre, and Dapny barely admitted the possibility of an infection; Coleman (English), Smith (English), and Eodet considered only acute glanders as a contagious disease, as did Hutrel d'Arboval and many others), or expressed doubt as to the existence of a contagion.�Dutz. Consequently a spontaneous de�velopment or the possibility of the same was not questioned except by a few decided contagionists, such as Volpi in Italy, White in England, and, in modern times, Gerlach in Germany. Nearly all German, most of the English, and a great many French veterinarians (it is but just to men�tion among tie latter Solleysel (1669), De Saunier (1734), Bourgelat (1765), Garsault (1770), Vitet (1783), Gohier (1813), Belwart, and Le-blanc) admitted that most cases of glanders owe their origin to infection, but did not doubt the possibility of a protopathic, and even of a deutropa-thic development. Even at the present day an auchtochthonous and a deuteropathic derelopinent, too, are looked upon as something possible, or even self-evident and of frequent occurrence, not only by non-profes�sional men, but also by a great many veterinarians of high standing. As causes of auchtochthonous glanders, all possible injurious agencies have been accused, the same as in all other contagious diseases, such as pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, for instance, which latter, as is now more generally admitted, spreads, and is caused exclusively by infection or by means of the contagion. As principal causes of glanders have been consid�ered spoiled, decayed, and insufficient food, or food of a bad quality or unsuitable composition; dirty, crowded, and ill-ventilated stables; over�work, hardships, and exposure of any kind or description; in short, nearly everything that is calculated to have an injurious effect upon the animal organism. A great many horses in every country and in every clime are exposed to some or to all of the injurious influences just enu�merated, and there is not the least doubt that these influences are well able to weaken the constitution of an animal, to produce emaciation and debdity, and to cause a whole army of more or less dangerous and fre�quently fatal diseases, but still glanders is not anymore frequent among horses thus exposed and suffering than among others, which are well kept and well treated in every respect. In every country and in every clime a larger or smaller number of horses are exposed to all those in-iuries mentioned, are worked to death, starved to death, suffocated to death in foul stable-air, poisoned to death with spoiled food and with impure, stagnant water, and st�l there are countries in which glanders is an unknown, or, at least, an exceedingly rare disease, while in other countries in which horses, on an average, are not kept any worse, or, may be, are kept much better, glanders is a very frequent disease, and causes annually great losses. As a general rule, which,.however, suffers apparent exceptions as I shall show hereafter, glanders is frequent in all those countries in which a great many horses arc imported, and rare in all those countries in which more horses are raised than needed, or from which horses are exported. Besides that, nobody has ever succeeded in producing glanders by merely exposing or subjecting a horse that has never been exposed to the influence of glanders-contagion to any or to all the injurious agencies and influences which have been mentioned as being accused as the causes of protopathic glanders. In the West, where I have lived and practiced during the last thirteen years, gland�ers, as I have been informed by reliable persons, used to be an almost unknown disease before the civil war, but has been spread by condemned army horses during and immediately after the war, and is now frequent and can be found everywhere. Among asses and mules glanders is comparatively not as frequent a

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rtisease as among horses, notMtlistaadxDg that the former have more predisposition, are easier and sooner infeoted, and succumb quicker. If a protopathie development were possible, or frequently taking place, one should suppose that it would occur especially in those animals (asses and mules) Avhich possess the greatest predisposition, or, hi which, if af�fected, the morbid process is always the most rapid and the most violent. Besides that, asses and mules particularly, are, as a general rule, more exposed to bad treatment and to all those calamities Avhich have been Icoked niion as probable causes of glanders, than horses. That glanders is not so frequent among asses and mules as among horses, is simply due to the fact that the former are less numerous and usually less exposed to the contagion, because less used on the road and for traveling pur�poses, than horses. An exception, perhaps, may be made -svith the Amer�ican army, or with any other army in which mules are extensively em�ployed, and in them, I suppose, cases of glanders arc just as frequent, and perhaps more frequent among the mules than among the horses.

In modern times, most veterinary writers, it seems, have abandoned the possibility of an autochthonous or idiopathic origin of glanders, but the deuteropathic development is yet upheld by a great many. The diseases supposed to terminate in glanders are especially strangles or distempeTj inuuenza, catarrhal aflections of the respiratory mucous mem�branes, and ulceration in various ports of the animal body. To enumer�ate all the cases recorded in the veterinary literature in which glanders is said or believed to have developed from other diseases, or been pro�duced by an absorption of matter, would lead too far, for the same are very numerous. As to the ditlerent theories that have been advanced, I have to refer to what has been said in the first part of this treatise. To show, however, now easily mistakes may be made, I may be alkrwed to relate a case that occurred last summer in Chicago. Several horses, constituting the stock of a bankrupt circus, all animals in a very fine condition, were put up for keeping by the authorities in charge, in a cer�tain livery and boarding stable. In the same stable inlhtenza prevailed, and nearly every horse, excepting those circus-horses, became affected with influenza in its so-called catarrhal rheumatic form. Deaths did not occur, but some horses became affected severely. After the circus-horses had been in the livery-stable for several weeks tbey were sold by the United States marshal, and the day after the sale it was found that one of them, a fine black gelding, vas affected with plainly developed nasal glanders, and bad communicated the disease already to his stall-mate, which exhibited sufficient symptoms, a slight discharge from the right nostril and a characteristic swelling of the right subniaxillary lymphatic gland, to warrant the diagnostication of glanders. After the discovery had been made, it leaked out that the black gelding had been quot;running from the nosequot; for over eight niontbs. When the sale took place, some of the livery and boarding horses had not yet fully recovered from their influenza. Iscrw, if one or more of the same should have become infected with glanders, and if Uic merely accidental discovery of the existence of that disease in one of the circus-horses had not been made, the cry would have been raised immediately that glanders had developed from intlu-enza. Further comments, I think, are unnecessary. It may suffice to suggest that a great many apparent developments of glanders from other diseases may have taken place in a similar way. There also can be no doubt that a great many cases of oconlt glanders (so-called nasal gleet) have been looked upon and treated as distemper, catarrh, influenza, amp;c., and afterwards, when plain symptoms of glanders made their appearance, it Avas more convenient all around to suppose that glanders had pro-

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ceeded from the disease first diagnosticated, tlian to admit a diagnostic mistake. So with farcy. It uiuloubtedly has happened a great many times that the first symptoms of farcy have been mistaken for an inflam�mation of tlio lymphatics, and as farcy in its further course becomes fre-qnently complicated with glanders, it is easy to conclnde that an inflamma�tion of the lymphatics constitntes a primary disease of glanders. Under certain circnmstances I admit it is rather difficult to discriminate at once an inflammation of the lymphatics and subsequent nlceration or formation of abscesses from genuine farcy, and so mistakes, undoubtetlly, have occurred.

Besides all that, the diseases looked upon as the possible progenitors of glanders are similar to the latter only in regard to a few external symptoms but entirely different as far as the morbid process is con�cerned. They lack altogether, during their whole course, from first be�ginning to their final termination, the specific characteristics of gland�ers, and a conversion of any one of them into the latter disease must be looked upon as just as impossible as it is to change a cow to ahorse, or a goat to a hog. Still, this does not exclude tho possibility of an animal affected with one of those disorders, or with any other disease, becoming infected with glanders or farcy. On the contrary, a diseased condition of the respiratory mucous membranes seems to facilitate an in�fection, if an exposure to glanders contagion is taking place. At any rate, the morbid process of glanders is always much more violent, and makes a more rapid progress in a diseased organism, than in one that is otherwise perfectly healthy. To get at the bottom of the facts and to guard against mistakes, it will be necessary never to lose sight of the specific characteristics of the glanders process.

Notwithstanding all those cases of apparent deuteropathic develop�ment of glanders, which can be found in the veterinary literature of nearly every country, I am not afraid to say I do not believe that a case of real deuteropathic glanders, one that can stand a thorough and unbiased investigation, has ever occurred. Gerlach, in his treatise, re�peatedly mentioned, says, on page 115, quot;A genuine development (pro-topathic and deuteropathic) must be considered as not proved.quot;

Glanders, as well as pleuro-pueumonia, Eussian cattle-plague, and scab and mange, will cease to exist if a propagation by means of infection is made impossible. If, for instance, within the limits of the United States all animals affected with glanders were destroyed at once, and at the same time every place where glanders-contagion may bo existing were thoroughly disinfected, and if any importation of glandered horses or of the contagion were successfully prohibited or prevented, glanders would at once become extinct, and would never make its appearance again within the limits of the United States, unless imported again from other countries. It is a disease that can be eradicated.

I said before that glanders is most frequent in those countries in which numerous horses are imported from other countries. This is an undeni�able fact, except in regard to those commonwealths in which good veter�inary schools provide a sufficient number of thoroughly educated vet�erinary surgeons, and in which stringent laws enforce the immediate destruction of every animal affected with glanders, prohibit veterinary quackery, and do not allow anybody to keep or to treat a glandered animal unless he is a qualified veterinary surgeon, and gives sufficient bonds to pay possible damages.

I know very well that I shall be contradicted, but mere denials, or questions asking where glanders originally comes from, if a spontane�ous development does not take place, will not do. Such questions, of

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course, I cannot answer, Wlien Gerlach first pronounced pleuro-pneu-luonia of cattle a pure contagion, that is, a disease propagated exclu�sively by means of infection, Professor Spinola asked pertly if Gerlach had imported pleuro-pneumonia from the moon, but failed utterly�and everybody else, too�to show a solitary case of an unmistakable and well-authenticated spontaneous development. If any one can show me a case of spontaneous glanders, not caused by infection, or give satisfac�tory and unmistakable proof that a protopathic or deuteropathic develop�ment of glanders has occurred, I will take back what I have said, but not before.

The contagion.�The contagion must be considered as the exclusive cause of glanders. When I lived in Dixon, Lee county, Illinois, plusmn;om the fall of 18C5 to September, 1868,1 had an opportunity of observing numerous cases of glanders, A friend of mine, D. W. McKinney, dealer in horses and proprietor of a livery-stable, knew nearly every horse in the whole county, and taking special interest in those cases of glanders, assisted me in inquiring into the history of every horse affected. As a result, every case, without exception, was traced back to an infection by condemned United States army horses that had been sold to the farmers.

