PREFACE.

In June 1878 the occupiers of land in the United Kingdom owned 1,927,066 horses, 9,761,288 cattle, 32,571,018 sheep, and 3,767,960 pigs. Large figures these, representing no mean item in the nation's wealth; figures, compared with which the number of skilful, qualified veterinarians is lamentably small Too often in country districts, remote from towns, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretenders whose surgery is only equalled by their reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful poisoning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practised under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening to con�template. To give the stock owner such information as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable and perilous services of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the accom�plished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages.

To secure this object and yet to place the book within the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended discussion of diseased processes and questions in pathology, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations from preconceived opinions is requested to suspend his decision until he has consulted larger and recent works, in which the reasons for these positions will be found.

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With this view of still further condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely given in the text but one or more agents are named as applicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of drugs given at the end to find the amount required for each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for what purpose the agent is given, and select the dose accordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large doses is laxative, but in small ones alterative, expectorant, and diaphoretic. Oil of turpentine in large doses is purgative, diuretic, and vermifuge, in small ones stimulant and anti-spasmodic. Attention must also be given to the age and size of the patient, as more fully set forth in the Appendix.

Illustrations have been freely introduced to render the text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared for larger works, may be implicitly relied on.

In the list of contagious diseases are included not only those that are habitually developed on British soil and those already introduced from abroad, but also such as prevail in America, and are liable at any time to be brought into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative that the British farmer should be forewarned of pestilences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that beset him at home. For all such affections the principles that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the disease are concisely but clearly set forth.

All the important parasites are introduced, and their con�ditions of life and individual metamorphoses in and out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well as their migrations from man to animals and from animals to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of animal parasites is only beginning to be realised in connection with their

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frightful ravages in countries (England, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, etc.), into which they have been introduced, or where they have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise statement of their forms, habits, and results is therefore imperatively necessary for the protection of the stock owner. This subject has accordingly been brought up to the date of present observations, and though short enough for the perusal of the busiest it will furnish a sound basis for the limitation and destruction of each of these noxious pests.

CONTENTS.


Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, . .			i
Disinfection,		� �gt;��raquo;	3
Parasites	i	� gt; � � �	Si
Dietetic and		Constitutional Diseases, . .	63
Diseases of the Respiratory Organs,			72
n	ii	Heart, .....	106
n	ii	Blood-vessels and Lymphatics,	117
ii	ii	Digestive Organs,	124
ii	n	Liver, .....	182
it	n	Pancreas and Spleen,	199
ii	ii	Urinary Organs,	201
#9632;i	n	Generative Organs,	218
ii	n	Mammary Glands (Udder and Teats),	� 236
ii	ii	Eye, .....	240
ii	ti	Nervous System,	247
it	n	Skin, .....	264
General Diseases of Bones, Joints, and Muscles, .			293
Special Injuries of Bones, Joints, and Muscles,			31S
Diseases of the Foot, ......			365
Diseased Growths, ..,,.,			392
Appendix,	Drugs and Doses, . , . , .		396
Index, .			408

1�

THE FARM DOCTOR.

CHAPTER I. CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.

their importance and classification. Disinfection. Horse-pox. Cow-pox. Sheep-pox. Goat-pox. Swine-pox. Dog-pox. Bird-pox. Aphthous fever, foot and mouth disease. Rinderpest, Russian cattle-plague. Lung-fever of cattle, contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Strangles. Influenza. Typhoid or bilious fever of horses. Distemper of dogs and cats. Malignant (Asiatic) cholera in animals. Intestinal fever in swine, hog-cholera. Texan fever in cattle. Canine madness. Malignant anthrax. Glanders and farcy. Venereal disease of solipeds. Tuberculosis, consumption.

These are among the most important of the whole range of diseases of animals, being the most destructive to the animals themselves and in many cases to man, and being at the same time, as a rule, preventible by a rigid adherence to sanitary laws. Of their devastations we have the most appalling accounts in the records of antiquity as well as in recent times. In the time of Moses they ravaged Egypt until, says the record, quot; all the cattle of Egypt died;quot; nor was man spared, for quot; boils and blains quot; broke out on man and beast.�Ex. IX. 3. At the siege of Troy the Grecian army was decimated by a similar infliction, animals and men perishing in a common destruction.�Iliad. So it has been down through the ages, the great extension of the plagues being usually determined by general wars and the accumulation of cattle drawn from all sources (infected and sound), into the commissariat parks.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

In the first half of the eighteenth century, it is estimated that 200,000,000 head of cattle perished in Europe in connexion with the Austrian wars. These plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian troops and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently rapid railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken the place of war in favouring their diffusion. Free trade between England and the Continent since 1842 has cost the former ^115,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as _^io,ooo,ooo in 1865-6 during the prevalence of the Rinderpest A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country), in 1842, and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. On the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of Europe, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and Switzerland have long kept clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding all infected animals or their products, and promptly stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, followed by thorough disinfection, when they have been accidentally introduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portugal, Normandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which no strange cattle are ever imported, also keep clear of nearly all of these destructive pestilences.

It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propagated, in Western Europe and America, only by the disease germs produced in countless myriads in the body of a diseased animal and conveyed from that to the healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected subjects and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment of all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For the less fatal forms, the most perfect separation and seclusion, and the thorough disinfection of all with which they have come in contact is still imperative.

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To the first class of exotic maladies belong: Small-pox, in sheep and birds; the lung-fever or contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle ; the Rinderpest or cattle-plague ; the malignant disease of the generative organs in solipeds ; and malignant cholera in all animals. These demand separation, destruction and disin�fection. To the second or less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs : the Aphthous fever or foot and mouth disease. This demands seclusion and disinfection.

Besides these maladies, there is a very important class which are apparently generated in America and thereafter spread by contagion. Among these may be named: Glanders and farcy, canine madness, contagious foot-rot, tuberculosis, malignant anthrax, Texan-fever, intestinal fever of swine or hog-cholera, influenza, strangles, canine distemper, and perhaps the variola or pox of horse, cow, goat, pig, and dog. All of these down to intestinal fever of swine, like foreign contagious affections, demand separation and disinfection, with destruction or not of the diseased, according to the severity and diffusibility of the particular malady. The remainder, from influenza onward, are either too mild to warrant such measures, or too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them.

It is beyond the purpose of this work to enter into the special legislative enactments necessary to prevent the import�ation of foreign plagues, or the spread of native or imported ones. A few words on disinfection are, however, indispensable.

DISINFECTION.

The first and main object in disinfection is to secure perfect cleanliness. From the buildings, cars, loading-banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cess-pools, harness, clothing, utensils, etc, all decaying organic matter should be removed by scraping, washing, emptying, etc., as such decomposing organic matter is the food which sustains and preserves the disease germs out of the body. Even the

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water and air must be carefully seen to, since in close places they are usually charged with invisible particles of organic matter in a state of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify them�selves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation may be largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the deleterious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Purity of the surroundings kills many contagious elements on the principles of starvation.

Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely by changing the physical condition of organic matter, without any abstraction from, or addition to its constituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212deg; F.), coagulates albuminous matters and destroys any infectious properties generally. But it must be prolonged for a variable time according to the size of the object to allow of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300deg; F., or safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam directed from a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously well cleaned, is found very effectual. Some poisons, like that of Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are unaffected.

Other disinfectants act by changing the chemical relations of organic matter, and hence of contagious principles, by uniting with them to form new compounds, by abstracting some ot their constituent elements or by adding a new one. Thus the alo-tropic state of oxygen called ozone, produced abundantly during thunder-storms, is supposed to be one of nature's most potent disinfectants, acting by hastening the oxidation of organic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be without effect, as in the influenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and many of the odorous essential oils are supposed to be of some slight use by reason of their developing ozone.

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Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, etc. It may even be used on the air by moving an open charcoal-stove from place to place over the entire infected building. It may be equally used over the openings of drains, or as a lamp in the ventilating outlets of infected buildings.

Chlorine, set free from common salt, by adding oil of vitriol and a little black oxide of manganese, is an excellent disin�fectant of the air, but can only be used in vacated buildings, and is most effectual in a full light.

Euchlorine, a compound of chlorine and oxygen, may be obtained by adding, at frequent intervals, a little chlorate of potassa to a glass of strong muriatic acid. It may be used in occupied buildings.

Sulphurous add is another excellent disinfectant for the air, and can easily be produced in any amount by burning flowers of sulphur on a slip of paper laid on an iron shovel. Like chlorine, it is most efficient in daylight. In occupied buildings it may be burned carefully pinch by pinch without incon�veniencing the stock.

Carbolic acid may also be used in occupied buildings, being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung up at intervals, or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept saturated with the acid, or, finally, it may be diffused through the air of a building by an atomizer. Carbolic and cresylic acids may also be used for disinfecting solids and liquids, being poured into drains or sprinkled on the floors, walls, and other parts of the building. For the latter purpose, the strong acid may be diluted with one hundred times its weight ot water. The cheap impure acid is usually preferred for dung-heaps, yards, and other outside purposes, but is disagreeable indoors. Coal-tar and wood-tar, from their contained carbolic acid and allied products, are also good for out-door uses.

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The following are especially applicable to solids and liquids :

Chloride of lime sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps, etc., or applied to walls, wood-work, etc., or poured into drains, as a solution of Jib. to a gallon of water.

Chloride of zinc is equally efficient but more expensive, and chloride of aluminium {chloralum) is somewhat less potent.

Sulphate of iron {copperas) is one of the most efficient and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or in solution.

The sulphates of copper and zinc and perchloride of iron are efficient but much more expensive.

Saturated solutions of causticpotassa and soda are satisfactory for wood-work, harness, and utensils, but they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by absorbing the water and uniting with the organic debris, but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant.

Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying organic matter, rendering it sweet and wholesome, but it is question�able how far it can destroy living organic germs of which many of the contagious principles are probably composed. The same remarks apply to charcoal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that containing a considerable proportion of clay and marl.

HORSE-POX.

This is probably identical with cow-pox, being indistinguish�able when inoculated on men or cattle. It most frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the face or other parts of the body. There is usually some little fever, which, however, passes unnoticed by the owner. Then swelling, heat, and tenderness supervene commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increas�ing to one-third or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bristles up, and the skin reddens unless previously coloured. On the ninth to the twelfth day, a limpid fluid oozes from the

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surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellowish scabs, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four days the secretion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts heal spontaneously. It is easily transmitted from horse to horse, to man or to the cow. No treatment is required.

COW-POX.

This is the same disease appearing in the cow. There is a preliminary slight fever, usually overlooked, succeeded by some diminution and increased coagulability of the milk and the appearance of the pox on the udder and teats. The udder is hot and tender for a day or two, then little pale-red nodules, about as big as peas appear, growing to three-fourths to one inch in breadth by the eighth or tenth day, acquiring liquid contents, and often a central depression on the summit. The liquid in each pock is contained in several distinct sacs, and cannot be all extracted without a succession of punctures on different parts. The liquid, at first clear, changes to yellowish white (pus) and soon dries up, the whole forming a hard crust which is gradually detached. On the teats the blisters are early ruptured and raw sores form, often proving very obstinate, and even leading to inflammation of the udder, abortion, or death.

Treatment is scarcely ever demanded further than to obviate sores on the teats. A mild laxative of Epsom salts is, however, usually desirable. The teats may be smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce each of spermaceti and almond oil and half a drachm of myrrh. Milking tubes may be necessary to avoid injury by drawing the teats.

In many localities the disease appears to all newly-calved heifers on particular farms, in which case it would be well to purify the barns by a thorough disinfection.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

SHEEP-POX.

Like small-pox of man, it is only known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent period of the poison after it enters the system, is from three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is followed by trembling, increased temperature, very manifest on the bare and delicate parts of the skin on which the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge from the nose, and the appearance of red patches inside the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red points appear and increase to papules with a firm base, extend�ing into the deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit (rarely pointed or indented), and become pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption, the fever moderates, but increases again in three or four days with the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain individually distinct (discrete) in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive p�.tches (confluent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the digestive or respiratory mucous mem�brane. The eruption passes through the same course oi exudation, suppuration, drying, and dropping off as in cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh, and general vigour, often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings.

Treatment.�Keep in cool, dry well-aired, and littered sheds, shelter from rain, and feed on roots, or, if very weak, on oat and

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bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to each sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, and the drinking water may be slightly acidulated with vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soapsuds, or 3 oz. sulphate of soda if necessary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious gruels, even animal broths. The pustules may be treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if un�healthy, with weak solutions of chloride of zinc.

Prevention.�Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be excluded from our country by the most stringent supervision over the importation of sheep and their products, and when it does appear should be promptly stamped out by the destruction and disinfection of the sick and the purification of all with which they have come in contact. Inoculation as a measure of prevention is unwarrantable except in the case of wide-spread infection, a contingency which ought never to arise in this country.

GOAT-POX.

This is a rare and mild affection with an eruption on the udder and teats, closely resembling that of Cow-pox. It has been thought to be spontaneous in the goat but is known to be derived from sheep suffering from Sheep-pox. It follows a mild course and requires the same care as Cow-pox. Seclusion or destruction and disinfection, are, however, imperative when danger is likely to arise for sheep.

SWINE-POX.

This is more frequent than Goat-pox. It is communicable to man and goat. Young pigs are thought to be most liable. The eruption appears inside the forearm and thighs and is usually preceded by considerable fever. It is discrete or con�fluent like Sheep-pox, and the severity corresponds. The dura-

THE FARM DOCTOR.

tion of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is similar to that of Sheefi-pox, and the same precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination.

DOG-POX.

These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep-pox, and have been supposed to have their own specific form besides. The young suffer most frequently and severely. There is the usual preliminary fever with an eruption on the sides and belly, passing from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finally drying up into crusts which drop off. The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded as in the other forms of pox.

BIRD-POX.

Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, having contracted the disease from man in some cases, and in others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to contract Cow-pox in the experiments of Roll and myself. It has proved verj' fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in pigeons, turkeys, and geese. The eruption appears mainly on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by-destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place.

APHTHOUS FEVER�FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed animals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats, and on the feet It is only known as communicated by contagion, whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced

CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.

in 1839-42, or in North and South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a river or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or through the medium of human beings, tame or wild animal, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of contagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing the most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhoea.

Symptoms.�The poison may remain latent in the system for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, perhaps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the coat or shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, inclination to lie, and shrinking from the hand in milking. The second or third day blisters arise, on any part of the whole interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about one-half inch across. Saliva drivels from the mouth, collecting in froth around the lips, and a loud smacking is made with the lips and tongue. Swine champ the jays. Sheep and swine suffer more especially in the feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a contingency not unknown in neglected cattle.

Among the consequences may be named the loss of milk, inflamed udders, blind teats, a habit of vicious kicking, abor�tions, permanent lameness, and a lengthened incapacity for the dairy, for feeding or work. If well cared for, the disease passes in fifteen days, leaving no ill consequences, excepting the poison hidden away in the building. The average loss in flesh is ;�i to ^3 ; in dairy cows, it is much more.

Treatment.�A laxative (Epsom salts); astringent mouth-wash (Borax and tincture of myrrh, 1 oz. each; water 1 qt., or

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carbolic acid i dr., honey 2 oz., vinegar 1 pt, water 1 pt.); a lotion for the teats (carbolic \ dr., glycerine 10 oz.) j and a dressing for the feet (oil of vitriol 1 oz., water 4 oz., to be applied with a feather after cleaning the space between the hoofs by drawing a cloth through it). After dressing, tie up the feet in a tar bandage. The hind feet are easily dressed if two men raise each separately with a long stout fork handle passed in front of the hock. In dressing the feet, all detached horn should be removed and a poultice applied if inflammation runs high. Soft cold mashes or thinly-sliced or pulped roots are the best food throughout.

Prevention.�Importation of diseased animals should be sufficiently guarded against. Diseased stock should be rigidly secluded from all but the necessary attendants, who ought to be disinfected on leaving the enclosure. Wild animals, even birds, should be excluded. Every place where the diseased have been should be closed for a winter or disinfected, the milk should be buried in a safe place, or boiled and given to pigs; manure, infected litter, etc., may be burned or disinfected, removed and ploughed under by horses. No diseased animal should be moved until fifteen days after full recovery, and it should first be sponged over with a carbolic acid wash.

RUSSIAN CATTLE PLAGUE. RINDERPEST.

A contagious fever of cattle communicable to other rumi�nants, and characterized by a general congestion of the mucous membranes, but, above all, those of the stomach and intestines, and an excessive growth and shedding of the superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous membranes. It is only propa�gated by contagion, at least, out of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern Russia, but spreads further on the air than Aphthous Fever.

Symptoms.�Incubation lasts about two days until the tem�perature of the body is elevated, or four days until the appear-

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ance of outward signs of illness. By this time the mouth, inside the lips, on the dental part of the upper jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths of children, calves and lambs, suffering from thrush (muguet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient but is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes (eye, vulva, rectum, nose), show a more or less dark flush, and concretions may appear around these and on other parts of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid aggregations of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. In twenty-four hours they undergo fatty softening and are easily detached, leaving small pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part cf the mouth and muzzle may have become raw, and the surrounding mucous membrane of a deep red. About the fourth day, the skin feels greasy, and dullness, and impaired appetite and rumination appear. In cows the milk is dimin�ished, richer in cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes scanty and of a high colour and density. These signs increase until the sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, saliva drivels, appetite and rumination are gone, bowels relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port-wine hue, the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed and watery, back arched and often insensible to pinching, abdominal muscles tense and resistant, and there is a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath being suddenly arrested with a flapping sound and concussion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two later with a grunting noise. Sighing and whistling sounds are heard in the chest and it becomes unnaturally drum-like to percussion. A sudden lowering of temperature is usually the precursor of death, which happens on the seventh or eighth day.

Nervous symptoms appear in some outbreaks, with delirium, butting, shivering, and tenderness of the loins, while in the

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milder cases the peculiar eruption may be almost altogether confined to the skin. The symptoms in other ruminants are essentially the same as in the ox.

The mortality out of its native habitat usually amounts to forty per cent, and upward.

Treatment.�The treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all circumstances. All the attempts of the different schools of medicine and of empiricism have only increased its ravages, while nations and even countries and districts that have vigorously stamped it out and excluded it have saved their property.

Prevention.�The advent of this plague should be prevented by a sufficient supervision of our ports, and a quarantine of stock. If admitted, the victims should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried, and all places and things with which they have come in contact disinfected in the most perfect manner.

THE LUNG-FEVER OF CATTLE. CONTAGIOUS PLUER0-PNEUMONIA.

A specific contagious fever of cattle, with extensive exuda�tions into the chest and lungs.

Like the other plagues already noticed, this is only known in Europe and America as a contagious disease. Its importation into the different countries of Europe has always been traceable to the introduction of diseased beasts or their products. The assertion of the immortal Haller, more than a century ago, that it is propagated by contagion, has received the amplest con�firmation in recent times. It invaded Ireland in 1839-40 by Dutch cattle, England in 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattle, Sweden and Denmark in 184/ by English stock, and later again by English and Dutch, Norway in i860 by infected Ayrshires, Oldenburg in 1858, and Schleswig in 1859, in each case by Ayrshires, the Cape of Good Hope in 1854, Australia in 1858 by an English cow, Brooklyn, L. I., in 1843 by a Dutch cow.

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and again in 1850 by an English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massa�chusetts, and New Jersey, it was stamped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr Richardson, sacrificing his whole herd and voluntarily assuming the loss, but in the other places named it was left to itself and spread disastrously.

Symptoms.�The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. Increased temper�ature of the body usually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight cough, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shivering, and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high coloured, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth, and painfulness, and all the symptoms are aggravated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the earliest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur over particular parts of the lung, or lungs, with a line of crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and occa�sionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On percussion over the silent parts the natural resonance is found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds may follow later, into which we cannot enter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tympanies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more.

The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to

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health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more susceptible animals have perished it may be reduced much lower.

Treatment�This disease is much more amenable to treat�ment than Rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no less repre�hensible, as the poison is more subtle, more diffusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and when manifested is far more liable to be mistaken for other diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment should ever be allowed, except in perfectly secluded buildings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere.

In the early stages, refrigerent and diuretic salts (liquor of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with aconite may be given, injections of warm water or mild laxatives (Epsom salts) used to regulate the bowels, and blisters applied to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil of turpentine). Later, when prostration sets in, stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aromatic ammonia, etc.) and tonics (gentian, cinchona, cas-carilla, boneset, sulphate of iron, or copper, mineral acids, etc.) are called for. Antiseptics are useful, especially such as can be inhaled in the air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapour or spray) and thus reach the seat of disease.

The hydropathic treatment, by a rug wrung out of water applied next the skin and covered by several dry ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hour and followed by a cold douche and active rubbing till dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, enthusiasm, and activity, on the part of the attendants. The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises.

Prevention.�Importation should only be allowed from countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried no suspected stock for at least three months, and after inspection and, if thought necessary, quarantine, at the port of entry.

CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.

But the disease already exists in several of the United States. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central government and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by states, counties, townships, or individual owners; the danger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety all must pay. It is absurd to expect the unfortunate possessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial remuneration of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional supervision, and the most perfect control and constant inspection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most insidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active interference, and which if neglected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected.

STRANGLES. DISTEMPER IN YOUNG HORSES.

A specific fever of young solipeds usually attended with swellings and formations of matter between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands.

Causes.�Early age, change from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the irritation of teeth�ing, and, above all, change of locality and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last named cause. Exposure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a common cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be conveyed to man.

Symptoms.�The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal mem�brane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, slavering.

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accelerated breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty, high-coloured urine, and increased thirst. Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, hot, tender, and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first hard with soft, doughy margins, later soft and fluctuating in the centre from the formation of matter. Water is often returned from the nose in drinking, and food dropped after chewing. The throat may even be closed so as to make breathing laborious, difficult, and noisy or quite impossible. With rupture of the abscess and escape of the matter, relief is obtained and a steady recovery may usually be counted on.

Irregular Forms.�The swelling may harden in place of softening, and maintain the disease for an indefinite time, or it may disappear and be followed by the formation of matter in other and more vital organs. Thus matter may form in the groups of lymphatic glands about the shoulder, groin, the roots of the lungs, the mesentery, the brain, etc Sometimes no swelling nor suppuration takes place beyond the discharge from the nose, while at others a pustular eruption on the skin is the manifestation of the disease.

The disease may be over in ten days, or, in cases of indolent action in the swelling, it may be protracted for months. If properly treated, the regular form generally does well, but the irregular is fatal in proportion to the vitality of the organ affected. In protracted cases and in those subjected to impure air and weakening treatment, dropsical and sanguineous swell�ings in the dependant parts of the body (Jurpura hamorrhagica) is a frequent result.

Treatment�SviStzva. the strength of the patient by abundance of soft, nourishing mashes and pure air, and promote the forma�tion of matter between the jaws by fomentations, poultices, and steaming of the nostrils. A poultice may be applied by a square of calico with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face and sewed up a little at the chin to prevent

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any from dropping out. Bran or oil meal may be used along with hot water. Steaming may be done by feeding hot bran mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. When matter points it should be freely evacuated with the lancet, and the poultices continued to complete the softening. If suffocation is threatened, the windpipe must be opened in the middle of the neck, and a tube inserted to breathe through.

Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counter�acted by warm water injections, and weakness by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated accord�ing to their nature.

INFLUENZA.

A specific epizootic fever of a low type associated with inflam�mation of the respiratory mucous membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in man, horses, dogs, and even cats.

Causes.�Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of its development, as all peculiar conditions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, serial moisture or dry-ness, density or levity, season, temperature, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone, fail to account for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not deter�mine its appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of communication.

Symptoms.�The disease comes on suddenly with extreme weakness and stupor. There is often pendent head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-coloured, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes hard), a cough, deep, painful, and racking

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comes on, crepitation or harsh blowing sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose assumes a bright pink or dull leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alternatelj cold and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently trembling.

Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish matter, and the animal may recover, or an increasingly heavy breathing, depth and painfulness of cough, and changed or absent respiratory sounds in the chest, with dullness on percus�sion, show that the lungs are seriously involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, hydro-thorax, pericarditis, hydropericardium, etc. Clots sometimes form in the heart, modifying the heart sounds and proving rapidly fatal.

In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with great torpor, stupor, tension, and tenderness of the abdominal walls there are colicky pains, ardent thirst, coated tongue, yellowness of the membranes of nose and eyes, yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dung in pellets thickly coated with mucus.

Sometimes rheumatic swelling and tenderness take place in the muscles and joints of the limbs, and may even last for months. At others, paralysis or delirium will ensue, or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes.

Treatment�Overcome costiveness by injections of warm water, or by one-third the usual doses of linseed oil or aloes. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ether), with anodynes (extract of belladonna), and when fever subsides or great prostration comes on, stimu�lants (nitrous ether, aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia), and even tonics (gentian columba, quassia).

Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mustard, etc.) may be used from the first to the throat, sides, or abdomen, according to the seat of the inflammation.

Soft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air, without draughts, and warm clothing, are essentials of treatment throughout.

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If the abdominal organs are the main seat of disease, supple�ment the medicines above named by demulcents (slippery elm, mallow, boiled linseed), and anodynes (opium, hydrocyanic acid), with, in some cases, a gentle laxative (olive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, purgatives, unless contra-indicated, and bro�mide of potassium. The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordinary rheumatism, with colchicum, propylamme, acetate of potassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc.

TYPHOID, GASTRIC, OR BILIOUS FEVER.

This strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza and sometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. It also appears independently in horses weakened by shedding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept in a hot, close, impure, and unwholesome atmosphere, fed insufficiently or on badly-preserved, musty, or otherwise injured aliment, supplied with water containing an excess of decomposing organic matter, fed irregularly, subjected to over-work, eta Finally, it proves contagious in confined insalubrious buildings, and to a less extent, in those that are wholesome and well aired. Some unknown generally acting influence makes it more virulent at one season than another.

Symptoms.�There are a few days of dullness and lassitude followed by the general signs of fever :�Staring coat, shivering, alternate heat and coldness of the surface, restlessness, hot dry mouth, and elevation of the internal temperature of the body. There is a yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, costive-ness, colicky pains, full, tense, tender belly, passage of a few dark, hard pellets of dung covered with a mucous film, urine scanty, reddish, and depositing a sediment, pulse rapid and weak, and there may or may not be sore-throat, excited breath�ing, and discharge from the nose. In the more favourable cases, signs of improvement are noticeable in eight or nine days.

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and a perfect recovery is made. In the unfavourable, the pulse becomes small, weak, and rapid (eighty to ninety per minute), the mouth hotter, more clammy, and covered by yellowish, brownish, or greenish blotches, the abdominal walls more tender, the bowels more irritable, sometimes with a foetid diarrhoea, and the strength is rapidly exhausted. The head is constantly pendent, the eye sunken, the expression of the countenance stupid and haggard, and the stupor or insensibility may become so great that pinching or even pricking of the skin may pass unnoticed by the animal. Death usually takes place from the tenth to the twentieth day.

Treatment.�English veterinarians rely much on calomel, and with a firm full pulse, not too rapid, a general warmth of surface and extremities, a bright eye, cheerful countenance, whitish foetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose, or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 grs.) and opium (30 grs.), repeated twice daily, may be useful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse and great prostration and debility, and in no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe costiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injec�tions of warm water must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia may be given three or four times daily with the water drunk, or in case of great dullness and debility, an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia may be given as well. Great tenderness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomentations and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half-drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of peppermint. During

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recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gentian or cinchona may be given twice daily with muriate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, sliced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, etc., giving from the hand if neces�sary. Secure pure air and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort until restored to health.

CANINE DISTEMPER.

A specific fever of the young domestic carnivora, affecting the respiratory organs, and it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. Oi;e attack usually protects from a second.

Causes.�Connected, like strangles, with domestication, it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on spiced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate, teething, and contagion are the causes.

Symptoms.�Dullness, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry nose, watery eyes, elevated temperature, increased pulse (no to 12c), sensitiveness to cold, shivering, cough and glairy or yellowish discharge from the nose. The cough becomes paroxysmal and often followed by vomiting, the matter not being licked up again, the breathing is disturbed, and the chest sounds on auscultation and percussion imply disease there. The animal is weak, debilitated and emaciated, and diarrhoea, ulceration of the mouth, and nervous symptoms usually precede death.

The complications are marked by symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, phrenitis, and skin disease. Diseases of the brain (cramps, convulsions, chorea, paralysis), and skin eruption are exceedingly common in the advanced stages. The eruption is peculiar, consisting of small blisters, containing often a reddish or purple fluid.

Treatment.�A warm, comfortable bed, pure air, and a milk, or bread and milk diet are important. The diet should not be so exclusive in dogs having had animal food only.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

A mild emetic (antimonial wine), or a slight laxative (castor oil), may be followed by tonics (gentian, quinia), febrifuges (saltpetre), and expectorants (ipecacuanha), with perhaps an anodyne (belladonna). As fever subsides, tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron. Fowler's solution). In all the various complications treat as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening remedies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a rich diet.

MALIGNANT CHOLERA. ASIATIC CHOLERA.

This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simulta�neously with man, and has been produced experimentally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were found to increase in virulence from the first to the third day, and to decrease to the fifth day, after which they were harmless (Sanderson).

Symptoms.�Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the body temperature (80deg; F.), deathly-cold bloodless extremities, viscid tardily-flowing blood, and lastly, violent abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific rice-water appearance.

Treatment.�The disease is mainly important as propagating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the mosn perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imperative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick and dead. As an example of current treatment may be named, aromatics (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juniper, tincture of cinnamon), stimulants (ether), and acids (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fomentations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks (linseed tea, mallow, slippery

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elm), and to meet other states according to indications. Every separate case would demand special treatment.

In birds, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check.

INTESTINAL FEVER IN SWINE. HOG-CHOLERA.

A specific contagious fever of swine, attended by congestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid foetid diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the surface and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of spots and patches of a scarle!:, purple, or black colour. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery.

Symptoms.�Incubation ranges from a week or fortnight in cold weather to three days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding under the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, increased temperature (103-2deg; to 105deg; F.) and pulse. With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak, and rapid, the breathing accelerated and a hard dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting may be present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the bowels may be costive throughout, but more commonly they become relaxed about the third day, and an exhausting foetid diarrhoea ensues. Lymph and blood may pass with the dung. Before death the patient loses control of the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with mus�cular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels.

Causes.�It is mainly propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and management may serve to develop it. The poison will blow half a mile or more on the wind, and is with difficulty destroyed in hog-pens, fodder, etc.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed, well-boiled gruel of barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, com-starch made with boiling water; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, following up with fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisul�phite of soda). If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels (bloody dung, tender belly), give oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding.

Prevention.�Kill and bury the diseased; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious subjects with the ther�mometer in the rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows more than 103deg; F., destroying as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. Feed on vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, or sulphate of iron to the healthy, and avoid all suspected food, places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine under separate attendants until their health has been proved.

TEXAN FEVER.

A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and communicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and other States in a more fatal form. It is characterized by enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with the urine, causing bloody discharges from the kidneys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, great prostration and debility.

Symptoms.�There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103deg; to 107deg;) and

#9632;

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followed in five to seven days by dullness, languor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscular trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck muscles, heat of horns, ears, and general surface (limbs cold�in exceptional cases), and impaired appetite and rumination. Soon weakness compels lying down, by choice in water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagulates on boiling. The raucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest.

All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness becomes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions.

The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cattle, but is exceedingly fatal in northern beasts.

Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, and roads, pastures, water-courses, etc., become efficient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another.

Prevention.�It should be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north excepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosts of spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all the North. The time would vary for the different States, but the earlier or later traffic for the extreme north should be by direct route without inter�mediate unloading. A general restriction of this sort, with the expense levied on all the States, would be more economical and satisfactory than a supervision by each State of its own frontier.

Treatment should never be called for. It may, however, be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a true plague.

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la some cases emollient drinks and enemas, soft food, and stimulating fever medicines have been followed by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassium, and carbolic acid have evidently been of advantage. Wet-sheet packing, as for lung-fever, should be beneficial, and refrigerent or stimulating diuretics (digitalis, nitre, or nitrous ether), according to the indications of the particular case. Peculiarities in different cases would demand a variation of treatment. The diet throughout should be of soft mashes, and a return to ordinary fibrous aliment made slowly and carefully, as being liable to cut off by gastro-entritis.

CANINE MADNESS. RABIES. (HYDROPHOBIA).

A specific disease supposed to arise spontaneously in the genus canis (dog, wolf, fox), and in the cat, but transmissible by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to man. It is marked by disorders of intellectual, emotional, and nervous functions, altered habits, irritable temper, optical delusions, spasms of the muscles of the eyeballs and throat, paralysis, and more or less fever.

Causes.�Inoculation by bite is the usual (almost invariable) cause, yet cases manifestly arise spontaneously in most countries. Season, climate, abuse, privation of water, improper food, muzzling, etc., have no effect further than they serve to pro�duce a febrile state and hasten the development of the disease when the seeds are already implanted in the system. A con�stantly increasing mass of testimony points to the conclusion that the restraint of an ungovernable sexual desire is one cause of the generation of the malady, and it is even supposed that the maternal instinct has had a similar effect after the puppies have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no doubt, from their special liability to natural exciting causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a male than a female.

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The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, and men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This apparent immunity is largely due to the clean�ing of the teeth on the dress before they reach the skin.

Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty); in cattle twenty to thirty days; sheep twenty to seventy-four days; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over years being manifestly instances of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being.

Symptottis. In the Dog.�Any sudden change of habits or instincts�dullness, restlessness, watchfulness, tendency to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, constant desire to smell or lick the anus or generative organs of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low and mufHed, and there is one loud howl followed by three or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear un�usually fond of their owners, and fatally inoculate them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at flies. Bark�ing without object, a constant searching, or tearing of wood, etc, to pieces, a seeking oi darkness and seclusion, and a dis-

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position to resent disturbance, or a pilgrimage of several days' absence from home are among the most common precursors of the disease.

Furious Rabies.�Following some of the above symptoms there is a redness and fixed glare in the eyes, squinting, rolling of the eyes after fancied objects, more frequent howling, and increasing irritability with a tendency to worry all animals that come in their way, the respect for, and immunity of former friends being lost in the violence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer rest, but undertakes long journeys at a slouching trot, ready to fly at all that crosses his path, especially if they make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of these journeys, or return dirty, careworn, and sullen, with the rabid glare in his eye, and ready to resent any interference. Each paroxysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of depression and torpor proportionate to the preceding excite�ment, during which dark and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance will arouse to violence. From the fourth to the eighth day paralysis sets in, first in the hind limbs, then in the jaw and the whole body, the certain precursor of approach�ing death.

Paralytic Rabies.�In this case paralysis with dropping of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and gradually extends to the whole body. The animal cannot bite, eat, nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early.

Lethargic {Tranquil) Rabies.�Palsy of the jaw is less marked, but there is complete apathy, the patient remaining curled up in one position, and is not to be roused by any effort He becomes daily more emaciated and dies in ten to fifteen days.

In addition to these typical forms there are others holding an intermediate place. The furious form is especially common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less domesticated varieties, the paralytic and tranquil in the house and pet dogs.

Popular Fallacies.�I name these because of the evil results

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of entertaining them. 1. Mad dogs have no fear of water {hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim rivers, plunge their noses in water, or lap their urine without hesitation. 2. Appe�tite is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an endless variety of improper objects. 3. There is rsxely froth at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw is paralyzed. 4. The. tail is not carried between the legs, but is rather held erect during a paroxysm.

Foxes have symptoms like those of the dog, the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and attacking man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse, loud cries as in heat. The horse bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous pro�pensity distinguishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excit�able, everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly, and, as if in terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt, and bleat hoarsely. They die paralytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn, become weak, and die paralytic.

Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable.

Treatment.�This can only be warranted in the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapour baths, with sulphites and anti-spasmodics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.), would promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked for.

Prevention.�When bitten, at once check the flow of blood from the part, in the limb by a handkerchief or cord with a

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piece of wood through it, twisted tightly around the member a little higher than the wound,�in other parts by sucking, or by cutting open the wound to its depth and squeezing or wringing as if milking to keep up a free flow of blood, soaking it mean�while in warm water if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had, apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making sure that its deepest recesses are reached. The compression by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail or poker, serves admirably, and if at a white heat is less painful. But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric acid, caustic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of zinc, nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, indeed any caustic at hand, should be at once employed. The wound should be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at once.

All dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with a collar bearing their own and their owner's names and that of their residence. During the existence of rabies in a country all dogs found at large unmuzzled should be destroyed. Sus�pected dogs should be shut up under supervision for three months unless rabies is developed earlier. Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly shut up for a week to test the existence of the disease or othenvise.

MALIGNANT ANTHRAX.

A constitutional disorder, arising in rich, damp localities, in herbivora, swine, and birds, and communicable by inoculation to other animals and to man. It shows itself by many different forms, all characterized by extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties of the blood, breaking down of the blood-globules, extravasations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of the body, with a tendency to gangrene, yellow

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or brown mucous membranes, enlargement, or even rupture of the spleen (milt), and a very high mortality.

Causes.�It is propagated by contagion but tends to die out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by contact with the blood, liquid exudations, portions of the diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all through the atmosphere. Simple contact of these matters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent when received from an animal still living or only recently dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all conditions of climate, temperature, and humidity.

Eating of the flesh of animals killed while suffering in this way has often conveyed the disease in spite of the cooking to which it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of the inhabitants of St Domingo once perished in six weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned a few years ago in Aberdeenshire. The Tartars perish in great numbers from eating their anthrax horses. Mosquitoes and other insects with perforating appar�atus to the mouth probably help to communicate it, as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts of the body.

Its development in a locality is determined :�1. By the rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the impervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. The frequent in�undations of banks of rivers flowing through level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes leaving much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A continuation of warm, dry weather which favours organic emanations from such places as the above. 4. A condition of the system of the animal predisposing to the reception and growth of the poison, and consisting in the loading of the blood with plastic or waste organic matter, as in over�fed plethoric animals, in those making flesh most rapidly, in the young and rapidly growing, in those rendered unhealthy by overwork, impure air, unsuitable food or water. 5, Sudden

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chills when the poison is already present; hence, extreme variations in the temperature of night and day. 6. A close, still atmosphere.

General characters.�In the typical cases the blood is black, tarry, and incoagulable, and in all it shows broken-up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies, and clear, refrangent spherules (bacteria) such as appear in putrefying liquids. The spleen, lymphatic glands, and liver are enlarged, the mucous mem�branes of the stomach and intestines are usually reddened, thickened, and softened, and any other part of the body may be the seat of bloody or albuminous effusion with a tendency to death, decomposition, the extrication of gases in the tissues, and a crackling sound when handled. When it commences in one point on the surface (malignant pustule) there is first an unhealthy eruption of minute blisters which burst, dry up, and become gangrenous, while new blisters appear around as the unhealthy action spreads.

Divisions.�The malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease or swelling, or without such appearances. To the first class belong the caxbuncular erysipelas of sheep and swine, malignant sore-throat of hogs, gloss-anthrax or black-tongue, black-quarter or bloody murrain, the boil plague of Siberia, and the malignant pustule of man. To the second belong all those forms of the disease in which there are the specific changes in the blood, with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staining and exudations into internal organs, only.

Malignant Anthrax with External Lesions. (A) In Horses.�(i) Siberian Boil Plague.�This is un�questionably an anthrax disease, and though named from Siberia is not unknown in other lands. A slight shivering and fever are followed by a swelling on the udder, sheath, breast, throat, or elsewhere, which rapidly increases sometimes to the size of an infant's head. At first soft, it hardens, assuming a

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yellow, bacon-like appearance, with red streaks and spots. The animals die in twelve to twenty-four hours, rarely surviving three days. The blood is in the state so characteristic of anthrax, with bacteria, enlarged spleen, and sanguineous effu�sions. In cattle similar tumours appear, mainly on the throat, neck, or dewlap, in sheep and goats on the bare surfaces, and in pigs around the throat. In all cases the disease, when con�veyed to man, produces the blue-pox (malignant pustule). At the outset all cases prove fatal, later recoveries occur under the local use of cold water, or the hot iron, or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumour, and mineral acids internally.

(2) Malignant Antht-ax with Diffused Local swellings. Typhus. � This is usually confounded with the purpurn hamorrhagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, but occurs in weak conditions of the body, as a sequel of debilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.) Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distinguish the two diseases according to their origin, communicability, and prevalence.

Symptoms.�Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appetite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse and breath�ing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, high-coloured, odorous, or bloody urine, swellings the size of a walnut or closed fist on different parts of the body, or a continuous swelling beneath the chest and belly, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon become hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe according to situation. The mucous membranes become swelled, puffy, dusky, or yellow, with red spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody, and finally foetid discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may become

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laboured and quick in connexion with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With internal effusions death ensues in forty-eight hours, with external only, the effects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in connexion with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars.

(B)nbsp; nbsp;In the Ox.�(i) Black Tongue. Also in the Horse. This is manifested by the eruption of blisters, red, purple, or black, on the tongue, palate, and cheeks, increasing individually often to the size of a hen's egg, bursting, discharging an ichorous irritating fluid, and forming unhealthy sores with more or less tumefaction. There is a bloody discharge from the mouth, active fever sets in, and death ensues in twenty-four to forty-eight hours.

(2) Black-Quarter.�Bloody Murrain.�This is malignant anthrax, with extensive engorgement of a shoulder, quarter, neck, breast, or side. It is most frequent in young and rapidly thriving stock, attacking first the finest of the herd or those thriving most rapidly, and runs its course so quickly that its victims are usually found dead in the field as the first indication of anything amiss. If seen during life there are the general symptoms of plethora, fever, with halting on one limb, stiffness, and excessive tenderness of some parts of the skin, to be promptly followed by swelling of such parts, with yellow or bloody oozing from the surface, and crackling when pressed. These swellings become firm, tense, insensible, and even cold, and if the subject survives, may finally slough open and leave large, unsightly, and inactive sores. Recoveries are the excep�tion and too often slow and tedious.

(C)nbsp; nbsp;In Sheep.� Carhuncular Erysipelas. � This strongly resembles black-quarter of cattle. . Like that it attacks the

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finest of the flock, and the bodies of its victims are found dead in the field. There is first halting on a. limb, then a red or violet swelling beginning inside the leg and rapidly extending over the body. The feeling, appearance, and course of the swelling agree with those of black-quarter, and death occurs in a few hours, or in exceptional cases in two days.

(D)nbsp; nbsp;In Swine.�These suffer from Anilu-ax of the Mouth, comparable to black-tongue, carbuncular erysipelas, like that of the sheep, pharyngeal anthrax and tumours about the throat, which sometimes at least have the anthrax characters.

(1)nbsp; The Carbuncular Erysipelas has been constantly con�founded in systematic veterinary works with intestinalfeoer; but it is a distinct disease, being derivable from other anthrax patients and communicable to other genera of animals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is absolutely confined to swine.

(2)nbsp; Malignant Sore-throat.�Pharyngeal Anthrax.�This is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses or excretions of other anthrax animals. There is active fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, breast, and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, elastic, warm, and tender, but becomes purple, cool, insensible, and pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, retching, vomiting, purple patches, and black spots on the eyes, snout, and skin, difficult breathing through the mouth, livid tongue, decreasing temperature, great weakness, and death in one or two days.

(3)nbsp; nbsp;In the guttural tumours the swelling is circumscribed to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or both sides of the throat, extending to the throat generally, causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swallowing, the general symptoms of anthrax, and death from suffocation often under twenty-four hours. It attacks pigs of five or six months.

(E)nbsp; Dogs and Cats.�These suffer when they have eaten the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease usually localizes

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itself in the mouth, throat, and digestive organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fever and often death.

(F)nbsp; Birds�Suffer from the primary disease and more fre�quently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear mainly on the comb, beak, and feet.

(G)nbsp; Man.�Malignant Pustule.�There is itchiness of the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next day a new crop of vesicles surround the seat of the first and pass through the same course to be succeeded by another and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through the shades of red, blue, brown, and black, becomes gangrenous and insensible, and in case of recovery is sloughed off. At first the disease is quite local, but as it advances a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal.

Malignant Anthrax without External Swellings.

Apoplectic Form.�In all animals there is a form in which the victim is cut off after a few minutes' illness, with or without discharge of blood from the natural openings of the body, and before time has been allowed for any of those changes in the blood and internal organs which characterize the disease. These are often to be distinguished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by their occurrence simultaneously with other forms of anthrax and in the same places.

Anthrax Fever in Horses.�Vigorous health is replaced by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the halter, leaning on the side of the stall, if at work unsteady movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning the head towards the flank. The hair is dry and erect, the hide tense, and may even crepitate on handling; it trembles or sweats about the

'quot;�^L^.^

CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.

ears, elbows, or thighs. The eyes and nose assume a yellow or reddish or brownish-yellow tinge, with oftentimes dark red or black spots. The pulse is weak, the heart's impulse behind the left elbow strong, breathing laboured or quick and catching. A frothy, bloody fluid may appear at the nose. The bowels are costive, the dung covered with mucus, or loose with streaks of blood. The rectum, everted, is of a dark red and puffy. Great weakness comes on, and the patient dies in convulsions or during the subsequent calm. Death usually occurs in twelve to twenty-four hours.

Anthrax Fever in Oxen.�Splenic Apoplexy.�The patient ceases feeding and ruminating, or does so irregularly, trembles, has partial sweats, staring coat, varying heat of the body, arched back, quarters rested on the stall or fence, or lies with the head turned to the flank. A high temperature (105deg; to 107deg;) precedes the outward symptoms by hours or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery, with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots, remarked in the horse; breathing hurried, heart's action violent, pulse weak, loins and back tender or even crepitating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape from nose, anus, or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood As the disease advances the temperature of the body decreases and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, or makes a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually takes place in from twelve to twenty-four hours.

Anthrax Fever in Sheep.�Blood-Striking.�Braxy�Is very promptly fatal, the dead and already foetid carcasses being usually found in the morning though the flock was apparently well at night. The black, tarry blood brightening very slowly on exposure, the enlarged spleen and mesenteric glands, the red, puffy, softened membrane of the bowels, and the bloody and gelatinous exudations show the true nature of the disease. When seen during life there are signs of plethora, fever, red eyes, costiveness, bloody, mucous dung, bloody urine, colicky

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pains, unsteady gait, breathlessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, stupor, convulsions, and speedy death. Many cases of so-called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine anthrax.

Anthrax Fever in Swine.�There are dullness, thirst, in-appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, drooping tail, deep, dull, brownish-red eyes, hurried breathing, small pulse, violent heart's action, and tense, tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed, and sometimes bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the skin and mucous mem�branes, as in hog-cholera, and if the animal survives these are sloughed off, often leaving sores. If swelling appears ex�ternally it is often a herald of improvement.

Anthrax Fever in Birds.�There is inappetence, ruffling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid diarrhoea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the touch, muscular weakness, unsteady walk, inability to perch, livid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the feathers drop off and swell�ings appear about the head, throat, or feet.

Treatment of Malignant Anthrax.

This is unsatisfactory owing to the rapidly fatal action of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones may often be treated with fair success.

General Treatment.�In very plethoric subjects bleeding may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble constitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act on the bowels, kidneys, and skin to eliminate the poison (sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tartrate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge with cold water and rub actively till dry. Rub with camphorated spirit or oil of turpen�tine. Give tonics (quinia, salacin, etc.), antiseptics (mineral

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acids, nitro-muriatic acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, bisulphite 01 soda, tincture of iodine, iodide of potassium, bichromate of potassa). In an outbreak in 1875, I had admirable results from the use of nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa three grs., and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bisulphite of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the skin. Of fifty very sick oxen only four died.

In the advanced and weak conditions stimulants (alcohol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.), are useful.

Local Treatment.�This is very successful with inoculated forms of the disease (malignant pustule, boil-plague, gloss-anthrax, malignant sore-throat) if employed before the poison has passed into the system and produced fever. For these, free cauterization and especially with the antiseptic caustics (crystallized carbolic acid, the mineral acids, chloride of zinc, chloride of iron, sulphate of iron or copper) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the blisters must be first laid open and the agent applied in small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a diluted condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to circumscribed tumours accompanied by the fever, being fol�lowed by poultices to encourage suppuration.

For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold water, vinegar, etc.), weak antiseptic lotions, and, above all, injections with a hypodermic syringe of antiseptics (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid�1-100, etc.) The hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to the circumscribed tumours, but we must saturate their whole substance, otherwise absorp�tion of the poison will lead to general disorder.

Prevention.�1. Drain the soil thoroughly. 2. When a soil

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cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on other pastures rather than graze them. 3. Remove the stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as summer heat and dryness of the soil favour malarious emanations (late summer and autumn).

4.nbsp; Shelter the stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds during the day, when, after a hot, dry season, there comes an extreme difference between the day and night temperature.

5.nbsp; nbsp;Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding such as is stagnant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good thriving condition, and avoid sudden accessions of plethora. Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary to secure this, or in case of an over-luxuriant pasture, seclusion in a barn-yard for four or five hours a day. Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent feeding in dangerous localities. 7. Overwork, exhaustion, close-aired buildings, ill-health, or whatever tends to load the blood with waste matter should be avoided. 8. Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, sulphuric, or carbolic acid daily in the water or food. 9. Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy. 10. Carcasses, secretions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased animals should be deeply buried or otherwise perfectly destroyed. Buildings, yards, sheds, etc, occupied by the diseased should be thoroughly disinfected. Pastures should be abandoned for that season, and graves fenced safely from trespass for two years, n. None but the attendants should approach the diseased. 12. Before handling, cauterize all raw sores on hands or face with lunar caustic and wash the hands in a weak solution of carbolic acid both before and after. 13. Shut up all dogs, cats, and pigeons. 14. Never allow the flesh or milk to pass into consumption.

GLANDERS AND FARCY.

A specific febrile disorder originating in solipeds, and trans�missible by contagion or inoculation to dogs, goats, sheep, and men. Glanders is characterized by a peculiar deposit with

CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.

ulceration on the membrane of the nose, and in the lungs, etc., and farcy by deposits of the same material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the skin. Each has its acute and chronic form. The acute form usually results from inoculation, or in weak and worn-out systems. Besides the common cause� contagion, overwork, exhausting diseases, and impure air are especially injurious.

Symptoms of Amte Glanders.�Languor, dry, staring coat, red, weeping eyes, impaired appetite, accelerated pulse and breathing, yellowish-red or purple streaks or patches in the nose, watery nasal discharge, with sometimes painful dropsical swellings of the limbs or joints. Soon the nasal flow becomes yellow and sticky, causing the hairs- and skin of the nostrils to adhere together, quot;and upon the mucous membrane appear yellow elevations with red spots, passing on into erosions and deep ulcers of irregular form and varied colour, and with little or no tendency to. heal. The lymphatic glands inside the lower jaw where the pulse is felt, become enlarged, hard, and nodular, like a mass of peas or beans, and are occasionally firmly adherent to the skin, the tongue,, or jawbone. The lymphatics on the face often rise as firm cords. An occasional cough is heard,, and auscultation detects crepitation or wheezing in the chest. The ulcers increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle or even the bone, the glands also enlarge but remain hard and nodular,, the discharge becomes bloody, foetid, and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accom�plish suffocation, and the animal perishes in the greatest distress.

Symptoms of Chronic Glanders.�This is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varying extremely in size and number, often indeed situated too high to be seen; by the same viscid discharge,, but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form; by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare.

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Excepting at the very outset, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the apparently insignificant draw�back of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he contaminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recognized unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days.

Symptoms of Acute Farcy.�The premonitory symptoms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords, painful to pressure; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part affected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the veins on the inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet toward the body, and is most likely to be confounded with lymphangitis, in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming complicated with glanders before death.

Symptoms of Chronic Farcy.�This may follow the acute form or come on insidiously. First there is some swelling of a fetlock, usually a hind one, and a round, hard, nut-like mass may be felt which gradually softens, bursts, and discharges the the characteristic serous or glairy matter. The lymphatics leading up from it meanwhile become corded, and farcy-buds appear along their course. Or the round, pea-like buds appear first on the inner side of the hock, or on some other part of the body, soften, burst, and discharge before any cording of the lymphatics can be felt.

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Bye-and-by, dropsical swellings appear in the limbs and else�where, at first soft and removable by exercise, later, hard and permanent. Sometimes the farcy-buds fail to soften, but remain hard and indolent for months.

Glanders in the dog is a comparatively mild affection, but as deadly if it is conveyed back to the horse or to man. Glanders in man presents the same general symptoms as in the horse, and need not be further described.

Treatment of Glanders.�The acute disease is fatal. The chronic form occasionally appears to recover, though more commonly the symptoms are covered up to reappear whenever the animal is put to hard work. The treatment of glanders in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores should be legally prohibited because of the danger to man as well as animals.

For glanders the most successful agents have been arseniate of strychnia (5 grs.), bisulphite of soda (2 drs.), biniodide of copper (1 dr.), cantharides (5 grs.) with vegetable tonics, sul�phate of copper (6 drs. in mucilage), sulphate of iron (4 drs.), chloride of barium, copaiva, cubebs, etc. Pure air and rich food are perhaps even more important. To the nose may be applied sulphur fumes, fumes of burning tar, carbolic acid solution in spray, etc. The enlarged glands may be treated with astringent solutions, and later with iodine injections, or may even be excised with the knife.

Treatment of Chronic Farcy.�Active local inflammation may demand purgatives (aloes), diuretics (iodide of potassium) with warm fomentations or astringent lotions, exercise, and a soft non-stimulating diet. In the absence of such indication use the tonics advised for glanders, choosing in the order named. The corded lymphatics and unbroken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed with iodine or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should be treated with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot

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iron). Use iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally.

Prevention.�i. Destroy all glandered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected animals should be secluded under veterinary supervision until they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the diseased has come in contact should be thoroughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far .is possible from exhausting work, chronic wearing-out affections, and above all impure and rebreathed air.

VENEREAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS.

This is a curious disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa, and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and propagated by copulation.

Syinptoms.�From one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irritation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs of generation (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, often with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is fre�quently erected, with switching and rubbing of the tail; in horses on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturbance and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, pustules appear on the perineum, tail, and between the thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the

CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;47

irregular, nodular, puckered, ulcerated, and lardaceous-looking mucous membrane, abortion ensues, with emaciation, lameness, paralysis, and death, after a wretched existence of five months to two years. In horses swelling of the sheath may be the only symptom for a year, then there may follow dark spots of extravasated blood, or swellings of the penis, the testicles may swell, a dropsical engorgement extends forward beneath the abdomen and chest, the lymphatic glands in different parts of the body may swell, pustules and ulcers appear on the skin, the eyes and nose run, a weakness and vacillating movement of the hind limbs gradually increases to paralysis, and in a period varying from three months to three years death puts an end to the suffering.

TUBERCULOSIS. CONSUMPTION. PINING.

This is a hereditary constitutional affection, characterized by a specific deposit of cells, large and small, in a special network, but without blood-vessels. It is situated by preference in the groups of lymphatic glands, or in the microscopic gland-like tissue of the different organs, and may be seen in all stages from the simple redness and congestion in which the deposit is only commencing, through the solid grayish tubercle to the soft yellowish, cheese-like mass resulting from the softening of the latter. There are also the open cavities {votnicd) resulting from their rupture and the discharge of the tuberculous matter, and chalky masses from the deposit of earthy salts within them. They may be no larger individually than a millet-seed (miliary tuberculosis), or in the chest of cattle one may measure a foot long and five or six inches in thickness. They are most common in cattle, especially heavy milkers, with long legs, narrow chest, attenuated neck and ears, and horns set near together. Sheep and swine with a corresponding conformation are next in order of liability, while horses, dogs, and fowls are comparatively exempt. Oft-repeated experiment has shown

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that tubercle is communicable to healthy animals by inocula�tion, or by eating the raw, diseased product, and that it is superinduced in any predisposed individual by setting up a local inflammation. It has also been transmitted by the warm, fresh milk, but probably only when the disease has invaded the mammary glands; in many experiments, including those conducted by the author, the milk has proved harmless. Close, badly-aired buildings (as town cow-sheds) are among the most prolific causes of the disease, as are also changes to a colder climate, to a cold, exposed locality, or from a dry to a low, damp, undrained region. Finally, any cause which tends to wear out the general health tends to tuberculosis in a pre�disposed subject.

Tubercles may be developed in any part of the body, as the lungs, their serous covering, the membrane supporting the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the throat, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries, the kidneys, the bones, especi�ally the ends of long bones, and, in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue.

Symptoms vary according to the seat of the deposit, yet there is a constitutional condition common to all, and the lungs are almost always involved in the later stages, giving rise to a great similarity of symptoms. The disease may be acute but is usually chronic. The onset is insidious and easily overlooked, tubercles being often found in animals killed in prime condition, and I have seen them in parturition fever, which is always attributed to plethora. There is some dullness, loss of vivacity, tenderness of the withers, back, and loins, and of the walls of the chest, occasional dryness of the nose, heat of the horns and ears, want of pliancy in the skin, slightly increased tem�perature (102deg;), weak, accelerated pulse, mawkish breath, stiff�ness of the limbs, wandering perhaps from one to another, slight, infrequent, dry cough, and blue, watery milk, often abundant but with cheesy matter, fat and sugar decreased, and

,^;

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soda and potassa in excess. The lymphatic glands about the throat are often manifestly enlarged. Swellings of the joints may appear, or a murmur harsher than natural may be heard over the lower end of the windpipe or in the chest. With deposits in the abdomen, and especially in or near the ovaries of cows, the desire for the male is often constant {bullers), though conception and the completion of gestation are usually-impossible. Working oxen are easily overdone and become visibly emaciated from day to day. As the disease advances the eyes sink in their sockets and lose all animation, the skin is hidebound, harsh, dry, and scurfy, the hair dull, dry, and erect, the membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth of a pale, yellow, bloodless aspect, though often streaked with pink vessels, a whitish discharge often takes place from the nose, and with it an increased repulsiveness and often distinct foetor of the breath; if the bowels are involved scouring is common, and if the bones, swelling and lameness increase. Exhaustion with profuse perspiration and laboured breathing occur on the slightest exertion, the appetite fails, tympany follows each meal, and the milk is at once poorer and lessened in quantity. The cough increases, becomes rattling, the discharge profuse, foetid, mixed with cheesy-like or chalky particles, crepitating, wheezing, gurgling, and other abnormal noises are heard in the chest, and percussion shows dullness in particular parts, with wincing. All of the symptoms become steadily aggravated, and the animal usually perishes from the difficulty of respiration or the profuse foetid diarrhoea. In cases affecting the bones, the patient may be unable to stand, and the bony prominences may make their way through the skin or even crumble under the pressure thrown upon them. If the tubercle is deposited in the liver, pancreas, or kidneys, there are symptoms of disease of these respective organs.

Recoveries sometimes ensue in connexion with healing of vomicx or calcification of the tubercles in strong sub-

5deg;

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jects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a fatal

issue.

Treatment.�This is unsatisfactory as being rarely successful, and even then in preserving an animal which is dangerous as a breeder for producing a progeny predisposed to this disease, and for slaughter and dairy purposes as possibly conveying the malady to man.

The most promising course is to secure dry, pure air, sun�shine, a genial temperature, rich and easily digestible food, containing abundance of fat (linseed, com, beans, peas, potatoes), a course of tonics (linseed or cod-liver oil in small doses, sulphate of iron, hypophosphite of iron, quinia, gentian, etc.), and antiseptics (fumes of burning sulphur, bisulphite of soda, sulpho-carbolate of iron, etc.)

Prevention.�This would include drainage, shelter of pastures by trees, avoidance of changes to cold or damp localities, a warm, sunny location for farm buildings, suitable feeding and watering, the prevention and cure of all debilitating, and especially chronic diseases, protection against overwork, or excessive secretion of milk on a stimulating but insufficiently nutritious diet, securing young, undeveloped animals against breeding and milking at the same time, rejection of tuberculous subjects from breeding, the prompt removal of all such animals from pastures or buildings used for the healthy, and the thorough disinfection of all places where they have teen kept.

The flesh and milk of tuberculous animals are always to be viewed with suspicion, but this poison, like others, can be destroyed by the most thorough cooking.

CHAPTER II. PARASITES.

Parasites�their numbers. Tapeworms. Tasnia Coenurus. Co�nurus Cere-bralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in calves and Iambs. Tsenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Hominis), Echinococcus disease. Tsenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Parasitic Measles in swine. Tasnia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, Para�sitic Measles in cattle. Tsenia Expansa; Tape-worm in sheep and cattle. Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis.

PARASITES.

The domestic animals harbour no less than two hundred Species of parasites, which will be found treated in the author's larger work, but the limits of the present book will restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For convenience of reference most of these are noticed in connexion with the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages) which they infest, and here we will only name such as having a more general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred to any one organ.

TAPE-WORMS.

These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segments joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end terminates in a small globular head furnished with circular sucking discs, and a '�oboscis usually encircled by one or more rows of booklets. From the other end the ripe -gments are continu�ally detached and expelled from the body, and may be recog-

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nized as little, white, flattened, oblong objects progressing over soil and vegetables by a worm-like movement, and depositing an endless number of microscopic eggs, with which they are literally filled. Some tape-worms are estimated to lay as many as 25,000,000 eggs. Taken with the food or water into the body of a suitable host these eggs open and set free an ovoid six-hooked embryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat of its species in the young or larval state and there encysts itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die in this situation, or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous animal it may develop in its bowels into a mature tape-worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop into the cystic form, or, this peril escaped, because the first animal host is not devoured by the right species of animal in which the young cystic worm can grow into its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that there may be scarcely any limit to their increase when the different animals which form their hosts in the cystic and mature condition abound together in the same locality.

STAGGERS. TURN-SICK. GID. STURDY. WATER-BRAIN IN LAMBS AND CALVES.

The Tam'a Ccenurus of the bowels of the dog, a tape-worm of one to three feet long, has its cystic form�Ccenunis Cere-bralis�in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character according to the exact site of the cyst.

Symptoms.�Great nervousness and fear without apparent cause, or dullness, stupor, and aberration of the senses, and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep is found apart from the flock with red eyes, dilated pupils, blindness, and

PARASITES.

unsteady gait, but with a tendency to move restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it neglects to eat or drink, and wastes daily. But, if well-fed and excitement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten track. The limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a disorderly manner, being partially paralyzed. If there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn to one side or the other, according to the relative activity of the parasites at any given moment. When the cyst is directly in the median line, the sheep elevates its nose and advances in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. When located in the back part of the brain (cerebellum), the host lifts its limbs in a jerking,

Fig. i.�Coenurus Cerebralis. Showing the sac wilh its many heads (reduced). Also a single head magnified.

uncertain manner, sets them down in a hesitating way, stumbles perpetually, falls and struggles for some time ineffectually in its efforts to rise. If situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symptoms. The disorders are often extreme at first, and afterwards undergo a temporary improve�ment, the remissions and aggravations being probably due to the varying activity of the parasite at different periods. Simple tumours, maintaining a steadily increasing pressure, rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms.

The coenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old, and

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those that are out of condition. Yet the finest animals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in cattle, the young, weak, and ill-thriven are the most exposed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, damp, and exposed localities suffer more than the rich, dry, and sheltered.

Prevention.�Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, deny them sheep's heads until cooked. Examine them at frequent intervals and expel all tape-worms by vermifuges (oil of turpen�tine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving condition. Drain all wet pastures, shelter exposed ones.

Treatment.�In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may follow rupture of the cyst in connexion with a blow on the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the skull. This should be laid open with a sharp lancet or penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the liquid may escape slowly. The animal may be turned on its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no struggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied, a membrane will be found pro�jecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from its inner surface #9632;will be found projecting one hundred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, each representing the head of a tape-worm, and being capable of development into the mature parasite if swallowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a week. If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated


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PARASITES.

must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep turns to one side, open a little in front of the corresponding ear and about half an inch from the median line of the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight forward without much terror or disorderly movement, open at the same level but in the median line. If there is awkward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry, and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter (in an emergency a gimlet will do), with which the bone is to be perforated. After this the cannula and trocar is used as above advised.

If more than one cyst should be present the operation may require repetition, and with care recoveries often ensue.

ECHINOCOCCUS DISEASE.

The Tcenia Echinococcus, a tape-worm of the dog, not exceed-

Fig. 2.�Tfenia Echinococcus magnified. (Cobbold.)

Fig. 3.�Portion of cyst and heads of Echinococcus.

ing one inch in length, lives in its cystic form as Echinococms (E. Hominis, E. Veterinorum), in the most varied internal organs of men and animals. As the cystic form of this parasite

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has the power of increasing its numbers almost indefinitely, and growing into enormous multilocular cysts, it becomes extremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, above all, to its human victims. One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been attributed to this parasite, and a fatal case in a child has recently come under the writer's notice. Many of the cysts of water found in the liver and other internal organs of the domestic animals are specimens of echinococcus, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of animals raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any organ (liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, eye, etc.), and the symptoms will vary accordingly.

Treatment. � Spontaneous recovery may take place from death or rupture of the sac. Otherwise the true nature of these fluctuating tumours can rarely be recognized, but if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, and compound tincture of iodine inj ected into the sac.

Prevention.�Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others from slaughter-houses, and deny raw flesh and especially offal. Examine frequently, and if segments of tape-worm are passed, clear them away with vermifuges (see Gid). Burn the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the contents of evacuated hydatids, and all offal containing cysts.

im t\

MEASLES IN SWINE.

r ,i

Fig. 4.�Head of Taenia Solium, magnified. (Cobbold.)

The bladder-worm of pork {Cysticercus Cellulosa, Fig. 5) is the immature form of a tape-worm of man (Tcenia solium), and

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is only caused by pigs having access to human excrement, or to places near privies, etc., from which the segments of the human tape-worm may travel The cysts, respectively about

Fig. S-�Cysticercus Cellulosa, magnified.

the size of a grain of barley, are found in the muscles, in the loose connective tissue between them and under the skin, in the serous membranes, in the eye, under the tongue, in the brain, etc., of swine. They are also found in this undeveloped form in the muscles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating underdone pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the egg in his food (salads, etc.), and water.

Symptoms.�In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the general symptoms of intestinal worms and the paosage of the ripe segments. Other symptoms may attend the presence of the cysts accord�ing to the organ which they invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism, when into the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become encysted they may continue thus indefinitely without further injury.

Treatment.�The cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine.

Prevention.�Human beings harbouring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to expel them. Their stools should be burned or treated with strong mineral acids. Swine should be kept far apart from all deposits of human excrement; no such manure should be used as a top-dressing on pastures open to swine, or on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.).

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devoted to the raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habitations.

MEASLES IN CATTLE.

This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines in length {Cysticercus Mediocanellatd), which as a mature tape�worm (Tania Mediocanellatd) inhabits the human bowels.

Fi?. 6.�Head of Taenia Mediocanellata, magnified.

When the eggs were given experimentally to calves they caused stiffness, wasting, and death in three weeks. Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and terminated in an apparent recovery, the live cysts of course remaining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef-ham is especially reprehensible.

TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE.

Tcenia Expansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Australia, Germany, etc. Its cystic form is unknown, therefore we can only check its increase by watching what sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expelling the worm by

PARASITES.

vermifuges (oil of turpentine in milk, male-fern, etc), and burning both it and the sheep's droppings.

LARD-WORM OF THE HOG.

This worm {Stephanurus Dentatus) is from one to one and three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, and is

Fig. ₇_Stephanuras Dentatus; a, male; t, female; c, head magnified. Verrill found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It is frequent in the liver, kidney, and the fat about the spare-rib, but has

Fig. 8.�Eustrongylus Gigas. (Cuvier.)

been found in the air-passages, the heart, the veins, the mesen�tery and elsewhere. In many cases no impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weakness of the hind parts.

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diarrhoea, or even blood-poisoning and sudden death. It seems not improbable that the attacks of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder which is confounded with Hog-Cholera. Its presence in the kidney may sometimes be recog�nized by the existence of microscopic eggs in the urine. The same results from another worm�Eustrongyhcs Gtgas. But without the observation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot be ascribed to the kidney-worm.

Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. The favourite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog because he rejects it all by vomiting. If beneficial at all it must be in small doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so that it may be taken up into the system.

Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and diseased apart, and especially by raising young pigs apart from the ground occupied by the old.

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TRICHINA SPIRALIS.

This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog, and

% I

Fig. 9.�Adult Intestinal Trichina Spiialis, magnified.

the rat. Trichinae are almost microscopic, varying from one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch in length, yet' they are among the most deadly worms known. The mature and fertile worm lives in the intestines of animals, the immature in minute cysts

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PARASITES.

in the muscle. The latter can only reach maturity and repro�duce their kind when the animal which they infest is devoured by another, and they are set free by the digestion of their cysts. When thus introduced into the bowels they grow and

Fig. 10.�Muscle Trichina encysted, magnified.

propagate their kind, giving rise to much irritation for the first fortnight, diarrhoea, enteritis, or peritonitis. The symptoms caused by their boring through the bowels and into the muscles last from the eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular pains like rheumatism, but not affecting the joints, a stiff, semiflexed condition of the limbs, and sometimes swellings on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for rheu�matism or typhoid fever, in the lower animals the symptoms are usually less marked, but are the same in kind. There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain when handled, and stiffness behind. If the patient survives six weeks recovery may be expected, because the worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in the muscle.

Treatment.�In the first six weeks, but especially for the first fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Glycerine, benzine, Diippel's animal oil, chloroform, alcohol, and picric acid are fatal to them in about the order named.

Prevention.�Never eat underdone meat. Trichina survive 140deg; F. Hams thoroughly smoked are safe. Slightly-smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carbolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter-houses,

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''I

and especially should the waste of these places be forbidden them. Such hog-pens, indeed all piggeries, should be kept scrupulously clean and clear of rats and mice. The carcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough microscopic examination before passing into consumption. Whenever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject the pork should be traced to its source if possible, and the pigs reared in the same place killed and subjected to prolonged boiling. The rats and mice should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manure burned.

#9632;

CHAPTER III.

DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.

Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Aimsarca. Purpura Haemorrhagica. Anaania.

ERGOTISM.

From time immemorial animals and men have suffered from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked with ergot This was especially the case when agriculture was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the smut of maize will bring about untoward effects. These results may be divided into three categories according as the poison acts�on the brain, producing convulsions, paralysis, or profound lethargy; on the womb, tend�ing to abortion; or on the extremities, causing dry gangrene.

Symptoms of the Nervous Form.�Unsteady gait, a great tendency to lie down and to remain in a torpid state little conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the eye?, and dullness of the special senses mark the early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms supervene, during which the special senses become more acute, the animal very excit�able, and twitching of the muscles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient Then there is a relapse into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the

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hind limbs or knuckling forward at the fetlocks. Death may en sye in a few hours or days, or the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable appetite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of the pharynx, vomiting or diarrhoea. He usually passes off in a convulsion.

Sytnptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion.)

Symptoms of the Gangrenous Form.�-'Nervous symptoms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swelling, heat, and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hind feet, but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears or roots of the horns. Lameness usually first draws attention to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insensible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, hard or almost horny. The swelling, heat, and tenderness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead, including even the bone up to a given point. At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off.

It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder, but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial parts, and attacking the feet in preference to the more exposed tail and ears.

Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, including plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, gentian), stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk), and anti-spasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices containing camphor.

Prevention.�Ergoted hay, known by the black, spur-like growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected

#9632;#9632;quot;

DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 65

to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage and open sunshine are conducive to healthy growth. Hay from affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to seed.

GOITRE.

This is a diseased enlargement of the thyroid body, situated beneath the throat, and is common in animals and in man wherever the water is charged with the products of magnesian-limestone. Hence its frequency on the limestone formations of New York and Pennsylvania. Weakness, from any disease, poor feeding, abuse, over-work, etc., aggravates the affection. In solipeds there are two distinct swellings, one on each side, but in other animals, and, above all, in swine, the swelling is single and in the median line. At first it is soft and even doughy, but afterwards it is firm, tense, and resistant, and if cut into may even be gritty. In lambs it may form a great engorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and the whole produce of the year may be still-born or die soon after birth.

Treatment.�Give rain-water and use iodine freely, both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swelling. Per�sist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine may be thrown into the tumour by a hypodermic syringe, or the nutrient blood-vessels may be tied.

The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by giving the ewes rain-water, good feeding, and plenty of exercise in the open air during the winter.

RHEUMATISM.

