may contaminate, but wo can often smell, and thereby avoid, an impure atmosphere. Our clothing may be insufficient, but the wintry wind will soon warn us of this deficiency; a bilious headache instinctively prompts more active exercise, while fatigue suggests the neces�sity of repose. Air, temperature, exercise, and sleep, are positive hygienic requirements which severally proclaim their own demand when de�fective, and thus the tide of life flows smoothly on, each bodily want being wisely suggested by an appropriate and almost unerring instinctive feeling. But it is otherwise with food. True it. is that wc eat when hungry, but this sensation does not prove an infallible guide in our choice of food, still less a criterion of its nutritive quality. Hence, therefore, science has been directed to this question, and the best method of rearing cattle used for food has received especial attention. For this purpose the Smithlield Cattle Club was originally instituted in the year 1798, and it was with the view of ascertaining how far this inten�tion had been fulfilled, by upwards of fifty years

experience, that I visited the prize animals and others lately exhibited at the Baker-street Bazaar. I took notes of my observations. I first observed the cattle, whether Devons, Herefords, or Short�horns. My limited opportunity for examining them enabled me to detect no external sign of disease, except in two Devon cows, class IV., Nos. 3S and ?gt;S, prize X'5, each of whicb-was suffering from prolapsus vaginm. One of them looked very ill, and laid her head and neck ilat on the ground, like a greyhound. I pointed out these animals to a man who was drawing water, and I asked him if their condition was one of common occurrence. He said, quot; I knows nothing of them beasties in p'ticler, but it's the case with many on cm, I knows that.quot; I passed on to the pigs. A pen of three pigs, belonging to His Eoyal Highness the Prince Consort, hap�pened to be placed in a favourable light for observation, and I particularly noticed their con�dition. They lay helplessly on their sides, with their noses propped up against each other's backs, as if endeavouring to breathe more easily,

1! i

but their respiration was loud, suffocating, and at long intervals. Then you heard a short, catching snore, which shook the whole body of the animal, and passed with the motion of a wave over its fat surface, which, moreover, felt cold. I thought how much the heart, under such circumstances, must be labouring to propel the blood through the lungs, and throughout the body. The gold medal pigs of Mr. Moiiand were in a similar condition, if anything, worse, for they snored and gasped for breath, their mouths being opened, as well as their nostrils dilated, at each inspiration ; yet these animals, only twelve months and ten days old, were marked quot; improved Chilton breed.quot; They, with their fellows just mentioned, of eleven months and twenty-three days, had early come to grief. Three pigs of the black breed were in a similar state at seven months, three weeks, and live days, yet such animals quot; the judges highly commend.quot; Of the sheep I noticed more particularly those of the Duke of Richmond. A pen of three short-woolled South-downs, of one year old.

seemed to hsiYe rather heavy heads, one, more especially, looked erestfallen.

One circumstance throughout the exhibition particularly arrested my attention. It teas the size of the animals, compared with their respective ages. The bullocks averaged from two to three years, the pigs and sheep were about one year old. When I contrasted the enormous bulk of each animal with the short period in which so much fat or flesh had been produced, I naturally indulged in a physiological reflection on the high-pressure work against time which certain vital internal organs, as the stomach, liver, heart, and lungs, niust have undergone at a very early age. Now with the best method of rearing cattle, or that which is most conducive to their health, the medical profession are only indirectly concerned ; but of the dietetic value of animals so reared for food, the profession are, or should be, the immediate overseers and arbitrators. 1 therefore resolved to follow up the animals in question to their several destinations, and inspect their conditions after death. And here I must

record my acknowledgments to Messrs. Jeffery, King, Gorton, Sack, Sinklor, and Smith, of Hampstead, for having courteously admitted me into their shiughterdiouses. Tins was necessary, in order that I might identify those animals which I had selected for examination. These were those to which the judges had awarded the highest prizes, as specimens of healthy rearing and feeding, viz., the gold and silver medal prize bullocks. heifers,pigs, and sheep (which remained in London). I witnessed the death of most of these animals, and at once removed the heart, lungs, liver, amp;c., of each for further examination. I then made dissections of the organs mentioned, and pro�cured faithful drawings of both their visible and microscopic appearances : the former are accu�rately depicted by Mr. C. D'Alton, and drawn on stone by Hulmandel and Co., the distinguished lithographers, the latter are traced by the pencil of Mr. hens Aldous, who has been thus engaged, for upwards of twenty years, at the Pi oval College of Surgeons of England. I spared neither time, trouble, nor expense in my pursuit of the facts,

and the results will be best understood by keep�ing in view tbe appearances and structure of healthy muscle.

The muscular portions of an animal are readily recognised after death by their characteristic red colour and firm crimp consistence. The latter pro�perty, however, soon subsides, and the muscles become relaxed and softened, while their colour assumes a deeper tint on exposure to the air. Thus the flesh or lean of an animal has a bright red colour, while the heart is naturally somewhat paler.

Let a piece of the heart, or of the ordinary flesh, be selected for closer examination, and it is found to consist of bundles (fasciculi) of �hxes, held together by a loose thread like (cellular) tissue, associated with more or less fat. If the heart of an ox has been well boiled, these bundles of fibres can easily be peeled off in layers. Let a very small portion of any one such collec�tion of fibres, be moistened with water, and frayed out with a couple of needles, then laid between two pieces of thin clean glass, and ex-

amined with a microscope by a quarter inch power, we now observe the fibres themselves, each of which appears beautifully marked with transverse lines (cross strite) disposed at regular

#9632;-'.is- 4^,

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

intervals. Perhaps the end of a single fibre may be seen apart from the rest, and then we may observe its thin membranous sheath, [mrco-lemmd) from which its contents may project in the form of a brush of fine filaments [fibrillm). Figs. 1 ami 2 each show a collection of healthy muscular fibres taken from hearts of a bullock

and sheep, supplied me by Mr. Coekburn, of Lamb's Conduit Street. Fig. 1 presents about half-a-dozen fibres of a bullock's heart. The transverse markings are well represented, and also the fibrillse projecting from the end of each fibre. These, however, are better seen in filt;gt;quot; quot;2.

The sheaths of the fibres are too delicate and transparent to be represented in the figures, but the boundary of each fibre is indicated by longi�tudinal lines, best seen in fig. 1.

A muscular fibre, therefore, consists of a membranous sheath or tube, enclosing a number of very fine filaments. The fibres themselves are collected into bundles, and these being held together by cellular tissue enclosing fat, form the muscular portions of the body.

I have purposely excluded from this brief de�scription of muscle, all notice of its nerves and blood-vessels. These ramify as a fine net-work amid the cellular tissue and fat between the fibres, but do not penetrate their sheaths. A^Tor is fat found within the fibres among the�brillcs. The librillic themselves arc the essential structural

element of muscle, and in these filaments reside both its contractile power and nutritive quality as human food. But the fibrillce present a variable appearance and arrangement. The characters of the librilhc, as a test of the nutritive quality of meat, should, therefore, be carefully studied.