The contagious principle is developed during the very first stages of the disease, and even before plain symptoms have made then appear�ance. It exists most concentrated in the immediate products of the morbid process, but especially in the discharges from the nose, and in the contents of the glanders and farcy ulcers. It is present also in all the secretions and excretions of the affected animals, as has been proved by numerous direct experiments. Professor Gerlach, in order to ascertain if the contagion is contained not only in the fluid animal humors and excretions, and in the fluid and solid products of the morbid process, but also in the pulmonal exhalation and in the perspiration, has made several interesting experiments, and has found that an inoculation of a healthy horse with artificially condensed exhalation and perspiration of a glandered animal produces the disease. He has, however, not suc�ceeded in communicating glanders by injecting deflbrinated blood of glandered horses (100 and 200 grains respectively) into the veins of healthy animals. Still, the contagiousness of the blood has been estab�lished long ago by Abildgardt and Viborg in Copenhagen.

The experiments of Gerlach and of others, and numerous clinical observations, too, have proved beyond a doubt that the contagion con�tained in the exhalation and perspiration clings, though only in small quantities, to the aqueous vapors exhaled by the respiratory organs and perspired by the skin. The contagious principle, therefore, is volatile only in a limited degree, and to produce an infection by means of the exhalation and perspiration at a distance of several feet requires usually some length of time. So it happens very often that a horse occupying with a glandered horse the same stable, but not the same stall, remains ex�empted. The more forcible and accelerated the breathing, and the more abundant the perspiration of the horse affected with glanders, the greater, it seems, is the danger of an infection of healthy horses that are near, or occupy the same stable.

Another question not easily answered, and yet an object for investi�gation, may be asked; that is. Do organic forms constitute the conta�gion ; is the contagious principle bound on, or inseparable from, organic forms; or is its action merely a chemical one ? On this question the opinions of the best authorities differ. Professor Gerlach, in his suc�cessful experiments with condensed exhalation and perspiration, found no organic forms whatever in the perfectly limpid drops; further, he

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found no organic forms in the very infectious caseous substances taken from the mucous membrana of a horse affected with diphtheritic gland�ers. He, therefore, has come to the conclusion that the glanders-con�tagion does not consist in, nor is hound on, organic forms, and that the action of the contagious principle must be a chemical one. On the other hand Hallier and others have found organic growth (micrococci) in the humors of glandered horses and in the products of the morbid process of glanders, and are inclined to consider those micrococci as the agency which causes the disease, produces the morbid changes, and effects a commuuicatiou of the glandered process to other healthy animals. If Hallier and others are right, a great many mysterious phenomena ob�served in glanders find an explanation, but if Gerlach's observations are correct, Hauler's theories necessarily fall to the ground. Gerlach says: quot; Hallier finds everywhere fungi, and Chauveau finds everywhere cells.quot; Still, notwithstanding my high regard for Gerlach and the thoroughness of his investigations, I think the finds of Hallier and of other investiga�tors cannot be discarded; positive evidence is always of more value than negative proof. Haeckel (History of Creation, vol. 1, Protista.) and Klebs (Archiv fuer experimental-Fathologie, 1873), separate the micro�scopic organisms found in glanders and in other contagious diseases from the class quot; fungus,quot; and consider them as a separate class, belong�ing neither to the animal nor to the vegetable kingdom. Whatever may be the truth as to the real nature of the contagions principle, future investigations must reveal. I myself have had no opportunity to make thorough microscopical investigations of the morbid products of gland�ers, and can, therefore, not advance any definite opinion of my own. Mere speculations cannot bring any facts to light; thorough and patient observations are necessary.

The glanders-contagion, whatever its nature may be, communicates glanders and farcy not only to the animals belonging to the genus equus, but also to other animals and to man. Numerous cases are reported every year in the periodical veterinary literature. The only domesti�cated animal that seems to be exempted, or to be destitute of any pre�disposition is the ox.

Glandered horses, as soon as the disease has been diagnosticated, are usually removed to the cow-stable, or to pens or places where cattle are kept, and still no case, as far as I have been able to learn, is on record in Avhich an ox or a cow has contracted the disease. Sheep are easily infected. Goats, too, possess sufficient predisposition. Ercolani described a case in quot; 11 mediw veterinaria,quot; 1861, and Wirth succeeded in commu�nicating glanders to a male goat by means of inoculation {Archiv fuer ThierJwilhindc, Bd. C, Heft 1, 1844). Hogs seem to possess but little predisposition, and cases of dogs becoming infected and dying of gland�ers have been communicated by 2fordstroem {Tidskrift for Veterinaircr, etc., 1862) and Langeron {Revue veterinairc, etc., Toulouse, serie 1,1876). Several cases are on record in which wild animals, lions especially, have become infected with glanders by being led with meat of glandered horses. According to the experiments of Viborg and Ringheim, the llesh of a horse affected with glanders can be eaten without danger of infec�tion if properly cooked or fried.

One important phenomenon must be mentioned, and that is, that gland�ers always becomes a frequent disease after any great war. Such was the case in our own country after the great civil war, as I have mentioned before, and also in Germany and France, but especially in the latter country, after the war of 1870-'71. Cases of glanders will also bo fre�quent during the next few years in the Tux-kish Empire, and in those

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Turldsli provinces Avliicli have become independeut, or separated from the Ottomau territories. The cause of this frequency is an obvious one. It consists in the abundant opportunity of infection. One horse affected with (occult) glanders in either of the bostilo armies can, for obvious reasons, communicate the disease quot;with the greatest facility to a large number of animals. The fact of glanders becoming frequent after each large war has been used very frequently as an argument in favor of a protopathic development, but if it is lookecl rrpon in a proper light it proves, if anything, the exclusive spreading of the disease by means of the contagion.

Prevention and treatment.�As to a medical treatment, there is scarcely a remedy known in the whole materia medica that has not been used against glanders, but, so far at least, with very poor success. It is true a great vasaxjpretended cures are on record. But if the slow or chronic progress of the morbid process, its frequent remissions in warm and dry weather, exacerbations in rough, cold, and inclement weather and in a foul atmosphere, and the great confusion that has prevailed in regard to the true nature of glanders are taken into consideration, it is no wonder that mistakes and deceptions have occurred. Some of the cases that are said to have been cured have been no glanders at all, and in others the pretended cures have been only temporary�a mere remission. Con�firmed (jlanders must he considered as incnraMe; and it would, therefore, be for the benefit of every one if our general government (Congress) would enact a law which shoi�d make it a criminal offense to keep and to use a horse, or any other animal, known to be affected with glanders. Any attempt to cure should also be strictly forbidden, because a prompt and immediate destruction of every animal affected with glanders, a disease which spreads only by means of its contagion, constitutes the best, surest, and cheapest, and in fact the only prevention.

A case of recent occurrence will serve to illustrate how glanders spreads, and how much cheaper it is to destroy a glandered horse at once than to permit the same to communicate the disease to healthy animals. It will also show the necessity of a stringent law making the sale of an animal known to he affected with a contagious disease a crim�inal offense.

Last fall Mr. George T...... Pottawatomie county, Kansas, bought

a horse of a Mr. Ch. . . , Manhattan, Eiley county, Kansas, and pas�tured and stabled the same with his other horses, about twenty-four or twenty-five in number. The horse in question, when bought, had some discharge from the nose, which, of course, was pronounced to be nothing but the product of catarrh�in common parlance, a cold. In the course of the winter several of Mr. T.....'s horses commenced to have dis�charges from the nose. Mr. T.....became alarmed, and brought the

new horse, whose nasal discharges had increased, and who showed other symptoms of disease, such as a staring coat, emaciation, amp;c., to mo for examination. I found the symptoms to be those of an advanced stage of glanders. Subsequent inquiries revealed some of the previous history of the animal. Mr. Ch. . . had bought the horse from another man, whose name 1 do not remember, only a few days before he sold the same

to Mr. T....., and had kept the animal, while in his possession, strictly

separated from his other horses, because he knew that the same had a chronic discharge from the nose, and had hud it for about two years. Is not such : i transaction criminal i And still, in the case mentioned,

there is no redress to be had. Mr. T.....is a comparatively poor man;

his farm is mortgaged, and all the property he may call his own consists in his stock, but especially in his horses. As I moved away from Kansas

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early in the spring, I have not learned how many of his horses have be�come affected, but several had contracted the disease before I left. Besides that, his horses had been together quite often Avith those of his neighbors, on the prairie, before ho knew them to beaflected with gland�ers. It is possible that he has lost, or will lose, nearly every animal ho has. Mr. Cli. . . does not oavh anything; all his property is in his

wife's name; consequently Mr. T....., if he sues for damages, will

have to pay lawyers' fees and costs, but cannot recover anything. If there were a United States law which made it a criminal offense to sell animals affected with contagious diseases, or to own and to keep ani�mals which exhibit symptoms of contagions diseases, and to neglect to advise the proper authorities of the fact, such cases as the one related

would not occur. If Mr. T.....were not an honest man, he would

undoubtedly have kept still, and would have sold- his glandered horses to other innocent parties, and contributed in that way in spreading the disease. I could relate numerous similar cases, but think this one will suffice, especially as this article is already too long.

A successful prevention of glanders is possible only if the contagion� which, even if it should not constitute the sole and only cause of the disease, causes at least nine hundred and ninety-nine cases of one thou�sand�is thoroughly destroyed wherever it may exist or wherever it may he found. Consequently every animal affected with glanders should be killed as soon as the nature of the disease becomes known, and be buried sufficiently deep or be cremated. But as the contagion adheres fre�quently also to the stables�manger, floor, partition, amp;c.�that have been occupied, the stable utensils�brash, curry-comb, amp;c., and the harness, blankets, halters, bridles, saddles, amp;c.�that have been used or been in contact with glandered horses, it is of great importance to know what will best and most effectually destroy the contagion. Professor Gerlach has made very interesting and valuable experiments, to relate which, however, would lead too far. I will therefore only state the results arrived at. The discharges from the nose, glanders-matter, amp;:c., lose their infectiousness if perfectly dried by being exposed to currents of air or to the rays of the sun; but kept moist, for instance in a damp cellar, wrapped up in a moist rag, or adhering to the corners of the manger, to a damp wall or floor, or to the bedding or the manure, amp;c., the contagion seems to possess great vitality, and may remain effective for half a year or longer. Putrefaction does not destroy the contagious principle. Chlorine de�stroys the contagion, and is theretore a very etlicient disinfectant, pro�vided the chlorides used come in actual contact with the contagion. A brief exposure of the infections substances, nasal discharges, glanders-matter, amp;c., to the influence of chlorine iu a gaseous state, mixed with the atmosphere, is ineffective. As a remedy to be given internally, chlorine, in shape of chlorine-water, for obvious reasons cannot be used; chemical combinations will be effected before an absorption can take place. The best and surest destroyer of the glanders-contagion is carbolic acid. It may be used not only as a disinfectant or for the pur�pose of destroying the contagion clinging to the wood-work of the stable amp;c., but also in incipient cases of farcy, and in cases in which an infection with glanders-matter has .iast taken place in a wound, for instance, as a local remedy. If applied to the gianders-nlcers on the septmn, or to farcy-uk-eis, a tendency to heal will make its appearance. As a disinfectant, a solution of carbolic acid in glycerine or alcohol and water (1:1 or 2:20) is perfectly strong enough tobe effective. Old straw, hay, and bedding must bo burned, and blankets, Ac, are best disinfected

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by exposing the same for some time to a temperature of 212deg; F., or higher, either in an oven or in boiling hot water.