This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body (muscles, tendons, joints, bursae, etc.), and dependent on a constitutional predisposition transmitted from parent to offspring. It often shifts from place to place,

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rarely results in suppuration, and shows a great tendency to implicate fatally the valves and other fibrous structures of the heart. Besides the constitutional predisposition, it owes its development to accessory causes, such as cold and wet, cold draughts, and disorders, especially those of the digestive or respiratory organs, which load the blood with abnormal and probably acid elements.

Symptoms.�Acute Form.�Dullness, languor, or indisposition to move is followed by extreme lameness in one or more limbs, and heat, swelling, and tenderness of a joint, tendon, or group of muscles. If this tenderness moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very characteristic. The swelling is at first soft and afterwards hard and resistant; it may fluctuate from excess of synovia in a joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, high-coloured urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or irregular beat, and one or other of the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (See Diseases of the Heart.)

Chronic Form.�This resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and even bony enlargements, and in cattle suppuration, especially about the joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and less inclined to shift from place to place.

Treat7nent.�Give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Epsom salts; pig or dog, castor oil), with anodynes (opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies (bicarbonate of potassa or soda; acetate of potassa or ammonia; cream of tartar), and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of ammonia, nitrate

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DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 67

of potassa). Sudorifics (hot room; warm clothing; rugs wrung out of boiling water closely applied to the skin and covered with dry; bags of dry grain, bran, or sand; rubbing with hot smoothing-irons over a thin covering; hot air or steam baths ; aconite; acetate of ammonia; guarana, etc.), are in the highest degree beneficial. Some agents, like propylamine and muriate of iron, have been very serviceable in certain hands. Local treatment consists in the application of warmth, etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua ammonia, and olive oil) which may be applied several times a day, and the inflam�mation followed up as it recedes from structure to structure.

ACUTE ANASARCA. PURPURA HjEMORRHAGICA.

The affection to be described here is altogether different in its nature from the dropsies which result from obstruction of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a diseased struc�ture, as also from those dependent on suppression of the secre�tion of urine, on heart-disease or a watery state of the blood with deficiency of blood globules. It is not at all inflammatory nor of the nature of malignant anthrax as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common after influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs, in ill-ventilated stables where animals are compelled to use re-breathed air, and in very open, cold bams where they are liable to be chilled after being heated at work Sudden excessive lowering of temperature or exposure to cold rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the secre�tions of the skin. The disease is much more frequent under the extreme vicissitudes of temperature of the Northern States than in the more equable climate of the British Isles.

Symptoms.�The disease is manifested abruptly by appear�ance of tense, painful, rounded, or diffuse swellings on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly, or indeed any�where over the body. These tend to enlarge, to run together,

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and to gravitate downwards into the limbs and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extended, tolerably smooth swell�ings, pitting on pressure, and subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper margins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark blood spots and patches, ineffaceable by pressure even at this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the skin, but always as the disease advances. Similar spots may be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usually dense, thick, ammoniacal, and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks the period of effusion, but there is at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing or appetite. As the swellings increase, the animal becomes unable to see, to eat, or even to move almost, and breathing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, through the swollen and closed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of the joints; little blisters with yellowish or bloody contents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the pastern, and, bursting, continue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of the swelling; patches of skin die, drop off, and leave unhealthy, weak sores with a serous discharge; the exudations may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach the tendons from the bones, leading to turning up of the toe or other distortions. Sometimes the superficial swellings suddenly subside, and unless a critical diarrhoea or diuresis occurs, serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs or bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the patient suddenly, with great oppression of breathing, or violent and persistent colicky pains, and, at times, a bloody foetid diarrhoea.

The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the effusion. The result is most favourable when this is under the skin, the main danger then being from suffocation, extensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and detachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improvement is shown by the third or

DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 69

fourth day the disease will usually last over twelve or fourteen days, and the resulting sores even for months.

Prevention.�Keep in strong, vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.), known to precipitate the malady. Drainage of damp localities is not without its influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in diseases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are attended with a low type of fever like influenza, and, above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or exposing to inclement weather.

Treatment.�Give a mild laxative (olive oil, linseed oil, aloes), and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, oil of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa), carefully graduated in amount to the strength of the patient, and use freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity of the blood (tincture of muriate of iron 1 dr., chlorate of potassa 2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa \ grain), with bitter tonics (quinia, cascarilla, camo�mile), and, if necessary to moderate suffering, anodynes (bella�donna), or in very prostrate conditions stimulants (alcoholic liquors, oil of turpentine). Locally the swellings should be often bathed with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbolic acid, or chloride of zinc diluted so as to be non-irritating. Astringent solutions should be assiduously employed about the head, and, if suffocation is threatened, tubes of gutta-percha may be inserted in the nostrils to keep them open. Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together with scarify�ing of the swellings, because of the risk of unhealthy sores resulting.

Modified Forms.�The mild forms of this affection have been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based on the punctiform nature of the blood-staining, the severity of the sore-throat and the more moderate exudation. But there is no contagion, nor indeed anything that seems to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be especially benefited by poultices and counter-irritants to the throat, by the inhal-

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ation of warm water vapour, and by astringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa, 2 oz.; vinegar, 2 oz.; linseed meal, 5 oz.; syrup, sufficient to form a pasty mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth twice a day). Otherwise, the treatment is the same as for purpura.

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This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules in the blood, a result which may be determined by a variety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among these may be named : profuse bleeding, excessive secretions from the udder, kidneys, bowels, etc., chronic diseases of digestion, or of the mesenteric glands, feeding on aliment deficient in some essen�tial element, on what has been grown on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one kind of food, starvation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunlight, etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any definite cause, and it appears that they set in and progress, in spite of good hygienic arrangements, and in the absence of any obvious disease of structure.

Symptoms.�Great and increasing paleness of the mucous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper skin); lack of fulness or roundness of the veins; slow, weak pulse; heart's beat slow and heard with difficulty, but excited to palpitation when the patient is subjected to violent exertion; there is great lack of life and energy, and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigue are easily induced. As the blood becomes poorer all these symptoms are aggravated, movement becomes un�steady, the hair or wool is easily detached, appetite fails, the dung is passed in small quantities and very hard, and a very clear urine of a low density is secreted in excess. In the advanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the puffy appear�ance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical swellings beneath the jaws or body or in the limbs, the inability or dis-

DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.

inclination to rise, the staggering gait, the hurried breathing becoming quick and wheezing on the least exertion, and the palpitations are highly characteristic. Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily or diarrhcea may supervene. Death sometimes occurs early, before there is much emaciation, and horses will even die in harness.

Prevention.�Avoid everything calculated to reduce the sys�tem unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease (bleeding, purging, diuretics) should only be resorted to under necessity. Hard work, excessive yield of milk, etc., can only be warranted under a rich, abundant food, and in an animal of great powers of digestion and assimilation. Regularity in feeding, watering, and work are essential.

The effect of a spare diet, even in idleness, must be carefully watched, as well as a long-continued feeding on one variety of plant. If evil effects are shown there should be a prompt change to natural hay or grass, consisting of a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, and a liberal supply of grain.

In cases due to parasites or other removable cause, attention to these is manifestly the first step to prevention.

Treatment.�After removal of the causes, support by nourish�ing, easily-digested food in small bulk to avoid exhausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, oil-cake, and a little natural hay may be especially mentioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well-boiled gruels and beef-tea (even for herbivora) may be resorted to. Tonics are all-important (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, cinchona, common salt, pepsin), but should be given in small doses to the weaker subjects. Iron and gentian, given as tinctures, are especially useful. In extreme cases, health may be speedily revived by the trans�fusion of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases, the patient should be allowed rest in a dry, warm, well-aired place, and should have light, sunshine, and grooming.

CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs :�Auscultation, percussion. Bleeding from the nose. Nasal catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses. Ab�scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumours in the nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diph-tlieria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, dander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneumonia. Broncho-pneumonia. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of the inter�costal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleuro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of CEstrus Ovis. Pentastoma Tasnioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. Lung-worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine, and birds.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

These are of the first importance in domestic animals alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entail. In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief:�i. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet 2. The extreme tenuity and delicacy of the mem�brane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

other mucous surface in the body. 3. The extraordinary work to which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces and severe efforts made by the horse. 4. The close, impure air of the stable in contrast to the clear bracing air of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. The effect of the hot relaxing air of the stable is not only on the lungs directly, but on the skin with which the lungs and all internal organs so closely sympathise. 6. The heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to which young horses are subjected in passing into training and work. 7. The changes of locality, feeding, and management to which young horses are subjected on leaving the breeder. 8. The variable weather, and sudden, extreme changes of spring and autumn. 6. The susceptibility which results from the want of habitude of bearing extreme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the above seasons, ro. The draughts of cold air to which animals are often subjected, and particularly when warm and perspiring. ir. The frequent exposure to cold drenching rains, night dews and the like, after the excitement and relaxation consequent on a hard day's work. 12. The arrest of circulation through the lungs owing to imperfect aeration of the blood when an animal out of con�dition is driven at a pace beyond his power of endurance.

Modes of Physical Exploration of the Respiratory Organs.� Atiscultation znA percussion are the most essential. The first is the application of the ear alone or with a stethoscope to the surface over some part of the respiratory organs (nose, throat, windpipe, chest), to listen to the natural sounds of breathing, and to detect any unnatural change or absence of these sounds. The natural sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then the different modifications followed on the diseased. In general terms there is a blowing sound to be heard in health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the upper and middle thirds of the chest. In the rest of the chest is a soft, rustling murmur, which has been compared to the gentlest

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zephyr stirring dry leaves. Just behind the left elbow in horses this murmur is absent and replaced by the sounds of the heart. Between the upper and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blowing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the resonance of any part by striking it gentle taps with a hard object, the blows falling perpendicularly to its surface, and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ it is meant to sound. Thus, for the surface, the gentlest taps with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre of the chest in large animals, the closed fist may be advantageously used. For intermediate depths the four fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straight line at their tips, and the surface tapped with this. When a cavity, enclosed by a hard bony surface, such as the nose, is being sounded, it is well enough to tap this direct, but if the surface is soft, as in the chest of fat and fleshy animals, a hard,- solid body should be pressed firmly upon it, and the taps delivered upon this. As the different parts of the the right hand may be used for delivering the taps, so may the two middle fingers of the left hand be employed to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front of the fingers should be applied against the surface, and the hard bony backs turned out to receive the taps. If percussion is made over a hollow space, like the nose or windpipe, the sound is drum-like; if over an open, spongy tissue, like the lung, it is much less so, but still full and clear; but if over a solid body, like the thigh, it is dead, or quite wanting in resonance. Behind the left elbow such dull sound is met with in the horse, and, to a less extent, in cattle; and on the last ribs on the right side in cattle, sheep, and pigs, a similar dullness is found in accordance with the position of the liver. Any increase, diminution, or loss of resonance over particular parts thus becomes of great value as indicating the healthy or unnatural state of the parts. But the observer must learn this matter by experience on the healthy

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS,

and diseased. These hints are merely thrown out to make what will follow intelligible.

BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE.

Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, and usually results from disease or injury to the mucous membrane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, drawing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and especially in animals with a plethoric habit.

Symptoms.�Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream), from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without frothing or sour odour. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes from both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended by retching.

Treatment.�Tie the head short up to a high rack or beam, cover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate cases, the nose may be plugged with pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. Internally may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, perchloride of iron, or ergot of rye.

NASAL CATARRH. COLD IN THE HEAD.

This results from the general causes above mentioned, and from irritant gases, vapours, etc.

Symptoms.�Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, and redness of the membrane of the nose, which is at first dry, after�wards discharges a clear watery fluid, and finally a yellowish-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may run high.

Treatment.�In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm building

I I

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with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is all that is necessary. In the more severe, steam the nose as for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even a mild laxative (horse, ox, or sheep, Glauber salts; dog or pig, castor oil), followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) If debility ensues, feed well and give tonics (gentian, etc.), and stimulants

Fig. ii.�Syphon for injecting the nose.

(spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc \ dr., glycerine i oz., tepid water i qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45quot;, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather, intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position, the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such injections are usually sufficient.

COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES.

This is common after severe colds in the horse; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of injuries from the yoke, etc.; in sheep from grub in the head (larva of CEstrns Ovis); in dogs and horses from the pentastomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Symptoms.�A more or less constant discharge from the nose, foetid if long retained, and above all if from a diseased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of the face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occasionally heat, tenderness, and even swelling of these parts, especially below the eye.

Treatinent.�Trephine the bone to one side of the median line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, arid again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water, and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose, and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth, and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine, and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet But there is much danger of injuring important vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy.

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ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL.

This is common in young horses, and appears as a slowly increasing, inactive, tense round swelling in the outer part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid, but collapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from within the nose along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw edges have skinned over.

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Fig. ii.�Syphon for injecting the nose.

(spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc \ dr., glycerine i oz., tepid water i qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45deg;, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather, intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position, the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such injections are usually sufficient.

COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES.

This is common after severe colds in the horse; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of injuries from the yoke, etc.; in sheep from grub in the head (larva of CEstrus Ovis); in dogs and horses from the pentastomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Treaf?nenf.�Trephine the bone to one side of the median line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water, and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose, and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth, and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine, and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet. But there is much danger of injuring important vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy.

ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL.

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ABSCESS IN THE GUTTURAL POUCHES.

These are two cavities situated above the throat and peculiar to solipeds. Each has a small opening at its anterior part, through which any liquid within them can escape only when the head is depressed. Hence a collection of matter in these sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes and is discharged through the nose intermittently when the head is down drink�ing, or still more in grazing or nibbling roots. The discharge comes from both nostrils, and there may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground, and treated with some of the tonics recommended for chronic catarrh or glanders. But should these fail, the sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the most accurate knowledge of the parts, to avoid the many important structures in the region. (See the author's larger work.)

TUMOURS IN THE NOSE.

Tumours of almost every kind grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means.

MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE.

This appears mainly in cold, damp, marshy situations, where the vitality is impaired, or in unusual seasons. In the cold early summer of 1875 I met with it in cows in several marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most subject to it, and probably it is due to deleterious agents taken in with the food and water as well as to chills and exposure.

Symptoms.�A slight diarrhcea may be followed by costiveness, the dung being black, firm, and scanty. The hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is depressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hot, eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and intolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 79

and vagina, bluish-red, pulse rapid, impulse of heart weak, breathing hurried, cough, urine scanty and high-coloured, and surface of the body alternately hot and cold In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are aggravated, the nose discharges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and duller on percussion, the mouth covered with dark-red blotches, from which the cuticle soon peels off, leaving raw sores, appetite is completely lost, dung and urine passed with much pain and straining, and there is general stiffness and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sixth day ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place beneath the jaws, chest, and abdomen, and on the legs the skin may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhoea succeeds the costiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the Russian Cattle Plague, but is rarely contagious.

Treatfttent.�Clear out the bowels by a laxative (olive oil and laudanum), following this up by slightly stimulating diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of ammonia), with anti�septics (chlorate of potassa, bichromate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet cloths may be kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged with very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft mashes and sliced or pulped roots allowed.

SORE-THROAT.

This may be confined to the larynx or upper end of the wind�pipe {laryngitis), or the pharynx or membranous pouch through which air and food both pass at the back of the mouth {pharyn�gitis), or the whole may be involved {laryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides, the sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diphtheria, influenza, strangles, distemper, and purpura).

The causes ot simple sore-throat are the same as those of nasal catarrh. Bots in the throat may cause it in horses.

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Symptoms.�The nose is raised and protraded, the head being carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, loose and gurgling in both diseases. With laryngitis there is much tenderness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound, which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pharyngitis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and water rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the active fever usually subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a painful, paroxysmal cough.

In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty hay, or undergoes active exertion. There are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling.

Treatment.�Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for strangles. Unless the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor oil); following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in the water, and anodynes as electuaries. Solid extract of belladonna 4 drs.; tannic acid 1 dr.; bisulphite of soda 4 drs.; honey or syrup 5 oz.; mix. Dose�horse and ox a piece as large as a hickory nut; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swallowed at leisure.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 81

In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as soon as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but in the most severe this may be preceded for a day or two by a linseed poultice. The diet throughout must be green, soft mashes or roots.

CROUP.

Especially seen in young animals (calves, lambs, foals), in cold and damp or high exposed localities. The symptoms are those of severe sore-throat {laryngitis), coming on very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing breathing, v/orse at one time than another or heard only at particular times of the day (morning, night), when spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteristic symptom is the formation of albuminoid false membranes as white films or pellicles in the throat, and which are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, temperature 107deg;, and even higher.

Treatment.�Give a warm, well-aired building, with water-vapour set free in the atmosphere, if possible; warm clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with antispasmodic (laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobelia); follow up with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa, and antispasmodics, giving each dose in well-boiled linseed tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Blister the neck actively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine), and, if necessary, swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate of silver 10 grs., water 1 oz., applied by a small sponge immovably tied on a piece of whale�bone. In the worst cases suffocation must be obviated by opening the windpipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to breathe through. In horses a ring must not be com�pletely cut across, but a semicircular piece cut out of each of two adjacent ones. Sometimes stimulants (wine whey, car-

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bonate of ammonia), and tonics (gentian, cinchona), must be used to sustain the failing strength.

CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS.

CWlaquo;.�Probably similar to those acting on quadrupeds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats), seems at times injurious. Newly-arrived fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not seem contagious in the ordinary sense, but rather inherent in soil, locality, or conditions of life.

,Sylaquo;raquo;/�ww.�Dullness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruffled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat, appear yellowish white films {false membranes) firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores where these have been de�tached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swelling and discharge so that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The inflammation may extend along the windpipe to the Eerial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intes�tines. In the first case death may take place from suffocation, and in the second from diarrhoea, and as early as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an outbreak, the malady may last twenty days and still prove fatal. False membranes may form on other distant parts of the body, but especially the comb, wattles, eye, or on accidental sores.

Treatment�Vhsaamp;t raw grain, and feed on vegetables and puddings made of well-boiled oat, barley, or Indian meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlorate of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the false membranes with a feather or forceps, and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all-important to change the run of the chickens for a time at least.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

DIPHTHERIA.

This is seen in pigs, and it is even claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in the latter animals rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care have appeared injurious in some cases.

Symptoms.�Sudden illness, with sore-throat and extreme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, livid tongue, and red, swollen throat, with greyish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are involved, there is much swell�ing and threatened suffocation, and shreds oi false membrane are coughed up. The patient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the fence, and usually perishes in a fit of coughing.

Treatment.�Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths in check. The bowels may be freely opened by a purgative (jalap) and twenty drops of tincture of the muriate of iron, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day in a tea-spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible food for some time.

CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES.

This is a wheezing, whistling, or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breathing, and especially when excited. It is usually due to paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such cases the noise is

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only made in drawing air in. But any obstruction in the large air tubes will give rise to roaring, heard most commonly in both inspiration and expiration. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture, and depression of the bones of the nose, tumours in the nose, throat, windpipe, or bronchi, false membranes extending across the air passages, dropsical swelling about the throat, and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may give rise to it. In the typical form, with palsy of the laryngeal muscles, the animal grunts (groans) when led up to a wall and a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. If galloped up a steep hill or over a newly-ploughed field, or even for some distance on level ground, the roaring is strikingly brought out. The same holds good if made to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged.

Treatment�\r\ incipient cases with simple thickening of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swabbing out the larynx with nitrate of silver solution, as recommended for croup,

or firing the skin over the throat with a red-hot iron.

But if

the muscles are wasted and fatty these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechanical or surgical measures for help. Pads attached to the nose-band of the bridh, and so arranged that they will lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the ingress of air, will enable many roarers to do moderate work with comparative comfort. In the worst cases, in which the animal is rendered useless, tracheotomy may be performed, and the animal made to breathe through a tube inserted in the middle of the neck. Or finally, the larynx may be laid open with the knife, and the flap of gristle (arytenoid), which is drawn in, valve-like, over the opening by the current of air, cut off.

Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches (Lathyrus Saliva or Cicera) may be cured by changing the feed, and giving some doses of nux vomlca. Others due to dropsical effusions appear intermittently, and may be benefited by tonics and iodide of potassium, with hard, dry feeding and exercise. Tumours and other mechanical obstructions must be removed with the knife.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 85

Finally, roaring is often hereditary in horses with a narrow space between the jaws and thick short neck, with badly set-on head, and such should be rejected for breeding purposes.

BRONCHITIS.

Inflammation of the large air tubes within the lungs. It may be looked upon as an extension downward of nasal catarrh or sore-throat, and frequently supervenes on one or the other of these. Otherwise it owns the same general causes with these affections. It may also attend on influenza, strangles, con�tagious pleuro-pneumonia, distemper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the lungs.

Symptoms.�In mild cases there are dullness, impaired appetite, hot dry mouth, red membrane of nose, accelerated pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard, but becoming soft and rattling as discharge is established from the nose. Such may recover in a few days without treatment.

In severe cases there is dullness, inappetence, hot dry mouth, increased temperature, rapid pulse, laboured breathing, with loud blowing sounds over the lower end of the windpipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. The cough is dry, hard, sonorous, and painful (barking), often recurring in fits, and seeming to come from the depth of the chest. Percussion detects no change of resonance at any part of the chest, as in pneumonia. The membrane of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, varying in proportion to the general implication of the bronchial tubes, and especially the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness and drooping of the head in the same ratio.

From the second to the fourth day a whitish discharge sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rattling, the noise over the windpipe and behind the shoulder-blade less harsh and blowing, but with a slight rattle from bursting bubbles, and the symptoms of fever abate. From this time improvement dates, and recovery may be complete in two or three weeks.

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Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, other animals may lie. There is no tenderness on punching the ribs, as in pleurisy.

Treatmefit.� Rest in a warm, dry, airy building, clothe warmly, bandage the limbs in cold weather, and give warm sloppy mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful, but if there is weakness, small pulse, prostration, or any yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be rejected, and warm water injections used in place to move the bowels. Give fre�quent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of nitre), anodynes (bella�donna, lobelia, aconite), and expectorants (liquor ammonia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaiacum, ipecacuanha, antimony). The nose should be frequently steamed, as if for strangles, and inhalations of sulphur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may be added. Mustard or other blisters should be applied to the sides of the chest, and repeated if any renewed access of disease seems to demand it. When fever has nearly subsided, and there is left only a white discharge from the nose, tonics should be used. (See those recommended for Glanders)

When there is much prostration and weakness, stimulants (aromatic ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, wine, etc.), may be required, even in the early stages.

GLANDER HEAVES. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN HORSES.

This arises from the same causes as the acute disease, and often follows it. It is characterised by a frequent weak wheez�ing, husky, almost inaudible cough, often occurring in 5ts; a white discharge from the nose, with white flocculi, like butter�milk ; great shortness of breath in exertion; and a mucous rattle in the lungs. Percussion shows increased resonance over the lower and posterior borders of the lungs. The right side of the heart may be enlarged and easily felt beating behind the right elbow.

Treatment is not very satisfactory in cases of old standing.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Feeding should be mainly of soft mashes, roots, and other laxative agents, but never bulky. Linseed, oat, barley, or corn meal may be given wet, and hay replaced by corn-stalks or good fresh grass. Finally give tonics, mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or copper and tannic acid.

ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS IN HORSES.

This is always the first stage of Pneumonia, but may occur in a sudden and fatal form from over-exertion in fat or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An animal that has stood idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattened for sale, when taken out and driven or ridden at the top of his speed soon hangs heavily on the bit. slackens his speed, and if not stopped, staggers and falls; or the exertion is passed through, but the animal is seized when returned to the stable. He then stands with dilated nostrils, quick, laboured, convulsive, wheezy breathing, ex�tended head, staring bloodshot eyes, agonised expression, deep red or blue nasal membrane, and rapid, weak pulse, often almost imperceptible at the jaw. Auscultation detects a loud sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating tumul-tuously, and the limbs are cold, though perspiration may break out at different parts of the body. If blood is drawn it flows in a dark, tarry-looking stream, and the lungs after death might be compared to a dark-red jelly.

Treatment. � Remove girths, saddles, and whatever may hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give an active stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic liquors, ammonia or any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spirits of nitre, ginger, pepper), the first that comes to hand, in a full dose, following up with warm water injections and active hand-rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may often be obtained by bleeding from the jugular, but this should not replace the measures already advised, but sho'uld be added to them. An excellent resort when available is to wrap from head to tail in

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rugs wrung out of hot water and cover thickly with dry ones, the limbs being meanwhile actively hand-rubbed to bring the blood to this part of the skin, which the rug cannot reach.

If the patient survives and does not at once entirely recover, the case becomes one olpneumonia.

PNEUMONIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

Causes.�The same as in other acute diseases of the chest. Also the result of over-exertion and acute congestion, or of parasites in the lung.

Symptoms.�If not following an acute congestion as above described there is shivering, more or less severe according to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased temperature, quick but deep laboured breathing, and a full but oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the eye, nose, and mouth; the cough is deep as if from the depth of the chest, but not so hard nor so painful as in bronchitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinately stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended, and usually approached to a door or window. In cattle, expiration is generally accompanied by a moan. With the fever there is costiveness, high-coloured, scanty urine; in cattle, heat of horns and ears, and dryness of muzzle, and hidebound. Auscultation detects a very fine crackling (crepitation) over the affected part of the lung, or there may be an area of no sound, encircled by a line of crepi�tation, and beyond that by the normal murmur slightly in�creased. Or over the dull spot the blowing sounds from the larger tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. Percussion causes flinching or even groaning when the affected part is reached; the space where sound was wanting in aus�cultation sounds dull and solid, and the remainder of the chest retains its healthy resonance. There is no tenderness on merely pinching the spaces between the ribs. By auscultation

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

and percussion the increase or decrease of solidification {hepa-tization) of the lung may be followed from day to day excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improvement can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish discharge from the nose comes on as the disease advances.

Treatment.�Give a pure, dry, airy box, with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevailing winds, clothe warmly, and flannel-bandage the limbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot rugs advised for congested lungs may be applied, and when removed let it be done a little at a time, and the part rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket. Or a mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chest Large injections of warm water and drinks of warm gruel may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, but should be given cautiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low fever and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda), should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digitalis, or white hellebore; in pigs and dogs, tartar emetic), or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in the main subsided, stimu�lant diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of am�monia), repeated three or four times a day. The sides should be blistered with a pulp of the best ground mustard in water, or Spanish flies, or in cattle and swine, mustard and turpentine, and the blister may be repeated with advantage in protracted cases. When in severe cases the blister refuses to rise, the skin may be first warmed with rugs wrung out of boiling water, and then the application of the blister made. Or a hot shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an active flow of blood to the skin and the rising of the blister. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by sweet oil or fresh lard to favour healing. In chickens it is advised to open the

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bowels by a tea-spoonful of castor-oil, and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful of sherry thrice a day.

PLEURISY. INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE LINING THE CHEST AND COVERING THE LUNGS.

This is common in all domestic animals, and particularly in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes of chest disease.

Symptoms.�Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and even of the limbs, and partial sweats of the surface, uneasy move�ments, pawing and sometimes looking at the flanks, lying down and rising. If one side of the chest only is involved, that fore limb is often advanced in front of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard, and incompressible, and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, carried on chiefly by the abdominal muscles, and has the inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expiration is slow and prolonged. This character of the breathing may be well observed with the ear placed on the false nostril, on the windpipe, or on the side of the chest There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer angle of the hip-bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. By handling the spaces between the ribs a point is reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching and even groaning when it is touched. The ear applied to the same spot detects a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of inspiration and expiration. There is at first no other change in auscultation or percussion. The animal often changes his posture or place as if seeking an easier position, and emits a short, hacking, painful cough. There is much less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchitis, less heat of the expired air, and no nasal discharge.

In twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in the cavity

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the pulse becomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But soon the pulse loses its fullness, and gains in rapidity, breathing becomes laboured and attended with a lifting of the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the nose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, and there may be signs of imminent suffocation. Aus�cultation detects no sound over the lower part of the chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the same level there is dullness on percussion. This shows the extent of watery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls suddenly to die.

In other cases the effusion is re-absorbed and a good recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase, but fails to be taken up and remains as a cause of short wind; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurgling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of drops falling into a half-empty barrel, after the patient rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still there remain false membranes attaching the lung to the inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole or in part, and in either case impairing respiration.

Treatment.�Give the same general care as in bronchitis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; swine and dogs, castor-oil), following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, liquor of the acetate of ammonia), in full doses, and anodynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic liquids, tincture of gentian) should be added. Iodide of potassium may also be given internally and tincture of iodine rubbed on the chest

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In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be applied over the chest, or it may be shaven and subjected to dry cup�ping, or an active blister may be applied as for pneumonia.

If there is extreme effusion threatening suffocation, the liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar (see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin having first been drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care being taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, and the operation repeated in a day or two. It should be followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian), stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide of potassium).

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA, BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA, AND BRONCHO-

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA

Are common complications of the three diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy, and their respective symptoms and treatment may be inferred from the description of the uncom�plicated affections.

HYDROTHORAX. WATER IN THE CHEST.

Beside the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in connexion with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes in the liver, disease of the heart, enlarged bronchial lymphatic glands, and other morbid states. The symptoms resemble those of hydrothorax following pleurisy, only there is no fever, and there are the indications of those other diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment is essentially the same after the morbid condition which has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is incurable, neither can this be remedied.

PNEUMOTHORAX. AIR OR GAS IN THE CHEST.

This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained liquid

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

has undergone some decomposition. More frequently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they admit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung, even without any external wound. A little air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed.

Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduction of air through an external wound, should such exist; the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes; the management of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle-like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity.

ABSCESS OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACES.

This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleurisy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellowish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, and poultices or warm fomen�tations continuously applied to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants, and tonics.

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DROPSY OF THE LUNG.

This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an entire absence of fever. The co-existing heart-disease also serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of the heart.

APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG.

In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the substance of the lung is usually the result of profound alterations in that liquid, as in Malignant Anthrax, Ptirpira Hcemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever, or Intestinal Fever. A portion of the lung tissue gives way, and the blood escaping raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to three inches above the natural level. The extravasation has the appearance of a fine jelly, and often preserves the shape of the pulmonary lobules� a cone with the apex turned in. Being usually a complication of another disease, treatment must be directed to that rather than the local lesion.

PLEURODYNIA.

This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles between the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleurisy. It may be distinguished by the co-existence of rheumatism in other parts, and by the comparative absence of fever, cough, rubbing sounds, and effusion. Treat it like other forms of rheumatism.

ASTHMA IN DOGS.

A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irregular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered digestion, dis�tended or ruptured air-cells, mucous discharges from the air-passages, and dilatation of the right side of the heart.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Causes.�Usually in pet dogs pampered with highly seasoned articles of food, in excessive quantity, and deprived of exercise. A change of food or temperature, a smart walk or run, or indeed any exercise will bring it on.

Symptoms.�Corpulence is a constant condition at the outset, though the subject may be emaciated and worn out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes frequent, hard, and sonorous, with habitually laboured breathing, aggravated at intervals so as to threaten suffocation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pendent tongue, and staring eyeballs, panting for breath, and having his condition rendered still more threaten�ing by every change of position or cause of excitement. The frequency and severity of the attacks serve as a means of estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of indigestion, in a variable appetite, perhaps vomiting, a tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and piles. The skin is dry, harsh, and bald in patches, the teeth covered with tartar, and the breath foetid.

Treatment.�i. During a paroxysm.�Cause to inhale ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium, or of burning paper which has been steeped in a strong solution of nitre; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an injection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of the stomach, shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue.

2. In the intervals between the paroxysms.�Check any exist�ing bronchitis or pneumonia, as advised in the earlier pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet of oat-meal or corn-meal mush, with skim-milk or buttermilk. Exercise well, but in no case for three hours after feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. Wash frequently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar emetic) is beneficial, but in advanced

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stages and weak conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian) will be demanded.

HEAVES. BROKEN WIND.

This is closely allied to asthma, but is more continuous in its symptoms, and less paroxysmal.

Causes.�Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern, and allied plants: on chaff, cut straw, and other bulky and in-nutritious food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California, where there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in the United States where clover is not used, heaves is virtually unknown j it has advanced westward just in proportion as clover hay has been introduced as the general fodder for horses, and it has dis�appeared in England and New England in proportion as the soil has become clover sick and as other aliment had to be supplied. The worst conditions are when a horse is left in the stable for days and weeks eating clover hay, or even imper�fectly cured dusty hay of other kinds, to the extent of thirty pounds and upwards daily, and is suddenly taken out and driven at a rapid pace. Violent exertions of any kind, and diseases of the lungs are also potent causes. It is mainly a disease of old horses, but may attack the colt of two years old. Finally, horses with small chests are most liable, and thus the disease proves hereditary.

Symptoms.�There is a double lift of the flank with each expiratory act, there being first a falling in of the abdominal walls, and then, after a perceptible interval, a rising of the posterior part of the belly to complete the emptying of the chest; also a short, dry, weak, almost inaudible cough, followed by a wheeze in the throat, and occurring in paroxysms when violently exercised, when brought from the stable into the cold air, or after a drink of cold water. The breathing is accom�panied by a wheezing noise, above all evident when the patient is excited by work, or when the ear is applied on the side of

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 97

the chest. Indigestion is also a prominent symptom, and mani�fested by a ravenous appetite, even for filthy litter, by the fre�quent passage of wind from the bowels, and often by swelling and drum-like resonance of the abdomen. When starting on a journey the subjects pass dung very frequently at first, and after travelling some distance may go much better. Their muscular systems are soft and flabby, and they run down rapidly in active work. Frequent aggravations of the symptoms may be seen in connexion with overloaded stomach, costiveness, a hot, close stable, a thick, muggy atmosphere, or a very severe day's work.

The symptoms may be temporarily masked or hidden by restriction in diet, abstinence from water and the use of seda�tives, but there remains an unnatural action of the nostrils, and a full drink of water, and, above all, a free supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms in all their intensity.

Treatment.�Turning out on natural pastures or feeding on corn-stalks or other laxative food will relieve, and even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain with carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes, and a very limited supply of water will enable many broken-winded horses to do a fair amount of work in comfort. Hay should never be allowed except at night, and then only a handful, clean and sweet The bowels must be kept easy by laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyo-scyamus, stramonium, lobelia) used to relieve the oppression. If a white discharge from the nose co-exists, tonics should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild-cherry bark may be added. Tar water as the exclusive drink is often useful, and a course of carminatives (ginger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, foenugrec) may be added with advantage. But nerve tonics, and above all arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month or two, are especially valuable.

No broken-winded horse should have food or water for from one to two hours before going to work.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS

May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of excessive plethora, over-exertion, disease of the heart, or tuber�culosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by suffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment.�^When brought on by severe exertion perfect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated with vinegar or mineral acids are useful. Opium benefits by check�ing the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or oil of turpentine may be given internally three times a day. Remove costiveness with Glauber salts, and keep in a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight.

PARASITES IN THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES.

The Grub in the Head of Sheep is the larva of a small gadfly (CEstrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on the

Fig. 12.�CEsfrns Ovis (Clark).

Fij. 13.�Larva of cL'tto.

margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal sinuses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless, but sometimes causing much irritation, redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent discharge, with dulness and stupor from sympathetic disease of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they get a dressing every time they partake.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 99

A less satisfactory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when attacked.

Treatment.�Place in a warm building to tempt the larvje from the sinuses, and introduce snuff, solutions of salt, vinegar, or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneezing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only successful treatment is to tre�phine the bones of the face between the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or just in front of the root of the horn, should that be present. The sinus is then to be syringea out freely with tepid water until the parasites are washed out.

The Pantastoma T^enioides is a species of acarus which

Fijj. 14.�Pentastoma Tosnioides.

lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the mesen-teric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If productive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled by a current of water after trephining the sinus.

PARASITES IN THE LOWER AIR PASSAGES.

The most common are the different forms of round worms, which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds) may assume the dimensions of a plague, and cause enormous yearly losses to a country.

The sheep, goat, dromedary, and camel harbour two round worms in their air passages and lungs: the small Strongylus Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and one-half inches

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

long, and #9632;S'. Rnfescens, of considerably greater length. The calf, horse, ass, and mule have the Strongylus Micrurus of from one and one-half to three inches long. The pig, the Strongylus Elongatus of eight lines to one and one-half inches long. Finally, the bird {Jim, turkey, pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded crow, green woodpecker, starling, swift, etc!quot;), have the

Fig. 15.�Strongylus Filaria, male enlarged (Thudicum). When adult, should be at least five times the length for this thickness.

Syngamus Trachealis, male one-eighth inch, and female one-half to five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, so that the male appears like a process from the neck of the female.

The Strongyli in their mature condition inhabit the air passages within the lungs, but they may be reproduced either in or out of the body. In the first mode the female worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts herself and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or she dies, and the myriad eggs hatching out amid the debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adjacent air passages, grow to maturity, and reproduce their kind. In the second mode the impreg�nated female worm is expelled by coughing, and perishes in water, or in moist earth, or on vegetables, and the eggs, escap�ing from her decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months or even a year, or, in genial weather, may rapidly open and allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, and only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken in by a suitable host with food or water. This is true of those of the sheep, goat, and camel, of that of the ox, horse, and ass, and of that of the

quot;m

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. lor

pig. Only those of the sheep, once introduced into the system, will maintain their place in the lungs for the whole lifetime of the host, though no more young worms should be taken in. That of the ox, etc., on the other hand, is more likely to be expelled, and therefore often infests its host but for a limited period.

The Syngamus of the bird has probably the same history out of the body, but this has not been so carefully studied.

Within the chest the Strongyli live in the small terminal air passages in their young or embryo state, in the larger air tubes when mature, and in cysts in the lung substance when laying their eggs or when about to die, that the eggs may be set free and hatched. In the air passages they give rise to bronchitis, in the lungs to pneumonia and deposits resembling tubercles, but distingushable under the microscope by the presence of the elliptical eggs and the embryo worms.

The Sytigamus of birds inhabits the air passages, and gives rise to bronchitis.

In all cases the parasites are most fatal to the young. Although old animals continue to harbour them they prove much less destructive and are often unsuspected.

SYMPTOMS IN CALVES AND FOALS. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. HOOSE. HUSK.

These are essentially those of bronchitis, with the difference that the whole herd is affected, and mucus coughed up contain�ing worms either singly or rolled up in bundles. There is at first only a slight rather husky cough repeated at irregular intervals. There follows dry, staring coat, embarrassed breath�ing, and advancing emaciation. Soon the cough becomes frequent, paroxysmal, and suffocating, with expectoration of mucus and worms. Or the cough is soft, loose, and wheezing, and the patient is weak, hide-bound, with sunken eyes and pale, thin, or puffy membranes, dropsical swellings beneath the jaws.

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chest, or belly, and no appetite; the sufferer may be found apart from its fellows in a corner or under a tree, covered with flies, and sinking rapidly into extreme debility and death. In�testinal worms (in cattle, Strongylus Radiatus, Sclerostomum Hypostoinum, AscarisLumbricoides, Tanie Expansa, etc., in foals, Sclerostomum Equinum, S. Tetracanthtm, Ascaris Megalocephala, Oxyuris Curvula, etc.), usually co-exist to a most injurious extent, causing diarrhoea and other irregularities of the bowels.

In the worst cases death may result ten or fifteen days after the onset, though more commonly it is delayed two or three months, and recovery may take place.

Prevention.�In localities and countries to which the disease is new the parasites should be killed out by the continuous medical treatment of the diseased animals, or, if necessary, their destruction, and the separation of all horses, asses, mules, and cattle, from the infested pasture or its vicinity, and from any stream of water running through or close to it; as well as from all fodder, roots, grain, etc., grown on such land, for several years after. In infested localities calves and foals should never be pastured on land recently occupied by older stock of the same kind, or allowed access to water used by such stock. Sheep, goats, or pigs may be safely fed on such land. Avoid overstocking. Drain the land to clear off pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested or suspected pastures while wet with dew and rain, and from clover and allied plants which by their moisture are liable to harbour the worm. Suspected beasts should be kept apart from the healthy, and from healthy pastures until subjected to thorough and continuous treatment. The carcasses of the dead should be very deeply buried, or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and burned to ashes. All exposed animals should be well fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed salt to lick at will, this being destructive to the young wonns.

Treatment.�Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, cotton

. )

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 103

cake, roots, maize, oats, beans, or other sound nutritious diet, to which may be added a mixture in equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian, and ginger, in proportion of four ounces to every ten calves of three months. To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning, fasting, a tablespoonful of table salt, or an equal amount of oil of turpentine shaken up with milk. For the lung parasites, place the affected animals in a close building, and burn pinch after pinch of flowers of sulphur on a piece of paper laid on an iron shovel, until the air is as much charged with the fumes as they can bear without coughing violently. The administrator must stay with them in the building to avoid accidents and keep up the application for half an hour at a time. It should be repeated several days in succession, and at intervals of a week for several weeks, so as to kill the young worms as they are hatched out in successive broods, and not until all cough and excitement of breathing have passed should the animal be considered as safe to mix with others or to go on a healthy pasture.

SYMPTOMS IN SHEEP, GOAT, AND CAMEL. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS.

These are the exact counterpart of those in the calf. There is a short, dry, sonorous cough,quot; with a frothy discharge from the nose containing worms or their eggs, loss of appetite, rapid wasting, diarrhoea, shedding or drying and flattening of the wool, excessive thirst, and irregular or depraved appetite, there being a disposition to eat earth. In the advanced stages the cough becomes very harrassing, and death may ensue from suffocation. Intestinal parasites {Strongyltts ConUrtus, S. Radiatus, S. Filicolis, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Tcenia Ex-pansa, and perhaps Sclerostomum Duodeiiale), are even more numerous and injurious than in calves.

Prevention.�All the measures advised for the disease in calves will apply equally well here, with this proviso, that the parasites only affect sheep, goat, dromedary, and camel, so that

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they only must be kept apart, while infested pastures may be safely grazed by cattle, horses, asses, or mules. Nathusius obviated the attacks by keeping the early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and a free access to salt are especially desirable.

Treatment.�This is precisely the same as for calves. The tonic mixture (iron, ginger, and gentian) may be given to the extent of two ounces to every ten three-months' lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf.

SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS.

Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harm�less to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bron�chitis and death. The symptoms are essentially the same as in other animals�the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the disease.

Prevention and treatment are essentially the same as for lambs and calves.

SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES.

Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze, and make efforts at swallowing. These movements become more constant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the little patients grow languid and dispirited, droop, and die. It is especially prevalent on old-established farms with large flocks of fowls.

Treatment.�The worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still better, by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is passed into the

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 105

opening seen in the middle of the tongue, pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals, and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped in oil, salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, tobacco, or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only partially successful, as it fails to remove worms lodged in the bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision in the windpipe and extracted the worms with forceps, while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine smeared on the neck and which is of course

Fig¹. 16.�Syngamus Trachealis. Gape-worm, nat. size, and enlarged.

inhaled. A removal from the contaminated ground, the supply of pure water (boiled if necessary), and an abundance of nourish�ing diet are essential elements of treatment

Prevention.�Burn all the worms extracted from the air passages. Keep fowls from ground and houses which are known to be infested, until they have been soaked in a strong solution of salt, or with crude carbolic acid or petroleum. Suspected water must be withheld or boiled. Avoid all green food from an infested locality. The carcasses of the dead must be burned. Young fowls may be raised safely indoors on the worst infested farms.

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps. Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wasting, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. Endo�carditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, inflam�mation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumours and parasites of the heart. Rupture of the heart.

These are much more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exer�tions of dogs and horses, and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleura, from the increased force neces�sary to propel the blood through the lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechanical obstructions, and, above all, from the settling of rheumatism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins, needles, and other sharp-pointed bodies swallowed with the food and after�ward directed toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, sheep, pigs, and even pampered horses are very subject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART-DISEASE.

i. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set down as follows per minute :�horse 36 to 46; ox 38 to 42, or in a hot building or with full paunch, 70; sheep, goat, and pig 7deg;

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

107

to 8c; dog 80 to 100; cat 120 to 140; goose no; pigeon 136; chicken 140. In old age it may be five less in large quadrupeds, and twenty or thirty in small ones. Youth and small size imply a greater rapidity. The new-bom foal has a pulse three times as frequent as the horse, the six-months' colt double, and the two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by hot, close buildings, exertion, fear, a nervous temperament, and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a monthly increase of four to five beats per minute after the sixth month. Independently of such conditions a rapid pulse implies fever, inflammation, or debility.* Ikt force of the pulse varies in the different species in health, thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse; smaller and harder in the ass and mule; full, soft, and rolling in the ox; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in swine; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs and cats. In disease it may become mort frequent, slow, quick (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow rolling movement), full, strong, weak, small (when thread-like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensation), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery is full and tense, but the impulse jerking and difficult as if the flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forward at each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and others weak), irregular (when without any distinct intermission for a period equal to an entire beat the intervals between successive beats vary in length). Besides these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in very weak, bloodless states.

* The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a super�ficial bone : thus on the cord felt running across the border of the lower jaw just in front of its curved portion : beneath the bony ridge which extends upward from the eye : in horses inside the elbow : in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath the tail: in dogs in a groove running down th? inner side of the thigh.

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal, and irregular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the valves at the commence�ment of the great aorta which carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is accompanied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional derangement of the heart, but not necessarily disease of structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in cases of fatty degeneration, disease of the valves on the left side, cardiac dilatation, etc. A retarded pulse, in which the beat of heart and pulse follow each other with a perceptible interval, implies imperfect closure of the valves at the commencement of the aorta, or an aneurism on the aorta. A venous pulse, seen in the jugular veins in the furrow near the lower border of the neck, attends imperfect valves between the auricle and ventricle on the right side of the heart, or congested lungs, but may exist in health.

Palpitation. � The application of the hand over the chest behind the left elbow will detect any violent and tumultuous beating, irregularity in the force of successive beats, eta

Auscultation.�The ear applied to the same part will detect a slight rubbing sound with each heart-beat in the early stages of pericarditis. It will also detect any modification of the heart sounds. In health each beat of the heart is characterised by two distinct successive sounds, the first somewhat dull and prolonged, the second short, sharp, and abrupt. The first sound is simultaneous with the contraction and emptying of the ventricles, the closure of the valves between the ventricles and auricles and the flow of blood into the arteries. The second corresponds to the completion of these acts, the recoil of blood in the arteries, and the closure of the valves between them and the heart The following table will show the signifi�cance of the various superadded sounds (blowing, sighing, purr�ing, or hissing murmurs), to any one who will acquaint himself with the course of blood through the heart:�

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

109

BLOWING. HEART SOUNDS.

Blowing murmur before the first sound.

Strongest toward the base of the heart. Heard along the large arteries.

Strongest toward the left of the heart. Not heard over the -great arteries.

Double rushing sound heard over the great arteries at each heart-beat.

Double rushing sound in the arteries with each beat of the heart.

Narrowing of the auriculo - ventricular orifice. Clots or growths on the valves.

Narrowing cf the opening of the aorta.

Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, cr imperfect action of the auriculo - ventri�cular valves.

Imperfect action of the valves at the opening of the aorta.

Aneurism (dilata�tion) of the aorta.

Blowing murmur with the first sound.

Blowingnbsp; nbsp; murmur

with thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; second sound.

Blowingnbsp; nbsp; murmur

after thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp;second sound.

Besides these the second sound may be doubled in hyper�trophy of one ventricle of the heart

The sounds are like whispered who, awe, ss, or r, very low but exceedingly characteristic

Oi/ier Symptoms.�Besides the fever attendant on inflam�matory affections there are characteristic phenomena present in the chronic form of heart-disease. These are shown at rest or only developed under exercise. There are habitually cold extremities, dropsies in the limbs, and beneath and within the chest and abdomen, difficult breathing, especially during exer�tion, unsteady gait when hurried, vertigo, partial paralysis, or cramps of the limbs. In most cases there is sluggishness, dulness, and a tendency to lay on fat. Patients may be lively when at rest, but flag at work, and are liable to sudden fainting or death.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

PALPITATION. THUMPS.

This is sudden violent convulsive beating of the heart not connected with structural disease. Palpitations also accompany most acute diseases of the heart. The functional disorder comes on very abruptly, usually under some excitement, has perfect intermissions, is manifested by abrupt knocking and visible jerking of the abdomen with the heart-beats, by regu�larity in force and intervals of successive beats, and by the absence of redness of the mucous membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and dropsy of the limbs. If connected with structural heart-disease it comes on more slowly, is constant though aggravated at intervals with a heavy, prolonged, or irregular and unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous membranes, and dropsy of the limbs. The first form is bene�fited by gentle exercise, stimulants, and tonics, the latter aggravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of many acute diseases (inflammations, intestinal worms, etc.)

Treatment.�Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and seda�tives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. Then the weak excitable condition should be overcome by exercise, tonics, and substantial feeding. In structural diseases these must be attended to as well.

DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART.

These are not very infrequent in the newly-born, the heart being sometimes lodged altogether out of the chest There is no remedy.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE TWO AURICLES. CYANOSIS.

This is the natural condition before birth, but sometimes the directing of the blood through the lungs fails to secure its closure, or some obstruction to the circulation in these organs

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

(tuberculosis, congestion, etc.), leads to its re-opening, and the arterial and venous blood mix. The blood being equally unfit for nutrition and the maintenance of animal heat, there is surface coldness, staring coat, puny growth, blue mucous membranes, and oppressed breathing, and irregular heart's action when subjected to exertion. A murmur usually precedes the first heart sound. The subjects die young or prove worth�less when mature. Nothing can be done to remedy unless the disease is due to some remediable affection of the lungs.

ENLARGEMENT (HYPERTROPHY) OF THE HEART.

This is a simple increase of the muscular substance, and may be confoed to one side of the heart or to one ventricle. It is usually caused by some obstruction to the circulation through the arteries, or in horses or dogs by habitual violent work.

Symptoms.�The heart's beats are more forcible and pro�longed, and the interval of silence shortened; the pulse is full and rolling; the first sound is low, muffled, and prolonged, the second sound unnaturally loud, and sometimes repeated if one ventricle only is affected; the heart sounds may be heard over an unusually large area, the lungs being sound, and the dulness on percussion is equally extended. The pulse is usually regular, and if excited to irregularity or intermission soon returns to its normal standard if the patient is left at rest.

Pure hypertrophy rarely implies imminent danger, and many hard-worked horses survive to an old age with greatly enlarged hearts. But if associated with dilatation, impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blowing murmurs with the first heart sound, and paroxysms of difficult breathing, it may prove fatal at any time.

Treatment.�If possible remove the obstacle to the circula�tion. Then adopt a restricted, gently laxative diet, perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in horses, and the daily use of didtalis or aconite, unless there is extreme dilatation.

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

Arsenic is also given with benefit, but in advanced cases, or those due to irremediable obstruction, no treatment is of any avail.

WASTING (ATROPHY) OF THE HEART.

This is much less frequent than hypertrophy. It may be due to compression of the heart and its nutrient vessels by effusion into the pericardium, or the formation of false mem�branes, or it may coexist with a general wasting and imperfect nutrition of the body.

The Symptoms are the opposite of those of hypertrophy. There are the general signs of chronic heart-disease, but percus�sion, which gives satisfactory results only over the breast-bone and in carnivora, gives almost the sole reliable symptom�a decreased area of dulness. Little can be done to relieve, and that little directed to the removal of its causes. By keeping fattening animals quiet they may be preserved for slaughter.

DILATATION OF THE HEART.

This, like hypertrophy, usually results from some obstruction to the circulation, but especially from a sudden extreme obstruc�tion, whereas hypertrophy results from a slowly increasing obstacle. It is also exceedingly common in cases of fatty degeneration in overfed stock (cattle, sheep, pigs).

Symptoms.�Loss of appetite, spirit, and endurance, faintness and difficulty of breathing on the slightest exertion, habitual coldness of the limbs, dropsy, unsteady gait, venous pulse, palpitations, weak, tremulous heart impulse, murmur with the first sound, small, weak, irregular, and often intermittent pulse, and lividity of the membrane of the nose.

Treatment.�Unless the causes can be put a stop to in the early stages no treatment will be satisfactory. Arsenic is some�times useful in horses. Fattening animals should be kept very quiet and their progress hastened if possible.

DISEASES OF TUE HEART.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;113

PERICARDITIS.

This is inflammation of the fibrous covering of the heart and its reflection on the pleurae, and is due to similar causes with diseases of the lungs. It is also induced by influenza, pleuro-pneumonia, rheumatism, and wounds with sharp-pointed bodies (pins, needles, nails, broken ribs, etc.)

Symptoms.�General fever, staring coat, hot, dry mouth (muzzle, snout), dilated nostrils, excited, difficult breathing, double lifting of the flank with each expiration, the formation of a ridge on the abdomen as in pleurisy, tenderness when pinched or percussed behind the left elbow (in ruminants and small quadrupeds over the breast-bone), a rubbing sound with each beat of the heart and the impulse of the heart strong. Soon effusion takes place, the rubbing sound is lost, the impulse of the heart and its sounds are weakened, and the area of dul-ness in percussion is increased. This dulness does not main�tain a horizontal line along the chest as in hydrothorax, but is like an inverted cone and changes its position with a change of posture which is easily effected in small animals. Difficulty and oppression of breathing, protruded nose, staring eyeballs, pinched, haggard countenance, venous pulse, and obstinate standing mark the advanced stages. Dropsies of the limbs and other dependent parts are also frequent. A painful cough is sometimes though not constantly present throughout the disease. Death may ensue in five days to three weeks, or the disease may become chronic or end in recovery.

The chronic form is seen in the ox without any preceding acute attack. There is slight fever, oppressed breathing, aggra�vated by exertion, weak, irregular, intermittent pulse, distant heart-sounds, absence of respiratory murmur, dulness on percussion over an increased, cone-like area behind the left elbow, venous pulse, and general dropsy.

Treatment.�In the preliminary shivering, treat as for con-

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

gested lungs. Later, bleeding may sometimes be beneficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme difficulty of breathing and high nervous excitement. Usually it would be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor-oil), foment the walls of the chest, and envelop in a large mustard poultice until the skin is well thickened, moderate the heart's action by digitalis four times a day and follow the action of the purgative by diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) Ointment or tincture of iodine may be applied to the walls of the chest. In cases of extreme danger from effusion the liquid should be drawn off with cannula and trocar or needle-like tube, as in hydrothorax, the puncture in the horse or ox being made between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs.

In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchicum, acetate of potassa, and other agents advised for rheumatism.

ENDOCARDITIS.

Inflammation of the serous membrane lining the chambers and covering the valves of the heart.

Causes.�Inflammation of the valves in connexion with undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to the flow of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain other unhealthy states of the blood.

Symptoms.�The general symptoms resemble those of peri�carditis. There are, besides, violent but unequal impulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by a metallic tink�ling, a blowing murmur with the first, or even , the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the valves, or the clots formed on them, render them insufficient to close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on the right side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous congestion and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first strong and sharp, becomes weak with the imper�fection of the valves, in marked contrast with the continued

DISEASES OF THE HEART.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;115

strong impulse of the heart. The patient may perish from obstruction to the heart's action by clots on the valves, or from such clots carried on with the circulation and blocking arteries at a distance; or diseases of other organs may supervene from the latter cause, or a recovery may take place with or without permanent alterations which render the valves unable to close their respective orifices.

Treatment is in the main the same as for pericarditis, rest, laxatives, sedatives, and blisters being mainly relied upon. As there is less danger from effusion, diuretics need not be pushed to the same extent. In rheumatic cases, adopt anti-rheumatic treatment, and in case of clots on the valves use iodide of potassium and alkalies.

CARDITIS.

Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart can only take place to a limited extent in connexion with endocarditis and pericarditis, or with punctures from sharp bodies and the like. Were the entire organ involved death would be prompt. The symptoms are those of acute heart-disease generally, modi�fied by the exact seat of the injury, and treatment need not differ materially from that adapted to the two diseases just described.

CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE.

With the general symptoms of chronic heart-disease, there are blowing murmurs as described in the table under auscultation of the hea7-t. This is a very common result of endocarditis, and is irremediable. Yet affected cattle, sheep and pigs may often be prepared for the butcher by liberal feeding and perfect quiet.

FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.

This is most frequent in high-bred stock (Shorthorns, Berk�shire and Essex pigs, Leicester and Southdown sheep), but may exist in any pampered animal. Sometimes it is complicated by

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degeneration of the entire muscular system, especially in pigs. There are the general phenomena of chronic heart-disease and dilatation, and the condition is irremediable, though it rarely kills animals kept in perfect quiet

RUPTURE OF THE HEART.

If from severe exertion this usually takes place through the fibrous structure at the base of the ventricles connecting them with the large arteries. If from a fall or violent concussion the muscular walls usually give way, when found in a relaxed con�dition, or the laceration happens at the point of connexion with the veins {vena azygos). Perforation from ulceration is seen in cows in connexion with sharp-pointed bodies that have been taken into the stomach. Death is sudden in all such cases.

OTHER HEART-DISEASES.

The heart is further subject to a great variety of diseased growths and deposits and to ^vasAfSb�Echinococcus, Cysiicercus Tenuicollis (sheep and calf), Cysiicercus Cellulosa and Trichina Spiralis (pig), Rainey's Cysts (cattle), and Filaria Immitis (dog).

CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS.

Wounds of arteries � punctured, cut, torn. Arteritis, inflammation of arteries. Embolism, plugging. Aneurism, dilatation. Wounds of veins. Phlebitis, inflammation of veins�circumscribed, diffuse. Varicose�dilated veins. Lymphangitis, inflammation of lymphatics. Weed. Poisonea and irritated wounds.

DJS EASES OF ARTERIES. WOUNDS OF ARTERIES.

Punctured wounds are rarely dangerous, as the walls quickly close and the few drops of blood which escape help to plug the orifice; but there is danger of inflammation and plugging of the vessel, and cold or warm fomentations with rest are desirable.

Cut wounds, if only implicating the outer coats, soon heal and are rarely followed by dilatations as in man. If all the thickness of the wall is incised the result will be according to the direction. If in a line with the course of the vessel there is little risk, and slight pressure will usually check bleeding. If transverse or oblique the elasticity of the walls of the vessel holds the orifice open and bleeding is severe, the blood flowing in jets and of a bright red colour. If cut completely across, the arterial coats retract and curl within themselves, and in small vessels will often close the opening.

To check bleeding the end of the vessel may be sought and tied, or a piece of silver wire may be passed through to the soft parts beneath it by the aid of a curved needle, and tied over a cork placed on the surface of the skin. It may be un�twisted and drawn out in twenty-four hours. Or a pad of tow

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may be made with a sharp firm point, and gradually increasing to a considerable bulk (graduated compress), and tied over the wound with the narrow point pressing on the vessel. Or the orifice may be seared with an iron at a dull red heat.

Tearing, stretching, twisting, and scraping through arteries usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete clo�sure, and these measures are sometimes adopted to check haemorrhage.

ARTHRITIS.

Inflammation of an artery may be external or internal, according as it affects the fibrous sheath or the inner lining membrane. In the external inflammation there may be little danger, even if matter is formed, as the vessel will continue to transmit the blood so long as its inner coat is sound. But in internal inflammation the blood coagulates, layer after layer, on its inner surface until the channel becomes impervious. This may cut off the blood entirely from the part to which the artery was distributed, leading to loss of power and substance, and in the case of the limbs to a lameness, which comes on whenever the animal is exercised, and increases with the exertion, but disappears with a short rest of ten or twenty minutes. Or small clots may be loosened from the mass and passing on block smaller trunks, causing circumscribed inflammation at distant parts.

Causes.�Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots from the heart in endocarditis, or from inflamed veins. Wounds, parasites, etc.

Symptoms. � Loss of muscular power and coldness of the parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tenderness over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and sometimes general fever.

Treatment.�Perfect rest, warm fomentations, laxatives (horse, ox, and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts; pig and dog, castor-oil), and afterward diuretics and sedatives.

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The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be met by patience, the animal being turned into a small yard or pad�dock where he can take gentle exercise and live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to enlarge and carry on the circulation. Three or four months will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery.

DILATATIONS OF THE ARTERIES. ANEURISMS.

These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic animals, and even in him much more rarely than in man. The causes are generally severe strains in the vicinity of an artery, or over�stretching of the vessel itself. They are also common in the meserteric arteries of horses from the presence of immature worms {Sckrostoimim Equimmi) in the circulating blood. In�juries to the walls of the vessels are much less liable to be fol�lowed by aneurism than in man, because of the greater plas�ticity of the blood, and the speedy formation of a covering of coagulable lymph. They are soft, fluctuating, pulsating tumours, effaceable by pressure, but reappearing at once. Being usually situated internally, treatment can rarely be adopted. But when superficial, compression has been most successful alike in the horse and dog. It is needless to recount the many other modes of treatment for such an unusual affection.

DISEASES OF VEINS. WOUNDS OF VEINS.

These give rise to the escape of a dark red blood in a steady stream. This is commonly to be arrested by pinning up the lips of the wound evenly, taking hold of each by one-eighth inch and tying them together by a little tow, twisted round the two ends of the pin in the form of the figure 8. Or several pins may be placed near each other and the tow twisted round them and from pin to pin in the same manner. Veins may be tied, but this risks the occurrence of dropsy unless you know that there is a free circulation by other collateral trunks. They

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may be compressed for a time until the wound is dosed with lymph, a simple pad and compress being used, or the silver wire and cork as advised for arteries.

PHLEBITIS. INFLAMMATION OF VEINS.

This usually results from opening a vein with a rusty fleam or lancet, making the incision at the dilated part, just above a valve, pulling out the skin in inserting the pin so as to cause a flow of blood into the tissues beneath, leaving hairs or other irritants in the wound, or pinning the lips awry.

Symptoms.�Swelling of the wound, gaping and redness of the lips, and the formation of a hard, painful cord along the line of the vein in an upward direction where the blood is necessarily stagnant and in contact with the clot already formed. The exudation may be fibrinous, with a tendency to contraction and obliteration of the vein, or suppuration may occur, in which case the matter must escape externally. Clots may be detached and washed on to plug the arteries in the lungs, and rouse pneumonia, or perfect recovery may take place with loss of the vein, and a tendency to swelling of the part from which it comes, when that is in a dependent position.

Treatment.�If from an inflamed wound after bleeding, take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood, or other irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub in, at an inch distant from the wound and along the course of the hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard 1 oz.), and tie the animal to the two sides of the stall, so that he cannot rub the part. If a vein is lost in the neck, never again turn out to grass.

DIFFUSE PHLEBITIS

Resulting from an irritated or poisoned external wound, or in the womb after parturition, is usually fatal, the clots forming on the inflamed lining membrane being washed on in greater or less amount, to set up inflammation in the lungs and elsewhere.

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DILATED (VARICOSE) VEINS

These are common over the distended hock joint in bog spavin, and I have seen them in the posterior tibial and other veins, but they are rarely or never injurious.

ENTRANCE OF AIR INTO VEINS.

If veins are opened in the lower part of the neck or elsewhere in the vicinity of the chest, the suction-power may draw in air in such quantity as to work the blood in the heart into a frothy mass, and block the minute vessels in the lungs, causing sudden death. There is heard a gurgling sound as it enters the vein, and afterward tumultuous heart's action and a fine squeaking sound in the lungs, while the animal falls in a faint. The danger is not so great as is usually supposed, as it takes several quarts suddenly introduced to kill a horse. Care is requisite, however, to close promptly all large veins opened in the vicinity of the chest.

DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. LYMPHANGITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS.

This occurs in two forms, one a constitutional disease and the other a simple local affection due to irritation of a wound or the absorption of poisonous matter.

CONSTITUTIONAL FORM. WEED. SHOT OF GREASE.

This is seen mainly in heavy lymphatic fleshy-legged horses, kept at hard work on heavy feeding, and in the midst of this left in the stall for two or three days without any exercise or change of feed. Thus it is common on Monday morning or after one or two stormy days that have kept the horses indoors. It is the result of a sudden access of plethora, but it may occur in similar circumstances in over-worked and rather reduced horses. In either case it is due to an accumulation in the

TFquot;¹

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blood of deleterious products that should have been worked off by exercise.

Symptoms.�There is shivering to a variable extent, but very severe in the worst cases, greatly accelerated breathing, rapid hard pulse, general fever and stiffness in one or both limbs. Examination high up in the groin, by the side of the sheath or udder, detects enlargement and great tenderness of the inguinal glands, the patient usually raising and drawing out his limb till he seems ready to fall over on the other side. Soon the shiver�ing gives place to the hot stage, the surface burns and sweats, and the limb swells, the swelling extending cord-like down the course of the vessels on its inner side, and its lower part becoming the seat of an excessive exudation, which may fill it up to the body, and of two, three, or four times its natural size. If allowed to go on, abscess, sloughing, and unhealthy sores may result, the patient may perish, or the fever may subside leaving the limb permanently thickened to almost any extent, and correspondingly liable to future attacks.

Treatment.�Mild cases may be entirely restored by giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those that are some�what more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations applied continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced as soon as the patient can be made to move. The purgation should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium), and when the inflam�mation has somewhat subsided tincture of iodine may be applied over the swollen glands. In the worst cases in vigorous plethoric subjects a prompt effect should be secured by a free bleeding from the jugular, until the pulse is softened, and the same treatment followed out as in other cases. Diet should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, roots, scalded hay, etc), and the water given with the chill off.

For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feeding and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot up when in

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the stable, the application of tincture of iodine every four days to the limb, and the internal use of tonics (iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux vomica, etc.), and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor of acetate of ammonia), will be beneficial. Some use veratmm.

LOCAL FORM.

This results mainly from wounds, bruises (saddle or shoulder scalds), from injuries of unyielding parts (pricked foot, tendon, or fascia), and above all from the absorption of putrefying animal matter or other poison by these vessels. The same occurs from the specific poisons of glanders, farcy, etc. There are slightly swollen cords (red in white skins), extending along the course of the lymphatics and veins from the point of irrita�tion or poisoning; nodular, painful enlargement of the lym�phatic glands along their course, and more or less surrounding pasty swelling, or even erysipelas. It may go on to abscess or diffuse suppuration, it may leave induration of the glands, or even the vessels and surrounding parts, or a perfect recovery may be made.

Treatment.�Rest, a purgative, and astringent lotions (acetate of lead 1 dr., opium ^ dr., carbolic acid 1 dr., water 1 qt.) If the inflammation runs very high it may be expedient to use warm poultices to hasten suppuration. In case it arises from a poisoned wound, cauterize the sore thoroughly with lunar caustic or crystallized carbolic acid, and keep the affected parts wrapped in cloths constantly wet with a saturated solution of bisulphite or hyposulphite of soda, and enough carbolic acid to give a sweetish taste. The bisulphite may also be taken internally. In case of suppuration, open early and freely with the lancet. If the affection becomes chronic and threatens permanent induration use iodine ointment or tincture, well applied bandages, giving an equable pressure, and even blisters. Iodide of potassium, or in weak subjects, iodide of iron may be given internally.

CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflamma�tion of the mouth,�of the palate,�of the gums,�of the tongue. Thrush, Aphthous stomatitis. Mercurialism. Warts on the lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumours of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf-teeth. Parrot-mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth. Overgrown and un�even teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dila�tation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tympany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impaction of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves, lambs, and foals. White scour. Acute gastric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indi�gestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in-horses. Chronic indigestion�catarrh of the stomach and bowels in horses. Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach and intestines. Spasmodic colic. Acute haemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco - enteritis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhoea, scouring. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels, �impaction, invagination, volvulus, etc. Hernia, � diaphragmatic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, femora], ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imper-forate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and intestinal parasites.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

The importance of these diseases in the domestic animals follows an ascending series from the camivora, through the omnivora and solipeds to the ruminants. The small capacity of the digestive organs in camivora (dog and cat), the com�pletion of the greater part of the digestive process in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting is accomplished,

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

I2S

sufficiently account for their comparative immunity. Pigs stand next in these respects, and last come the herbivora, with their enormously long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the food passes through the bowels, and the diffi�culty or impossibility of getting quit of irritating agents by vomiting. In the ox and sheep there is the further complica�tion of the four stomachs, the first three of which are little more than macerating and triturating cavities, and in which an enor�mous bulk of food is continually stowed away. From their rapid collection and swallowing of food, poisonous, irritating, and unnatural objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen, while horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately after feeding. Horses, too, suffer much from faults in watering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and intestinal congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washing that on undigested to ferment in the bowels, etc. Again, all of the herbivora are especially subject to digestive disorders from food that is unnaturally grown, or spoiled in harvesting, so that in unfavourable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootic.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH.

Causes.�Mechanical and chemical irritants. There may be wounds, bruises, injuries with bit or twitch, irritant vegetables, scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of insects, injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue, from giving quot; weak lye quot; and other irritants, especially to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquids as long as he chooses, from pricks with thorns, needles, and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over-growth, or irregularity of the teeth, from rough dragging upon the tongue, from the use of mercury and other salivating drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some specific fevers (aphthous fever, rinderpest, etc.)

Symptoms of General Inflammation of the Mouth.�Difficulty

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in taking in food and water; swollen, rigid, tender lips and cheeks j red membrane of the mouth; slavering; saliva often foetid; swelling between the bones of the lower jaw; the formation of blisters or sores inside the mouth; and sometimes swelling of the glands beneath the ears. Abscess or even gangrene may result.

Treatment.�Remove the cause, whether irritants in food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the bit, twitch, or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with weak vinegar; if by acids, with calcined magnesia, lime water, or bicarbonate of soda; if by caustic salts, white of egg, boiled linseed, slippery elm, or the gluten of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from the bite or sting of venom�ous animals apply ammonia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer animal poisons the wound should be cauter�ized (see Canine Madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other laxatives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent lotions (vinegar and water; vinegar and honey; borax, alum, or tannic acid, honey and water; water slightly sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh cool water constantly present to drink at will, and feed with boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear, touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solution of 10 grains lunar caustic to 1 oz. distilled water. If fluctuation shows the presence of matter, lance at once. If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of permanganate of potassa 1 dr., water 1 pint. If there is much swelling keep the head tied up.

CONGESTED PALATE. LAMPAS.

A red swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the teeth, 01

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127

in older ones on digestive disorder. The taking in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender palate projecting beyond the teeth.

Treatment.�Feeding on hard unshelled Indian corn has often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet for half an inch back from the teeth. Follow with astringent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder of the stomach give a dose of physic.

INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS.

If connected with the shedding and cutting of teeth, remove those that hang partly detached and scarify the gums. For the other causes�diseased teeth and mercurial poisoning� see below.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.

There are the signs of general inflammation of the mouth, with great difficulty in taking in food, chewing and drinking, and a swollen red tender state of the tongue, which often hangs out of the mouth.

Treatment.�Search carefully for any sharp irritant body that may have penetrated the organ and remove it. Support the tongue within the mouth in a bag with tapes tied behind the ears. Otherwise treat as for general inflammation of the mouth.

THRUSH OF THE MOUTH. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. MUGUET

Is mostly seen in sucking animals. In addition to the signs of ordinary inflammation, there appear on the lips, cheeks, and tongue, firm white patches, which on microscopic examination show the presence of a vegetable growth (pidiuin albicans). Wash the mouth frequently with a solution of bisulphite of soda or even of borax.

MERCURIALISM.

Inflammation of the mouth, ulceration of the gums, loosening of the teeth and free salivation were formerly common results

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of the abuse of mercurials, but are now fortunately rare. There is likely to be disorder of stomach and bowels, loss of appetite, bloating, rumbling in the belly, badly digested, foetid stools, and great languor and depression. Use washes containing tincture of iodine or chlorate of potassa, and iodide of potassium internally.

WARTS ON THE LIPS

Are very common in dogs. Remove with scissors and cauterize the roots thoroughly with a pointed stick of lunar caustic.

LACERATION OF THE TONGUE,

Causes�Especially common in horses from hard bits, nooses of ropes, or rough dragging with the hand. The lacerated tongue may hang from the mouth. Sew up the wound with catgut previously softened in water; feed thick gruels only, and wash out the mouth frequently with a lotion of permanganate of potassa. Any dead portion must be removed with the knife, but it must not encroach on the living. The whole organ may often be saved when almost entirely torn off.

CYSTS UNDER THE TONGUE.

These are tense elastic rounded swellings, and are easily remedied by a free incision with the knife.

TUMOURS IN THE MOUTH.

These mostly grow from the gums and tongue, and may attain the size of the closed fist in the horse. Small ones may be removed with scissors, the larger with the ecrasmr.