A single fibril viewed by itself appeal's to con�sist of a (linear) series of dark spots with light intervals. This arrangement is best seen when the fibrils occasionally split up hmgiiiuliitnlhj(i\lt;fs. 1 and 2). The lateral apposition of these dark spots in adjacent fibrils, produces the appearance of transverse lines already mentioned. More frequently, however, after death, the fibrils break up laterally, and a number of little bright vesicles are seen, each with a dark centre. These ves�icles represent the structural elements of the fibrils. The cross striae are no longer seen, but the little bodies referred to arc distributed irre�gularly, and the fibres have, therefore, a confused appearance, as represented in fig. 3.

This disintegration of the fibrilloo may be seen in meat which has been kept for some time after

Ill

Pig. 3.

death, and no doubt implies the total destruction

of muscular contractile power, but not neces�sarily the deterioration of such meat for food. The nutritious elements arc still within the fibres, although broken up and disarranged; but they have not been removed and substituted by fat. The substitution of this less nutritive mate�rial may ensue, and this change, no less than the accompanying alterations of colour and con�sistence which the muscular texture then pre�sents, contrast remarkably with its appearance and structure in health.

Subjoined are the results of my dissection of certain prize animals from the late Plxhibitiou.

Shekp I. Fat wether sheep�the hest of any short woolled (South-dovai)�one year old. His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K.G., exhi�bitor and breeder.

Xo. 1. The heart weighed lOJoz. ; its ex�ternal surface was very soft, greasy, and of a dirty brownish yellow colour, here and there mottled with yellow spots of fat, imbedded in the substance of the heart. On its anterior surface (left ventricle) is a large opaque patch of a stone grey colour. These external appearances are beautifully represented by plate 1b, and contrast remarkably with the clear bright reddish colour, and firm crimp consistence of healthy hearts of sheep four years old (plate 1a). On opening the two ventricular cavities, their internal surface and substance were equally soft, greasy, and yellow throughout, an appear�ance due to the infusion of fat between and irithin the muscular fibres of which the heart should

PI I

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lj'--- #9632; ^#9632; {I}f.r^r'y': rf #9632;-, Sheep ty Canrersian viZoFaX The I lt;#9632;#9632;#9632; f Jkzhm.md.X/G-Saohcbttar IBreeder

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chiefly consist. This substitution of fat for muscle is proved by the microscope to have ensued. Fur when thus examined, the muscular fibres no longer presented their characteristic cross mark�ings, but the fibrillne within the fibres were en�tirely broken up, and replaced by bright globules

Fio. 4. of olhj fat. Fig. 4 shows a few of these fibres, and also a single one. Each fibre contains an abundance of fat particles, instead of fibrillte, within the fibre. The healthy structure of this heart had, therefore, thoroughly degenerated by the substitution oifat for muscle. A chop taken from

tho loin of this sheep is accurately delineated (plate 2b). The muscular fibres of this piece of meat were thickly intersected with fat, a few globules of which were actually seen (under the microscope) witlnn the libres themselves; and although their fibrillaB had not yet disappeared, they had nevertheless broken up longitudinally and were in the highest condition of development compatible with health. Fig. 5 accurately repre�sents these appearances. The four large round bodies are ordinary fat cells.

No. 2. A fat wether sheep, short woolled, South-down, from the same pen.

The heart was in a similar condition, but only certain portions of its substance had degenerated into fat. The liver weighed �lbs. lOioz., and its surface was thickly studded with large dark spots beneath its thin peritoneal coat. These spots are the extremities of the hepatic veins gorged with blood, and this hepatic congestion was due to the feeble contraction of the diseased heart during life.

No. 2. Fat wether sheep, the hesi of any long woolled breed, one year old. Lord Bemers exhibitor and breeder.

The heart weighed lOioz., and was partly converted into fat. but less so than that of No. 1, the sheep of the Duke of Richmond. Under the microscope the muscular fibres were found in the first stage of degeneration into fat (fig. 6). The liver weighed 21b. Soz., was of a dark purple colour, and showed marked congestion of the he�patic veins. The lungs were flabby, and did not crepitate with air on pressure between the lin�gers. Many nodules were seen, each of the size

Fig. 6.

and shape of a kidney bean, imbedded in the substance of either lung (plate Sa). These lumps contained numerous worms (filaria) in various stages of development (fig. 7).

Numerous small hard tubercles were also scat�tered on the surface of the lungs, some grey and transparent, others consisting of a chalky matter, one of the latter having actually ruptured the pleura (enveloping membrane of the lungs). I

. .

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y_L,..- #9632;-, #9632; .?

quot; #9632;#9632; - ^RirJiTTzond. K.^r-.Exhibitor .i BrcrAw.

quot;hristDpher I ' .11 ai :#9632;'

ffuUn-wnile] i T-'alts^ ,.

Fig. 7.

selected this animal for slaughter, and he ap�peared the fattest of the pen ; but his breathing was distressed.

No. i was a fat wether sheep, the hext of any-long and short woolled, cross-breed, one year old ; John Overman, Esq., exhibitor and breeder. Tbe heart, lungs, and liver, were in a similar condition.

Pigs. Tbc best of any breed above twelve and under eighteen months old. Improved Chilton breed. (r. B. Morland, Esq., exhibitor and breeder.

The heart weighed ] .quot;ioz. Sdrachms. The substance of the left ventricle was much thicker

than usual, i.e. hyperfcrophied. The cavity of this ventricle was very small, and of insufficient size to accommodate the free return of hlood from the lungs. Thence the supply of hlood throughout the body must have been defective, and the health of this animal must, therefore, have been seriously impaired. The liver gave proof of an obstructed circulation, being of a dark livid colour, while the hepatic veins of the left lobe more especially were congested. Their bloated extremities were easily seen on the surface of the liver, and they presented the ap�pearance of numerous oblong livid spots, each of which was surrounded by a white circle, which marked the situation of the empty portal veins. Here and there the blood had actually escaped from the overloaded hepatic vessels.

Hoened Cattle. Devon heifers, the best, not exceeding four years old. His Royal High�ness the Prince Consort, exhibitor, James Hole, Esq. (Knowle House, Dunster, Somerset) breeder.

The heart weighed Gib. 13oz. The substance

kfu Hi #9632; #9632;

of both ventricles had undergone complete de�generation into fat. (Plate 3b, which strongly constrasts with the appearance of a healthy heart, plate 3a.) The fat, under the microscope, con�sisted of bright shining globules within the mus�cular fibres, the �hrilla of which had entirely disappeared. (Fig. 8.)

#9632;#9632;.#9632;:'%%_lamp;2

Fig. 8. In the base of one papillary muscle (in the left ventricle) I observed that the muscular fibres were actually broken up, and that many large fat cells had replaced them. (Fig. 9.) Yet it is on the strength of these papillary muscles that the tension of the mitral valve depends during the contraction of the ventricle, and therefore the rupture of one such muscle would produce sudden death.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; c 2

Fig. 9.

Oxen. The best Devon, above three years old. The Karl of Leicester exhibitor and breeder.

The heart weighed 01b. Ooz. The muscular fibres of the left ventricle were converted into fat. which in other respects had the appearances last described. (Fig. 10.)