As to a therapeutic treatment only a few words will be necessary. Some of the most heroic medicines have been used with very doubtful results. So, for instance. Professor Ercolani, in Turin, claims to have had good success Avith arsenate of strychnine, but others who have made the same experiments have had no success whatever. Lacaze {Revue Veter., amp;c., Toulouse, 1876), asserts to have been successful with large doses of alcohol, but he discriminates contagious and noncontagions glanders, and so no comment will be necessary. In former times cantharideswere considered as a remedy, but later investigations have proved them to be perfectly worthless. That every hind of mercurial combination and a great many sure-cure nostrums have been used and been advertised as specific remedies, as in every other immrable disease, is too self-evident to need any further mentioning.

The only rational treatment of a horse or other animal, affected with glanders, consists in a proper and effective application, in the right place, of either half an ounce of lead or five inches of steel; and until such treatment is invariably adopted, or made compulsory, there will be no prospect whatever of freeing this country from this loathsome disease, dangerous even to man, in whom, if once infected, it is just as incurable as in horses.

INDEX.

Page.

Alabama, diseases offarm animals in....................................... 186,211

Appropriations for investigating diseases of farm animals.................. . 5,220

Arkansas, diseases of farm animals in...................................... 187,213

Autopsies in swine disease.......................31,33,49,55,59,103,128,142,174,184

BaciUus suis.............................................10,11,13,41,42,43,44,45,53

Berksliires and their crosses peculiarly liable to disease..............._____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;178

British Government rules for treating pleuro-pneumonia and rinderpest.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;251

British orders in council concerning cattle imports..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;227

California, diseases of farm animals in....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;187laquo;

Cattle export trade, British orders in council....................... �.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;227

Chicago stock-yards full of diseased animals..........-------.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;164

Colorado, diseases of farm animals in.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;188

Commissioner's letter to Hon. A. S. Paddock on pleuro-pneumonia...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;219

Commission to investigate diseases of farm animals in.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

Congressional action necessary to arrest cattle disease.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;221

Contagion in swine disease.............................................-.9, 39,165

glanders..................................................268,273,284

Cysiicercna cellulosa.....................-----................-.....------------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66

C. ZemicoUis....................-..................................--.-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66

Dakota, disease of farm animals in.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;188

Deaths of swine, number and percentage of................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;124

Delaware, diseases of fans animals in..................................-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;188

Detmers, Dr. J. H., paper on glanders......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;257

Different breeds of hogs as affected by the disease...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;120

Diphtheria in hogs........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;143

predisposing causes............................-----�... 144

Diseased hogs butchered and packed for market...........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;104

Diseases retarded by extreme cold.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6

Disinfectants in hog disease...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;164

Examiners appointed......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

Experiments in hog disease................................19,33,49,56,66,75,93,103

Farcy, common (snbontaneons glanders)................................... 262

or external glanders................................................ 262

skin (exanthemnlous glanders)...................----------.---------....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;263

in thehinnun system............................. �......... � .�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;263

Farm animals; diseases of, in the different States......................-------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;186

total losses by disease___.............................. .-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

FUjrida. diseases of farm animals in...................................-------188,214

Germs, morbific, in hog diseases. ...............10,41,42,44,53,63,64,65,66,158,185

AsearU lumhricoidcs_________..-----.-----------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;185

Jliwilliissuis..........................10,41,42,44,53

Cystioereuraquo; celbdosa___..................�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 66

V. ZemicoUis............__...........-------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;66

Sclerostomu m deniatum......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65

Stongi/lus clongatits......................�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;63

Tricocephalus dispai....................-------nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;64

Georgia, diseases of larm animals in........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;189

Glanders, anatomical changes..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;274

catarrh..........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;278

causes and origin.............................................�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;280

cells, developed from cpltlielinm cells.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;270

connective tissue corpuscles.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;270

in the mucous membrane........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;278

chronic and acute................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;264

contagion........................-..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;284

definition.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;257

external, or farcy................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;262

literature of..............................................�-.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;269

morbid process in.............:..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;269

nasal...................................�.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;267

prevention of..........................................�.-......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;286

289

290nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INDEX.

Page.

Glanders, symptons........................................................260, 264

post-mortem Indications...................._____.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;261

pulmonal.............___........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;260

treatment of.....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;286

ulcers...................................___................___.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;279

Hog-cholera a misnomer; should he classed with exanthemata...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;165

definition.........................................._________.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;136

has all the characters of gastro-enterio fever in man...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;186

Hog disease, action of Congress invoked_________...............__________nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;164

aliectiug different breeds of hogs__.____________.........___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;120

other animals...........................9, 14, 15,100, 101,102

hlood-poisoning...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;184

can it be effectually quarantined?.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;163

causes.......................................39, 42,70,136,166,175,178

hogs eating grain left by fattening cattle__.....______.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;178

too close breeding..................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;178

character...................._____________....._____________nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;180

cleanliness..................................________.........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;118

climate and food, influence of...........________.........____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;158

clinical observations.........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;54

cohabitation of healthy hogs with sick ones....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;99

communicated by passing car and wagon loads of infected hogs..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;156

contagion.............................................9,39,99,139,165

description.....................................______._____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;20

destruction in many cases the only remedy................____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;139

diagnosis.......__________________________.._________....__nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;116

difiiculties of quarantining_____.___..____..............___..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;164

disinfectants..........................___....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;164

duration..................................................... 8,115

effectiveness of dried and frozen virus________..........6, 13, 16, 98, 99

etiology..................................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;170

experiments...............................19, 33, 49, 56, 66, 75, 98, 103

food, effect of................................................. 117,158

incubation.....................................______.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57

infection of a pig with virus from a sheep____.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;101

in Illinois.................................................... 19, 156

Indiana...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;112

Iowa..................................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;135

Missouri.............................................____.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;173

Nebraska..................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;177

North Carolina.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;123

Virginia...................................................165, 167

largely preventable by hygienic measures_______.........____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;173

majority of cases under 12 months of ago.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;106

malaria......................................___.___.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;172

modes of attack, first mode.....................___............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;179

second mode.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;180

morbific germs..........................10,41,42,44,53, 64, 65, 06, 158

more fatal in summer and fall.................._____. ....___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;0

measures of arrest, and extirpation..........................71, 139, 181

prevention............................45,121, 132, 171, 181

microscopic observations..........................._____......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;61

morbid process.............................................7,26,39,43

mycetio theory.......___....___......................___.....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;158

nature of the disease....................____................42,69,127

infectious principle..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;42

occult forms.........................___..______.............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;99

pathological conditions...................................___. 115,173

per cent, of fatal cases......................_____.........___.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;186

policy of remedial treatment..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;71

post-mortem indications.....31,33,49,55,59,103,128,142,160,170,174,184

prevalence............____..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;113

prognosis and termination___......___.................____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;25

propagation through inhalation doubtful____............____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40

recurrence of attack.... .____......___....... ._____. ........ .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;120

sanitarv regulations...........__......_____....... ....____.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;133

symptoms.....................7,8,20,22,57,60,114,126,160,169,173,179

svnonvius....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19

treatment...................................48,52,122,169,172,176,181

INDEX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;291

tage.

Hog disease, tumors.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 11,44

typhoid character........;...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;173

visits to herds infected........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;161

virus, dried or frozen, effectiveness of .,...................6,13,16,98,99

water,influence of............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;117

Hogs in health, treatment, food, and quarters...................,..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;178

losses from disease...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 6,124

Idaho, diseases of form animals In..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;190

Illinois, diseases of farm animals in........................................nbsp; 190,216

swine in................................................nbsp; nbsp; 19,156

Indiana, diseases of farm animals in........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;192:

swine in..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;112

Indian Territory, diseases of farm animals in............................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;193

Iowa, diseases of farm animals in................................--------.....nbsp; 193,2m

swine in....................________..........____......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;135

Jersey City stock-yards, plcuro-pneumonia reported in......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;240

Kansas, diseases of farm animals in______________.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;195

Kentucky, diseases of farm animals in..................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;195

Letter of Commissioner to Hon. A. S. Paddock, on pleuro-pneumonia___....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;219

Losses of farm animals by disease..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

swine by disease.............__________.....___._____..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

Louisiana, diseases of farm animals in.................................___.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 196

Maine, diseases of farm animals in..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;197

Malaria in hog disease.....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;172

Maryland, diseases of farm animals in......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;197

Massachusetts, legislation on pleuro-pneumonia___________...____.____....nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;246

Michigan, diseases offarm animals in________.._____.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;197

Minnesota^ diseases of farm animals in.................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;198

Mississippi, diseases of farm animals in.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;198

Missouri, diseases of farm animals in.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;199

swine in___..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;173

Montana, scab in sheep....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

Mycetic theory of swine disease......................____...._______.___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;158

Nasal gleet,...............................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2Igt;3

Nebraska, diseases of farm animals in......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

swine in...........................................-----nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;177

Nevada, diseases of farm animals in........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;202

New Jersey, diseases of farm animals in......__.____...... .____...__202,220,240

New Mexico, diseases of farm animals in......________________.-------.__...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;202

New York, diseases of farm animals in......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;202

City, plcuro-pneumonia in..........................___.......nbsp; 237,240

stock-yards...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;240

legislation on pleuro-pneumonia...............________........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;249

North Carolina, a strange cattle disease in___...........__...____.______nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;253

diseases of farm animals in___............_____...........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;202

swine in_____..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;123

losses of swine in...........................____..........nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;124

Ohio, diseases of farm animals in..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;204

Oregon, diseases of farm animals in........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;205

Other animals infected by hog disease...........................___9,14,15,100,156

Pennsylvania, diseases of farm animals in________...............___......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;205

Pleuro-pneumonia, affected animals should be promptly killed..............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;239

in and around New York City...........................nbsp; 237,240

certificates of soundness absurd.........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;241

circular of the Secretary of the Treasury................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;226

contagion..............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;234

correspondence of Commissioner with Secretary of the

Treasury...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;225

danger of infectina; our mJenced stock-ranges ...........nbsp; 229,238

inoculation...................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;238

trying to cure infected animals................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;239

English quot;contagious diseasesquot; act......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;232

gradual extension westward............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;228

history, nature, symptoms, and treatment...............nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;242

imported into England in 1842___......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;228

United States in 1843.....................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2^8

in Canada.............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;223

Massachusetts, legislation............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;246

New Jersey. .....................................220,221,240

292nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INDEX.