CANCROID OF THE LIPS. CANCER OF THE TONGUE.

The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard thickened margins; the latter appears in horses and cattle as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open sore and giant cells. It should be excised when very limited. Later it is incurable.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

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SUPERNUMERARY TEETH.

In the case of nippers or grinding teeth these should be extracted or pinched out, as they are liable to injure the gums, palate, cheek, or tongue,

Wolf-teeth cannot be looked on as superfluous, being natural and harmless. They are insignificant teeth situated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of the eyes is most frequent, they are in very bad odour with people who cannot see the distinction between the mere coincidence and the cause and effect. They are useless, however, and may be extracted without injury, though if broken they may irritate the gums.

PARROT MOUTH.

Abnormal length of the upper jaw may lead to inordinate length of the upper front teeth, which project over the lower like a parrot's bill. If this interferes with grazing the extra length should be removed with a saw or with tooth-shears. But parrot-mouthed horses usually do well fed in-doors.

CRIB-BITING.

This is a distortion rather than a disease of the teeth, these being worn away on their anterior edge so as to show more or less of the yellow dentine in place of the clear pearly enamel. It is associated with the serious vice of wind-sucking (swallow�ing) and eructation, which leads to tympany, digestive disorder, and rapid loss of condition. The horse seizes the manger or other solid object with his teeth, arches and shortens the neck, and makes a grunting noise. The wind-sucking may, however, exist without crib-biting. It may be learned by standing idle near a crib-biter, and always goes on to disease and loss of condition.

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Treatment.�^ratax the front of the manger with aloes or other bitters. Cover all exposed woodwork with sheet-iron. Place a small revolving roller above the front of the manger so that the teeth may at once slide off. Apply the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In pure wind-suckers a strap may be tied

Fig. 17.�Muzile for crib-biter.

tightly round the upper part of the neck, though at the risk of inducing roaring.

DISPLACED TEETH.

Though loosened and partially displaced, teeth will often grow firm if at once replaced in their sockets and the animal fed for some time on soft mashes. If they cannot be returned to their natural situation they should be at once extracted, as any faulty direction will be a source of after trouble.

OVERGROWN AND UNEVEN TEETH.

The teeth of herbivora are liable to become overgrown into sharp, hurtful processes along the outer margin of the upper grinders or the inner border of the lower, because the lower jaw is always narrower than the upper. In old animals and those having broken teeth, extensive overgrowth will ensue

⁷

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I3T

from the absence of wear. In other cases a tooth is displaced, and failing to meet with a tooth in the other jaw gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts, and sets up disease of these or of the jaw�bone. There ensue the usual symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling of cheek or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or even s, running sore, or a foetid discharge from the nose. The

Fig. 18.�Tooth-rasp.

overgrown teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with tooth-shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel.

CARIOUS TEETH.

Caries is quite common in the grinding teeth but rare in the incisors.

Symptoms.�Slow, careful mastication, and dropping from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay, green fodder), which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails to swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indigestions, and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritating the stomach and bowels. The presence in the dung of undigested grain which has been swallowed whole. Unthrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mucous membranes, weak pulse, weakness, emaciation, and liability to sweating, and swelling of the legs are marked features. The more specific symptoms are: swelling of the jaw-bone over the diseased fang or even a running sore if in the lower jaw, the accumulation of partially chewed food around the tooth, and especially between it and the cheek, tenderness of the tooth when touched or gently tapped with the finger, the presence of a black spot on some part of its surface, or of an excavated channel, leading from the wearing surface down to the fang, or between the tooth and the jaw-bone, this cavity

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being filled with putrid elements and giving out a most offensive and persistent odour. In some cases the tooth is broken in pieces. In examining the mouth draw out the tongue and turn it up between the jaws, or better, keep the jaws apart with a balling iron. If the diseased tooth belongs to the upper jaw and is behind the first grinder, there may be a very foetid dis�charge from the nose, which with its attendant nodular enlarge�ment of the glands beneath the jaw have led to the destruction of many such horses as glandered.

Treatment.�\J\iffa. there is much inflammation of the gums clear out the cavity of the tooth with the aid of a bent flattened wire and a syringe with bent nozzle, feed soft bran mashes only, and give a dose of laxative medicine (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, sulphate of magnesia; dog and pig, jalap) j lance the gums and protect from cold for a few days. When inflamma�tion is less severe, scrape from the diseased cavity all black, softened or diseased tooth, and plug it with gutta-percha softened by heat, moulded into the cavity and hardened by a stream of cool water. If there is a tender spot from exposure _ of the nerve this should first be deadened by caustic (crystal�lized carbolic acid and powdered opium). Where the destruc�tion is too great to allow of success by stuffing, the tooth must be extracted, and the cavity syringed out after each meal, until it heals up, and then filled with gutta-percha to prevent the adjacent teeth deviating from their proper direction. If very loose, the grinding teeth of large quadrupeds may be extracted with large tooth forceps, but if at all firm an opening must be made over the fang, and the tooth driven into the mouth with a mallet and punch. This operation requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially in young animals. In small animals the teeth may be removed by ordinary dentist's forceps. After the removal of a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the other jaw must be occasionally cut or rasped down to prevent injury from overgrowth.

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DISEASE OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE TEETH.

The membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the pulp cavity may become the seat of disease. There may be loosen�ing, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, deviation from its true direction so that the outer edge of the upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up the pulp cavity, or surround the fang, wedging it into its socket and setting up disease and swelling of the adjacent jaw-bone. These conditions may often be relieved in the early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, lancing the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging of the gums with tincture of myrrh.

DENTINAL TUMOURS.

These occur from the action of any irritant applied to the tooth ivory. Some years ago I removed a large mass of this kind attached to the second upper temporary grinder of a horse. It is usually necessary to remove the teeth from which they grow.

TARTAR ON TEETH.

This is common in dogs, and may be removed by a wooden probe with a small pledget of tow dipped in water rendered slightly acid with spirit of salt.

DENTITION FEVER.

Considerable irritation and fever often attend on the cutting of the teeth in animals. Horses are most liable to suffer in the third year when they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the fourth year when they cut four front, eight back, and four tushes. Cattle suffer less and mainly from the second to the third year. One of the first grinders which come up at this period is sometimes entangled with the crown of its pre-

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decessor, causing much loss of appetite and condition and foetid breath. Pigs usually cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the twelfth month, and are most liable to suffer at this age. Puppies and kittens suffer even to convulsions, between the third and the sixth months. The temporary tushes should always be extracted if not shed before the permanent ones come up.

The redness, swelling, and tenderness of the gums in such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of coughing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought for and removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a slight lancing of the gums, washing with tincture of myrrh, using soft food, keeping the bowels open, and avoiding hard work in horses and dogs.

SALIVATION. SLOBBERS.

This is often a symptom of some other affection (aphthous fever, dumb rabies, epilepsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries, and other diseases of the teeth, wounds and ulcers of the mouth, gastric catarrh, etc.), or caused by irritant food and drugs (rank aqueous rapidly-grown grass, musty mow-burnt fodder, lobelia, wild mustard, colchicum, pepper, garlic, ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, acids and salts, and the compounds of mercury used internally and externally). Mercurials are especially hurtful to cattle. Paralysis of the lips will cause a free flow of saliva, as will also irritation with the bit, and especially from chemical agents attached in bags to the bit.

Symptoms.�$xelt;t discharge of saliva in stringy filaments or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased thirst, and dis�ordered digestion. For mercurial salivation see Stomatitis.

Treatment�Discover and remove the cause, use astringent washes as advised for stomatitis, and give access to cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws with iodine ointment.

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SALIVARY CALCULI.

These are small concretions of earthy and organic matter usually around some foreign body (a grain of oats or barley, or a particle of sand) which has accidentally entered the canal. They obstruct the ducts and give rise to the feeling as of a tense elastic cord extending round the border of the lower jaw and upwards on the side of the cheek, or forward along the inner side of the jaw-bone. The pea-like concretion may be felt at the anterior end of the cord, and if there is more than one they may be made to rattle on each other. Sometimes matter forms and bursts, and the concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions arise from the lack of saliva.

Treatment. � Pass the calculus onward to the mouth by manipulation with the fingers, or, this failing, lay open the duct and extract it from within the mouth if possible. If it must be opened through the skin, first shave the part, make a small incision with a sharp knife, extract the mass and cover the wound with layer after layer of collodion, allowing as little exposure to the air as possible. Allow no food whatever for twelve hours, and then only soft mashes and gruels until healing is completed.

SALIVARY FISTULA.

This is found wherever a wound penetrates a duct of any of the salivary glands. It is especially liable to occur from opening abscesses in strangles and from wounds about the lower jaw.

Symptoms.�A free discharge from the wound during feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially abundant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing is slow, difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of the mouth only. Digestion and general health are gradually impaired.

Treatment.�If recent, shave the edges of the wound, bring accurately together and cover with collodion, layer after layer,

quot;

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until strong enough to prevent it from bursting open. If of older standing, a smart blister over and around the wound will often close it. Should this fail, the edges must be made raw by paring, and the wound firmly closed by carbolated catgut or twisted suture. If the channel between the wound and the mouth has become impervious, a new one must be made and kept open by a thread passed through it and retained by being fixed to a flat button outside and in, until the walls are no longer raw and likely to adhere. Then the thread is to be withdrawn and the external wound closed by stitching, blister or collodion.

In all such cases the patient must be tied to both sides of the stall, high up, so that he cannot possibly rub the wound, and diet must be restricted absolutely to soft mashes and gruels.

In obstinate cases a forcible injection into the duct of the gland of a solution of 2 grs. lunar caustic in 1 oz. of alcohol, will usually destroy its secreting power.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND.

This gland, situated behind the ear, is liable to inflammation from mechanical injury and obstruction of its duct, as well as in strangles and other specific diseases.

Symptoms.�A hard but painful tumefaction beneath the ear, with more or less soft doughy feeling at its margins, stiff carriage of the head, slow difficult chewing, and more or less general fever.

Treatment. � First remove any obstruction in the duct or mechanical cause of irritation, then purge (Glauber salts), wash the mouth with weak solutions of vinegar or chlorate of potassa, and cover the affected gland with a soft poultice, with a little sugar of lead added. Feed soft cool mashes and sliced or pulped roots only, and when the bowels have settled give cooling diuretics (nitrate of potassa). If matter forms let it approach the surface and point before opening, to avoid cutting

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any of the ducts and establishing a fistula. If it gets hard and insensible use iodine externally and internally.

CHOKING.

This is especially common in cattle feeding on roots, potatoes, apples, pears, and the like, because of the habit of jerking up the head to get the object back between the grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., chewed wantonly, often slip back in the same way. Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped balls or sharp-pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous feeders will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in cases of diseased teeth or salivary fistula or calculus.

Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking.�When the object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great distress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing with expulsion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swallowing, and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, which may suffocate the animal in fifteen or twenty minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes when the object was lodged directly over the opening of the windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional shriek, and water returns by the nose when drinking is attempted. In omnivora and carnivora retching and vomiting are prominent symptoms. A careful examination along the furrow on the left side of the neck will usually detect the offending object

Symptoms of thoracic choking�\i the object is lodged in that part of the gullet which lies within the chest, cough, slavering, and gulping may be absent, but there are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids by the mouth (in horses the nose). This, with the inability to swallow solid food, is very character�istic. Tympany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at intervals.

Symptoms of choking with finely divided dry food.�These are the same as for solid masses, according to the situation, but in

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addition there is in the groove on the left side of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, provided the obstruction is situ�ated above the chest.

Treatment.�Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid objects in this region can usually be withdrawn with the hand. Have the animal held with the head elevated into a line with the neck, and the mouth held open with a balling iron; then the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right is passed through the mouth into the throat, and the middle finger hooked over the offending body so as to withdraw it. If lodged still lower it may often be worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it with one hand in each furrow along the lower border of the neck. A vigorous jerk at the last seconded by the action of the pharynx will often lodge it in the mouth, but if not it is easily extracted as above advised.

Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose no time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood two inches in diameter is tied into the mouth by cords carried from its ends around the top of the head�behind the horns in cattle. Swell�ing never increases dangerously with this applied, and in a few hours the obstruction usually passes on.

More prompt relief may be obtained by using a probang of leather or other material with a spiral spring wire internally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in diameter, six feet long, and with one end enlarged to one and a half inches in diameter, and cup-shaped. This is oiled and the head having been brought into a line with the neck, the balling iron introduced and the tongue drawn out, the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed on until the obstruction is reached. Steady pressure must be kept up on this for a few seconds, when it will yield and should be passed into the stomach by introducing the probang to its whole length. If it resists leave the animal for an hour or two gagged, and try again. In the horse the probang cannot be

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

^I39

safely passed without casting, and it should never be passed on until by examination in the furrow on the side of the neck, the operator has ascertained that it has entered the gullet and is clear of, and above the windpipe. For the small animals the probang must be made correspondingly small.

The use of whips and such like objects is very reprehensible as being liable to tear the gullet An effective probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new rope, a few of the bundles of the end of which have been opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped extremity. After being used this may be hung up straight on several nails driven into the wall, and will be ready for the next occasion.

In choking with finely divided food the probang only packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge it. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on little by little. In�struments have also been devised for extracting the obstructing mass. Failing otherwise, the gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on liquids only.

Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then crushed between two solid bodies on different sides of the neck.

Prevention.�Besides the more obvious resort of withholding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of the head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, apples, etc. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to be hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solid food should be to a large extent withheld for a week after the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflammation has subsided.

STRICTURE AND DILATATION OF THE GULLET.

These usually coexist, the first giving rise to the second, because of habitual accumulation of food above the narrow

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part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury in choking, etc., or from the presence of a worm (spiropterd) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane.

The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse soft swelling along the furrow on the left side of the neck, when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of this swelling during abstinence. The only permanent treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, beginning with those that will just pass the stricture, and using them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The food must be restricted to soft mashes and gruels.

Cattle are usually slaughtered when attacked in good con�dition.

IMPACTION OF THE CROP IN BIRDS.

Symptoms.�Want of appetite, dulness, sinking of the head between the wings, ruffled plumage, and enormous and firm distension of the crop, easily recognised when the bird is handled.

Treatment consists in pouring down tepid water and mould�ing the crop so as to force its contents a little at a time back into the mouth. This failing, cut the crop open, empty it, sew up the wound, and feed gruels or soft mush for a few days.

TYMPANY OF THE FIRST STOMACH IN RUMINANTS. HOOVE. BLOATINCJ.

Causes.�It is especially common in weak, ailing, or under�fed stock when put on rich luxuriant food, especially green food, in spring. Some food is dangerous, such as clover (white and red); green food covered with dew or hoar frost, soaked by inundations or drying after a shower; diseased or frosted potatoes or turnips (roots or tops); partially ripened but uncured grain, and crowfoots and other acrid plants. It may be caused by overloading the stomach with sound fodder,

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

141

by the presence of hair-balls and other foreign bodies in the stomach, by fever, choking, stricture or parasites in the gullet, tuberculosis, etc.

Symptoms.�Swelling of the whole left side of the belly, often rising above the level of the hips and backbone, tense and elastic recoiling at once when pressed in, and drum-like on percussion. There is great diffi�culty of breathing, distended nostrils, blood�shot eyes, open mouth, drivelling of saliva, occasional belching of gas with loud noise, and frequent passage of dung and urine. The patient stands to the last and falls to die with ruptured diaphragm, or stomach, con�gested lungs, and profound nervous shock.

Treatment.�Gagging is alleged to succeed as in choking, but I have not tried it. Dash�ing a bucket of cold water on the body may give temporary relief by condensing the gas and favouring eructation. The hollow pro-bang passed into the stomach as for choking will allow the escape of the gas. In urgent cases the paunch must be punctured with the first instrument that comes to hand, and the openings in the stomach and the skin kept in apposition until the gas flows out. The most suitable instrument is a cannula and trocar at least six inches long, which may be plunged without fear into the left side in yJ a downward and inward direction, from a W point equidistant from the hip-bone, the last rib, and the lateral processes of the back- Fig. 19.�Trocar and bone. The trocar being withdrawn thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; cannula.

cannula may be tied in and left for hours or days. In the absence of these a pocket-knife may be used, and should be

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kept in the wound until a large quill can be obtained and held in its place. A smaller trocar like that used for hydrothorax in horses is suitable for sheep and goats.

When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and in milder cases without any such surgical resort, antiferments and antacids must be given; aromatic spirit of ammonia (ox 3 oz., sheep 1 oz.), crystalline sesquicarbonate of ammonia (ox 1 oz., sheep 3 drs.), oil of turpentine (ox 2 oz., sheep \ oz. in oil, milk or eggs well mixed), whisky, brandy, or gin (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep \ pt.), ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep \ oz.), carbolic acid or creosote (ox 2 drs., sheep \ dr. in a pint of water), sulphite, hyposul�phite or bisulphite of soda (ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs.), chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa, soda, ammonia, and their carbonates; soapsuds and lime-water), check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity. Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that they are not used in too strong and irritating solutions.

A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimulant (sulphate of soda and ginger).

Chronic tympany due simply to indigestion may be remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics (foenugrec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt in equal parts, nux vomica 2 drachms to every pound of the mixture. Dose : ox 1 oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food).

For chronic tympany due to foreign bodies in the paunch see below.

OVERLOADED PAUNCH.

This differs from the last in that the paunch is overloaded, overstretched, and paralyzed by excess of solid food, rather than gas. Rich, tempting, and unusual food (luscious grass, clover, lucem, vetches, tares, beans, peas, grain) is especially

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;143

dangerous, as is food which ferments with the formation of a fine frothy mass (potatoes, especially diseased or frosted ones), food containing a narcotic or paralyzing principle (green Indian corn, partially ripened wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares, and grasses), bulky, dry, fibrous, innutritious aliments (aftermath mixed with old withered stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened before being cut, dried sedges and rashes, stalks of ripened beans, peas, etc.), and finally, musty, rusty, or otherwise injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruction and worn or diseased teeth may contribute to it.

Symptoms.�Develop more slowly than in tympany. There is dulness, sluggishness, raised back, hurried breathing, and frequent moaning. The abdomen swells, especially the left side, but it hangs downward, has no absolute drum-like resonance on tapping, and pressure leaves a temporary indent�ation. As the disease advances there is the same difficult breathing as in tympany, frequent passage of dung and urine, stupor, and finally, suffocation or death from nervous shock. If due to green food, diarrhoea usually precedes death, and a spontaneous cure may be effected by this or by vomiting, but only in rare cases.

Treatment. � In the first stages give stimulants and anti-ferments, as for tympany, with active but not irritating pur�gatives to unload the stomach. A pound each of Epsom and Glauber salts, 2 oz. oil of turpentine, and J drachm of mix vomica will be a suitable dose for an ox, to be followed up by stimulants, and in seven hours, if no relief, by a second dose of the same strength. If drum-like resonance at the upper part of the left side shows the pressure of free gas, draw it off by puncturing, and dash cold water over the body to encourage contraction of the paunch. Give active stimulants every two or three hours.

If there is no sign of improvement, but rather stupor and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in the left

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side where it is punctured in tympany, enlarging the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two assistants to hold the edges of the wound in the stomach against those in the skin, taking out at least two-thirds of the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in the stomach with the edges turned in, and that in the skin, and keeping on a little gruel and soft mashes for a week. This operation can be performed standing, the right side of the animal applied against a stone wall, and the nose held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. It usually succeeds if resorted to early enough.

IMPACTION OF THE THIRD STOMACH. DRY MURRAIN. GRASS STAGGERS.

A dry baked state of the contents of the manifolds is found in all feverish conditions, in torpid or inactive states of the paunch, with impaired or suspended rumination, in case of feeding on dry, fibrous, indigestible elements (bleached withered hay or that which has been over-ripened, or a mixture of fresh and dry grass in autumn), on a sudden change to the over-stimulating fresh grass of spring, on smutty maize, cornstalks or wheat, on a deficiency of water, or a sudden change from soft to hard water, or on taking lead into the system in a metallic condition or otherwise. The most rapidly fatal cases result from green food, over-ripe but uncured grain, vetches, or rye-grass, and from lead poisoning.

Symptoms.�Slight cases may be marked by failure to chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a poor appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, quickened breathing with a moan at intervals, roused at any time by forcibly punching the closed fist beneath the short ribs on the right side. If it has lasted several days the fist pressed into the left side may detect the contents of the paunch collected in hard masses, and tympany is likely to be present The dung is usually scanty and hard, but in cases occurring from fibrous or irritating food,

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

this costiveness is preceded by more or less diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, reclines on its left side, with the head in the right flank, and tends by-and-by to show palsy of the hind limbs, drowsiness and stupor, or delirium and convulsions.

In the more acute cases, death may ensue in six hours. The animal is found apart, lying with his head in his right flank, with red fixed eyes, eyelids half closed, and much drowsiness and stupor, though he may still feed when raised, pulse and breathing accelerated, bowels loose or torpid, hardness and tenderness under the right short ribs, and muscular tremors. Later, the eyes glare, the patient seeks relief in motion in a straight line or to one side regardless of obstacles, and pushing against obstructing walls or fences till teeth or horns are broken, bellowing loudly and in a terrific manner all the time.

Treatment.�For the simpler forms give strong purgatives (sulphate of soda, ox i lb., sheep 6 oz. with common salt, molasses and croton), stimulants (ginger, carbonate of am�monia), and abundance of water or watery fluids. The stimu�lants may be repeated at intervals of three hours, and accom�panied by injections of warm water. If no relief is obtained in twelve hours, repeat the purgative, and if any tenderness of the right side exists, blister it with mustard and turpentine (for sheep use ammonia and oil). If the kidneys act profusely, change the purgative, giving castor or linseed-oil. Even after free action of the bowels it is usually necessary to feed green food, roots or soft mashes, to give all the water that will be taken, and even to add slight laxatives to insure the perfect breaking up of all the impaction.

In the acute forms of the disease with irritation of the stomach the blandest purgatives only (linseed, olive, or castor-oil), must be used with nax vomica, injections and a blister on the right side over the short ribs, and cold water or ice-bags to the head. Should the victims become delirious, fasten to a strong post round which they can move, or to a ring fixed in

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the ground. When recovery ensues, follow up with a course of bitter tonics (gentian, willow bark, nux vomica, boneset, etc.)

GASTRITIS IN OXEN.

The acute impactions of the manifolds are usually compli�cated with congestion, and the chronic impactions lead to it. Inflammation also results from over-stimulating food (spring grass, clover, tares, green corn, etc.), from dry heating aliment (excess of corn meal, linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake), from wild mustard and other irritants, from poor, hard, fibrous food, from suspension of rumination during prolonged hard work, and from mineral and vegetable irritants.

Symptoms.�\vi mild cases, from heating or poor food, there are dulness, moaning, trembling, straining, and frequent pas�sage of dung in small quantities, hot, clammy, slightly reddened mouth, dry muzzle, sharp accelerated pulse, fulness and tender�ness of the belly, and the presence of solid masses of food in the paunch as felt on the left side when pressed with the fist.

The more active forms, resulting from green food or irritants, are manifested by the same symptoms as acute impaction of the the third stomach, with the addition of a tense abdomen, not dependent on the paunch, increasing tenderness, and increased temperature of the body. There may be diarrhoea or costiveness, or one after the other, and it may end in stupor or convulsions. Treatment,�\a. the milder forms give a quart of linseed 01 olive oil and 2 drs. Dover's powder. Even Epsom or Glauber salts may be used with drachm doses of hyoscyamus or bella�donna as often as may be requisite to keep down violent suffering. Give all the water the patient will drink, adding a little decoction of linseed, slippery elm, or mallow; also fre�quent injections of warm water, and warm fomentations to the abdomen followed by a blister. Brain symptoms must be treated as advised under impaction of the third stomach. Follow up with a course of tonics after relief is obtained.

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INDIGESTION IN WORKING OXEN FROM DRINKING COLD WATER.

This occurs in hard-working oxen, coming from a dusty road in a hot day and drinking to excess. There are violent colicky pains, uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, lying down and rising, looking at the flanks, and a fulness and gurgling on the right side of the abdomen. It may pass in half an hour to an hour with a free watery diarrhoea. Treatment consists in exercise, walking or trotting, and a stimulating draught�pepper, ginger, fennel, carraway, peppermint, ammonia, alcohol and the like.

INDIGESTION IN CALVES, LAMBS, AND FOALS. WHITE SCOUR.

This may result from a great variety of causes, such as with�holding the first (laxative) milk after parturition, feeding new�born calves on the milk of old calved cows, bringing up foals or lambs on cow's milk, working, overdriving, or othenvise exciting the dams, feeding unwholesome food to the dams, allowing too long intervals between the meals of the young, bringing up on hand on cold or soured milk or farinaceous food, keeping in damp, unwholesome pens, or the accumulation of pellets of hair in the stomach.

Symptoms.�Irregular (impaired or even ravenous) appetite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eructations, profuse foetid white watery diarrhoea, white or grayish fur on the tongue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and rapid emaciation.

Treatment.�Give a dose of 1 to 2 ozs. castor-oil (^ for lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with each meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in which i of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been steeped. Or with this give a carminative (1 oz. tincture ot cinnamon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magnesia 1 dr.) and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, bismuth), with, it may be, an astringent (tincture of kino or catechu 1 dr.) If there is much tenderness of the abdomen apply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellow�ness of the mucous membranes, and white, very foetid dung,

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give 2 grs. calomel and 5 grs. chalk twice dally. In all cases give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a day, with several spooTifuls of lime-water added to each meal. In some instances the tone of the stomach may be greatly restored by a table-spoonful of tincture of gentian twice a day.

Prevention should be sought in breeding only vigorous families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the dam or of a healthy nurse unaltered by faulty feeding or excitement, or by standing. When a foal must be brought up on cow's milk, dilute with one-third its bulk of warm water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water. For the carnivora use only the upper third of cow's milk.

ACUTE GASTRIC INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANY.

This results from sudden filling of the stomach to excess, from suspended digestion in connexion with hard work imme�diately after a meal, from the washing on of undigested food, from a full drink after a feed of grain, from certain indigestible and easily fermented aliments such as cause tympany in the ox, from irritant plants, and from hurried swallowing of hot cooked

food.

Symptom.�Tasse, appear just after feeding and are at first those of simple colic (see Spasmodic Colic), soon followed by fulness and tension of the belly, a drum-like sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed breathing, dulness and increasing stupor. The pain is continuous, though of varying intensity, there is no disposition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to aggravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his fore-feet apart, arches the neck, drawing in the nose toward the breast, and in exceptional cases may obtain relief by belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food escaping mainly through the nose. More commonly the occurrence of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach and presages death. The pulse then becomes rapid, weak, and soon imperceptible.

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and the countenance very haggard and dejected. In the advanced stages the animal is usually sunk in stupor, and rests his head on the manger or pushes it against the wall, while in some instances nervous movements of the lips and limbs occur. Treatment.�Give early, full doses of aromatics, stimulants, and tonics (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of peppermint, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux vomica, etc.), rub the belly, and if relieved, follow up with a dose of physic. Alkalies are sometimes useful, as in the ox. Warm water injections and walking exercise should also be given. The stomach of the horse cannot be safely punctured, hence the affection is too often fatal. When relieved give easily digested food frequently in small quantity, until the stomach has regained its tone. When horses bolt their food give a little hay to appease hunger before allowing grain.

ACUTE INTESTINAL INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE. TYMPANITIC COLIC.

Due to the same causes as gastric tymfiany, this often com�plicates that, and is complicated by it, the disease being named according to the predominance of the gaseous evolution in stomach or bowels. When the bowels are mainly implicated, there is greater hope, as medicines may be passed through the stomach and taken up from the gut so as to affect the system, and the gas may even be drawn off with a small cannula and trocar from the large intestines which occupy the lower part of the abdomen. The puncture should be made where the resonance is clearest and most drum-like. The symptoms closely resemble those of tympanitic stomach, only there is more passage of dung and flatus, and the treatment only differs in the greater freedom with which liquids may be poured into the stomach and the possibility of drawing off the gas through a cannula.

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IMPACT10N OF THE LARGE INTESTINES IN HORSES.

This results from overfeeding, especially on grain (Indian com, wheat), from hard, fibrous, indigestible food taken in excess to make up for the deficiency of quality; from imperfect preparation of the food in diseases of the teeth, jaws, or salivary glands; from insufficiency of water, and eminently from want

of exercise.

.Sjw/fcm.�Considerable impaction may last for a time without any sign, and the disease finally shows itself suddenly as a violent colic. More commonly transient colics come on after meals for several days in succession. There are pawing with the fore-feet, uneasy movements, or kicking of the belly with the hind, lying down and rising at short intervals, turning of the nose toward the flank, and the frequent passage of wind and of dung, the latter a few small pellets at a time. There is special fulness and tension of the right side of the belly, dulness on percussion, solid resistance when pressed, and if the soaped hand is introduced through the last gut the solidly impacted bowels are usually to be felt The pressure of these on the . bladder often causes frequent discharges of urine. A favourite position is one with the fore limbs stretched forward and the hind backward.

Treatment.�In mild cases and in the early stages give a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, corn-stalks), and two or three ounces of Glauber salts daily in the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gentian, and nux vomica, and in case of tympany, carbonate of ammonia or peppermint; relieve pain by hyoscyamus or belladonna, and follow up with frequent injections of warm water, and frictions and fomentations of the abdomen. The aloes should not be repeated under twenty-four hours, but if there is evidence of their having passed off by the kidneys they may be replaced by linseed or olive-oil. The action of the bowels may be deferred three or four days without

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a fatal result, whereas too much medicine will often cause rupture of the gut in front of the impaction.

Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, by a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by daily doses of 1 or 2 oz. of sulphate of soda in the food. The addition of 2 drachms of powdered gentian, and 10 grs. of nux vomica will often restore lost tone to the bowels.

CATARRH OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS IN HORSES.

This is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity, and regularity; from a habit of bolting food; from starvation and hard work; from a sudden access of rich food; from the irritation of worms; from con�gested or torpid liver; from impaction of the bowels, or from any irritant in the food.

Symptoms.�Unthrifty appearance, rough coat, hide-bound, irregular or capricious appetite, dulness at work, emaciation, tucked up belly, clammy, furred tongue, irregularity of the bowels, diarrhoea alternating with constipation, hard balls of imperfectly digested dung covered with a film of mucus, foetid sour odour of stools, and an inclination to lick the white walls or fresh earth.

Treattnent.�A carefully regulated and easily digested diet (green food, sound hay, ground oats, roots), moderate regular exercise, a clean, warm, comfortable stable, rock salt to lick at will, and a course of tonics (gentian with nux vomica, white bismuth, and sulphate of soda) morning and evening. Change from one tonic to another as they seem to lose their effect. Slippery elm, boiled linseed, mallow, etc., are often useful in checking irritation.

VOMITING.

This is common in carnivora and pigs, but exceedingly rare in cattle, and still more so in horses, asses, and mules. It may be due to a great variety of causes, as direct irritation of the

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stomach by food, poison, congestion, or inflammation, disease of the brain, or of some other organ, which profoundly affects the system, or which, like the throat or gullet, has intimate nervous relations with the stomach. It is therefore mostly a symptom of other diseases, and in many cases of gastric irri�tation is a means of relief. When due to direct irritation of the stomach favour it by giving tepid water freely. When emptied, the stomach may be soothed by ice, iced water, prussic acid, creosote, carbolic acid, bismuth, nux vomica, lemon-juice, camphor, etc. Gum and albumen may often be given to sheath the irritated organ, and a blister may be placed on the pit of the stomach.

DEPRAVED APPETITE.

Seen in dyspeptic horses, eating earth, lime, etc., in rabid dogs swallowing all sorts of things, and in cows eating chalk, earth, sand, gravel, wood, leather, iron bolts, and articles of clothing, hair, bones, lead, etc. In many cases what is begun is a habit is continued as a disease, the foreign bodies in the stomach deranging the digestion and keeping up a morbid craving. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, and a deficiency of phos�phates in the soil and food are occasional causes in cows. The habit should be checked by keeping tempting objects out of reach, dealing with tuberculosis and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under those heads, with a deficiency of phosphates, by an abundant artificial feeding on sound grains and a course of tonics, and with indigestible bodies in the stomach, by a careful feeding to prepare the beast for slaughter, or that failing, by opening the paunch on the left side and removing the offending agent (see Impacted Paundi).

FOREIGN BODIES IN STOMACH AND INTESTINES.

These may be taken in by accident with the food, or may be deposited from it in the form of calculi or concretions.

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Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like needles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward making their way to the heart, which they penetrate, causing sudden death, or in more favourable cases making their way through the walls of the abdomen and escaping. Blunt objects remain in the paunch and honeycomb-bag, causing much or little irri�tation according to size or number. The most varied objects are often found in cattle slaughtered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, shot, solder, buttons, and hair-balls are among the most common. I have known fifteen hair-balls from three to six inches in diameter in the paunch of a healthy fat heifer. In sucking calves, in which they form in the true stomach, they cause dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and emaciation.

Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of clover, and other aliments, and from collections of sand and gravel when fed turnips from damp soil.

Swine have balls of bristles in the stomach and large intes�tines.

Horses have concretions of phosphate of lime with smooth stony surface; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate with rough crystalline structure; of the fine hairs from the surface of the oat with a fine velvety surface; and of two or more of those mixed in one calculus. These are formed equally in the stomach and large intestines.

Dogs have hair-balls mainly in the large intestines, as well as marbles and other objects picked up in play.

These foreign bodies may exist without any manifest result, or they may cause tympany in cattle and sheep after every meal, vomiting in dogs and pigs, acute indigestion in the horse, and in all animals in which they are lodged in the intestines, obstraction of their passage, and violent colics which recur frequently, and usually cut the animal off sooner or later.

In ruminants the offending bodies may be removed from the stomach by a surgical operation, but in others little can be

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done beyond giving anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, etc.) to relieve pain and spasm and await the result. A dose of physic would carry off the smaller calculi but would be dangerous in the large. But these cases can rarely be recog�nised until after death, and are necessarily classed with a number of others (invagination, constriction, etc., of the bowels), in which there is irremediable obstruction, and which end sooner or later in death.

SPASMODIC COLIC BELLY-ACHE.

This term is loosely used to designate all conditions in which there is pain in the belly, whether from disease of liver, pancreas, urinary organs, generative apparatus, stomach, or bowels, and whether caused by nervous irritation, inflammation, improper position, strangulation, or compression by adjacent organs, obstruction by foreign bodies, etc. The present re�marks will be confined to that which is more purely nervous, and which results from spasmodic contraction (cramps) of the bowels.

In certain susceptible states of the system a slight indigestion, without impaction or tympany, the taking of indigestible matters that would have been harmless at another time, a drink of ice-cold water when perspiring and exhausted, a chill rain or dew will cause spasms and the most excruciating agony.

Symptoms.�The attack is sudden, the horse paws, moves uneasily, kicks at the belly, looks at the flanks with anxious countenance, dilated nostrils, and glaring eye, crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds and then throws himself down with a prolonged groan. He rolls, lies on his back, sits on his haunches, and may get up, shake himself, take to feed�ing, and appear quite well. Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty, or thirty minutes, and after each there is a period of freedom from pain, with natural pulse and breathing. This with the reckless manner in which he lies down, and the

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

iSS

entire absence of tenderness of the abdomen, or of elevated temperature, serve to distinguish from other bowel diseases, especially inflammation. Each succeeding attack may be less severe until they cease, or they may increase in severity, and the disease merge into acute tympanitic indigestion or enteritis.

In cattle there are similar symptoms with uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts over an hour or two.

Bogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a sudden yelp, move around for some time and lie down until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite retained.

Treatment.�In all animals alike, a laxative (aloes, horse; linseed-oil, cattle and sheep; castor-oil, pigs and dogs), is the safest treatment, as it soon relieves the spasm and carries off any irritant that may have contributed to maintain it It is usually desirable to add an anodyne (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, chloral-hydrate) to relieve the pain until the laxative is absorbed, and a stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of am�monia, sweet spirits of nitre, ether), to quiet the nervous excitement. Copious injections of warm water with or without anodynes and anti-spasmodics are not to be neglected, neither is quiet walking exercise. If the affection appears purely spasmodic the laxatives may be withheld until two doses of anodynes and anti-spasmodics have been given at intervals of half an hour, but should these fail, give the opening medicine at once, and then only enough of the other agents to moderate excessive pain until it has had time to be absorbed. Complete relief may be looked for in three or four hours.

ACUTE ILEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS.

This is very common in hard-working horses in some local�ities, and is also seen in cattle, sheep, swine, and dogs. It may

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follow unrelieved obstruction of the bowels, especially if these have been treated by powerful opiates and stimulants, or dangerously irritant purgatives. To these must be added excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding, and drinking iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chill rain, or cold sponge when exhausted, a sudden change to dry grain feeding, to new oats, or hay, to rank, rapidly-grown clover or grasses, or to musty food.

Sy?Hptoms.�When not supervening on indigestion or obstruc�tion of the bowels its onset is sudden. The patient stamps, paws, looks at its flank, moves from place to place, walks crouchingly, lies down, rolls, acts in short as in spasmodic colic, but there is a more careful lying down, there is no inter�mission to the pain, the face continues pinched and anxious even if the beast stands quiet for a few seconds, the eye remains fixed and glazed, the pupils dilated, the breathing hurried and catching, the pulse rapid, and becoming smaller and weaker, the temperature unnaturally high, the surface covered with sweat and often cold, and the limbs and ears deathly cold. The abdomen is usually tender. As the disease advances the animal may become still, but all the other signs are worse. Others become reckless and dash about peeling and injuring themselves and imperiling those about them. The bowels are confined, and in the advanced stages the pellets passed may be stained with blood. Death may ensue in from three to twenty-four hours after the onset

Treatment.�If seen at the outset give a mild laxative (olive-oil) with an anodyne (hyoscyamus). Bleeding from the jugular vein may give prompt relief if the pulse is still full and strong. But neither of these can be ventured upon except at the very outset, and therefore in the great majority of cases are to be avoided. Apply hot fomentations to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly boiling, rub the limbs with ammonia, mustard, or turpentine, and give injections of warm water

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containing anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, etc.)

If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two drachms of opium by mouth, or, better, one or two grains sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep the bowels inactive, accompanying this by hot fomentations and counter-irritants.

In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue confined give four or five ozs. olive-oil, or three or four ozs. Glauber salts once or twice a day.

But prevention is especially to be sought in such a rapidly fatal disease. Regularity and sufficient frequency of feeding, in moderate quantities at a time and of good quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, are important. When new hay or grain, or heating agents like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be replaced by a sloppy bran mash, or one or two ounces of common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts of cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of any water after a meal of grain.

ACUTE MUCO-ENTERITIS.

All the domestic animals are subject to this form of inflam�mation, chiefly of the mucous membrane of the bowels. The causes are mainly the same as those of haemorrhagic enteritis acting on a less susceptible subject, or with lessened force. These may be named exposure, sudden extreme changes of weather, coarse, dry, fibrous, musty, or otherwise irritant indigestible food, abrupt changes of diet, impure, stagnant, or putrid water, too much water after feeding, or iced water when fatigued and perspiring, drastic or oft-repeated purgatives, sup�pressed perspiration, sand in the food, parasites, and the

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various mechanical obstructions (calculi, impactions, invagina-tions, hernia). Cattle, sheep, and swine especially suffer during the vicissitudes and extremes of spring, summer, and autumn, and the latter from want of water to drink and wallow in. Among dogs the young suffer most and those kept on animal food, or that bathe in rivers when heated with the chase. Chickens contract it from faults in feeding and watering, but especially from exclusive feeding on grain and deficiency or impurity of the water.

Symptoms.�In the mildest forms are fever, increased tem�perature, thirst, scanty, high-coloured urine, costive bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film of mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, yellowish-red eyes, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness along the edges, tip, and lower surface, impaired appetite, dull, sluggish habit, loss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and slight colics after meals.

In the more severe forms all these symptoms are increased in severity, appetite gone, dulness and depression extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathing excited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy, and more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of the limbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks, and lying down and rising. Diarrhoea may set in and herald recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody, and fatal.

In addition to these general symptoms cattle and sheep have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belching of gas, foetid breath, and tenderness mainly of the right side of the abdomen. When due to acrid and irritant plants, the back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked up, constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the urine high-coloured or even bloody. It may prove fatal after a fortnight's sickness. In swine the affection is usually mistaken for Intestinal Fever, which indeed it strongly resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the skin and mucous membranes, and without a con-

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tagious principle. In dogs much dulness, drowsiness, restless�ness, with tucked up, tense, very tender abdomen, violent constipalion, and very painful and difficult passage of dung are added to the general symptoms. Vomiting is common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move sluggishly, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness of the abdomen when handled.

Treatment.�At the outset give a laxative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Glauber salts; or for all animals, olive-oil); with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp), in a muci�lage of slippery elm or gum Arabic, and repeat these mucilages and anodynes as may be needful to quiet the suffering. Mild cases may be successfully treated by small daily doses of sul�phate of soda with abundance of mucilage, and tonic doses of gentian and nux vomica. Give injections of hot water, with anodynes, and apply fomentations, or in small animals poultices, followed by mustard or other counter-irritants to the belly as in haemorrhagic enteritis. When profuse diarrhoea sets in give freely of mucilaginous and starchy drinks, with quinia, gentian, nux vomica, or other bitter and opium. The diet must be restricted to well-boiled mucilaginous gruels, and in the case of herbivora, sloppy warm bran mashes.

The treatment of diseased chickens is not always satisfactory, but the whole flock should have mush, vegetables, and boiled potatoes, with clear pure drinking water, to which may be added cream of tartar or Glauber salts, r oz. to every quart.

CROUPOUS ENTERITIS.

This occurs in cattle, horses, sheep, and dogs, and may be considered as a modification of the other forms of enteritis and produced by similar causes. The symptoms may approach those of either of the two forms of the disease already described, the suffering being extreme and lasting, or violent but short, and followed by dulness, depression, fever, and tenderness of

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the belly. If the animal survives long enough the false mem�branes are passed in great, white, friable masses or shreds. In its earliest stages a laxative will often alter the condition of the membrane and contribute to a prompt recovery. Later, treat as in enteritis. Saline laxatives (sulphate of soda or magnesia) and bitters (nux vomica, gentian, quassia, quinia), are especially indicated when the membranes are separating. If resulting from mercurial poisoning, give chlorate of potassa and iodide of potassium.

INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM.

The last or strait gut often suffers exclusively in horses and dogs in connexion with the impaction of hardened dung, or calculi, and in oxen with a certain conformation from the intro�duction of air. Dung is passed in long cylindroid masses with great straining and pain, or cannot be passed at all. In the dog it is covered with mucus, pus, or even blood. The everted gut is of a deep red colour, thickened, infiltrated and hot Rupture may ensue if it is not relieved. Treat by emptying the gut with the oiled hand or finger, give a spare laxative diet (bran mashes, roots, gruels), frequent injections of warm water containing some mucilage and olive-oil, and an occasional purgative (olive-oil or linseed-oil).

In high-rumped oxen, cut the muscles on the upper surface of the tail and tie it down until healed.

DIARRHCEA. SCOURING.

This is a frequent discharge of semi-liquid or liquid dung from the bowels without griping or violent straining. It is a symptom of disease rather than an independent malady, as it may arise from almost any irritant in the bowels. Among its common causes may be named a full drink followed by active exertion; feeding soft, aqueous, rapidly-grown green food; cooked food for hard-working horses; many irritant and acrid

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plants; spoiled potatoes, turnips, apples, etc.; stagnant, putrid water; undigested matters in the bowels from imperfect mas�tication or digestion; impaction of some part of the bowels; worms, etc. It may occur from irritants secreted from the blood, as in the case of purgative agents accidentally taken in with food or water, and the morbid elements of certain fevers (Rinderpest, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, lung-fever). Lastly, a reflex irritation from the skin as in exposure to chilling rains, night-dews, or damp stalls, or to hot, damp buildings, seasons, or localities. Horses are especially liable to superpurgation if worked or supplied with ice-cold water during the operation of a dose of physic.

Symptoms.�These may be slight, as in the frequent pulpy evacuations of animals fed exclusively on roots, or severe, as in the excessive and almost constant discharge of a dark-coloured liquid mixed with mucus. Slight diarrhoea does not affect the appetite, nor interfere with improvement in condition, but in the severer forms there is loud rumbling in the abdomen, loss of appetite and condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breathing, pallid mucous membranes, and weakness even to unsteady gait. Distension of the belly, with pawing and other signs of abdominal pain, may appear in bad cases. In horses it is often followed by inflammation of the feet.

Treatment.�Unload the bowels by linseed, olive, or castor-oil according to the patient, adding laudanum, and follow up by mucilaginous (linseed, gum Arabic, slippery elm) or starchy draughts, or even injections with or without laudanum as may seem required. In prolonged and obstinate cases astringents (kino, catechu, oak bark, tannic acid, nitrate of silver), with tonics (gentian, cinchona, salicine, nux vomica), and carmina�tives (camphorated spirit, ginger, peppers, caraway, fennel, etc.), may have to be employed. But in no case should astringents or opiates be used until the irritant has been carried off by a laxative, and usually a change of diet is needful to prevent a

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second attack. In acute or obstinate cases dry rubbing or a blister to the belly may be useful, and perfect rest must be enjoined.

DYSENTERY. BLOODY-FLUX.

This is a morbid process approaching inflammation of the mucous membranes of the large intestines, and leading to the formation of ulcers. It occurs in cattle, horses, swine, and dogs, may be enzootic on certain rich impervious soils, or even epizootic

Causes.�Those of diarrhoea acting with greater energy; the emanations from marshy inundated soils, or from carcasses; putrid, stagnant, or iced water; musty, putrid, or otherwise altered food; over-exertion in excessive heats; or even a contagium.

Symptoms.�The acute form comes on suddenly with symptoms of aaite intestinal catarrh. The dung is passed frequently with straining and is semi-liquid and foetid. Later, it is quite liquid, with mucus, blood and shreds of false membranes or sloughs, intolerably offensive, and passed with still more pain and straining. Later still, the same painful straining fails to bring away anything, though the red, infiltrated and excoriated rectum may protrude. At length the discharge again reappears more repulsive than ever and passes involuntarily. Appetite is gradually lost, but thirst increases. Fever exists at first with staring coat and even shivering, hot fevered mouth and acceler�ated pulse, but this is less marked as the disease becomes chronic. Then there is extreme emaciation, cold limbs, dry, cracked muzzle, hide-bound, scurfy, unhealthy, lousy skin, often covered with flies, deeply-sunken, pallid eyes, and involuntary liquid putrid discharges. Death may occur in three or four days, or the disease may be protracted for months.

Treatment.�Rub the belly actively and apply mustard, or in small animals give a warm bath. Give a mild laxative (olive-

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oil, Glauber salts), with calmative (Dover's powder, laudanum). After the laxative has operated give daily Dover's powder with ipecacuanha, or sal ammoniac, or should these fail to improve the discharge, astringents (kino, catechu, gall-nuts, oak bark, black-currant bark, walnut leaves, tormentilla, rhatany, etc.), with tonics (quinia, nux vomica, salicine, cascarilla, carbonate or sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver). Small doses of oil of turpentine, copaiva, creosote, or carbolic acid often act beneficially on the diseased mucous membrane. The same agents may be given as injections in mucilaginous fluids. Diet must be bland, easily digested, and fed little at a time. Mashes of wheat bran, or flour from the whole grain of wheat, barley, or oats, and fresh pulped or cooked roots may be given to the herbivora; and farinas made into puddings, with just enough juice of meat to insure their being eaten, to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat without fat, beaten to a pulp in a mortar, will often agree when nothing else will. The drink should be mixed with a little boiled linseed, gum, slippery elm, or barley water.

OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS.

Under this head may be considered all cases of complete obstruction of the bowels excepting those of the nature of hernia or rupture. It will include blocking of the gut by hardened dung, calculi, and foreign bodies swallowed; in-vagination or the slipping of a portion of gut into what is adjacent, like the drawing of a finger of a glove into itself; volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a portion of intestine with its connecting membrane until nothing can pass through it; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, by a tumour hanging by a long pedicle, or by a band of false mem�brane formed in some pre-existing inflammation and gradually contracting; tumours formed within a gut; and in steers the strangulation of a loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed by contraction on the spermatic cord in castration.

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The symptoms of complete obstruction are those of severe spasmodic colic, but without the intervals of complete freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis in that there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung may be abundant at the outset, but as the disease advances is more or less completely suppressed, the portion of intestine behind the obstruction having been emptied. The horse often seems to obtain a partial temporary relief by sitting on his haunches or lying on his back, and will retch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is ruptured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of the large bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced through the rectum.

In ruminants the preliminary colics may be followed by quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depression, sunken eye, and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor or coma. In cattle the hand introduced into the rectum will detect the mass of the over-distended bowel above the obstruction. It may also ascertain the existence of a pouch imprisoning the gut in the right flank and may even pull it out and relieve.

In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much depression, inappetence, vomiting of bile or feces, arching of the back, tucking up of the belly, the passage with much pain and straining of mucus-covered feces, and later, straining without any passage, while the overloaded gut may easily be felt through the walls of the belly.

Treatment.�In most cases of absolute obstruction nothing can be done except to relieve the pain by anodynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp, etc.), and leave to nature. Invagination, volvulus, or gut-tie, when their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs, or dogs, would warrant an incision through the walls of the abdomen and an attempt to rectify with the hand. In cattle the opening must always be made in the right flank, the left being occupied by the paunch. The wound must be afterward carefully sewed up and the

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animal prevented from rubbing it. Gut-tie may often be remedied by manipulation with the hand in the rectum, or even by the simpler expedient of jumping from a bank about two feet high, though if due to adhesion of the cord to an intestine the abdomen must be opened and the band cut.

HERNIA. RUPTURE. BURST.

Hernia is understood to mean the displacement of some internal organ through a natural or unnatural opening. Of abdominal organs the bowels and omentum are those that most commonly protrude, though the womb often escapes in bitches. According to the structure through which the organ passes the hernia is named .-�into the chest, diaphragmatic or phrenic; through the omentum or mesentery, omental mesenteric; through the navel, nmbilical; into the scrotum, inguinal or scrotal; through \he femoral arch to the inner side of the ihiigh, femoral; through an artificial opening in the walls of the abdomen, ventral; through the relaxed walls of the vagina, vaginal.

Diaphragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscular efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal organ on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a broken rib or other offending body. The worst cases are suddenly fatal from suffocation. In others there is a sudden access 01 difficult breathing with gurgling sounds on auscultating the chest. In still others, with a smaller rupture, the rumbling in the chest may be absent, but there is violent, continuous colic, and rapid prostration as in obstruction. In the slightest forms there is only an extra lifting of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is useless, though rest and anodynes will allow a slight case to merge into the chronic form.

Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete obstruc�tion of the bowels, and can rarely be recognised or remedied

Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs, and very young rummants. It is usually congenital, but may result from violent

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straining, running, or jumping. The swelling is very manifest, and when handled its contents are found to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass back in a mass when pressed.

Treatme7it is often needless, the sac becoming effaced with growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and fixed in their turn to others extending back from a collar round the neck Or in slight cases blister the sac severely and repeatedly; or apply wooden clamps over the skin close up to the belly, having first perfectly returned the protrusion, and let them be worn until they drop off.

Inguinal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous with the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist without any other symptom than an unnatural swelling of the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the whole disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed Or these signs may be associated with the violent and continuous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic in entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne in mind and an examination made.

Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring ana�tomical knowledge and attention to many minutije which cannot be given here. Yet in many cases the hernia may be returned by simple pressure with the hand, with or without the other hand inserted into the last gut and carried down to the internal inguinal ring. If the patient is thrown on his back with his hind parts well raised the return will be greatly facilitated. In pigs and dogs castration should be resorted to, the gut being first returned and held back by pressing upon the canal in front of the testicle, and finally the wound in the skin sewed up. For particulars of treatment of the various forms of inguinal hernia see the author's larger work.

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Femoral Hernia in bitches rarely demands or receives treat�ment.

Ventral Hernia is easily distinguished from other swellings of the abdominal walls by the movable gurgling contents entirely returnable into the abdomen by pressure. Though often masked by surrounding inflammation these characters can usually be recognised. Treatment is most successful just after the injury is sustained, as after the margins of the wound have become insensible they will not contract and heal. Return the protrusion, throwing the animal on its back and quieting with opium, ether, or chloral if necessary. Then cover the opening with pads and cover with a strong sheet wound round the abdomen and laced tightly along the back. Keep the sheet in position by bands carried from its anterior border to a collar round the neck. Adjust and pad it carefully day by day until all swelling and tenderness subside.

Vaginal Hernia must be treated like eversion of the vagina.

EVERSION OF THE RECTUM.

The rectum protrudes naturally in passing dung but returns immediately. If it remains and swells it demands interference. Poorly-kept animals (dogs, pigs) are liable, and it may be caused in all from violent straining in work, parturition, con�stipation, diarrhoea, or dysentery. The protrusion may be confined to a mucous fold at one side of the anus, or the entire gut may protrude to the length of several feet. It recent it is little altered, but if old, is red, thick, softened, or even ulcer�ated. The protrusion must be emptied, cleaned, and returned, the oiled finger or arm (according to size) being introduced into the gut and through the constriction of the anus, and the other hand used to strip it off from this. The head of the patient should be turned downhill, and straining prevented by pinching the back. In small animals with old protrusions the

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part may have to be cut off close to the anus and a few stitches passed through the edges to keep them in apposition. When returned a truss should be applied as for everted uterus or vagina, and a spare, laxative diet allowed, nourishing or not according to the needs of the patient.

PILES.

These are dilatations of the veins on the inner and outer sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous thickening of the sur�rounding connective tissue to form rounded swellings. They are reported in all domestic animals, but are especially common in dogs. Melanotic tumours in horses are often confounded with them. They are generally connected with torpid, inactive liver, and an aggravated costiveness, straining, and the presence of irritants in the large intestines. Dogs draw the anus along the ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened, blood-streaked dung, with much straining, pain, and sharp cries, and present around the anus bluish tumours which bleed freely if wounded, and are connected with the terminal end of the gut that hangs out through the opening. The general health rarely suffers much. In other animals there is itching, switching, and rubbing ol the tail, with the characteristic tumours, and much straining and difficulty in passing dung. T)-eat by mild laxa�tives (sulphate of soda and common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the large and 20 to 30 grains for the small quadrupeds; or podo-phyllin in one-fifth the usual doses, daily). Give moderately of laxative, easily-digested food, and maintain tone by bitters (nux vomica). Locally bathe with tepid solutions of opium, stramonium, and astringents (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sul�phurous acid, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment). Check bleeding by solutions of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes necessary to remove with the ligature.

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FISTULA IN ANUS.

This is a communication between a suppurating sore and the terminal part of the rectum. There are usually two openings, one into the gut and the other close beside the anus. The rational treatment is to remove any foreign body or other cause of irritation, and then passing an india-rubber cord through the canal, to bring the end from the internal wound out through the anus, and, stretching the rubber, to tie both together, after which by its elasticity it slowly cuts its way through, while the wound steadily heals behind.

IMPERFORATE ANUS.

This is not uncommon in young animals, and may be relieved by a free incision as soon as the accumulation of dung in the end of the rectum furnishes a firm pad on which to cut The incision must be made in the centre of the firm muscular ring that should have encircled the opening, and which may be easily felt. In mares spontaneous relief is often obtained by a rupture into the vagina. If the gut as well as the opening is wanting there is no remedy.

PERITONITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMEN.

This occurs in all domestic animals, and may be limited to a particular part or may be general. It is mostly caused by mechanical injuries, as wounds of the abdominal walls�surgical or otherwise, or by rupture of an abscess of the stomach, intestine, bladder, or womb. It may also result from sudden changes of weather, chills from exposure to excessive cold, to frigid showers or dews, or to a wet bed after perspiration and fatigue. This is of course most frequent in horses and oxen. Similar exposure to cold is a common cause of peritonitis after wounds of the abdomen, as in castration.

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Symptoms.�If very circumscribed there may be simply slight colic, worse at one time than another, with acute pain when the affected part is pressed. When more general there is shivering followed by a hot stage, colic, stiffness of the hind limbs, especially in the smaller animals, swelling, tension, and great tenderness of the abdomen, constipation, or, in rare cases, watery or even bloody diarrhoea, complete loss of appetite, vomiting in animals capable of this act, quick, catching breath�ing and rapid hard pulse, becoming softer, weaker, and smaller when serous effusion takes place. Effusion is further attended by a relief from the colics and tenderness, a more sunken eye, pallid mucous membranes, deeper breathing, and a more pendent belly, with a sense of fluctuation when it is handled. In ruminants the right side is especially tender, and the animal stands crouching with its four feet near together. The wound of the abdomen usually completes the list of symptoms.

Treatment. � The abdomen may sometimes be cupped or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations or poultices (or even warm baths for small animals), followed by mustard poultices, are more generally applicable. Then the preparations' of opium may be given in full and frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. Well-boiled gruels may be given frequently as injections, as what is thrown on the stomach is usually vomited or lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care must be exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed, or well-boiled gruels of oat, barley, or rye-meal, should gradually give place to soft warm bran mashes, and finally to hay and ordinary food. The carnivora may have beef tea. Anodynes (opium, prussic acid) may be given to relieve pain, and diu�retics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits of nitre, etc.), employed to remove the effusion. Tonics (oxide of iron, gentian, cinchona, etc.), may be demanded, and occasionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness.

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ASCITES. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

This may be a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to the flow of blood through the intestinal (portal) veins, as in diseased liver, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands, valves of the heart, etc., or, finally, it may depend on an unduly watery state of the blood as in certain parasitic and other disorders.

Symptoms. � Distended (pot) belly, loose and pendulous, with hollow flanks, or if the liquid is more abundant, rounded and tense. Fluctuation is easily felt if pressure is made at two different points, and percussion elicits a dull dead sound in place of the normal drum-like resonance of the bowels. The urine is scanty, appetite and digestion impaired, breathing deep and excited, condition poor and getting worse, hair dry, rough, erect, and often shedding, and swellings appear along the lower part of the body into the limbs and chest.

Treatment.�Find out and remove if possible the true primary cause. When that has ceased to act employ purgatives, but especially diuretics (digitalis, oil of turpentine, iodide of potas�sium, squills, colchicum, nitre, etc.), in as full doses as the strength will permit, with tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, and nux vomica), and apply tincture of iodine over the abdomen. The liquid may be drawn off with a fine cannula and trocar, one-half only being extracted at a time, and the flaccid walls at cnce supported by a tight bandage encircling the body.

GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES.

Larva of Insects.�Bots.�These are the larva of four different species of gadfly that pester horses in summer and autumn, gluing their little white ovoid eggs on the long hairs beneath the jaws, on the breast, shoulders, and fore limbs, on which the empty shells may be carried through the winter. When the horse licks himself the live embryo is extracted from the egg and swallowed, or in the case of those beneath the jaws they fall into the food and are devoured with it. By the

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aid of the hooks around their heads they attach themselves to the mucous membrane mainly of the left half of the stomach, but often also of other parts, such as the right side of the stomach, the duodenum or small gut leading from the stomach, and the throat. There they steadily grow in the winter,

Fijj. 20.�Bot-fly. CEitrus EqnL

Fig. 21.�Bot. Larva of CEstrus.

Fig. 22.�Bots hooked on the mi:cou3 membrane of the stomach.

and in spring pass out with the dung, burrow in the soil, and are transformed into the gadfly. The disturbance they cause depends on their numbers and the portions of the canal on which they attach themselves. In the throat they produce a chronic sore-throat and discharge from the nose, which con�tinues until the following spring, unless they are previously extracted with the hand. In the left half of the stomach, which is covered with a thick insensible cuticle, they do little harm when in small numbers, hence Bracy Clark supposed them to be rather beneficial in stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. When very numerous, and, above all, when attached to the highly sensitive right half of the stomach or the duodenum, they seriously interfere with digestion, causing the animals to thrive badly, to be weak and easily sweated or fatigued, and even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. This last result is especially liable to occur in spring or early summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the sensitive bowels in

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their course. They will sometimes accumulate in such numbers as actually to block the passage. They even attach themselves to the skin outside the anus, causing the animal to go awk�wardly, to switch his tail and give other signs of extreme discomfort, until the tail is raised and the offender discovered and removed. Alleged perforations of the stomach by bots are usually ruptures, the result of indigestion.

The irritation caused by their presence is not easily distin�guished from other forms of indigestion and colic. It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not with diarrhoea, and of the most variable intensity. If occurring after a period of abstinence, when the worms are presumably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the bots are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns up his lip as if nauseated, and if the the margins of the tongue are red and fiery there will be so much more corroborative evidence.

Treatment.�In cases of irritation following abstinence give potato juice, gruels, etc., to feed and quiet the bots, adding some anodyne (opium, hyoscyamus), or mucilaginous agents (gum Arabic, boiled linseed, mallow, slippery elm), if it appears necessary.

We cannot certainly kill the bots in the stomach, as they will resist the strongest acids and alkalies, the most irrespirable and poisonous gases, the most potent narcotics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oils, etc. Oil of turpentine, bryony, ether, and benzine have been relied on by different practitioners, but none of them are quite satisfactory. It seems probable that these like other vermifuges will act best in autumn or early winter, before the larva has acquired his hard, horny coat of mail, and at this time accordingly they may be given with more confidence. The azedarach (pride of China) grown around stables in the South to protect from bots, probably acts in this way, if at all, being cropped and swallowed by the animals while the bots are still white, soft, and permeable to liquids.

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The colics are to be treated by anti-spasmodics (tobacco, stramonium, laudanum, etc.), and mild laxatives, and the animal must be well fed to support him under the drain and to keep the parasite gorged, lazy, and non-irritating. In summer when the bots are coming away their exit may be precipitated by a good dose of physic.

Prevention.�Trim off the long hairs of the jaws, breast, shoulder and fore limbs, and apply a little oil daily to prevent the eggs from adhering. Or brush off the eggs with soap-suds daily before they have had time to hatch in the sun. A piece of cloth extended across beneath the jaws is often employed to protect this part

Rat-tailed Maggots, the larvae of helophilus, are also found in horses' intestines, but are not known to be injurious.

Fig. 23.�Helophilus. INTESTINAL WORMS.

These are arranged in four classes: 1. The tape-womiSy consisting of flat bodies made up of a succession of segments or links, with a narrow neck and small head, and divided into tape-worms proper, which are round-headed, and bothriocephali, which are flat-headed with lateral openings; 2. The flukes, soft-bodied, flattened, leaf-like, or ovoid worms, with digestive organs and a variable number of sucking discs; 3. The thorn-headed worms, with long rounded bodies and retractile snouts furnished with hooks by which they attach themselves to the mucous membrane, but neither mouth nor digestive canal; 4. Lastly, the round worms, which differ from the last in the absence of a protractile, hooked snout, and the possession of mouth and digestive canal The horse harbours in his intes�tinal canal at least three tape-worms and seven round worms ; the ox, two tape-worms, two flukes, and five round worms; the

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175

sheep, one tape-worm, one fluke, and seven round worms; the pig, one thorn-headed worm and five round worms; the dog, thirteen tape-worms, one fluke, and five round worms; the cat, five tape-worms, three flukes, and three round worms; the rabbit, one tape-worm and three round worms; the goose and duck, nine tape-worms, seven flukes, one thorn-headed worm, and seven round worms; the chicken, four tape-worms, two flukes, and seven round worms; and the turkey and pigeon, at least two round worms each. Of these eighty-eight worms 01 the digestive organs it is useless to attempt any description in a work of the present limits, so that our attention must be mainly confined to their symptoms and treatment. For further infor�mation the reader is referred to the author's larger work or to those of Leuckhart, Diesing, Dujardin, Baillet, Cobbold, and other helminthologists.

Fig. 24.�Sclerostomum Equinum. Mature and young forms, nat. size.

Fig. 25.�Oxyuris Curvula. :. Female ; 2. Male, nat. size.

The transformations of tape-worms have been already referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under diseases of the liver. The thorn-headed wa. ins lay their eggs within the body of their host, and these bein₀ passed with the dung are swai-

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lowed by crustaceans, in which they encyst themselves and develop the characters of the adult worm in miniature, but remain very minute and fail to attain their full size till their host is swallowed by another animaL Among domestic animals ducks and pigs harbour these, probably because of

Fig. 27.�Trichocephalus Aff.iKSquot;, nat. size.

Fig. 26.�Ascans Mesalacephala.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Fig. 23.�Head of Tcenia Expansa.

their carnivorous appetite. The round worms mostly live in their young and immature condition, out of the body, in water or moist earth, or on vegetables (see hmg-worms, verminous bronchitis), but some are exceptions, like the common pin-worm of the horse (Sclerostomum Equinum) which lives in pill-like

'DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

177

masses of dung, in little pouches and closed cysts of the mucous membrane of the large intestine, and in dilatations of the blood�vessels, especially the arteries of the bowels. This, with two other common pin-worms of the horse (Sclerostomum Tetra-canthum, Oxyuris Curvula) are each about an inch in length, and all inhabit the large intestine in their aduit condition, sometimes becoming so numerous in a district as to cause an epizootic Another round worm (Ascaris Megalacephala) about six inches long is very common in the horse's small intestine.

Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the following are not infrequently injurious, especially to calves. The long tape-

Fig. 29.�Head of Echinorynchus Gigas.

Fig, 30.�Spiroptera Strongylina;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ^FiS- 3¹-�^Ascaris Suilla.

a, nat. size; b, tail enlarged.

worm (Taenia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis (like a common earth�worm), the hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum, and Strongylus Radiatus.

Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape-worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicollis, S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus, and Triocephalus Affinis. The thick

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portion of the body of the last is about an inch long, the other round worms are mostly under an inch and a half. The tape�worm is usually three feet or under, but is alleged to gain a length of twenty, thirty, and even one hundred feet.

Swine suffer severely from a thorn-headed worm (Echin-orynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches long; a hair-

Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 3J.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Fig. 36.

Fig. 32.�Head of Dog's Tape-worm (T. Cucumerina). Larval form in the dog-louse (Trichodectes Cani). Fig. 33.�Head of Dog's Tape-worm (T. Marginata). Fig. 34.�Cyst of same (Cysticercus Tenuicollis), infests rumi�nants, omnivora, etc. Fig. 33.�Ascaris Marginata, nat. size. Fig. 36.� Ascaris Mystax, nat. size.

headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a little smaller than the ruminant's; an ascaris (A. Suilla) like that of ruminants; the Sclerostomum Dentatum, three to five lines in length, and the Trichina Spiralis, one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch long.

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In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the general articles on parasites, the dog suffers much from others, as from the following round worms:�Ascaris Marginata, two to four inches long; Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, one and one-half to ihree inches long; Strongylus Trigonocephalus and Dochmius Trigonocephalus, each under one-half inch; and Tricocephalus Depressiusculus, the thick part of which is about one-half inch. One worm of the cat, Ascaris Mystax, one to three inches long, deserves mention because of its being harboured also in the human intestine.

General Symptoms of Intestinal Worms.�These are shown when worms are present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the mucous membranes or when they bore through these to reach other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condition, pot-belly, hidebound, a scurfy dry state of the skin, often with itching, irregular and usually voracious appetite, foetid breath, diarrhoea alternating with costiveness, the passage of mucus with the dung, slight, colicky pains with tympany, especially in the morning before feeding, a puffy swelling and itchiness of the anus, which is often sur�rounded with a fur of dried mucus, and, above all, the passage of the worms or their eggs.

In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate the upper lip and to rub it against wall or manger, to lick earth or lime, or to shake the tail or rub out the hair about its root. There ma}-, though rarely, be severe flatulent or spasmodic colic, enteritis, or peritonitis.

In cattle there are advancing emaciation, depraved or variable appetite, impaired rumination, colics, tympanies, and foetid breath.

Sheep lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst, wasting, blood�less eyes, clapped, unhealthy or shedding wool, a desire to eat earth, itching anus shown by frequent shaking of the tail, and finally, dropsical effusions in the chest and belly, and beneath

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the lower part of the body. They become dull, hopeless-looking, and leave the flock.

Swine beside the general symptoms have unusual voracity, and yet lose flesh, cough, scour, start from rest or sleep with a sharp cry, scream excessively just before feeding, have colicky pains, tender abdomen and vomiting, and many even suffer from palpitations (thumps), vertigo, or convulsions.

Dogs suffer from inordinate appetite, wasting, itchy skin, staring coat, or loss of hair, indigestions, colics, occasional scouring or vomiting, foetid breath, and itching anus shown by their frequently licking it or drawing it along the ground. Like swine they may show irritable temper, starting without cause, palpitations, vertigo, or convulsions.

Treatment.�This may be divided into the administration of agents to kill the worms, of purgatives to carry off them and their eggs, and of tonics to overcome the weakness and the accumulations of mucus in which they live and thrive.

The diet for herbivora should be grain in summer, or in winter sound natural hay salted, with carrots, turnips, or beets, and, in the horse, at least, some of the more nutritive grains (oats, barley, beans, corn, linseed cake, etc.), ground or un-ground. Pigs may also have green food, roots, a liberal supply of grain, and if available, buttermilk. Dogs may have salt meat with soups and milk.

Before giving a vermifuge let the bowels be cleared out by a purgative (horse, aloes; ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; swine, dog, or chicken, castor-oil). It should also be given fasting before the morning's feed, and, if the worms exist in the large intes�tines, by injection as well as by the mouth.

A great list of vermifuges may be mentioned, some destructive to intestinal worms in general; others particularly adapted to specific parasites; while some that are safe and efficacious for one class of patients would prove poisonous to another.

One class destroys worms by the mechanical irritation of

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their skin and perhaps their intestinal canal. It includes iron filings, granulated tin or tin filings, very finely powdered glass, and cowhage. These are given in doses of \ oz. to the large quadrupeds, i dr. to sheep and swine, or i scr. to dogs, made into a ball with linseed meal and syrup. They may be repeated daily for a week and followed by a smart purge.

Bitters (quassia, cinchona, gentian, wormwood), are often beneficial, though mainly acting as tonics. For worms in the last gut a concentrated solution as an injection acts well.

Among the more direct vermifuges are:�Common salt, allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large amount in the food of swine or chickens) ; oil of turpentine; calomel; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for six mornings running, and followed by a purge; empyreumatic oils, and especially those coming off at a slightly lower temperature than creosote and carbolic acid; azedarach; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot); santonine; sulphuric ether; asafoetida; tansy; savin, etc. These are general vermifuges, and may be used especially for the round worms.

For tape-worms use areca nut; kousso; root of male shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark; kameela; pumpkin seeds; ailanthus glandulosa; or oil of turpentine. In every case the agent should be given fasting, it may even be repeated at the end of four hours, and should be followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut is especially suitable.

A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba) should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water.

In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinum, it will usually be needful to repeat the treatment at short intervals to kill the young worms which have escaped because of their being buried in the mucous membrane.

Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound nourishing food and pure water.

CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms and causes. Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poisoning from imperfect oxida�tion of albuminoids, Azotasmia, Azoturia, Enzootic Hcematuria, Spinal Menin�gitis. Red-water in cattle, sheep, and pigs. Wood Evil. Jaundice, Icterus, the Yellows. Congestion of the liver. Rupture of the liver. Inflammation of the liver, Hepatitis. Chronic Inflammation of the liver. Results of Hepatitis. Gall-stones, Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases of the liver. Liver-rot, Fluke-disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Distomum Lanceolatum.

Only now, when the functions of the liver are being more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the secretion of bile, and the various modifications and impaired discharge of this product, together with inflammation, morbid growths and degenerations, circumscribed the list of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the formation of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver, together with urea and other less perfectly oxidized nitrogenous bodies which pass into the blood in place of being discharged with the bile, points to the liver as the chief local seat of various disorders such as diabetes, cholesterine, plugging of vessels, blood-poisoning from imperfectly oxidized albuminoids, and urinary calculi.