Shortdiorned oxen, above three years old. The host steer or ox in any of the classes. Edward Wortley, Esq. (Eidlington, L'ppingham, Rutland), exhibitor and breeder.

The heart weighed Tib. 13oz. The left ven�tricle had in this animal also undergone con-

Eig. 10.

version into fat, but more so in certain portions of its substance. (Fig. 11.)

quot;C-.Ot^.�'^o

Fio. 11.

One spot near the apex of the ventricle was

particularly yellow, soft, and greasy. Here the muscular fibres had given way, and a blunt probe could be readily introduced through the substance of the ventricle, almost into its cavity. (plate L) Fortunately, the thin lining mem�brane {endocardium) had not been ruptured, of the animal would have died instantly. This would have happened at any moment, on the slightest exertion. Nevertheless, so highly did Mr. Smith, of Hampstead, value his prize, that he charged half-a-guinea for this monstrous pa�thological specimen.

This animal, under three years of age, weighed upwards of two hundred stone, and was eating twenty-one pouiyls of oil eahe a dag, besides other food.

Extra Stock. The hest beast, a Devon ox (I believe about five years old). His Royal High�ness the Prince Consort, exhibitor.

In tbis specimen the heart weighed Tibs. l�oz. Portions of its substance were healthy. The muscular fibres of the left ventricle were here and there partially converted into fat. (Fig. 13.)

'' #9632; #9632; #9632;#9632; #9632; gt; #9632; '. -y ' #9632;�:: Ill

Fig. 13.

The Intestines. Within about a foot of the termination of the large bowel was a putty-like mass, one inch and a-half thick, and about one foot long, and which partially surrounded the intestine. The mass consisted apparently of scrofulous matter.

Such, then, are the chief results of my exami�nations, limited as they unavoidably have been to certain viscera only. Under the present system of rearing and feeding, one disease is of most frequent occurrence�namely, conversion of the heart into fat. I am supported in this opinion by the invaluable testimony of Professor

Quekett, of the Royal College; olquot; Surgeons, who re-examined the hearts in question, and con-firmed my observations.

I need scarcely advocate the special iniportance of this result, for no one can dispute the fatal tendency of a disease by which the structure of an organ most essential to life has degenerated into fat. The stomach may, indeed, prepare food for the production of blood, and the lungs and kidneys may purify it of excrenientitious matter, but these departments of the blood-factory are only subsidiary to the heart, whose special duty it is to propel the vital fluid to the most distant recesses of the body, that even' part may be nourished and renovated. Yet I found the great central organ more than any other damaged. In the sheep, particularly, the heart had lost its contractile and propelling power, and was converted into a flabby, inert lump of fat. This change had, moreover, ensued not through the mere accumulation of fat around the heart, whereby its contractile movements would be mechanically impeded. Such an accumulation

had, indeed, taken place in the bullocks and in the Devon heifer of the Prince Consort's more especially. Nor did the change in question imply the mere interstitial deposition of fat between the muscular fibres, of which the heart shonld chiefly consist, but the actual substitution of fat for fibrillffi within the fibres.

The fat referred to may itself be regarded as the superfluous food with which the animal had been gorged. It was first deposited in all loose parts of the body, these being most adapted for its accumulation,�beneath the skin, and around the kidneys, stomach, intestines, and heart. At length, such localities being overloaded, the fat invaded the muscles themselves, by passing in between the fibres. Thus it produced the streaked appearance of meat (plate 2b), a con�dition which, within the limits, in no way inter�feres with the health of the animal, nor impairs the nutritive quality of its flesh for food. On the contrary, fat itself is a necessary constituent of the most nutritious food; and by no provision can a due proportion of this ingredient be secured

so effectually as when it is thus intermixed with the substance of the muscles themselves. Thus each mouthful of meat contains a wholesome and agreeable proportion of fat, but beyond these limits an animal cannot be fattened without impairing its own health and also its nutritive value as human food. The two ques�tions, of rearing cattle, and their dietetic value, must, therefore, alike be referred to their condi�tion as discovered after death.

Here it is that my pathological observations open rip a twofold inquiry of great public interest and importance.

Let an animal be fed beyond the limits com�patible with health, and the superfluous fat is no longer confined to the interstices of muscular fibres, but actually invades and eventually super�sedes them.

The diseased condition thus produced may be termed conversion into fat, as expressive of the apparent change which has ensued ; but on closer examination with the microscope I would ascribe the change itself to the suhstiiuiion of fat (in the

process of nutrition), for the proper structu�ral elements�fibrillae�of muscle, and not to the actual transformation of those elements into fat.* This is my explanation of so called fatty degene�ration, and should other observers differ from me in this respect, still we must not overlook the facts themselves; namely, that in over-fed, cor�pulent animals of forced growth, the muscular substance of the most vital organ, the heart, is pallid, soft, and greasy ; and that its fibres then contain fat instead of the fibrillse, in which re�side both the contractile power of muscle, and its nutritive value for human food. In the chop taken from the loin of one of the Duke of Richmond's sheep, the fibrillse had already broken lip longitudinally (a rare occurrence), and were in the most advanced condition of development compatible with health. We therefore say that sucli meat no longer retains its healthy structure

* Vide quot; What has Pathological Anatomy done for Medi�cine and Surgery ?quot; a series of Papers, hy the Author, in the Lancet, and now repuWishmg by Mr. John Churchill, New Purlingtou Street, London.

und nutritive quality, although when degenerated into fat, it may still present the semblance of or�dinary muscle, and thereby deceive both buyer and seller.

Wo should therefore expect in vain to re�plenish our own muscles by the use of such food, nor should animals thus overfed be regarded as prize specimens of rearing and feeding. The heart, being converted into fat, no longer retains its contractile power, but beats feebly and irre�gularly. The blood, therefore, now moves on�ward in a slow and feeble current. Hence the panting breathlessness due to stagnation of blood in the lungs, which the heart labours (in vain) to remove, while the skin and extremities are cold. Hence the stupid, heavy-headed expression of a congested brain, and the blood-stained appear�ance of meat after death. The slightest exer�tion to an animal under such circumstances, might suddenly prove fatal. AVere a man, in this condition, to present himself at an assurance office, it would refuse to insure his life at any premium. Yet, under similar circuinstances, a

sheep is awarded gold and s�ver medals, and its feeder a prize of 201.!! We sliould not, therefore, rest satisfied with heaping fat on an animal, nor be content if he ' dies well,' with fat symmetri�cally distributed over the back and loins, and around his internal organs. I would observe well, during life, the excretions, and see if their condition gave proof of over-feeding, by the pre�sence of undigested food in the faces, or by a heavy urine, loaded with solid constituents. If so, I should consider that the stomach and kid�neys were overworked. Nor would I neglect the less perceptible evidence afforded by the shin, the respiration, with the state of the brain, as indi�cated by the general expression of the animal, and the mode of carrying its head. Then, after death, I would pursue my inquiry further, and see whether my opinion of the animal formed during life, was corroborated or reversed by the appearance of its internal organs, the condition of the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, and kidneys, more especially.