Page.

Plenro-pnenmonia in New York, governor's instructions...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;236

legislation................................nbsp; 237,249

lett er of Professor Gtutsden................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;222

the Northwest.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;224

Virginia..quot;..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;220

letter of President Liautard.............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;223

Professor Billings..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;222

Professor Law.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;226

may he carried West hy blooded cattle..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;229

measures for its extinction..............................nbsp; 230,239

must he stamped out...........,.......................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;235

post-mortem indications............_______.__.______nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;244

Professor Law's review of the disease...........;.......nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;233

rapid spread of the malady..............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;234

rules of the British Government against.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;251

sale of infected animals.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;228

the general government must act................._____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;239

the great danger of our stock interests..................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;227

vitality of the virus....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;229

Quarantining against hog diseases, difficulties of............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 164

Rinderpest, British Goverrnneraquo; t rules against...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 164

letter to the Commissioner from Professor Gadsden_____________nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;255

Sclerostomnm dentatum.....................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;65

Secretary of the Treasury, corresyiondence of Commissioner with......_____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;225

circular of......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 226

Selling diseased animals...................................................nbsp; nbsp;156,228

Sheep disease in Montana..................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

Washington...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 210

South Carolina, diseases of farm animals in.................................nbsp; 205,218

Sfronpylus elongatus.......................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;63

Tennessee, diseases of farm animals in......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;206

Texas, diseases of farm animals in..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;207

Tricocephalusdispai.........................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;64

Typhoid fever in hogs, definition...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 140

morbid anatomy....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 142

symptoms......___.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 141

Typhus fever in hogs, cause...............................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 140

definition...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 138

duration...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 139

incubation........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 140

pathological lesions.................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 139

symptoms..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 138

treatment____.................___.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 153

Utah, diseases of farm animals in..........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 208

Vermont, diseases of farm animals in.......................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;208

Virginia, diseases of farm animals in....................................209,219,220

swine in...............................................nbsp; 165,167

Virus, continued vitality of virulent products of swine disease. 13,10,66,98,99,101,158,

229

easy destruction of swine infection by putrefaction...................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;67

Washington Territory, diseases of farm animals in..........................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;210

West Virginia, diseases of farm animals in..................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;210

Wisconsin, diseases of farm animals in.....................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;211

Wyoming, diseases of farm animals in......raquo;...............................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;211

2te3



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SPECIAL REPORT�No. 12.

	INVESTIOATION

OF

DISEASES OF SWINE,

AXD

INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGHOIJS DISEASES

INCIDENT TO

OTHER CLASSES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. #9632;'#9632;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .�#9632;-'' WASHINGTON: GOVKBNMENT PRINTING OFVIOE.* 1879.		\



	FORTY-SIXTPI CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION. Resolved htj the Home of Hcprescnlatives (the Senate concurring tlicrem), Tliat there be printed 100,000 copies of Special Report No. 12 of tlie Commissioner of Agriculture, contaiuing tlio reports of the examiners appointed to investigate the diseases of swinp and contagious and infectious diseases incident to other classes of domesticated animals, of which 70,000 copies shall bo printed for the use of members of the House, 25,000 for the use of memhers of the Senate, and 5,000 copies for the use of the Commissioner of Agriculture.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2



	TABLE OF CONTENTS.

	luvesUga�on of Swine-Plague�latroduutory................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5 Report of Dr. Detmers...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;19 Report of Dr. Law.................................................____nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 56 Report of Dr. Voyles..................................................�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ug Report of Dr. Salmon...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;123 Report of Dr. Dunlap...................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;135 Report of Dr. Dyer............._........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;156 Report of Dr. Payne.................................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;1^5 Report of Dr. McNutt...............................................___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;173 Report of Dr. Hines________...........................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;177 Correspondence showing the prevalence of diseases amoug domeaticated ani�mals......................................................................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;186 Correspondence relating to the more common diseases aiTteting farm. !-.nima.ls..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;211 Pleuro-pneumonia or contagions lung fever of cattle_______..............___nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ai9 A strange disease among cattle in North Carolina........___.................nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;253 Binderpest, or Cattle Plague.........____...___.................... ..____.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;255 Glanderraquo;....._.. ...�. ._ �.. ..,. .,_M .,.. ,.,. .,,. �� ........ .___...__.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;257 3


	^

	INVESTIGATION OP SWINE PLAGUE.

	' INTEODUCTOEY. Congress having previously appropriated the smn of $10,000 for de�fraying the expenses of a commission to investigate and determine the causes producing, and, if possible, discover remedies for, some of the more contagious and destructive diseases incident to domesticated ani�mals, early in August last the Commissioner of Agriculture appointed examiners in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and North Carolina, to conduct such investigation. Still later in the season, on receiving information that not only diseases among swine were prevailing to an alarming extent in Virginia, but that a fatal disease resembling pleuro-pneumonia or contagious lung fever was de�stroying a good many valuable dairy cattle in some localities of that State, an additional examiner was appointed and instructed to investi�gate and report upon all the facts connected with the condition of both classes of animals in the infected districts of this State. In the preliminary report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1877, on the suhject of diseases of domesticated animals, a tabular state�ment gives the total value of farm animals lost in the United States during that year, principally from infectious and contagious diseases, at $16,653,428. These losses were based upon as accurate returns as could be obtained in the absence of an absolute census, but as they included data from but eleven hundred and twenty-five counties (about one-half the whole number of counties in the United States), the above sum falls far below the aggregate losses for that year. About two-thirds of this sum was occasioned by the loss of swine by diseases presumed to be of an infectious and contagious character. Notwithstanding these maladies had their origin near a quarter of a century ago, and had rap�idly spread from one State and one county to another, there was great diversity of opinion as to their contagious or non-contagious character. Many intelligent farmers and stock-growers insisted that they were not transmissible from one animal to another, while perhaps equally as large a number contended that the diseases were of a highly infectious and contagious nature. As this was regarded as one among the most important facts to be determined by the investigation, two of the exam�iners devoted most of their time to experiments looking to a solution of this problem. As the number and value of the annual losses among swine were much heavier than among all other classes of domesticated animals com- 6



	KSTVESTIG-ATION OF SWINE-PLAGUE.

	EBPOET OF DE. H. J. DETMEES, Y. S. Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc, Commissioner of Agriouliure ; Sie : Having been appointed by you as one of the inspectors to make an investigation of the diseases prevailing among swine, I forwarded to 3^rou my written acceptance, immediately after 1 received my apxraquo;oint-ment, on July 29,1878, and took at once the necessary steps to obtain reliable information as to the localities where the disease of swine, known to the farmers as quot;hog-cholera,quot; was at that time prevailing. I made also such other preparations as 1 deemed necessary to successful investigation, and provided myself with a good Hartnack microscope, divers chemicals and medicines, a clinical tlicrmometer, amp;c. Among all the places and localities at which the disease, as reported, was very frequent, I selected Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois, as afford�ing the greatest facilities for the intended investigation, or the most suitable basis for ray operations, and repaired to that place on the second day of August. I found what I expected, i. e., numerous cases of disease in the vicinity of Champaign and IJrbana, and offers of assist�ance by F. W. Prentice, M. D., and M. E. C. V. S., who is lecturer on vet�erinary science in the Illinois Industrial University at Urbana, and of Prof. T. J. Burrill, M. A., who is professor of botany and microscopist in the same institution. Hr. Prentice had even the Madness of offering to me, for experimental purposes, the free use of his veterinary infirmary buildings. That offer, of course, was accepted. Besides that, Dr. Prentice, who is a very able and well-educated veterinary surgeon, has assisted mc otherwise very essentially in my work, and took charge of my ex�perimental animals whenever I was obliged to be absent for a short time. I am, therefore, very much indebted to him for his valuable help and kind assistance. Professor Burrill has assisted me in my microscop�ical examinatiens. Arrived at Champaign I made my plans as to the manner in which to proceed with my investigation. Ejiowing that an enemy can only be conquered by being well known, I determined to ascertain first the real nature of the disease I had to deal with. That accomplished, I pro�posed to direct my attention exclusively to investigating and ascertain�ing the causes, reasoning that, if the causes are known, it cannot be very di�icult to devise proper and efficient means of prevention, and, perhaps, remedies that w�l effect a cure. At any rate, a knowledge of the causes of a disease affords not only a sound, but in fact the only basis of successful prevention and rational treatment. This plan I have executed as far as circmnstances and the time granted have permitted me to do. In order to become thorougl�y acquainted with the nature of the so-called quot;hog-cholera,quot; or more appropriately quot;swi ie-plague,quot; cailed also typhoid, pig-typhoid, enteric fever, pneumo-entciic fever, hog or swine disease, amp;c., I have made during the time from August 2nd to 10



	SWINE FEVER. Kepoii C'onunissioner of Agncultwc for 1878.		Plale 11.





	�



	SWINE KKVKH. Kepojn Comimssioner of AAacidtitrr Cor 1878		Plate 11.



	EnlargeflSHctionof ri�lil lims'orcxpenrmieiila] \|gt;l^ XoA'II



SWINE KKVKH tlepori Couunissioner of Agi-iculture for 1878.			Plate IV.



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	agi wit a c	#9632;,,,#9632;.,,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .,#9632;#9632;:,��.�#9632; #9632; . : #9632; #9632; � , #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;� ' #9632; -. #9632;#9632;#9632; 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; : #9632; ' : #9632; : #9632; #9632; 'i not, 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;#9632; ' #9632; -#9632;:#9632;#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; ivem-

	sel otb to It-th( ne; . . � . .#9632;#9632;#9632;-:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; Ivaage . , .. #9632; denbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- Pi ,#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; \| onlaquo; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; to #9632; � ' ' :nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' #9632; *#9632;#9632;'#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;* #9632;;:#9632;'�#9632;#9632;'#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; #9632; ^: ov . ,�#9632;#9632; mnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'�:#9632;#9632;. ; ft -/.. I ,- #9632; '#9632;. . #9632; #9632; � n , . ., #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632; #9632;' B. #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632; #9632; . #9632; ^: , #9632; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �..#9632;,:#9632; Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;'''' anbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . .�,#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,;#9632;.#9632;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -. #9632; : t #9632;.#9632;:#9632;�#9632;-#9632;.** � another, e:nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; #9632; #9632; ' ..#9632;#9632;#9632;.�.;�#9632;-.: -Ang ^: ]; . .-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;� #9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^: ( �,#9632;,;.;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.�#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' #9632;. . ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; . :#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632;,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632;.�:.,,#9632;:#9632;.,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;#9632; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^: #9632; ' #9632;.,#9632;#9632;#9632;�#9632;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'#9632; #9632; ' #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . .. #9632; . #9632; . #9632; #9632; #9632; .