General Symptoms.�These may be stated shortly as follows: obesity, sluggishness, irregular bowels, the dung being abundant, liquid, and deep yellow or orange from excess of bile in active

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congestions of the liver, or on the contrary there may be costiveness, with light-coloured, foetid, imperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile is not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels by some mechanical obstruction; lameness in the right fore-limb, or even in one or more of the remaining members, without any observable local cause; cramps and even paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous products thrown into the blood j a tardy pulse, sometimes not more than half its natural number; yellow or orange colour of the eyes and other visible mucous membranes, and of the urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or intestines with re-absorption of bile, or in destruction of blood-cells by taurocholic acid and other products abnormally present in the blood; tenderness or groaning when the last ribs are pinched or struck with the closed fist; a yellow or orange fur may sometimes be seen universally diffused or in circumscribed spots on the upper surface of the tongue; the presence in the urine of deep brown or reddish granular deposits replacing urea is another sign of liver disorder. Obstructed circulation in the liver causes con�gestion of the portal vein, engorged spleen, intestinal catarrh, effusion of blood on the bowels, piles, dropsy of the abdomen, and swelling of the hind limbs. These may therefore be attendant symptoms.

The conditions in which animals live may further assist our decision in suggesting an efficient cause. The fat, idle, overfed, and pampered stock are especially subject to liver disease, and more particularly if kept in close, hot, damp buildings or climates, or supplied with putrid water or unwholesome food. Thus the pampered family horse, the idle farm horse during our long winters, the high-bred ox, sheep, and pig, in which every�thing has been sacrificed to secure excellence as meat producers, the pet dog, and the Brahmas, Cochins, and other plump hens of Asiatic extraction, present frequent examples of liver disease. The stabled animal is more subject to it than those running at

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pasture, and the subject liberally fed on dry fodder than that nourished on succulent green food. Then the denizen of the warm latitude and damp miasmatic soil is more liable than others.

SACCHARINE URINE, DIABETES MELLITUS.

Very rare in the lower animals, but has been seen in carnivora (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle, and even in the horse. Temporary sweetness of the urine is not disease, but if per�manent it may be referred to excessive production of glycogen in the liver, which is probably always enlarged (Bernard); or less frequently to the failure of the liver to transform the sugar of the food into glycogen; or it may be from disease of the medulla oblongata (apoplexy), or of some part which exerts an irritant reflex action on the base of the brain. It has been produced experimentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform, quinia, ammonia, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and woorali.

Sympto/ns.�Rapid loss of condition, scurfy, unthrifty skin, costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst, and excessive secretion of urine of a high specific gravity�horse and ox, 1060 ; pig, goat, and sheep, 1030 and upward. The tests for sugar are r 1. Taste; 2. Fermentation when yeast is added and the whole allowed to stand in a warm temperature; 3. The addition to a little of the urine in a test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol, and a considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the liquid for a moment when, if sugar is present, there is a a deposit of the yellowish-brown sub-oxide of copper.

Treatment.�-Rarely successful. The best results are to be expected in cases in which an active cause, such as disease of the liver, lungs or brain, can be recognised and kept in check or cured. Thus with liver disease, laxatives, alkalies, pure air and water, green or otherwise laxative food, and cupping, mild blistering or even leeching over the spare-ribs, may be bene�ficial In lung disease the treatment must correspond to its

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nature, whether inflammatory, tuberculous, or otherwise. Tonics and stomachics are almost always demanded. All the bitters, tincture of iron, the mineral acids and carbonate of soda have been used with profit. Opium, which checks the excretion of sugar, is injurious by impairing the digestion. Lactic acid has repeatedly succeeded at the expense of a severe attack of rheumatism. Free secretion from the skin is beneficial, and should be encouraged by warm clothing, baths, and climate. Diet should be mainly albuminous, such as bran mashes and gruels, peas, beans, vetches, flesh deprived of fat, etc.

BLOOD-POISONING FROM IMPERFECT OXIDATION OF ALBUMINOIDS. AZOTCEMIA. AZOTURIA. ENZOOTIC HiEMATURIA. SPINAL MENINGITIS.

Variously described in the books as disease of the kidneys and spinal cord, this is really due to disease of the liver, which fails to effect the transformation of albuminoids into urea, and entails an accumulation in the gland and in the circulating fluid of partially oxidized products, such as leucin and tyrosin, which pass off in variable amount by the kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively horses which have stood idle in the stable for a few days, on good diet, and are then taken out and subjected to active exertion.

Syinptoms, etc. � These are very variable. In the mildest forms there is only some lameness and muscular trembling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, brought on by sudden exertion and attended by a dusky-brown colour of the mem�branes of the eye and nose, and some signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. This may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives (podophyllin, 1 scr.) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of ammonia, taraxacum, nitre), and a gradual inuring to work, beginning with the slightest exertion and increasing day by day as the condition improves. The �worst forms come on during or after driving, it may be not

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more than one hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly giving place to anxiety and despondency, the subject seems to be in violent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils are dilated, the face is pinched, the surface is drenched in perspiration, the body trembling violently, the limbs weak, so that they sway and bend, while the animal walks crouchingly behind and soon goes down, unable to support himself. If urine is passed it is high-coloured, dark brown, red, or black, and is usually thought bloody, but it contains neither clots nor blood-corpuscles, its colour being due to the imperfectly oxidized albuminoids mixed with an excess of urea. When the patient is down the limbs and whole body are still convulsed at intervals, but are beyond the control of the animal, showing the poisonous effect on the nervous system. The pulse is variable but high, and the temperature of the body normal at first, though it rises slightly if the animal survives. Death may ensue in a few hours or days, or improvement manifested at any period may go on to complete recovery. The blood is dark, diffluent, clots loosely if at all, and smells strongly. In some cases of recovery a partial paralysis of the hind-limbs or wasting of the crural nerve and muscles above the stifle will sometimes persist for a fime, showing structural nervous disease.

Prevention is to be sought by regular daily exercise. In the case of horses which have had a period of absolute repose, submit to walking exercise only at first, and increase this day by day until they have attained good, hard condition.

Treatment.�Clear out the bowels and unload the portal vein and liver by active purgatives. Podophyllin \ drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth, and copious injections of soap-suds with oil or salts by the anus until the bowels respond, in which case a favourable termination may be hoped for. Drachm doses of bromide of potassium may be given frequently to calm nervous disorder, and when the bowels have responded half drachm doses of colchicum and drachm doses

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of muriate of ammonia three times a day. Warm fomentations to the body, but especially to the loins, are beneficial, alike in soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow, and kidneys, and in securing a free perspiration and the elimination of morbid matters by the skin. They may be replaced by a newly re�moved sheep-skin applied with the fleshy side in, and followed by a mustard poultice. When the appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy mashes and moderate in quantity.

In case the paralysis persists after the acute symptoms have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis.

WOOD EVIL. RED WATER OF CATTLE, SHEEP, AND HGS.

Under this name we designate a malady generally described as bloody urine (licematurid), but as the liquid does not usually contain blood globules or clots, and as the liver is almost invariably enlarged and softened, and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it must be conceded that the affection is more intimately associated with disorder of the hepatic functions than of any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on irritant and unwholesome food, is such as is calculated to disorder the digestive organs and liver. The blood seems to suffer secondarily, though it is by no means disproved that other blood-forming functions besides those of the liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, watery, and com�paratively incoagulable, with a deficiency of fibrine, albumen, and red globules�the last named elements being smaller than natural, and irregularly notched around their margins. The urine varies in colour from a simple reddish tinge through the various shades of red and brown to black. It contains albumen and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine and phosphates, implying hepatic disturbance and destructive changes taking place in the blood.

This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities, and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of such land,

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which are naturally stimulating to the digestive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dangerous from these, and in the natural meadows and woods the young shoots of resinous trees (coniferse) and the acrid plants of the ranunculus, colchicum, and asdepias families, etc., are held to produce it. Its prevalence in woods and uncultivated meadows has procured for it in almost all European countries some name equivalent to wood disease. An important element in the causation is the existence of soil rich in organic matter and soured by the stagnation of water, owing to a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very susceptible just after calving and often perish.

Symptoms. � Dulness, languor, weakness, especially of the hind limbs, trembling, surface coldness, staring coat, dry muzzle, hot mouth and homs, and diminution of the milk, which is white and frothy and may throw down a reddish sediment. Appetite is lost, thirst ardent, pulse small and weak, beats of the heart tumultuous, amounting to palpitation in the parturient cases, bowels at first relaxed, afterward costive, abdomen tender, urine passed frequently in small quantity and often with suffering. Colicky pains are often a marked symptom when the irritation of the bowels is extreme. Delirium even will set in in bad cases, and death usually supervenes on a state of extreme prostration.

Prevention may be sought in thorough drainage; in restricting the allowance of objectionable food and supplementing it with sound dry grain and fodder; in the avoidance of damp, woody, and natural meadows in spring until there is a good growth of grass, and in the rejection of hay from faulty pastures contain�ing an excess of acrid plants.

Treatment.�At the onset of the disease nothing succeeds better than a free evacuation of the bowels and depletion of the portal vein and liver by an active purgative. When there is no abdominal pain or other sign of inflammation of the bowels, salts or any other active purgative will suffice, but with colic

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and tenderness of the abdomen, we must restrict our choice to olive-oil, and other bland materials. In advanced and weak conditions, decoctions of linseed should be resorted to. The animal is to be supported by diffusible stimulants and iron tonics, with chlorate of potassa, and the bowels sheathed and protected by infusions of slippery elm or mallow, decoctions of linseed, eggs, milk, or mucilage; diet should consist of linseed decoctions, well-boiled gruels, bran mashes, and other nutritive and easily digested food.

JAUNDICE. ICTERUS. THE YELLOWS.

This name is given to that condition in which the visible mucous membranes, the skin�if white�the urine and the tissues are stained yellow, orange, or brown, by bile colouring matter. It is only a symptom of various disorders, but is so specific in its characters that the name bids fair to be retained for the state. It is not caused as once supposed by the non-secretion of bile from the blood, but by the re-absorption of bile already secreted.

This absorption may be determined by various causes. 1. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the intestine near the opening, tumours, or overloaded intestines. 2. Obstruction of the bowels, which hinders the discharge of the bile. 3. Diminished fulness of the capillary vessels of the liver from partial mechani�cal obstruction of hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive secre�tion of bile in congested states of the liver.

Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamorphosis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers (anthrax, Texan-fever, hog-cholera, purpura hsemorrhagica), in blood-poisoning (septic matter, snake venom, phosphorus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, ether, carbonic acid). It may further result from

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the breaking down of red blood-globules and liberation of their colouring matter to stain the blood and textures. This may be caused by excess in the blood of water, bile acids (taurocholates) alkalies, nitrites, ether, or chloroform. It may result from freezing, burning (140deg; F.), and frictional and induction currents of electricity. It is noticeable that the colouring matter in the blood of solipeds is very easily dissolved, and that of camivora only with difficulty. Hence the frequency of a dusky or jaun�diced appearance of the membranes in horses, and its compara�tive harmlessness, as contrasted with similar conditions in the dog. It is further probable that the re-absorbed bile acids are transformed into bile pigment in certain states of the blood.

Symptoms. � General coloration of all the tissues, but especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over large veins of a greenish hue, and also of the urine. When there is obstruction of the bile duct, the dung is devoid of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, but if from other causes it may retain its natural colour and odour.

Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the bile acids, and of various diseased products on the blood, while the coloration itself seems to be comparatively harmless.

Treatment.�This will depend on the nature of the cause. As a general rule what favours the action of the bowels, the free elimination of the bile, and depletion of the portal vein and liver will counteract the jaundice. Small daily doses of podo-phyllin (horse and ox 1 scr.), with one or more ounces each of Glauber, Epsom, and common salt, as may be needful, will often act very efficiently. Or aloes, jalap, or calomel, may replace the podophyllin. Taraxacum may be given either in diuretic or purgative doses, or a herbivorous patient may be turned out on a pasturage of dandelion; succulent spring grass indeed is sometimes all that is needed. Diuretics are useful in effecting elimination of the pigment, the carbonates and acetates

DISEASES OF THE LIVEH.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 191

of potassa, soda and ammonia being especially good. Bitter and other tonics are often valuable in counteracting that impair�ment of tone which favours congestion and swelling of the stomach, intestine, and liver, otherwise the treatment must corre�spond to the nature of the cause when that can be ascertained.

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.

This is common in horses in warm climates, where luxuriant grasses (plethora) and hot seasons strongly predispose. Hence, in the Southern States of America, and especially in localities which are moist as well, and where malarious emanations exist, it may be looked for, but it is also seen in pampered idle animals kept in hot close stables anywhere. Rich food and the compara�tive absence of waste by exercise and breathing throw too much labour on the liver, which is rendered liable to clogging and congestion. Among the immediate exciting causes may be named sudden changes of temperature, emigration from a cold to a warm damp region, chills in cold dewy nights after hot days, sudden exertion when unfitted for it by long rest and bad condition, exertion under intense heat of the sun, and blows on the region of the liver, particularly on the young. Venous congestion from imperfect action of the heart-valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once predisposing and exciting.

Symptoms.�These strongly resemble the severe forms of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, the two conditions being often co-existent and mutually dependent on each other. There are the sudden prostration, dull sunken eyes, pinched anxious face, excited breathing and pulse, tremb�ling, swaying limbs, perspiration, sighing, and violent colicky pains with frequent looking at the flank, lying down and rising. Striking the last ribs with the fist causes flinching, groaning, or even attempts to kick or bite, and some jaundice and furring of the tongue are often seen. When fainting ensues, this with the pallid mucous membranes, and quick, weak pulse, imply rupture

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of the liver and extensive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks the symptoms are correspondingly mitigated.

The attack may subside and end in complete recovery, or blood effused into the substance of the liver may be slowly absorbed, or organised into fibrous material, or may determine extensive and fatal softening of the liver, or finally, the patient may perish in a fainting fit from rupture of the liver and loss of blood.

Treatment.�At the outset a free bleeding will often obviate effusion of blood and rupture and check the disease. It must never be resorted to, however, when faintness, a weak, small pulse, or a small stream from the orifice implies already existing effusion. Quiet, mustard poultices or other derivatives applied to the limbs and saline purgatives (i lb. sulphate of soda) by the mouth, and as injections, will prove valuable in directly depleting the portal system and liver. Cold water or ice to the last ribs will often serve to check effusion already begun. The sulphate of soda maybe kept up in small doses (i to 4 ozs. daily) and a mustard or other blister may be applied over the region of the liver. During treatment the animal must have the purest air and, as food, soft bran mashes and roots. After recovery feed moderately on sound, easily digested food, keep in pasture or airy stable, and never neglect moderate exercise even for a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. HEPATITIS.

Due to the same causes as congestion, but much less frequent. In dogs, beside the general causes, we must acknowledge the influence of sharp-pointed bodies swallowed in wantonness, and splinters of bones, which perforate the stomach and liver.

Symptoms,�At first those of slow congestion already referred to. As active inflammation sets in there is less violent pain and excitement and more fever. The pulse is accelerated, the breathing quickened, especially in inflammation of the liver capsule, the region of the last ribs is very tender to a blow (on

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the right side only in ruminants), the mouth hot and clammy, tongue furred, mucous membranes more or less dusky or yellow, and the heat of the body raised by 2deg; or upwards. The bowels may be at first loose, yellow, and bilious, but soon are confined, the small pellets of dung being covered with a yellow�ish mucus, and this state may again give place to a mucous diarrhoea. Appetite is usually completely lost, emaciation advances rapidly, blood spots and patches appear on the visible mucous membranes, and the legs, especially the hind ones, swell or stock. Great nervous atony, convulsions, or even delirium may appear toward the last

In dogs there is great dulness and muscular weakness, inclination to lie constantly, unsteady gait, dusky or yellow membranes, furred tongue, prominence of the last ribs on the right side, and tenderness along them and their cartilages. When the disease is fully developed the tumid edge of the liver may be felt behind the last rib and the costal cartilages. A brownish, mucous diarrhoea succeeds to the preliminary constipation. Great nervous prostration and stupor usually precede death. The disease is very fatal in dogs, but may merge into the chronic form with ascitis or end in a perfect recovery.

Fowls, especially the less lively birds, suffer much from hepatitis when well fed and kept in a small poultry-yard. They may die suddenly of effusion of blood on the liver without any previous signs of illness, or they may droop for some days or even weeks prior to death. Any change in the habits of closely confined, plethoric fowls should lead to suspicion ot liver disease. Ruffled feathers, sinking of the head between the wings, sluggishness in running or feeding, drooping in a comer alone, with a withered brownish appearance of the comb, and jaundice of the skin are especially to be noted.

Treatment.�Bleeding is rarely beneficial, and we must rely mainly on depletion from the portal system and liver by

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purgatives, or counter-irritants, and change of habits. A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at once to the larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd's dog, and an equivalent amount by injection. Podophyllin, aloes, etc., may be used instead. Friction, with loose bandaging of the limbs, with or without excitation with mustard or ammonia and cupping, or in small animals leeching over the region of the liver or mustard poultices are demanded. After the bowels have been freely opened smaller doses of Glauber salts or cream of tartar may be given daily to keep up a free action of the bowels, and throughout the diet must be soft (mashes, roots, green food), and restricted in quantity. Taraxacum with bitter tonics (Peruvian bark, gentian, columba, gelsemium, etc.), will be useful during convalescence, and when the herbivorous patient is well enough to be pastured in a field well stocked with dandelion this may be resorted to. In carnivora and swine ipecacuanha and guaiacum are useful in favouring free elimina�tion by the bov/els and skin.

Fowls attacked usually die, but the morbid state in which the disease takes its origin may be counteracted in the remainingquot; fowls by a free range, by cabbage, cooked potatoes, turnips, and other vegetable food in place of grain, and a small quantity of salt and Glauber salts in the food or water. Excess of common salt is poisonous.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

This is seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often attaining an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degeneration (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms as the acute form, but these are less urgent, and dropsy of the belly and legs is a common result.

It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute form, but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters daily, and, above

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all, a free range in the open air; for herbivora, sound, juicy pastures, and in case of malarious soil or impure water, a change even for a few miles to a higher locality.

RESULTS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

Beside recovery there may be effusion of blood with softening, granular softening, abscess, and fibrous induration. These, if not promptly fatal, give rise to wasting diseases with general symptoms of liver disorder, but into these our space will not permit us to enter. (See the author's larger work.)

GALL-STONES. BILIARY CALCULI.

These are especially common in oxen when subject to the dry feeding of winter, but are found in all domestic animals, often in great numbers. They occur as round masses, angular masses when they have lain in contact, or as incrustations on the walls of the ducts, of which they form distinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest disorder, but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of colic, tenderness over the last ribs, and more or less jaundice. The attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, and the general health suffers. Camivora vomit, and in all diarrhoea may set in if relief is not obtained. Sheep generally have incrustations when affected with flukes (liver-rot).

The formation of these calculi may usually be prevented in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in cattle turned out on the rich grasses of spring. Beside these measures their removal may be sought by the daily use of carbonate and sulphate of soda and common salt, with abundance of good water and exercise. During the attacks give anti-spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral-hydrate, etc., and keep up hot fomentations perseveringly to the loins and abdomen. Chloral-hydrate and chloroform dissolve cholesterine calculi.

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Other affections of the iaver, fatty degeneration, tubercle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by the general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space forbids further notice of them here.

PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER. LIVER-ROT. FLUKE DISEASE.

This affection is most destructive to sheep, of which it has destroyed as many as from one to two million head in England alone in certain years. It is immediately determined by the presence in the gall ducts of two flat leaf-like parasites�the Fasciola Hepatica and the Distomum Lanceolatum�the first | to 1 inch in length, the second 4 lines. These inhabit the

Fig 37.�Fasciola Hepatica.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Fig. 38.�Distomum Lanceolatum.

gall ducts of all the domestic animals, of many wild animals, and even of man, but in most ot these they do little harm. The eggs of these parasites laid in the gall ducts cannot be developed there, but pass out with the bile and dung, hatch in pools of fresh water in which the embryo floats until it finds a mollusk, in which it encysts itself and becomes a brood capsule,

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developing many new embryos within it; these embryos may form new brood capsules and thus increase their numbers materially, or if swallowed by a mammal along with its food or water they develop into the mature flukes, inhabiting the bile ducts and reproducing themselves only by eggs. The necessity for these intermediate generations, and the fact that they can only take place in fresh water and in fresh water mollusks, points to thorough drainage as the most efficient means of limiting the ravages of the parasites.

In small numbers they do little harm, and as they cannot multiply within the body their presence may be of no conse�quence, but when present in large numbers they become most destructive. In certain damp lands stocked with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter how well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single infected sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of Victoria in 1855.

Symptoms.�Sheep may thrive unusually for a month or two, but soon they begin to lose flesh and waste with a rapidity that is surprising. The skin and the membranes of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the naturally bright pink vessels of the eye become yellowish, dark, or even quite imperceptible, the whole eye assumes a yellow tinge, the skin is pale, bloodless, deficient in yolk or oil, dry and scurfy. The wool loses its brilliancy and comes out easily when pulled. The muscles waste, the animal is razor-backed, the hip-bones project, and the flank becomes sunken, the belly pendent, and the back drooped from dropsical effusion. Similar effusions take place in the chest beneath the abdomen and breast-bone and under the lower jaw. The head is no longer carried erect, the expression of the face is haggard and hopeless, the appetite capricious, thirst ardent, and there is occasional diarrhoea. Examination of the dung detects myriads of microscopic eggs ^ inch in diameter.

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Treatment.�Almost all the tonics of the pharmacopoeia have been employed with more or less effect, but all usually fail when many parasites have gained access to the system. The follow�ing is a good example of a tonic mixture :�

Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley, or unbolted wheat-flour,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..... 40 lbs. Powdered gentian or anise seed,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 raquo; Common salt, . . . � �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 4 raquo; Sulphate or oxide of iron, . . �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ! raquo;

Give half a pint daily to each sheep. In all treatment it is essential to remove from the infested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh, on either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish. To turn on a wet fresh pasture is merely to stock that with the parasites.

Prevention.�Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt marshes, where the fluke cannot live out of the body. Feed salt daily if flukes exist to however limited an extent; this is fatal to the young flukes and will destroy most of them as they are taken in. Thorough drainage of infested pastures will make them _ wholesome. This may fail when land is subject to inundations, and in this case such land should be devoted to raising hay or other crops. Keeping the sheep off the infested fields at nights and until the dews leave the grass in the morning will go a long way towards protecting them. In some instances of the intro�duction of this parasite into a new country the contaminated sheep should be destroyed, and the infested pasture with a wide area around it proscribed from being grazed.

For other parasites of the liver, see general article on quot; Parasites.quot;

CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN.

Diseases of the pancreas: inflammation, degeneration, calculi, etc. Diseases of the spleen : tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous, inflammatory, congestive, apoplectic. Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Lymphadenoma, Leukaemia.

DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS.

Though subject to a variety of diseases as shown by the existence of abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma, melanosis, cancer, calculi, and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after death, this organ is so deeply seated and the result of its disorder so little manifest, that its pathological states usually pass without recognition during life. One symptom only is characteristic� the passage of much undigested fat with the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized by the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools unchanged may be held to imply sup�pression of that secretion. If this condition coincides with general fever, colicky pains, and tenderness behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected; if with sharper colic but without fever, obstruction of the pan�creatic duct by calculi will be suggested.

Inflammation should be treated on general principles by laxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen and spare diet; Calculi by antispasmodics and fomentations as for gall�stones ; and simple suppressed secretion by sulphuric ether.

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DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN (MILT).

These are if possible even more occult than those of the pancreas. And yet this organ is involved in nearly all diseases of the liver, in specific fevers due to a poison in the blood, and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Obstructed circulation through the liver sends the blood back on this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture.

Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes shows the same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid affections, and, to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement and even rupture of the spleen, in connexion with the long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its venous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary increase in the highly fed, and from changes of structure such as glandular degeneration and enlarge�ment (lymphadenomd). Some of these diseases, and notably the latter, are associated with an excess of white globules in the blood (leukczmia), which condition revealed by the micro-^-scope may assist in diagnosis.

We can do little for these affections besides giving attention to the general health, by tonics and a sound hygiene.

CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

General Causes and Symptoms. Examination of the urine. Diuresis, Dia-betis Insipidus, Polyuria. Bloody urine, Hsematuria. Simple inflammation of the kidneys, Nephritis. Bright's disease, Desquamative Nephritis, Albu-minuria. Albuminous urine. Spasm of the neck of the bladder. Paralysis of the bladder. Inflammation of the bladder. Cystitis. Inflammation of the Urethra, Gonorrhoea, Gleet. Stricture of the Urethra. Everslon of the bladder. Urinary Calculi, and gravel. Stone in the kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, and prepuce,�in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs.

Diseases of the urinary organs are not infrequent in the domestic animals, though less prevalent than in man. They prevail above all in certain localities, as: on the magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on lands abounding in diuretic or resinous plants or water, in damp regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty condition, where it is fed covered with hoar-frost, or where frequent cold rains and winds repress the perspiration and throw undue work on the kidneys. Feeding to excess on aliments rich in phosphates of lime and magnesia�bran, beans, peas, vetches, etc.�the habitual priva�tion of water, injudicious dosing with diuretics, diseased heart and lungs, which throws the blood back on the veins and determines passive congestion of the kidneys, diseases of the liver which, interfering with the oxidation of albuminoids, pre�dispose to urinary deposit, and finally, mechanical injuries to the loins or pelvis all tend to induce various urinary diseases.

General Symploms.�With most acute inflammations there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the loins are tender,

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as ascertained by pinching on the spines or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less difficulty experienced in backing than when there is sprain or fracture of the back or loins, and the animal is more likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to rise, there is straining to discharge urine, which is passed in excess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at all. In the larger animals the bladder and its excretory duct (urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by the hand introduced through the rectum or vagina, and any tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension, or foreign agent (stone) is easily made out In the smaller breeds of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be reached in this way, and any heat, swelling, tenderness, etc., perceived. Then brain disease, dropsies, and skin eruptions are common results of urinary disorder.

Examination of the Urine.�But a certain class of urinary diseases are only to be made out by examination of the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and flow already referred to, this may be altered: \st, in colour, as white from saline deposits, brown or red from blood clots and colouring matter, or from imperfectly oxidized albuminoids, yellow or orange from bile or blood pigment, pale or variously tinted from vegetable colours taken with the food; 2d, in density as measured by a hygrometer (urinometer), the natural urine being in the horse and ox 1030 to 1060, pig and goat 1010 to 1012, dog 1020, and cat 1058; 3d, in chemical reaction, acidity or alkalinity, as ascertained by blue litmus or red test-papers (healthy herbivor�ous urine is alkaline, turning the red papers blue unless after prolonged abstinence or a flesh diet; carnivorous and omni�vorous urine is acid excepting when confined to a vegetable diet); 4th, in organic ingredients, as when it contains albumen (coagulable by boiling or by strong nitric acid, or in the horse giving the liquid a ropy consistency), sugar, blood, bile, cylin-droid microscopic casts of the uriniferous tubes or the eggs or

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bodies of worms; $th, in its salts, which may crystallize out in the system or at once after the liquid is discharged, or after cooling, or finally, may have to be precipitated by chemical reagents.

DIURESIS. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. POLYURIA.

Excessive secretion of urine. This may occur in any animal from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which unduly stimulate the kidneys. The horse, however, is the most frequent sufferer, being more than any other animal subjected to reckless dosing by those about him with private nostrums and much advertised qus.ck preparations, and to the exclusive use of musty and injured hay and grain. Musty hay, grain, or bran is perhaps the most common cause, the noxious agent being probably the cryptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder. Musty oatmeal will even affect the human being. New oats, very watery food like the refuse of distilleries, and cooked food, seleniteous waters, acrid diuretic plants in the pastures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet, and excessive thirst conse�quent on feeding salt or on irritation of the stomach are other causes. Whole flocks of sheep sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eaten.

Sytiiptoms.�Frequent�often almost constant�passage of a very pale-coloured urine in large quantities and of low specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in condition and spirits, sluggishness and weakness at work, and perspiration on the slightest exertion. The discharges are comparatively in�odorous and more like water than horse's urine, and contain little solid matter, though the quantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess. The skin becomes rough and hide-bound, and all the signs of ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and survive for months or even a year. More commonly he dies early of exhaustion, or glanders super�venes and kills the patient.

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Treatment is very successful in the early stages. Stop the use of faulty food and drugs, and give dry wholesome hay and grain with no suspicion of newness or mustiness. Give a decoc�tion of flaxseed freely with the water drunk, with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 4 drachms, and iodide of potas�sium 2 drachms daily. Creosote may often be added with advantage.

BLOODY URINE. HJEMATURIA.

This occurs after sprains of the loins or blows on this region, with stone in the kidneys, urinary passages or bladder, cancer, tubercle, or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or lastly, some poisoned condition of the blood, as in malignant anthrax. Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May-bugs, etc., are occasional causes. When bleeding occurs from local irritation or in a tolerably healthy state of the blood, it is partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous casts of the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundredth inch in diameter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poisoned and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse coloration with hzematine, with perhaps fragments of blood-globules, but rarely perfect ones, clots or casts, and a similar oozing of the blood is liable to take place at other parts of the body. The blood-colouring matter is easily distinguished from bile by chemical tests. It is less easily distinguished from the brownish-red albuminoids which escape by the kidneys in Azotsemia. Beside the passage of blood there may be the general signs of urinary disorder, but these are not constant. When gravel coexists, gritty masses pass with the urine or collect on the hair of the prepuce.

Treatment.�Remove the causes, give comfortable, dry dwell�ings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, mallow, gums, elm, etc.), and acid astringents (tincture of chloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oak bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be applied to the loins, while in

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inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard plaster. (See Azoivemia and Red-water.)

nephritis. simple inflammation of the kidneys.

Causes.�Blows or sprains in the region of the loins, stone in the kidneys, use of diuretics to excess, musty fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too extensive blisters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord.

Symptoms.�A variable but often very high fever, heat, or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme beneath the bony processes about six inches from the spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind limbs, little marked in chronic cases, but so severe as to amount almost to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there is looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at one time than another. If the patient lies down it is with caution. In males there are alternate retraction and descent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be frequent passages of urine in small amount, of a very high colour and density, and containing fibrinous casts of the kidney tubes one-hundredth of an inch in diameter, and sometimes blood or even pus. The bowels are costive, and there is a rapid pulse, an elevated temperature, and excited breathing. The legs tend to swell uniformly from the foot up, and swellings may appear under the chest or belly, or even in internal cavities.

General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the urine, and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may be all that is seen in the chronic cases.

Treatment.�In acute cases, with strong pulse and robust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained by bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of olive-oil or raw linseed-oil, or, in case of necessity, of Glauber salts or aloes, accompanying

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this with an anodyne (opium, belladonna, tobacco), throw anodyne and mucilaginous injections into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fresh sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice or fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours by a mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drinks may be given freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided, and warm clothing used to favour sweating, and thus relieve the kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be repeated as may seem necessary, and finally a course of bitter tonics may be allowed.

ALBUMINUR1A. BRIGHt's DISEASE. DESQUAMATIVE NEPHRITIS.

This consists in inflammation of the kidneys, acute or chronic, with degeneration and shedding of the epithelium from the kidney tubes.

Sympto?ns.�More or less awkwardness of gait behind, and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to lie down, thick, gelatinous, ropy urine, with microscopic casts of the kidney tubes, containing much spherical epithelium and granu�lar matter. The urine coagulates in part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The general health suffers, and the patient dies sooner or later of uraemia with dropsy, or of some other affection which has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the excess of the elements of urine in the blood.

Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain pro�portion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, willow bark), and mineral acids, and use mustard applications to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not give diuretics, but use cupping over the part, or hot fomentations with water, or, better still, a strong infusion of digitalis.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

207

Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no proof of the existence of Bright's disease, but is an attendant on nearly all extensive inflammations of important organs, on rheumatism, fevers, and certain poisoned conditions of the blood

SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE KLADDER.

Causes.�Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work or in horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous irritation. Is a common attendant on severe colic and gives way when that is relieved. Males suffer most frequently.

Symptoms. � Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain, and straining. There may be anxious looking at the flank and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twisting of the tail. There is tenderness in the back part of the abdomen in the median line below. The hand, oiled and introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended bladder, with its firm dense neck, and no enlargement either there or backward in the urethra, as from stone.

If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately distended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symptoms, dulness, and languor, and if the bladder is examined it is found to be flaccid and tender. Perforation of the lower part of the abdomen with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe allows the escape of urine, easily recognised by its odour.

Treatment-�Spreading fresh litter under the horse will some�times induce staling. If not, use antispasmodics introduced by the rectum or even by the mouth (opium, laudanum, bella�donna, or hyoscyamus extract, tobacco smoke or solution, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, prussic acid, cyanide of potassium, etc.) Solutions of any of these agents may be rubbed on the peri-naeum. Sometimes the spasm will give way under gentle pressure on the bladder with hand or finger in the rectum.

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Finally, all other measures failing, the urine may be withdrawn with a well-oiled catheter. This should be \ inch in diameter for the horse, \ inch for the bull, and a line for the dog. Con�trary to the usual statement a small catheter may be passed in the bull when the penis is sufficiently extended to efface the S-shaped bend of the penis. In the mare the spasm may be overcome by the insertion of one or two fingers through the opening which is found in the median line of the floor of the passage about four inches from the external orifice. In the cow care is required to enter the central orifice, as there is a blind sac on each side.

PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER

May occur from excessive over-distension, in connexion with lock-jaw or rheumatism, which prevents stretching to stale, with cystitis implicating the muscular coat, spasm of the neck of the bladder, or decomposition of the urine. It is attendant on disease or injury of the terminal part of the spinal cord, on broken back, etc., and is then associated with palsy of the tail and it may be of the hind limbs.

Symptoms.�If the neck is involved the urine dribbles away constantly, without straining, is discharged in the sheath and runs down inside the thighs, causing irritation and inflammation in both. If the neck is unaffected the urine accumulates in the bladder, causing over-distension, irritation, and rupture. The urine decomposes, setting free ammonia, which softens and dissolves the epithelium and establishes the worst type of cystitis.

Treatment.�In cases of broken back or disease of the spinal cord, attention must be given to that, and, if remediable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a catheter to prevent over-distension and injury to the bladder. In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has recovered, apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs beneath the anus or vulva, or over the back

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part of the belly inferiorly. Give belladonna extract (1 to 2 drachms), cantharides (1 to 3 grains), or nux voraica (| drachm for large herbivora).

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. CYSTITIS.

Causes.�Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in the food, the application of blisters (Spanish flies, turpentine), over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and decomposition of urine, irritation from stone in the bladder, etc.

Symptoms.�If confined to the mucous membrane, urine is passed frequently, painfully, in small quantities, with more or less floating mucus and flat, microscopic, fibrinous shreds of exudation entangling columnar or scaly epithelium. The bladder is very tender to the touch, and if the finger is passed into it in the female its neck and walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enormously. There are colicky pains, frequent looking at the flanks, uneasy movements of the hind feet or twisting of the tail. The gait is stiff and straddling. There is fever, usually slight. If the muscular coat is involved there is distension of the bladder, and if the neck participates the urine escapes involuntarily. If due to unrelieved stone that will be found on examination.

The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some clearly removable cause.

Treatment�Remove the cause, whether food, drugs, blister�ing agents on the skin, stone, gravel, or retained and decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet, with mucilaginous agents (linseed decoction or tea, slippery elm, gums, etc.), laxatives of olive or linseed-oil, soft pure water at will, and mucilaginous and anodyne injections into the bladder (gum Arabic 1 drachm, opium 1 drachm, tepid water 1 pint). Blisters may be used in paralysis. In severe cases these may be preceded by fomen�tations. Finally, when the acute symptoms have subsided,

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small doses of stimulating diuretics (copaiva, cubebs, juniper, buchu), will often serve to tone up the mucous membrane.

INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA. GONORRHCEA. GLEET.

Causes.�Like cystitis this may depend on irritants in the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to the surface, excessive copulation, connexion with a newly-delivered female or one that has otherwise contracted a vaginal discharge, mechanical injury to the penis in serving females, irritation from the passage or arrest of small stones or gravel.

Symptoms.�Swelling and soreness in the sheath and penis, pain in urinating, the liquid coming in jets and frequently arrested because of the suffering. In dogs there is continual licking of the organ, and soon a creamy pus drops from the orifice.

Treatment.�If before the discharge of pus, give a laxative and foment the parts with warm water. Wash out any gravel. If after suppuration, use soothing or astringent injections (permanganate of potassa, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc, or nitrate of silver, 2 grains to 1 oz. water). Tonics and stimu�lating diuretics may be finally needed as in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded.

STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA.

Usually a result of local irritation :�gravel, strong astringent injections used in the early stage of gonorrhoea or the healing of ulcers formed when that disease is neglected.

Symptoms.�Great difficulty in urination, the liquid escaping in a fine stream and with pain. Frequent painful erections.

Treatment.�Passing, daily, catheters of gradually increasing sizes, beginning with one just large enough to enter with gentle force.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER

Can occur only in the female, from severe straining in irritation of the urinary organs, and especially after the organ has been

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rendered torpid or paralyzed by over-distension, severe par�turition or otherwise. The animal strains violently, and a red, tumid, rounded mass appears from between the lips of the vulva. On examining its surface near the neck the two orifices of the ureters may be detected with the urine oozing from them in drops.

Treatment.�Wash with milk-warm water containing lauda�num, and return, pressing the centre of the mass inward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enough to determine inflammation and softening, great care will be requisite to avoid tearing the coats. Should straining be so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion, a truss may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb.

URINARY CALCULI AND GRAVEL. STONE.

These vary in chemical composition with the genus of animal and especially with the nature of the food. In herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, and of oxalate of lime, a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, ammonia-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid, and sometimes uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phosphate of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more uric acid than the vegetable feeders, but a minimum amount of carbonate and oxalate of lime and silica. The omnivora occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine varying with the frequent changes in the food.

The nature of the food determines the excess of particular salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of crystals.

Those carbonates of lime and magnesia which make up the bulk of most urinary calculi in horses and ruminants, are due to the large amount of vegetable acids (citrates, tartrates, malates,

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acetates, etc.), in plants. These becoming further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid, which unites with the magnesia or lime present in the blood.

Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the vegetable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent less of oxygen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in certain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which interfere with respiration.

Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food and water, and especially in cyperacesea, horse-tails, oat-straw, oat�meal, etc It is displaced as silica whenever it comes in con�tact with a stronger acid.

Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, and the leguminous seeds generally, in oil-cake and rape-cake, or (the carnivora) in the flesh and bones. When present in undue amount in a given quantity of urine they tend to crystallize out, but when a large amount of phosphate of magnesia is present, it is only necessary that the urine should be retained longer than usual in the bladder, and that decomposition should set in with evolution of ammonia, to have the insoluble ammonia-magnesian phosphate at once thrown down.

Sulphate of lime is derived from sulphates in the water, or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid principles of food.

Urea, Uric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Creatine, Creatinine, Kies-tine, Leucin, Tyrosin, etc., are all nitrogenous elements, derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous tissues, or from albuminoid matters in the food. Urea is to be looked on as the healthy product of such decomposition, while uric and hippuric acids, etc, are products in which the process of oxida�tion has stopped short, leaving the products in a less soluble condition, and more liable to crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathing from diseased lungs or otherwise, and imperfect action of the liver, whether from local disease in that organ or from feverish states, with impaired functions generally,

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are therefore among the causes which strongly predispose to urinary calculi.

Beside these a certain amount of mucus, fat, colouring matter and even Mood enter into the formation of urinary calculi.

Accessory Causes.�To the above-named causes favouring the formation ot urinary calculi, may be added all such as favour concentration of the urine. Thus scarcity of drinking water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels or skin (diarrhoea, dysen�tery, etc.), dry winter-feeding on hay and grain, feverish states in which little urine is secrered, and hard waters appear to have this effect. The last-named cause is not generally credited by physicians, but its coincidence with the prevalence of stone is exceedingly common.

Mode of Formation.�The first requisite is that some solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer after layer is crystallized, and hence the stone is always composed of a series of concentric layers. The nucleus may consist in a particle of mucus, fibrine, or blood, a crystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a foreign body introduced from without. I have seen a large calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a piece of wood which must have penetrated the kidney and broken off, while the wound by which it entered had healed up.

Appeara7ice.�Calculi vary much in character, but the most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by carbonates, oxalates, phosphates, and silica, and the rough jagged crystalline specimens of ammonia-magnesian phosphates.

Renal Calculi. �Those found in the kidney are usually moulded in the pelvis, though I have found many like small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain, during winter, rarely want small yellow crystalline masses in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend the pelvis and weigh several ounces, they are not always incompatible with good health and aptitude to fatten. When so large or rough as to produce manifest

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disorder, this appears as irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff straddling gait, etc, with the passage of microscopic crystals, and perhaps blood or pus in the urine. In cattle and sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually crystallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. All species of domestic quadrupeds suffer.

There is no satisfactory treatment, and the great object is to prevent their formation by the measures named below.

Urethral Calculi.�These are lodged in the small canals which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney, and being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter. The symptoms are more violent than those of renal calculi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kidney itself undergoes inflamma�tion, and, if the animal survives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite kidney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two. The colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with the oiled hand introduced through the rectum. Like renal calculus this is usually irremediable. Anti-spasmodics will sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. They are best given by injection into the bowel. If nephritis sets in the treatment must correspond.

Cystic Calculus. Stone in the Madder.�Seen in all domestic animals.

,S)';laquo;/�wi,f.^Frequent straining to pass urine, which escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest, or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals or calculi usually pass with the urine. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with water. In the female it may be struck by a smooth metallic sound, or even touched with the finger.

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Treatment.�^:By breaking the stone into small pieces which may pass with the urine (lithotrity), or by extraction whole after dilatation or cutting of the passages {lithotomy), Lithotrity is effected with the lithotrite of the surgeon, and is only applicable to the female quadruped, in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A pair of long, round-bladed tongs like a glove-stretcher may be used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after which the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced, and the stone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating movements. The injection of a little warm water into an empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the point where it bends forward over the hip bones, and an incision about two inches long made down upon this in the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The stone once removed, the opening may be stitched up and treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip-bone and the small size of the urethra render the operation far more difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see the author's larger work.)

Urethral Calculi.�Stone in the canal by which urine is dis�charged from the bladder. In horses these are found in the terminal end of the urethra and its papilte on the glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the same situation, or, more frequently, in the vermiform appendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining is violent and constant, in cattle and

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sheep it is little marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator urinje muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as in ordinary urination. Examination along the course of the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge�ments at the S-shaped curve or elsewhere. If more than one are present, they may be made to grate on each other.

Treatment.�If in the papilla or vermiform appendix, try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, slit open the duct, or in the ram cut off the appendix. If higher up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and extracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis backward or forward so that the incision may clear the scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat.

PREPUTIAL CALCULI. STONES IN THE PREPUCE OR SHEATH.

In oxen and sheep urinary salts often crystallize out on the hairs, and may even block the passage somewhat. They are easily removed by manipulation or with scissors. The accumu�lations of sebaceous matter, in the bilocular cavity on the end of the penis or in the sheath of the horse, sometimes receive this name. They are best removed by thorough washing with soap and warm water, and the parts may then be lubricated with sweet-oil.

SAND-LIKE DEPOSIT OR SOFT MAGMA IN THE BLADDER.

This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules of car�bonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart instead of becom�ing agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest form is shown in the passage of a white matter at the completion of the act of urination. When accumulated so as to fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away in large amount, and is found within the sheath and on the inner sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involuntarily and continuously.

Treatment.�Wash out the bladder by pumping water through

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a catheter by means of Reed's stomach-pump or a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced through the rectum, and allow the muddy liquid to flow out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder is emptied and the water comes away clear.

Prevention.�The next point is to prevent its forming anew by measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi in general. Correct any fault in feeding�excess of beans, peas, bran, etc., �and any disorder in the liver functions. Give abundance of soft water, encouraging its Ingestion by a fair supply of salt, let the food be aqueous, consisting largely of roots, especially carrots, and give daily in the drinking water 1 dr. caustic soda or potassa, or common ashes from hard wood. A course of bitters should also be given (cascarilla, columba, willow bark, gentian, quassia, or others).

CHAPTER XL DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.

General Causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the scrotum, Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumours of the sheath. Disease of the penis. Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males. Evil results of castration. Strang�ulated cord. Swelling of the sheath. Phymosis. Paraphymosis. Tumour on the spermatic cord. Castration of females. Castration of male birds. Abortion. Difficult parturition. Premature labour pains. Induration of the neck of the womb. Twisting of the neck of the womb. Polypus in the vagina. Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for assisting in difficult par�turition. Anterior presentation with head or fore-limb turned back. Posterior presentation with one or both hind-limbs turned back. With water in the head or abdomen. Disorders following parturition. Flooding. Retained afterbirth. Leucorrhoea, catarrh of the womb or vagina. Eversion of the womb or vagina. Inflammation of the womb, Metritis. Parturition fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy.

Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying districts. They are largely obviated by castration and the virgin condition. Amongst the principal causes may be mentioned mechanical injuries, excitement, and irritation accompanying coition, ges�tation, parturition, over-officious or ill-directed assistance in delivery, a very rich or poor diet, tuberculosis, poisons (ergot, savin, rue, cantharides, etc.), sympathetic irritation from exces�sive milking, from disease or injury of the mammary glands, of the urinary organs, or of the rectum.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLE

Occurs mainly from external injury, though it may be roused by excessive copulation, or by glanderous deposit or other diseased process in the organ. The animal moves stiffly and

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 219

with a straddling gait, and the testicle is enlarged, tender, and frequently drawn up and dropped down again. It is to be treated with a dose of purgative medicine, restricted soft diet, fomentations with warm water, and smearing of the bag in the intervals with extract of belladonna, laudanum, or some other anodyne. Should fluctuation announce the formation of pus, make an opening with a sharp knife to evacuate it, while if des�truction of the gland is threatened castration must be performed.

HYDROCELE. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM.

Usually associated with water in the abdomen. Distinguished from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a sudden move�ment, but with a steady current and gradual diminution. The same treatment is needed as in ascitis.

WATER STONES.

In geldings a considerable accumulation of water often takes place in multilocular cavities connected with the still pervious inguinal canal, which may be emptied by compression, the water returning to the abdomen with a continued thrill. They often disappear in winter to reappear the following summer. Though not injurious they may be removed by cutting down on the cavities and dissecting out the sacs.

TUMOURS OF THE SHEATH.

These are easily removed by twisting them off. Some, how�ever, bleed freely, and these should have a stout waxed twine tied firmly round their necks and be then twisted or allowed to drop off. If bleeding occurs after removal seize the bleeding orifice with forceps and tie with a waxed thread.

DISEASE OF THE PENIS.

Small warty growths may be cut off with scissors or knife, and the part cauterised with lunar caustic. The soft condylo-

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matous growths which occur in dogs may be treated in the same way. But when the large cauliflower-like masses are associated with hardening of the whole end of the organ, it must be amputated behind the indurated portion. The subject should be prepared by laxative diet, and, having been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, washed, and cut through gradually, beginning at its upper part and tying the arteries as they are reached. On reaching the urethra at the lower part of the yard it is to be dissected out, and cut across so as to leave it | of an inch longer than the rest Considerable bleeding from the venous cavities may come on a few hours later, and especi�ally in hot weather, but may be easily controlled by dashing cold water between the thighs, or stuffing the sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or muriate of iron.

ULCERS OF THE PENIS.

These may arise from accumulation of sebaceous matter, but more frequently from the irritant discharges in a female recently delivered or suffering from leucorrhoea. They may be treated with a lotion such as the following :�Sugar of lead, i dr.; car�bolic acid, 60 drops; chloral-hydrate, 1 dr.; water, 1 pint.

CASTRATION OF MALES.

Numerous modes of castrating the male are followed, but in all the essential points are the removal or destruction of the testicles and the prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery which is always found in the anterior portion of the cord. In small animals (pigs, lambs, calves, dogs, cats), the testicle is seized so as to render the skin tense, and a free incision with knife parallel to the median line sets it free at once. The knife is now passed between the middle and posterior parts of the cord and the latter cut through. The anterior portion is then twisted and finally torn through, the upper part being held by the finger and thumb of one hand while traction is made by

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 221

the other. In the colt and old horses and bulls the structures are so tough that the cord must be seized by two pairs of pincers in order to accomplish satisfactory twisting.

Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, the important considerations being that the wood shall be tough and unyielding, that they shall be grooved to give greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together with well twined inelastic cords, and that when applied they shall be squeezed together with pincers, while the end is being tied, that the included tissues may have their vitality destroyed.

The other methods of tying, searing, and scraping the artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan will succeed as well as another if properly done. For these and castration of cryptorcldds (originals, rigs), see larger work.

EVIL RESULTS OF CASTRATION.

Strangulated Cord.�When the cord is left unduly long and the wound in the skin small, it may be strangled by the swelling and contraction, giving rise to intense suffering and high fever. The beast walks with a stiff gait, and the end of the cord is felt red and tense, protruding from the wound, which grasps it tightly. All that is necessary is to enlarge the orifice with a knife and push up the cord to give permanent relief.

Swelling of the Sheath may occur, and especially in the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or from premature closure of the wound and imprisonment of matter. In all such cases re-open the wound with the fingers and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. It is a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrating to obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts continually with warm water to hasten the formation of matter. When a free cream-like discharge is established the swelling will rapidly subside.

Phymosis and Paraphymosis.�In such cases the penis may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded and swollen so

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that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be necessary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and apply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation to return the protruded organ.

Tumours on the Spermatic Cord.�This results from rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from inflam�mation consequent on the presence of irritants in the wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years without disabling the animal; its growth may cease, leaving an inconsiderable thick�ening on the cord; it may acquire the size of a large udder of a cow, and contract numerous vascular adhesions to surround�ing parts; or it may extend up through the inguinal canal into the abdomen, as felt on examination through the rectum.

Treatment.�Those confined to the end of the cord may be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that have con�tracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may still be removed with care, each vessel being tied as it is reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and the tumour very large it is almost impossible to do this, and in the case of extension of the disease into the abdomen nothing can be done beyond partial destruction of the mass with caustics.

CASTRATION OF FEMALES.

In small animals this is done through the flank; in large, more conveniently through the vagina. The animal is stretched on its left side, the fore limbs and head being firmly secured and the hind limbs extended backwards. The hair is shaved from the flank a little below the angle of the hip-bone, and an incision made from above down, extending to an inch in the pig or bitch, or sufficient to introduce the hand in the heifer. Then with the finger or hand, as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward at the entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the bladder and the strait gut Being found, one horn or division is drawn up through the wound until its end is exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The latter

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 223

is seized and cut or twisted off according to the size of the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought out and treated in the same way. The womb is now returned into the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcification of the wound is not unknown.

Cows are castrated by making an incision through the superior wall of the vagina just above the neck of the womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries are withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instrument. Space will not allow of a fuller description in this work.

CASTRATION OF MALE BIRDS.

The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed against the abdomen and the right one stretched backwards and outward, an incision is made inside the thigh large enough to admit the finger, which is directed toward the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with each other, and are separately detached with the nail and extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen after detachment there is no matter, they will adhere to the peritoneum and become absorbed. Lastly, the wound in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread.

ABORTION.

This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can live out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature parturition as weli.

Causes.�Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls, riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal organs (tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, inflammation of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning by irritants taken with the food or otherwise, renal calculi or other diseases of the kidneys or

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bladder), stalls too much inclined backward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, damp, relaxing stables, severe muscular exertion after long rest, exhausting feeding for milk at the expense of the system, breeding at too early an age, proximity to or con�tact with slaughter-houses or dead and decomposing animal matter, especially the abortion discharges of other animals, drinking putrid or iced water, disease, deformity or death of the foetus, feeding on ergoted grasses or smutty wheat or com, and finally, the presence in the passages of a microscopic vegetable parasite (leptothrix vaginalis) which is easily transferred from one animal to another so as to procure abortion.

Symptoms.�In the early stages of gestation abortion often takes place without any warning, and is only ascertained by the animal again coming in heat. Later, the preliminary signs and progress may be those of an ordinary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-pumlent discharge may take place from the vulva for some time before abortion occurs. A filling of the udder and a loose, flaccid condition of the external genera�tive organs often furnish premonitions.

Prevention. � Treatment.�Avoid the various causes above named when found to exist. Especially should attention be given to secure a diet and regimen which shall obviate indiges�tion, to eradicate from the hay-fields all irritant plants, to feed a certain amount of roots in winter to obviate urinary calculi, to cut meadows subject to ergot before they run to seed, or, better still, to plough them up and put under a rotation of other crops, to feed roots with ergoted hay or smutty corn if these must be consumed, to let the system be somewhat developed before breeding, and not to milk too heavily the first year, to give pure air and water and wholesome buildings, and, finally, to use antiseptics on the discharges, and to keep all sound animals apart from the diseased or their products. A beast aborting, from whatever cause, should be allowed to run over several periods of heat before she is served again. When

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 225

abortions have broken out in a herd good results have followed a course of chlorate of potassa in \ oz. doses daily. When the beasts are plethoric benefit has been derived from bleeding or a bare diet with occasional mild laxatives. When run down by poor feeding or by early breeding and feeding for milk, a course of tonics (phosphate of soda, sulphate of iron, gentian, and ginger) has proved beneficial. When the discharge and other premonitory symptoms appear, laudanum may be given in large and repeated doses to quiet the system and keep the tendency in check. Quiet and seclusion are no less essential. When the abortion becomes inevitable it must be allowed to proceed or assistance given if necessary as in parturition.

DIFFICULT PARTURITION.

Parturition is easy in most of the lower animals, the wedge�like outline of the foetus, when normally presented with the long head extended between the fore limbs, rendering it an affair of mechanical simplicity. The same is true of the pre�sentation of the two hind feet. If left to nature the passages are prepared by the relaxation of the ligaments of the pelvis and falling in on each side of the croup; they are then gently and equably dilated by the advancing soft and elastic water-bags ; and then if the back of the foetus is turned toward the back of the mother so that the curvature of its body may correspond to that of the pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted.

Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipitated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions of the passages, from distortions of the foetus, or from turning back of one or more members so as to impair the regularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk posteriorly.

PREMATURE LABOUR-PAINS.

Caused by excitement of travel, goring or riding by their fellows, blows and other mechanical injuries, violent purgation

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or diuresis, diseases of the digestive or urinary organs or womb, ergoted grasses, etc. If there is no relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and falling in at the side of the rump, no enlargement of the vulva, no dilatation of the neck of the womb, nor any enlargement of the bag, place in a secluded place and keep quiet by repeated doses of opium. The pains will usually subside. Even if otherwise apparently prepared the closed neck of the womb will demand similar rest and anodynes, though a little solid extract of belladonna may in this case be smeared round the neck of the womb to favour relaxation.

Induration of the Neck of the Womb is often errone�ously supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclusion need not be reached until the quieting treatment has been followed for one or two days without success, and the neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular, and gristly. Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease it may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt-pointed (probe-pointed) knife, and cutting to the depth of a quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, downward, to the right and left. Then the hand may be introduced with the fingers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone and the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge tents used by the physician may be employed.

Twisting of the Neck of the Womb so that the lower surface of the organ comes to look upwards or to one side, is a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the cow. It may be surmised when labour-pains continue without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive evidence is furnished by the neck of the womb being closed and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient with its head uphill to relax the twisted neck, and introducing the hand into the womb, seize the foetus and press it against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the cow on its other side in the same direction in which the twist has taken place. If the womb.is not distended by decomposition of a dead foetus, nor attached to adjacent

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parts by inflammatory exudations, the untwisting is easily effected, though several successive attempts may be requisite to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist gives way, the water-bags enter the passage, and delivery is easy.

Polypus in the Vagina.�A tumour growing from the walls of this passage is another obstacle to parturition. By examin�ation its point of attachment is found, and it should be slowly twisted off, or, better still, removed by an ecraseur, an instrument with a pitch-chain which is gradually tightened so as to cut through the parts without loss of blood.

WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC.

Maxims for Assisting in Difficult Parturition.�Never interfere too soon. Let the water-bags burst spontaneously when they have fulfilled their purpose of dilating the passages. If there is no mechanical obstacle, let the foetus be expelled by the unaided efforts of the mother. Never insert the arm for any purpose without first smearing it with oil or fresh lard. When, the water-bags have ruptured and the pains have con�tinued for some time without any presentation, examine. When one fore-foot only and the head, or both fore-feet without the head, or the head without the feet, or one hind-foot without the other appears, examine. Whatever part is presented should be secured by a cord with a running noose, before it is pushed back to search for the others. In searching for a missing member the dam should be placed with her head down-hill, and if recumbent should be laid on the side opposite to that on which the limb is missing. Even if the missing member is reached do not attempt to bring it up during a pain. Violent straining may be checked by pinching the back. If the pas�sages have lost their natural lubricating mucus, smear them and the body of the foetus thickly with lard before attempting to extract. In dragging upon the foetus apply force only when the mother strains, and pull slightly down toward the hocks as well

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as backward. If under the necessity of cutting off a limb, first skin it from near the foot and leave the skin attached to the trunk. Never cut off a member in the middle, but in the case of fore-limb bring away the shoulder-blade, or in the hind the thigh-bone.

Head or Fore-limb turned back.�Secure the presenting limbs with ropes having a running noose drawn tightly round the fetlock, or the head with a noose round the lower jaw, or still better, round the neck behind the ears, then pushing them back secure the missing part and bring it into position. In searching for the missing parts it is well to follow those already presented. The left arm will usually answer best for a limb at the left side of the womb, and the right arm for the right. Reaching the shoulder, the hand may be slid down to beneath the elbow and that joint bent so as to bring the knee up; then the hand is slipped past the knee to the shank and by a similar movement, pushing back the upper part of the limb and pulling forward the lower, the foot is brought up and secured with a noose. All are then brought forward and delivery is easy. In order to bring up the missing part it is often needful that an assistant shall push back the body of the foetus after the limb has been seized. The assistant may stand with his back to that of the operator, and introduce his left arm along by the operator's right or vice versa. Or a smooth round pole like a fork-handle may be introduced and planted in the breast of the foetus as a means of pushing it back. In either case the pres�sure should be slightly upward toward the back of the foetus, so as to bring up the breast and fore-limb toward the passage. The missing head may be turned back on either side, downward upon the breast or upward upon the back. First ascertain its position, then if it cannot be reached by pulling the limbs forward into the passage, push back the body in such a way as will favour the advance of the head. If the ear is reached the head may be pulled by it, till the socket of the eye can be

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION: 229

gained, and the body being still pushed back the nose can soon be seized and brought up. Often it is necessary to insert a hook into the eye socket or between the branches of the lower jaw, so that more force may be exerted. The ring in this case should be turned at right angles to the hook, and a cord passed from the hook side of the ring, to the opposite, and then knotted so that the greater the force applied the firmer it will hold.

Presentation of one Hind-Limb alone is recognised by examining it as far up as the hock, which cannot possibly be mistaken for the knee. The same principles are applied here. Noose the presenting limb, and pushing back upon it and the buttocks, bring up first the hock and then the foot, bending all the joints to their utmost. In the cow success can usually be counted on, but the long hind shanks of the foal often prove an insuperable obstacle, and it becomes needful to cut the ham�strings, and, leaving the hock bent, to straighten out the limb above this and extract in this position.

Presentation of the Buttocks is to be recognised by the rounded mass, with the tail and beneath it the anus and perhaps the vulva. The process of extraction does not differ from that last described, but in very powerful mares the pains may be so violent and constant that it is impossible to bring up even the hocks, and the limbs have to be separated at the hip-joint and extracted separately, after which the trunk will come easily.

Double Heads and Bodies and Superfluous Limbs have to be removed on the same general principles, but space forbids their further notice here.

Water in the Head is often an insuperable barrier to delivery, to be easily recognised by manual examination, and as readily relieved by plunging a knife through the membranes and evacuating the liquid.

Water in the Abdomen is equally frequent and to be obviated in a similar manner.

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DISORDERS FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

Flooding.�Bleeding from the walls of the womb. Mostly-after a too hasty parturition in which the uterine walls are exhausted and fail to contract; or when the womb has suffered violence in extraction of the foetus.

Symptoms,�Bloodless pallor of the mucous membranes, coldness of the surface, weakness, weak pulse, with or without palpitation of the heart and discharge of blood from the vulva. The hand introduced into the womb finds that organ soft, flaccid, dilated and filled with liquid or clotted blood.

Treatment.�Apply cold water or bags of ice to the loins and external genital organs, remove the afterbirth and clots with the hand, and, if necessary, inject cold water, acids (vinegar, dilute mineral acids), astringents (sugar of lead, tannin, matico, alum) into the womb, and give small doses of acetate of lead or ergot of rye by the mouth. In desperate cases a large sponge soaked in tincture of the muriate of iron may be intro�duced into the womb and emptied by squeezing. If the patient is sinking it may often be saved by transfusion of blood from another animal.

Retained Afterbirth. � Causes.�Premature parturition, poverty of condition, too hurried delivery, and failure to estab�lish subsequent contractions, adhesions, the result of pre-exist�ing inflammation in the womb, etc.

If not removed it rots away piecemeal, a portion remaining and putrefying in the womb, causing irritation, discharge, rapid loss of condition and milk, and in some cases absorption of putrid matter and poisoning.

Treatment.�Various methods are followed, i. Attach a pound weight to the mass, so that the constant tugging may stimulate the womb to contraction and expulsion of the after�birth. 2. Seize the mass close up to the vulva between two pieces of wood and dragging gently move it from side to side to

MMB

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 231

titillate the passages and stimulate the womb to contraction. 3. Give a dose of physic (Glauber or Epsom salts) with aro-matics (ginger, pepper, copaiva, cardamoms, caraway, etc.) 4. The most satisfactory method is to remove it by the hand, in twelve to twenty-four hours after parturition, before the neck of the womb has closed so as to forbid the introduction of the arm. In cows the protruding membranes are gently pulled upon by the left hand while the right is introduced into the womb, and the connecting cotyledons or placentulse of the membranes are, one by one, squeezed out from their connexions with those of the womb. The process may be slow, as fifty such connexions may demand separation, but patience will be crowned with final success, the great points being to tear nothing and to bring up and separate the last portions as perfectly as the first.

Prevention.�In poverty-stricken animals much may often be done by warm sloppy food for a week or two prior to parturition.

Leucorrhcea. Catarrh of the Womb or Vagina.�This often results from retained afterbirth or violence done in par�turition, but may occur independently of both or even in the virgin animal. There is a whitish discharge from the vulva, foetid if from retained afterbirth, with rapid falling off in flesh and milk, in spirit and appetite. The subjects can rarely be impregnated.

Treatme7it.�Introduce a catheter into the womb, draw off the contained fluid, wash out with tepid water introduced through the tube, and inject one of the following solutions : 1 drachm of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper, acetate of lead, permanganate of potassa or carbolic acid, or \ drachm chloride of zinc, dissolved in a pint of water and five ounces of glycerine added. This injection should be repeated daily until the discharge ceases. A course of tonics should accompany this treatment (sulphate of iron 2 drachms, pepper 1 drachm, ginger \ oz., gentian \ oz. daily).

Eversion of the Vagina or Womb.�The former may

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occur before parturition or even in the virgin state, the latter only after parturition. Hot, relaxing stables and regimen, and too great a slope of the stalls backward are among the causes of the first, violence in parturition or in the removal of^v the afterbirth, of the second. Digestive and urinary disorders are further causes. The everted vagina forms a simple rounded mass easily distinguished from the bladder by the absence of the ureters, and from the womb by that of the two divisions or horns, and in the case of ruminants by the cotyledons. Treat�ment is simple: Adjust the slope of the stall, making the hinder part the higher; obviate costiveness, diarrhoea, or any other source of irritation; and adjust a rope truss as follows:�

Fig. 39.�Rope truss for everted womb.

Take two ropes, each more than double the length of the animal, bend each double and intertwist them at this bend so as to circumscribe an oval opening a little larger than that of the vulva; this having been adjusted to this orifice the two upper ends are carried around the rump, crossed over each other repeatedly in their passage along the back and finally tied to a collar previously placed around the neck; the lower ends are carried down between the thighs, one on each side of the udder, and forward on the sides of the abdomen and chest to be fixed

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION: 233

to the collar. It may be made as tight as seems necessary and will tighten with every effort at straining, so that eversion becomes impossible. It may be made more secure by attach�ing the ropes to a surcingle as well. This truss must of course be removed when true labour-pains come on.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.

Causes.�Lacerations, bruises, and other injuries in parturition or in removal of the afterbirth, exposure to cold or wet after parturition, retained afterbirth, etc.

Symptoms.�Two or three days after parturition a shivering fit, colicky pains, looking at abdomen, plaintive cries, twisting of the tail, shifting of the hind feet, tenderness of loins and abdomen, arching of the loins, vulva red and swollen, frequent straining with fcetid discharge, the hand introduced into the womb finds both its neck and body dilated with fluid contents, the belly becomes tense and swollen, there is grinding of the teeth, insatiable thirst, and loss of power over the limbs. The pulse and respiration are accelerated, and the temperature of the body raised. It may end in poisoning of the blood with pus or absorbed putrid matters, or in gangrene, or if recovery ensues it may be perfected in two or three weeks. Peritonitis and enteritis frequently coexist and are equally fatal at this period.

Treatment.�Wash out the womb, as in leucorrhoea, with chlorine water or a solution of chloride of lime, permanganate of potassa or carbolic acid, adding a solution of gum Arabic, glycerine, and laudanum, to render it more soothing. Give an active purgative (in the cow sulphate of soda 1 lb.) and follow this up by tincture of aconite four times a day, and nitrate of potassa and chlorate of potassa once daily. A blister should be applied to the right flank (mustard and oil of turpentine in cow or sow, mustard alone for other animals). In case of prostra�tion, weak pulse, stupor, etc., a free use of wine, quinine, cam-

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phor, and general stimulants must be made, with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, sulpho-carbolates or bichro�mate of potassa).

PARTURITION-FEVER IN COWS. MILK-FEVER. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.

Causes.�Plethora, costiveness, and the susceptibility attend�ant on parturition. It attacks mainly heavy milkers, animals in full flesh that have been well fed just before and after calving, and have been delivered easily with little loss of blood or nervous expenditure. It is most frequent in the hot season when the grass is most luxuriant and nutritive, but may occur at any season in the best class of cows.

Symptoms.�Dulness, languor, uneasy movements of the hind limbs, a full, bounding pulse, red eyes, hot head and horns; soon the cow becomes weak on its limbs, unable to rise, lays the head back on the flank or dashes it on the ground, breaking the horns if the surface is hard, and struggles convulsively with its limbs. The surface may now be bedewed with perspiration, the eyes red, fixed, or rolling convulsively, the pupils dilated, the heat of the head still greater, and the pulse quicker and weaker. Sensation is completely lost, the skin may be pricked at any point without the slightest response, and the eyeball touched without causing winking. Neither dung nor urine is passed, the intestines and bladder being also the seat of paralysis or torpor.

In one form of the disease the heat of the head, delirium, and violence may be almost entirely wanting, the prominent symptoms being the fever, accelerated pulse and breathing, elevated temperature, loss of power over the limbs, paralysis of sensation, inappetence, torpor of bowels and bladder. Both forms are exceedingly fatal, almost all attacked within two days after calving perishing, and a large proportion of those taken ill during the first week.

tfBM

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 23S

Prevention.�Spare diet (starvation In the plethoric) for a week before and after calving, an active purgative (Epsom salts) to act as soon after calving as possible, plenty of fresh, cool air, milking, if necessary, before calving and thrice daily after. In the fall flush of grass it is needful to keep plethoric parturient subjects in-doors, upon dry hay with plenty of salt and water, or on a very bare pasture. Even if attacked a week after calving they usually recover.

Treatment�If the animal is seen before it goes down, bleed four or six quarts from the jugular, but never after the pulse has lost its fulness and hardness; apply ice-cold water, bags of ice, or a solution of an ounce each of nitre and sal ammoniac in a quart of water to the head round the base of the horns, give a powerful purgative (2 lbs. Epsom salts, \ oz. carbonate of ammonia, \ dr. nux vomica), apply friction to the limbs, draw the milk off at frequent intervals and repeat the ammonia and nux vomica every four hours. The nux vomica may be replaced by strychnia, 1 grain with 2 or 3 drops of vinegar in a teaspoonful of water and injected under the skin twice with four hours interval, or ergot of rye may be used instead. The fever may often be materially reduced by enveloping the whole body in a sheet wrung out of cold water, and covering up with one or several dry ones according to the season.

In the second or torpid form of the disorder there is often no call for cold applications to the head, while purgatives and nux vomica are especially demanded.

#9632;

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMAE (UDDER) AND TEATS.

Bloody-milk. Blue or viscid milk. Congestion and inflammation of the mammary glands, Garget, Mammitis. Impervious teat. Sore teats, Scabs, Warts. Simple and cancerous tumours of the glands.

BLOODY-MILK.

Causes.�Blows on the udder or commencing inflammation from any other cause; heat or rut; a sudden accession of rich food, causing local congestion with increased flow of milk ; the consumption of acrid plants (ranunculus, hydropiper, resinous shoots, etc.), and the conditions which give rise to red-water. The milk may have a red sediment from feeding madder, log�wood, and other agents.

Treatment. � If from congested glands, a saline laxative followed by nitre, restricted diet and bathing with cold water. If from acrid plants, withhold them, give a laxative to clear away any yet retained in the stomach and follow up with small doses of nitre and acetate of lead. If from partial congestion, with a somewhat nodular state of the gland and but little heat or tenderness, rub daily with compound tincture of iodine mixed with three times its bulk of water. Milk carefully and gently.

BLUE OR VISCID MILK.

Due to cryptogams in this liquid. Remove from the vicinity of decomposing animal matter, withhold food or water contain�ing vegetable germs, and administer daily bisulphite of soda (2 drs., cow).

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DISEASES OF THE MAMMAE AND TEATS. 237

CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, GARGET. MAMMITIS.

Causes.�Blows on the gland, lying on a cold or sharp stone, sores on the teats, leaving the milk unduly long in the bag (hefting), standing in a current of cold air, exposure in cold showers or inclement weather, rich milk-making food too suddenly supplied, indigestion, or indeed any derangement of the general health is liable to produce this disease in an animal in full milk. Ewes often lose their bags or their lives from sudden weaning of their lambs, or cows from neglect in milking. Some aliments, like cotton seeds, are dangerous.

Symptoms.�There may be simple warm, hot, tense (caked) bag, or there may be a circumscribed nodular mass in the centre of the bag. In severer cases there is lameness on the affected side, a red, hot, tense, painful gland, with no secretion or only a bloody clotted mass. These cases come on with violent shivering, high temperature, strong rapid pulse and quickened breathing, dry nose, costiveness, and suppression of urine. They may end in abscess, induration o- gangrene, or a perfect recovery may ensue.

Treatment.�In mild cases -with no fever and little pain, rub well with camphorated spirits or weak iodine ointment, or #9632;wit/i plenty of elbow-grease. Milk thrice a day and rub for a considerable time on each occasion. If unequal to active rubbing put a good hungry calf to the udder.

In the severe cases, if seen in the shivering fit, give a strong cordial (ginger, pepper, whisky, brandy, gin, or ale in several quarts of warm water) and envelop from head to tail in a thick rug wrung out of water as nearly boiling as possible, covering all with several dry blankets and binding firmly to the body; give copious warm water injections, and bring if possible into a sweat. When this has lasted half an hour uncover gradually, rub dry and cover with a light dry wrapping.

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If the disease has advanced further and there is already active inflammation in the gland, foment continuously with warm water, or support in a poultice, cutting holes for the teats, adding a little belladonna to relieve the pain. Give an active purge (salts) and follow up with aconite and nitre. Draw off the milk frequently, using a milking tube if the act is very painful. If the discharge smells sour inject a weak solution of

Fig. 40.�Milking Tube.

carbonate of soda and permanganate of potassa (5 grains of each to 1 oz. of water). If the gland becomes hard and in�durated, rub with iodine ointment or mercurial ointment, not both. If matter forms, open with the knife. If gangrene ensues, use lotions of carbolic acid or chloride of lime. Many sheep do well with a coating of tar on the gland. In the advanced stages nourish well and give tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba).

IMPERVIOUS TEAT.

From concretions from the milk, which are freely movable in the teat and up into the gland. From polypus in the teat hanging by a band from the mucous membrane, and hence movable only in narrow limits. From thickening of the mucous membrane and contraction of the walls of the duct to absolute closure. From the formation of a membrane across the duct of the teat. From closure of the external orifice of the teat effected in the healing of a sore.