All this kind of knowledge is required by phy-

sicians and surgeons in their estimate of health and disease, and is equally necessary to settle the question at issue. Instead, therefore, of pursuing the present system of rearing cattle, much as it may test the qualities of food, and other matters of minor importance, let breeders, feeders, exhibitors, and prize judges alike visit the slaughter-houses; let them do this with a due knowledge of diseased appearances, and let them thus discover that system of rearing which is most compatible with the health of cattle, and which produces the largest amount of the most nutritious food for man. Under the present system the public have no guarantee, and are not insured the best, if indeed the cheapest food. The bulky withers of a fat bullock are no criterion of health, and its flat tabular back may conceal the revolting ravages of disease. All this can alone be disclosed by an inspection of the animal's interior after death. The flesh of animals which has been produced by organs themselves diseased, is itself also necessarily de�teriorated, and ought not to be regarded as prime

samples of human food. These facts will be best understood by pathologists, but they also come home to the understandings, and certainly to the stomachs of the people. Nor can their feelings fail to respond to the claims of sympathy. The suffocating sighs of those fat pigs are an appeal to humanity.

I, therefore, address the foregoing pages to the Public, and also to the Members of the Smith-field Cattle Club, whom they so directly concern. It behoves them to shake off the yoke of time-honoured prejudice�to accept the contributions of science, and conform to the social progress of the age.

quot; If offence come out of truth, it were better that the offence come, than the truth be con�cealed.quot;

THE END.

I.OS DON : Printed by �!. .T. I'.u.mek. '27, Lamb's Condnit Street.

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A CLASSIFIED INDEX

MI. ClflMJIi'S ^ATAtOfiuE.

ANATOMY.

Anatomical Remembrancer .

licalc on Liver.......

HassiiU's Micros. Anatomv lluWen's Human Osteology . Junes' ami Siereking's Patho�logical Anatomy.....

MacUse'a Snrgical Anatomy .

Pagot'a Catalogac .....

Sibson's Medical Anatomy

Toynbee's Catalogue.....

Winder's ilandlpook.....

Wilson's Anatomy.....

DENTISTBY.

WLOM

lihindell's Painless Extraction . 7

Clark's Odontalgist......9

Gray on tiic Teeth ......13

Odontolofflca} Soc. Transactions 21

MATERIA MEDICA and PHARMACY.

PACK

Batcman's Magnacopia ., .. 4

Beasley'a Pommlary...... 5

Bo. Receipt Boole .. .. 5 Bo. Book of Prescriptions S Lane's .Materia Medica .. .. 17 Pereira's Selectue Braiscrip�s 22 Pliannacoptcia Londinensis .. 22 Prescribes 1'iiannacopo.da .. 22 Boyle's .Materia Medica ,. ..24 Spurgin's Materia Medica.. .. 2(i Squire's Pharmacopceia .. .. 2(3 Steggall's Materia Mcdioa .. 26 Do. First Lines for Chemists 20 Stowe'sTuxicologieal Chart .. 2G

Taylor on Poisons ......27

Witistcin's Pharmacy .. ..31

DISEASES of the tmiNAKY

and GENERATIVE ORGANS,

and SYPHILIS.

Acton on Reproductive Organs 3 Do. Urinary and Genera�tive Organs ........3

Coote on. Syphilis ...... 9

C�iiison on Bladder......10

Do. on Uthotoniy .. ..10

Egan on Sypbilia ......11

Judd on Syphilis ......17

Milton on Gonorrhcea .. .. 20

Parker 011 Syphilis ......22

Todd on Urinary Organs .. ..28 Wilson on Syphilis ......31

DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

Bonnet nu Uterus ...... ft

Bo. on uterine Pathology.. 5

Bird on Children ...... R

Brown on Women ......7

Do. on Scarlatina...... 7

Kyre's Practical Kemarks ..11

Hood on Crowing ......16

Lee's Ovarian and Uterine Dis�eases ............ig

Uce on Diseases of Uterus .. 18

Do. on Speculum ......18

Kobcrton on Women......2(

Howe on Females ......24

SmUh on Lencorrhcea .. .. 23 Tilt on Diseases of Women .. 27 Do. on Change of Life .. .. 27 Underwood on Children .. .. 28

West on Women ......25

Wlutchead on Abortion .. ., 30

CHEMISTEY.

Abel amp; Bloxam'g Handbook .. ':' Bowman's Practical Cliemistry

lnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do. Meaical d.....

V Fo-wnes' Manual of Chemistry.. , Knbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; iJo. Actonian Prize ..

'3;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do. Qualitative Analysis ..

Do. Chemical Tallies'.. .. Fresenins' Chemical Analysis.. Galloway's First Step

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Analysis......

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Diagrams

Griffiths' Four Seasons .. .. Horsley's Chem. Philosophy .. Jones.�Mulder on Wine.. .. Odling's Practical Chemistry .. Plattner on Blowpipe Spear's Pathol. Cltemistry

MEDICINE. 1 Adams on Rheumatic Gout .. 4

: Addison on Cells ...... 3

! Alexander on llheumatisin .. 3

#9632;nbsp; Arnoit on a Local Anicsthenic 3 I Barclay on Diagnosis .. ., 5 ; Barlow's Practice of Medicine 4

i Billing's First Principles .. .. 5

¹ Bird un Charcoal ...... 6

; Brinton on Ulcer ...... 7

i Budd on the Liver ...... 7

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Do. on Stomach ...... 7

Chambers on Digestion ,. .. 8 Davey's Ganglionic......10

i Eyre on Stomach ......i 1

¹ Fuller on Rheumatism .. ..12

Galrdner on Gout ......12

, Garret t on K. and N. E. Winds 12 : Granville on Sudden Death .. 13 ; Gully's Simple Treatment .. 13 : Habershon on Stomach .. ..13

Mall on Apnosa........it

Hall's Observations......14

Harrison on Lead in Water .. !4 i Headland on Medicines ., .. US j Hooper's Medical Dictionary .. 16 I Hooper's Physician's Vade-

Mecum ..........13

^: Jones (U.) on the Stomach .. 16

Lugol on Scrofula ......19

Peacock on Influenza .. ..22

Do. on Heart ......22

Pym on Yellow Fever .. .. 23

Robertson on Gout......23

; Savory's Compendiumnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.. 24

; Semplc on Cough ......24

Shaw's Rcinembrancer .. ..25

1 Steggall's Medical Manual .. 26

Do. Gregory's Conspectus 26

Do. Ceisus........26

' Thomas' Practice of Physic .. 27

; Wcgg's Observations......29

i Wells on Gout........30

What to Observe ......19

i Whitehead on Transmission .. 30

[ Williams' Principles......30

I Wright on Headaches .. .. 30

CHOLERA.

Acland on Cholera at Oxford .. 3 Italy and Oull�lleports .. .. 4 Snow un Cholera ......��

CLIMATE.

Francis on Change of Climate.. 12

Hall on Torquay........M

I lavilami on Climate......U

Lee on Climate........is

Martin on the Undcrclitf ., ,. 19 Martin (J. K.) on Tropical .. 20

DEFOSMITIES, amp;c.