	Report Commissioner of Agriculture for 1878.	Plate V.



	.VHomK CoLiIhncanntir BalUmurt* Tlcerous Unnors on mucotis merabraiie of intestines, showing concavity in center.



	BWIXK KKVKR. Report Commissioner of Agi'ii ullurc foe 1878.	Plate Mil.


	A.lliraquo;'IifHtgt;ljtlun-JHtMlr iJiillmiori'. Dlcerous tumors on mucous menibfraneof ili^ stomach..



	**4deg;***



	1



	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2912 606 1











	4-*



	56 DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. I inteuiled to make further experiments, by inoculating healthy animals'with bloodraquo; Herum or pulmonal exudations, freed from h�cilli and bacillus-germs by repeated iil-trations and with cultivated bacilli, but the time left me (sixteen days) was not suffi�cient to obtain reliable results. Besides, it appeared to be desirable to use the pigs I had on hand for the purpose of testing the vitality of the infectious principle in such a way as would give the test a direct practical value. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. J. DETMERS, F. S. Chicago, III., December 1, 1878.

	REPORT OP DR. JAMES LAW. Hon. Wm. Gr. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture: Sir : I have the honor to submit the folloAmg report of experiments and observations on the prevailing fever in hogs. As yon are already aware, my attention has been directed mainly to the pathology of the disease, the nature and vitality of the virus, and its behavior when treated by different disinfectants. Distant as Ithaca was from all infected districts, and seeing it was impossible here to ex�periment on large herds of diseased and exposed swine, it seemed preferable to leave to others all essays of treatment and prevention of the illness by the use of disinfectants and other sanitary measures. This isolated and noninfected locality offered special advantages for conduct�ing that class of observations which I aimed at, as there was no danger of accidental infection from other sources than the experimental pens. At the same time the number of animals subjected to experiment was limited by the necessity for the most perfect isolation of the healthy and diseased, for the employment of separate attendants for each, and for the disinfection of instruments used for scientific observations, and of the persons and clothes of those who conducted these. The experimental pens were constructed in a high open field, with nothing to impede the free circulation of air; they were large and roomy, with abundant ventilation from back and front, with perfectly close walls, floors^ and roofs, and in cases where two or more existed in the same building the intervening walls were constructed of a double thickness of matched boards with building pasteboard between, so that no com�munication could possibly take place excepting through the open air of the field. When it seemed needful disinfectants were placed at the ven�tilating orifices. On the pigs showing the first signs of illness, infected pigs were promptly turned over to the care of attendants delegated for these alone, and the food utensils, amp;c., for the healthy and diseased were kept most carefully apart. When passing from one to the other for scientific observations, the healthy were first attended, and afterward the diseased, as far as possible in the order of severity. Then disinfection was resorted to, and no visit was paid to the healthy pigs until after the lapse of six or eight hours, with free exposure in the interval. In the pens the most scrupulous cleanliness was maintained and deodorizing agents used so as to keep them perfectly sweet. I may be allowed to add that I have received most valuable assistance from two of my students, Messrs. A. M. Farrington and A. G. Boyer, in conducting the daily observations_; as well as in making post mortem examinations, and in the examination of diseased products.



	SWINK IKVKH Report ('(gt;Ilunis.si(raquo;lu#9632;l#9632; {gt;!'Aoricull hit for 187S.	I'l.ilc IX



	Ki.il. Microscopic seclion Lhtoudli skin and slouoli



	Pi�2. XiicrdsccpH-sort ion oC skin in purple spot.

	All.i..I,S lnI.Ul\|i..-;.il-l\|, ll.illlm.ilT



	DISEASES OP SWINE AKD OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 63 of siinilar rounded cells (Klein's giant cells), granular matter, and clumps of granular bacteria. In one instance the Tvind-pipe from larynx to lung had its superior wall covered by a yellowish-white diptheritic-looking layer similar to that which I found on another occasion throughout nearly the whole large intestine. A section of this under the microscope showed mainly small rounded granular cells, Klein's large granular uniocular cells, and clus�ters of the granular masses of bacteria, staining deeply with hsema-toxylon. The liver sometimes showed congestion and blocking of its intralobular capillaries and an escape of small rounded granular cells (lymph) into the interlobular spaces, the latter affording a marked con�trast to the redness in the center of the acini. Kidneys.�These were, with one exception, pale in their cortical por�tion, and a cloudy swelling existed in the walls of the tubules. Spots of blood-staining were common on the papillae, and at those points the capillaries were blocked by coagula to a greater or less extent. Blood.�In most cases no alteration of the blood was detected. In one pig, however, on the second day before death, the blood swarmed with bacteria, showing very active movements. In the subjoined draw�ings (Plate XIII, Fig. 3) may be seen the various forms presented by one bacterium in a few minutes only. The blood of another pig, which had been inoculated from this one showed the same living germs in equal quantity. They were further found in the blood of a rabbit and sheep inoculated from the first-mentioned pig. In an abscess of a puppy which had also been inoculated the germs were abundant. The blood was not examined. In the blood of healthy pigs no such organisms were found. It may be added that the greatest precautions were taken to avoid the introduction of extraneous germs. The caustic potass em�ployed was first fused, then placed with reboiled distilled water in a stoppered bottle that had been heated to a red heat. The glass slides and cover glasses were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal cleaned and incised with a knife that had just been heated in the flame of a lamp, the caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion lens were reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass rods employed to lift the latter were superheated before being dipped in them. On different occasions when the animal was being killed I even received the blood from the flowing vessels beneath the skin into a cap�illary tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame of a lamp. With these precautions it might have been possible for one or two bacteria to get in from the atmosphere, but not for the swarms I found as soon as the blood was placed under the microscope.

	PAKASITIC WOEMS. In view of the fact that the swine-fever has been repeatedly ascribed to the ravages of worms, it may be well to notice specially those that were found in the pigs subjected to experiment. Strongylus elongatus (Dry.), Paradoxus (Mehlis), Lung-tcorm.�The first eight pigs were purchased of a butcher, and had been fed on offal from his slaughter-honse. The lungs of all these contained these worms in numbers varying from ten to forty full-grown specimens^ and one pig died, apparently from this cause, on the seventh day. The vrorms were mostly found in the terminal part of the main bronch Lum in the posterior lobe of one or both lungs. Others of the air-tubes were, however, occasional!}' infested. The infested tubes were tilled with a glairy mucus, rendering them totally impervious to air, and containing the



	SWIINE l^l^VlOH.

	Report Commissioiu'r of Aoi'icullurf Cor 187ft.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Plate XIII. l^-'(iniis nssiniied in rapid succossion by baotenum.) also lioad and tail of liuit! worm.

	Q
			*Pitf. 3. Fonua assumed in ivipiil HtlcoeBMiam by h baclrmini from Ehe Hood of a sirk pitraquo;. xIOOO**
	Pig. -t. Read of Lund Wbr Strcmdylua Elontifatua.


	.VHomftraUOmnuiiilir Bahui

	i.



	SWTNE FKVKR. Repoit ( onimissioiifiquot; of Agriculture for 1878.	Plalo XT.

	i MlRSM^


	Nficroscqpic section ol'lung' with, exudate lillni(gt; llie air cells. and tT�clcerrin� the Hlvcolarwalls.



	Microscopic section of congested gut, showing villi willi excess oruivmulariiiaHer, stained m haema-toxylon Detached roundcells.

	.\.l\|c,.-ll)Higt;I.\|t\|raquo;ll-..₁lsl\|..K.illlllir.lv



	SWIXK FKVKW. Repon Coumiissioiier orAdrij-iiltitrc I'or 1878.	Plate Ml.



	M�ci'osropic raquo;pclion of hing, sIidwhic' UiifkcTietl walls of nir-cells; blocked vessels; exuclale into rell-walls. iuul a few of Ihe colls.



	Mici-ostopir selt;lioii from ear, showing carlilage and raquo;kin wiili Inoken sniface, and rnist-eivlausjlinsi brisUes.

	A.Hoeli(('iiliaiariiilsllr li.,llii



	SWIXK KKVKW Hf^pori ('omimssiDiuM' of A�ricull lire lor 1878.	Plate XII.



	Micvosropic SPi-lioti of lung, silmw�ig Uiickenpd walls of air-cells: blocked vessels; cxmlali- into ci-ll-walls, and a li-w of Hie cells.



	Microscopic seel ion ft'oni ear, slioivintf cartilage and raquo;kin vritli lnoki-n surface, and cmst-entan�lin� brisLles.

	A t!.gt;.iiR-raquo; iditliocaiwtir Ballimorc



70	DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. raquo; EXPEBIMENT No. 2.

White male pig, eight weekraquo; old, umallcst of litter. Formerly fed offal at a slavghtcr-house.

Dato.			] Temporatiire 1 of body.	IZemarks.

Sept. 30 Oct. 1 1 n 8 S fi 7 8	Sp.ra....... 0 a. m....... Cp.m-------- 9.30 a. m___ ....do....... 4 p. in....... rgt;p. m....... 11nbsp;a. m...... 12nbsp;noon..... 11nbsp; a. m...... 5p.m....... 10 a. m...... 4 p. iraquo;....... 12nbsp;noon____ 4p,m....... 10 a. m...... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... 9.30 a. m___ 2p.in....... 9a. m.,____ 10 a. m...... 9a. in....... ...do....... 9.30 a. m___ 10 a. m...... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do....... ...do.......		104. ⁰ F. 1(13.24 102. 5 102. 1(11. 102. 101. 100. 75 102.	Uns just come one mile in a wagon.
Sept. 30 Oct. 1 1 n 8 S fi 7 8				Bowels quite loose; rain. Inoculated from quill dipped in liquids of diseased lunffs forty- eight lionrs ago in New Jersey; quill treated witb chloride of zinc before inoculating.
!) 10 11 12 IS 14 ir, J6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 20 30 31 Nov. 1 3			101. 103. 25 101.nbsp;5 105. 25 102.nbsp;75 104. 102.5 102.5 104. 102. 5 103.3 103. 102. 102.5 102.75 103. 101. 102. 75 101. 102.25 '103. 100.5 102.nbsp;5 101.75 101.25 102. 101. 100. 5 103. 100.9 100.5 103.nbsp;5 102.9 103. 102.5 102.2 102.8 102. 5 102. 100.nbsp;5 103. 1(12. 102. 101.nbsp;75 100. 5 1(10. 5 ilT. 5 98.	Scouring! placed in pen witli semi-pntrid ulcerated intestine and manure of diseased pig.
				Inoculated with quill charged with liquid from longs of pigs having no bowel lesions; sent from Indiana.
				Pining; gets lighter daily. #9632;Wasting, but lively.
...do...		______I		Pining; gets lighter daily. #9632;Wasting, but lively.
...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do...				Very'weak and exhausted;-surface cold; breathing slow imd rattling; left its bed, but was unable to pet back without as�sistance. An hour later breathing seemed to have ceased, but when removed for dissection it returned in a gasping manner; liilled hv bleeding.