Treatment.�Concretions may be extracted by manipulation or with a grooved director, the teat having been first relaxed in a warm solution of belladonna. Polypi are removed by making a free incision through the teat, twisting off the tumour, accur-

DISEASES OF THE MAMMAE AND TEATS. 239

ately sewing up the wound and milking for some time with a tube. The obliteration of the duct by contraction of its walls or by a membranous growth, is to be met by a bistuori cache (a knife one line in breadth hidden in a groove of a sharp-pointed

41.�Bistuori Caclie.

handle, but which can be pressed out of its case so as to cut to any extent desired), and a silver or gutta-percha teat tube to be kept tied in the newly-made channel until it heals. It is well to leave these surgical operations until the milk is dried up. A simple instrument is in use by dairymen, consisting of a steel probe flattened out to two lines at one extremity and with finely sharpened point.

SORE TEATS. SCABS. WARTS.

Sores, chaps, and scabs on the teats are to be treated by soothing applications. One ounce each of spermaceti and almond-oil melted together will often suffice. Or 5 grains each of balsam of Tolu or Peru may be added. Or a solution of 5 grains of sugar of lead or chloral-hydrate and \ oz. each of glycerine and water. But no plan will succeed without gentle milking, with dry teats, especially in winter, or in bad cases without the use of a milking tube. Warts are to be removed by the knife, scissors, and caustic.

Simple and Malignant Tumours of the mammary glands are met with in all species of domestic quadrupeds, and demand removal with the knife.

CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EYES.

Trichiasis. Tom eyelids. Superficial inflammation of the eye. Simple ophthalmia. Conjunctivitis. Parasites on the eyes. Specks or films on the eye. Ulcers of the transparent cornea. Tumours of the transparent cornea. Enzootic ophthalmia in cattle and sheep. Internal Ophthalmia. Inflamma�tion of the deep structures of the eyeball. Iritis. Choroiditis. Retinitis. Recurring ophthalmia. Periodic ophthalmia. Moon-blindness. Cataract. Palsy of the nerve of sight. Amaurosis. Glass eyes. Glaucoma. Cancer. Staphyloma. Worms in the eye.

TRICHIASIS.

Turning in of the eyelashes; a common cause of inflamma�tion. Snip off the offending hair with scissors.

TORN EYELIDS.

Should be accurately brought together and held by collodion, which is to be laid on with a brush, layer after layer, until strong enough to hold safely. If this is not at hand bring together with a quilled suture�the stitches, with carbolated thread or catgut, being tied round two quills lying on the respective flaps, so as to prevent puckering of the edges and to secure even healing. If the lips are brought into accurate apposition and stitches placed closely together, the quills may be discarded. To prevent rubbing of the healing and itching eye, turn the animal round in the stall and tie short to the two posts so that the head cannot reach either. Feed from a bag hung in front and cut open half way down to admit the nose.

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SUPERFICIAL INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. CONJUNCTIVITIS.

Causes.�Blows with whips, eta, hay-seed, chaff, dust, lime, thorns, etc., in the eye; standing in a current of cold air; irritant emanations from dung and urine; obstruction of the lachrymal duct with swelling at the inner angle of the eye and hardened mucus in the orifice of the duct as seen in the floor of the chamber of the nose; in horse and ox, the presence of a worm�-filafia lachrymalis�inside the eyelids; and in pigs of the measle bladder-worm � cysticercus cellulosa � in the fat around the eye.

Symptoms.�Red, sore, watery eyes, with or without fever, according to the severity of the attack, soon followed by a bluish or white film or opacity extending no deeper than the surface of the transparent part of the eyeball. The swelling of the eyelids may extend to the hollow above the eye, filling it up. There is no suffering or winking when brought into a bright light, nor any undue contraction of the pupil as com�pared with healthy eyes. If foreign bodies are present they will be detected by examination.

Treatment.�Hay-seed, chaff, etc., may be removed with a pair of small forceps, with the point of a lead pencil, or with the head of a pin covered with a soft handkerchief. Lime and sand may be similarly removed or washed out with a fine syringe. Thorns may be picked out with a needle, the animal having been first thrown and the eye fixed with the fingers, or by putting the patient under the influence of ether or chloro�form. Or if not too deep they will slough out of their own accord in a day or two. The patient must be protected from cold or any other apparent cause of illness, should take a dose of physic, and have the affected eye covered with a cloth con�stantly wet with a solution of 1 dr. sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc, 10 grains morphia, and 1 pint water. It is often best to use it tepid, but if used cold it should be maintained so.

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WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE EVE.

These are the results of inflammation, and if confined to the transparent outer coat of the eye may usually be removed by touching daily with a feather dipped in a solution of 3 grs. nitrate of silver in an ounce of distilled water. Such an appli�cation should never be made while the part is still inflamed and the eyelids swollen and red, as it will then be painful and injurious. It will usually fail to remove the speck when that consists in a thick cicatrix following an ulcer, or when red vessels are seen running across it.

ULCERS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA.

These also follow inflammation and are to be recognised by the visible breaks or abrasions in the surface layers of the transparent coat of the eye. Apply the same agent as for specks, but of double or treble the strength, and improve the general health by a liberal diet and a course of tonics (sulphate of iron, nux vomica, cinchona).

TUMOURS OF THE TRANSPARENT CORNEA.

These, if not of a cancerous nature, nor connected with the vascular coloured curtain which encircles the pupil (the iris), may be removed with the knife or scissors, the part touched with a stick of nitrate of silver, and a lotion like that used for simple ophthalmia applied on a cloth.

ENZOOTIC OPHTHALMIA IN CATTLE AND SHEEP.

This affection attacks one or several herds or flocks in a locality, at any season and without apparent cause, excepting proximity. The symptoms are those of simple ophthalmia, but of a severe type, with much fever and complete clouding of the eye from exudation into the whole thickness of the transparent cornea, followed by ulceration, and sometimes perforation of this membrane, loss of the humours of the eye, and permanent blindness.

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Treatment.�Separate the sound from the diseased, and from the pastures or buildings where the malady has appeared. Give the affected strong purgatives (salts) followed by diuretics (nitre), place in a dark, quiet, dry building, and keep a cloth over the eye saturated with a solution of a drachm each of nitrate of silver and carbolic acid, and 10 grs. of morphia to a quart of distilled water. Blisters may be applied to the cheeks or behind the ears (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard | oz., for cattle; twice the amount of lard for sheep ; rub well in). The result�ing ulcers may be treated in the ordinary way.

INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA. INFLAMMATION OF THE DEEP STRUC�TURES OF THE EYEBALL. IRITIS. CHOROIDITIS. RETINITIS.

Causes.�Severe blows or other forms of local irritation; extremes of darkness and light; exposure to a draught of cold air, to a storm ; various constitutional disturbances, especially those of the digestive organs.

Symptoms.�Like those of superficial ophthalmia, but with more fever, constitutional disturbance, accelerated pulse, loss of appetite, increased heat of body, and, above all, with retrac�tion of the eye into its socket, protrusion of the haw from its inner angle over its surface, closure of the lids and contraction of the pupil when brought into the light, and the presence of a turbid liquid behind the transparent cornea, with white floating flakes, and a yellowish or whitish deposit at the bottom of the chamber. The brilliant reflection of the iris or curtain is also largely impaired. As the disease advances a white speck or cloud appears in the lens, behind the pupil and iris.

Treatment. � Place in a dark building with pure, dry air, purge (cow, salts ; horse, aloes; dog, castor-oil), and follow up with febrifuges (nitre, digitalis; in dogs or pigs, tartar emetic) ; apply alternately, by means of a rag over the eye, a lotion of 20 grs. acetate of lead, 20 drops extract of belladonna, and 1 quart water, and one of 20 grains sulphate of zinc, 20 drops olquot;

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tincture of (physostigma) Calabar bean, and i quart water, changing twice daily; blister the face or neck as for enzootic ophthalmia.

RECURRING OPHTHALMIA. PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. MOON-BLINDNESS.

Attacks solipeds only.

Causes. � Hereditary predisposition; breeding in damp, cloudy, foggy, or marshy localities; keeping in damp, close, ill-conditioned stables; the irritation about the head attendant on teething; clogging the digestive organs by feeding wheat or maize without salt or sulphate of soda, the presence of worms in the intestines; whatever lowers the general health, and the general causes of iritis.

Symptoms.�Like those of internal ophthalmia, with, in many cases, increased tension and hardness of the eyeball, and its deeper retraction into the orbit. The main difference is in the liability to recur, at intervals of three weeks, a month, or more, if the exciting causes have not been removed, until the subject is left blind. In the intervals between the attacks the trans�parent coat of the eye retains a hazy bluish cloudiness around its border, the iris is wanting in its normal lustre, the anterior chamber has often a slight deposit at its lower part, and the upper eyelid is bent at an unnatural angle, about one-third of its length from the inner angle. After two or three attacks a cataract remains.

Prevention.�Avoid, for breeding purposes, all horses belong�ing to an affected family; all localities that are damp, foggy, cloudy, or relaxing; as well as ill-appointed stables. Maintain good health and condition by sound feeding, watering, housing, grooming, and exercise. When threatened remove to a drier and more bracing climate.

Treatment.�As for iritis. Some cases, like rheumatism, are benefited by colchicum and the free use of alkalies (carbonates

DISEASES OF THE EYES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 245

or acetates of potassa or soda). Those that present increased tension and hardness of the eyeball should be early treated by iridedomy, which can, however, only be undertaken by the surgeon. All cases should have a course of tonics (oxide of iron, nux vomica, ginger) as soon as the violence of the fever has abated, and should be submitted to a regimen calculated to improve their condition so as to ward off a new attack. Recovery from a particular attack may be expected in from 6 to 10 days, and this contributes to sustain the reputation of such ridiculous resorts as knocking out the wolf teeth, and such injurious ones as cutting out the haw (hooks).

CATARACT.

This is the most constant result of internal ophthalmia, though it may occur from other causes, such as diabetes or uraemia. The condition is opacity of the lens, and may be recognised as a white speck, or a white fleecy cloud filling, in the worst cases, the whole of a widely dilated pupil. It is best seen with the animal looking out of the stable door, and with a dark background. A still more satisfactory examination can be made with a lighted taper in a dark room. Three images of the taper are reflected (1) from the surface of the eye (cornea); (2) from the anterior surface of the lens, and (3) from the posterior surface of the lens. The two anterior are upright, the posterior is inverted. If either of the two posterior images is changed into a diffused white haze in passing over any part of the pupil, it implies an exudation into that part of the lens�a cataract. Haziness of the large anterior image is only caused by opacity of the cornea.

Treatment.�Newly-formed cataracts will sometimes clear up, by absorption, under such treatment as is adopted for inflam�mation, but the rule is that an opacity of the lens once found, is permanent. In cattle and sheep the lens may be extracted or depressed as in man, but in the horse such an operation

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would be worse than useless, as without spectacles he could never see things in their right form or position, and would become an incorrigible shyer. Better leave him blind. Cases not due to recurring ophthalmia may be benefited in the long run by applying a drop of phosphorated oil (phosphorus 2 grs., almond-oil 1 oz.) to the eye, daily, for several months.

PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. AMAUROSIS. GLASS EYES

Causes.�Congestion, tumours, dropsy, or other diseases of the brain. Injury to the nerve of sight by pressure or other�wise. Inflammation with exudation into the retina. Excess of light. It may be symptomatic from overloaded stomach, from bloodlessness, and sometimes from gestation.

Symptoms.�Eyes unnaturally clear from wide dilatation of the pupils. Failure of the pupils to contract when exposed to li^ht or sunshine, or to dilate in darkness. The subjects do not wince when a feint is made to strike them, unless the hand produces a current of air. The animals step high to avoid obstacles and have very active ears, which are constantly exer�cised to make up for lack of sight.

Treatment.�If due to removable cause stop this, then blister the cheek or behind the ear, as for ophthalmia, and give nerve stimulants (strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.)

Among the other affections of the eye are Glaucoma, the true nature of which can only be ascertained with the ophthal�moscope j Cancer, which demands the skill of the anatomist for removal; Staphyloma or vascular tumour of the cornea; Worm in the eye [Filaria Oculi), which is to be extracted by skilful puncture j etc.

CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

General Causes. Epilepsy. Falling Sickness. Chorea, St. Vitus's Dance, St. Guy's Dance. Vertigo, Megrims in horses. Lock-jaw, Trismus, Tetanus. Convulsions, Fits. Sleepy Staggers, Coma Somnolentum. Apoplexy. In�flammation of the Brain, Phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral Meningitis. Inflam�mation of the spinal cord, Myelitis, Spinal Meningitis. Epidemic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, Cerebro - spinal Fever. Enzootic Myelitis in sheep. Trembling, Hydro - rachitis. Paralysis. Loss of sensation or voluntary motion. General Paralysis. Paraplegia, Palsy of the hind limbs. Hemi-plegia, Palsy of one lateral half cf the body. Facial Paralysis. Other local palsies. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. Sun-stroke.

The frequency of these affections bears some relation to the development and activity of the great nerve centres and especi�ally the brain. They are often symptomatic of other diseases, the irritation being conveyed along the nerves to the nerve centres so as to derange their functions; at other times they have their origin in these centres themselves. Among common causes may be named : exposure to intense heat or cold, especially with a dry parching atmosphere; excess of light; deranged or excited circulation, as in loss of blood or plethora, obstacles to the return of blood from the head, by the jugular veins, or imperfect supply from thickening of the cranial bones; the influence of poisons, pressure, etc.; severe over-exertion; digestive, hepatic and urinary disorders, and parasites.

F,PILEPSY. FALLING SICKNESS.

This is seen in dogs, cattle, horses, and pigs in about the order named. It usually exists independently of any observable

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change of brain structure. Thus, in dogs it follows distemper, or depends on teething, worms in the stomach or intestines, or acari (pentastoma) in the nasal sinuses. In pigs indigestible substances in the stomach may determine it. Brown-Sequard showed how it could be developed at will in Guinea-pigs by tickling the neck, and has even produced it in the human subject. In all animals it may be looked on as, geneially, a reflex act. Abscesses, tumours, etc., of the brain have been found in certain instances in horses, and the malady has supervened on a severe fright and chase, or a broken horn, or other injury to the head in cows. Probably in these cases the disease of the brain has rendered it more susceptible to the impression coming from a distant part of the body. The disease has proved hereditary in cattle.

Symptoms.�Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary move�ment, with convulsive contraction of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The patient may or may not appear dull or stupid for some time, but the attack is alwa3's sudden, the victim crying, falling to the ground, stiffening all over, with clenched jaws, frothing at the lips, and fixed red eyeballs. The attack may last for one or several minutes, after which the muscles relax and the animal becomes conscious but retains considerable dulness or languor for a day or more. The attacks are more or less frequent according to the activity of the exciting cause.

Treatment.�Remove the causes�worms or other irritants in the intestinal canal or elsewhere:�in excitable plethoric animals restrict diet and give more exercise; in the bloodless, feed highly and give iron and bitters; in dyspeptic pigs give sound food and bitters (gentian, quassia, camomile, boneset, serpentaria, myrrh) with iron. In excitable stallions castration is usually needful. During the attack inhalations of chloroform or ether, or the injection of these agents or of chloral-hydrate will serve to cut short the attack. If dependent on irritation of some known part of the surface, attacks may be-obviated by

DISEASES OF THE XERVOUS SYSTEM.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 249

cutting the nerves proceeding from this part, or better, by light firing with an iron at a red or white heat

CHOREA. ST. VITUS'S DANCE. ST. GUY'S DANCE.

Mainly seen in the dog and horse. Occurs in subjects debilitated or worn out by disease, as in dogs by distemper. There is no constant structural change in the brain, but the occurrence of the disease as a consequence of exhausting dis�orders and the excess of urea, etc., in the urine, may be taken as implying an altered state of the blood, and of the processes of sanguification.

Symptoms.�Momentary spasms of the voluntary muscles, leading to jerking of one or more limbs, of the head, or of the entire body. This continues without intermission in sleep as in waking, and, by wearing the subject out, increases the disorder. In the horse it occurs mainly in the hind limbs, but will also attack the fore, and temporarily the muscles of the body.

Treatment. � Re-establish health and vigour by abundant nourishment, open air exercise, tonics (sulphate and carbonate of iron, cascarilla, quinia), cold baths, rubbing dry afterwards, and strychnia. Nerve sedatives (chloral-hydrate) may be given to check or moderate the spasms.

VERTIGO. MEGRIMS IN HORSES.

An equine disease characterised by sudden and temporary loss of sensation and voluntary motion, with trembling, and it may be champing of the jaws, but without the general spasms of epilepsy.

Causes. � Brain disorders such as tumours, congestions, effusions, etc., or modified circulation from compression of the jugular veins, or disease of the heart. Plethora is a frequent cause in the young.

Symptoms.�The animal drawing a load, especially uphill, with a tight collar, driven hurriedly in extreme heat, or in a

HHi

250

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strong glare of sunshine or snow, suddenly hangs on the reins, slackens his pace, staggers a little perhaps, and, if not stopped, drops in harness, first, it may be, starting to one side, or rearing up so as to fall back over the driver. If stopped on the first sign of failing, the attack may usually be warded off. If it has taken place, the loosening of the harness and a few minutes' rest will generally bring the animal round, so that he can get on his legs, but he remains nervous and excitable for several days.

Prevention.�Treatment.�In plethoric young horses improve the condition by restricted diet and regular increasing exercise, or turn out to grass for a time. Give an occasional laxative and diuretic. Avoid tight or badly fitting collars or whatever presses on the veins of the neck. Shelter the top of the head from the direct rays of the sun by a sunshade. Wear a wet sponge constantly between the ears when at work. When the premonitory symptoms appear, stop, slacken the collar, cover the eyes, apply cold water or ice to the head and neck; blood may even be drawn from the palate, the temporal artery, or the jugular vein. This should be followed by an active purga�tive (aloes, Glauber salts) and nerve sedatives (chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium). A laxative diet must be kept up for some time or a run at grass allowed.

LOCK-JAW. TRISMUS. TETANUS.

This consists in persistent (tonic) cramps of the voluntary muscles. When confined to those of the face it is trismus or loch-Jaw, when general tetanus.

Causes.�Wounds, especially of unyielding structures, like the foot, the firm fibrous layers covering the limbs, shoulder or croup, or the bones (tail). Wounds implicating large sensory nerves, or enclosing rust, gritty matters, or castrating clamps, or subject to chafing as* between the thighs, are occasional causes. In other cases exposure to cold or wet, or a continual

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dropping on some part of the body is the cause. In still others it appears without any obvious reason, though probably from internal lesions. It is remarkable that it rarely occurs until wounds are well advanced in healing. In lambs it has been observed in connexion with overfeeding of the ewes on trefoil, grain, etc., as well as from exposure.

Symptoms. � General stiffness; hardness of the affected muscles; protrusion of the haw, from the inner angle of the eye, over the ball, becoming more marked if the animal is excited, as by jerking up the head; in the worst cases the head is elevated and carried stiffly, the tail raised and trembling; the legs directed slightly outward like four immovable posts, and in walking are lifted almost without bending; the animal cannot lie down, or if he gets down, rouses the spasms fatally in his struggles to rise; the bowels are always torpid; the breathing is excited, and in bad cases stertorous; and though the spasms never give way they occur in paroxysms, which are easily roused by movement, the presence of strangers, loud talking, banging of doors, rustling of straw, or any other noise or commotion. It usually proves fatal by the cramps of the muscles of the throat (larynx) and chest.

Treatment.�Secure perfect quiet in a dark box, safely locked from curious observers; place slings beneath the patient so that he can stand clear of them or rest in them at will; remove straw or other source of excitement; feed very soft bran mashes or thick gruels, from such a level as does not require any drop�ping of the head to reach them; give a strong dose of purgative medicine (horse, aloes; sheep, ox, sulphate of soda or mag�nesia; swine, dog, castor-oil), following this up by antispas-modics thrice daily (belladonna, prussic acid, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, tobacco, etc.), or these may be given by injection, or chloroform, ether, or nitrite of amyle by inhalation. If it does not excite the animal too much, give a steam bath, or a thorough perspiration with hot rugs, covered with dry ones. The bowels

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must be kept open by small doses of powdered croton seeds or podophyllin mixed with solid extract of belladonna and smeared on the back teeth as often as may be necessary. A bad case will require six weeks to acquire complete ease of movement.

CONVULSIONS. FITS.

Seen most frequently in young dogs and cats during teething, and in bitches at the period of parturition or when reduced by suckling a large litter. In dogs or pigs they are common from indigestion or intestinal worms, and will occur in all animals from disorders in the brain or poisons in the circulation. The symptoms are those of sudden agitating spasms of one or more parts of the body, usually protrusion and redness of the eye�balls, and frothing from the mouth, with complete insensibility. Treatment consists in removing the causes as far as ascertained ; lance inflamed gums; expel worms or irritating matters from stomach and bowels; correct dyspepsia by good feeding, air, exercise, lodging, and by tonics (bitters, iron, etc.) The con�vulsions may be checked by such agents as ether or chloral-hydrate given by inhalation or injection.

SLEEPY STAGGERS. COMA S0MNOLENT�M.

A chronic disease of horses characterised by drowsiness with impaired consciousness and voluntary movement, without fever. It may be associated with pressure on the brain by tumours, soft or bony, but above all by serous effusion. Increase and decrease of the brain, and thickening of its membranes are other occasional concomitants. It appears to be at times connected with deranged blood-forming processes, as in diseases of the right heart, lungs and liver, or with defective elimination, as in kidney disorders.

Symptoms.�Sleepiness, listlessness, want of life and intelli�gence, a stupid demented look in the eye, drooping lids, un�steadiness in the gait, perhaps only seen in turning or backing;

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in worse cases the patient will twist the legs over each other in walking straight, or will even rest the head or haunches on manger or stall. The bowels are torpid. The symptoms are like those of stomach staggers without the abdominal disorder.

The animal may recover so as to work well in.winter, while utterly useless in summer, and this state may last for several years. A complete recovery is rare, and yet it is occasionally seen, everything depending on the structural changes existing. But even in the incurable cases the progress may be retarded by treatment.

Treatment.�In hot weather keep in a cool, well-aired place, or in the open air in the shade. Give soft laxative diet, free access to cold water, and an occasional purgative (sulphate of soda). A course of tonics (iron, nux vomica, gentian), and diuretics (digitalis, iodide of potassium, bromide of potassium), are often useful. Blisters may be applied to the neck or limbs if there seems to be effusion. The correction of any existing disorder in the lungs, liver, or kidneys, will increase the pros�pects of cure; when well enough to use, such horses should wear a breast-strap in place of a collar, and should not be overdone. They should never be used for breeding purposes.

APOPLEXY.

Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary motion from effusion on the brain, and associated with a turgid condition of the blood-vessels of the head and neck.

Causes.�It occurs in plethoric animals during exertion, in those suffering from softening of the brain, the result of plugging of the vessels with fibrinous clots, of concussion, congestion, etc The symptoms are congestion of the head, dulness, heaviness, followed by complete paralysis, sensory and motor, loud stertorous breathing, and dilatation of the pupils.

Treatment.�In the early stages, before the patient is para�lysed, apply cold water or ice to the head, bleed from the

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temporal artery (just behind the eye) or the jugular vein, keep perfectly quiet, and freely open the bowels.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. PHRENITIS. ENCEPHALITIS. CEREBRAL MENINGITIS.

This is seen in all domestic animals, but especially in horses, oxen, and sheep. Among the causes may be mentioned : blows on the head with concussion of the brain or fracture of the cranial bones; plugging of the vessels in the brain by clots formed in diseases elsewhere; infections of the blood with pus or putrid animal fluids; sudden changes of temperature; ex�posure to extreme heat or cold; the over-exertion of plethoric animals; alcoholic poisoning from feeding spoiled products of distilleries; congestion from a tight collar, loss of jugular, or diseased heart; sympathetic nervous disorder from indigestion; the growth of tumours or parasites in the brain; feeding on ergoted grasses or smut.

Symptoms.�If the brain substance alone is involved there is usually dulness, stupor, and palsy, sensory and motor; if the membranes covering the brain, there is more violence, delirium, irregular movements, pawing, stamping, champing the teeth, and partial or general convulsions. In either case there is trembling, elevated temperature, exciting pulse and breathing, heat about the upper part of the head, injected glaring eyes, rolling or set, extreme excitability and violent trembling even when just roused from stupor. The patient will sometimes bore the head against an obstacle, or rest his haunches on any object within reach. The violence is not necessarily continuous, but usually occurs in paroxysms, leaving intervals of stupor and compara�tive quiet. During the paroxysm the subjects may cry : horses neigh, cattle bellow, sheep bleat, pigs squeal and grunt During the periods of stupor the pulse and breathing are usually slow, and this applies also to those cases in which the disease has merged into a condition of vertigo, coma, or paralysis.

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Treatment.�Apply ice or cold water to the head, give injec�tions of turpentine and oil, a strong purgative (horse, aloes and croton; sheep, ox, Glauber salts and croton; pig, croton beans), with chloral-hydrate and ergot; bleed from the temporal artery and jugular vein, and follow up with diuretics and sedatives (nitre, bromide of potassium). The animal should be kept in a cool airy stall. If paralysis follows, treat as for that disease.

INFLAMMATION OF THE SPINAL CORD. MYELITIS. SPINAL MENINGITIS.

The causes are similar to those ol phrenitis. The disease may show itself by paroxysms of convulsions, with exalted temperature, increased circulation, and rapid breathing, finally merging into paralysis; or it may be manifested at once by palsy without previous spasms, but with coldness, and usually dryness, of the paralysed part, though the anterior part of the body may be bathed in perspiration. There may be tenderness on striking the spines in the affected region of the back, and there is great pain and unsteadiness in any attempt at movement even though the patient may be able to stand. There is no redness of the urine as in azotxmia.

Treatment.�Apply cold water or ice to the affected part of the spine; cup or leech, if this can be done; purge as in phrenitis, adding ergot of rye or chloral-hydrate. As improve�ment sets in blister the back (cantharides, mustard, etc.), and give diuretics, chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium, ergot ot rye. Care must be taken to turn the patient often if unable to stand, giving a soft dry bed, and to draw off the water frequently with a catheter unless it is passed spontaneously.

EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. CEREBRO-SPINAL FEVER.

Inflammation of the substance and coverings of the brain and spinal cord in horses, sometimes prevailing widely in stables

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or cities, from some cause acting generally. The true cause is unknown, though, in many cases, debilitating conditions, like unwholesome food or water, overwork, sudden exposure to intense heat or suddenly induced plethora will serve as imme�diate excitants of the morbid process. It is peculiar to no season, but has not been recognised in Europe.

Symptoms.�These are varied according to the case. Some are seized abruptly with cramps of the voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and hind limbs, which soon give place to general palsy�motor and sensory. In other cases the onset is slow. There may be trembling, dulness, and lassi�tude for some hours or days, or there may be some local paralysis, like that of the throat or lips, incapacitating the animal from swallowing liquids, or causing profuse slavering. But sooner or later, in all cases alike, paralysis sets in and the animal is barely able to support itself, or, if worse, lies prostrate on his side with limbs extended and flaccid. If the case is to prove fatal, coma and complete stupor usually precedes death. If recovery ensues, appetite is often preserved throughout, and restoration of the general health precedes the disappearance of the palsy, sometimes by several months. The pulse throughout is little varied, being usually slow and soft at first, and weaker and more rapid as the disease advances. Breathing, at first little affected, becomes deep and stertorous as coma sets in. The surface temperature is cool, and that in the rectum usually natural. The bowels are generally costive and the urine unchanged, and may pass involuntarily. Tenderness of the spine may sometimes be detected by percussion, and will guide to the precise seat of local disease.

Treatment.�The disease is very fatal, though varying much in successive outbreaks. Excepting in cases of complete paralysis and coma the patient should be placed in slings and have what laxative food (bran mashes, roots, etc.) he will take. Cold lotions (nitre and sal-ammoniac) or bags of pounded ice

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and bran should be applied to the spine, and hand-rubbing and mustard or other stimulating embrocations, to the limbs. Copious injections of warm water may be thrown into the rectum, containing in solution aloes or other purgatives. Opium or chloral-hydrate may be given to relieve extreme pain or spasm, but the agents which are especially demanded in the early stages are bromide of potassium and ergot of rye. These may be used as injections, or, still better, subcutaneously, the first in strong solution, the last as ergoiine. When swallowing is perfect they may be administered by the mouth. When the acute symptoms have passed, stimulants (ammonia, ether, alcoholic fluids) and tonics (quinia, cascarilla, boneset, etc.) may be given, and blisters (mustard, Spanish flies) applied along the spine. The remaining palsy must be treated on general principles. (See Paralysis.)

F.NZOOTIC MYELITIS IN SHEEP. TREMBLING. HYDRO-RACHITIS.

The true cause of this affection is unknown, but it has pre�vailed, especially on newly-limed land which has undergone a great temporary increase of fertility. In some parts of Scotland its prevalence is circumscribed by the windings of a river (Tweed) and without any ostensible cause; or it is fatal on one slope (south) of a hill while the opposite escapes; or again it prevails on the richest table-lands. It attacks mainly lambs or sheep under 1J year old and proves very fatal, often destroy�ing the entire offspring of the year.

Symptoms vary somewhat. Many lambs appear paralysed when dropped, either in the hind or fore extremities or both, others are attacked a few days or weeks later. Sometimes the head or entire body is drawn to one side by tonic spasm, in other cases there is spasmodic movement of the limbs in pro�gression (louping-ill). There is usually much apparent stupor and drooping ears, but the patient is easily startled, and in its

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efforts to escape will tumble headlong. A nervous trembling is frequent, and there is tenderness or itching of the loins or croup. Treatment of the lambs would be on the same general prin�ciples as in inflammation of the spinal cord in other animals, but will rarely pay. Prevention is to be sought by keeping breeding ewes and young sheep from newly-limed land; by using none for breeding under two years old, and, by close attention to food, water, and shelter, to secure good health during pregnancy.

PARALYSIS. LOSS OF SENSATION OR VOLUNTARY MOTION.

Loss of voluntary motion is known as Motor paralysis, loss of sensation as Sensory paralysis or Anesthesia. Paralysis is also peripheral when it occurs from injury to the nerves (chilling, tearing, cutting, pressure, inflammation, degeneration, etc.), and central vihzn it arises from injury to the great nerve centres, the brain and spinal cord. Sensory and motor paralysis may exist independently of each other, and loss of sensation on one side of the body may coexist with increased sensitiveness on the other. An injury to one side of the brain usually paralyses sensation or motion on the opposite side of the body. Injury to the lower part of one lateral half of the spinal cord, paralyses motion on the same side of the body behind the lesion; while an injury to the upper part of one lateral half of the cord paralyses sensation on the opposite side behind the hurt, and in a small adjacent part of the same side, while the rest of this side behind the lesion is rendered more sensitive. Space forbids our following further the indications furnished by the nature and seat of the paralysis, as to the probable lesions in the central nervous system; this must be left for a larger work.

GENERAL PARALYSIS.

Paralysis of the face, trunk, and extremities, but without the implication of the muscles of respiration, may-arise from pres-

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sure on the brain, or as a reflex action from distant organs (impacted stomach, constipation, pregnancy, etc.), and may not be incompatible with life. If from section or cutting of the spinal cord in front of the fifth neck-bone (broken neck, pithing), it is promptly fatal by abolishing respiration.

PARAPLEGIA. PALSY OF THE HIND LIMBS.

This is a common form of paralysis resulting from broken back or loins, or it may be reflex from disordered digestion, etc. (in horses, cattle, dogs). It may also occur from tumours or parasites in the spinal cord, from bony swellings the result of sprains, from inflammation and softening of the cord, and from lolium temulentum (darnel), and the newly-ripened seeds of its allies, lolium linicola (flax rye-grass), and lolium perenne (perennial rye-grass). The chick vetch, millet, ergot, and various blood poisons (taurocholic acid, leucin, tyrosin, urea, etc), have a similar action.

HEMIPLEGIA.

This consists in paralysis of one lateral half of the body, to the exclusion of the other, usually as the result of some disorder of one side of the brain or spinal cord. It occurs in all animals, but less frequently than paraplegia.

FACIAL PARALYSIS.

This sometimes occurs from a continuous current of cold air striking on the side of the face, but also from bruises behind the eye and joint of the jaws, by a badly-fitting bridle, a collar, or apparatus commonly used for breachy horses. Cows suffer from similar injuries from stanchions. Finally, it may result from disease of the brain or middle ear.

Other local paralyses, such as of the car, eyelids, lips, tongue, larynx, tail, etc., result from corresponding causes.

Treatment for Paralysis.�Our first object must be to remove

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the cause, whether this consist in digestive, urinary, or uterine disorder, in congestion, inflammation, or pressure on the brain or nerves. When a nerve is cut across, we must wait for its reunion. When the cause is irremovable the paralysis is necessarily incurable. In cases of inflammation we must pro�ceed as advised for inflammation of the brain or spinal cord. Then apply cold douches and friction to the paralysed part, followed by a blister. Blisters may also be applied to the neighbourhood of the nerve centre presiding over the part. In some cases the application of the hot iron lightly is beneficial. A current of electricity directed along the course of the nerve or through the paralyzed muscles may be repeated daily with the best results; or nerve stimulants (nux vomica, strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.) may be given twice daily, commencing with small doses and gradually increasing them until twitching or slight cramps of the muscles are seen; then stop their administration for a few days, and resume with half the former doses. Never continue when the system is affected as shown by muscular jerking. In some cases of local paralysis (retina, etc.) excellent results are obtained from subcutaneous injections of strychnia.

STOMACH STAGGERS AND ACUTE LEAD POISONING.

These are affections commencing with functional stomach and brain disorder, and leading to congestion and inflammation of the great nerve centres, and deserve a special notice.

The stomach staggers of horses and cattle usually arise from eating particular articles of food, such as the different forms of rye grass, millet, vetches, tares, etc., when ripening and not yet cured. A poisonous principle exists, which in the case of the lolium temulentum has been separated as an extract, and administered with fatal effects to horses, cattle, and dogs. It acts by paralyzing the stomach and congesting the brain. Cattle will suffer similarly from the very rich vegetation of

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spring, from the dry irritating fibrous grass mixed with the aftermath, or from a sudden change from soft to hard water.

Symptoms.�The first effect is drowsiness, the horse being sluggish at work, and falling asleep while eating or drinking, or the ox leaving his fellows and lying down with his head on his flank, his eyelids semi-closed, and his pupils dilated. The bowels continue to move, passing indigested matter and wind, the abdomen is full and the seat of frequent rumbling, and the appetite is retained so that the torpid stomach is still further over-distended. This state of things may continue for several days, and is followed by imperfect control over the limbs, hind or fore, so that the subject sways unsteadily in walking, and leans his head on the manger and his quarters on the stall, when in the stable. Sometimes paraplegia is the first sign, drowsiness being absent throughout. The drowsiness in time gives place to restless and involuntary actions, jerking of the head, champing of the jaws, pushing the head against the wall, movements of the limbs, walking in a circle or straight forward regardless of obstacles, springing or dashing violently about, convulsions, etc. These periods of violence or delirium occur in paroxysms, leaving intervals of comparative, though not absolute, quiet and stupor. If not carefully secured the animals often kill themselves during one of these paroxysms. The pulse and breathing are slow at first, but accelerated in the later stages.

Acute Lead-Poisoning in cattle results from eating red or white paint (often the refuse of paint-pots which have lain for years in the soil), sheet lead, spent bullets, etc., or trom drink�ing from dishes which have held sugar of lead, or of soft water that has run through leaden pipes or stood in leaden cisterns. The symptoms are usually indistinguishable from those above described, the preliminary dulness and drowsiness merging into active delirium, with reckless dashing about and violent bellowing.

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Treatment in all cases consists in stopping the ingestion of the poison and carrying off from the bowels any that still remains there. Double the usual amount of purgative medicine must be given, with stimulants, their action favoured by injec�tions, and the brain symptoms kept in check by applying cold water or ice to the head, as well as by bromide of potassium. In lead-poisoning sulphate of magnesia or soda are the appro�priate purgatives, and \ oz. sulphuric acid should also be given in two parts of water to precipitate in an insoluble form any lead that may still be retained. If later there is a suspicion of lead being retained in the system, give iodide of potassium. Should paralysis persist when the active symptoms have passed away, treat that on general principles.

SUN-STROKE.

This is especially common in horses in the hot months and in the large cities, but is seen in cattle and sheep as well, when exposed to the full glare of the sun. Among the causes which co-operate in its production may be mentioned, foul, badly-aired stables, tight collars or girths, overwork in hot weather, heavy milking in cows, obesity, poor, unwholesome food, and indeed any health-deteriorating condition. Horses are usually attacked while being speeded, or at heavy draught work, in a collar, and exposed to the direct and reflected rays of the sun, as in a valley, on a hillside, or in the streets of a city.

Symptoms.�Sometimes without any observed premonitory sign the horse will suddenly stop in harness, droop his head, prop himself out on all four limbs, pant violently, fall, and after some convulsive movements, die in a state of coma, marked by stertorous breathing. In other cases the attack is slower, the horse flags in gait, responds very imperfectly, if at all, when urged, hangs on the bit, may perspire freely, or have a dry burning surface, and becomes unsteady on his limbs. If still urged he falls, but if allowed will stand withquot; legs extended,

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head low and stretched out, nostrils dilated, superficial veins distended, eyes protruded and red, pupils contracted, breathing rapid and wheezing or deep and stertorous, the pulse quick and weak, and the heartbeats tumultuous. This is followed by prostration, a state of unconsciousness, palsy or convulsions and death. If recovery ensues it is followed by dulness, un�certain movements of the limbs, drowsiness, or other signs of brain disease.

Treatment.�Douche the head and neck with cold water, and make the same application to the whole body, unless the weak�ness of the patient forbids this. Throw stimulating injections into the rectum (ammonia or oil of turpentine and oil. If the con�vulsions are aggravated by the douche use injections of chloral-hydrate instead. Apply frictions and mustard embrocations to the limbs and the sides of the neck, especially when uncon�sciousness and coma come on. Improvement may be expected when the pupils dilate, and above all when consciousness returns. A failing pulse should be met with stimulants by the mouth and rectum. To prevent sun-stroke much may be done by keeping in vigorous health, avoiding ill-aired stables, using breast-straps in place of collars, and wearing a sunshade and a small wet sponge on the top of the head.

parasites in the brain. See Farasites.

CHAPTER XV.

SKIN DISEASES.

Classification. General Causes and Treatment. Congestion of the skin, Chafing, Chilling, Irritants, Sun's Rays. Congestion with Pimples, Papules. Inflammation with Blisters, Vesicles. Inflammation with Pustules. Inflam�mation of Horses' Heels, Swelled Legs, Cracked Heels, Grease, Grapes, Scratches. Inflammation of the Skin with Nodular Swellings, Tubercles, Surfeit, Urticaria. Scaly Skin Disease, Pityriasis, Mallenders, Sallenders, Scratches. Boils, Furuncles. Nervous Irritation of the Skin, Neurosis, Prurigo. Warts. Callosities, Black-pigment Tumours. Epithelial Cancer. Parasitic Skin Diseases. Common Ringworm. Tinea Tonsurans. Honey�comb Ringworm, Favus. Diffuse Baldness, Tinea Decalvans, Parasitic Pityriasis. Parasitic Grease. Contagious Foot-rot. Mange. Scab. Itch. Scabies, Acariasis. Ticks. Ixodes. Warbles, Larva of the Gadfly. Attacks of Flies, Maggots. Sheep-tick. Melophagus Ovinus. Fleas. Lice. Ery�sipelas. Wounds�cut, punctured, bruised, torn, poisoned. Burns. Scalds.

Skin Diseases will be considered under the following heads :

r. Diseases due to general causes, and embracing all the grades of inflammatory action :�Congestion�a red pointed eruption (papules)�a similar eruption with minute blisters (vesicles)� the formation of larger hemispherical blisters (bullse) � the formation of pus in these vesicles (pustules)�the formation of round nodular transient swellings (tubercles) � the excessive production of scales or dandruff (squamous)�pustules with circumscribed sloughing of the deeper layers of the skin (boils).

2.nbsp; nbsp;Diseases manifested by deranged sensation�Neurosis.

3.nbsp; nbsp;Diseased growths�warts�callosities�epithelial cancer, etc.

4.nbsp; nbsp;Parasitic diseases�vegetable and animal. -

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5.nbsp; nbsp;Diseases conneded with a specific poison�different forms of variola (pox) � measles�scarlatina � erysipelas � malignant pustule, etc.

6.nbsp; nbsp; Wounds. Burns. Scalds.

General causes.�These are exceedingly varied. Many cases are the result of simple local irritation, as chafing, radiating heat, cold and wet, chemical and mechanical irritants, or the presence on the skin of parasitic plants or animals. A large class is due, however, to disorders of internal organs with which the skin is in sympathy, or that have failed to transform or throw off elements that prove cutaneous irritants by their presence in the blood, or when being excreted abnormally through the skin. Disorder of the liver, stomach, bowels, kidneys, and lungs, are especially apt to act in this way. Sometimes skin disease is a mere symptom of general ill-health.

General treatment.�The first object is to discover and remove the cause; then if the disease is of an inflammatory nature and acute, soothing agents may be applied to the irritated skin�fomentations with tepid water, oxide of zinc powder or ointment, starch, lycopodium, spermaceti and almond-oil, solutions of sugar ot lead, sulphate of zinc, or carbolic acid, collodion, etc. Give internally cooling laxatives (sulphate of soda, tartrates or citrates of soda or potash), and diuretics (acetate of potassa or ammonia, carbonate of potassa or soda). In weak states tonics are often wanted, whereas in plethoric subjects depletion is equally essential. A cool, clean, airy stable and cleanliness of the skin are all-important.

If the disease is not so recent or the acute symptoms have been subdued, a more stimulating class of local applications are in order : ointments of iodine, sulphur, mercury, nitrate of mercury, tar, oil of tar, oil of turpentine, oil of cade, etc., may be used. Supersedents, too, may be given internally : sulphur, antimony, arsenic, mercury, Dunovan's solution, are examples.

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CONGESTION OF THE SKIN.

Simple redness, beat, and tenderness with no dark colour or eruption. This may coexist with all the different forms of inflammatory eruption according to the degree of irritation at different points.

It occurs: From chafing, in the axilla, between the thighs, in the heels or under the harness in hot weather; from chills after being wet, in the heels of horses and on the teats of cows exposed to wet in winter; from hardened mud in the space between the hoofs in cattle, sheep, and pigs; and from the sutis rays in white-faced or white-limbed animals.

Treatment.�If the surface is only tender, wash clean, and apply a solution of table salt, sugar of lead (| oz. to i qt), or a little camphorated spirit. If the surface is abraded (raw) use bland powders (oxide of zinc, starch, lycopodium), wool, collodion, glycerine i oz., aloes 20 grs., or, if it can be kept covered, sulphurous acid solution and glycerine (equal parts), laxatives, diuretics, or tonics must be used according to the indications. It is all-important to avoid further irritation. Light, well-fitting harness must be used, and the stuffing taken out and the part beaten down where necessary, to avoid pres�sure on a sore. Zinc fittings to the top of the collar are often very serviceable. So too, must exposure of affected heels to damp or mud, and the wetting of teats in milking, be carefully avoided.

CONGESTION WITH SMALL CONICAL PIMPLES. PAPULES.

In this case there is an eruption of finely-pointed pimples without any watery exudation or blister. It is usually itchy and even painful, and by reason of rubbing may go on to exudation with great thickening of the skin, bleeding, scabs, and open sores. Horses, especially, suffer in spring and autumn at the time of shedding the coat, the eruption often confining itself to the neck, shoulders, and limbs. On turning back the hair on

SKIN DISEASES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;267

parts which are itchy or sore, but that have not suffered from rubbing, the nature of the eruption will be seen, especially if a slightly magnifying glass be used. The affection usually gives way readily under the use of weak alkaline washes (carbonate of soda 1 dr., water 1 pint), or soap-suds, a restricted laxative diet and gentle laxatives.

INFLAMMATION WITH VESICLES.

In this form of skin disease papules are crowned with little blisters, so small and pointed as to require a magnifying glass to make them out distinctly (eczema), or as large as a small pea and rounded (herpes, bullae). These forms are common in horses and dogs, and to a less extent in ruminants, especially in connexion with disorders of digestion. Highly stimulating food, clipping, and hot weather are particularly favourable to their development. Boiled food, diseased potatoes, green food, or any change of diet may cause them. One form of this affec�tion is induced by a too extensive use of mercury to the skin. Cattle suffer from eating the refuse of distilleries and gardens, garbage from kitchens, etc.; sheep are attacked after exposure to cold rains. Old horses suffer from an inveterate form in connexion with bad food and want of grooming and wholesome stabling. In dogs, too, it becomes inveterate and chronic, the whole skin being denuded of hair and of a bright scarlet, with the characteristic eruption mixed with cracks, sores, and scabs (red mange). In the milder forms, dogs suffer mainly inside the thighs or on the scrotum; horses suffer under the harness and especially at the root of the mane and under the saddle, but the eruption may spread over the whole body; cattle suffer on the limbs, especially the hind, but not exclusively so.

The other eruptions are often mingled with the vesicles, the hairs become bristly, and as the skin is broken by rubbing, a bloody or straw-coloured exudation concretes in scabs and mats the hair together, while elsewhere extensive raw sores appear.

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Tff� FARM DOCTOR.

Treatment.�Give a saline or oleaginous laxative, and follow up with acetate of potassa or other alkaline agents in the drinking water. If there are signs of disordered liver give small doses of podophyllin to keep the bowels slightly relaxed; if debility, bitter tonics. A restricted non-stimulating diet (herbivora, mashes, roots, etc. ; carnivora, bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, etc.), pure air, cleanliness, and skin washes of carbonate of soda or potassa containing a few drops of carbolic acid will prove valuable. In dogs this last agent should be omitted.

In all forms of chronic and inveterate eczema the scabs should be soaked in oil for a few hours and removed by washing, after which more stimulating applications may be resorted to :�Ointments of sulphur, iodine, iodide of sulphur, sulphuret of potassium, mercury, nitrate of mercury, etc., with or without alkalies. In some cases a few drops of oil of vitriol in a quart of water will much relieve the itching and pain. In others the same end must be sought by adding prussic acid or cyanide of potassium in small amount, great care being taken to prevent the patient from licking it. Internally, use supersedents �arsenic, with or without iodide and bromide of potassium; or small doses of Dunovan's solution may be resorted to in bad cases.

INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES.

This differs from vesicles in this, that the elevations on the skin have the scarfskin raised by the formation below it of a white, purulent matter, in place of clear liquid. The prominent forms are those with large pustules (ecthyma), and those with small (impetigo). The hair stands erect, and scabs form on the surface covering the sores, especially after rubbing. Even if not rubbed they dry up in scabs which soon fall off.

Horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane, on the neck, the rump, and on the lips and face, especially if white; cattle and sheep, especially the young, are attacked on the lips and

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other delicate parts of the skin (vulva, etc), and pigs and dogs on any part of the body.

Causes.�It is often chargeable on some disorder of digestion as the result of unwholesome food or a sudden change of food, as from dry to green, or from one kind of pasturage to another. In young animals (foals, calves, lambs, kids, pigs), it appears to be an occasional result of heated or otherwise unwholesome milk. Vetches affected with honey-dew have produced it in white horses or in white spots of those of other colours; and buckwheat has affected white sheep, pigs, goats, etc., in the same way. It may, however, arise from habitual exposure to cold and wet, local irritation, as from rubbing, etc, or from disorder of other internal organs.

Treatment consists in softening the crusts with oil, washing them off with soapsuds, and applying soothing or gently astrin�gent agents to the part (spermaceti and olive-oil, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment, lime-water, sugar of lead lotions, etc.) When it attacks the root of the mane cut off the hair, and if the pain is excessive foment or poultice until the eruption comes to a head, when some of the above agents may be applied. When the pustules have burst and show little tendency to healing, this may often be hastened by touching the sores with a pointed stick of lunar caustic, or a weak solution ot this agent (2 grs. to 1 oz. water) may be lightly painted over the part. The internal treatment consists in the administration of laxatives followed by bitters (gentian, quassia, boneset, cas-carilla, willow bark, etc), and diuretics. In obstinate or long�standing cases the same treatment may be followed as in chronic eczema.

INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS IN HORSES. GREASE.

The skin in the region of the heel is so vascular and so abundantly provided with oil-glands, and is so frequently exposed to irritants, wet, cold, mud, filth, etc., that a special

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notice of its inflammatory condition seems demanded. The causes are a lymphatic constitution, with a tendency to stocking of the legs; a weak circulation, diseased heart, liver, or kidneys, with swelled legs; washing the heels with caustic soap; leaving them wet and muddy when put in the stall; currents of cool air striking on the heels ; irritant fumes from accumulated dung and urine; soaking of the heels in putrid pools in the straw-yard ; standing in snow, or in the slush of melting snow; and besides, any of the constitutional causes of other skin diseases. To these might be added horse-pox, foot-mange, and an eruption associated with a vegetable parasite, but we must leave these to be considered with specific and parasitic diseases.

Symptoms.�We find all grades of inflammation in the heel; ist. Simple swelling with dry heat, tenderness, and great lame�ness from inability to stretch the skin and bring the heel to the ground; 2d. Transverse cracks or chaps more or less extensive; 3^. A pinkish-white foetid discharge from the surface, with oftentimes some moderation of the lameness; 4th. The erup�tion of pustules of variable size; $th. The formation of fungous growths (grapes), over the affected surface, of a size from a pea to a cherry, red, angry, and covered with a fcetid discharge. This last form often invades the frog, constituting canker. The same occurs in sheep as the result of long continued irritation to the skin of the coronet, and is the worst form of non-con�tagious foot-rot; 6th. A sixth form of the affection {scratches) is much more common in light American horse, exposed in the deep mud of spring, and consists in minute excoriations, becoming covered with thin scabs which remain tender and troublesome for an indefinite length of time.

Treatment. � The prime essential is to avoid the cause, whether exposure to filth, cold, wet, local irritants, low con�dition, or disorder of some internal organ or function. If the inflammation runs high a cooling laxative (Glauber salts, aloes) and mild diuretics (nitre, iodide of potassium) should be given.

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unless contra-indicated by low condition or debility. Tonics (iodide of iron) should be conjoined with gentle diuretics for weak patients, and the food should be cooling (in part green or roots). Gentle pressure from a bandage evenly applied from the foot up, is beneficial.

In simple inflammation, without eruption or discharge, apply cloths wet with a weak solution of sugar of lead or other astrin�gent, and in winter cover these with a dry bandage to prevent freezing. Or a poultice may be applied with a little sugar of lead lotion on the surface.

When cracks have appeared, apply a similar lotion with the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid or grains of chloral-hydrate (enough to give it an odour); or sulphurous acid solution, water and glycerine in equal proportions, covering promptly and perfectly with a bandage; or, glycerine and aloes, etc

In case of discharge or pustules the lotion may be made with chloride of zinc or lime in place of sugar of lead, or finely powdered charcoal may be sprinkled over the poultice; carbolic acid or chloral will be equally in place.

When fungous growths appear more active measures are demanded. Strong carbolic acid may be applied to them individually, or better, pledgets of tow, saturated with tincture of the muriate of iron, should be bound on by a tight bandage extending from the hoof up. Or the growths may be snipped off with scissors, and the muriate of iron applied; or they may be individually strangled by a stout thread tied round their necks, or cut off with the sharp edge of a red-hot blacksmith's shovel, a cool one being held beneath to protect the skin. Then apply any one of the antiseptics above mentioned.

Scratches are among the most obstinate forms of the affection, because not severe enough to demand the seclusion of the horse from wet, mud, and snow. In feeding the subjects of this affection avoid all buckwheat, maize, or other heating

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agents, and if it proves obstinate resort to the various internal remedies advised for chronic eczema. Locally use benzoated oxide of zinc; glycerine and aloes; camphorated spirit and chloral; the same with a few drops of tincture of chloride of iron, etc. When irritation subsides and the scales drop off, leaving a healthy-looking surface, smear with a bland ointment (spermaceti and almond-oil).

CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION WITH NODULAR SWELLINGS. TUBERCLES.

The most remarkable example of this is what is known to horsemen as surfeit, by veterinarians as urticaria. It occurs in spring and autumn in horses, cattle, and pigs, and is at once connected with moulting and sudden changes of food or of weather. With some fever, there appear on different parts of the body swellings varying in size from a pea to a walnut, and often running together so as to form extensive patches, which will close the nostrils, eyelids, or lips, and put a stop to feeding, or even threaten suffocation. There is little pain or tenderness, and the swellings are very transient, appearing and disappearing on different parts at short intervals.

Treatment consists in clearing out the bowels by a purgative (horse, aloes; ox, salts; pig, oil or jalap), and following this up with bitters (gentian, etc.), and diuretics (nitre, carbonates of soda, and potassa).

SCALY SKIN AFFECTIONS. PITYRIASIS.

These are exemplified in the scurfy, scaly affections which appear in the bend of the knee (mallenders) and hock (sallen-ders), and on the lower part of the limbs, by scratches, and by a scaly exfoliation and shedding of hair of the mane and face of old horses and of different parts of the body in cattle. Some of these, like mallenders, sallenders, and scratches, may commence as papules or vesicles, while the scaly affection of the face is

SK/N DISEASES.

²73

often connected with a vegetable growth, but this form is dis�tinguished by extreme tenacity, and a gradual progress from its point of origin; that which is dependent on consitutional causes is more diffused. They depend on the general causes of skin diseases:�heating, unsuitable diet, sudden changes, imperfect grooming, heats of summer, disorders of the lungs, bowels, liver, or kidneys, on oxalic acid in the blood, and some constitutional causes. Beside the scurfiness and loss of hair, the itching is often so extreme as to render the subject almost unmanageable, and useless for work.

Treatment.�A moderate laxative diet, consisting in part of roots (carrots and turnips), the free administration of alkalies (carbonate of potassa or soda, etc.), and if still inveterate, a prolonged course of arsenic will be requisite. Locally use mercurial ointment, or, if extensive, sulphur or tar ointment, etc.

BOILS. FURUNCLES.

These are too well known to need description. They con�sist in circumscribed inflammation of the deep layers of the skin, with pustule and sloughing of a limited part of the fibrous tissue. They are not uncommon on the legs of horses, and if a number appear in succession, are a source of great trouble

Treatment.�While still a simple inflamed nodule they may often be arrested by incising crucially with a sharp knife and applying cold water bandages. Or apply a poultice or thick wet cloth to bring quickly to a head. If the resulting sore is indolent or unhealthy, touch with nitrate of silver. The free internal use of alkalies (carbonate of soda) sometimes checks their production.

NERVOUS IRRITATION OF THE SKIN. NEUROSIS. PRURIGO.

This is often seen in horses that are overfed on grain (especially the more stimulating varieties) and hay, and that

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have close, unwholesome stables. Hot weather is also a cause. Though occasionally associated with pimples or even vesicles, the irritation is found to be equally severe on parts devoid of eruption, yet the integument tends to become thickened and rigid as the disease persists. The irritation may be slight or so severe that the harness cannot be kept on. It must not be confounded with rubbing of the tail from pin-worms.

Treatment.�Purge, put on restricted diet, with roots, wash the skin with soap and water, and apply water slightly soured with oil of vitriol. If this, with carbonate of soda internally, fails to cure, a long course of arsenic is demanded.

WARTS. CALLOSITIES. CANCER. BLACK PIGMENT TUMOURS.

Warts are to be removed by scissors and the part burned with some caustic (lunar caustic if near the eye, butter of anti�mony, blue-stone, chloride of zinc, etc., elsewhere). Or they may be destroyed by tying a thread tightly round the neck of each, or by the use of the hot iron.

Callosities are common under the saddle (sitfasts). A cir�cumscribed portion of skin, the seat of a former chafe, has become thickened and indurated to almost horny consistency. The skin around the edges is inflamed, raw, and angry. It can usually be loosened by a poultice, so as to be easily removed by a sharp knife, after which it is to be treated as a common sore.

Black Pigment Tumours (Melanosis) are exceedingly com�mon in gray and white horses, attacking the black parts of the skin (anus, vulva, udder, sheath, lips, eyelids, etc.), and though sometimes cancerous, are often quite harmless, and should always be removed with the knife.

Epithelial Cancer is not common in the lower animals, but is seen in the lips of horses and cats. Here again the knife is the best remedy.

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PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. COMMON RINGWORM. TINEA TONSURANS.

This is common in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats, as well as in man, and is readily transmitted from one to the other. It is especially common in winter or spring, and occurs as round bald spots on the face or elsewhere, covered with white scales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, broken hairs, or split hairs with scabs around the roots and some eruption on the skin. Soon this ring of broken hairs is shed and a wider bristly ring is formed. Among the naked eye characters the breaking and splitting of hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the

Fig. 42.�Hairs with spores of Trichophyton Tonsurans. From the Horse.�Megnik.

central part are the most significant Chloroform bleaches tlv; affected hairs, while the sound ones are unaffected. The microscopic appearances are the presence in the hairs and hair follicles of a vegetable parasite (trichophyton tonsurans).

Treatment.�Shave the hairs from the affected part, or better, pull them out with a pair of pincers, and paint with tincture of iodine, or a solution of corrosive sublimate (40 grains to 1 pt. of water), or of bisulphite of soda (J oz. to 1 pt).

HONEY-COMB RINGWORM. FAVUS.

Common in cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits, and chickens, as well as in children (scald-head). It shows the same general appearance of baldness advancing from a centre, which is described above, but a cup-shaped yellowish scab results, which has obtained for it the name. The parasite (Achorion Sch�t�eini) appears to be

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but another form of the fungus of ringworm affected by its con�ditions of growth, and especially by the weak or unhealthy condition of the host Treat as for common ringworm.

Fig. 4-5.�Hair with spores of Achorion Schonleini. From the horbe.�Megnin.

DIFFUSE BALDNESS (TINEA DECALVANS). PARASITIC PITYRIASIS.

Two other forms are seen in the horse, one attacking any part of the body, and recognized by the agglutination of five or six hairs together in a white crust, and the other attacking the heads of old horses, and characterized mainly by the scurvy product. Both are exceedingly inveterate, though not attended with excessive itching, and demand the persistent use of tincture of iodine or corrosive sublimate lotions in order to effect a cure.

F-t. ₄₄.__Microsporon Adouiiii from Parasitic Pityriasis in the horse.�

Megnin.

In all those cases the harness, brushes, combs, and wood�work must be washed with a solution of caustic potassa or soda, and then wet with iodine ointment or a solution of corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment may be fruitless. Horse blankets should be boiled for a length of time.

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PARASITIC GREASE. CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT IN SHEEP.

In inflammation of the horse's heel, attended with tungus-like- growths (grapes), a vegetable growth is often present and seems to be a main cause of the disease. The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the same appearance of the skin, and is presumably due to a similar parasite. With or without an abrasion, the matter from a diseased foot produces in the healthy one swelling, excoriation, and fungous growths round the top of the hoof, as well as an excessive growth, softening and loss of cohesion of the horny elements below.

Fig. 45.�Oidium Batracosis from Parasitic Grease.�Megnin.

Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface, and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the horn to the quick and apply tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, butter of antimony, solution of blue-stone or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly, and repeat the dressing daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully removed, and means taken to prevent irritation from dried mud, etc.

MANGE. SCAB. ITCH. SCABIES. ACARIASIS.

These names among others are given to diseases of the skin caused by acari. Of parasitic acari there are three principal species: Sarcoptes, which burrow in canals in the scarlskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and dermatophagus and der-matocoptis, which live on the surface or among the scabs, and

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Fig. 51.

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Fi^. 46.�Sarcoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 47.�Dermatophagus Eqiii. Female. Fig. 48.�Dermatocoptes Equi. Female. Fig. 49.�Dermanyssus. (Hen louse.) Fig. 50.�Gamasus of Fodder. Fig. 51. Demodex.

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are more easily disposed of. Another species�demodex�in�habits the sebaceous glands of the skin in sheep and dog, and causes much irritation with acne like eruption. Among acari occasionally parasitic may be mentioned :�-The dermanyssus (misnamed hen louse), the gamasus of musty hay, and the leptits (misnamed jigger in the Western States of America), all, except�ing the last, living on the surface and easily discovered. Lastly, a tyroglyph is accidentally parasitic on all domestic animals.

Of the sarcoptes there is one species lives on the horse, which will temporarily inhabit the skin of man; a second is peculiar to the goat; a third is common to dogs and swine; a fourth to cats and rabbits ; and a fifth to chickens, horses and foxes.

One species of dermatophagus lives on the heels and legs of horses, another on the tail, neck, etc., of cattle, and a third on the pastern, limbs, and less frequently the trunk of sheep.

Of dermatocoptes there is also a particular species for each of these animals�horse, ox, and sheep�though usually con�founded with each other. These are the most common causes of mange, and from their non-burrowing habits are most easily disposed of.

Accessory causes.�Though the reception of the acarus is the one essential cause of mange, yet others conduce to its speedy diffusion�as poor condition, filth, and warm seasons. Some acari, like the dermatophagi, may even seem to suspend opera�tions in winter, and cause little or no trouble until the following spring.

Symptoms.�We must state these in general terms, throwing the whole class into one group. There is intense uncontrollable itching, aggravated by hot weather or buildings, and by per�spiration. If the affected part is scratched the animal shows his gratification by moving his body as if rubbing, and especially (in horses) by a nibbling movement of the lips. In sheep the wool is torn off, and white tufts hang on the dark surface of the fleece. The skin is thickened and rendered rigid by exudation

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into its substance, as well as by the accumulation of crusts on the surface. In fine skins, like that of the sheep, there is a distinct papular eruption, and in all there are excoriations and even deep sores and ulcers from the incessant and desperate rubbing. The bare patches are less absolutely so than in ring�worm, for hairs still adhere at intervals, and though the hairs may be broken they show less brittleness or tendency to split up. But the one reliable sign is the presence of the acarus, which may often be recognised by the naked eye when a little of the scurf is placed on a plate of glass and closely watched. The scabs will be seen to move, and a little observation will enable one to detect the almost invisible insect. A low magni�fying power is a great help. To find the sarcopUs it may be necessary to expose the skin to the warm rays of the sun, to detach a crust and tie it for twelve hours on the skin of the arm, when the acarus will be found in the centre of a pale red papule and may be removed with a needle.

The dermanyssus may not be found on the skin unless the subject is examined in the stable at night. They are large and easily detected when bright crimson, from being gorged with blood. There is always the suspicious proximity of chickens or their dung, the latter swarming with gray acari.

The demodex living in the hair follicles of dogs, causes loss of hair and prominent red nodules (acne), while the sebaceous matter squeezed from the follicles contain specimens of the acarus.

The sanoptes of chickens attacks the comb, wattles, and feet, causing great irritation.

Treatment is local, though nourishing food, cool clear air, clean dry buildings, and the avoidance of crowding or exertion are important auxiliaries. By soap-suds, preceded if necessary by oil, break up and remove the scabs and crusts; then apply thoroughly with a brush, oil of tar 1 oz., whale-oil 20 ozs., or \ lb. each of tar and sulphur, and 1 lb. each of soap and

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281

alcohol. For sheep with heavy fleeces baths are very efficient. The following example will neither stain the wool nor materially endanger the sheep. Tobacco 16 lbs., oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50 gallons : boil the tobacco and dissolve the other agents in a few gallons of boiling water, then add water to make up to 50 gallons, retaining a tempera�ture of about 70deg; Fahr. This will suffice for 50 sheep. Each sheep is kept in the bath three minutes, two men meanwhile breaking up the scabs and working the liquid into all parts of the skin. When taken out he is laid on a sloping drainer, and the liquid squeezed out of the wool and allowed to flow back

Fig. 52.�Ox-Tick.�Vrrkill.

into the bath. A second and even a third bath may be necessary in inveterate cases. For newly-shorn sheep oily applications are better, being less liable to be washed off by rains. One part of oil of tar to 40 parts castor-oil or lard will usually suffice, but sulphur maybe added if desired. The com�mon use of mineral poisons, and especially the compounds of mercury for sheep dips, must be strongly deprecated.

In all cases an essential part of the treatment is to dress with similar agents, or with a strong solution of caustic potassa, all harness, brushes, combs, and wood-work, and to subject blankets to prolonged boiling. In pastures, dress every rubbing post, tree, stump, stone, or wooden fence, or change the field.

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TICKS. IXODES.

These are common on stock in some parts of the country, and may be picked off or dressings applied as for acari.

LARVA OF GADFLY. WARBLES.

These may be found in little rounded tumours the size of hazel-nuts, on the backs of cattle in winter and spring, each tumour having a hole in the centre through which the grub may be seen or extracted. A second species attacks sheep as well as cattle, while a number of others in different countries, but especially in the tropics, live in the skin of man and a variety of animals. Where gadflies abound, animals are greatly

Fig. S3.--CEstrus Bovis.

Gadfly of Ox.�Clark.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Fig. 54�Larva of same. Warble.

terrified and injured by their attacks. The best treatment is to examine all cattle in spring and squeeze out and destroy the grubs found in their backs, enlarging the openings with a knife when necessary. This cuts off the supply of flies for the coming year, and a universal practice of this might be expected to kill them out.

ATTACKS OF FLIES (dIPTERA). MAGGOTS.

The attacks of flies are often very troublesome and even fatal to stock. Many agents, such as oil, infusions of walnut leaves, rue, or wormwood, are used to drive them off, but with only partial success. To protect the heads of sheep a mixture of camphor, turpentine, and asafoetida is very effectual.

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Sheep suffer much in some localities from the larva of the blowfly, laid on any damp or dirty part of the skin, as en the tails and thighs when scouring. In such neighbourhoods the existence during summer or autumn of a dark wet spot on the skin, of a white tuft of wool, or of wriggling of the tail will de�mand immediate attention.

Treatment.�Clip off the wool and filth, pick off all maggots and apply oil of turpentine or of tar 5 oz., camphor 1 dr., asafcetida -| dr. ; dilute carbolic acid or kerosene may be used in the absence of anything else. To prevent the attacks use the sheep dip advised for scab, or cut off the dirty wool and apply carbolic acid 1 part, water 50 parts.

SHEEP-TICK. HIPPOBOSCA (mELOPHAGUS) OVINA.

This is a dipterous insect degraded by the non-development of its wings. It is best met by the dips advised for scab. It is

Fig. 53.�Sheep-Tick with egg. Magnified.

especially important to dip lambs, after affected ewes have been shorn, as the insects migrate to the young, where they find more wool to shelter them.

FLEAS.

These, like the hippoboscidae, are wingless diptera. We have a variety each for the dog, cat, hen, and dove, and in tropical America the pulex penetrans or Chigoe which burrows under the skin, and there lays its eggs to be hatched out in the flesh. Persian insect powder is one of the best agents to dust

284

rģ fAXAf DOCTOX.

over the animals, as well as over carpets, rugs, etc., on which they have lain; or wash with the yolks of eggs and a teaspoon-ful of oil of turpentine to each egg ; or a mixture of an ounce of oil of anise-seed and ten ounces olive-oil may be rubbed over the body and washed off with soap six hours later. Sprinkle

Fig. 56.�Cat Flea. Enlarged.�Verrilu

the soil where the animals roll with quicklime, carbolic acid or petroleum; deluge kennels and roosts with boiling water, and afterwards paint the cracks with oil of turpentine ; dip mats or rugs in boiling water, and litter the buildings with fresh pine shavings.

LICE.

These are degraded wingless hemipterous insects. There are two kinds: blood-suckers {hamatopimts), with narrow head and long trunk-like sucking tube; and bird-lice {trichodedes), with very large, broad head, and no sucking tube, but biting jaws.

Of the blood-suckers there is one species each for:�horse and ass; horse and ox j ox; goat; swine, and dog, and ferret.

Of bird-lice there is a species each for:�horse and ass ; ox and ass; sheep; goat; dog; cat; duck and goose; two for the peacock; three for the turkey; four for the pigeon; and five for the hen.

SKIN DISEASES.

28?

Fig. 57.

F:a. 58.

Fig. 59.

Fig. 6o.

Fig. 6i.

Fig. 6a.

Fig. 57.�Ha�matopinus of ITors3 and Ass. Fisj. 55.�Hasmatopinus of Ox. Fig. 59.�Haematopinus ot Calf. Fig. 60.�Haematopimis of Dog. Fig. 61.�Hasmatopinus of Pig. Fig. 62.�Trichodectes of Horse.

They may be safely treated by sprinkling with powdered wood ashes or by rubbing with sulphur ointment or whale-oil, with water saturated with petroleum or kerosene, or with a solution ot sulphuret of potassium or lime (4 oz. to 1 gall, water). Clean the buildings, clothes, etc., as for fleas.

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Fig. 33.

Fig. 64.

Fig. 65.

Fig. 66.

Fig. 63.�Trichodectes of Ox. Fig. 64.�Trichodectes of Sheep. Fig. 65.� Trichodectes of Dog. Fig. 66.�Goniodes Stylifer of the Turkey.

ERYSIPELAS.

A specific, diffuse, spreading inflammation of the skin, often involving the loose connective tissue beneath, and sometimes the internal organs, associated with fever, an unhealthy state of the blood, and usually a poison by which it may be communi�cated to another animal with broken skin.

Causes.�An unhealthy (septic, etc.) condition of the atmos�phere, the presence of impurities in the blood, from foul air or food, plethora, exhausting work, debilitating diseases, disorders of the liver, kidneys, or other blood-forming or purifying organ,

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or the absorption of putrid matters from a sore or other diseased surface. Sheep, horses, and swine fed on green or even harvested buckwheat are liable, and all animals kept in close, filthy, unhealthy places, or in the vicinity of accumula�tions of decomposing animal and vegetable matters. Sudden suppression of an habitual discharge, heating food, and new grain and forage are occasional causes. But probably all of these do little more than lay the system open to the attack which would otherwise be escaped. More direct or exciting causes we find in local irritation,�as exposure to a hot sun (newly-shorn sheep), chafing inside the elbows or thighs, the presence of rancid fats on the skin, injuries from the harness, bites of insects, etc., burns, scalds, wounds, dropsies of the limbs, and, above all, the keeping of patients with open sores where there is excessive emanation from decomposing organic (especially animal) matter, or the dressing of erysipelatous and healthy sores with the same sponges.

Symptoms.�There is usually a preliminary fever, loss of spirit and appetite, heat of the skin, accelerated pulse and breathing, constipation, high-coloured, scanty urine, and eleva�tion of the temperature of the rectum, soon followed by a diffuse, hot, tender, shining, itching swelling, spreading from a wound or other seat of irritation, or even on a previously healthy skin. In white skins the redness is very deep, the shade being darker according to the gravity of the case, and disappearing under the pressure of the finger only to reappear quickly on its removal. The swelling will be greater, according as the inflammation involves the skin only, extends to the con�nective tissue beneath (phlegmonous), or is complicated by a liquid exudation (cedematous). It shows a tendency to wide and rapid diffusion over the skin, its advancing border being always abruptly elevated from the healthy integument, though at points where it is recovering it may subside gradually and insensibly to the healthy surface. The inflamed skin is tense

v-r

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and smooth, but pits on pressure, and often presents vesicles on its surface. After a few days the swelling and redness may diminish, and the blisters dry up into scales, which drop off, leaving a dark red tender surface; or cracks may form with a sluggish, unhealthy action, and little tendency to heal. When matter forms it is liable to be diffused without any limiting membrane as in an ordinary abscess, and to lead to extensive death and sloughing of the skin and subjacent structures, or to absorption of pus and its deposit in internal organs, with fatal results.

In horses it is seen mainly about the head, chest, belly, and hind limbs, and is especially liable to prove cedematous. It is distinguished from Anthrax and Purpicra Hczmorrhagica by the presence of the wound or sore, by the low inflammatory character of the swelling, by the greater tendency to suppura�tion, and the implication of the adjacent lymphatic glands.

Cattle suffer especially about the head, but also on other parts of the body. Sheep suffer mainly about the head, but often and more severely about the udder, belly, and inner side of the thigh or arm, and it may be elsewhere.

Swine are mainly attacked about the head and neck, and less frequently on the inner side of the limbs, the chest or belly.

Treatment.�Open the bowels freely (horse, ox, and sheep, Glauber salts; swine and dog, castor-oil), following it up by frequent and full doses of tincture of muriate of iron and a nourishing, easily digested diet. In case of much weakness or with very low fever use stimulants, alcoholic or ammoniacal as they may be demanded, but never if they cause dryness of skin and rise of temperature. Diuretics may be used in cedematous cases, but in a guarded manner because of the depression. To the affected skin apply warm fomentations, by preference, with weak solutions of tincture of muriate of iron, hyposulphite of soda or sulphate of zinc. Sometimes dry applications have a good effect,�as a mixture of sulphate of zinc and starch.