IJipct on Deformities......(i

Bishop on Deformities .. .. (i

Do. Articulate Sounds .. laquo; Brodhurst on Siiine...... 7

Do. on Clubfoot .. .. 7

llaro on Spine........14

liugman on Hip Joint .. ..It;

Inrnan on Spine........\c,

Tamplin on Spine ......27

�^SF*quot; ~-g* � - --------------

HYGIENE.

Bealc's Laws of Health .. ..nbsp; nbsp; 4

Do. Health and Diseases ..nbsp; nbsp; 4

Bliindell's Medicma Mechanicanbsp; nbsp; nbsp;(i

Carter on Training ......nbsp; nbsp; g

Cornaro on Long Life .. ..nbsp; nbsp; 9

Hartwig on Sea Hathing .. ..nbsp; nbsp;)4

Bo. Physical Educationnbsp; nbsp;14

Huleland's Art........nbsp; nbsp;IG

Lt?e'.sWatering Places of Englandnbsp; 18 Do. do. Germany,

France, and Switzerland .quot;.nbsp; nbsp;18

Lee's Rhenlah Watering Placesnbsp; is

Robertson on Diet ......nbsp; 23

Both on Movements......nbsp; nbsp;24

Uumsey'a State Medicine .. ..nbsp; 24

Van Oven's Decline nf Life ..nbsp; 29

Wilson on Healthy Skin .. ..nbsp; 31

Bo. on Mineral Waters ..nbsp; nbsp;31

amp;amp; *

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

PHYSIOLOGY.

SCIENCE.

PkC.K

Beale on Microscope......5

lieale's How to Work .. .. 6 Hinl's Natural Philosophy .. 6 Burnett's Philosophy of Spirits 8 Carpenter on Microscope .. .. 8 Garner's Eutherapeia .. ..18 Hardwich's Photography.. .. 14

Hinds' Hannonies ......15

Holland on Appendages .. .. l^ Jago on Ocular Spectres .. ..16

Jones on Vision........17

Do. on Body, Sense, and Mind 17

Mayne's Lexicon ......i'J

Nonrse's Students'Tables .. 21 Reymond's Animal Electricity 23

Schacht on Microscope ., ..24 Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence 27

Vestiges of Creation......28

Sequel to ditto........28

Unger's Botanical Letters .. 28

SURGEEY.

Arnott on Urethra ...... 3

Ashton on Rectum...... 4

Bellingbamon Aneurism.. .. �^rgt; Bigg on Artificial Limbs .. .- 6

bishop on Hones........6

Chapman on Ulcers...... 8

Do. Varicose Veins ,. .. 8 Cooper (Sir A.) on Testis .. . - 9 Cooper's (B.) Surgery .. .. ⁽J

Do. (S.) Surg. Dictionary 9 Curling on Rectum......10

Do. on Testis ......10

Druitt's Surgery ......11

Pell on Cancer........U

Fergusson's Surgery......11

Gay on Femoral Rupture.. .. 13

Do. on ulcers........13

Harrison on Stricturenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.- 14

HiL%^rinbnttom on Nitratcof Silver l�

Hodgson on Prostate......15

Hunt on Skin ........16

Laurence on Cancer......18

Lawrence on Ruptures .. .. 18 Lee on ihemorrhoids .. ..18

Liston's SurLfcry........18

Miiclise on Fractures......PJ

Nottindiain on the Ear .. ..20 Nunneley on Erysipelas .. ..21

Pirrie on Surgery ......22

Skey's Operative Surgery .. 2-')

Smith on Stricture ......25

SteggalTs Sujglcal Manual .. 26 Tliompson on Stricture .. ..27

Wade on Stricture ......39

Watson on the Larynx .. .. 29 Wilson on the Skin......3!

Do. Portraits of Skin Diseases 31 Ycarsley on Deafness .. .. 31

Do. on Throat......31

MISCELLANEOUS.

Acton on Prostitution Atkinson*raquo; BibUography .. . Bascome on Epidemics .. .

Bryce on Sebiutopol.....

Cooky's Cyclopojdia.....

Forbes' Nature andArt in Disea

G-nJly on WaterCure.....

Guy's Hospital Reports .. .

Lane's Hydrop�^by.....

Miircet on Food.......

Massy on Recruits .....

Oxford Editions.......

Part's Case Book .....

Pettigrew on Superstitions

. 3 . 4 . 4

. 8 . 9 iell . 13 . 13 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21

_; Carpenter's Jlunmn .. ..

! Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Compar.itivo ..

Do.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Manual .. ..

; Cottle's Human......

^; Hilton on the Cranium .. Richardson on Coagulation

PSYCHOLOGY,

Burgess on Madness......

^: Burnett on Insanity......

| Conollyon Asylums......

Davey on Nature of Insanity ..

llooil on Oriinimil Lunatics ..

Jacob! on Hospitals, byTuke ..

Knaggs on Crin�nal Lunatics..

Millingen on Treatment of In�sane ............

Monro on Insanity ......

i Du. Private Asylums .. i Noble on Psychology .. . -: Williams (J.) on Insanity

Williams (J. 11} Unsoundness of

. Mind............

- Winslow's Lettsomian .. .. Do. Law of Lunacy

NEEVOITS DISEASES AND INDIGESTION.

Anderson on Xervou.s Affectionsnbsp; nbsp; 3

Arnott on Indigestion .. ..nbsp; nbsp; 3

Carter on Hysteria......nbsp; nbsp; 8

Child on Indigestion .. ..nbsp; nbsp; 8

Downing on Neuralgia .. ..nbsp; nbsp;n

Hunt on lleartlium......nbsp; nbsp;16

Lobb on Nervous Affections ..nbsp; nbsp;19

Radcliff� on Epilepsy .. ..nbsp; nbsp;23

Reynolds on the Brain .. .#9632;nbsp; nbsp;23

I'o'we on Nervous Diseases ..nbsp; nbsp;24

Sieveking on Epilepsy .. -.nbsp; nbsp;25

Todd on Nervous System.. ..nbsp; nbsp;28

Turnlmll on Stomach .. ..nbsp; nbsp;28

PULMONABY and CHEST DISEASES, amp;c.

Addlson on Healthy and Dis�eased Struct ure ...... 3

Billing on Lungs and Heart .. 5 Blakiston on the Chest .. .. 6

Bright on the Chest...... 7

Cotton on Consumption .. ..10 Do. on Stethoscope .. .. 10 Davies on Lungs and Heart .. 10 Fenwlck on Consumption.. ,. II Laennec on Auscultation .. ..17 Madden on Consumption .. ..10

Markham on Heart......20

Richardson on Consumption .. 23 Sloda on Auscultation .. .. 19 Thompson on Consumption .. 27 Wardrop on the Heart .. .. 29 i Weber on Auscultation .. .. 29

OBSTETKICS.

Barnes on Placenta Prcavia Lee's Clinical Midwifery .. Pretty's Aids during Labour Ramsbotbam's Obstutrics.. Ho.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Midwifery..