Post-mortem examination.�Skin: Pale, bloodless, withered, and inelastic, covered almost universally with black concretions or unhealthy-lookinj; and thick, dirty, white scurf. Snout beneath the nostrils bine, but not ecchymosed. Digestivlaquo; organs: Tongue healthy ; beneath the right tonsil is a considerable collec�tion of dirty, grayish-yellow, cheesy matter, consisting of jius-cells and much granular matter. Stomaeh: Moderately foil, contents fetid and slightly acid, fmnly adherent to the mucous membrane, and bringing otf part of the epithelium when detached. The mn-



DISEASSS OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.						93

5P 5-a

9 ^ - laquo; ^ = II �I 1^11 sect;1'laquo;siai

*S '' .?; 'T? s s**

J� c SSeS



		laquo;a - ^s laquo;sect;,S � ? a g
		laquo;a - ^s laquo;sect;,S � ? a g			5 s �



		SSS 03		laquo; _� M �

Slt;�	g ijas-ro.

			1J s'-si raquo;sill
			1J s'-si raquo;sill
.SS.3 .5



iC'� ^quot;5 S^r-quot;'^ ⁰ ^ ^



SWIXK ITEVER Report Commissionei' of A�riculluvlaquo;* IVraquo;-1M7H.		Plale XV.



Fid. 1. Microscopic section of diseased liver in quot;Horf Cholera.quot;	(�'id. 2. Microscopic scclionoriimg in catai'rhal pnexunonia



KiV.3. Microscopic section of intestine in quot; hoo-cholrra.quot; showing healtKv condition.

\ Htmxi raljlh.....UMlir Bnltimr



	DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;123 disclose. quot;We must say that in tin's matter we were not influenced by a strict regard to the observance of a liigb-toned professional code of medical ethics, bnt entirely from a sense of the proper discharge of a public duty. The sick herd of Mr. Quinn, previously alluded to, was tafeen as one offering a fair opportunity for treatment. The sick animals were all in the formative stage of the disease, and surrounding circum�stances seemed favorable to their cure. They were confined to proper limits, in a pen well situated as to health and comfort, and were given a dose of purgative medicine as a starting point, consisting of Glauber salts. It was observed by all with whom we conversed that a larger per cent, of recoveries occurred from among those animals that at the com�mencement of the disease had vomiting and diarrhea than from others. The dry and hard condition of the fecal matter found in the aniflaals dis�sected leads to the belief that purgatives at the commencement of disease would always be a judicious course. Bromide of ammonia was then given in solution in doses of 30 grains every six hours. This remedy we tested at the suggestion of the Agricultural Department, at the instance of a gentleman who insisted that inasmuch as it exerted a salutary effect in the disease of cholera as affecting the human subject, it might prove equally beneficial in such disease in swine. So it might, but we did not find that an analogous disease, and therefore the remedy having no properties calculated to meet the character of the disease that ice did find, proved of no practical benefit in its treatment, the animals dying in about the same proportion as when not subjected to any plan of treat�ment, but left entirely to themselves. Mr. Stadda's herd, in the same county, was subjected to the same plan of treatment with the same re-si�ts. The herd of Mr. Thomas, in Harrison county, was treated under our direction by giving a mild purgative at the commencement of the disease, and during the acute inflammatory state of the complaint ad�ministered antimonials as a sedative to the circulation, and in the sec�ond stage tonics and nutritious food of milk, mill-feed, and vegetables, but the per cent, of deaths remained much the same as when not treated. Other isolated cases occurred under ci. umstances where extra care and effort was made in trying to elieet a cure by several different lines of treatment, but candor compels the admission that as far as relates to the discovery of any plan of treatment proving sufficiently efficient to enti�tle it to respectable consideration, our efforts were without good results. And, lest our speculations and theories as to the proper line of treatment may be wrong, and present further obstacles in the way of the discovery of a successful remedy, we will refrain from giving them, preferring to present such points only as we fully believe will be of practical value. I remain, verv respectfullv, your obedient servant, D. W. YOYLES, M. D. Kew Albany, Ind., November 23,1S7S.

	EEPOET OF D. E. SALMON, Y. S. Hon. William G-. Le Due, Commissioner of Agrieidture: Sir : In my investigations of the contagious hog-fever as it exists in North Carolina, it has been my endeavor to decide those points which it was indispensable for me to know before adopting preventive meas-nres, rather than others which might be equally interesting from a scien�tific standpoint. What is the percentage of loss from swine disease in



	DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 131 was carried there by the droves. Indeed, I have found but one opinion among those best informed on this matter, and that is, that the disease was never known in this section till introduced by animals driven from Western States; and in some sections of this State, a part of Ala-mance county for instance, the disease never existed till the present year. Judging from all these facts, therefore, we camiot escape the conclu�sions that this disease is a contagious fever. In this connection there is one more question that is generally raised by those discussing the nature of this fever, and that is, does the disease always originate from pre-existing contagious germs, or is it often or generally developed de novo as a result of improper hygienic surround�ings 1 In the consideration of this question I shall confine myself to the facts brought out by the investigation in this State, simply premising that most of these facts are as true of the Middle States and proba�bly of most of the Southern States as of North Carolina. The first point that attracts attention is the fact that this State was free from the disease till about 1859, certainly till it was introduced by droves from other States, whatever the date may be; hogs had been- kept in this State from the time of its first settlement undoubtedly under similar hygienic conditions, and yet the disease had not appeared up to that time, when it was brought by imported animals, Just as England was free from contagious pleuro-pneumonia up to 1842, when it was imported with animals from the Continent. It is claimed that in the west the dis�ease is produced by overcrowding and filth, but I doubt if these animals are crowded any more now than forty years ago; indeed, I was sur�prised at the results of my investigations on this point, for, in all the time I have been visiting infected localities, I have not found a case of overcrowding, and not more than two or three where there was any�thing like filthy surroundings. In the western part of the State most of the hogs are kept in the large mountain forests, or are at least allowed the run of the highways and commons; in the east they either run in the highways and old fields or have ample pastures. If it originates from restricted range and unheathful climatic conditions, it is certainly in the east that we should expect to hear of its originating and proving most disastrous; but it was known in the mountains as early as in the other parts of the State. And if we examine the list of counties which I have given above, we shall find it as fatal in the elevated and heathful west, with its immense mountain ranges, as in the malarious east. I append some conspicuous examples of this:

	*JUiss in eastern cmmtieraquo;.* Per cent. Camden........................... 38 Lenoir........................------- 24 Eobeson......................�.. 14 Hyde.............................. 10}	Loss m western counties. Per cent. McDoweU......................... 37 Buncombo......................... 25} Mitchell........................... 15} Clierokee.......................... 10}

	We find here, then, just as large losses in the west as in the cast, and just as small ones in the east as in the west; in other words, the quot;disease rages irrespective of these climatic and hygienic extremes; and this becomes still plainer when we add that in Swaananoa township of Buncombe county the loss reached GO per cent. Of course, at the present time, as with all contagious diseases which have existed for several years in a country, there are some outbreaks which it is impossible to trace to their source; and it seems probable that the contagion may be preserved over winter in manure, straw, litter, or in the remains of unburied animals which died the preceding year. There are some outbreaks that cannot well be explained otherwise, and, indeed, there is no reason to doubt that this maybe the case; ci ntagious



	DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 135

	EEPOET OP DE. ALBEET DUNXAP. Hon. quot;Wai. G. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture: SiB: On the last day of July, 1878,1 received from you a quot;commission to act for the Department of Agriculture in the examination of diseased animals,quot; accompanied -with printed instructions directing me to par�ticularly examine into causes of the disease known as quot;hog cholera.quot; I interpreted my instructions as follows: Find out what disease or dis�eases are destroying the swine and the symptoms of the same; the causes, both predisposing and exciting; the sitage of incubation, morbid anat�omy, amp;c., and to discover how far attention to hygienic care will prevent the spread of the disease in infected herds and its inception in healthy droves; and in addition to test the value of various medicinal remedies for curing the sick and preventing the spread of the disease. Eecog-nizing the primal fact that the hog is an animal of short life, low vitality, and of comparatively little pecuniary value, singly, as compared with other domestic animals, and that they are kept in large droves by most Western farmers, I considered it of little profit to attempt to meet each special symptom with its appropriate remedy; but rather, after having folly diagnosed the disease or diseases, their nature, causes and lesions, and the predisposing causes which had assisted in the spread of the same, to try and devise a system of treatment, both hygienic and medici�nal, which could be used in'the treatment of large droves already infected, and reduce the liability of healthy droves contracting the disease. I do not claim for this report any degree of perfection. The limited time allowed only permitted the examination of the disease under certain climatic influences, and not through the various seasons of the year. I am, therefore, only able to report on the diseases which came directly under my own observation in this State (Iowa) during the two months of investigation, briefly referring to cases of diphtheria which I careftdly observed last winter, and of which I have seen no cases during this inves�tigation. The medical literature upon the subject of the diseases of swine was very limited, and I could find no strictly scientific work treating upon the topic. I was, therefore, forced to fall back upon my knowledge of the diseases of man as a foundation, and after having fully examined the symptoms and morbid lesions in a series of cases selected out of an infected drove, I compared those symptoms and lesions, with like symp�toms and lesions found in man, and thus arrived, I think, at correct con�clusions as to the proper name of the diseases under consideration. I was thus materially assisted in tracing out both the predisposing and exciting causes of these ailments. To the casual observer it may seem absurd to form conclusions in regard to diseases of swine from a previous knowledge of the diseases of man, but when we consider that the hog resembles his two-footed brother in many respects, has a similar alimen�tary canal, like viscera, the same system of blood-vessels and nervous structure, is also omnivorous, and that the diseases under consideration are caused by specific blood poisons, which act in like manner on man and brute through the process of inflammation, we can but conclude that if we find a set of certain classified symptoms in a hog with a distinctly marked uniform set of pathological lesions, and a similar set of symptoms in man with like morbid lesions, that these two are one and the same disease, and should bear the same title, especially when we can trace the cause ^n both cases to the same exciting agent. 1 have been forced



	156nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. had appeared in Ms drove; and, further, that he lost no hogs for some weeks after selling those to the colony.quot; It may have been that these hogs Lad the poison germ in their system before starting from home, and might have succeeded in throwing off the poison if they had been re�tained at home; but worry, fatigue, and confinement during excessively hot weather, in a close box in a tight car, was enough of itself to reduce the animal vitality to a low ebb, and give the most favorahle encourage�ment for the disease. Eespectfully submitted. ALBERT DUNLAP, M. D. Iowa City, Iowa, December 3,1878.