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Iodized collodion too is often of service. If matter has actually formed it should be let out with the lancet, the wound being dressed with a solution of muriate of iron to prevent unhealthy-action.

WOUNDS.

These are divided into simple dean cuts {incised), stabs, pricks, and punctures {Jiimctured), bruised or crushed {contused) and torn {lacerated). Clean cuts often heal readily when the edges are brought together accurately and retained so. But such union by adhesion is most probable in strong, healthy, well-conditioned animals, and least so in the weak, poor, and diseased. In fowls it is almost invariable, in swine nearly equally so, in dogs, cattle, and sheep there is still a strong tendency to adhesion, while in horses all wounds readily form matter, and primary adhesion throughout is exceptional. Bleeding should be checked (see wounds of arteries, etc.), clots washed off with a stream of tepid water, foreign objects carefully removed with fingers or forceps, and the wound closed with as little exposure as possible. The edges may be stitched together by means of a curved flat needle, with silk or linen, well waxed or steeped in a weak solution of carbolic acid, or better, with catgut which has been steeped for a month in oil and carbolic acid, or with silver or other metallic wire. It may be closed by a continuous stitch as in sewing a glove, when adhesion is to be expected, or by separate stitches a half to three-fourths of an inch apart when primary union is more doubtful. To secure uniform approximation of the edges or pressure on the different parts, the stitches may be passed round a quill placed on each lip of the wound (quilled suture). Or pins may be passed through the lips at suitable distances, and a few fibres of tow twisted around each like the figure 8. Small wounds may have their edges shaved and layer after layer of collodion applied until the covering is strong enough to hold them together. The use of a

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weak solution of carbolic acid or other antiseptic agent will further favour adhesion if it can be applied without causing movement of the lips of the wound.

If the wound fails to heal by prompt adhesion, granulations form, covered with a thin layer of pus, and these gradually fill up the sore, leaving a scar. Or if the lips of the wound are still kept together, the granulations may adhere (secondary ad�hesion), or finally small sores will scab over and healing take place beneath.

Granulating wounds may be washed daily with a stream of tepid water, after the three first days, and may be covered with a simple dressing of tow saturated in water or oil to which a little carbolic acid has been added. When necessarily left bare the same liquids may still be applied. When the granulations become soft, flabby, and projecting {proud flesh), touch lightly with a stick of lunar caustic, and expose to dry air. When they become indolent, and when healing and con�traction come to a stand-still, apply gentle stimulants�tincture of myrrh and aloes, etc. When the deeper parts of the lips of the wound do not come in contact, pads may be applied on each side to keep them in apposition. Granulating wounds usually heal by contraction from their edges, and if this is arrested by adhesion to bones and other firm parts beneath, further healing may be impossible. In this and other cases of tardy healing, the implanting of thin slices of scarfskin, just cut with a sharp instrument from other parts of the integument, and their retention with strips of sticking plaster, will usually hasten the process.

Punctured wounds often heal promptly, and especially in animals prone to primary adhesion, when cleansed, kept at rest, with warm dressings and pressure on their deeper parts. If inflammation occurs in the deeper parts with suppuration, it may be necessary to enlarge the opening tp allow of a ready discharge, and to let it heal outward by granulation.

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Bruised and torn wounds may be treated like punctured ones, and in birds, pigs, and dogs, and in the more vascular parts of the larger animals, will often heal by adhesion. Should they fail to do so, they ought to be stitched together, not too closely, and allowed to heal by granulation. Parts that are absolutely dead may be removed, but none that continue to show signs of life, and above all, no skin that possibly can be saved.

Poisoned wounds should be promptly cauterized (See Canine madness, Malignant anthrax, Lymphangitis). Sub-cutaneous wounds, in which the deeper parts are injured with little or no breach of the skin, mostly heal satisfactorily, and the main object should be to secure a suitable position of the part, lest distortion should occur from undue contraction or extension ot the structures in healing. For wounds that have resulted in fistula, see poll evil, fistulous withers and quittor. Whenever a foreign body is lodged in a wound it should be removed, because of its tendency to cwst fistula, especially in horses.

BURNS AND SCALDS.

The gravity of these will vary much according to their extent and depth. The treatment of the more severe is rarely desir�able in the lower animals, because of the danger of fatal results from internal complications; or of ruinous distortions from the contraction of cicatrices. For slight burns apply cold water, Goulard water, water perceptibly sweetened with carbolic acid or flavoured with oil of turpentine, keeping this up until the violent pain and inflammation have subsided. Success attends the exclusion of air by covering the part thickly with flour or cotton wool until irritation is past. The same end is gained by bathing the burn with oil of turpentine and afterwards covering with resin ointment. When large blisters have formed, puncture with a needle and smooth down the cuticle on the skin by gentle pressure, following up with the soothing measures already recommended. When the skin is more deeply burned

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and sloughing is inevitable, the stimulating applications (oil of turpentine with resin ointment, equal parts of linseed-oil and lime-water, etc.), are still more demanded. As the sloughs separate, the detached parts should be cut off with as little irritation as possible, and when the severe irritation subsides, soothing applications will be in order. Finally, the healing process will be greatly hastened by ingrafting thin slices of scarfskln as advised under wounds.

laquo;

#9632;

CHAPTER XVI.

GENERAL DISEASES OF BONES, JOINTS, AND MUSCLES.

Lameness, symptoms, at rest and in exercise. Diseases of Bones. Inflam. mation. Ostitis. Periostitis. Softening. Enlargeraent. Suppuration. Ulcer-ation. Scrofulous (Tubercular) Disease of Bone. Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. Rickets. Osteo Malacia. Softening in Cows. Softening in Horses. Big-head. Fractures. Diseases of Joints. Inflammation. Arthritis. Synovitis. Ulceration. Bony Deposit. Anchylosis. Open Joint. Inflammation of Bursas and Sheaths of Tendons. Diseases of Muscles. Ruptures. Inflamma�tion. Fatty Degeneration. Rupture and Section of Tendons. Sprains. Thickening. Shortening. Calcification.

LAMENESS.

As the three following chapters will embrace most of the different causes of lameness, the more prominent manifestations of this failing may be here noticed.

Standing.�The patient should be approached quietly and when you are certain he is free from all exciting causes. If resting on all four limbs, the pastern of the lame one will usually be more upright than the others. One fore foot ad�vanced eight or ten inches in front of the other suggests some tenderness of the heel or the structures in the posterior region of the lower part of the limb. Bending of the knee and fetlock and resting of the foot on the toe, without any advance in front of the other, usually implies disease of the shoulder or elbow. The advance of both fore feet, the rest being taken on the heels, and the hind limbs brought well forward under the body, should direct attention to the front of the feet. Resting of

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one foot more frequently and for longer periods than its fellow is suspicious.

Lying.�An inclination to lie down, and remain so, is to be similarly regarded. If the animal remains down persistently, we may infer great suffering, fractures, or much weakness.

In Exercise. � Lameness may be shown in the walk, but better in the slow, easy trot, the animal being led in hand with about three feet of free rein and without noise or other cause of excitement. Some horses manifest a bridle lameness from the mere leading, but if the leader goes first on the left side and then on the right, the drooping of the head will correspond first to the one foot and then to the other, showing it to be only a feint. In all cases of lameness in a single limb the foot is rested on the ground with less weight and is raised as quickly as possible. There is therefore not only the visible halting on that limb, but a lower sound made by striking the ground, and thus the ear comes to assist the eye in detecting �die ailing member. If one fore limb is affected, the head and anterior part of the body are elevated when its foot comes to the ground, but drop firmly when the sound foot is planted A depression of the opposite hind limb accompanying the elevation of the head, when the failing fore limb comes to the ground, must not lead to the suspicion of lameness behind.

In single lameness behind, the gait resembles that seen in lameness before, the haunch on the diseased side being raised when the foot is planted and allowed to droop thereafter until the opposite foot reaches the ground. In some, the elevation is the prominent feature, in others the depression, but in all the rising and falling are greater than in the opposite quarter.

With lameness in both fore limbs the step is short, the stroke on the ground weak, the rest of each foot on the ground shortened, the shoulders are carried upright and stiff, the head is raised, the loins are arched, the croup droops, and the hind limbs are brought unnaturally forward beneath the belly.

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Lameness in both hind limbs is marked by the backward position of the fore-feet, the short rest and weak impulse of the hind on the ground, the extension and drooping of the head, and, above all, the difficulty of backing.

Lameness of the two limbs on the same side determines a gait approaching the amMe or rack, with the firm planting of the opposite members. Lameness of one fore and the opposite hind produces a simple exaggeration of the gait caused by disease in one of these limbs. When the cause of lameness exists in more than one limb it is difficult to make the animal keep the trot.

In all cases it is well to have the animal driven or ridden so as to heat him, and then keep him perfectly still for half an hour to cool, before completing the examination, as many lamenesses will disappear when the subject is warmed by exercise.

DISEASES OF BONES.

These may be divided into:�Inflammation of the bone itself (psiitis), or of its fibrous covering {periostitis), which may result in softening, consolidation or induration, enlargement, bony growths and tumours, abscess, ulceration and death {necrosis). Besides these there are the degenerations and diseases of bone, such as deficiency or extess of earthy salts, with binding or brittleness of the bones; tubercle, cancer, and sarcomatous, cartilaginous, cystic, vascular, or other tumours, etc.

But the great mass of bone diseases in the domestic animals consist in inflammation and its results, to which, accordingly, the following remarks will be mainly confined. Every bone is permeated even in its densest parts by an abundant network of minute blood-vessels, and studded throughout with microscopic soft elements (nuclei), which appropriate the suitable materials from the blood and build them up into the hard bony texture. If these nuclei are injured their powers of assimilation are

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modified, their numbers are multiplied, and they become sur�rounded by an excess of semi-fluid matter (lymph), with, it may be, one of the following results:�ist. The softening of the bone and the removal of its earthy salts, until it can be cut with a knife or gives way under the weight of the animal; 2d, the transformation of the lymph into pus on the surface of the bone or in its interior, where it may remain imprisoned for an indefinite length of time; 3^, the hardening of a limited amount of lymph in the cells or inter-spaces of the bone, com�pressing the blood-vessels, limiting the supply of blood, and favouring ulceration or even death of the part; 4///, from the above cause, or from a perversion of the plastic or assimilating powers of the nuclei, ulceration sets in on the surface or in the interior of the bone, and the bony matter is steadily removed to be replaced by an irregular excavation or a cavity filled by a bloody ichor; 5//$, the swelling may completely close the blood-vessels of the bone, or the inflammation may cause coagulation of the blood within them throughout a considerable portion, which accordingly dies, and has to be removed as a foreign body; dth, short of those extreme conditions and more commonly, the exudation leads to a partial softening and general swelling of the inflamed part, and this becoming con�solidated and hardened there is a material increase of size; 1th, and by far the most frequently, the inflammation affects the superficial layer of bone and its investing fibrous membrane, and the exudation, taking place between these, is soon consoli�dated into a layer or tumour of bone on the surface; Zth, any exudation on the outer side of the fibrous covering is also liable to be calcified and to form hard tumours, but these do not acquire the true bony texture like that formed between the membrane and the bone.

General Symptoms.�In the slightest forms of inflammation there may be little or no lameness, though usually there is a halt on the affected limb when trotted on a hard surface. The

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affected portion of the bone is tender to pressure or percussion, and is the seat of swelling at first soft and yielding, but later hard and resistant. In the severer forms the bone itself is softened, extensive exudation of lymph takes place around it, and the investing soft structures become the seat of violent in�flammation and swelling; lameness is then extreme. In the slighter and chronic cases there is no disturbance of the general health, but in the more acute and severe, intense and even fatal irritative fever may come on.

When suppuration takes place in the interior of a bone the matter may remain imprisoned indefinitely, the spot being marked by a general increase of the bone, and lameness persists. If suppuration takes place between the bone and its fibrous covering the danger is even greater, for the matter is liable to separate the bone and membrane, producing further in�flammation or ulceration, or even death of the bone�the supply of blood being cut off. The superficial abscess is to be detected by its fluctuation beneath the fingers, as in abscess of soft parts

Ulceration may result from presence of matter, etc., or from exposure to the air. If without external opening, it is not easily recognized, but there is lameness and tenderness, with little alteration of the surface of the bone, or the presence of slight bony deposits alternating, it may be, with soft open spaces. If the ulcerated bone is open to the air, it is found to be softened in texture, breaking down readily under the pressure of a probe, and in the centre of the ulcerous cavity rounded bony deposits are felt, as evidence of an effort at repair. The dis�charge is then ichorous, and abounds in gritty particles and earthy salts. If this discharge has commenced to decompose it smells badly.

Death of bone is always associated with an open sore dis�charging a very foetid ichorous fluid, with gritty particles and the power of rapidly blackening silver. If probed the hard bone is felt without any fibrous covering, and if seen this is

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black, yellowish, white, or of some allied shade and without any of the pink aspect of healthy bone.

General Treatment of Jnflavimation in Bone.�Unless in the very mildest cases, the first object is to check the inflammation by soothing measures. A purgative is usually desirable. Rest is indispensable. Whenever possible such a position should be given to the part as will obviate pressure, weight, or gravita�tion of blood toward the disease. Soothing local measures, such as fomentations with warm water; a thick wet bandage covered with dry; the persistent application of cold water, by continuous showering of the part, the water being brought from a bucket placed at a higher level by means of an elastic tube fastened to the body; in certain cases ice-bags may be applied; or cooling astringent lotions, such as vinegar and salt; acetate of lead \ oz., vinegar 2 qts., carbolic acid 60 drops, etc This may have to be kept up from five to fifteen days. When heat and tenderness have subsided, counter-irritants are to be used. In slight cases rubbing with compound iodine ointment, or with a mixture in equal parts of liquor ammonia and olive-oil may suffice. In others we may use active blisters such as Spanish flies 2 drs., camphor 5 grs., alcohol 5 drops, lard 1 oz. Or a drachm of the Spanish flies may be replaced by a drachm of iodine or biniodide of mercury. In either case the hair should be cut off and the ointment well rubbed in for several minutes against the direction of the hair. The animal's head should be tied short for twelve hours, to prevent gnawing of the part and blistering of the lips. After this the surface is to be smeared with lard, daily, until the scab drops off. In still other cases the hot iron may be demanded. It should be applied in points, each application being very temporary, to avoid the effect of radiated heat on the adjacent skin. The usual distance between the points is from J to f inch, and the depth will vary in different cases. When the irritation from the hot iron has passed off, blisters may be applied if necessary.

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In all cases the use of counter-irritants must be stopped, and soothing measures resorted to when it becomes evident that active inflammation has been set up anew in the bone. A long period of rest is essential to allow of the hardening of the newly formed bony tissue or of the old bone which has been softened or otherwise altered by disease.

Ji/�tar forming in the interior ofaboneis to be evacuated by boring down to it with a circular saw (trephine). Matter forming between the bone and its investing membrane must be promptly evacuated with a sharp knife or lancet.

Simple ulceration is to be treated like an ordinary wound, the pressure or other cause of its existence having been first re�moved. A nourishing diet and a course of tonics (cinchona, gentian, etc.), are usually demanded.

A dead hone should be removed. If a simple scale or film on the surface, it may be taken off with a sharp knife or chisel. If larger, the bone-forceps or saw may be necessary. It may sometimes be needful to remove a piece of live bone with the circular saw, to make way for the extraction of a dead portion imprisoned within. Should the outer fibrous covering of the bone be preserved intact, new bone may be formed in place of the old, but never so perfect in form, and, as a rule, the exten�sive loss of an important bone, in one of the lower animals, renders it useless and should warrant its destruction.

In no case should a cutting operation on a bone be under�taken while the soft parts around it are in a state of acute in�flammation, as, although the diseased or dead parts should be removed, the adjacent bone is likely to take on unhealthy action and to prove worse than at first.

In case of new bony deposits and tumours, it is rarely desir�able to resort to cutting instruments, unless when they have a broad mass and narrow neck, connecting them to the parent bone. In this case they can be laid bare and removed with bone forceps or chisel. Other forms are best left to nature

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i i

after all unhealthy action has been subdued, and will materially diminish when preserved from hard work, strains, jars, and all excitants to renewed growth. When continuous gentle pressure can be applied without irritation it greatly favours absorption. In some instances the distentlon of the fibrous membrane cover�ing a bony swelling is the main cause of continued inflammation and lameness. This is to be met by dividing the membrane with a narrow-bladed knife inserted to one side of the swelling, much care being requisite to avoid entrance of air, injury to joints, etc.

SCROFULOUS (TUBERCULOUS) DISEASE OF BONES.

This is mostly seen in young animals when the bones are soft and growing rapidly, and may be suspected when the patient comes of a tuberculous family. It will attack any part, but is especially common in the lower part of the limbs, and is one form of quot;foul in the foot.quot; It attacks the ends of long bones or the whole bulk of short ones, those parts, in short, which have an open cancellated texture. The interspaces of the bon^r tissue fill up with gelatinoid lymph, which may or may not pass into the yellow cheesy tubercle, and similar changes take place on the surface, long outgrowths appearing, the interstices of which are filled by the same product. Ulceration ensues, sores form in the skin, discharging an. unhealthy matter, the softened bony tissues may be felt breaking down under a probe, and the ends or processes of the bones may be found detached, from the shaft or median part.

There may be coexisting tubercle in the lungs, bowels, etc., with cough, expectoration, diarrhoea, eta, and sometimes in young animals the navel remains open and the urine dribbles from it continually.

Treatment is hardly advisable, as tuberculous animals are un�desirable alike for breeding or for human food. It consists in securing a good nurse, well fed on grain as well as fodder if the

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patient is young, or good feeding if beyond this stage. Lime-water in the sucking, and in all subjects tonics (phosphate of iron, hyposulphite of iron, cinchona, cod-liver oil, pancreatine, etc.)

SOFTENING AND RAREFACTION OF BONE.

Rickets.�Young animals (puppies, sheep, calves, and, less frequently, foals), often suffer from an imperfect nutrition of the bones, with a deficiency of earthy salts, so that the bones, especially those of the limbs, bend under the weight of the animal, and assume various unsightly distortions. The affection runs hereditarily in certain families, and its appearance is often determined by insufficient, excessive, or injurious food, such as poor, sour, or fevered milk, or inadequate substitutes. Any�thing that undermines the general health will develop it in a predisposed subject. The malady may usually be checked by a change to rich or moderate feeding, as the case may demand, a dose of pepsin wine at each meal, with dry warm airy sleeping places and access to the open air, sunshine, and gentle exercise. Puppies may have bones to gnaw at will. In cases of severe threatened distortion much benefit may be derived from support by well-padded bandages.

Softening of Bones in Dairy Cows.�This resembles rickets in its dependence on the nature of the food, but appears only in breeding cows. It is a disease of poor sandy and gravelly soils, the vegetation of which is deficient in earthy salts, and even on these is shown only after a dry season, when the fodder is at its worst. Diseases of digestion and assimila�tion will also, exceptionally, determine it. The parts that primarily suffer are the bones of the haunch, the disease resem�bling in this respect the osteo malacia of women who have borne children.

Symptoms.�Lameness, difficulty in rising, with some altera�tion of form in the quarters are the first signs, and an examina-

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tion of the pelvic bones by the oiled hand introduced through the rectum will detect a want of symmetry on the two sides, from bulging, irregular swellings at different points. In more advanced stages the bones break and crumble under the body's weight, and the animal remains constantly down, unable to rise. A depraved appetite and a tendency to eat all sorts of unnatural objects, though a common symptom in breeding cows, is excessive in many of these cases, and the patient mostly loses flesh rapidly, though some will remain fat for a length of time.

Treatment.�Change the locality to one with a richer fodder, or bring the wholesome fodder to the animals, and add, liberally, grain (barley, maize, oats, beans) from sound localities. Fresh air, sunshine, and dry resting places are all important. Avoid breeding again until health is fully established, or better, fatten for the butcher.

Softening of Bones in Horses. � The big-head of the Mississippi valley, is a manifestation of a general fault in nutri�tion, showing itself in all the bones of the body more or less. Like the affection of cows it consists in a steady increase of the canals and cavities in bone, with their contained soft or plastic matter, at the expense of the hard bony structure. With the continuous enlargement of the bone there is an extreme thin�ning of the microscopic bony plates, until the structure can be easily cut with a knife or crushed under the pressure of the finger. The interspaces are filled by a red bloody mass, with the natural elements more or less modified, and the addition of many spherical cells, or later of fat As the disease advances the bones can no longer afford a firm attachment for the liga�ments and tendons, but crumbling, dislocations and fractures are inevitable. There is some fundamental fault in assimilation, and though it may be determined primarily to the face by the hard work of grinding flinty maize, or its development may be precipitated by poor feeding, unwholesome stabling, overwork,

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and abuse, yet its true primary cause is unknown. It is mainly or altogether a disease of early life, under seven years old.

Treatment should be directed to the improvement of the general health by tonics (cinchona, mix vomica, cascarilla, boneset, willow bark, myrrh, oxide of iron, phosphate of iron, etc.), carminatives (ginger, pimento, fennel, foenugrec, carda�moms, coriander), pepsin, sound nutritious food (given soft-boiled or steamed if necessary), pure air, exercise in sunshine, grooming, etc.) No good can be expected of advanced cases, but only of those seen in the early stage, with some stiffness, and swelling of bone, and the passage of phosphates, to excess, in the urine.

FRACTURES.

These are simple when a bone is broken across; comminuted when broken into several pieces; and compound when the soft parts are torn so as to establish a communication between the broken ends and the external air. The two last are extremely dangerous, but the first is more hopeful. Simple fractures, however, vary in gravity according to their kind. Thus in the very young the break is liable to be imperfect, with a number of pointed processes locking into each other {greenstick fracture), and as the ends are easily and accurately replaced, and the bones soft and vascular, repair is prompt and perfect. In others the break is directly and smoothly across, or with indentations and processes, so that when the ends are placed in apposition they cannot slide past each other; these, too, are easily repaired. A third class are broken obliquely or with a bevel, so that the broken surfaces slide upon each other under the contractions of the muscles, and the sharp ends are con�tinually jerked into the soft parts around. The continuous movement prevents union, and the irritation of the soft parts sets up inflammation so that such fractures may prove as troublesome as the compound.

Symptoms.�Disuse of the affected bone, distortion of the

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part, shortening, if it is the main bone of a limb, trembling of the muscles over the injury, a grating sensation conveyed to the hand on moving the broken bone, unnatural mobility of the part, and the suddenness of the injury from a wrong step or some mechanical violence. In cracks and partial fractures of bones with a strong investing fibrous membrane, there may be no displacement, increased mobility nor grating, but only a tender line across the bone with or without a slight elevation.

Treatment.�The first thing to be done is to bring the broken ends into correct apposition and retain them there by splints and bandages. No matter if the soft parts are inflamed and swollen, to leave the sharp ends jerking into them with each contraction of the muscles will only make matters worse, whereas the removal of this source of irritation will usually entail imme�diate improvement. If from the oblique or comminuted nature of the fracture the bones cannot be so placed and retained, recovery need not be expected, at least without distortion.

To bring the ends together accurately, it may be necessary to employ extension and counter-extension. A strong sheet or blanket is crossed over the inside of the upper part of the limb and held to keep the body still; while extension is effected by lines attached to the foot; a block and tackle may be used, but cautiously, in view of the increased power thereby obtained. It may even be needful to relax the muscles by placing the animal under the influence of ether, chloroform, or chloral-hydrate. While the limb is being extended the operator brings the broken ends together correctly, and splints are applied.

These may be made of sheets of gutta-percha softened in warm water and applied so as to adapt themselves to the in�equalities of the limb; of strong pasteboard with the edges torn (not cut) and softened in water to allow of its being moulded to the surface; of starch bandage, a long cotton bandage three inches wide, laid on accurately, layer above layer, and starched as applied so that it dries into quot;a perfectly fitting

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and hard resisting case ; a plaster bandage consisting of a long roll of the same kind with plaster of Paris thickly dusted between its layers, and the whole dipped in water before it is applied; or pieces of sheet-iron carefully padded to prevent chafing and secure perfect adaptation, and bound firmly by a surface bandage; or wooden splints may be fashioned to the form of one side of the limb and applied with a sufficient in�ternal padding. It is usually needful to apply one of these wooden or iron splints outside the starch or gutta-percha cases, in the larger animals, to give the requisite solidity. In all cases the limb should be accurately wrapped in a long narrow strip of cotton or linen as a protection before the application of the bandage proper. The bandage should always extend to the ex�tremity of the limb (hoof or claws), otherwise the uncovered portion will swell, inflame, and perhaps die. It should not only fix immovably all the joints below the fracture, but if possible the next above as well, as by this means, as well as by the en�forced immobility of the muscles, the perfect rest of the broken ends is secured.

If swelling existed before the application of the bandage, it may become loose in a day or two and should be reopened and more accurately applied, care being taken to secure equal pres�sure from the extremity up. The starch bandage may be slit open up the side, and when properly padded reapplied with the one edge overlapping the other as far as necessary, and fixed by a long bandage applied over all. The plaster bandage may be adapted by filling up the interval between the soft skin bandage and the plaster case with a thin pulpy mixture of plaster of Paris and water poured in at the top.

The limb should be kept in the bandage for a month or six weeks, and will require a rest of two or three months more, for the consolidation of the new tissue, before being put to work.

Fractures in the upper parts of the limbs of quadrupeds, which it is impossible to fix by bandages, may yet recover with

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

very little shortening or distortion if the break is transverse: Fractures of these parts and of the ribs recover with a consider�able enlargement around the seat of the break, which may be afterwards absorbed in part or in whole, as the bone is consoli�dated. The same holds good of fractures of other parts when movement is allowed between the divided ends during recovery.

Slings.�For large quadrupeds with broken limbs slinging is absolutely essential. The simplest mode is the following:� Four strong posts are fixed to the ground and roof, so as to form an oblong, inside which the four feet of the animal may stand. A strong horizontal bar is then fixed to the two posts on each side at such a height as to correspond to the middle of the body. Then the animal being walked into the frame a horizontal bar is fixed between the two front posts so high as to cross the lower part of the neck, and another between the two hind posts at about the height of the stifle. Next a strong sheet (new sail-cloth is best) is fixed to the one side bar by being wound round and nailed at the outer side, and having been passed beneath the body, is fixed to the opposite bar in the same way. It must be just sufficiently far back to clear the four limbs, and just so loose as to allow the patient to stand over it without pressure or chafing, or to settle himself into it at will. In the male, care must be taken to have it narrow enough not to cover the sheath.

It is often necessary to allow an animal to become fatigued by standing for a day or two before being put in a sling, other�wise he may be very irritable at first. Care must be taken not to let him feel the sling beneath him until it is ready to be fixed, as many patients will settle down into it the moment it is felt.

DISEASES OF THE JOINTS.

Here in addition to bone we have gristle, fibrous tissue (cap-

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sular and binding ligaments), and synovial membrane, a thin vascular structure which secretes the albuminous glairy fluid known as joint-oil.

INFLAMMATION. ARTHRITIS. SYNOVITIS.

Here again the most common lesion is inflammation, from which most of the others follow as consequences. This may begin in the bones as a result of concussion, blows, etc., and extend through the cartilage and ligaments to the synovial membrane; or it may originate in the ligaments as a conse�quence of sprains or other injuries; or in the synovial membrane from wounds opening the joint and exposing it to the air; or it may be a local manifestation of some constitutional disease such as rheumatism, tubercle, glanders, farcy, etc., or finally it may be due to plugging of the blood-vessels in consequence of pus, ichor, or fibrinous clots washed on through the vessels from some distant seat of disease. In all cases the whole of the joint structures tend to be involved and the symptoms are similar.

The succession of changes may be as follows : the inflamed synovial membrane throws out a serous fluid filling the joint to excess; the ligaments and adjacent connective tissue also throw out a semi-liquid exudation which forms a yielding swelling around the joint, susceptible of indentation with the fingers; the cartilage covering the ends of the bones softens and is changed into a fibrous material or is even absorbed, leaving the bone bare; the bone exposed in this way may ulcerate, if that has not previously commenced, or it may be partially repaired by the deposit of a dense ivory-like layer (ebumation), the smooth glistening surface of which glides smoothly on that of the opposite bone ; lymph may be exuded from the exposed surface of the bone and from the interior of the synovial membrane, and this, as well as what is outside the joint, may be developed into fibrous tissue restricting the move-quot;nents of the joint, or more frequently into bone which binds

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the bony structures together and abolishes all movement (stiff-joint, anchylosis); in very severe cases the lymph inside and outside the joint degenerates into pus, and this makes its way through the tissues to the surface, is discharged and leaves an open joint, which soon determines a further increase of the in�flammation and destructive changes. In tuberculous diseases of the joints there is the softening and enlargement of the ends of the bones, a gelatiniform exudation, and its cheesy degenera�tion ; in rheumatism there is little tendency to suppuration ; in glanders, farcy, plugging of vessels, etc., there is the specific deposit or an early suppuration.

General Symptoms.�The joint is swollen, tense, and elastic, is kept partially bent, is hot and tender, the parts around it may retain the indentation made by the finger, and the suffering is greatly increased when the joint is moved. There are all grades from heat, tenderness, swelling, and habitual flexion of the joints, with the capacity of working off the lameness during exercise, to severe forms in which no weight can be thrown upon the limb, and the attendant fever is so intense that appetite is gone, thirst is ardent, breathing and pulse greatly accelerated, the heat of the body raised to a high point, and the patient may die from the constitutional excitement.

When suppuration takes place there is an aggravation of all the symptoms, with frequent shivering, and the gradual absorp�tion of the soft parts renders the fluctuation more and more evident up to the period of rupture. Preceding stiff-joint there is a long period of subacute inflammation, the joint being kept immovable by the pain and the abundant exudation, until ossification ensues.

Tuberculous disease of the joints occurs in young animals, the offspring of consumptive families, and is marked by the enlargement and softening of the ends of the bones, the forma�tion of wounds or ulcers, and, it may be, disease of the lungs or bowels.

V: .

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Rheumatic disease is characterized by its tendency to move from joint to joint or muscle, by its aggravation under the in�fluence of cold and damp, and improvement under warmth and sunshine, and by its indisposition to suppuration. Glanders, farcy, plugging of the vessels, etc., are distinguished by the presence of the coexisting disease in other parts.

General Treatment.�In severe cases secure immobility in the joints by placing in slings, and, if necessary, by the appli�cation of a smart blister around the articulation. In the absence of the blister apply cooling or soothing lotions as for inflamma�tion of bone, and follow this up by blisters or firing when the inflammation has in the main subsided, and the heat and tenderness disappeared. In the slight, subacute, and chronic forms the counter-irritants may be applied at the first. When anchylosis threatens it is sometimes advisable to favour it by active blistering and rigid immobility of the joint. If ulcer-ation of the joint surface occurs the hot iron usually gives the best results. If suppuration has ensued the pus must escape by an external opening, and our efforts must be thereafter directed to limiting the inflammation as far as possible, and obviating death by the general fever, or uselessless, by destruc�tion of the joint.

In the severer forms a purgative should be given at the outset, and this may be followed by a soft laxative diet (mashes, roots, green food) and diuretics (carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda, colchicum, etc.), especially when there is reason to sus�pect any rheumatic complication. In some cases of this, as of bone disease, in which there is imperfect assimilation and the passage of an excess of phosphates in the urine, a course of bitters and iron tonics is demanded.

Tuberculous disease of the joints demands similar treatment with due attention to the general health to correct, if possible, the unhealthy state.

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OPEN JOINT.

This results from an incised, punctured, lacerated, or con�tused wound, and will vary in gravity according to the nature of the wound and the certainty of inflammation ensuing. If therequot; is a simple minute puncture or cut, the wound may close without this result, but if the tissues are severely lacerated or bruised, as in case of falls, etc., a certain amount of inflamma�tion must necessarily ensue.

Treatment.�Never probe such wounds. Sand or gritty matter must be removed by a stream of tepid water or the most careful picking, and the lips of the wound brought together it necessary by stitches, but with as few as possible, and those only passing through the skin. Perfect quiet must be secured by slings, splints, bandages, or, if the opening is small, by a blister enveloping the joint but leaving a clear space of an inch around the wound. In the absence of the blister, the joint may be irrigated with cold water continuously applied as for ostitis, or a poultice may be applied with a weak solution of carbolic acid poured over its surface, or the same carbolic lotion (i part to ioo water) may be applied by means of saturated cotton bandages covered with dry. Coagulating agents (pow�dered alum, acetate of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc.) are some�times used to close the wound by a clot of synovia, and if this has been effected it should never be disturbed by picking or dressing, but left to be expelled when the wound is finally closed by the growth of granulations from its lips. The greatest danger lies in the movement of the joint which stimulates the secretion of synovia and keeps the wound open; in the intro�duction of atmospheric air into the joint, and in the decom�position of the morbid liquids in the wound. Hence, perfect rest, closure of the wound, and the use of antiseptics like carbolic acid are all-important

The general treatment is the same as for arthritis from other causes.

GENERAL DISEASES OF THE JOINTS.

3quot;

If suppuration ensues there is the greatest danger of destruc�tion of the joint

INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL CAVITIES�BURBLE AND SHEATHS OF TENDONS.

BurscB are little synovial cavities placed between the skin and prominent bony processes to favour the gliding of the one on the other. Thecce are similar sacs interposed between bones and fibrous cords (tendons, ligaments), or between two sucli cords, to favour gliding. Each may be the seat of inflammation with its consequences�over-distention from excessive secretion of serum�exudation of lymph, with thickening, induration, adhesion, calcification of the walls, or with suppuration.

It may be developed by wounds, punctures, cuts, bruises, sprains, or rheumatism, and is manifested by heat, pain, tender�ness, and an elastic swelling (wind-puff, ivind-gall), the enlarge�ment usually remaining after inflammation has subsided. This condition, as well as induration or calcification of the walls, causes material deformity. Suppuration is evinced by a great increase of the heat and tenderness, with a more distinct and superficial fluctuation and a surrounding engorgement which pits on pressure.

Treatment consists in rest, a relaxed posture of any tendons implicated, and soothing, cooling, or astringent applications, as in the early stages of sprains or ostitis. A purgative, and restricted diet are equally necessary. When heat and tender�ness have subsided a small blister (see periostitis) will often cause absorption of the liquid; or it may disappear under pressure maintained for two hours at a time, twice daily at first, and increased by two hours daily; or finally, the liquid may be drawn off by the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, and the sac compressed with a bandage (and, if necessary, pads) saturated in an astringent cooling lotion. After evacuating the liquid an injection of compound tincture of iodine i part, water 2 parts,

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may be thrown in and expressed again after three minutes, the part being afterward covered with wet bandages.

For suppuration a simple subcutaneous bursa may be laid freely open and allowed to heal by granulation, or a thread may be drawn through the cavity and the pus drawn off, while cooling lotions are applied to the surface.

DISEASES OF MUSCLES. RUPTURE OF MUSCLES.

The red flesh is rarely torn in life and never by voluntary contraction. Though torn across with ease after death it will resist much more during life than the white fibrous cord by which it is attached to the bones. Muscles are usually torn by some extreme involuntary contraction, as in recovering from a wrong step or slip, or in the extreme contractions of lock-jaw. Rupture is recognised by the sudden pain and inability to use the muscle, and, if it is superficial, by tenderness, by a depression in the seat of the tear, and a bulging of the muscle above and below it. Later, the depression may be filled by a soft com�pressible clot.

Treatment consists in the approximation of the divided ends by such a position as will relax the muscle, and by a tight bandage from the foot up if it be in a limb.

INFLAMMATION OF MUSCLE.

This is usually the result of rheumatism, but may arise from continued use or from local injury. It is manifested by swelling and extreme tenderness of the muscle in question, with loss of contractile power. If rheumatic it has the further characteristic of shifting from place to place. It may result in abscess, or thickening of the fibrous investing membrane, or in calcareous, granular, or fatty degeneration. It must be treated by rest, with soothing local treatment like any ordinary inflammation, and

GENERAL DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES. 313

matter may be evacuated with knife or lancet, but the degenera�tions may be looked upon as permanent.

Fatty degeneration is common in overfed animals, above all in those bred for early maturity and great aptitude to fatten (improved cattle, sheep, and pigs), and is quite irremediable. It may also arise from paralysis, the result of injuries to the nerves as in roaring.

RUPTURE OF TENDONS. SECTION OF TENDONS.

These are not uncommon in horses during severe exertions, as on the race-course, the back tendons being the most common seat of the injury. Whether torn across or divided with a cutting instrument, they are readily repaired by the exudation of lymph between the divided ends and its organization into white fibrous tissue. It is necessary to support the limb so that the divided ends may be placed in apposition and retained thus for three or four weeks. Inflammation is to be checked by ordinary means.

SPRAINS.

When subjected to over-exertion, sinews become the seat of sudden severe pain, inflammation, exudation, thickening, and shortening. Sprains occur mainly from severe and continued over-exertion, or from the sudden jerk consequent on taking a wrong step when fatigued and unable readily to recover the balance. They are most frequent where tendons play over a bony process, but may occur at any part, and are of all grades from those producing a slight halt, with almost imperceptible thickening of the tendinous cord, to those in which the cord has been extensively torn and becomes the centre of a most violent inflammation.

Treatment.�When violently inflamed or the seat of extreme pain, the tendon should be rested and relaxed by giving a suit�able position to the limb, and fomented with warm water or

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showered continuously with cold, until heat and tenderness have been subdued. Or cooling astringent lotions may be used as advised under ostitis. A laxative and restricted diet are often essential. When heat and tenderness have subsided, occasional showering with cold water and hand-rubbing, or stimulating liniments (camphorated spirit; liquor ammonia I part, olive-oil 2 parts : camphorated spirit and peppermint water equal parts, etc.), may be used. The same agents may be applied to very slight cases at the outset. Or blisters may be applied as advised under ostitis.

THICKENING, SHORTENING, CALCIFICATION OF TENDONS.

These are the results of severe or repeated sprains. If slight they may be benefited by time, gentle exercise (at grass), and an occasional blister of iodide of mercury. In cases with such thickening and shortening as to impair usefulness, after all inflammation has subsided the tendons may be cut across by a narrow-bladed knife, making an almost imperceptible skin wound, the ends drawn apart by full extension of the limb, and the case treated like an accidentally ruptured or cut tendon. If this operation is performed in a warm season, antiseptics must be applied to the wound.

CHAPTER XVII.

SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES, JOINTS, AND MUSCLES.

Fracture of the lower jaw. Injuries by bit and curb. Fracture of the upper jaw ; of the bones of the nose ; of the frontal bones ; of the crest of the poll; of the base of the cranium. Dislocation of the lower jaw. Open Joint between upper and lower jaws. Cancer (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. Tooth-like tumours under the ear. Poll Evil. Fistulous Withers. Fractured Processes of the neck-bones. Broken neck. Fracture of the Spinous Processes of the back and loins. Sprain of the back or loins. Transverse Fracture of the back or loins. Broken Back. Laceration of the muscles beneath the loins. Fracture of the croup. Injuries to the bones of the tail. Fractured ribs. Wounds penetrating the chest. Shoulder lameness. Tumours on the shoulder. Sprain of the Coraco-radial tendon. Shoulder-sprain. Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder-blade. Disease of the shoulder-joint. Other affections of the shoulder. Affections of the elbow and arm. Tumours on the point of the elbow. Wounds of the elbow. Fracture of the point of the elbow. Disease of the elbow-joint. Fracture of the arm bone. Fracture of the fore-arm. Sprain of the radial ligament. Sprain of the back tendons behind the knee. Thorough-pin of the knee. Synovia! swellings in front of the knee. Inflam�mation of the knee. Dislocation of the knee. Wounds of the knee. Speedy cut. Broken knees. Splints. Sore shins. Fracture of the splint bones ; of the shank-bone. Sprains of the back tendons ; of the suspensory ligaments. Wind-galls. Sesamoiditis. Sprain of the inferior sesamoid ligaments. Elastic swellings in front of the fetlock. Cutting. Bruises on the fetlock. Fracture of the pastern bones. Bony growths on the pastern bones. Ring�bones. Sprain quot;of the flexor tendons behind the pastern. Fractures of the hip-bones ; of the outer angle ; of the inner angle ; of the point of the hip ; through the shaft of the bone ; into the joint. Sprain of the hip. Displace�ment of the Abductor Femoris. Disease of the hip-joint. Dislocation of the hip. Fracture of the thigh-bone ; the neck ; the shaft; the lower end. Fracture of the knee-cap. Dislocation of the knee-cap, stifled. Disease of the stifle. Fracture of the leg between the stifle and hock ; Tibia ; Fibula. Sprain or laceration of the muscle which bends the hock. Sprain of the ham-

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string. Rupture of the hamstring. Capped hock. Displacement of the tendon, playing over the point of the hock. Sprain of the flexor tendon behind the hock. Thorough-pin. Distension of the sheath of the extensor tendon in front of the hock. Fracture of the inner maleolus. Fracture of the point of the hock and other hock bones. Bone spavin. Inflammation of the true hock joint. Bog spavin. Dropsy of the hock joint. Blood spavin. Curb. String-halt. Other causes of lameness.

FRACTURES OF THE LOWER JAW.

These take place in the anterior part occupied by the front teeth, or more frequently on one side, between these and the grinders. In simple fractures with no great tendency to move�ment an exclusive diet of soft mashes will often suffice, a double halter being so arranged that the animal cannot possibly reach either fodder or litter. If the fracture is between the front teeth a copper or silver wire wound round two teeth on opposite sides of the break may fix the parts sufficiently. If further back and very mobile, it may still be retained at times by using the tushes as fixed points from which to carry the wire. Where these cannot be availed of, the jaw may be perforated by a fine drill in front of the fracture and behind it, and the two parts firmly bound together by a silver wire. If this is not available, a mould of gutta-percha or wood is made to fit the lower jaw and sides of the face from the throat as far as the chin, and this is strapped on by four belts, one passing behind the ears, one in front of them, one on the middle of the face and one on the nose but four inches above the nostrils. The straps may be held together by another or a simple cord passing down the middle of the face, and the two lower ones should be slightly elastic. This should be kept on till union is effected, and no hard food should be allowed for two months.

In cases of compound comminuted fractures remove all foreign bodies and detached pieces of bone, and make an opening in the case, through which the wound may be dressed with antiseptic liquids (carbolic acid i part, water ioo parts).

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INJURIES BY BIT AND CURB.

These often cause slight fractures or superficial necrosis on the upper or lower borders of the jaw. Extract detached pieces or scrape off dead, and when the wound has healed drive with a snaffle. '

FRACTURE OF THE UPPER JAW.

This is much less serious. If at the anterior part fix by wiring the teeth together. If further back and associated with discharge from the nose, trephine the sinus (see diseased teeth), remove detached pieces of bone and inject with a weak astrin�gent solution (diseased teeth).

FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NOSE.

Here the depression of the space between the nostrils and the difficulty of breathing are characteristic. Shave the skin above and below the fracture; make a smooth cone of wood rounded at the apex and just large enough to fit the nasal pas�sage ; with this inside the nose raise the bone to its proper position and strap it there by strong adhesive plaster passing over the interval of the fracture. In obstinate cases we can resort to plugging of one nostril with tow, or of both nostrils if tracheotomy has been first performed.

FRACTURE OF THE FRONTAL BONES.

If beneath the level of the eye the danger is slight, and after removal of detached pieces of bone it may be treated like an ordinary wound. If above, the depressed bone must be raised with a lever to avoid compression of the brain when exudation takes place. Fracture of the process which forms the upper boundary of the eye-socket may be raised in the same manner to avoid subsequent blemish.

FRACTURE OF THE CREST OF THE POLL (OCCIPITAL).

If split straight down and without opening the cranium and ex-

#9632;n

3^8

THE FARM DOCTOR.

posing the brain, the animal should be tied so that the nose is kept habitually protraded and the injury treated like a simple wound. It may be needful to use astringent lotions or even to make a counter-opening below to secure a perfect recovery.

FRACTURES AT THE BASE OF THE CRANIUM.

These are usually due to blows on the poll, the shock being conveyed through the harder structures and expended fatally on the softer bones below. Being in contact with the most vital parts of the brain and beyond the reach of surgical inter�ference, such fractures are fatal.

DISLOCATION OF THE LOWER JAW.

This sometimes occurs in the dog, from opening the jaws too widely in giving pills, etc. The jaw is slightly advanced and held open in spite of all attempts of the animal to close it. Wrap the thumbs very thickly in cloth, and seizing the lower jaw press it forcibly downward and backward, when it will slip in with a jerk and the jaws will close firmly.

OPEN JOINT BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER JAWS.

A wound exists midway between the eye and the root of the the ear, discharging a glairy fluid when the animal chews. Fix the jaws by a bridle with straps drawn tightly around the nose, feed thick gruels and soft mashes only and treat as advised for open joint.

CANCER (eNCEPHALOID) OF THE ORBIT.

This occurs in horses and cattle, great, angry, bleeding, fungous growths appearing from the soft and hard structures about the orbit. The only hope lies in early removal.

TOOTH-LIKE TUMOURS UNDER THE EAR.

These are manifested by a running sore, just above and be-

SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;319

hind the joint between the upper and lower jaw, with a hard object to be felt at the bottom. Their extraction can only be undertaken by one intimately acquainted with the parts.

POLL EVIL.

This is of two kinds : ist, A simple abscess, the result of a blow or other local injury, and which is only serious because of the strong enveloping fibrous membranes that imprison the matter beneath them ; and 2d, disease of the joint between the head and the first bone of the neck, or between the first two bones. The first, if unrelieved, will usually give rise to the second, since the surface of the bones becomes the seat of disease which gradually extends to and involves the joint. The milder form may be distinguished by the superficial position of the swelling and fluctuation, and by the comparative freedom and ease with which the head is moved, whereas in the other the head is carried very stiffly and cannot be moved on the neck without extreme suffering.

Treatment.�When seen early with only a slight inflammatory swelling behind the poll and no fluctuation, purge and keep a cooling lotion (tincture of arnica 2 oz., iodide of potassium 1 dr., vinegar 1 qt., camomile infusion 1 qt.), constantly applied to the part, the patient at rest, and the head tied up to the rack. If matter has formed and fluctuation is felt, however deep, it must be opened at once. Select the part where fluctua�tion is most marked and plunge a knife into the cavity. Then with a bent probe find the lowest point of the sac and cut down upon this, making a large opening from which the matter may flow as it forms. A tape should be tied in the wound and the sac syringed out daily with a stimulating wash (chloride of zinc \ dr., water 1 qt.), until from the disappearance of swelling and matter it becomes evident that the sack is obliterated, when the tape may be cut, pulled half-way out, and left hanging from the lower wound until the upper is closed, when it may be com-

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! I

pletely withdrawn. When new sacs of matter appear these must be promptly opened and treated in the same way. A change of dressing is sometimes needed as one appears to be losing its effect (tincture of muriate of iron 1 oz., water 1 quart). In obstinate cases it is sometimes needful to lay the sacs open by an extensive incision and treat like an ordinary wound. But all these operations are only safe in the hands of those who are intimately acquainted with the structure of the part.

In case of disease of the bone it may be felt bare at the bottom of the sac, by probing, and may be scraped to remove any dead or diseased part, and expose sound bone which may undergo the healing process.

If the joint is implicated the case may be deemed desperate, as it is usually only a question of time for the spinal cord to become involved.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

This is analogous to the milder form of poll evil, differing only in its site, which is on the spines above the shoulders. It is to be treated in the same way, by free incision, the formation of a dependent orifice and injections. If the spinous processes are diseased they should be removed with bone forceps until a healthy surface is exposed.

FRACTURED PROCESSES OF THE NECK BONES.

This may arise from muscular effort, but more commonly results from jamming between two heavy bodies. If on one side only, the head is drawn to a side; and in any case the detached piece of bone may be felt among the muscles, and grating may even be produced by moving it. The only treat�ment is to keep the head in one position until the detached parts have become adherent, which they usually do with a visible swelling. If abscess or fistula forms, the detached bone must be extracted.

SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES.

321

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK.

These occur from pitching on the head, and are fatal from the sudden cessation of breathing.

FRACTURE OF THE SPINOUS PROCESSES OF BACK AND LOINS.

This is detected by the mobility, with or without grating, of the spines implicated. If comminuted the splinters should be extracted; if simple, replace them and retain by a pitch plaster on each side, or with a saddle having a high tree and plenty of padding at the sides to support the fractured bone.

SPRAINS OF THE BACK OR LOINS.

There is inability to back, above all when mounted, or to turn quickly in a circle, tenderness at a given spot on pinching along the back, drooping when mounted, and difficulty in urination from the pain attendant on curving the back. It has come on suddenly after slipping, falling, bearing a heavy weight, etc., and is independent of fever. It is distinguished from partial paraplegia by the perfect sensation in the hind parts, by the absence of any change in their temperature as compared with the rest of the body, and by the retention of perfect sen�sation and motion in the tail.

Treatment.�Place in a narrow stall in which the patient cannot turn his body or even his neck; apply slings to prevent any attempt at lying down; foment with warm water if there is much pain; when that has subsided, blister. It is all-important to give laxative diet, and to correct any costiveness 01 other impairment ot the general health.

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS.

This occurs suddenly from an evident cause, such as slipping, over-weighting, a wrong step, or struggling when cast for an operation. If displacement has not taken place there is an

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exaggerated manifestation of the same symptoms as in sprained back, but if the bones are displaced, or when the resulting inflammation and swelling have produced pressure on the spinal cord, there is paraplegia, coldness of the body behind the seat of fracture, though that in front may be hot and per�spiring ; the tail is implicated in the palsy, and there is much tenderness and often a manifest depression of the seat of fracture. Treatment.�The slighter forms are treated like sprained loins. In the more severe, the subject should be destroyed at once. If after recovery in other respects a certain lack of power remains, it must be treated like paraplegia.

LACERATION OF THE MUSCLES BENEATH THE LOINS.

This occurs from the hind limbs slipping unexpectedly back�ward, or from their going back into a ditch which the animal is attempting to leap. The manifestations resemble those of broken back, as there are difficulty in rising, and an imperfect control over the hind limbs, which are dragged awkwardly forward and not advanced so far as in health. But there is no indication of paralysis, and no alteration of temperature or sensibility in the hind parts, the functions of the tail are perfect, and examination through the rectum detects a soft doughy swelling, with heat and tenderness beneath the loins. Treat�ment is by slings and fomentations to the loins. If the horse is unable to get up, raise him by block and tackle and he will easily stand. Several weeks are wanted for repair of the injury, and the patient should have a run at grass before returning to work.

FRACTURE OF THE CROUP (SACRUM).

Seen in cattle and less frequently in horses, and caused by riding each other or by the fall of heavy bodies on the part There is a manifest depression at one point of the median line of the croup, and the tail usually hangs paralysed. Exami�nation with the oiled hand in the rectum at once detects the

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displacement, which is always downward. With one hand in the rectum pressing on the depressed bone and the other pull�ing the tail, the bones may be replaced and should be held so by a stiff leather sheath well padded, fixed round the root of the tail, and connected in front with a surcingle and collar. Recovery of power over the tail may be looked for.

INJURIES TO THE BONES OF THE TAIL.

Fracture and dislocation are easily reduced, and the bones maintained in proper place by a bandage. If the bones are crushed, or the seat of caries or necrosis, the member should be amputated above the injury. Docking scissors are best for this purpose, but the organ may be laid across a beam and chopped off with one blow of a hatchet. The hair should first be removed from the part to be cut, and what is above this part tied up to the rump. After the amputation the hair is drawn down over the stump and firmly tied, as close to it as possible, so as to compress the arteries and check bleeding. In cattle and other animals, with short hair on the tails, bleed�ing may be prevented by a flat tape tied round the tail above the stump for eight hours, or the arteries may be tied, or finally, they may be seared with a hot iron, the part having been first dusted with powdered resin.

FRACTURED RIBS.

These usually result from falls, blows, and other forms of mechanical injury, and may be easily detected by a depression or soft part at the seat of fracture. If simple, they will be readily repaired under the influence of rest and girths to restrict the movements of the chest. But if comminuted, abscesses may form or necrosis ensue, demanding the removal of the dead or morbid matters. If the fractured ends have been driven in so far as to penetrate the lung, a still more serious

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complication is met. The air rushes from the tubes of the lacerated lung into the pleural cavity during each inspiration, and as it cannot find its way back, the whole of that half of the chest is soon filled with air and the lung compressed into a small solid mass attached to the lower end of the windpipe, and opposite the base of the heart The lesion is thus liable to prove fatal, though if arrested early by the exudation of lymph in the wound of the lung, the air may be absorbed, and recovery may ensue.

WOUNDS PENETRATING THE CHEST.

Whether connected with broken ribs or only involving the muscles between the ribs, these lead to the accumulation of air in the chest and collapse of the lung, as when a broken rib has torn the lung tissue. The edges of the wound, having been driven in, act like a valve, allowing the entrance of air during the expansion of the chest, but forbidding its escape when that cavity collapses. It is far more serious than the accumulation of air in the chest from a torn lung, as decomposition and irri�tation are set up by the presence of germs which are filtered out in passing through the lungs. Unless the wound is small and can be closed early, it is necessarily fatal.

SHOULDER LAMENESS.

The lameness which accompanies injuries to the shoulders may be so characteristic as to be recognised at a glance. The specific features are, the carrying of the head low; the dragging of the toe on the ground in advancing the limb; the swinging of the foot outward so as to describe the arc of a circle in bringing it forward; and, if severe enough, the standing with joints partly bent, the heel raised, and the toe resting on the ground, but without any advance of the lame foot in front of the other.


	11

SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES.

325

TUMOURS ON TKE SHOULDER.

Often preceded by chafing or galling, these consist of inflam�mation and suppuration beneath the large flat muscle which covers the front of the shoulder (levator humerl). The tissues around the matter become thickened and indurated to an extra�ordinary extent, so that it is often impossible to detect any fluctuation, yet it may be assumed in all cases of considerable swelling that matter really exists, and the recovery will not ensue until that has been evacuated. In slight cases only will a little nut-like induration form without matter.

Treatment.�In cases in which injury has just been sustained, suspend work or drive in a breast strap, and treat as for chafing. If a tumour forms, first subdue the more active in�flammation by a dose of physic and a wet rug slung over the shoulder for several days; then open it with a knife, or prefer�ably, draw off the liquid once or twice, at intervals of two or three days, with a cannula and trocar, and then, when the sac has been reduced to a small size, lay it freely open with the knife and treat like an ordinary wound. In very large tumours it may be necessary to push the cannula in as far as four or even six inches before the matter is reached, but the operator must persevere, directing it always toward the exact centre of the swelling. The small solid tumours are to be cut out with the knife, a straight vertical incision being made through the skin, directly over the mass, which is then dissected out, and the skin brought together with stitches and treated like a simple wound.

SPRAIN OF THE CORACO-RADIAL TENDON. SHOULDER SPRAIN.

This is a sprain of the large tendon which passes over the point of the shoulder (the most prominent part directly in front), and in bad cases the double pulley over which it plays in front of the upper end of the arm bone is involved in inflammation and ulceration.

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Symptoms.�Pendent head, dragging toe, swinging outward of the foot when being advanced, shortness of the step, and a tendency to stand with the toe only resting on the ground and the limb bent but not advanced. Swelling of the point of the shoulder is sometimes, though rarely seen, but pressure on this point with the thumbs will detect tenderness, which is especially marked as compared with that of the other shoulder. The pressure should be made successively on the inner side of the tendon, on the outer and on its centre.

Treatment.�First subdue the inflammation by rest, a high-heeled shoe and a wet rug kept hanging continually over the shoulder (a blanket folded several times and tied round the neck and chest), with or without a purge and restricted diet. When the heat and tenderness have subsided apply a smart blister over the point of the shoulder, and repeat if lameness persists. In obstinate cases it may be needful to use the hot iron, but only on the outer side of the joint, and never on the point where the collar rests.

SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OUTSIDE THE SHOULDER-BLADE.

This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the posterior cavity on the outer side of the shoulder-blade and plays over the outer side of the shoulder-joint (outer tubercle of the head of the humerus). It occurs mainly in young horses when first put to plough, or in others going on uneven ground and step�ping unexpectedly into holes. In the endeavour to recover the equilibrium on stepping into a furrow or hole, this muscle, which forms the outer support of the joint, is injured, and there result heat, swelling, and tenderness on the outside of the joint and a most characteristic gait. The horse may walk, or even trot, without much apparent lameness, but standing directly in front of him the affected shoulder is seen to roll outward from the body to a far greater extent than the sound one. Soon the muscle begins to waste rapidly, and in bad cases the shoulder-

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blade may be denuded until it appears to be covered by nothing but skin.

Treatment.�In the first stages, with heat, swelling and tenderness outside the joint, rest, employ a wet rug, etc., as for sprain of the coraco-radial tendon. When this has subsided allow exercise on smooth ground (walking, working in light cultivator), and increase the circulation over the wasted muscle by active friction with straw or a piece of wood : or by mild blisters (ammonia 1 pt., oil 2 pts. : or Spanish flies 1 part, alcohol 25 pts., steeped for 24 hours and strained); or stimu�late with a galvanic battery. It may take months to refill the cavity, but in all recent cases perseverance will be rewarded. In old standing cases with fatty degeneration of the muscles, a very partial restoration only can be effected.

It must be added that wasting of the shoulder muscles is a common result of all lameness entailing disuse of the limb, and hence many injuries of the feet and elsewhere are referred to the shoulder and designated sweeny (Schwinden) by wiseacres. In the absence of the particular gait above described, of the early heat, swelling and tenderness outside the joint and the rapid wasting of the muscle, the cause of the sweeny should be sought elsewhere than the shoulder.

DISEASE OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT (INFLAMMATION, ULCERATION, ETC.)

In the large quadrupeds, in which swelling and tenderness on handling are rarely seen, disease in the joint is to be mainly distinguished by the general symptoms of shoulder lameness and the absence of any of the signs of local disease in the tendons, already described. Movement of the joint by drawing the limb forward, and especially by drawing it back�ward, will usually give rise to pain, sometimes of an extreme nature.

In dogs the capsule of the joint is found to bulge on each

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side of the coraco-radial tendon which plays over the point of the shoulder, and tenderness may be shown when it is handled. Treatment.�When inflammation is very severe, rest and soothing measures should be first resorted to. In the majority of cases it assumes a subacute type, and is to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, rest and counter-irritants. Repeated blister�ing with Spanish flies may suffice, but in obstinate cases and whenever there is reason to suspect ulceration, the hot iron is most serviceable, applied round the outer side of the joint only.

OTHER AFFECTIONS OF THE SHOULDER.

The shoulder-blade is subject to fracture, ulceration, and necrosis; the muscles beneath the bone to lacerations ; the joint to dislocations (rare in large quadrupeds); and the lymphatic glands inside the joint to abscess (especially in strangles), all of which must be treated on general principles, space forbidding their further notice in the present work. Shoulder lameness may further arise from liver disease, which see.

AFFECTIONS OF THE ELBOW AND ARM.

Lameness in the region of the elbow is characterised by the inability to extend the joint fully or to bear weight upon it in this condition. In bad cases the elbow and knee-joints are kept semiflexed when standing still, and when walking or trot�ting the dropping of the head and body is extreme, in conse�quence of a similar flexion. Movement of the joint will also give rise to symptoms of tenderness.

TUMOURS ON THE POINT OF THE ELBOW.

These are usually caused by the heels of the shoe when the horse lies with his fore limbs bent under him (cow fashion) from undue narrowness of the stall.

Symptoms.�There is first a hot, tender swelling, and if the source of injury is kept up, this may increase by small degrees

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to a very large size. Soon the swelling fluctuates from con�tained serum, and it may remain thus indefinitely, the liquid being confined by the tough fibrous walls. Or the serum may be absorbed, leaving a hard nut-like tumour with no sign of fluctuation.

Treatment.�Soothe the early inflammation by fomentations or a wet rug hung over the part, and keep on a soft laxative diet. If the amount of serum thrown out is limited, it may be entirely re-absorbed by using tincture of iodine to remove the swelling. If more abundant let it be drawn off with a cannula and trocar, and the sac injected with compound tincture of iodine diluted in double its bulk of water. If this is not available, lay the sac freely open at its lower part and heal like a common wound If a hard mass is left beneath the skin it is to be cut out as advised for those on the shoulder.

By way of prevention the stall must be widened, and, in the case of animals that will lie on the breast, a pad or girdle of two or three inches thick must be strapped round the pastern at night to prevent the heel striking against the elbow. This pad must be soft, covered with chamois leather, made without a seam on its outer side, and buckled above and below so that nothing hard may touch the elbow.

WOUNDS OF THE ELBOW.

Wounds in this situation are often complicated with air under the skin, puffing up the whole region, having been pumped in by the movements of the elbow. Rest is requisite and the wound may be treated as others.

FRACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE ELBOW.

This is easily recognised, as the leg dangles, bending at the elbow and knee, and it is impossible to bear any weight on it. On taking hold of the back of the elbow the process of bone is found to be detached and loose. If excessive swelling prevents

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this, place the foot upon the ground, bend back the knee forcibly, and let an assistant raise the opposite fore-foot. If the bone is broken he will drop, if the muscles only are injured he may stand.

Treatment.�If the injury has occurred from a kick, which has seriously contused the joint surfaces, all treatment may be futile, but if not, the case will be hopeful, and especially in the young. Bring the detached bone as nearly as possible into position and retain it by a pad placed inside the elbow, and a bandage and splints continued from the foot up. The patient must be placed in slings.

DISEASE OF THE ELBOW-JOINT.

This must be diagnosed by the general symptoms of elbow lameness and by pain in moving the joint, but especially when it is fully extended.

Treatment as for diseased shoulder-joint, the applications in this case being made to the elbow. If far advanced, or if connected with fracture of the lower end of the arm bone or of that forming the point of the elbow, it will usually be unsatisfactory.

FRACTURE OF THE ARM BONE.

Fracture of the large bone between the point of the shoulder and the elbow may occur from blows, or even wrong steps, and is often attended by much swelling from extravasation of blood. The only resort is to place the animal in slings and keep him perfectly quiet. In rare cases recovery has taken place with no distortion, the broken ends, in a transverse fracture, remaining in apposition. Usually they are drawn apart by the muscles and ride over each other so that the limb is shortened. Such a result is only desirable in breeding horses and in stock for dairy or butcher.

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FRACTURE OF THE FORE-ARM.

Fractures between the elbow and knee in horses or cattle necessarily leave the animal unable to rest on the limb; if in dogs or cats one of the bones may be broken while the other remains unharmed, and weight can still be borne. There is trembling of the muscles, distortion easily felt on carrying the hand down the inner side along the line of the bone, and grating when the limb is moved.

Treatment.�If the fracture is very oblique treatment will rarely pay in horses, but if transverse or jagged so that the bones do not ride, the case is very hopeful. Setting the bones, with the aid of extension and counter-extension, or even ether if necessary, applying splints and bandages from the foot to the elbow, and placing in slings (if a large animal) are the essential conditions,

SPRAIN OF THE RADIAL LIGAMENT.

This is an injury of a strong, flat, fibrous band, coming from the lower third of the fore-arm and joining the back tendons just above the knee. It is characterized by a tendency to carry the pastern upright, or even to flex the knee and to stumble. The knee cannot be fully flexed without much pain, and there is a hot tender swelling immediately behind the bone and extending from the knee about four inches upward.

Treat by rest, a laxative, a high-heeled shoe, and fomenta�tions, or cooling astringent lotions; followed when heat and tenderness subside by active blistering should lameness continue.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS BEHIND THE KNEE. THOROUGH-PIN OF THE KNEE.

This is manifested by a tense fluctuating swelling on each side of the back tendons just above the knee and behind the bone of the fore-arm; also of a swelling behind and immedi�ately below the knee, pressure on one of these swellings causing

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THE FARM DOCTOR.

the filling up of the others, and vice versa. There may or may not be much lameness, or impossibility of flexing the knee so as to bring the fetlock pad in contact with the elbow.

Treat the inflammation as in sprained radial ligament, and the liquid distension by blister, by bandage and pads shaped like half of an egg cut longitudinally, or still better, by evacu�ating the liquid with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, and then applying pressure with wet bandages.

SYNOVIAL SWELLINGS IN FRONT OF THE KNEE.

These are of three kinds ; 15/, the distension of a bursa or formation of a serous cyst under the skin, exceedingly common in heavy cattle; 2d, distension of the theca of one or more of the four tendons which pass over the front and outer side of the knee; 3^, and finally, disease inside the knee-joint and distension of its capsule. The first is superficial, though often possessed of very thick walls, is generally diffused over the front of the joint, and is little affected by flexion or extension. The distended thecae extend vertically along the lines of the tendons, reaching above and below the joint, and are bound down at intervals by transverse bands; their size is little affected by bending the joint Distensions of the joint capsule appear in the intervals between the tendons, do not extend beyond the joint except in very extreme cases, and disappear in part or entirely when the joint is bent; in this case the joint is rarely kept fully extended in standing, and cannot usually be flexed to make the fetlock touch the elbow.

Treatment.�For subcutaneous cysts puncture with nozzle of hypodermic syringe, draw off the liquid, and compress strongly with wet bandages. If this cannot be done, pass a tape from above downward through the cavity of the sac, and keep in until resulting suppuration has ceased, when it may be with�drawn from above downward a little at a time. Excess of

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inflammation may be subdued by fomentations and thick wet bandages.

The distended theca may be punctured with a nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and subjected to pressure, or treated with strong blisters (biniodide of mercury 2 dr., lard 1 oz.) repeatedly applied; or simple pressure will suffice if kept up for some weeks, increasing the time daily. Setons would be dangerous.

For distended Joint see below.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEE-JOINT.

This may be seen in all stages from that in which the animal starts forward perceptibly at the knee, and manifests suffering when you try to fully extend it by strong pressure on its anterior surface, to the most violent and destructive inflamma�tion with extensive exudation of lymph and even the formation of abscess. It tends to leave the puffy swellings of its capsule referred to under the preceding heading, or distinct hard bony enlargements on the anterior surface of the joint. The animal stands squarely upon his feet with no inclination to raise the heel, and in action carries the knee-joint comparatively unbent, takes a fairly long step, and comes down with greatest force on the heels, so as to wear the shoe at this point. A rider has a peculiar sensation of the chest sinking under him. The lame�ness increases with exercise, especially on hard surfaces.

Treatment.�Rest, without shoes; subdue inflammation by soothing applications, after which blister the part. If the animal persists in using it too freely, apply splints and bandages to fix the joint, and place in slings.

WOUNDS OF THE KNEE.

Dislocation of the Knee-joint with laceration of the lateral ligaments occurs, and though if put in splints and slings the patients will sometimes recover with a stiff knee, the result is a very undesirable one.

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Bruise of the Inner Side of the Knee.�Speedy Cut.� This usually results from a blow with the opposite foot, in horses with high action, in those with narrow chests, or, above all, in horses driven on the snow-path. It is manifested by an inflam�matory swelling on the prominence of bone inside the joint, resulting in a permanent scar, a serous sac, or an abscess. Its early or inflammatory stage may be treated by lotions of cold water or astringent liquids, kept constantly applied : the serous effusion by pressure or by drawing off the liquid through a fine tube, and then bandaging, and abscess by a free incision with a knife or lancet.

To prevent, keep the foot rather bare inside, with the shoe slightly beveled from its wearing to its bearing surface, allow no ragged nail clinches to project, and re-adjust the shoe sufficiently often (every three weeks). Or a boot may be worn extending from the fetlock to the knee, and with a rim at its upper part to warn the animal when his foot approaches this point

Wounds in Front of the Knees.�Broken Knees.� Usually sustained in falling, but it may be by striking against a manger or other hard object. They are of all degrees of severity : ist, simple loss of hair and slight abrasion of the scarf-skin ; 2d, a severe bruise of the skin without laceration ; 3d, a wound extending no deeper than the skin; 4th, a wound laying bare the tendons and opening their sheaths ; 5th, a wound lay�ing open the joint and exposing the bones with or without laceration of the tendons ; and 6th, when the joint is opened and the small bones of the knee broken.

Treatment.�ist. With simple abrasion no treatment is needed; 2d, if much bruised tie short to a high rack to prevent lying down and bandage lightly, using a mild astringent lotion (sugar of lead \ oz., carbolic acid 60 drops, water 2 qts.); 3d, in all cases in which the wound extends through the skin it is desirable to bend the knee to the position occupied when

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wounded, so that the deep wounds may correspond with the superficial, and wash off with a stream of tepid water or soft clean sponge all dirt or foreign bodies, but never probe nor run any risk of opening cavities which have not been injured. Any shreds of tissue which are absolutely dead should be cut off, but never remove any skin, however contused, as it will all be wanted. Then cutting the hair from the flaps of the wound above and below bring them together by straps of plaster or tow dipped in shellac paste, leaving sufficient intervals for the escape of matter. If the wound inflames and swells, give a purgative and dress with the lotion advised for bruised knee. In all severe cases it is desirable to sling the patient after the first few days to obviate any attempt to lie down, which would seriously protract the case; 4th, the exposure of the tendons, with the escape of glairy synovia, will entail more swelling and fever and permanent enlargement of the joint, but will demand the same course of treatment; 5th, when the tendons are crushed or torn and the joint opened, and above all when the bones are broken we have cases of increasing severity, and in few such is it desirable to subject to treatment, unless the patient is to be valuable for breeding purposes. Considerable death of tendon and even necrosis and elimination of bone may be expected, and the patient can only recover with a stiff joint. In addition to the measures already recommended, it becomes imperative to encase the limb up to the elbow in splints and bandages, as for a fracture, leaving open the part in front of the knee for dressing the wound.

SPLINTS.

These are circumscribed inflammations of the periosteum and small bones in the region of the shank, involving or not the shank-bones themselves, and resulting in small bony swellings. They occur almost invariably on the inner side of the limb, be�tween the large and small bones of the shank, and may usually

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be recognised by running the fingers down the slight groove formed between the main shank-bone and its small accessory-one behind. It usually connects the large bone to the small (anchylosis), but may be confined to the posterior part of the

Fig. 67.�Splint.

small bone, or may extend across the back of the shank-bone and appear at the same level on the inner and outer sides of the limb alike. In old horses it is not unfrequent to find the small bone united to the large along two-thirds of its length. If situ�ated high up and close to the knee, it is more likely to cause continued lameness than if lower down. Again if an animal has several splints and other diseases of bone he is highly objectionable, as being predisposed to bone disease.

Symptoms.�Beside the feeling of the splints on handling, as above mentioned, these symptoms may be seen. The patient may walk sound, or even trot so, on soft ground, but is exceed�ingly lame when trotted on a hard surface, and this lameness increases with exercise. The extreme drooping of the head is characteristic. Even before the formation of the splint tender�ness may be shown on pressure, and some little heat recognised. In some cases considerable soft swelling may be felt in the early stages. In acute cases, threatening abscess, the lame�ness is extreme.

Treatment.�In the early stages, rest, purge, and apply cool�ing lotions. When heat and tenderness subside, blister. Some cases will recover promptly, others require repeated blistering and a long period of rest. If heat and great tenderness return, resort again to soothing measures. In extreme tenderness, threatening the formation of matter, the periosteum should be divided with a very narrow-bladed knife, which is passed through

SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES.

337

the skin half an inch below the swelling and carried up over it. The part must then be covered by a wet bandage.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE COVERING THE SHANK-BONE. SORE SHINS.

This occurs especially in over-worked young horses. Racers are very liable, but cart-horses are not exempt. There is general tumefaction of the shank-bone or of some part of it, usually the lower, with a lameness greatly resembling that of splints. If slight and circumscribed, the exudation that takes place between the membrane and the bone is ossified, giving rise to permanent thickening, and exudation outside the membrane may follow a similar course, causing a very considerable swelling. In the more severe cases, the abundant exudation, separating the membrane from the bone, may cut off the supply of blood and entail necrosis ; or the lymph may degenerate into pus which burrows beneath the membrane, separating it from the bone and destroying the life of the latter.

Treatment.�In mild cases treat like splints. In the very severe with great tenderness and doughy swelling of the bone, make a series of incisions through the membrane covering the bone, with a very narrow-bladed knife and by valvular wounds, passing the blade a short distance beneath the skin before cut�ting down on the bone. Then apply the lotion advised for broken knees.

FRACTURE OF THE SPLINT BONES.

The lower ends of the small bones of the shank are liable to be broken, the lesion being made out by the swelling at the point and the unnatural mobility of the lower end of the bone, though grating is not to be expected No treatment is needed beyond a cooling bandage and rest

FRACTURE OF THE SHANK-BONE.