Smellie'sObstetric Plates.. Smirh's Periodoscope. . Swayne'a Aphorisma .. .. Waller's Midwifery .. ..

OPHTHALMOLOGY.

Cooper on Near Sight Dalrymple on Eye .. ]raquo;ixon on the Eye iloithouse on Strabismus ..

Do. on Impaired Vidon Jacob on Eye-bail .. .. Jones' Opbtbalmic Medicine

Do. Defects ofSigbt ..

Do. Lye nntl Lar .. Walton oquot;n Ophthalmic

KENAL DISEASES.

Addisnn on Supra-RenalCapsnlea i

Beale on Urine........ 5

Bird's Urinary Deposits .. .. 6 Jones' Animal Chemistry .. 17

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	EVIL RESULTS OF OVEE-FEEDING

	CATTLE. _____________/^ #9632; __	^
	CATTLE. _____________/^ #9632; __

	% \|lclir \|nquirj\|.

	F�LLT ILLUSTRATED BT COLORED EXGEAVINGS

	HEAKTS, LINGS, kv.

	DISEASE-^/^^^^CATTLE,

	:^ _r ^:_; V_:! .#9632;#9632;#9632; :#9632; #9632;� - #9632; �:� � #9632;

	BY FREDERICK JAMES GANT, M.K.C.S. ENlaquo;., SUItUEON AND PAIBOLOOIOAL ANATOMIST TO IHK \|{ojml $Kt I'lospital.

	LONDON: JOHN CHURCHILL, NEW BURLINGTON ST. MDCCCLVin.



	S2 tho loin of this sheep is accurately delineated (plate 2b). The muscular fibres of this piece of meat were thickly intersected with fat, a few globules of which were actually seen (under the microscope) witlnn the libres themselves; and although their fibrillaB had not yet disappeared, they had nevertheless broken up longitudinally and were in the highest condition of development compatible with health. Fig. 5 accurately repre�sents these appearances. The four large round bodies are ordinary fat cells.

	it v

	Fk

	No. 2. A fat wether sheep, short woolled, South-down, from the same pen.



	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT ' III'

	I I II I 2912 879 4

	�---------,.. ._J-^._l..-	i



	LONDON : Printed by Q. J. Palmbb, quot;27. Lamb's Conduit Street.



	⁷

	to Tin: AOiucn/rnuLisTs of great uritain anj) Ireland, AND FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF TIIF. SMITHFIELI) CATTLE CLUli, ffbis \|fe6) Inqunjj CONCERNING THE HEALTH OV CATTLE, IS MOST RKSl'ECTFFLLV DEDICATElaquo;, BY THE AUTHOR, FREDERICK JAMES GANT.



	PEEFACE.

	The New Inquiry to which the following pages are devoted, is one of national interest and importance. I had long suspected that the English method of feeding cattle was based on a vicious principle, and I had read with much attention the denunciations repeatedly issued hy the Press in respect of its folly and extrava�gance, but I at length determined to test the raquo;piestion more conclusively by the application of I'atiiological Anatomy, to decide the merits of our present system of feeding cattle. My Report on this subject lately appeared in the Observer, and was unanimously reiterated bv



	vi�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; PREFACE. the general Tress of the United Kingdom, besides many foreign journals, and received additional support by many able quot; leading articles,quot; The evil results of the English system of over-feeding cattle�now enlarged and fully illustrated by faithful copies of the original drawings�are addressed more especially to breeders, feeders, judges, and exhibitors of cattle, but they also demand the serious atten�tion of the general public. FREDERICK JAMES GANT. GrenvUle Street, Brunswick Square. February, 1858.



	EVIL EES�LTS

	OVEE-FEEDINCx CATTLE. BEING THE DISEASED CONDITIONS OF ANIMALS WHICH ARK KILLED IN SUPPOSED HEALTH, AND USED FOR FOOD.

	It must be admitted by every one, that the maintenance of health is a question of higher interest than the removal of disease. Prevention is better than cure, and therefore the Hygienic art of preserving health surpasses the appliances of medicine and surgery. But the resources of Hygiene are not equally obvious to ordinary observers. Certain bodily wants, when ill-sup�plied, are soon discovered. The air we breathe B


	T

	10 may contaminate, but wo can often smell, and thereby avoid, an impure atmosphere. Our clothing may be insufficient, but the wintry wind will soon warn us of this deficiency; a bilious headache instinctively prompts more active exercise, while fatigue suggests the neces�sity of repose. Air, temperature, exercise, and sleep, are positive hygienic requirements which severally proclaim their own demand when de�fective, and thus the tide of life flows smoothly on, each bodily want being wisely suggested by an appropriate and almost unerring instinctive feeling. But it is otherwise with food. True it. is that wc eat when hungry, but this sensation does not prove an infallible guide in our choice of food, still less a criterion of its nutritive quality. Hence, therefore, science has been directed to this question, and the best method of rearing cattle used for food has received especial attention. For this purpose the Smithlield Cattle Club was originally instituted in the year 1798, and it was with the view of ascertaining how far this inten�tion had been fulfilled, by upwards of fifty years



	T

	u experience, that I visited the prize animals and others lately exhibited at the Baker-street Bazaar. I took notes of my observations. I first observed the cattle, whether Devons, Herefords, or Short�horns. My limited opportunity for examining them enabled me to detect no external sign of disease, except in two Devon cows, class IV., Nos. 3S and ?gt;S, prize X'5, each of whicb-was suffering from prolapsus vaginm. One of them looked very ill, and laid her head and neck ilat on the ground, like a greyhound. I pointed out these animals to a man who was drawing water, and I asked him if their condition was one of common occurrence. He said, quot; I knows nothing of them beasties in p'ticler, but it's the case with many on cm, I knows that.quot; I passed on to the pigs. A pen of three pigs, belonging to His Eoyal Highness the Prince Consort, hap�pened to be placed in a favourable light for observation, and I particularly noticed their con�dition. They lay helplessly on their sides, with their noses propped up against each other's backs, as if endeavouring to breathe more easily, 1! i



	12 but their respiration was loud, suffocating, and at long intervals. Then you heard a short, catching snore, which shook the whole body of the animal, and passed with the motion of a wave over its fat surface, which, moreover, felt cold. I thought how much the heart, under such circumstances, must be labouring to propel the blood through the lungs, and throughout the body. The gold medal pigs of Mr. Moiiand were in a similar condition, if anything, worse, for they snored and gasped for breath, their mouths being opened, as well as their nostrils dilated, at each inspiration ; yet these animals, only twelve months and ten days old, were marked quot; improved Chilton breed.quot; They, with their fellows just mentioned, of eleven months and twenty-three days, had early come to grief. Three pigs of the black breed were in a similar state at seven months, three weeks, and live days, yet such animals quot; the judges highly commend.quot; Of the sheep I noticed more particularly those of the Duke of Richmond. A pen of three short-woolled South-downs, of one year old.