	EEPOET OF EEUBBK F. DYEE, M. D. Hon. William G. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture: Sir: Having been appointed by you to investigate the diseases of swine in this locality, I entered upon that duty August 1st, which duty was to extend over a period of two months. Having performed that duty to the best of my ability, I now proceed to make a detailed report of my investigations. Having carefully noted the origin and spread of the epidemic among swine in this county, which first made its appearance on the farm of Mr. William O'Mera in May, 1877, the report I am now to make will commence at the time when, from that starting point, the disease has become quite universal in this locality. In order to thoroughly understand the cause of the disease, I will commence at Mr. O'Mera's farm. He is situated on the bottom-lands of the Illinois Eiver, close to the bluff, which rises some 60 or 70 feet. His hog-yard, which comprises about one acre, is close to the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific Eailroad, so that his herd was exposed to any conta�gion that might be transmitted by moving stock-trains. An instance of this kind occurred in the case of Mr. A. Holderman's herd, which was attacked about one month ago. There was no diseased herd within sev�eral miles of his place, but the same railroad passes through his farm. The same condition is seen again in this town near the stock-yards of this railroad. Pigs confined in pens near the stock-yards have been infected in the same manner. Also on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Eail�road, where the railroad crosses the niinois and Michigan Canal, a Mr. Loudergrau had some pigs confined in a pen close to the railroad. The trains stopped directly opposite his pen to take in water, and his pigs became diseased. As it is a well-known fact that these roads have been shipping diseased hogs, it appears quite evident that these points be�came infected by disease transmitted by the railroads, and also by wag�ons transporting hogs to market. Owners of hogs, as soon as the disease attack their herds, and some�times' before, sell all fat animals, hauhng them to market in wagons. All along the road thus traveled herds will take the disease, and it is probable that the herd so attacked is infected by hogs thus transported. This is evidenced in the manner in which it is distributed, as one herd will take it. and then it may pass two or three farms before another one is infected,'and this peculiarity of attack is only observed on roads over which diseased as well as dead hogs are hauled. When not carried in



	DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 165 sale of them by owners, or the killing of all animals that have been ex�posed to the disease, must be enacted as will eflectually put a stop to the spread of it over this country. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, EEHBEN F. DYEK, M. D. Ottawa, III., October 1,1878.

	REPORT OP DR. ALBAN S. PAYNE. Hon. Wm. G. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture: Sie : My description of this disease (so-called hog-cholera) -will be con�fined to its history as it invaded that beautiful section of country lying between the Blue Ridge and the Catoctin chain of mountains, in Vir�ginia, during the summers of 1869-'77-'78. GENERAL CONSIDEKATIOKS ON CONTAGION. Before speaking of the endemic and epidemic disease under considera�tion, generally known as hog-cholera, although a palpable misnomer, I will offer a few remarks upon the subject of contagion. This is always a question of paramount importance, not only to the investigator of dis�eases, but to the people at large. One great difficulty in arriving at a definite conclusion as to the contagion or non-contagion of a disease, I am persuaded, arises from the too great latitude given to the definition of the word contagion by the older and more systematic writers. In the sense in which this term is used at the present time it strikes my mind as being too vague and indefinite. The same objection may be urged against the term infection. For if you mean to signify by the term contagion a disease that transmits disease from one subject to another by direct contact, without the assistance of any susceptibihty or predisposing cause on the part of the patient, I should then contend that very few epidemic or endemic diseases were so, strictly speaking. But if you mean by contagion to signify a disease from which exhalations or emanations may arise during its progress, capable of exciting a similar disease in those exposed to the influence of the noxious exhalations, or rather deoxygenizing emanations, then I will say that most of these epidemic and endemic diseases to which man and the domesticated animals are equally liable are more or less conta�gious. For here you have an exciting cause furnished by a foul deoxy-genized atmosphere and a predisposing cause furnished by a weakened, impoverished system from improper food, bad water, or from the want of proper protection from inclement weather, or from sudden climatic alternations, causes sufficient of themselves, under certain circumstances (which we call epidemic influences), to produce disease in man or domes�tic animals. Infection is as unfortunate and indefinite a term; nor are the terms quot;specificquot; contagion and quot;contingentquot; contagion, as defined at the present day, by any means explicit. In my humble opin�ion fevers are a unit, varied in their character by surrounding circum�stances ; that is, in a temperate climate a remittent bilious fever becomes yellow fever in a hot climate when the temperature of the atmosphere is at its acme of power. The theories of ozone, quot; disease germs,quot; micro-cocci, amp;c., are very plausible in theory, but they have yet to be proven.



	DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHEB ANIMALS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;201

	MONTANA. TEMUTOKV. Lewis and Clarice County.�Stock of all kinds in this county are comparatively liealtliy. A few sheep introduced from Oregon show the scab to some extent. XEBRASKA. Cass County.�The only diseases among farm animals in this county are confined to swine. The losses are not very heavy. Cedar.�Many cattle die in this county during the month of November from a disease contracted by feeding on corn-stalks, but the disease does not seem to be infectious or contagious. Clay.�Deaths frequently occur among horses from colic, fevers, and Inflammatory affections. Cattle are affected with murrain and black-leg. There is no cholera at present among hogs, but there has been a loss of about 600 head of sheep in the county during the past year from diseases incident to this class of stock. Many fowls, espe�cially young chicks, die of roupe and gapes. OMminj.�-There are a few cases of epizootic and distemper among horses, but the diseases are of a mild type, and but few animals have been lost. Black-leg is about the only malady among cattle. Hog-cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every year. Dakota.�From ten to fifty head of horses annually die in this county, supposed to be from the effects of alkali. About one hundred yearling calves die annually of a disease called black-leg. We occasionally lose hogs by cholera, but the disease is not prevalent this year. Fowls also frequently die of cholera. Fumas.�We have a new disease among cattle here that has killed a great many In the past two weeks. They are attacked hy a twitching and jerking of the nerves of the whole body, bloat a little, are in great pain and agony, and die within from six to fifteen hours. I examined four animals to-day, and found two with the galls bursted, another very large, and a fourth blood-shotten. The cattle thus attacked have been running in corn-fields after the com had been harvested. The disease is new to us, and we do not understand it. Greeley.�A good many horses die annually in this county, but in almost every case the loss can be traced to exposure and ill treatment. Knox.�Black-leg prevails extensively among calves and is very fatal. There are no diseases prevalent among other classes of farm animals. Merrick.�But little disease prevails among domesticated animals in this county. Perhaps sect;3,000 or $4,000 will cover the annual losses for all classes. Xuckolls.�A very bad distemper prevails among horses in this county. There is also prevalent a m�d form of epizootic which few horses escape. Cholera also pre�vails among hogs. Pavmee.�Cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent among hogs in this county dur�ing the past season, and the losses, in value, will exceed \|10,000. Platte.�Young cattle frequently die within a few hours after being attacked with a disease supposed to be caused by eating smut found on the stalks of com. A good many hogs have died from that pest of the farmer, the cholera, but at present the disease seems to be confined to one locality in the county. Red Willow.�While this is a remarkably healthy climate for farm stock, a good many cattle and sheep annually die from diseases incident to these animals. Richardson.�The disease commonly known as cholera has carried off a great many hogs in this locality during the past season. Saline.�This is a new county, and what few farm animals we have are in a very healthy condition. Sarpy.�Black- leg is quite prevalent and destructive among calves. There seems to be more cases this fall than usual. Hogs are afiected with a lung disease, which made its appearance here last year. The disease is chiefly confined to pigs from three to six months old. At least 10 per cent, of those attacked die. Saunders.�The only diseases prevalent among horses are glanders and distemper, or qidnsy. Some six head of horses have died of these diseases. The increase in the pro�duction of hogs is 7,543. Of this number 33 per cent, were affected with cholera, and one-third of them died. The only disease among sheep is foot-rot. Valley.�This is a new county, and what little stock we have is healthy, and free from all infectious and contagious diseases. Wayne.�No disease of any consequence has prevailed among farm animals in this county since the epizootic some years ago. Webster.�The farm animals in this county are entirely free from all diseases of an infectious and miasmatic character. Port.�Some hog-cholera prevails in this county, also cholera among chickens. Horses and cattle are healthy.



	220 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OP CATTLE. of February, 1878, and was afterward published as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 35. In order tbat a thorough examination might be made into some of the more destructive diseases affecting farm animals, and such remedial and sanitary measures instituted as would prevent the spread of such mal�adies as were well known to be both infectious and contagious, an appro�priation of $30,000 was asked, and the sum of $10,000 was granted. In my letter of transmissal to the Senate in February, 1878, the following language is used: Our #9632;wide extent of ccmntry and its great diversity of temperature and variation of climate, the severity of frosts in some sections, and the intensity of heat in other lo-calites, render farm stock liable to the attacks and ravages of almost every disease known in the history of domestic animals. So general and fatal have many of these maladies grown that stock breeding and rearing has, to some extent, become a pre�carious calling instead of the profitable business of former years. This would seem especially true as it relates to swine. #9632; Year by year new diseases, heretofore unknown in our country, make their appearance among this class of farm animals, while older ones become permanently localized and much more fatal in their results. Fanners, as a rule, are neglectful of their stock, and pay but little attention to sporadic cases of sickness among their flocks and herds. It is only when diseases become general, and consequently of an epidemic and contagious character, that active measures are taken for the relief of the afflicted animals. It is then generally too late, as remedies have ceased to have their usual beneficial effects, and the disease is only stayed when it has no more victims to prey upon. This interest is too great to be longer neglected by the general government. Not only the health of its citizens, but one of the greatest sources of our wealth, demands that it should furnish the means for a most searching and thorough investigation into the causes of all diseases affecting live stock. At the time this communication was made it was not known that the destructive disease known as contagious or malignant pleuro-pneumonia among cattle was prevalent to any considerable extent in any section of the country. There may have been, and no doubt were, isolated cases of the disease, but they were not sufficient in number to attract atten�tion or cause alarm. During the past summer and fall my attention was called to the prevalence of the disease in several localities widely sep�arated from each other. Among other letters addressed to me on the subject, I cite the following. J. Elwood Hancock, of Burlington County, New Jersey, writes: The prevailing disease among cattle in this county is pleuro-pneumonia. The dis�ease is very fatal, and the losses among this class of animals from this malady have been very heavy. Mr. J. E. Hancock, of Columbus, Burlington County, New Jersey, states that the disease has been prevalent in that county lor some years. He says: I have had some experience with pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, having lost one-third of my herd from its ravages in 1861, when I succeeded in eradicating the disease after a duration of about six months. I had a second visitation of the malady in my herd in the early part of 1866, when I lost 6 head from a herd of 23. Of the animals affected I am satisfied that not more than one-third will recover. N. W. Pierson, Alexandria, Ya., writes as follows, under date of Oc�tober 12,1878 : The principal disease among cattle in this locality is pleuro-pneumonia. The dis�ease started from Georgetown, D. C, two years ago, and has gradually spread down the Potomac for a distance of about 25 miles, extending back from the river not more than 2 miles. B. A. Murrill, Campbell County, Virginia, writes, about the same date: An unknown disease has prevailed this fall among cattle in the immediate vicinity of Lynchburg, but has not spread elsewhere. [This disease was pronounced pleuro-pneumonia by competent authority. ]



	CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE. 223 Thia disease is very prevalent within a few miles of Brooklyn, and has been for some time. Cannot you, sir, try and stamp it out ? as I am afraid if it spreads from there the English Government -will not receive any cattle from our ports, as they have a law ready to put in force as soou as they are satisfied this or any contagious disease exists in cattle. I have made inquiry from several veterinary surgeons in this State ; they all answer there are no contagious diseases in cattle in their district. I have no reason toholieve there is au5^r in Pennsylvania or in the Western States; sol do hope this disease on Long Island will not interfere with the sending of live cattle from Phila�delphia to England,- as I know they are making great preparations tor this spring's trade. Eespectfully, amp;c., J. W. OADSDEN, V. S. Hon. Wm. G. Le Due, Commis8iolaquo;er of Agriculture. On tlie morning of the 30th of January, 1879, tlie following telegrams appeared iu the metropolitan journals: Tokonto, Ontakio, January 30. Intelligence of the slaughtering of cattle lately shipped to Liverpool on a steam�ship creates an anxious feeling among dealers here. On or about the 14th instant the steamship Ontario sailed from Portland for England with a cargo of cattle, the ship�pers being Messrs. T. Crawford amp; Co., of this city. The cattle numbered 265 head, and were, according to Mr. Crawford's statement, in sound condition, having been ex�amined by competent men at both Montreal and Portland. The Ontario reached Liv�erpool on Sunday last, and on the following day Messrs. Crawford amp; Co. received a cable dispatch from their agent there that the cattle had been detained for inspection by order of the British Government. This inspection was evidently attended with unsatisfactory results, for on Tuesday the agent cabled that the cattle had been con�demned on account of disease and were to be slaughtered. The disease was said to be pleuro-pneumonia. The Toronto Exportation Company and Messrs. Crawford amp; Co., the two firms that do the largest shipping business in their line in the city, were instructed by their agents to ship no more. The first named have a cargo of 170 head on the steamship State of Alabama, which it is anticipated will arrive at Liverpool on Friday next. What will become of these remains to be seen. The general feeling is that it is not at all likely that a trade which was rapidly becoming a necessity for England will be allowed to suffer interruption for any great length of time without a good cause for the embargo being adduced. Ottawa, Ontario, January 30. Information having been received that the British Government has totally prohib�ited the importation of cattle from the United States, the cabinet met last evening to consider the situation. The result of the meeting was the adoption of a resolution that steps would be taken to prevent any injury being done to Canada. Moxtkeal, Quebec, January 30. Considerable anxiety exists iu regard to the order from the imperial government prohibiting the importation of Canadian cattle into England. It is said if the order is continued cattle will be slaughtered here and the moat will be taken across in refrigerators. The following letter from the president of the American Veterinary College will explain itself: American Veterinary College, New York, February 1,1879. SlK: In returning from Washington, where he had the honor of seeing you. Pro�fessor McEachran, of Canada, asked mo if pleuro-pneumonia was to he found in New York State. I took him to Long Island, and there had the opportunity to show him a bam where a large number of cows (some 600) are kept, and where we found our�selves in the difficult task, not to detect diseased animals, but to discover healthy cows. Post mortemraquo; confirmed our diagnosis, so that no doubt can be had of its cor�rectness. The milk and the carcasses of these diseased subjects find their way to our market in New York City. Our boards of health have no veterinarian to detect, the disease and enforce the laws! Our market meat-inspectors are deficient in detecting diseased from healthy meat! Our cattle are exposed to the spreading of that IVaiJul disease! Our exportation is now impeded to such extent that to-day I am told animals exported to France even must have a clean bill of health, and England is threatening closing her ports to our stock! May I respectfully be allowed to call your attention to this state of affaiis, and to



	224 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. place myself at your orders for whatever professional assistance I may be able to give your department in overcoming this great danger to our European cattle trade and to our own live stock. I am, sir, your obedient servant. A. LIAUTAKD. Hon. W. G. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture. On the 4tli instant I received the following telegram from Mr. J. B. Sherman, superintendent of the Chicago Union Stock-Yards: Union Stock-Yaeds, Chicago, III., February 4,1879. The Commissioxek of Agriculture: The most important blow struck at the interest of this city. State, and Northwest is the report in circulation in reference to the prevalence of cattle disease in the West, aEd these reports are absolutely false. I have sent a telegram to the Secretary of State, on whom I wish you would at once call. This business of the export of live cattle to England has developed immense propor�tions in the last year, and we must not, cannot, remain quiet and see it destroyed. It is worth millions to the country, and affects directly every farmer in the Northwest, while the whole country feels the effect of this large increase in its exports. The action of the British and Canadian Governments is based on a misconception of the facts, and we need such final investigation as will put the matter at rest. J. B. SHEEMAN, [Superintendent. To #9632;which the annexed reply was at once forwarded: Department op Agriculture, Washington, D. C, February 4,1879. J. B. Sherman, Superintendent Union Stock-Yards, Chicago, III.: The disease to which your telegram refers appeared in this country as early as 1843, and there is no more reason for the present action of the British Government in this matter than has existed for years past. Pleuro-pneumonia has never troubled the cat�tle-breeders of the West, from whence alone cattle for exportation are derived, but the existence of the disease on our eastern coast at all is a constant threat to the cattle-raising country beyond the Alleghany Mountains, for the extermination of which I have asked authority of Congress. I hope and expect that action will be taken that will speedily remove all excuse for the objectionable orders of the British Govern�ment. WM. G. Le DUG, Commissioner of Agriculture. ' On the recommendation of gentlemen largely interested in the live�stock trade, I at once made the following appointment of an examiner for the port of New York: Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, February 5, 1879. Sir: You are hereby appointed an examiner, and directed to make as thorough in�quiry and examination as the owners and shippers of stock will permit into the con�dition of the live stock sent, or about to bo sent, from your port, and certify daily to this department the health of each particular shipment, so far as possible, examining particularly as to pleuro-pnenmonia in cattle, and noting the presence or absence of this disease in each ease. You are authorized to give a copy of your certificate for the department to the shippers, if desired. WM. G. Le DUG, Commissioner of Agriculture. Dr. John J. Craven, Jersey City, N. J. I also forwarded a like appointment by telegraph to H. J. Detmers, V. S., Chicago, 111., and received prompt replies from both accepting the positions tendered. These examiners were also directed to furnish a certificate of health to such shippers of live stock as might desire it, a copy of which is here�with appended:



		CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 225 INSPECTION OP CATTLE FROM THE PORT OF ----------, AUTHORIZED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, AND UNDER THE IMMEDIATE DIRECTION OF THE COMMIS�SIONER OF AGRICULTURE. This is to certify that I have this day inspected---------beef cattle, owned by Messrs. , to be shipped by them upon------------------sailing Fobmary �, for the
	port of Liverpool, England, and found the animals sound Dated February �, 1879. (Signed)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;------------------, *Inspector.* These letters were promptly followed by the following, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, informing him of the action taken by this department: Department op Agriculture, Washington, February 5, 1879. Sm: I have the honor to inclose for your information a copy of a letter this day ad�dressed to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J. I have also telegraphed to Dr. Detmers, of Chicago, substantially the same instructions as are noted in Dr. Craven's letter. So far as the limited funds at the command of the department will permit, the pro�posed examinations will be continued, with the view of furnishing shippers informa�tion relative to the health of the stock, and thus prevent the shipment of any that are diseased; and the certificate of the veterinary surgeon of tlds department making the examination will be in the nature of a quot;bill of health,quot; and should go far towards allaying any apprehensions, real or fancied, which may be entertained by persons who receive the stock. This department is ready to second any efforts made by the Treasury Department to quiet the mmecessary excitement now apparent in Europe and in our own country on this subject. Eespectfully, your obedient servant, WM. G. Le DUC, Commiaeioner, Hon. John Sherman, *Secretary of the Treasury.* To which the following reply has been received: Treasury Department, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, February 7, 1879. Slit: I am in receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, inclosing a copy of one ad�dressed by you to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J., authorizing him to make inquiries into the condition of live stock about to be sent from that port to foreign countries, and to certify daily to your department the health of each particular ship�ment as far as possible. I inclose herewith for your information twelve copies of a circular issued by this department, under date of the 1st instant, requiring as a condition precedent to the shipment of live cattle abroad an examination thereof by the customs-officers with reference to their freedom from disease, and the issuance of a certificate by the col�lector that they are free from such disease, if the facts shall be found to warrant it. Doubtless Dr. Craven, and any other person appointed by your department for the purpose named, could give valuable aid to the collectors of the ports ftom which such shipments are made, and this department would be pleased if yon would instruct the experts selected by you to afford aid to the customs-officers in this respect as far as possible. You will see that the circular requires that the officers of the customs shall also fur�nish this department from time to time such information upon the subject as they may be able to procure, and I would be pleased if you will also forward such information as you receive it. This department has furnished the State Department with copies of the circulars before mentioned, and the Secretary of State has doubtless furnished them to the proper representative of the British Government. This department perceives the importance of protecting its export trade in live ani�mals as far as possible, and will do all in its power to attain the desired object. quot;Very respectfully, *JOHN SHERMAN, Secretary of the Treasurs.* Hon. Wm. G. Le Dec, Commissioner of Agriculture,** 15 sw

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