This is broken by kicks, blows, or simply by concussion in

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exercise. The superficial position of the bone renders all dis�tortion very apparent, and this with the impossibility of resting weight on the limb and the grating of the broken ends when handled are unmistakable.

Treatment.�If comminuted, as it often is, the animal had best be slaughtered. If only compound, hopes may be enter�tained, especially in young animals, an opening being made in the bandage to dress the wound. If simple and the fracture not too oblique, nothing is easier than to set it, to envelop it in a bandage extending over and fixing the knee, and to keep the patient in slings until union has taken place.

SPRAINS OF THE BACK TENDONS.

These are the two cords which form the posterior line o^f the limb between the knee and the fetlock. About midw down the shank the front one is joined by a strong cord coining from the upper end of the cannon-bone and the lower row of small knee bones. This last is by far the most frequent seat of sprain, so that the swelling and tenderness are observed be�tween the upper half of the cannon-bone and the round cord which forms the posterior outline of the limb. In other cases the tendons have participated in the sprain, and they too are thickened and tender from the middle of the shank (the point of junction with the ligament) down to the fetlock. In a third class the sprain is confined to an inch or two above the fetlock. In these the swelling is to the two sides if the anterior of the two tendons is injured, and backward if the posterior is sprained. The symptoms are a stumbling gait, with a tendency to stub the toe into the ground and to bend over at the knee and fetlock; an inclination to stand with the knee and fetlock slightly bent, the pastern upright or the heel a little raised; then passing the hand along the line of the tendons and in front of them in the upper half of the bone, the thumb on one side and the fingers on the other, any slight thickening is easily recognised, and if

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heat exists and pain on pinchiag, your suspicions are confirmed. In old bad cases the stay ligament and lower half of the tendons are greatly thickened throughout and the knee kept constantly bent, sometimes to the extent of causing the patient to walk on the front of the hoof. In other cases the cords are knotted, hard and wanting in suppleness, showing calcification of their substance.

Treatment. �In the early stages of severe cases, rest, shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentation continuously, or cold astringent lotions. When heat and tenderness have subsided the high-heeled shoe may be dis�pensed with, the foot shod level and active blisters applied. The preparations of the iodides of mercury are among the best. In old cases of extreme contraction the tendons can be cut across by a narrow-bladed knife with as little external wound as possible, and the limb extended to its proper form and retained there by splints and bandages until new fibrous tissue fills up the interval between the divided ends. The operation is per�formed in the middle of the shank, below the connexion with the stay ligament, and is very successful in appropriate cases, restoring a helpless cripple to perfect usefulness. For the minutiae of the operation the reader is referred to our larger work. Calcified, knotted tendons are utterly unsuited to it

SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT.

This structure lies between the shank-bone and the back tendons, and extends from the back of the lower part ot the knee to the little bones (sesamoids) which form the pulley for the tendons behind the fetlock, with prolongations forward on the sides of the pastern to join the extensor tendon of the foot. The seat of sprain may be at any part, but is usually in the lower third of the shank, where it divides into an inner and an outer branch. The sprain may cause but the slightest percep�tible swelling on one of these branches, or the ligament may be

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completely torn across, the fetlock descending to the ground, and the toe turning up. Any injury to this ligament is likely to cause more persistent lameness than a corresponding injury to the back tendons, seeing it is a mechanical support to the fetlock and is always on the strain when the animal stands upon the limb.

Symptoms.�Persistent, often severe lameness, upright pastern, stumbling gait, or undue lowering of the fetlock when weight is thrown upon the limb. Then by bringing the fingers and thumb down the line of the cord felt immediately behind the lower half of the shank-bone between it and the back tendons, some enlargement is detected, with heat and tenderness. In bad cases, with descent of the fetlock, the whole length of the cord is thickened, and the infiltration of the surrounding parts gives the whole back of the limb a soft doughy feeling. Treat�ment is much less satisfactory than in sprains of the back tendons, but the principles are the same, though a much longer period of rest and blistering is usually demanded. In severe forms with descent of the fetlock, that must be supported by splints and bandages, in the same manner as after cutting the back tendons, otherwise the limb will be permanently distorted. These severe cases, which usually result from the most violent exertions in racing or hunting, rarely recover so as to be fit for such work in future, though they may be useful for service at a slow pace.

t ;

SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS OVER THE FETLOCK PULLEY. WIND-GALLS. SESAMOIDITIS.

This is the result of sprains or severe exertions, and is always associated with round elastic synovial swellings on each side of the tendons, familiarly known as puffs or wind-galls. Similar swellings arise, independent of sprains, as the result of over-exertion or dropsy of the part. The swellings may become solid by coagulation of the lymph, and may be absorbed or

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organized, or the inflammation may attack the bone, leading to ulceration and bony deposits. Similar bony deposits with or without ulceration may take place on these small bones in connexion with injuries of the suspensory ligament

Treatment�Simple wind-galls, dropsical or from over-exer�tion, may be made to disappear by persistent pressure with a bandage and pads applied at first two hours twice a day, and two hours more every day thereafter, until they can be kept on all the time. It may, however, require five or six weeks, and should be stopped if it causes inflammation in the sac. Another plan is to draw off the liquid through the nozzle of a hypo�dermic syringe and apply a firm wet bandage. In some quiet animals a weak solution of iodine may be injected, but this is too often injurious or at least fruitless, from the irritability of the horse. Recent puffs will sometimes disappear under strong astringent lotions (oak-bark and alum), or under an active blister, or after firing, the contraction of the skin during healing appearing to be a principal cause of their absorption.

Where there is sprain with much heat, tenderness, and tension, treat by rest, purgative, a high-heeled shoe, and fomen�tations or cooling astringent lotions, to be followed by blisters when the tenderness subsides.

Disease of the bones (Sesamoiditis) must be treated with severe blisters and even firing, with long continued rest, but if ulcers already exist on the gliding surface of the bones a com�plete recovery need scarcely be looked for.

SPRAIN OF THE INFERIOR SESAMOID LIGAMENTS.

The ligaments below these pulley-shaped bones behind the fetlock are sometimes sprained, causing great lameness with swelling and tenderness below the fetlock pad. Treat as for injury to the suspensory ligament

ELASTIC SWELLING IN FRONT OF THE FETLOCK.

These are of two kinds: ist, a serous abscess or enlarged

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bursa under the skin; and 2d, the distension of a large synovial bursa between the extensor tendon and the capsule of the joint. The first swells out as a uniform rounded tumour on the front of the joint. The second has at first the appearance of a double tumour from the swelling appearing at the two sides of the extensor tendon, and it is only in severe cases and advanced stages that these meet over the centre. They usually result from pricks or bruises, though the second form may be asso�ciated with sprain. Any existing inflammation should be subdued by soothing measures, and a blister applied early to secure absorption of the liquid if possible. Should this fail the liquid may be drawn off as advised for wind-galls, and the part tightly bandaged. Or a free incision may be made in the lower part of the sac and wet bandages applied to keep down inflam�matory action, while the sac is obliterated by healing from the bottom.

DISEASE OF THE FETLOCK JOINT.

This is occasionally the seat of simple dropsical effusion, causing it to swell out like wind-galls on the inner and outer sides, just above the sesamoid bones. The swellings are, how�ever, placed more anteriorly than distensions of the tendinous sheath, and pressure upon them does not cause bulging nor fluctuation behind and below the fetlock, on the line of the tendons. This is not necessarily connected with lameness, though if the result of inflammation of the joint, that is more likely. Inflammation of the joint may be recognised by the habitual resting of the leg, which starts forward at the fetlock, by the appearance of wind-galls just described, and by a swelling heat and tenderness of the entire joint Bending the joint fully causes intense pain, as does also full extension.

Treatment does not differ from that of other inflamed joints.

DISLOCATION OF THE FETLOCK.

This occurs like that of the knee in connexion with rupture

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of the lateral ligaments. We have had recoveries so as to be very useful for farm work, by reducing the dislocation and fixing with splints and bandages, but this cannot by any means be calculated on.

BLOWS ON THE INSIDE OF THE FETLOCK. CUTTING.

Like cutting on the inner side of the knee, this arises from blows received in action. Weak animals with turned-out toes and distorted feet are most liable. It is to be treated by soothing measures, and if the bones or joints become involved, treat as advised for the respective injuries.

To prevent, let the feet be kept a little bare on the innei side, and the shoes slightly levelled off, but avoid lowering the foot or thinning the shoe on the inner side. On the contrary, a very slight thickening of the shoe on the inside is sometimes beneficial, by straightening up the fetlock and removing it from danger. If this fails wear a leather boot with a projecting rim, or a simple woollen bandage. In weak subjects benefit is often derived from bringing into a better condition of health.

FRACTURES OF THE PASTERN BONES.

These are exceedingly common in horses running on hard ground or even on soft movable sand. They are of all degrees of severity, from a simple split without separation of the broken pieces, to a complete shattering of the bone into a dozen frag�ments or more. Simple fractures are usually oblique, or even vertical, the bone being split in two nearly equal lateral halves, but transverse breaks are also seen.

Symptoms.�In shattered specimens the case is easily made out, and the victim should be destroyed at once. In cases of detachment sufficient to allow grating when the bones are moved (flexed and extended) there is as little difficulty. But in cases of splitting without detachment, the parts being held firmly together by the strong fibrous investments, the case is

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liable to be mistaken. There is the fact that the injury occurred suddenly during action, the horse at once showing lameness, more extreme on hard ground; there is no injury to ligaments nor tendons ; but pain when the pastern is fully flexed, and with or without swelling on the bone; there is a line of tenderness which can easily be traced with the fingers and corresponds to the fracture.

Treatment.�Place the patient in slings, and if grating is heard apply a strong bandage to above the fetlock. If no grating, soothe the early inflammation for a day or two, then render the parts immovable by a smart blister on the front and sides of the pastern from the hoof to the fetlock Such cases usually do well, though if the fracture extends into a joint the recovery is likely to be imperfect.

In the smaller animals bandages are requisite for fracture of the digital bones.

BONY GROWTHS ON THE PASTERN BONES. RINGBONES.

Fig. 68.�Ringbones�high and low. The rough irregular deposits of new bone are shown on the lateral parts of the large and small pastern bones respectively.

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These usually begin as inflammation of the membrane covering the bones, and at such points as give attachment to ligaments�namely, the lateral aspects of the lower or small pastern bone, and of the lower end of the upper or large bone. There is a circumscribed, tender, and somewhat elastic swelling, with more or less soft, doughy engorgement of the investing soft parts, and in course of time the exuded matter, at first soft, becomes hard and bony. The process in the early-stages often appears to consist in the dragging of the periosteum and vessels from the surface and the development of bone be�neath. But as the disease advances the whole surface of one or both bones may become involved, leading to a general de�position of new bony matter, extending, it may be, over the joint between the two pastern bones, or between the lower pastern and the bone ot the foot, and abolishing all movement. Ringbones may also take origin in partial fractures, in con�cussion, in rheumatoid disease, and in faults of nutrition, in which the earthy salts are largely passed with the urine.

Symptoms.�Lameness may be almost altogether absent, or it may be extreme in such cases as are attended by active in�flammation of the bone or joint, or when the joint has become fixed by bony deposit. The heel may be first brought to the ground, or, in the hind foot, the fetlock may knuckle over and the toe strikes first. The lameness is worst on hard ground and usually increases with exercise. Swelling may be scarcely perceptible and confined to the inner or outer side ot one pastern bone, or it may be an extreme enlargement of the whole pastern region. It may be hard throughout in old cases, or softer and slightly elastic at points where active disease is still going on. Forcibly bending of the pastern causes much pain, as also pres�sure on the swelling, and especially on the softer and more recent deposits.

Treatment.�Rest, second the indications of nature in order to secure an easy position, using a high-heeled shoe when the

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animal walks on the toe and a thin-heeled one when he walks on his heel. If there is very active inflammation adopt sooth�ing measures first and then blister severely or even fire. Cor�rosive sublimate and camphor 20 grains of each, muriatic acid 10 drops and oil of turpentine 1 oz. is often useful in such cases, but should be watched and washed off when sufficient exudation has taken place, otherwise it may blemish. In firing it is usually desirable to penetrate the skin in points, but never keep the hot iron long in contact with it lest the radiated heat destroy the integument. It is often needful to allow a rest of several months for consolidation of the new deposit. When the joints are much affected the only cure is by the growth of bone over them and the abolition of movement, and then there remains some stiffness though there may be ability for slow work. Old horses recover less satisfactorily than young ones. If there is reason to suspect a rheumatic complication or any general fault in nutrition these must be attended to.

SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS BEHIND THE PASTERN.

This is of two kinds, though both in almost the same seat Opposite the first pastern joint the posterior tendon divides into two branches, which passing over the inner and outer sides of the other tendon are inserted on the corresponding aspects of the head of the small pastern bone. Between these branches the other tendon plays over a raised fibro-cartilaginous pulley, its gliding being favoured by a synovial sac. This last tendon may be sprained as it plays over this pulley, in the median line of the back of the limb, and either of the branches of the other tendon may be sprained close to its attachment on the inner or outer side of this pulley.

Symptoms.�Standing quiet the animal keeps the fetlock and pastem joints slightly flexed, the foot advanced six or eight inches, the heel slightly raised and the toe resting on the ground. In action he steps short and stubs the toe into the ground, and

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generally improves as he warms up to work. The toe of the shoe wears faster than the heel, and the heel in old standing cases may be a little contracted, but it is not unnaturally warm, nor is there wincing on tapping the quarter or the sole to either side of the body of the frog, with a hammer. This serves to distinguish from disease of the small pulley-shaped bone of the foot�the misnamed coffin-Joint disease. Pressure on the tendons in the hollow of the heel causes much pain and wincing, and the precise seat of injury may be ascertained from the position of greatest suffering�in the median line, to the inner side or to the outer.

Treatment.�Shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe and surround the pastern with bandages soaked in cold water or some cooling astringent lotion. A purgative will be useful ii inflammation runs high. When heat and tenderness subside, any remaining lameness may usually be removed by a blister on the front and sides of the pastern.

FRACTURES OF THE HIP-BONES.

Fracture of the Outer Angle.�In young animals a little nodule from the extreme angle is often broken off by blows before it has acquired a firm connection with the parent bone. In the old, the fracture usually extends deeper, three, four, or six inches in breadth being often detached. In either case the fragment is drawn downward by the muscles leading to a greater or less flattening 01 the quarter, and it usually becomes attached to the parent bone by fibrous tissue or even bony union. In some instances, the fragment acting as a loreign body sets up inflammation with suppuration and a running sore. The slighter cases are not necessarily attended by lameness, but if much bone has been detached, with considerable flattening, there is more or less halting on the limb. Treatment consists in keeping the animal still until union has been effected, or in case of a running sore a free incision should be made and the fragment of bone extracted.

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Fracture of the Inner Angle near its Junction with the Backbone.�This is less frequent than the last but still tolerably common. It causes considerable lameness, and grating is heard when the limb is moved backward and forward. The oiled hand introduced through the rectum may feel the outline of the bones on the two sides, and detect the change from the natural form on the broken one. If it has been done for some time, there is a soft pasty swelling on the inner side of the bone.

Fracture of the Point of the Hip.�As in the case ot the outer angle, the posterior one is very liable to sustain fracture of a small portion which is developed apart from the rest of the bone. In other cases several inches in breadth of the bone is detached. In both cases alike it is drawn downward so that the prominence on one side of the tail is greater than on the other. It may be unattended by lameness and tends to grow on below, though it will sometimes remain detached and form a running sore, in which case it must be removed by the knife.

Fractures through the Shaft of the Hip-bone.�These may be in front of the hip-joint, behind it, or through it. Again, they may be simple or comminuted. If the fracture does not implicate the joint, weight may still be rested on the limb, but jf through the joint the limb is held useless. The dragging lameness of hip disease is always present, and grating may be felt by seizing the outer and posterior angles of the hip in the two hands while the animal walks. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will enable the observer to ascertain the exact seat and nature of the injury.

Treatment of Fractures of the Hip.�If through the joint, or much shattered, the animal should be at once destroyed. Ii a simple fracture the patient should be put in slings and kept still for a month or six weeks. In such cases recovery may be expected.

sprain of the hip. This is one of the most common injuries of the hip, and is

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located in the tendon of the largest muscle of the buttock as it plays over the large process on the head of the thigh-bone. Its exact size is easily found in thin horses by the prominence over the joint and midway between the anterior and posterior angles of the hip-bone. There is the usual dragging hip lame�ness, a quick short step with the affected limb, the hip being moved as little as possible, suffering when the member is drawn forward, and tenderness to pressure on the seat of the sprain. Swelling and heat are rare because of the depth of the lesion. In cases of any standing the muscles of the quarter waste.

Treatment.�Long continued rest, with at first fomentations, and later, active and repeated blisters, or even the hot iron applied in points. Some chronic cases do well under a com�bination of exercise and counter-irritants as follows : rub the affected quarter with oil of turpentine, then take out and exer�cise in a circle until covered with perspiration ; then return to the stable, rub down and clothe with a double wet blanket over the lame quarter. Repeat daily for some time.

DISPLACEMENT OF THE ABDUCTOR FEMORIS.

Lean cattle are subject to a peculiar form of hip lameness, from displacement backward of the large muscle which plays over the prominence at the head of the thigh-bone. The high, bony process presses on the anterior border of the muscle, pre�venting it from resuming its natural position. The anterior border of the muscle forms a prominent painless cord extending from behind the hip-joint to below the stifle. In moving, the toe is dragged along the ground, being extended backward, and the limb is flexed with effort and often in a sudden and convul�sive manner, and accompanied by a dull sound. These symp�toms are most marked if the animal is made to step over a bar of six or eight inches high as he leaves the stable.

Treatment.�Some recover under good nourishment with or without blisters, but usually it is best to make an incision over

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the front of the cord an. inch or two below the head of the thigh-bone and cut the border of the muscle across with a narrow-bladed knife. The animal may be kept quiet by the bull-dog pincers in his nose, and by drawing the opposite limb forward with a line passed through a collar.

DISEASE OF THE HIP-JOINT.

This may be connected with a partial fracture of the bones of the quarter extending into the joint, with laceration of the ligaments, with ulceration of the bones, or with simple synovitis, from over-work, rheumatism, or other cause. The symptoms strongly resemble those of sprain of the hip, but there is no pain on pressure upon the prominence on the head of the thigh�bone, but often much suffering when the limb is drawn out�ward and backward, so as to place the ligaments on the stretch. It is attended with wasting of the muscles of the quarter.

Treatment.�Rest, sling if at all convenient, foment the quarter with a thick rug repeatedly folded, and finally blister actively, or, still better, fire. A long period of rest is usually necessary.

DISLOCATION OF THE HIP.

This is almost unknown in the horse excepting in connection with fracture, but is not very uncommon in lean cattle and small animals as a consequence of falls and dragging of the limb to excess in any one direction. It will even happen from extreme dragging of the limb outward when caught over a bar. Dis�placement is vamp;\ia\\y forward or backward. In the former case the limb is shortened, the prominence of the head of the thigh�bone carried forward and the toe turned out. In the latter the limb is elongated, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone carried backwards and the toe turned inward Dislocations inward and outward are also described and would be marked by the deviations of the limb from its normal position, and the de-

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pression or increased prominence of the head of the thigh�bone.

Reduction.�Lay the animal on the opposite side of the body; maintain the body immovable by a strong sheet carried be�tween the thighs and held byseveral men orfixedto a firm object; attach a band round the limb above the hock and let two men drag upon this, or one man carefully with the aid of a block and tackle; meanwhile the operator, seizing hock and stifle, must turn the upper part of the limb in a direction opposite to the displacement \l forward the hock is raised and the stifle depressed; if backward the stifle is raised and the hock depressed; if inward a smooth round billet of wood is to be placed between the thighs to act as a fulcrum upon which the limb is depressed when sufficiently stretched; if outward the lower part of the limb must be drawn outward and upward, while weight is thrown on the thigh-bone ; or by movements of the limb it may be changed to a dislocation forward and reduced from that position. It may be necessary to relax the muscles by a full dose of chloral-hydrate before attempting to reduce. When reduced, the head of the bone slips in with a jerk and an audible sound, and the limb assumes its natural position. The animal may then be let up, and should be kept quiet and alone for several days. These cases do far better than could be expected from the anatomical arrangements of the part.

FRACTURE OF THE NECK OF THE THIGH-BONE.

This is not uncommon in small animals, especially dogs, but very rare indeed in the large quadrupeds. It is marked by shortening of the limb, inability to use it, and grating when it is moved. If the finger or hand is passed into the rectum and pressed against the crest above the hip-joint, while an assistant draws the limb outward, the prominence of the head of the thigh-bone may be felt above the crest This can only occur

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in two other conditions�fracture of the outer rim of the cup receiving the head of the thigh-bone, and outward dislocation of the hip-joint without fracture. The latter may be distin�guished by the absence of grating, while the first is as serious as the fracture of the neck of the bone.

Treatment is useless in the large quadrupeds, but in the small, a firm retentive starch bandage for the whole limb will often secure recovery.

FRACTURE OK THE SHAFT OF THIGH-BONE.

This is marked by inability to use the limb, muscular trem�bling, swelling on the inner side of the thigh, and grating, felt or heard, when the limb is moved in various directions. In the larger quadrupeds nothing can be done beyond slinging and quiet, which may prove successful in exceptional cases, but in small animals, dogs and cats especially, a well applied starch bandage will usually be a success.

FRACTURES OF THE LOWER ENDS OF THE THIGH-BONE.

These are recognised by great pain and swelling in the stifle, with grating when the joint is seized between the hands and the limb moved. It may be considered irremediable in the large animals, and recoveries are imperfect in the small.

FRACTURE OF THE KNEE-CAP.

The small bone in front of the stifle is sometimes fractured either across or vertically, causing local swelling and tenderness with inability to use the limb, which is drawn backward and outward. It is irremediable.

DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-CAP.

Not uncommon in certain breeds of horses, this usually occurs when standing at rest in the stable or rather after rising. The limb is drawn forcibly outward and backward, the foot

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resting on the toe, and the animal is helpless to move it. The bone may be felt displaced at the outer side, at what should be the most prominent anterior point of the stifle. In young horses it may be attended with ulceration of the pulley over which it plays, but, in the adult, this is very exceptional.

Reduction may sometimes be effected by starting the animal with a whip, the limb being brought forward under the violent effort and the bone meanwhile slipping into place. More commonly it is requisite to draw the foot forward, either by simply lifting it, or by the aid of a rope having a noose round the fetlock, and passing through a collar on the neck. While the limb is being advanced, a hand should be placed on the bone outside the stifle to press it into position. When reduced keep on a level (not slippery) floor; apply a shoe with a toe piece projecting an inch in front of the hoof, and curved up j and finally, put a smart blister on the joint

Second Form.�A modification of the above is seen in horses and cattle, in which the knee-cap is drawn too high during extreme extension of the stifle, and then pulled outward by the abductor muscles; its inner lateral ligament slips into the notch above the pulley, over which the bone should play, and the animal remains helpless with the limb drawn back as in ordinary dislocation. There is a depression in front of the upper part of the stifle, surmounted by a swelling which is soft, not hard, as it would be were the current explanation of cramp of the muscles correct. The reduction is by the same method advised for ordinary dislocation, and the after treatment identical.

DISEASE IN THE STIFLE JOINT.

If between the knee-cap and its pulley the patient usually drags the toe on the ground, steps short and brings the foot forward with a swinging outward motion. The leg is kept half bent when standing, the knee-cap is felt to move loosely on the pulley, causing pain, and an elastic fluctuating swelling is felt

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beneath it in the intervals between the three descending liga�ments. In disease of the inner or outer division of the true joint the animal stands with it in the same position, but in walking it may either be jerked up suddenly, or in the worst cases, this joint and the hock are carried in a stiff extended position, and the principal movement is in the hip. An elastic swelling may usually be felt beneath the knee-cap, but it is less prominent than in disease of the pulley, and the bone is less mobile and does not cause pain when moved.

Treatment.�All cases require a high-heeled shoe, excepting such as are attended with dislocation of the knee-cap, in which case a thin-heeled shoe with a projection forward at the toe is indicated. Rest is essential, and in case of very acute inflam�mation, fomentations should precede repeated blistering or firing. A long rest is imperative. In ulceration of the bones and dislocation of the knee-cap in young animals, the fault is mainly in nutrition, and a rich diet, tonics, pure air, and sun�shine are demanded

FRACTURE OF THE LEG BETWEEN THE THIGH AND HOCK.

The principal bone of this region (tibia) lying superficially on the inner side of the leg is very liable to fracture from kicks. The symptoms are patent enough when the fracture is complete, the bone hanging useless, and the broken ends being easily felt beneath the skin. But in very many cases the bone is only split part of the way through, and the patient may show little lameness, may even do a fair day's work, or perform a long journey with his broken bone. But with the occurrence of the exudation and softening around the seat of injury, the bone gives way under a slight strain, and thus the fracture appears to have occurred from getting up in the stall, though several hard days' work may have been done since the injury was received.

Treatment.�In all cases of blows on the inner side of the leg in which a line of tenderness extends from the point ot the

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bone which has been struck, place the animal in slings and wait for repair. A compound or comminuted fracture of this bone need hardly be treated in large quadrupeds. A simple transverse fracture may recover in slings, with a firm bandage and splints from the foot up to above the stifle. I have had a fair recovery even with a very oblique fracture, but this should only be attempted in valuable breeding animals.

The smaller bone of the leg {fibula) may be fractured by falling in shafts or across a pole or beam. The resulting lameness is most puzzling, as the broken ends of the bone are held together by fibrous tissue, and though they move hinge-like no grating is produced. Then the bone is so deeply covered by muscle that it cannot be felt. A blow on the outer side of the hind leg, just below the stifle, inducing persistent lameness, with tenderness on pressure along the line of the bone on the outer side of the limb, and without any other apparent injury, implies fracture of this bone.

Treatment.�A month's absolute rest and one or more blisters over the seat of injury.

SPRAIN OR LACERATION OF THE MUSCLE WHICH BENDS THE HOCK.

This is often sprained at its lower part, and especially in its inner branch which passes over the front and inner side of the lower part of the hock joint, giving rise to a swelling exactly in the seat of bone spavin. It is distinguished by its tense, elastic nature, and by its position on this tendon rather than above or below it.

Treatment.�A smart blister, or this failing, evacuate with a fine nozzle of a hypodermic syringe and then apply a wet bandage or blister. This form is rarely hurtful.

When more severely sprained the swelling, heat, and tender�ness may be felt in front of the hock or on the anterior and outer side of the stifle according to the seat of injury. The

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limb is usually carried very straight, there being little or no bending of either hock or stifle. It is to be treated in the ordinary way by soothing measures followed by blisters or firing.

Lacerations of the muscle, or more frequently rupture of the tendon occurs, causing the hock to be carried straight and the shank dangling nearly in a line with the leg. In some instances from violent contraction of the extensor muscles, the foot may be jerked out backward when the patient is started. In injury to the muscle there is at first a depression at the part with swelling above and below, but soon the hollow fills up and may become prominent, soft, and doughy. In rupture of the tendon the depressed interval, or later, a soft doughy swelling on the line of the cord in front of the hock, is sufficiently character�istic.

Treattnejit.�Rest, and astringent lotions to the part (acetate of lead 3 drs., water i qt) These cases almost always do well.

SPRAIN OF THE HAMSTRING.

This is productive of lameness with manifest pain in extend�ing the hock and a jerk in lifting the limb, and is easily recog�nised by the firm swelling of the cord above the point of the hock. It is to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, with fomenta�tions and subsequently blisters on the part.

RUPTURE OF THE HAMSTRING.

This is much more serious, the hock and fetlock bending so as to render the limb useless whenever weight is placed upon it. The separation ot the divided ends can easily be felt through the skin.

Treatment.�If in large quadrupeds place in slings. In all apply an immovable bandage, and splints extending trom the foot to some way above the hock, so as to keep that joint fully extended.

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CAPPED HOCK.

This is of two kinds : ist, a serous distention of a bursa which exists between the skin and the point of the hock : and 2d, sprain of the tendon inserted on the point of the hock (gastroc-nemius) or of the one which plays over it (perforatus).

1.nbsp; The distension of the subcutaneous bursa usually results from kicks or blows, and is to be feared as indicating vice, but rarely causes lameness. The soft fluctuating swelling is directly backward from the point of the hock, and may be of almost any size. Slight and recent cases may be treated by a purge and soothing lotions, to be followed as soon as heat and tenderness subside by a smart blister (iodide of mercury 2 drs., lard 1 oz.) Should the sac remain, evacuate with the nozzle of a hypoder�mic syringe and apply a wet elastic bandage; or open by a small orifice below and heal like an ordinary wound. To pre�vent its repetition is a much more difficult matter, as it usually implies the cure of a vice. Stretching prickly bushes or chains behind him, tying chains or logs to the limb above the hock, or applying hobbles, are all more likely to ensure permanent injury to a nervous animal than to cure him of his vice. A kicking strap will often succeed in harness.

2.nbsp; nbsp;In case of sprain of the tendons, the swelling takes place at the two sides and above rather than at the point of the hock. It is more or less tense, but elastic and even fluctuates on pres�sure. It is often attended with severe lameness, which may be�come permanent in connection with ulceration of the bone. It is to be treated like an ordinary sprain by high-heeled shoe, and fomentations or cold astringent lotions, followed by blister. If swelling remains it may be punctured and compressed as in the first form of capped hock, but a seton should not be used.

DISPLACEMENT OUTWARD OF THE TENDON PLAYING OVER THE POINT OF THE HOCK.

This is a rare occurrence, the tendon being traceable as a firm

Hi '

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cord across the outer side of the bone in place of over its summit. It seems impossible to restore it to its place, as the band which fixed the tendon to the inner part of the bony pro�cess has given way. Fortunately the animal is often little in�commoded after the subsidence of the preliminary inflammation, and I have known one do excellent carriage work, the only objection being the unsightliness of the hock.

\\ '

SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON (PERFORAMS) BEHIND THE HOCK. THOROUGH-PIN.

This tendon plays over the back of the hock, to the inner side of the bony process which forms its point, and has a large synovial sheath extending above and below the joint When sprained at this point there is lameness, a tendency to knuckle over at the fetlock, and a round, tense, elastic, fluctuating swelling on each side in front of the point of the hock and in the hollow between the hamstring and the bone. Pressure on the one side causes bulging on the other, and pressure on both causes fluctuation on the line of the tendon below and behind the hock.

Treatment.�A high-heeled shoe, rest, fomentations, or cool�ing lotions and a purgative. When heat and tenderness subside, blister repeatedly, or even fire when there is reason to suspect disease of the bone. When all lameness has passed off, leaving only a puffy swelling, or when that has appeared without lameness as the result of work or as a dropsical effusion.

Fig. 69.�Spring bandage for thorough-pin. apply a spring bandage with two smooth round pads pressing

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on the inner and outer swellings. The accompanying cut may enable any saddler to construct such an instrument, the spring being made of good spring steel and covered with leather.

DISTENTION OF THE SHEATH OF THE EXTENSOR TENDON IN FRONT OF THE HOCK.

This causes a tense fluctuating swelling at the front and outer side of the hock. It is rare and not usually injurious, but may be treated like similar synovial swellings elsewhere.

FRACTURE OF THE INNER MALLEOLUS.

This consists in fracture of the bony prominence on the inner side of the hock at its highest point. It usually results from a blow with the opposite foot in fighting flies. There is more or less swelling of the part, with an unnatural mobility of the pro�cess and in some cases distinct grating. It is not unfrequent to have a wound in the skin and a flow of glairy synovia from the opened joint. In other cases, independently of fracture, there is inflammation and enlargement of the bony eminence.

Treatment.�Rest is imperative, as the fracture often impli�cates the joint If synovia escapes use a sugar of lead lotion (i oz. to i pt water and 60 drops carbolic acid), or even apply a blister around the joint, leaving the space of an inch around the wound untouched. In other cases rely on soothing applications, followed by blisters when heat is diminished. Such cases usually do well, even an open joint being harmless from the wound being at its upper part. Even pieces of bone may be taken out with portions of the joint surface and yet a satisfactory recovery ensue.

FRACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE HOCK.

This may merely implicate the extreme summit of the bone in young horses, or it may occur lower down in the middle of the bony process. There is much lameness and difficulty in bringing the foot to the ground, the limb being often kept

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raised and semi-flexed, and the detached portion may be felt in front of the point of the hock, or a line of tenderness may be detected across the middle of that bone, detachment and grat�ing being obviated by the strong fibrous investment

Treatment.�If a portion has been detached from the summit, place in slings, extend the joint and replace it, retaining it in position by firm pads of tow placed in the hollow in front of the bone and a strong starch or plaster bandage extending from the hoof to beyond the hock. When there is no detachment, soothe the parts till heat and tenderness subside and then blister, allowing a long period of rest.

FRACTURES OF THE OTHER HOCK BONES.

If these implicate the upper or true hock joint, they are usually beyond remedy, but if the lower flat bones only, they present symptoms like those of bone spavin, and may recover by union of the small bones.

BONE SPAVIN.

This consists in disease (inflammation, ulceration, bony de�posit), of the small flat bones in the lower and inner part of the

Fig. 70.�Bone Spavin affecting both inner and outer sides of the joint.

hock joint, often implicating those of the outer side as well. It may be manifested by local swelling, heat, and tenderness, or these may be altogether absent, as in cases of ulceration in the centre of the joint between the flat bones�{Occult Spavin). The swelling, when it does exist, is on the antero-internal aspect

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of the lower part of the articulation, to be seen by standing about two feet from the fore limb and looking across the front of the joint. It is hard and to be distinguished from the tense, elastic swelling caused by sprain of the inner branch of the flexor tendon, and from the soft distended vein (so-called blood spavin) which passes across this part of the joint. The bony swelling may be more to the front, or more backward on the inner side of the hock, or it may even show mainly on the outer side. It frequently implicates the head of the shank-bone, and in bad cases may extend up to the true hock-joint and even abolish its movement Lameness, which is usually present in recent cases and is the only symptom in occult spavin, is shown by moving stiffly on the toe, when the horse is turned from side to side of the stall. The same stiff walking on the toe is seen for the first few steps in starting, after which it dis�appears, but there remains a stiffness and lack of bending in the hock and stifle joints which a little practice will enable one to recognise. There is sometimes, however, a jerking up of the limb as in string-halt. If turned quickly in a narrow circle the animal drops on the limb, carries it stiffly or even rests on the toe only. If the lameness is only moderate it will usually disappear when the patient becomes warmed up at work, hence the propriety of placing him in a quiet stable for twenty minutes before examination.

Treatment.�Rest; a high-heeled shoe; fomentations and laxatives are appropriate to the early inflammatory stages. Later, counter-irritants are demanded. Blisters of any kind will usually succeed. The hot iron is perhaps even more efficient. Deep firing in points is especially beneficial. Some cases will resist all these modes of treatment, but recover after section of the flexor tendon which passes over the swelling. Other methods are pursued with variable success. All may do well in young horses with no constitutional infirmity, and all will fail in some old subjects.

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1' T w

INFLAMMATION OF THE TRUE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN.

Inflammation of the upper or principal joint of the hock, where nearly all the movement takes place, occurs from over�work, sprains, rheumatism, punctures, wounds, fractures, etc. There is a puffy fluctuating swelling with heat and tenderness on the antero-internal side of the upper part of the joint, where in the natural state there is a hollow or depression. There is also a similar swelling behind in the seat of thorough-pin, but distinguishable in that it can be pressed forward by compres�sion, the anterior swelling meanwhile filling up, but there results no swelling below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin. The lameness resembles that of bone spavin, but there is per�haps more tendency to a jerking up of the limb. The disease may go onto ulceration of the joint, to bony deposit, and even to anchylosis with abolition of all movement

Treatment.�Rest, and use a high-heeled shoe. In case of very violent inflammation use soothing measures (fomentation), and when extreme heat and tenderness have subsided use blisters as for bone spavin, or still better, the hot iron applied lightly at nearly a white heat.

Open joint is to be treated here as elsewhere, an active blister being often of great advantage in arresting movement, closing the wound, and abating inflammation.

Bog spavin is most obstinate in old animals and in rheu�matic constitutions with cracking of the joints in starting a walk.

DROPSY OF THE HOCK JOINT. BOG SPAVIN.

An excessive secretion of joint-oil, from over-exertion, or a dropsical effusion into the cavity of the joint produces a swell�ing having all the characters described above, but without heat, tenderness, or lameness. It may sometimes be benefited by a -blister or even by a bandage wet with some strong astringent

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lotion, but as it is only a blemish and does not interfere with the animal's usefulness it is best, as a rule, to let it alone.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

This is a dilatation of the vein which runs over the seats of bog and bone spavins, and being harmless should not be inter�fered with.

CURB.

This is a swelling, at first soft and doughy, but later hard and resistant, in the median line of the limb, and just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. It is best seen by standing to one side of the limb and looking directly across it The injury is usually a sprain of the tendon {perforatus) which plays over the front of the hock, though in some bad cases the ligament of the hock beneath this is injured as well. There is heat and tender�ness with more or less lameness, and a tendency to knuckle forward at the fetlock. Cttrby hocks are congenital in some horses, and cannot be looked on as disease, but rather distortion.

Treatment.�Keep quiet, put on a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot fomentations or cooling lotions until inflammation moderates, when an active blister may be applied. In some severe cases this may require to be repeated, or resort must be had to the hot iron, but this is altogether exceptional

STRING-HALT.

This is the name given to a habit of suddenly jerking up the hind limb when raised from the ground. It may be shown only in turning from side to side in the stall and in starting, or it may appear in walking and trotting as well. Again, the jerk may be comparatively slight, or so extreme that the fetlock may even strike the belly. Its causes are unknown, though manifestly it is a reflex nervous act, and may perhaps be deter�mined by a variety of local injuries. If any such can be found they should be corrected, but as a rule treatment is eminently

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unsatisfactory. The affection is usually aggravated with time, and the animal is sooner fatigued and worn out than other horses.

OTHER CAUSES OF LAMENESS.

See Lymphangitis, Embolism, Farcy, Dropsy, Grease, Horse-pox, Mammitis, Rheumatism, Cramps, Palsy, Liver Disease, etc

CHAPTER XVIII.

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

General Causes. Maxims for shoeing. Disease of the bony pulley and flexor tendon of the foot. Pedal Sesamoiditis. Podotrochilitis. Navicular disease. Coffin-joint lameness. Side-bones. Fractures of the bones of the foot. Inflammation of the foot. Laminitis. Founder. Chronic Laminitis. Convex soles. Pumice foot. Cracks in the hoof-wall. Sand-crack. Quarter-crack. False quarter. Horny tumour of the Laminae. Corns. Bruises of the sole. Pricks and binding with nails. Incised wound of the sole. Distortions of the coffin-bone. Contraction. Treads on the coronet. Fistula of the coronet. Quitter. Powdery degeneration of the deep parts of the wall. Seedy toe. Inflammation of the secreting membrane of the frog with dis�charge. Thrush. Canker. Simple foot-rot in cattle and sheep. Contagious foot-rot. Foot-rot from Tuberculosis.

Nearly all of these pedal diseases are directly or indirectly the result of faults in shoeing, and the absence of care for the feet. Here, accordingly, it would be appropriate to describe the structure and functions of the foot, and to lay down the rational principles of shoeing. But our space forbids more than the merest mention of points which are absolutely indis�pensable to the understanding of what is to follow.

The internal framework, or skeleton of the horse's foot, consists of three bones :�The lower end of the coronet (small pastern) bone, which corresponds to the upper margin of the hoof: the coffin (pedal) bone, which is imbedded inside the hoof, and has a similar imperfectly conical outline; and a long narrow pulley-like bone (small sesamoid, or navicular) extended across the back part of the coffin-bone, its upper aspect forming a prolongation backward of the joint surface, while its lower

quot;'quot;

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ii:

face is covered by a fibro-cartilage, and constitutes a pulley, over which plays the flexor tendon of the foot. These are subject to like injuries with similar parts elsewhere. Thus the bones are liable to fracture, to absorption from pressure, to ulceration, to bony outgrowths, to induration, to softening, to death and exfoliation, in connexion with pricks, with nails, or other sharp bodies. The joint is subject to inflammation, in connexion with wounds, rheumatism, overwork, etc. The flexor tendon is exposed to sprains, and, together with its synovial sheath and the sesamoid bone, to inflammation, ulcer�ation, and the formation of new structures, which impair or destroy the functions of the part.

The posterior third of the hoof has for its framework an elastic cushion, which makes continuation of the bones backward, without maintaining their rigidity. This cushion comprises two lateral fibro-cartilages that extend backward from the heels of the coffin-bone, and the upper elastic borders of which may be felt under the skin, just above the hoof, in the region of the quarter; also in the median line, and continuous laterally with the cartilages, a thick pad of white and elastic fibres, corresponding in position to the horny frog, and known as the elastic frog. These are subject to inflammation, suppuration, ulceration, ossification, fractures, necrosis, etc In its healthy condition this cushion obviates the shocks, jars, concussions, bruises (corns), fractures, and lameness, which would necessarily result were this region occupied by unyielding bone. It further allows of expansion of the heel under continuous use and application of moisture, and its contraction under prolonged disuse and drying.

Covering this bony and elastic framework is a dense fibrous net-work, with interspaces and canals for the passage of blood�vessels and nerves, firmly bound to the bony and elastic structures by its deeper surface, and to the hoof by its super�ficial On the outer surface of this fibrous net-work is the

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membrane secreting the horn. The part which forms the hoof-wall is prolonged as a band around the upper margin of the wall, and from the heels forward above the cleft at each side of the frog. It is shaggy throughout with soft conical processes (villi), from ^ to 2 lines in length, which extend into the homy tubes and secrete them. The membrane forming the sole is covered by similar villi which pass into the horny tubes of the sole, and that covering the elastic frog has corresponding but smaller villi. Between the fibrous net-work and the inner sur�face of the hoof-wall and bars, the mode of union is by a series of 500 to 600 leaves (laminas) projecting on an average ij or 2 lines, and each having on its lateral aspects from 30 to 60 microscopic secondary laminae. These are interleaved with the same number of primary and secondary horny laminae forming an extent of connecting surface which would beget incredulity if named. These inner fibrous and vascular laminae secrete the homy laminae that are interleaved with them, besides giving off an amount of moisture, which being absorbed by the cells of the adjacent horny wall, serves to keep that soft, yielding, and tough. So intimate is the union between each of these secre�ting surfaces and the horn covering it, that the fibrous net-work will often be torn from the bone, rather than the horn from the sensitive parts. This is above all true of the laminae. This close connexion further renders active inflammation in these structures acutely painful, for there being no loose tissue to yield to the exudation, it compresses these dense structures and violently tears them apart. Thus extensive effusions of seram or pus endanger separation and shedding of the hoof. A less acute inflammation of any of those secreting surfaces leads to the pro�duction of unhealthy horny growths. Thus disease of the secreting membrane at the coronet will determine a bulging, ragged, brittle line of horn from above downward on the hoof-wall, or, what is worse, a crack or fissure extending to the quick. Disease of the laminse will determine the formation of a great

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I ^;

mass of soft, spongy, yielding horn between the horny laminse and the hoof-wall, causing a falling in of the wall anteriorly, and a descent of the margin of the coffin-bone so that it will press upon and even perforate the sole {pumice foot). In other cases there is merely a circumscribed homy growth, pressing inward on the quick at a particular point (keraphylloceh). If the secreting surface of the sole is involved similar homy tumours may be formed, as in corns. Disease of the secreting membrane of the frog may determine an unhealthy secretion from the cleft (thrush), or an excessive growth and loss of cohesion of the horny fibres {canker).

In addition to these disorders originating in the deeper structures we have a further list that take their origin in un�natural states of the horn. And for these the current modes of shoeing are mainly chargeable.

At all points the hoof undergoes a steady condensation from its inner to its outer layers. In a transverse section of the hoof-wall the deeper tubes are open, spacious, and surrounded by soft, yielding, elastic hom, while those near the surface are exceedingly minute, and surrounded by a far greater amount of dense, hard, and exceedingly resistant horny matter. The outer surface is especially close in its texture, and as the tubes run through the whole length of the wall to its lower or wearing surface, where they are closed by attrition, comparatively little exhalation of moisture can take place from this part of the hern in its healthy state. But it is far different when the dense surface layer has been removed by the rasp, and the open ends of the tubes exposed all over the surface of the wall. Then evaporation and drying go on rapidly, the hoof becomes hard and brittle and follows its constant tendency, when dry, to turn in at the heels and coronet, causing absorption of the parts beneath and laying the foundation of disease.

The sole and frog naturally increase in density from the quick outward, but the hom breaks up into plates before becoming

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detached, the plates being separated from each other and from the tough elastic horn above by layers of powdery horn, which serve along with the plates to protect from bruises and check evaporation. In their healthy state, therefore, sole and frog are as well protected against evaporation, drying and shrinking, as is the wall. But the case is altered when, with buttress or drawing-knife, these native protectors are removed and the tough elastic horn is laid bare. Then each horny tube exhales its moisture, the horn dries and shrinks, drawing inward the lower borders of the hoof-wall and pressing upward, often painfully, on the quick. Nor can the sole any longer bear contact with hard bodies, but bruises and injuries are the constant result.

The injury in both cases may be lessened somewhat by the use of suitable hoof ointments, but the process may be likened to that of supplying a man with a wooden leg after you have ruth�lessly cut off his own sound one. The substitute may permit of the limb being used, but the difference, in utility, safety, and durability, is almost infinite.

Among other injuries by shoeing may be mentioned unequal strain thrown on different parts of the hoof for want of a uniform bearing on the shoe; bruises of the sole from the shoe being improperly fitted, or left on too long until it has grown out over the shoe, or been drawn forward by the excessive growth at the toe until the heel settles on the sole between the wall and the bars ; misdirection of the bones and joints by leaving one side of the hoof much higher than the other, or by leaving the toe or heel unnaturally long or short; pricks and binding by nails, etc., etc. Long-continued compulsory idleness in a stall, exposure to prolonged moisture, with intervals of drying, and continued contact with decomposing liquids, and to the irritating ammoniacal fumes of dung and urine are further de�structive conditions for the horn.

Maxims for Shoeing.�The proper care, preparation, and

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preservation of the foot is of far more consequence than the form of the shoe. The hoof must be preserved from knife and rasp, excepting the line around its margin and lower surface on which the shoe is to rest. This may be pared or rasped, as a rule, until the elastic horn of the sole is reached, and forms, with the lower border of the wall, a continuous smooth bearing surface of a breadth equal to perhaps one and a half times, ot twice the thickness of the latter. But this only in a perfect foot One that has a ragged furrow between the sole and wall cannot be treated in this way. Both sides, inner and outer, must be left perfectly uniform in height The height of heel and toe must be determined by the natural form of the foot, excess and deficiency being alike avoided. As a rule paring has to be done mainly or alone at the toe, but in some cases the heels grow excessively as well. While avoiding paring out of the heels and bars as the prolific cause of corns, we must equally avoid the retention of hard flakes of horn in this situation, where, imprisoned by the hoof-wall, the bar and the shoe, they act as foreign bodies and bruise the heel, as would a stone or a mass of hardened clay. That part of the sole which is un�covered by the shoe may have the surface flakes removed with a blunt instrument, but should never be touched with a knife. The frog need never be touched, though there is no harm in removing ragged hanging shreds and patches. The sharp edges of the hoof-wall should be slightly rounded with a file to pre�vent splitting. The shoe should be of a weight proportionate to that of the horse and to the work expected of him, and of a breadth of web adapted to the protection demanded by the nature of the sole. Its upper or applied surface may be per�fectly level, unless when an unhealthy convex sole demands that it shall be levelled off toward its internal border. Its outer border should exactly correspond to the margin of the hoof-wall, without projecting beyond it, or requiring that the wall be cut down to its dimensions. When applied the upper surface

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should fit accurately at all points to the hoof. Bad as it is for horn to be seared, it is better to apply the shoe, momentarily, at a dull red heat, that any imperfection in fitting may be de�tected and remedied, than to hurry on a shoe which bears un�equally on different points. If the sole joins the wall without a break, the two forming one continuous bearing surface, and if both are of their natural thickness, the shoes are better to be coarsely fullered and the nails driven low, the fullering becom�ing finer and the nails being driven lower as we proceed from before backward, especially on the inner side. When the nails have been drawn up and riveted any roughness of the rivets may be removed with a file, but this should not touch the hoof if it is possible to avoid it In turning down the clinches better make a slight depression beneath each with the point of the drawing-knife than an extended transverse furrow with the rasp, as is usually done. Remove the shoes before the hoofs have overgrown them so as to allow them to settle on the sole, and above all before the growth of the toe has drawn the shoe for�ward, and let the heel press upon that part of the sole.

DISEASE OF THE BONY PULLEY AND FLEXOR TENDON OF THE FOOT. PEDAL SESAMOIDITIS. PODOTROCHILITIS. NAVIC-ULAR DISEASE.

This affection, misnamed Coffin-joint Disease, implicates the lower surface of the small sesamoid bone of the foot, its synovial sac and ligaments, and the flexor tendon which plays over it.

Causes.�It is especially the disease of fast horses, and may be largely charged to friction between the tendon and its bony pulley, to overwork and concussion. But it may also depend on injuries to the foot from bad shoeing; undue paring; setting in of the shoe on the sole; imprisoned flakes of horn acting as foreign bodies; bruises from stones or hardened clay; rasping, hardening, and contraction of the foot; drying and shrinking of the foot from standing too long idle in the stall; injury to the quick from uneven bearing of the shoe in connection with

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misfitting shoes or breaking of the hoof-wall; injuries from nails driven into the quick or picked up on the road; a rheumatic constitution; impaired nutrition with increased elimination of phosphates from the system; or an extension of disease from the digestive organs as in an over-feed of grain, or a drink of cold water when hot and fatigued, etc.

Symptovis.�Pointing the affected foot eight or ten inches in advance of the other, with the heel slightly raised when stand�ing quietly in the stable. This symptom may last for months

Fig. 71.-

-Ulceration of the small sesamoid bone of the foot, and distorted heels of the coffin-bone.

before lameness is shown. Stepping short and on the toe with a great tendency to stumble when first moved from the stable, which lameness may entirely disappear after going a mile or two. It is worse when cooled off after a long drive, but it may appear intermittently while at work, as occasional stumbling or dropping on the sound foot for some time at first. The toe of the shoe is more worn than other parts owing to the peculiar gait The foot feels hot, especially in its posterior part, and in acute cases the soft parts may bulge over the coronet and the pastern arteries throb with unusual force. The foot too, soon diminishes in size, especially in the quarters and heels, where the heat, drying, and disuse are greatest Testing the margin of the hoof with pincers will not elicit tenderness, unless

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there is accompanying disease of the lateral parts of the foot (corns, bruises, pricks, absorption or distortion of the heels of the pedal bone, side bones, etc.), but tapping the sole with a hammer on each side of the body of the frog, or striking the wall in the region of the quarter will cause the patient to flinch. Pressure with the thumb over the middle of the flexor tendon, on its inner side or on its outer, as deeply as can be reached in the hollow of the heel, the foot being bent back, causes suffering. There is more or less wasting of the muscles of the limb from disuse, but this is especially marked on the breast, above the elbow, and outside the shoulder-blade. Hence the disease is usually referred to the shoulder as sweeny. It is most readily confounded with spiain of the flexor tendon behind the head of the small pastern bone, but is easily distinguished by the heat and contraction of the heels and the tenderness of the centre of the sole and the quarters to strokes of the hammer. To distinguish it from other diseases of the feet I must refer to these individually.

Treatment.�Usually unsatisfactory except in certain recent cases. First soothe inflammatory action, give a laxative (aloes), remove the shoes, shorten the toe, and keep standing from morning to night in a puddle of wet clay without stones or gravel, in which the animal will sink to the top of the hoof. At night place in a comfortable dry stall with a poultice on the diseased foot. Unless the inflammation is severe, apply a mild blister to the front and sides of the pastern. If not applied at first this should be resorted to a? soon as inflammation moderates, and is to be repeated when the effects of the first pass off. Cases that resist this treatment will frequently recover under the action of a seton passed through the frog, and a run for a month or two in a damp pasture free from stones. The recovery may be a restoration to perfect soundness, when the surface of the bone has not been diseased, or it may be a re�moval of lameness in connection with a union of the bone and

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tendon when the surface of the former has been the seat of dis�ease. In the last-named case, the recovery is likely to be the more permanent, while many cases of apparent recovery, in the early stages, are followed by relapse. The frog seton is intro�duced at the hollow of the heel and brought out at the body of the frog, but as there is much danger of wounding the tendon or bursa in incompetent hands, it can only be safely undertaken by the veterinary anatomist.

All other methods failing, resort is often had to cutting the nerves passing to the foot, so as to remove all sensibility. This should never be done unless the feet can be carefully picked out and sponged every time the animal returns from work, and kept covered with thick wet swabs all the time he stands in the stable. Neglect is sure to be followed by rapidly advancing disease in the bone, extension of inflammation to the structures around, abundant exudation, and destruction of bones and joints. Even with the best of care this will occur in the ad�vanced stages of the disease, unless indeed the bone and tendon grow together. For description of neurotomy see larger work.

SIDE BONES.

These consist in extensive ossification, from the heels of the coffin-bone into the lateral cartilages. Their great cause is im�proper shoeing; cutting away of the bars or sole, so that the wall turns inward and bruises the sole ; pressure of the shoe on the sole, whether from misfitting or from being left too long on; uneven bearing of the shoe, throwing too much strain on one part; pricking or pinching with nails driven too near the quick: the pressure of the dry hard horn after undue paring or rasping, and the continuous irritation which attends the partial separa�tion of sole and wall. They are especially common in heavy horses with upright pasterns and the toe shortened relatively to

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

375

the heels or shod with high heel calkins, so as to increase con�cussion in action.

Symptoms.�Lameness with a short stilty step, and a tendency to stumble from the attempt to avoid shock on the heels. The pasterns are upright and the heels often deep and strong. Pressure on the prominence above the hoof at the quarter detects tenderness and a hard unyielding structure instead of the usual yielding elastic gristle. Bruises of the heel (corns) with bloody discoloration of the horn is almost a constant result of extensive side-bones, the sensitive sole being pinched between the bone and hoof.

Fig. 72.�Ossified lateral cartilages. Side bones.

Treatment.�Subdue any existing inflammation by rest, blisters or even firing at the coronets, and apply a bar shoe, the bar resting on the bulbs of the frog, and keep the hoof-wall, at the heels, rasped lower than the rest of the bearing surface, so that daylight can be seen between this part and the shoe. The same shoeing must be kept up when the horse is put to work, or he will soon fall lame again from bruising of the heels.

Excision of the ossified cartilage and neurotomy have been resorted to with success, but are inapplicable to most cases.

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT.

The small sesamoid may be broken after it has been weak�ened by superficial and internal absorption. The pedal bone may give way from concussion when previously softened by disease, or in cases of blows on the surface, laceration and de�tachment of horn, or wounds with nails or other sharp bodies implicating the bone. The sudden and extreme lameness

376

TOE FARM DOCTOR.

following an evident injury or a long-standing disease may arouse suspicions of this, and if grating can be heard the case is certain. Treatment is rarely successful, excepting in circum�scribed fractures from wounds, in which case the detached bone must be removed.

INFLAMMATION OF THE FOOT. LAMINITIS. FOUNDER.

This consists in inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, but predominating in the anterior portion of the laminse, where the greatest strain comes in standing.

Causes.�The disease may arise from direct injury as in over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises, or freezing of the feet, pricks or binding with nails, continued injury from a badly applied shoe, or the constant strain upon the feet during a long sea voyage. It may also occur from a sudden chill, from drink�ing cold water when heated and fatigued, from overloading of the stomach with grain, from muco-enteritis, the result of an over-dose of purgative medicine, or from diseases of the lungs (pneumonia, bronchitis). Small and deformed feet and large flat ones often suffer. Horses with heavy fat carcases are also predisposed.

Symptoms.�When not caused by direct injury to the foot, it is usually ushered in by fever and general stiffness and soreness of the surface, with or without shivering, but independent of any tenderness of the foot. If not relieved these are soon followed by tenderness of the foot, usually predominating at the anterior part, but sometimes settling in the heel and causing/laquo;A*/ sesamoiditis. When acute inflammation is developed in the laminae of the fore feet the horse is in a high fever, with full hard pulse, excited breathing, distended nostrils, extension of the fore feet forward, so that they rest only on the heels, and bring�ing of the hind feet far forward beneath the belly, to bear as much of the weight as possible. If moved, the horse groans, sways himself back on his hind parts, and drags the fore-feet

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on their heels, or balancing himself on the hind, lifts both fore feet at once and brings them down again on their heels. The affected feet are warm, even hot, and the animal refuses to have them lifted because of the pain consequent on standing on one. If they are struck with a hammer the animal winces and groans. The arteries on the pasterns throb violently. The hairs of the mane and tail may often be pulled from their follicles, showing the general implication of the skin.

If one fore foot only is affected it is kept raised and advanced. If the hind feet, they are advanced beneath the belly, and the fore feet carried as far backward as possible to bear the greater part of the weight.

Treatment.�In the initial stage, with general stiffness but no special tenderness of the feet over other parts, vascular and nervous tension may be relieved and the disease suddenly cut short by full doses of sedatives (lobelia, tobacco, aconite), with warm clothing to encourage perspiration. Even at a more advanced stage, when the feet are becoming congested and tender, the same may be resorted to, the feet being enveloped in warm poultices, and the animal encouraged to lie down by supplying a clean comfortable bed of straw. Or in place of poulticing the feet, we may seek to improve the circulation by walking without shoes on a soft newly-ploughed field, the heels having been slightly lowered, if very high, to allow pressure on the sole, or the patient may even be walked on a hard surface after a long bar shoe with broad web and a slight rising at heel and toe (rocker fashion) has been applied. But walking can never be resorted to when the extreme tenderness and fever show that active inflammation has set in. In this case a mild laxative (aloes) must be given (unless already purging) and followed up by aconite or other sedatives, the feet must be enveloped in large poultices and the animal encouraged to lie down. Should he refuse to lie down the hoof-wall should be rasped down to let the sole come in contact with the ground.

378

THE FARM DOCTOR.

In severe cases the coronet may be scarificed with a sharp lancet and the foot placed in a bucket of warm water or fo�mented with the same to favour bleeding. In the course of two days, if the suffering, fever and local tenderness, are in�creasing rather than abating, the sole may be thinned and opened at the toe, so as to evacuate any serous exudation and limit the separation of the horn from the quick, the poultices being kept on after as before. In the course of ten days or a fortnight the inflammation should have subsided far enough to warrant the application of a blister to the pastern and an oint�ment to the hoof, while the patient is turned out on a soft wet pasture or kept standing a part of his time on wet clay.

CHRONIC LAMINITIS. CONVEX SOLES. PUMICE FEET.

If the inflammation persists in a slight form, an excessive growth of soft, spongy horn takes place in front of the laminae at the toe, separating the coffin-bone from the hoof-wall and allowing its anterior border to press upon the sole or even to perforate it. The hoof-wall becomes covered with rings usually running together at the toe, where it bulges out below and falls in above. Complete restoration cannot be expected in the worst cases of this kind, but much may be done for the majority. Put on a thick broad webbed bar shoe bevelled toward the inner side on its upper surface, and thinner at the heel than the toe, dress the sole and wall daily with hot tar, apply gentle blisters around the coronet, and keep in a very soft damp pasture. The new growth of horn may grow down almost perfect in appearance, but it retains an undesirable brittleness.

l�

ti lt;

lt;

CRACKS IN THE HOOF-WALL. SAND-CRACK. QUARTER-CRACK.

The predisposition to this is usually to be found in rasping and drying of the hoof-wall, in uneven bearing of the shoe, in alternate soaking of the hoof in water and drying, and in treads or other temporary wounds or injuries to the coronet. The

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crack extends from the coronet downward, for a variable distance, in the direction of the homy fibres. If attended by lameness, the laminae are usually being pinched between the edges of the crack, the irritation is perhaps further increased by the presence of sand and dirt, and fungous growths may appear in the sore. Treatment. � A carefully applied bar shoe having an even bearing all round the foot; a nail driven through the edges of the crack and riveted so as to hold them together; a transverse groove, I to 1 inch in length, cut to the quick just above the upper end of the crack, and active stimulation or slight blister�ing of the coronet above this point will usually succeed in obtaining an unbroken growth from above, and when the crack has grown off at the lower border the hoof is perfect. But the inflammation will sometimes demand poulticing; the nail may have to be replaced by a metallic plate fixed to the hoof on each side of the crack by screws not exceeding a line in length; a gaping crack may require filling with gutta-percha or other hard substance to keep the edges immovable; or finally, it may be requisite in bad cases to cut out a V-shaped piece of horn, the apex corresponding to the middle of the crack and the two limbs to the coronet on the two sides of the crack.

FALSE QUARTER.

This is similar to a sand-crack in appearance, but caused by such destruction of the secreting structure at the top of the hoof that it is impossible to obtain a growth of horn to fill up the interval. Palliation by careful shoeing is all that can be accomplished.

HORNY TUMOUR OF THE LAMINA.

This is a result of sand-crack, the irritation leading to an increased secretion of horn on the inner surface of the hoof-wall, which in its turn may press on the quick and cause lame�ness. With or without any remains of sand-crack there is

380

THE FARM DOCTOR.

tenderness on pinching that part of the hoof, and when the shoe is removed and the hoof pared, there is observed a semi�circular encroachment on the sole by a white spongy horn extending in from the hoof-wall. Wet swabs on the foot and rest may subdue any inflammation, but should lameness persist, the only resort is to cut out a triangular portion of the wall including the tumour, poultice the part, then cover with tar and wait for the horn to grow down in a healthy condition.

CORNS.

These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole in�cluded between the bars and the wall at the heel, but later there is often an increased production of horn and the formation of a horny tumour which presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the bruise causes active inflammation and the formation of matter, which, if denied escape below, will burrow toward the coronet or less frequently around the toe and give rise to disease in the deeper fibrous network, the cartilage, or the bone. In these last conditions it usually results in a fistula (quittor). In other cases the corn is pared out as is supposed, but the heels, having lost the mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, repeat the bruise continually, keep up the inflammation and suppuration and what is equiva�lent to an open sore in the heel. The irritation often produces absorption of the margin of the bone at the heels with bony deposits above or below, and ossification of the lateral cartilage, a condition which almost necessarily perpetuates the bruises or corns (see side bones). Corns may exist in either heel, but are usually in the inner or weaker one, and prevail above all in flat feet with low weak heels.

Symptoms.�Lameness with a tendency to point, with the heel slightly raised when at rest, and a short, stilty, stumbling step when moved. Pinching the affected heel with pincers or tap�ping it with a hammer causes wincing. If the shoe is removed

Id.

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and the heel pared out, the horn may be seen to be blood�stained, but unless this is seen on removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead to a deeper search. If suppura�tion has taken place the tenderness is extreme, often causing the animal to keep the foot raised and scarcely daring to touch the ground with the toe, a tender swelling usually appears at the coronet above the affected heel, and pinching or hammer�ing of the heel is unendurable. A homy tumour may be recog�nised by symptoms similar to those shown in keraphyllocele.

Treatinent.�If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply either a bar shoe or a common one, but rasp down the bearing surface of the affected heel to avoid pressure as advised for side bones, and place the feet in water or keep the wall moist with wet swabs, and the sole with oil meal or clay packing. When tenderness has subsided, smear the hoof with ointment and work carefully. Remove the shoe early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, and in preparing the foot retain the strength of the heel by preserving the elastic horn of the sole between wall and bar. Never allow this to be pared and weakened unless it be to evacuate matter or sand, or for the removal of a homy tumour.

If suppuration has taken place, pare down the heel until the matter escapes, remove all horn detached from the quick, and pare the horn around this to a thin edge, poultice until the surface is smooth, dry and not at all tender, then apply a bar shoe, a leather sole, and a stuffing of tow and tar or crude tur�pentine (pine pitch). No pressure should be allowed on this heel until the sole has grown up to its natural level, as a sup�port. Horny tumours may be removed by paring out and treat�ing as above advised, until the sole attains its natural growth. If old-standing corns are connected with death of a portion of the heel of the foot bone or ulceration of the lateral cartilage, these must be scraped or cut off before improvement is to be expected. If connected with side bones, they are liable

382

THE FARM DOCTOR.

to be kept up by frequent pinching of the quick between the bone and horn, and demand careful shoeing to avoid pressure on the heel Some cases may be benefited by cutting out the side bone.

BRUISES OF THE SOLE.

Whether resulting from badly applied shoes, stones, accumu�lated gravel, or dried mud, these are to be recognised, like corns, by pinching the hoof or tapping it with a hammer, and are to be treated on precisely the same principles, relieving the pressure when necessary, soothing the parts, opening when matter has formed, followed up by poulticing and bar shoe with leather sole and tar stuffing.

Graveling is closely allied to the above, dirt having worked up through the unnatural groove between the wall and sole, and set up suppuration. Except in the careful removal of the foreign elements, treatment does not differ from that of suppur�ating bruise or corn.

PRICKS AND BINDING WITH NAILS.

These usually occur in thin weak feet or such as have been reduced by over-cutting and rasping till there is little to hold the nails; in the case of nail stubs being left in the hoof from a former shoeing so as to turn the new nails in a wrong direction, and when the blacksmith is too stupid to recognise the diffei-ence between the stroke of driving a nail into the soft spongy horn and the hard firm outer horn of the wall. Simple binding with the nails may cause intermittent or persistent lameness, and there is flinching on striking the heads or the nails of the wall with a hammer, or in compressing the margin of the hoof with pincers. If matter forms there are all the local tenderness and inability to use the foot spoken of in suppurating com. In sim�ple pricks an examination of the nail clinches usually reveals one higher than the rest, and if this is a posterior one it is all

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the more suspicious. A nail may be driven too near the quick and yet not cause lameness for a week or two, until some slight shifting in the position of the shoe causes it to press painfully.

Treatment.�In slight cases the withdrawal of the nail may be all that is necessary. In more severe it may be requisite to punch the nail holes nearer to the toe, to drive the nails low, to apply cold water or other soothing agent to the foot and to rest for a day or two. If matter has formed the course of the offend�ing nail must be followed with the drawing-knife, the pus evac�uated, and the parts treated afterward as in suppurating corn. If the bone has been reached and a dead scale exists on the surface this must be cut down upon and removed.

INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE SOLE.

That part of the foot which is uncovered by the shoe is liable to penetrating wounds from nails, glass, and other sharp bodies on the ground, as well as nails, pitchforks, broken planks, eta, against which they may kick. Such wounds are dangerous according to their depth and position. If from a clean nail, and no deeper than just to penetrate the quick, they are usually of little consequence, and a little tar or gutta-percha may be used to fill the wound, if any, until it is seen whether inflamma�tion will ensue. If deeper a verticle wound will be most serious in the middle third of the sole, because of the implica�tion of the flexor tendon and small sesamoid bone, and the risk oipedal sesamoiditis or even an open coffin-joint resulting. If in the anterior third, the danger lies mainly in injury to the lower surface of the coffin-bone, with death and removal of a thin scale which must be thrown off before the wound can close. If in the posterior third the elastic frog alone is wounded and will heal veiy readily.

Treatment will vary accordingly. The simple removal of the foreign body may suffice. Cold applications may be needed, matter may require an opening to escape, or the bone may have

3^4

THE FARM DOCTOR.

to be scraped to expose a living surface. But in wounds of the tendon or joint the foot must be wrapped in cloths, the heels raised if standing, and a constant stream of cold water kept up on the part, by having a caoutchouc tube attached to the limb and foot and acting like a syphon to bring the water from a bucket at a higher level. This may require to be kept up day and night for several days. The subsequent treatment is like that iox pedal sesamoiditis.

ill

DISTORTIONS OF THE COFFIN-BONE.

Under this head may be named a great variety of deformities, the result of disease. Thus in long continued inflammation of the laminae the fibrous net-work in front of the coffin-bone is partly ossified, giving this part a convex aspect from above downward. Continued irritation of the sole will equally de�velop a bony enlargement which is associated with a circum�scribed convexity and tenderness of the sole. The pressure of a horny tumour, whether on the laminse, the quarter, or else�where, corresponding to and pressing on the bone, will cause absorption and depression of the bone to an equal extent. The pressure on the anterior border of the coffin-bone, when sepa�rated from the hoof-wall and resting upon the sole, leads to extensive absorption and rounding of this part with a bony de�posit above, on its front. Persistent irritation along the lateral borders of the foot from binding with nails, or the separation of the wall and sole, with or without the presence of gritty matters in the groove, causes absorption and rounding of the sharp lateral margins of the coffin-bone. But the heels of the coffin-bone are the parts which above all suffer in this way. Bruises from setting in of the shoe, from gritty matter or hard clay, especially if a furrow has been formed between wall and sole, from curving forward and inward of the heels when the support�ing sole has been pared out in search of corns or to prevent their formation ; pressure from curving in of the wall, which has been

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allowed to grow too long without support from the sole, or has been rasped till it dries or withers; uneven bearing of the shoe; all undue paring of heels and quarters contribute to produce absorption and rounding of the naturally sharp border of the coffin-bone at its heels, bony deposits above and below, indura�tion, softening, ulceration or death of more or less of the bony tissue, and permanent unsoundness.

The existence of such distortions must be ascertained from the unnatural appearance of the hoof; the signs of a horny tumour; a rugged unhealthy hoof-wall; a flat or convex ap�pearance of the sole in whole or in part; a deep furrow between sole and wall; wasting and diminution of the foot as a whole, but especially of the heels and quarters; and it may be side bone or fistula. There is more or less tenderness of the feet and stilty careful gait, or there may be extreme lameness. It will be observed that these distortions are usually connected with some other disease of the feet, and the symptoms will vary according to the nature of the accompanying lesion.

Such changes of bony structure are permanent as a rule, so

that our attention must be given, first to the removal of any

unnatural condition which has caused and is perpetuating them,

and then to secure such a system of shoeing as will allow of the

utilisation of the animal in spite of the acquired deformities.

The hoof must be encouraged, by ointments, stimulants to the

coronets, and perhaps a cool moist pasture, to grow as nearly

as possible to the natural condition. Then the shoe must be

applied so as to secure the greatest extent of bearing surface,

without injury to the deformed and weak points. In many

cases a bar shoe is wanted to avail of the frog for bearing

weight; a leather sole may be necessary in others; a broad

web to the shoe, on one or on both sides, may be essential for

protection; in other cases the upper surface must be bevelled;

in still others the nail-holes must be stamped only around the

toes ; clips, small nails, artificial repairs ot breaches in the hoof-

2 B

386

THE FARM DOCTOR.

wall may be resorted to, but it is beyond the scope of this work to do more than hint at what can only be accomplished by a combination of anatomical knowledge, mechanical skill, and manual dexterity.

CONTRACTION.

This is a great bugbear of horsemen, since it exists in nearly all the affections of the foot. It is usually a result and symp�tom of disease, attending, as we have seen, on many different maladies in which the hoof shrinks from the heat, dryness, and disuse. It may also occur from simple idleness in a stall; from overgrowth of the hoof-wall, which curls in for want of support from the sole and moisture from the laminae; from hardening and shrinking of the heels as the result of rasping, or of alter�nate soakings and drying; from undue paring of the heels, bars and frog, thus removing the natural supports; and from the effects of the shoe and nails in preventing the normal expansion in growth, and in removing the frog and sole from use and pressure. Thus produced it is not a direct cause of lameness, and feet can be shown in which the two heels overlap each other without such a result Yet such contraction implies wasting or absorption of the internal sensitive structures, diminution of the basis of support, with a corresponding weak�ness and tendency to disease under slighter determining causes than in the healthy state. The simplest treatment is to remove the shoes round the edges of the hoof-wall to prevent splitting, and keep standing sixteen hours a day, for two or three weeks, in a puddle of wet clay, then use hoof ointments freely, and apply a shoe with equal bearing throughout, and without any bevel on its upper surface.

TREADS ON THE CORONET.

These are especially common in winter when the shoes are sharpened for frost. They are dangerous because of the fre�quent implication of the horn-secreting structures, so as to

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 387

cause false quarter, and from the tendency of matter to burrow beneath the horn and in the supporting fibrous network to form a fistula. They should be thoroughly cleansed from all sand and mud, the inflammation subdued by soothing applications (wet bandages or weak astringent lotions), and care taken to prevent the further introduction of dirt. To this end a simple covering of tar will sometimes suffice, but in other cases a carefully applied bandage is essential. Muddy roads should be avoided until healing is complete.

FISTULA OF THE CORONET. QUITTOR.