	18 seemed to hsiYe rather heavy heads, one, more especially, looked erestfallen. One circumstance throughout the exhibition particularly arrested my attention. It teas the size of the animals, compared with their respective ages. The bullocks averaged from two to three years, the pigs and sheep were about one year old. When I contrasted the enormous bulk of each animal with the short period in which so much fat or flesh had been produced, I naturally indulged in a physiological reflection on the high-pressure work against time which certain vital internal organs, as the stomach, liver, heart, and lungs, niust have undergone at a very early age. Now with the best method of rearing cattle, or that which is most conducive to their health, the medical profession are only indirectly concerned ; but of the dietetic value of animals so reared for food, the profession are, or should be, the immediate overseers and arbitrators. 1 therefore resolved to follow up the animals in question to their several destinations, and inspect their conditions after death. And here I must



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	11 record my acknowledgments to Messrs. Jeffery, King, Gorton, Sack, Sinklor, and Smith, of Hampstead, for having courteously admitted me into their shiughterdiouses. Tins was necessary, in order that I might identify those animals which I had selected for examination. These were those to which the judges had awarded the highest prizes, as specimens of healthy rearing and feeding, viz., the gold and silver medal prize bullocks. heifers,pigs, and sheep (which remained in London). I witnessed the death of most of these animals, and at once removed the heart, lungs, liver, amp;c., of each for further examination. I then made dissections of the organs mentioned, and pro�cured faithful drawings of both their visible and microscopic appearances : the former are accu�rately depicted by Mr. C. D'Alton, and drawn on stone by Hulmandel and Co., the distinguished lithographers, the latter are traced by the pencil of Mr. hens Aldous, who has been thus engaged, for upwards of twenty years, at the Pi oval College of Surgeons of England. I spared neither time, trouble, nor expense in my pursuit of the facts,



	15 and the results will be best understood by keep�ing in view tbe appearances and structure of healthy muscle. The muscular portions of an animal are readily recognised after death by their characteristic red colour and firm crimp consistence. The latter pro�perty, however, soon subsides, and the muscles become relaxed and softened, while their colour assumes a deeper tint on exposure to the air. Thus the flesh or lean of an animal has a bright red colour, while the heart is naturally somewhat paler. Let a piece of the heart, or of the ordinary flesh, be selected for closer examination, and it is found to consist of bundles (fasciculi) of �hxes, held together by a loose thread like (cellular) tissue, associated with more or less fat. If the heart of an ox has been well boiled, these bundles of fibres can easily be peeled off in layers. Let a very small portion of any one such collec�tion of fibres, be moistened with water, and frayed out with a couple of needles, then laid between two pieces of thin clean glass, and ex-



	16 amined with a microscope by a quarter inch power, we now observe the fibres themselves, each of which appears beautifully marked with transverse lines (cross strite) disposed at regular

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	Fig. 1.	Fig. 2.

	intervals. Perhaps the end of a single fibre may be seen apart from the rest, and then we may observe its thin membranous sheath, [mrco-lemmd) from which its contents may project in the form of a brush of fine filaments [fibrillm). Figs. 1 ami 2 each show a collection of healthy muscular fibres taken from hearts of a bullock



	17 and sheep, supplied me by Mr. Coekburn, of Lamb's Conduit Street. Fig. 1 presents about half-a-dozen fibres of a bullock's heart. The transverse markings are well represented, and also the fibrillse projecting from the end of each fibre. These, however, are better seen in filt;gt;quot; quot;2. The sheaths of the fibres are too delicate and transparent to be represented in the figures, but the boundary of each fibre is indicated by longi�tudinal lines, best seen in fig. 1. A muscular fibre, therefore, consists of a membranous sheath or tube, enclosing a number of very fine filaments. The fibres themselves are collected into bundles, and these being held together by cellular tissue enclosing fat, form the muscular portions of the body. I have purposely excluded from this brief de�scription of muscle, all notice of its nerves and blood-vessels. These ramify as a fine net-work amid the cellular tissue and fat between the fibres, but do not penetrate their sheaths. A^Tor is fat found within the fibres among the�brillcs. The librillic themselves arc the essential structural



	18 element of muscle, and in these filaments reside both its contractile power and nutritive quality as human food. But the fibrillce present a variable appearance and arrangement. The characters of the librilhc, as a test of the nutritive quality of meat, should, therefore, be carefully studied. A single fibril viewed by itself appeal's to con�sist of a (linear) series of dark spots with light intervals. This arrangement is best seen when the fibrils occasionally split up hmgiiiuliitnlhj(i\lt;fs. 1 and 2). The lateral apposition of these dark spots in adjacent fibrils, produces the appearance of transverse lines already mentioned. More frequently, however, after death, the fibrils break up laterally, and a number of little bright vesicles are seen, each with a dark centre. These ves�icles represent the structural elements of the fibrils. The cross striae are no longer seen, but the little bodies referred to arc distributed irre�gularly, and the fibres have, therefore, a confused appearance, as represented in fig. 3. This disintegration of the fibrilloo may be seen in meat which has been kept for some time after



	Ill



	Pig. 3. death, and no doubt implies the total destruction of muscular contractile power, but not neces�sarily the deterioration of such meat for food. The nutritious elements arc still within the fibres, although broken up and disarranged; but they have not been removed and substituted by fat. The substitution of this less nutritive mate�rial may ensue, and this change, no less than the accompanying alterations of colour and con�sistence which the muscular texture then pre�sents, contrast remarkably with its appearance and structure in health.



	20 Subjoined are the results of my dissection of certain prize animals from the late Plxhibitiou.

	Shekp I. Fat wether sheep�the hest of any short woolled (South-dovai)�one year old. His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K.G., exhi�bitor and breeder. Xo. 1. The heart weighed lOJoz. ; its ex�ternal surface was very soft, greasy, and of a dirty brownish yellow colour, here and there mottled with yellow spots of fat, imbedded in the substance of the heart. On its anterior surface (left ventricle) is a large opaque patch of a stone grey colour. These external appearances are beautifully represented by plate 1b, and contrast remarkably with the clear bright reddish colour, and firm crimp consistence of healthy hearts of sheep four years old (plate 1a). On opening the two ventricular cavities, their internal surface and substance were equally soft, greasy, and yellow throughout, an appear�ance due to the infusion of fat between and irithin the muscular fibres of which the heart should


	#9632;

	3] chiefly consist. This substitution of fat for muscle is proved by the microscope to have ensued. Fur when thus examined, the muscular fibres no longer presented their characteristic cross mark�ings, but the fibrillne within the fibres were en�tirely broken up, and replaced by bright globules



	Fio. 4. of olhj fat. Fig. 4 shows a few of these fibres, and also a single one. Each fibre contains an abundance of fat particles, instead of fibrillte, within the fibre. The healthy structure of this heart had, therefore, thoroughly degenerated by the substitution oifat for muscle. A chop taken from



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	25



	Fig. 7. selected this animal for slaughter, and he ap�peared the fattest of the pen ; but his breathing was distressed. No. i was a fat wether sheep, the hext of any-long and short woolled, cross-breed, one year old ; John Overman, Esq., exhibitor and breeder. Tbe heart, lungs, and liver, were in a similar condition.

	Pigs. Tbc best of any breed above twelve and under eighteen months old. Improved Chilton breed. (r. B. Morland, Esq., exhibitor and breeder. The heart weighed ] .quot;ioz. Sdrachms. The substance of the left ventricle was much thicker c



	27 of both ventricles had undergone complete de�generation into fat. (Plate 3b, which strongly constrasts with the appearance of a healthy heart, plate 3a.) The fat, under the microscope, con�sisted of bright shining globules within the mus�cular fibres, the �hrilla of which had entirely disappeared. (Fig. 8.)

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	Fig. 8. In the base of one papillary muscle (in the left ventricle) I observed that the muscular fibres were actually broken up, and that many large fat cells had replaced them. (Fig. 9.) Yet it is on the strength of these papillary muscles that the tension of the mitral valve depends during the contraction of the ventricle, and therefore the rupture of one such muscle would produce sudden death.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; c 2



	30 particularly yellow, soft, and greasy. Here the muscular fibres had given way, and a blunt probe could be readily introduced through the substance of the ventricle, almost into its cavity. (plate L) Fortunately, the thin lining mem�brane {endocardium) had not been ruptured, of the animal would have died instantly. This would have happened at any moment, on the slightest exertion. Nevertheless, so highly did Mr. Smith, of Hampstead, value his prize, that he charged half-a-guinea for this monstrous pa�thological specimen. This animal, under three years of age, weighed upwards of two hundred stone, and was eating twenty-one pouiyls of oil eahe a dag, besides other food. Extra Stock. The hest beast, a Devon ox (I believe about five years old). His Royal High�ness the Prince Consort, exhibitor. In tbis specimen the heart weighed Tibs. l�oz. Portions of its substance were healthy. The muscular fibres of the left ventricle were here and there partially converted into fat. (Fig. 13.)



	31



	Fig. 13. The Intestines. Within about a foot of the termination of the large bowel was a putty-like mass, one inch and a-half thick, and about one foot long, and which partially surrounded the intestine. The mass consisted apparently of scrofulous matter. Such, then, are the chief results of my exami�nations, limited as they unavoidably have been to certain viscera only. Under the present system of rearing and feeding, one disease is of most frequent occurrence�namely, conversion of the heart into fat. I am supported in this opinion by the invaluable testimony of Professor



	33 had, indeed, taken place in the bullocks and in the Devon heifer of the Prince Consort's more especially. Nor did the change in question imply the mere interstitial deposition of fat between the muscular fibres, of which the heart shonld chiefly consist, but the actual substitution of fat for fibrillffi within the fibres. The fat referred to may itself be regarded as the superfluous food with which the animal had been gorged. It was first deposited in all loose parts of the body, these being most adapted for its accumulation,�beneath the skin, and around the kidneys, stomach, intestines, and heart. At length, such localities being overloaded, the fat invaded the muscles themselves, by passing in between the fibres. Thus it produced the streaked appearance of meat (plate 2b), a con�dition which, within the limits, in no way inter�feres with the health of the animal, nor impairs the nutritive quality of its flesh for food. On the contrary, fat itself is a necessary constituent of the most nutritious food; and by no provision can a due proportion of this ingredient be secured



	34 so effectually as when it is thus intermixed with the substance of the muscles themselves. Thus each mouthful of meat contains a wholesome and agreeable proportion of fat, but beyond these limits an animal cannot be fattened without impairing its own health and also its nutritive value as human food. The two ques�tions, of rearing cattle, and their dietetic value, must, therefore, alike be referred to their condi�tion as discovered after death. Here it is that my pathological observations open rip a twofold inquiry of great public interest and importance. Let an animal be fed beyond the limits com�patible with health, and the superfluous fat is no longer confined to the interstices of muscular fibres, but actually invades and eventually super�sedes them. The diseased condition thus produced may be termed conversion into fat, as expressive of the apparent change which has ensued ; but on closer examination with the microscope I would ascribe the change itself to the suhstiiuiion of fat (in the



	35 process of nutrition), for the proper structu�ral elements�fibrillae�of muscle, and not to the actual transformation of those elements into fat.* This is my explanation of so called fatty degene�ration, and should other observers differ from me in this respect, still we must not overlook the facts themselves; namely, that in over-fed, cor�pulent animals of forced growth, the muscular substance of the most vital organ, the heart, is pallid, soft, and greasy ; and that its fibres then contain fat instead of the fibrillse, in which re�side both the contractile power of muscle, and its nutritive value for human food. In the chop taken from the loin of one of the Duke of Richmond's sheep, the fibrillse had already broken lip longitudinally (a rare occurrence), and were in the most advanced condition of development compatible with health. We therefore say that sucli meat no longer retains its healthy structure * Vide quot; What has Pathological Anatomy done for Medi�cine and Surgery ?quot; a series of Papers, hy the Author, in the Lancet, and now repuWishmg by Mr. John Churchill, New Purlingtou Street, London.



	37 sheep is awarded gold and s�ver medals, and its feeder a prize of 201.!! We sliould not, therefore, rest satisfied with heaping fat on an animal, nor be content if he ' dies well,' with fat symmetri�cally distributed over the back and loins, and around his internal organs. I would observe well, during life, the excretions, and see if their condition gave proof of over-feeding, by the pre�sence of undigested food in the faces, or by a heavy urine, loaded with solid constituents. If so, I should consider that the stomach and kid�neys were overworked. Nor would I neglect the less perceptible evidence afforded by the shin, the respiration, with the state of the brain, as indi�cated by the general expression of the animal, and the mode of carrying its head. Then, after death, I would pursue my inquiry further, and see whether my opinion of the animal formed during life, was corroborated or reversed by the appearance of its internal organs, the condition of the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, and kidneys, more especially. All this kind of knowledge is required by phy-



	38 sicians and surgeons in their estimate of health and disease, and is equally necessary to settle the question at issue. Instead, therefore, of pursuing the present system of rearing cattle, much as it may test the qualities of food, and other matters of minor importance, let breeders, feeders, exhibitors, and prize judges alike visit the slaughter-houses; let them do this with a due knowledge of diseased appearances, and let them thus discover that system of rearing which is most compatible with the health of cattle, and which produces the largest amount of the most nutritious food for man. Under the present system the public have no guarantee, and are not insured the best, if indeed the cheapest food. The bulky withers of a fat bullock are no criterion of health, and its flat tabular back may conceal the revolting ravages of disease. All this can alone be disclosed by an inspection of the animal's interior after death. The flesh of animals which has been produced by organs themselves diseased, is itself also necessarily de�teriorated, and ought not to be regarded as prime



	39 samples of human food. These facts will be best understood by pathologists, but they also come home to the understandings, and certainly to the stomachs of the people. Nor can their feelings fail to respond to the claims of sympathy. The suffocating sighs of those fat pigs are an appeal to humanity. I, therefore, address the foregoing pages to the Public, and also to the Members of the Smith-field Cattle Club, whom they so directly concern. It behoves them to shake off the yoke of time-honoured prejudice�to accept the contributions of science, and conform to the social progress of the age. quot; If offence come out of truth, it were better that the offence come, than the truth be con�cealed.quot;

	THE END.


r

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