Causes.�Treads and other wounds of the coronet; suppur�ating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole; suppuration from the working in of sand or gravel between the sole and wall; irritation from sand-cracks and false quarters, and disease of the coffin-bone or its cartilage.

Symptoms.�Following on some one of the above disorders there is a tender swelling at the coronet, which bursts, dis�charging a more or less whitish serous fluid, and shows no tendency to dry up nor close. If probed it is found to lead into one or more small canals in the fibrous network which covers the bone and elastic structures of the foot, and it may be to diseased or dead portions of bone or gristle.

Treatment.�If the inflammation is very violent the foot should be enveloped in a large poultice and a laxative admin�istered. When moderated, inject a slightly caustic solution in the direction of each canal, and as far as possible. (Bichloride of mercury 5 grains, spirits of wine 1 oz., muriatic acid 20 drops.) Less depends on the composition of the mixture than on the application. Inject it three times the first day, twice the second, and once a day thereafter. When the discharge has ceased and the wound is almost superficial, stop the injec�tion and apply a simple dressing of wet tow. In aggravated cases, with disease of the lateral cartilage or bone, these may

ni'

388

THE FARM DOCTOR.

require to be cut out or scraped, but our limits will not permit a further notice of this.

POWDERY DEGENERATION OF THE DEEP PARTS OF THE WALL. SEEDY TOE.

The result of uneven bearing of the shoe, the formation of furrows between the sole and wall, direct violence, as blows, or the too tight hammering of clips, etc., this is manifested by an irregularity or dryness of the affected part of the wall, and the formation of a cavity, filled with horn powder between the laminae and the wall of the hoof. Clear out the cavity until the tough healthy horn is reached, then fill with warm tar and shoe carefully to give a uniform bearing. A clip may be useful as a support to the undermined horn, but it is destructive to hammer it tight. The dressing must be repeated at each shoeing until the cavity is filled up.

INFLAMMATION OF THE SECRETING MEMBRANE OF THE FROG WITH DISCHARGE. THRUSH.

Causes,�Exposure to wet and filth; standing on dung, or in a dirty, wet yard; stuffing the feet with cow-dung; bruises of the frog; undue paring; wounds of the frog; accumulation of dried mud or gravel in the cleft; extension of disease from the skin of the heel, etc.

Symptoms.�Foetid discharge from the cleft, soreness of the skin behind this, lameness or not according to severity.

Treatment.�Wash out the diseased part, pare away all ragged detached horn, and apply some astringents (dry calomel pressed in on a pledget of tow; tar with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface; carbolic acid; or finely powdered sulphate of copper or zinc).

CANKER.

This is a more inveterate inflammation of the frog, and it may be the sole, representing in the horn-secreting structures

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 3S9

that aggravated affection of the skin of the heel in which red fungous growths appear. It may be preceded by thrush, and is due to the same general causes, though it is also attributed to a parasitic fungus. It is especially common in coarse lym�phatic subjects.

Symptoms.�A rapid growth, from the frog or sole or both, of a soft, unhealthy, spongy horn, the tubes of which are un�naturally large, open, and wanting in cohesion, so that they often stand apart from each other, and have the appearance rather of a fleshy material than of horn. If cut down it may grow up to the same level in twenty-four hours, and the enlarged villi are reached and bleed long before this would have hap�pened in healthy horn. As in thrush there is a most offensive discharge, and the disease is very obstinate to treat.

Treatment.�Cut down the fungous horn till blood comes, and the adjacent horn to the same level. Then cover with tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, and apply firm pressure by slips of wood placed side by side with one end of each resting above the web of the shoe at the toe, and the other on a slip extending across the bulbs of the frog and resting above the heels of the shoe. This must be removed and the dressing renewed at least once in twenty-four hours. Should the course of improvement seem lagging, change the dressing for carbolic acid, chromic acid, the mineral acids, sulphate of copper or iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony or other caustic, resort being had to a new one in every instance as the former seems to lose its effect. The removal of the entire sole is essential to recovery in some cases.

SIMPLE FOOT-ROT IN CATTLE AND SHEEP.

This is a simple inflammation of the horn-secreting structures and adjacent skin, the result of direct irritation. Wearing of the sole to the quick from long journeys on hard roads; curling in of overgrown walls on the sole on soft, boggy pastures;

39deg;

T/7E FARM DOCTOR.

wounds with sharp bodies like nails, glass, etc.; the accumula�tion and drying of clay or mud between the claws; softening of the horn and irritation from standing on hot reeking manure ; irritation of the skin around the coronets by iced water, etc.

Symptoms will vary according to the form, but in all there is lameness, often severe, the sheep getting down on its knees to feed, and an examination of the foot shows the nature of the injury. In the case of wounds with nails, glass, etc., the heat of the hoof will show the injured one, and a slight paring will detect the wound if not the offending body.

Treatment.�In case of a simple superficial rawness between the claws, clean the part and touch with a feather dipped in a mixture of one part of sulphuric acid and three or four parts of water; or the surface may be smeared with tar and a bandage tied between the claws and around the pastern. In case of the formation of matter beneath the horn the foreign body, if any, should be removed, the detached horn pared away until we reach that which is still connected with the quick, the sur�rounding horn should be pared down to a thin edge and the sore covered with tar, with a few drops of sulphuric acid on the surface, the whole being closely bound up in a bandage. In exceptional cases the severity of the inflammation may demand a poultice, over the surface of which a weak solution of sugar of lead may be poured. One tar dressing is often enough, but the foot should always be examined a few days after, and any hindrance to the healing process removed. Bad cases with fungous growths must be treated like similar cases in the horse.

Sheep kept in low, soft pastures should have the hoof shortened by a knife or toe nippers at short intervals, to pre�vent injury to the sole.

CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT

Presents symptoms resembling those of HmpU foot-rot, but usually begins at the coronet, unless in the case of pre-existing

III

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

39¹

sores, and tends to produce fungous growths of the skin around the margin of the hoof, and a degeneration of horn in some respects comparable to canker. It is mainly to be recognised by its spread in a flock as a sequence of contact with diseased animals, and without any sufficient cause in their management or in the dampness of the locality.

Treatment does not differ materially from that of simple foot-rot except that a preference must be given to antiseptics in the selection of caustic dressings. Hydrochloric acid reduced with thrice its bulk of water; chloride of zinc i dr., water i pint; carbolic acid; butter of antimony, may be cited as examples. Much more important, however, is it to separate the sound from the diseased, and from contaminated pastures and build�ings, and to thoroughly cleanse and disinfect the latter before they are again used for the shelter of flocks (see Disinfection).

FOOT-ROT FROM TUBERCULOSIS.

This is common in cattle and sheep, the disease commencing in the digital bones, which are enlarged with interstitial and surrounding deposit, leading to open sores, open joints, and complete destruction of the member (see Tuberculosis).

#9632;#9632;

CHAPTER XIX.

DISEASED GROWTHS.

The limits of the present work forbid any systematic descrip�tion of the various degenerations of tissue (fatty, mineral, amy�loid, pigmentary, etc.), and of the tumours or diseased growths which appear in different parts of the system. The last will only be noticed so far as to point out the principal distinctive characters of the malignant tumours or cancers, and the simple.

Simple Tutnours are composed of elements like those pre�viously existing at the same or some other part of the body; they do not tend to draw surrounding structures into their substance, but grow between these and push them aside; usually they are surrounded by distinct sacs, which separate them completely from surrounding tissues except where the blood-vessels enter; they do not tend to produce swellings in the nearest lymphatic glands, by reason of propagation of elements absorbed from the diseased mass, nor an unhealthy constitutional state�dyscrasia�tending to the formation of such diseased masses in internal organs; and their elements tend to be resolved mainly into fat or gelatine by boiling, which shows there is little albumen in their structure.

Cancers, on the other hand, usually contain elements unlike any previously existing in the system. The presence of large cells, each containing smaller ones (nuclei) in its interior, and these still smaller nuclei (nucleoli), was at one time thought characteristic of cancer, and though this cannot now be main�tained, yet the abundance of such cells, or of any cells, imply-

i..

ll)

DISEASED GROWTHS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 393

ing the growth of the tumour, is always highly suspicious. These tumours have no clearly-defined limit, nor limiting sac, but grow in the natural structures, drawing them into their substance and transforming them into a cancerous mass. Hence, a cancer near the surface will often lead to a depres�sion at first by the drawing in of the skin, and in the mammary glands the drawing in of the teat is a most characteristic early symptom. They are hereditary, tending to appear in the off�spring at the same age as in the parent. They lead to early and painful swelling of the adjacent lymphatic glands, of the internal lymphatic glands, and of the spleen, and produce or aggravate the unhealthy constitutional state on which the deposition of cancer depends. If removed, there is a great liability to the formation of cancer in the same situation or some other, and especially if we fail to remove the whole organ in which the disease primarily appeared. They are more vascular, and grow faster without apparent cause (mechanical injury, exposure), than simple tumours. Finally, they contain an excess of albumen, and the larger the proportion of albu�men, of cells and granules, the more rapid is the growth and the more redoubtable the result

The Hard Cancers {Scirrhus) are firm and crisp under the knife, and from the cut surface exudes a whitish fluid�cancer-juice�containing the characteristic cells and granules. Soft or Brain-like Cancer is very soft and friable, bleeds freely when wounded, contains a great excess of cells and granules, and from its rapid growth pushes existing tissues aside so as to feel more circumscribed. It is the cancer of the young and of particular organs, such as the eye, grows rapidly, opens early, exposing a raw, unhealthy, bleeding surface, and has a short and fatal course. It is often complicated by an extensive pro�duction of black pigment (melanotic cancer.) In Epithelial Cancer the morbid product consists mainly in epithelial cells, and it grows downward into the substance of the tissues as well

394

THE FARM DOCTOR.

�I, ^

as outward from the skin. It is slow to implicate adjacent lymphatic glands, or to produce a constitutional dyscrasia with internal deposits, and hence its removal is much more frequently successful. Colloid Cancer is characterised by the formation of a mucous or gelatinous liquid containing a kernel of granules and rounded simple or nucleated cells, enclosed in spherical cavities, surrounded by a delicate membranous stroma, made up of the former tissues of the part. Osteoid Cancer of ivory�like hardness, with a vascular surface and interspaces, has not been observed in the lower animals.

Treatment of Tumours.�Recent simple tumours, still largely cellular, may sometimes be removed by stimulating embro�cations, as iodine ointment or tincture, camphorated spirit, soap liniment, etc. Others may be greatly reduced or even entirely removed by the occasional injection into their sub�stance, through a very fine needle-like tube, of discutients (weak solutions of iodine). In cystic tumours the evacuation of the liquid through a fine cannula or needle-like tube, and the injection of a weak solution of iodine (one part of the com�pound tincture and three parts water) will often succeed. But most frequently, and especially in long-standing tumours, resort must be had to the knife or to caustics. Excision with the knife is the quickest and usually the preferable mode, but in some dangerous situations caustic may be preferred. Its employment is founded on the fact that it tends to eat away the diseased mass sooner than the healthy; but this partial immunity of the sound tissues will not warrant the use of such agents as caustic potassa or soda, which quickly permeate all cell structures alike and destroy them. Nitrate 01 silver, chloride of zinc, sulphate of copper, terchloride of antimony, or the mineral acids, are usually preferable. Protection against cold, ill-health arising from other sources, mechanical injuries and exposures to cold or wet are important elements in treat�ment.

S i

DISEASED GROWTHS.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 395

For cancers, an early and extensive removal with the knife may be said to hold out the only hope. The whole organ in which the cancer grows should be cut out, as a rule, to insure the removal of all diseased elements, and any interference is to be deprecated when the adjacent lymphatic glands are already enlarged.

Attempts have been made to dissolve and remove cancers and other tumours with pepsin, and with considerable success, the agent virtually digesting the diseased products with little pain, while the healthy tissues remain unaffected.

II,

APPENDIX.

ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES.

To some readers a few words of explanation may be necessary in order to the proper understanding of the drugs and their doses.

I. EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Alteratives change in some unexplained way the conditions and functions of organs.

Anasthetia deprive of sensation and suffering.

Anodynes allay or diminish pain.

Antacids are antidotes to acids.

Anthebnintics kill or expel worms.

Antiperiodics obviate the return of a paroxysm in periodic diseases.

Antiseptics prevent, arrest, or retard putrefaction.

Antispasmodics prevent or allay cramps.

Aperients gently open the bowels.

Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants which dispel wind and allay pain.

Astringents cause contraction of vital structures.

Carminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics).

Cathartics freely open the bowels.

Cholagogues increase the secretion of bile.

Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces.

Diaphoretics cause perspiration.

Discutients dispel enlargements.

Disinfectants destroy infecting matter.

Diuretics increase the secretion of urine.

'^;i,

APPENDIX.

397

Echolks cause contraction of the womb.

Emetics induce vomiting.

Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tubes.

Febrifuges counteract fever�lower temperature.

Laxatives (Aperients).

Narcotics allay pain and produce sleep.

Farturiejits (Ecbolics).

Purgatives (Cathartics).

Refrigerants diminish heat.

Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation.

Soporifics induce sleep.

Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory system.

Sudorifics (Diaphoretics).

Sialogogues increase the secretion of saliva.

Stomachics improve digestion.

Tonics gradually and permanently improve digestion and nutrition.

Vermifuges kill and expel worms.

2. GRADUATION OF DOSES.

The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any case in which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on account of their smaller size, but also of their greater susceptibility. The following table may serve as a guide :�


HORSE, ETC.	ox.	SHEEP.	SWINE.	DOGS.
3 years. iX-3 quot; 9-18 m'ths. 5-9 quot; i-5 ..	2 years. 1-2 M 6-12 m'ths. 3-6 ii 1-3 n	\y_z years. 9-18 m'ths. 5-9 n 3-5 quot; 1-3 i.	15 m'ths. 8-IS quot; 6-8 � 3-6 11 1-3 quot;	V* year. 3-6 m'ths. 1^-3 n 20-45 days. 10-20 n	1 part. 1 =

39laquo;

THE FARM DOCTOR.

Allowance must also be made for a nervous temperament, which usually renders an animal more impressible; for habit or continued use, which tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs; for idiosyncrasy, which can only be discovered by observing the action of the agent on the particular subject; and for the influence of disease when that is likely to affect the action. Thus, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza and other low fevers half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus), would aggravate the symp�toms, eta

3. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION.

Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives, and Stimu�lants may generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, Diaphoretics, Febrifuges, Refrigerants, and Tonics may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when necessary, and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first dose is to remain inoperative. Thus unless in urgent need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran mashes and water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora and omnivora in from seven to ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses and repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being further solicited by copious draughts of tepid water and tickling of the back of the mouth with a feather.

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4. FORM TO ADMINISTER.

Drags may often be given as powder or solution in the food or water; they may be made into a soft solid with syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and covered with soft paper; they may be converted into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling; or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gruel or mucilage. They may be given, in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle; or, as a short cylinder or pill, may be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue; or, as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the back teeth; or they may be given as an injection into the rectum; or, finally, in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be injected under the skin.

No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpentine, croton oil, etc.), should be given in a bland oil, in milk or in eggs, after having been thoroughly mixed

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DRUGS AND DOSES.

When not otherwise stated, the doses for the horse may hi given to ox, ass, and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine.

Acetic acid, antidote to acids, cooling astringent : Horse I dr. ; ox 2 drs.; ass I dr. ; sheep I scr. ; dog 2-3 drops.

Tincture of aconite, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 20-30 drops; ox 30-40 drops ; ass 15-20 drops ; sheep 3-5 drops; dog 1-3 drops.

Alcohol, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-3 oz. ; ox 3-6 oz. ; ass I oz. ; sheep yi, oz. ; dog 2 drs. Locally cooling astringent.

Brandy, whisky, and gin,stimulant, diuretic, narcotic: Horse 3-6oz.; ox 6-12 oz.; ass 2-5 oz.; sheep 10 oz.; dog ^ oz. Locally cooling astringent.

Strong ale, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-2 pts.; ox 2-4 pts.; ass 1 pt.; sheep yi pt.; dog 2 oz. Locally cooling astringent.

Barbadoes aloes, purgative : Horse 4 drs.; ass 3-4 drs.; dog % dr.

Cape aloes, purgative : Horse 5 drs.; ass 4-5 drs.

Alum, astringent: Horse 2-3 drs.; ox 3-4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep Yz-x dr.; dog ^-1 scr.

Ammonia, liquid, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: Horse }4 oz. ; ox }4-l oz.; ass 2-4 drs. ; sheep ^-1 dr. ; dog 10 drops. Locally blister.

Aromatic ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: Horse 1-2 oz.; ox 2-4 oz.; ass 1-2 oz.; sheep y_z-i oz.; dog I dr. Locally blister.

Carbonate of ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, draretic : Horse 2-4 drs.; ox 4-6 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep y_z-i dr.; dog 10-15 grs. Locally blister.

Muriate of ammonia, stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuretic : Horse 2-4 drs. ; ox 4-6 drs. ; ass 2 drs. ; sheep ^-1 dr.; dog 20 grs. Locally cooling discutient.

Acetate of ammonia, solution, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant: Horse 2-3 oz.; ox 3-4 oz.; ass 2 oz.; sheep y^-l oz.; dog 2 drs.

Anise-seed, stomachic, carminative : Horse 1 oz.; ox i-2oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; dog 1-3 scr.

Antimomy, tartarized (tartar emetic), emetic : Swine 5 grs.; dog 2-4 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 2 drs. ; ox 2-4 drs. ; ass 2 drs. ; sheep 1-2 scr.; swine Xquot;' ggt;quot;-; dog X'K gr- Locally blister.

Areca nut, vermifuge, treniafuge: Horse 1 oz.; ox I oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 3 drs.; dog yi,-\ dr.

Arnica tincture, stimulant, diuretic: Horse I dr.; ox I dr.; ass %, dr.; sheep I scr.; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing.

Arsenic, alterative, nerve tonic : Horse 5 grs.; ox 5-8 grs.; ass yt, grs.; sheep I gr.; swine yi gr.; dog _TV gr. Locally caustic, parasiticide.

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AsAFCETIDA, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifuge : Horse 2 drs.; ox 4 drs.; ass I-2 drs.; sheep j^-l dr.; swine yi, dr.; dog 10-20 grs.

Azedarach, vermifuge : Horse ^-1 oz.; ox I oz.; ass 3-4 drs.; shesp 1-2 drs.; swine I dr.; dog 20 grs.

Belladonna, anodyne, antispasmodic, narcotic : Horse 2 oz.; ox 2 oz.; ass 1-2 oz.; sheep ^ oz.; dog 5 grs.

Belladonna, extract, anodyne, etc.: Horse 2 drs.; ox 2-3 drs.; ass 1-2 drs.; sheep y_z dr.; dog 1-3 grs.

AtropiA (Alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc.; Horse 1-2 grs,; ox 1-2 grs.; ass I gr.; sheep ^ gr.; dog ^ gr.

Balsam of Peru, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-1^ oz.; ass yi-\ oz.; sheep 2 drs.; dog y₂ dr.

Benzoin, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant: Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-1^ oz.; ass ^-1 oz.; sheep 2 drs.; dog y^ dr.

Borax, nerve sedative, uterine stimulant : Horse 2-6 drs.; ox ^-1 oz.; ass 2-4 drs.; sheep J^-l dr.; swine ^ dr.; dog 5-10 grs. Zlaquo;ra//y astrin�gent, parasiticide.

Bismuth, subnitrate, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels : Horse 2 drs.; ox 2-4 drs.; ass 1-2 drs.; sheep 20 grs.; swine 10-20 grs.; dog 5-10 grs. Locally soothing, healing.

Blackberry root, astringent : Horse 2-4 drs.; ox ^ oz.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 2 scr.; dog ^ scr.

Blue-stone (copper sulphate).

Boneset, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic: Horse ^I oz.; ox 10z.; ass % oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; swine 2 drs.; dog ^'-1 dr.

Bromide of potassium, nerve sedative : Horse 2-4 drs.; 0x4 drs.; ass 2-3 drs.; sheep ^ dr.; dog 5-10 grs.

Buchu, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 4 drs.; ox y₂-i oz.; ass 3 drs.; sheep 1 dr.; dog 10-20 grs.

Buckthorn syrup, purgative : Dog %,-\ oz.

Calomel, purgative: Horse 1 dr.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass 1 dr.; swine 1 scr.; dog 3-4 grs. Alterative: Horse I scr.; ox 1-3 scr.; ass 1 scr.; swine 3-4 grs.; dog^-l gr.

Camphor, calmative, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 drs.; ox 2-4 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep I scr.; dog 3-10 grs.

Cantharides, stimulant, diuretic: Horse 5 grs.; ox 5-10 grs.; ass 3-5 grs.; sheep 1-2 grs.; dog Yb-Yi gr. Locally blister.

Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, stimulant, aromatic ; Horse 2-3 drs.; ox 2-4 drs.; ass 1-2 drs.; sheep I scr.: swine yi,-\ scr.; dog 2-5 grs. Locally irritant.

Caraway seed, stomachic : Horse I oz.; ox 1-2 oz. ; ass I oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; swine 2 drs.; dog I scr.

Cardamoms, stomachic : Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; swine 2 drs.; dog I scr.

Cascarilla, stimulant, bitter tonic : Horse J^-l oz.; ox 1 oz.; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep 1 dr.; dog 10 grs.

2 C

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Carbolic acid, sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant: Horse J^-I dr.; ox I dr.; ass % dr.; sheep, 10 drops; dog 5 drops.

Castor-oil, purgative: Horse ipt.; oxi-l^pts.; asslpt.; sheep 3-4 oz.; dog Yz-l oz.

Catechu, astringent: Horse 2-5 drs.; ox 3-8 drs.; ass 2-3 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 10-30 grs.

Chamomile, stimulant, tonic: Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 2 drs.; dog ^ dr.

Cherry bark, wild, expectorant: Horse ^ oz.; sheep 2-3 scr.; swine 2 scr.; dog I scr.

Chloral-Hydrate, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse ^ oz.; ass ^-^ oz.; sheep I dr.; dog 20 grs. Soporific: Horse 1 oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; dog ^dr.

Chloroform, stimulant: Horse 1-2 drs.; ass 1 dr.; sheep 1 scr.; dog 5-10 drops. Anaesthetic.

Cinchona, Peruvian bark, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic: Horse 1-3 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; dog I dr.

Cinnamon, stomachic : Horse4-6 drs.; ox J4-1 oz-; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep

1nbsp;-2 drs.; dog 10-20 grs. Cod-liver oil, tonic: Horse 4-6 oz.; ox 6-8 oz.; ass 4-6 oz.; sheep 1 -2

oz.; dog }4 oz.

Colchicum, diuretic, sedative: Horse }4-l dr.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass }4 dr.; sheep )4 scr.; dog 2-8 grs.

Colocynth, bitter purgative : Dog 2-5 grs.

Columbo, bitter tonic : Horse 4-6 drs.; ox. yi-i oz.; ass 2-3 drs.; sheep }i-t dr.; dog 10 grs.

Conium, extract, sedative: Horse I dr.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass }4-i dr.; sheep 10-15 grs.; swine 10 grs.; dog 2-5 grs.

Copaiva, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant: Horse 2-4 drs.; ox 3-4 drs.; ass 2-3 drs.; sheep X^-1 dr.; dog 10 drops.

Copper ammoniated, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent: Horse 1-2 drs.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass 1 dr.; sheep 10-20 grs.; dog 1-5 grs.

Copper, iodide, tonic, discutient: Horse 1-2 drs.

Copper sulphate, tonic, astringent: Horse ^-1 dr.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass % dr.; sheep 10 grs.; dog 2-4grs.

Croton seeds, purgative: Horse 10-12; ox 15-20; ass 8-10; sheep 2-3; dog 1-2.

Croton oil, purgative : Horse 15-20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops; ass 12-18 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops; dog 3-4 drops.

Cream of tartar, diuretic: Horse I oz.; sheep 4-6 drs.; dog 1 dr. Laxative : Horse 5 oz.; ox 5-8 oz.; ass 5 oz.; sheep 1-2 oz.; dog )4 oz.

Dandelion extract, taraxacum, diuretic, laxative, bitter: Horse I-l^ oz.; ox 2 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 3 drs.; dog I dr.

Digitalis, sedative, diuretic : Horse 15-20grs.; ox K-l dr.; ass 15 grs.; sheep 5-15 grs.; swine 2-IO grs.; dog 1-3 grs.

Dover's powder, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 3 drs.; ox 3-4 drs.; ass

2nbsp; drs.; sheep 2 scr.; swine 1 scr.; dog 2-4 grs.

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Ergot, checks bleeding, parturient : Horse ^-1 oz.; ox 1 oz.; ass % oz.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog ^ dr.

Ether, diffusible stimulant: Horse 1-2 oz.; 0x2-302.; ass 1 oz.; sheep K oz.; swine 2-4 drs.; dog I dr.

Fennel seed, stomachic: Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; dog % dr.

Filix MAS., EXTRACT, MALE SHIELD FERN, vermifuge, ta;niacide : Horse I oz.; sheep H ur.; dog 10-20 drops.

Galls, oak, astringent: Horse 4-6 drs.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass 4 drs.; sheep 14-1 scr.; swine 1-2 sen; dog 1-3 grs.

Gallic and tannic acid, tannin, astringent: Horse 1-3 scr.; ass 1-2 scr.; sheep 5 grs.; dog 1-3 grs.

Gentian, bitter tonic : Horse 4 drs.; ox M-i oz.; ass 4 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 10-20 grs.

Ginger, stimulant, stomachic: Horse 1 oz.; ox 2 oz. ; ass 'A-l oz.; sheep H oz.; swine 2 drs.; dog 2 scr.

Glauber salts (soda sulphate).

Henbane, hyoscyamus, extract, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 2 drs.; ox 2-4 drs.; �.ss 1-2 drs.; sheep J^-l dr.; swine }4 dr.; dog 5 grs.

Hemp, Indian, extract, antispasmodic, soporific, narcotic : Horse }4-l dr.; ass ^ dr.; sheep 10-15 g^rs- gt; swine 5-10 grs.; dog 1-2 grs.

Hydrocyanic acid (prussic).

Iodine, alterative, discutient: Horse 10-20 grs.; ox 20-30 grs.; ass 10 grs.; sheep 5-10 grs.; swine 5 grs.; dog 1-2 grs.

Iodide of potassium, alterative, diuretic: Horse j4-i dr.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass H dr.; sheep 3 scr.; swine 1-2 scr.; dog I scr.

Ipecacuanha, emetic, sedative : Swine 1-2 drs.; dog 15-20 grs. Dia�phoretic, expectorant: Swine }4 dr.; dog 3-5 grs.

Jalap, purgative : Swine 1-2 drs.; dog }4-i dr.

Iron, peroxide, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs.; ox 4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1 dr.; dog 5-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic.

Iron, sulphate, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1 dr.; swine '/z dr.; dog 2-5 grs.

Iron, carbonate, tonic: Horse 2-4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1 dr.; swine _^ dr.; dog 2-5 grs.

Iron, iodide, tonic, discutient: Horse ^-2 drs.; ox 1-2 drs.; ass }4-i dr.; sheep 15-30 grs.; swine 10-20 grs.; dog 1-8 grs.

Iron, tincture of muriate, astringent, checks bleeding : Horse }i-i oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass ^ oz.; sheep yi-l dr.; swine 10-30 drops ; dog 5-10 drops.

Kino, astringent: Horse ^ oz.; ox ^2-1 oz.; ass 2-4 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; swine yi-l dr.; dog 10 grs.

Kousso, vermifuge : Sheep 2-3 oz.; dog I oz.

Laudanum (opium).

Lead acetate (sugar of lead), astringent, sedative : Horse 1-2 scr.; ox 2-3 scr.; ass I scr.; sheep 10-15 S^rs-gt; ^og ²quot;5 g^r�-

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Lime-water, antacid, astringent: Horse 4-5 oz.; ox 4-8 oz.; ass 4 oz.; sheep I oz.; dog I dr.

Lime, carbonate, chalk, antacid, astringent: Horse 1-2 oz.; ox 2-4 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; dog 8-12 grs.

Lime, chloride, chlorinated, checks tympany, disinfectant: Horse 2-4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.

Linseed oil, laxative: Horse 1-2 pts.; ox 1-2 qts.; ass I pt.; sheep

Lobelia, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse 1-2 drs.; ox 1-3 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep 15 grs.; swine 5-15 grs.; dog 1-5 grs.

Magnesia, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic : Horse 1-2oz.; 0x2-4 oz.; sheep I oz.

Magnesia, sulphate, Epsom salts, laxative: Ox 1-2lbs.; sheep4-60Z.

Mallow, demulcent: Freely.

MENTHA PIPERITA (PEPPERMINT).

Mercury with chalk, hvdrargrum cum creta, antacid, laxative : Calf 10-15 g^rs-; ^dog Squot;¹⁰ g^rs-

Mercurial pill, blue pill, laxative: Dog 5 grs.

Mercury, subchloride (calomel).

Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic, disin�fectant: Horse I dr.; ox 2 drs.; ass 1 dr.; sheep 20 drops; dog 2-5 drops.

Myrrh, stimulant, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs.; ox 4-6 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 15-20 grs.

Nitre (potassa nitrate).

Nitric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic: Horse I dr.; ox 2 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops.

Nux vomica, nerve stimulant, tonic: Horse 10-30 grs.; ox 20-40 grs.; ass 10-20 grs.; sheep 5-15 grs.; dog J4-3 grs.

Oak bark, astringent; Horse I oz.; ox 2-4 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 4 drs,; swine 2-3 drs.; dog 1-2 drs.

Olive oil, laxative : Horse 1-2 pts.; ox 2-3 pts.; ass 1 pt.; sheep 3-6 oz.; dog 1-3 oz.

Opium, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse ^-2 drs.; dx 2-4 drs.; ass ^-1 dr.; sheep 10-20 grs.; dog ^-3 grs.

Opium, tincture, laudanum, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispas�modic : Horse 1-2 oz.; ox 2 oz.; ass ^-1 oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; dog 15-30 drops.

Morphia, muriate, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic ; Horse 3-5 grs.; ox s-io grs.; ass 3 grs.; sheep ^-1 gr.; dog Xquot;^ gr-

Peppermint, oil, stomachic, antispasmodic : Horse 20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 20 drops; sheep 5-10 drops ; swine 5 drops; dog 3-5 drops.

Peruvian bark (cinchona).

Pepper, black, white, stomachic, stimulant: Horse 2 drs.; ox 3 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1-2 scr.; dog 5-10 grs.

Pimento, stomachic, stimulant: Horse 2 drs.; ox 2 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep 1-2 scr.; dog 5-10 grs.

APPENDIX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;40S

PODOPHYLLIN, purgative, sedative: Horse 1-2 drs.; ox 2 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep 10-20 grs.; swine 6-8 grs.; dog I -2 grs.

Pomegranate root bark, vermifuge : Horse 1 oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 2-3 drs.; swine 1-2 drs.; dog 20-30 grs.

Pqtassa ACETATE, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 6-8 drs.; ox 1 oz.; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 10-20 grs.

Potassa NITRATE, diuretic, febrifuge: Horse 6-8 drs.; ox I oz.; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 10-20 grs.

Potassa bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 6-8 drs.; ox 1 oz.; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 10-20 grs.

Potassa chlorate, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic ; Horse 1-4 drs.; ass 1-2 drs.; sheep 20-40 grs.; dog 5-15 grs.

Potassium iodide (iodine).

Potassium bromide, nerve sedative : Horse^oz.; ass 2-4 drs.; sheep 2 drs.; swine I dr.; dog 20 grs.

Potassium cyanide, sedative, antispasmodic: Horse 1-2 grs.; ox 2 grs.; ass 1-2 grs.; sheep y₂ gr.; dog %-yi gr.

Prunus Virginiana (wild cherry).

Prussic acid, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-40 drops ; ass 15-20 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops; swine 5 drops; dog 1-3 drops.

Pumpkin seeds, vermifuge, taeniafuge : Dog yi, oz.

Quinia sulphate, bitter tonic : Horse 20 grs.; ox 20-30grs.; ass 15-20 grs.; sheep 6-10 grs.; swine 5-10 grs.; dog 2-6 grs.

Rhubarb, laxative, tonic : Horse 1 oz.; ox 20z.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 1 dr.; dog 20 grs.

Resin, diuretic : Horse 4-6 drs.; ox ^-1 oz.; ass 4-6 drs.; sheep 2-4 drs.; swine 2 drs.; dog 20-30 grs.

Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative: Horse 1-2 oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 2-6 drs.; swine 2-4 drs.; dog 20-60 grs.

Soda, bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 4-6 drs.; ox 4-8 drs.; ass 4 drs.; sheep 1-2 drs.; dog 5-30 grs.

Soda, sulphite, bisulphite, hyposulphite, antiseptic, disinfectant, alterative, relieves tympany : Horse I oz.; ox 2-3 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 2-6 drs.; swine 2-4 drs.; dog 20-60 grs.

Soda sulphate (glauber salts), purgative: Horse 1-1^ lbs.; ox 1-2 lbs.; ass }4-l lb.; sheep 6 oz.

Sodium, chloride (common salt), tonic, vermifuge, purgative : Horse 1-2 oz.; ox 2-4 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; swine 1-3 drs.; dog 10-30 grs.

Santonin, wormseed, semen, contra, vermifuge: Horse ^-1 oz.; ass 4 drs.; sheep 2-4 drs.; swine 1-3 drs.; dog 10-60grs.

Squill, diuretic, expectorant: Horse /^ dr.; ox yi-i dr.; ass 20-30 grs.; sheep 10-15 g^rs-; dog 1-5 grs.

Silver, nitrate (lunar caustic), nerve tonic : Horse 5 grs.; ox 5-8 grs.; ass 2-4 grs.; sheep 1-2 grs.; dog %-% gr.

Spanish flies (canthariues).

Spigelia, vermifuge : Horse ^-1 oz.; ox 1-2 oz.; ass ^-1 oz.; sheep 2-4 drs.; swine 2-3 drs.; dog 1 dr.

4o6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE FARM DOCTOR.

Strychnia, nerve tonic : Horse 1-2 grs.; ox 1-3 grs.; ass 1 gr.; sheep ^-I gr.; swine ^ gr.; dog ^-_TV gr.

Sulphur, expectorant, diaphoretic: Horse 3-4 oz.; ox 5-6 oz.; ass 3 oz.; sheep 2 oz.; swine 1^-2 oz.; dog 2-S drs. Laxative, alterative: Horse 1 oz.; oxl-2oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 6 drs.; swine 4-6 drs.; dog ^-1 dr. Parasiticide.

Sweet spirits of nitre, spirit of nitrous ether, stimulant, anti-spasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse 1-2 oz.; ox 3-4 oz.; ass I oz.; sheep 3-6 drs.; dog y_z-2 drs.

Stramonium, narcotic, sedative: Horse 20-30 grs.; ox y^-i dr.; ass 15-30 grs.; sheep 5-10 grs.; swine 4-6 grs.; dog 2 grs.

Sulphuric acid, tonic, refrigerant, caustic: Horse I dr.; ox 2-4 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep % dr.; swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops.

Tobacco, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge: Horse4 drs.; 0x4-6 drs.; ass 4 drs.; sheep I dr.; swine % dr.; dog 5-6 grs.

Tar, expectorant, antiseptic : Horse ^-1 oz.; ox ^-2 oz.; sheep ^4 oz.

Turpentine oil, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz.; ox I-l^ oz.; ass Yz oz.; sheep 1-2 drs.; swine I dr.; dog ^ dr. Vermifuge: Horse 2 oz.; ox 2-3 oz.; ass 1-2 oz.; sheep 4 drs.; swine 2-3 drs.; dog 1-2 drs.

Valerian, diffusible, stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 2 oz.; ox 2-4 oz.; ass 2 oz.; sheep Yz oz.; swine 2-3 drs.; dog 1-2 drs.

Valerianate of iron, nerve tonic : Dog 4-5 grs.

Veratrum, sedative : Horse I scr.; ox ^-1 dr.; ass ^-1 scr.; sheep 5-10 grs.; swine 5-8 grs.; dog 2 grs.

Wild cherry bark, expectorant: Horse I oz.; ox lYz oz.; ass 1 oz.; sheep 3 drs.; dog 30 grs.

Zinc carbonate, astringent, tonic : Horse 2 drs.; ox 2-4 drs.; ass 2 drs.; sheep ^-1 dr.; swine Y dr.; dog 10-15 g¹⁵-

Zinc, sulphate, astringent, tonic: Horse 1-2 drs.; ox 2-3 drs.; ass I dr.; sheep 15-30 grs. ; swine 10-20 grs.; dog 2-3 grs. Emetic : Swine 15 grs. to I dr.; dog 8-15 grs.

BLISTERING, ETC.

As an example of a simple blister for the horse the following may be given :�

Powdered Cantharides .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 2 drs.

Camphor ...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 5 grs.

Oil of Lavender .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . 10 drops.

Lardnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i oz.

Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair from the part, then rub the ointment well in with the palm of the hand

APPENDIX.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 407

and against the direction of the hair, for four or five minutes. The animal should be tied short to a high rack or otherwise prevented from reaching the blistered surface with his lips until it is well raised. Then the application may be washed off with soap-suds and the part smeared daily. The blister should not be repeated until the effects of the first have passed off.

For cattle \ oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar emetic may be added to the above blister. For pigs cantharides and turpentine may be used alone, 1 of the former to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep equal parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive-oil may be used and rubbed in as often as may seem requisite.

INDEX.

Abductor femons displaced, 349.

Abortion, 223.

Abortion from ergot, 64.

Abscess in bone, 296-299.

Abscess in bone, symptoms of, 29�.

Abscess in the false nostril, 77.

Abscess in the guttural pouches, 78.

Abscess of the walls of the chest, 93.

Acariasis, 277.

Acari, parasitic, 277.

Achorion Sch�nleini, 275.

Action of medicines, 396.

Acute, enteritis, 155.

Acute farcy, 44.

Acute gastric indigestion in horses, 148.

Acute glanders, 23.

Acuteinflammationofthebowels, 155.

Acute intestinal indigestion in horses, 149.

Acute muco-enteritis, 157.

Afterbirth, retained, 230.

Ages, doses for different, 397.

Air in the chest, 92.

Air in veins, 121.

Albuminoids in the blood, imperfect oxidation of, 185.

Albuminous urine, 206.

Albuminuria, 206.

Amaurosis, 24�.

Ancemia, 70.

Anasarca, 67.

Anchylosis, 308.

Aneurisms, 119.

Animal plagues, exclusion and ex�tinction of, 2.

Animals, doses for different

. 397-

406.

Anthrax, 32, 94. Anthrax, apoplectic, 38. Anthrax fever, in birds, 40;

39; horses, 38; sheep, 39;

40. Anthrax in dogs and cats, 38. Anthrax in man, 38. Anthrax of the throat, 37. Anthrax, prevention of, 42. Anthrax, treatment of, 40. Anus, fistula in, 169. Anus, imperforate, 169. Aphthous fever, 10. Apoplectic anthrax, 38. Apoplexy, 253. Apoplexy of the lung, 94. Appendix, 396. Appetite, depraved, 152. Arm-bone, fracture of, 330. Arterial hcemorrhage, 117. Arteries, dilatation of, 119. Arteries, diseases of, 117. Arteries, inflammation of, 11S. Arteries, wounds of, 117. Arteritis, 118. Arthritis, 307. Ascites, 171.

Ascites in parturition, 230. Asiatic cholera, 24. Asthma, 94.

Atrophy of the heart, 112. Auscultation, 73, 108. Azotcemia, 185, Azoturia, 185.

cattle, swine.

INDEX.

409

Back and loins, fractures of, 32.1.

Back and loins, sprains of, 321.

Back tendons, sprains of, 338.

Beef tapeworm, 58.

Belly-ache, 154.

Belly, dropsy of, 170.

Big-head, 302.

Biliary calculi, 195.

Bilious fever in horses, 21.

Bird acari, 278.

Bird lice, 2S4.

Bird-pox, 10.

Bifds, impacted crop in, 140.

Birds, pulse in, 107.

Bistouri cache, 239.

Bit and curb, injuries by, 3I7.

Black pigment tumours, 274.

Black-quarter, 36.

Black-tongue, 36.

Black water, 186.

Bladder, eversion of, 21a

Bladder, inflammation of, 209.

Bladder, paralysis of, 208.

Bladder, spasm of its neck, 207.

Bladder, stone in, 214.

Bleeding from arteries, 117.

Bleeding from the lungs, 98.

Bleeding from the nose, 75.

Bleeding from the womb, 230.

Bleeding from veins, 119.

Bleeding in the bowels from liver

disease, 183. Blistering, 406. Bloating, 14a Eloodlessness, 70. Blood poisoning from imperfect oxi

dation of albuminoids, 185. Blood spavin, 361, 363. Bloody flux, 162. Bloody milk, 236. Bloody murrain, 32, 36. Bloody urine, 204. Blow-flies, 282.

Blowing murmurs in the heart, 109. Blue disease, 110, Blue milk, 236.

Bog spavin, 362.

Boils, 273.

Bone, death of, 296, 299.

Bone, induration of, 296.

Bone, results of inflammation in, 296.

Bone, general diseases of, 293-295.

Bones, inflammation of, 295.

Bone, softening of, 296, 301.

Bone spavin, 360.

Bone, suppuration in, 296-299.

Bone, symptoms of abscess in, 297.

Bone, symptoms of death of, 297.

Bone, symptoms of inflammation in,

296. Bone, symptoms of ulceration of, 297. Bone, thickening of, 296. Bone, treatment of inflamed, 298. Bone, tubercle in, 300. Bone, tumour of, 296. Bone, ulceration in, 296, 299. Bots, 171.

Bots in the throat, 79. Bowels, foreign bodies in, 152. Bowels, impacted, 150. Bowels, inflammation of, 155. Bowels, obstruction of, 163. Brain, inflammation of, 254. Breech presentation, 229. Bright's disease, 206. Bristle-balls, 153. Broken-down, 339. Broken knees, 334. Broken ribs, 93, 112. Broken-wind, 96. Bronchitis, 85.

Bronchitis from worms, rot, 103,104. Bronchocele, 65. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia, 92. Broncho-pneumonia, 92. Buckwheat as a cause of skin-disease,

269. Bullte, 267. Bullers, 49. Burns, 291. Bursse, inflamed, 311. Burst, 165.

410

INDEX.

Calcifications near inflamed bones, 296.

Calculi in the gall ducts, 195.

Calculi, salivary, 135.

Calculi, urinary, 211.

Callosities of the skin, 274.

Calves and foals, lung worms in, 101.

Cancers, 394, 274, 318.

Cancer of the orbit, 318.

Cancer of the tongue, 128.

Cancroid of the lips, 128.

Canine distemper, 23.

Canine madness, 28.

Canker, 388.

Capped hock, 356.

Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 5.

Carbuncular erysipelas, 37.

Carditis, 115.

Carious teeth, 131.

Carpitis, 332.

Castration, evil effects of, 221.

Castration of males, 220; females, 222; birds, 223.

Cataract, 245.

Catarrh, malignant, 78.

Catarrh, nasal, 75.

Catarrh of stomach and bowels, 151.

Catarrh of womb or vagina, 231.

Cat-flea, 284.

Cattle, lung fever in, 14.

Cattle, malignant catarrh in, 78.

Cattle, measles in, 58.

Cattle plague, 12.

Cattle, tapeworm in, 58.

Caustic potassa and soda as disin�fectants, 6.

Chafing of the skin, 266.

Charcoal as a disinfectant, 6.

Chest, air or gas in, 92.

Chest diseases, signs of, 73.

Chest, water in, go, 92.

Chest, wounds of, 324.

Chigoe, 283.

Chloride of lime as a disinfectant, 6.

Chloride of zinc as a disinfectant, 6.

Chlorine as a disinfectant, 5.

Choking, 137. Cholera, Asiatic, 34. Cholera, hog, 25. Chorea, 249. Choroiditis, 243. Chronic bronchitis, 86. Chronic farcy, 44. Chronic glanders, 43. Chronic indigestion in horses, 151. Chronic roaring, 83. Cirrhosis, 195.

Classification of contagious diseases, 3. Clots on the valves of the heart, 114. Cleanliness as a disinfectant, 4. Cerebral meningitis, 254. Cerebritis, 254. Cerebro-spinal fever, 255. Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 255. Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 5. Coenurus cerebralis, 52. Coffin-bone, distortion of, 384. Coffin-joint lameness, 371. Cold drink, indigestion from, 147. Cold in the head, 75. Colic, spasmodic, 154. Colic, tympanitic, 149. Collapse of the lung, 93. Colloid cancer, 394. Coma somnolentum, 252. Congestion of the lungs, 87. Conjunctivitis, 241. Consumption, 47.

Contagiousdiseases, classification of, 3. Contagious diseases, losses from, 2. Contagiousdiseases, propagation of, 2. Contagious diseases, their import�ance, I. Contagious lung fever, 14. Contraction, 386. Convulsions, 252. Convulsions from ergotism, 63. Convulsions from teething, 134. Coraco-radial tendon, sprain of, 325. Cornea, ulcers of, 242. Corns, 380. Coronet, fistula of, 387.

INDEX.

411

Coronet, wounds of, 386,

Cow-pox, 7.

Cracked heels, 270.

Cranium, fracture of the base of, 318.

Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, 5.

Crib-biting, 129.

Crop, impaction of, 140.

Croup, 81.

Croup, fracture of, 322.

Croupous enteritis, 159.

Curb, 363.

Cutting, 242.

Cyanosis, IIO.

Cystic calculus, 214.

Cysticercus cellulosa, 56.

Cysticercus medio-canellata, 58.

Cystitis, 209.

Cysts under the tongue, 128.

Deformities, 227.

Demodex, 278.

Dentinal tumours, 133, 318.

Dentition fever, 133.

Depraved appetite, 152.

Dermanyssus, 278.

Dermatocoptes equi, 278.

Dermatophagus, 277.

Dermatophagus equi, 279.

Desquamative nephritis, 206.

Diabetes insipidus, 203.

Diabetes mellitus, 184.

Diarrhoea, 160.

Dietetic and constitutional diseases, i

63.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

Difficult parturition, assistance in, 227. Diffuse baldness, 276. Digestive organs, diseases of, 124. Dilatation of the heart, 112. Diphtheria, 83. Disease as affecting the action of

medicines, 398. Diseased teeth, 125. Diseases of the digestive organs, 124. Diseases of the foot, 365. Diseases of the heart, 106. Diseases of the liver, 182,

Diseases of the membranes of the

teeth, 133. Diseases of the respiratory organs,

general causes of, 72-Disinfection, 3.

Dislocation of the fetlock, 342. Dislocation of the hip, 350. Dislocation of the knee, 333. Dislocation of the knee cap, 353. Dislocation of the lower jaw, 318. Dislocation of the shoulder, 32S. Dislocation of the tail, 323. Displaced teeth, 130. Displacements of the heart, no. Distemper in dogs, 23. Distemper in young horses, 17. Distomum lanceolatum, 196. Diuresis, 203,

Diuretics, poisoning by, 203, 205. Dog-pox, 10. Doses, 396-406. Doses, gradxiation of, 397. Double-headed monster, 229. Down in the hip, 347. Drainage in anthrax, 35. Dropsy of the abdomen, 170. Dropsy of the lung, 93. Dropsy of the scrotum, 219. Dry gangrene from ergot, 64. Dry murrain, 144. Drugs and doses, 396-406. Dysentery, 162.

Earth as a disinfectant, 6. Echinococcus hominis veterinorum,

35-Ecthyma, 268. Eczema, 267 Eggs of tapeworms, 52. Elbow, diseases of, 328. Elbow, fracture of, 329. Elbow-joint, diseases of, 330. Elbow, tumours of, 328, Elbow, wounds of, 329. Emasculation, 220, 223. Embolism, 118.

4T2

INDEX.

Embryo tapeworms, 52.

Encephalitis, 254.

Encephaloid, 394.

Encephaloid of the face, 318.

Endocarditis, 114.

Enlargement of the heart, in.

Enteritis, 155.

Enteritis, croupous, 159.

Enzootic hcematuria, 185.

Enzootic myelitis, 257.

Epilepsy, 247.

Epithelial cancer, 274.

Epithelioma, 394.

Epizootic aphtha, 10.

Epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis,

255-Epizootic diseases, their importance,

I. Epizootic influenza, 19. Ergotism, 63. Erysipelas, 286. Erysipelas carbuncular, 37. Euchlorine as a disinfectant, 5. Eustrongylus gigas, 60. Eversion of the bladder, 210. Eversion of the rectum, 167. Eversion of womb or vagina, 232. Examination of the urine, 202. Exostosis, 296.

Extinction of animal plagues, 2. Eye, diseases of, 240. Eye, foreign bodies in, 241. Eye, inflammation of the interior of,

243-Eyelashes turned in, 240. Eyelids torn, 240.

Eye, recurring inflammation of, 244. Eye-socket, cancer of, 318. Eye, superficial inflammation of, 241. Eye, tumours on, 242. Eye, ulcers of, 242. Eye, white specks on, 242.

Facial paralysis, 259. Falling sickness, 247. False quarter, 379.

Farcy, 43.

Fasciola hepatica, 195.

Fatty heart, 115.

Favus, 275.

Fecundity of tapeworms, 52.

Fetlock, blows on the inside of, 343.

Fetlock, diseases of, 342.

Fetlock, dislocation of, 342.

Fetlock, puffs in front of, 342.

Fetlock, swelling in front of, 342.

Fever, cerebro-spinal, 255.

Fibulo, fracture of, 354.

Fistula, 291.

Fistula in ano, 168.

Fistula of the coronet, 387.

Fistula of the poll, 319.

Fistula, salivary, 135.

Fistulous withers, 320.

Fits, 252.

Fleas, 283.

Flies, attacks of, 282.

Flooding, 230.

Flukes in the liver, 196.

Foot and mouth disease, 10.

Foot, causes of diseases of, 365.

Foot, diseases of the, 365.

Foot, inflammation of, 376.

Foot-rot, 389.

Foot-rot, contagious, 277, 390.

Foot-rot, tuberculous, 391.

Foot, sesamoiditis of, 371.

Foot, fractures in the, 375.

Fore-arm, fracture of, 330.

Foreign bodies in stomach and

bowels, 152. Foul in the foot, 300, 389, 391. Founder, 376. Fractures, 303. Fracture at the base of the cranium,

318. Fractures, bandages for, 304. Fractured ribs, 93, 323. Fracture inside the hock, 359. Fracture of the arm-bone, 330. Fractures of the back and loins, 321. Fracture of the croup, 322.

INDEX.

413

Fracture of the face bones, 317. Fractures in the foot, 375' Fracture of the fore-arm, 330. Fractures of the hip, 347. Fracture of the knee-cap, 352. Fracture of the leg, 354. Fracture of the lower jaw, 316. Fracture of the neck bones, 320. Fracture of the neck of the thigh�bone, 351. Fracture of the nose, 317. Fractures of the pastern bones, 343. Fracture of the point of the elbow,

329-Fracture of the point of the hock, 359. Fracture of the poll, 317. Fracture of the shank, 337. Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 328. Fracture of the splint bones, 337. Fracture of the upper jaw, 317. Fragility of bones, 301. Frog, canker of, 388. Frog, discharge from, 388. Frog, inflammation of, 388. Frontal bones, fracture of, 317. Fungi in milk, 236. Furuncle, 273.

Gadfly, 282.

Gadflies of horses, 171.

Gall ducts, stones in, 195.

Gall-stones, 195.

Gamusus of fodder, 278.

Gangrene from ergot, 64.

Gapes, 104.

Gape-worm, 100.

Garget, 237.

Gas in the plurce, 92.

Gastric fever in horses, 21.

Gastric parasites, 171,

Gastritis in oxen, 146.

Generation, diseases of the organs

of, 218. Gid, 52.

Glander heaves, 86. Glanders, 43.

Glass eyes, 246.

Gleet, 210.

Gloss-anthrax, 36.

Glutens, sprain of, 348.

Goat-pox, 9.

Goitre, 65.

Gonorrhoea, 210,

Grapes, 270.

Gravel, 210, 211.

Grease, 269.

Grease, parasitic, 277-

Grub in the head, 76, 98.

Gullet, dilatation of, 139.

Gullet, stricture of, 139.

Gums, inflamed, 127.

Gut-tie, 163.

Guttural pouches, abscess of, 78.

Guttural tumours in swine, 37.

Hcematopinus, 284. Hsematuria, 204. Hsematuria, enzootic, 185, 1S7. Haemoptysis, 97. Haemorrhage from arteries, 117. Hasmorrhagic enteritis, 155. Hair-balls, 153. Hamstring, rupture of, 356. Hamstring, sprain of, 356. Hard cancer, 394. Heart, atrophy of, 112. Heart, auscultation ot, 108. Heart, blowing murmurs in, 109. Heart, clots on its valves, 115. Heart, dilatation of, 112. Heart, diseases of, 106. Heart, disease of its valves, 115. Heart, enlargement of, HI. Heart, fatty degeneration of, 115. Heart, hypertrophy of. III. Heart, parasites in, 116. Heart, rupture of, 116. Heart-sack, inflammation of, 113. Heart, wounds of, 113. Heat apoplexy, 262. Heat as a disinfectant, 4. Heaves, 96.

414

INDEX.

Heels, bruises of, 380.

Heels, diseases of, 269.

Heels, distorted, 384.

Helophilus, 174.

Hemiplegia, 259.

Hen-louse, 2quot;8.

Hepatirrhoea, 191.

Hepatitis, 192.

Hereditary epilepsy, 247.

Hereditary heaves, 96.

Hereditary ophthalmia, 244.

Hernia, 164.

Herpes, 267.

High breeding and heart disease,

Hip, dislocated, 350.

Hip, fractures of, 347.

Hip-joint, diseases of, 350.

Hippobosca ovina, 283.

Hip, sprain of the, 348.

Hock, dropsy of, 362.

Hock, elastic swelling in front of the

outer side of, 358. Hock-joint, inflammation of, 362. Hock, fractures of, 359, 360. Hock, fracture of point of, 359. Hock, sprain behind the, 363. Hock, sprain of the flexor behind

the, 358. Hock, sprain of the flexor of, 355. Hock, tendon displaced from the

point of, 367. Hock, thorough-pin of, 358. Hog cholera, 25, 60. Honey-dew as a cause of skin-disease,

269. Hoof-bound, 386. Hoofs, contracted, 386. Hoofs, loss of, from eating ergot,

64. Hoof, natural state of, 368. Hoof-TCaU, cracks in, 37S. Hoof-wall, powdery degeneration of,

388. Hoosc, 101. Hoove, 140.

Horn, natural state of, 368. Horny tumour in the heel, 3S0. Horny tumour of the laminos, 379. Horse-pox, 6. Husk, 101. Hydrocele, 219.

Hydrocephalus in parturition, 229. Hydro-rachitis, 257. Hydrophobia, 28. Hydrothorax, 90, 92. Hypertrophy of the heart. III.

Icterus, 189.

Impacted crop, 140.

Impacted large intestines, 150.

Impacted third stomach, 144.

Imperforate anus, 169.

Impervious teat, 238.

Impetigo, 268.

Indigestion from cold water, 147.

Indigestion in calves, foals, etc.,

147. Indigestion in horses, 148, 149, 151. Indigestion, intestinal, 149. Inflammation of the lungs, 88. Influenza, 19. Injuries to the loins, 204. Intercostal abscess, 93. Internal ophthalmia, 243. Intestinal catarrh from liver disease,

183. Intestinal fever of swine, 25, 94. Intestinal worms, 174. Intestinal worms, symptoms of, 179. Invagination, 163. Iritis, 243.

Irregular strangles, 18. Itch, 277. Ixodes, 282.

Jaundice, 189.

Jaws, open joint between, 318. Joints, diseases of, 306. Joints, eburnation in, 307. Joints, general diseases of, 293. Joints, inflammation of, 307.

INDEX.

415

Joints, matter in, 308.

Joints, tuberculous disease of, 308.

Joints, ulceration in, 307.

Keraphyllocele, 379.

Kidneys, inflammation of, 205.

Kidney-worm, 60.

Knee, bruise on inner side of, 333.

Knee-cap, fracture of, 352.

Knee-cap, dislocation of, 352.

Knee, dislocation of, 333.

Knee, inflammation of, 333.

Knee, puffs in front of, 331.

Knee, sprains behind, 331.

Knee, synovial swellings behind,

331; in front of, 332. Knee, wounds of, 333.

Labour, premature, 225.

Lameness, 293.

Laminje, horny tumour of, 379.

Laminitis, 376.

Laminitis, chronic, 378.

Lampas, 126.

Lard-worm of swine, 59.

Large intestines, impaction of, 150.

Laryngitis, 79.

Lateral cartilages, ossified, 375.

Lathyrus sativa as causing palsy,

84. Lead poisoning, 261. Leptus Americana, 279. Lethargy from ergotism, 63. Leucorrhcea, 231. Leuktemia, 200. Lice, 284.

Lime as a disinfectant, 6. Lips, cancroid of, 128. Lips, warts on, 128. Liver, atrophy of, 196. Liver, cancer of, 196. Liver, chronic inflammation of, 194. Liver, congestion of, 191. Liver disease, general symptoms of,

182. Liver, fatty degeneration of, 196.

Liver, fibrous degeneration of, 195. Liver, hypertrophy of, 196. Liver, inflammation of, 192. Liver, parasites of, 196. Liver-rot, 196. Liver, softening of, 195. Liver, tubercle of, 196. Lockjaw, 250. Loins, injuries to, 204. Loins, laceration of the muscles be�neath the, 322. Losses from contagious diseases, 2. Loss of veins, 120. Lower jaw, dislocation of, 318. Lower jaw, fracture of, 316. Lung, apoplexy of, 94. Lungs, bleeding from, 98. Lung, collapse of, 324, Lungs, congestion of, 87, III. Lung fever of cattle, 14. Lungs, inflammation of, 88. Lung-worms, 99. Lymphadenoma, 200. Lymphangitis, 121. Lymphangitis, local, 123. Lymphatics, diseases of, 121, Lymphatics, inflammation of, 121.

Madness in dogs, 28.

Maggots, 2S2.

Malignant anthrax, 32.

Malignant anthrax, local treatment

of, 41. Malignant anthrax, prevention of, 42. Malignant anthrax, treatment of, 40. Malignant anthrax with external

swellings, 35. Malignant catarrh, 78. Malignant cholera, 24. Malignant pustule, 38. Malignant sore-throat, 37. Mallenders, 272. Malleolus, fracture of, 359. Mal-presentation, 227. Mammae, diseases of, 23G. Mamma;, tumours of, 239.

416

INDEX.

Mammitis, 237.

Man, anthrax in, 33, 38.

Man, aphthous fever in, II.

Mange, 277.

Man, glanders in, 45.

Man, hydrophobia in, 29.

Manifolds, impacted, 144.

Matter in the guttural pouches, 78.

Matter in the nasal sinuses, 76,

Maxims, obstetric, 227.

Measles (parasitic) in cattle, 58; in

swine, 56. Medicines, action of, 396; as affected by age, 397 ; as affected by dis�ease, 398 ; as affected by idiosyn�crasy, 39S ; as affected by genus, 398, 400. Medicines, doses of, 400. Medicines, explanation of names of,

396. Medicines, form to administer, 399. Medicines, frequency of administra�tion of, 398. Megrims, 249. Melanosis, 274. Mellituria, 184. Melophagus ovina, 283. Membrane lining the chest, inflara

mation of, 90. Membrane of the abdomen, inflam�mation of, 169. Mercurial sore mouth, 125, 127. Mesenteric glands, pentastoma (lin-

guatula) in, 99. Metacarpus, periostitis of, 336. Metritis, 233.

Microsporion Adouinii, 276. Miliary tuberculosis, 47. Milk, bloody, 236. Milk, blue, 236. Milk, concretions from, 238. Milk fever, 234. Milking tube, 238. Milk, viscid, 236. Milt, diseases of, 200. Moon blindness, 244.

Moor-ill, 187. Morbid growths, 392. Mouth, inflammation of, 125. Mouth, tumours in, 128. Muco-enteritis, 157. Muguet, 127. Muscles, diseases of, 312. Muscles, general diseases of, 293. Muscles, inflamed, 312. Muscles, ruptures of, 312. Muzzle for crib-biting, 130. Myelitis, 255. Myelitis, enzootic, 257. Myostitis, 312.

Nails, pricks and binding with, 3S3.

Nasal catarrh, 75.

Nasal sinuses, matter in, 76.

Navicular disease, 371.

Neck bones, fractures of, 320.

Neck of the bladder, spasm of, 207.

Necrosis, 296, 299.

Necrosis, symptoms of, 297.

Nephritis, 205.

Nephritis, desquamative, 206.

Nervous diseases, general causes of, 247.

Nervous disorder from ergotism, 63.

Nervous disorder from liver disease,

1S3. Nervous irritation of the skin, 273. Nervous system, diseases of, 247. Neurosis of the skin, 273. Nodular swelling of the skin, 272. Non-presentation of head or mem�bers, 228, 229. Nose, bleeding from, 75. Nose, fracture of, 317. Nose, parasites in, 98. Nose, pentastoma in, 99. Nose, tumours in, 78. Nostril, abscess of, 77.

Oat-hair calculi, 153. Obstruction of the bowels, 163. CEstrus bovis, 282.

INDEX.

417

CEstrus eqni, 172.

CEstrus ovis, 98.

Oidium, batracosis, 277.

Open coffin-joint, 383.

Open joint, 308, 309.

Open joint, between upper and

lower jaw, 318. Ophthalmia, enzootic, 242. Ophthalmia, internal, 243. Ophthalmia, lecurring, 244. Ophthalmia, simple, 241. Optic nerve, palsy of, 246. Orchitis, 218. Ostitis, symptoms of, 296. Ostitis, treatment of, 298. Overgrown teeth, 130. Overloaded paunch, 142. Ox tick, 281. Ozone as a disinfectant, 4.

Palate, congested, 126.

Palpitation, 108, 109.

Palsy, 258.

Palsy, local, 259.

Palsy oi a lateral halfof the body, 259.

Palsy of the ear, 259.

Palsy of the face, 259.

Palsy of the hind limbs, 259.

Palsy of the nerve of sight, 246.

Pampering, a cause of liver disease,

183. Pancreas, diseases of, 199. Paralysis from ergotism, 63. Paralysis from lathyrus sativus, 84. Paralysis, general, 258. Paralysis of the bladder, 208. Papules, 266. Paraphymosis, 222. Paraplegia, 259, 321. Parasites, 51. Parasites in the nose, 98. Parasites on the skin, 275. Parasites in arteries, 118, 119. Parasites in the heart, 116. Parasites in the lower air-passages, 99. Parasites in the stomach, 171.

Parasitic acari, 277. Parasitic grease, 277. Parotid, inflammation of, 136. Parotitis, 136. Parrot mouth, 129. Parturient apoplexy, 234. Parturition, assistance in, 227. Parturition, difficult, 225 ; disorders

following, 230. Parturition fever, 234. Parturition, premature, 225. Pastern, bony growth on the, 34.;. Pastem, fractures of the, 343. Pastem, sprains behind the, 346. Patella, dislocation of, 353. Paunch, overloaded, 142. Paunch, tympany of, 140. Pedal bone, distortions of, 3S4. Pedal sesamoiditis, 383. Pelvis, fractures of, 347. Penis, amputation of, 220. Penis, disease of, 219. Penis, ulcers on, 220. Pentastoma tsenioides, 76, 99. Percussion, 73. Perforans, sprain of, 35S. Pericarditis, 113. Periodic ophthalmia, 244. Periosteotomy, 336. Periostitis, symptoms of, 296. Periostitis, treatment of, 29S. Peritonitis, 169. Pharyngeal anthrax, 37. Pharyngitis, 79. Phlebitis, 120. Phlebitis, diffuse, 120. Phosphatic calculi, 153. Phrenitis, 254. Phymosis, 222.

Physical signs of chest diseases, 73. Pigs, lung-worms in, 104. Piles, 168.

Piles from liver disease, 1S3. Pimples, 266.

Pin worms in arteries, 119. Pining, 47.

2 D

4i8

INDEX.

Pityriasis, 272.

Pityriasis, parasitic, 276.

Plague, Russian cattle, 13.

Plagues of Egypt, I.

Plagues, propagation of, 2.

Pleurje, gas in, 92.

Pleurae, inflammation of, 90.

Pleurisy, 90.

Pleurodynia, 94.

Pleuro-pneumonia, 92.

Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 14.

Plugging the nose, 76.

Plugging of arteries, IlS, 12a

Pneumonia, 88.

Pneumothorax, 93.

Podo-trochilitis, 371.

Poisoning by lead, 26J.

Poll evil, 319.

Poll, fracture of, 317.

Polypus in the vagina, 227.

Polyuria, 203.

Porcelaneous deposit, 3G7.

Pork tapeworm, 57.

Premature labour pains, 225.

Presentations, abnormal, 227.

Prevalence of contagious diseases, a.

Pricks, 382.

Profuse staling, 203.

Prolapsus uteri, vaginae, 232.

Propagation of animal plagues, 2.

Proud flesh, 290.

Prurigo, 273.

Puffs in front of the knee, 332.

Pulmonary congestion, 87.

Pulmonary inflammation, 9a

Pulse in disease, 107.

Pulse, its characters, 106.

Pumice feet, 378.

Purgatives, administration of, 398.

Purpura, 94.

Purpura hsemorrhagica, 18, 67.

Pustules, 268.

Pustules in the heels, 270.

Quadrupeds, pulse in, loSw Quarter-crack, 378raquo;

Quittor, 380, 387.

Rabies, 28; dumb, 30; furious, 30;

lethargic, 30; paralytic, 30. Rabies, fallacies concerning, 30. Rat-tailed maggots, 174. Rectum, eversion of, 167. Rectum, inflammation of, 160. Recurring ophthalmia, 244. Red-water, 187. Renal calculus, 213. Respiratory organs, diseases of, 72. Retained afterbirth, 230. Retinitis, 243. Rheumatism, 65, 94. Rheumatism of the heart, 113, 114. Ribs, fractures of, 93, 323. Rickets, 301. Rinderpest, 12. Ringbones, 344. Ringworm, 275.

Ringworm, honey-comb, 275.

Ripe grain, effects of, 144.

Roaring, 83,

Rot, 196.

Roup, 82.

Rupture, 165.

Rupture of the heart, now

Russian cattle plague, 12.

Saccharine urine, 184. Saccular gullet, 140. Sacrum, fracture of, 323. St Guy's dance, 249. St Vitus's dance, 249. Salivary calculi, 135. Salivary fistula, 135. Salivation, 134. Sallenders, 272.

Sand-crack, 378.

Sand-like deposit in the bladder, 21S.

Sarcoptes, 277.

Sarcoptes equi, 273.

Scab, 277.

Scabies, 277.

Scald-head, 275.

INDEX.

419

Scalds, 291.

Scaly skin affections, 272. Scarlatina, 69. Scirrhus, 395. Scouring, 160. Scratches, 271-272. Scrofulous diseases of bones, 300. Scrotum, dropsy of, 219. Seedy toe, 38:3. Sensation, loss of, 258. Sesamoiditis, 340. Sesamoiditis of the foot, 371. Sesamoiditis, pedal, 383. Sesamoid ligaments, sprains of, 341-Shank-bone, fracture of, 337. Shank-bone, inflammation of, 337. Sheath, swollen, 221.

Skin, parasitic diseases of, 275.

Skin, scaly affection of, 272.

Slavering, 134-

Sleepy staggers, 252,

Slings, 306.

Slobbers, 134.

Sole, bruises of, 3S2.

Soles, convex, 3713.

Sole, wounds of, 3�3.

Sore mouth, 125.

Sore shins, 337.

Sore teats, 239.

Sore-throat, 79.

Sore-throat, malignant, 37.

Spasmodic colic, 154.

Spasm of the neck of the bladder,

207. Spavin, blood, 361, 363.

' Sheath, tumours of, 219. Sheep and goats, lung-worms in, 103. Sheep, carbuncular erysipelas in, 37. Sheep-pox, 8.

Sheep, tapeworm in, 58.

Sheep-tick, 283.

Shoeing, effects of, 365.

Shoeing, maxims for, 369.

Shot of grease, 121.

Shoulder, abscess in, 325, 328.

Shoulder-joint, disease of, 327.

Shoulder lameness, 324.

Shoulder slip, 326.

Shoulder sprain, 325.

Shoulder, tumours on, 325.

Siberian boil plague, 34.

Side bones, 374, S^l-

Simple ophthalmia, 241.

Sinuses of the head, matter in, 76.

Sitfasts, 274.

Skin, congestion of, 266.

Skin disease from buckwheat, 269.

Skin disease from honey-dew, 269.

Skin diseases, divisions of, 264.

Skin diseases, general causes and treatment, 265.

Skin, inflammation of, 266.

Skin, nervous irritation of, 273.

Skin, nodular swellings of, 272.

Spavin, bog, 362

Spavin, bone, 360.

Spavin, occult, 360.

Spaying, 223.

Speedy-cut, 334.

Spermatic cord, strangulated, 221.

Spermatic cord, tumours on, 222.

Spinal cord, inflammation of, 255.

Spinal meningitis, 185, 255.

Spleen, diseases of, 199.

Spleen, enlarged from liver disease,

183. Splenic apoplexy, 39. Splenic fever, 26. Splint-bones, fracture of, 337-Splints, 335. Sprains, 313.

Sprain above the knee, 331. Sprains behind the fetlock, 340. Sprains behind the pastern, 346. Sprains below the fetlock, 341. Sprain of tendon in front of the

hock, 358. Sprains of the back and loins, 321. Sprains of the back tendons, 338. Sprain of the flexor of the hock, 355. Sprain of the hamstring, 356. Sprain of the hip, 348.

420

INDEX.

Sprain of the muscles outside the

shoulder, 326. Sprain of the radial ligament, 331. Sprain of the shoulder, 325. Sprain of the suspensory ligament,

339-Sprain of the tendons behind the

knee, 331. Staggers, 249. Staggers, parasitic, 52. Staggers, sleepy, 252. Stephanurus dentatus, 59. Stiff-joint, 307. Stifle, disease of, 354. Stifle, fracture into the, 353. Stocking, 270.

Stomach, foreign bodies in, 152. Stomach and bowels, catarrh of, 151. Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, 146. Stomach staggers, 260. Stomatitis, 126; aphlhous, 127. Stone in the bladder, 211. Strangles, 17. Strangulated cord, 221. Stricture of the gullet, 139. Stricture of the urethra, 2io. String-halt, 363. Strongylus elongatus, 100. Strongylus filaria, 99. Strongylus micruris, 100. Strongylus rufescens, 100. Sturdy, 52. Sulphate of copper as a disinfectant,

6; of iron, 6; of zinc, 6. Sulphur fumes as a disinfectant, J. Sun's rays as a cause of skin disease,

266. Sunstroke, 262. Superfluous limbs, 229. Supernumerary teeth, 129. Suppuration, tendency to in different

animals, ago. Suspensory ligament, sprrin of, 339. Sweeny, 327. Swelled legs, 270. Swelling of the sheath, 221.

Swine, carbuncular erysipelas in, 37.

Swine, guttural tumours in, 37.

Swine, intestinal fever of, 25.

Swine, lard-worm of, 59.

Swine, malignant sore-throat in, 37.

Swine, measles in, 37.

Swine-pox, 9.

Syngamus trachealis, 100.

Synovitis, 307.

Syphon for injecting the nose, 76.

Taeni;e, 51.

Tjenia, coenurus, 52.

Ttenia echinococcus, 55.

Taenia expansa, 58.

Tsenia mediocancllata, 58.

Taenia solium, 57.

Tail, amputation of, 323.

Tail, fracture and dislocation of, 323.

Tapeworm, embryo, 52.

Tapeworm from measley pork, 57.

Tapeworms, 51.

Tapeworms, fertility of, 52.

Tapeworm of sheep and cattle, 58.

Tapeworms, transformations of, 52.

Tar as a disinfectant, 5.

Tartar on teeth, 133.

Taurocholic acid, poisoning by, 183.

Teat, closure by a membrane, 238.

Teat, polypus in, 238.

Teats, scabs on, 239.

Teat, stricture of, 238.

Teat, thickening of its walls, 238.

Teat-tube, 238.

Teats, warts on, 239.

Teeth, caries of, 131.

Teeth, disease of, 76.

Teeth, displaced, 130.

Teething, fever from, 133.

Teeth, overgrown, 130.

Teeth, supernumerary, 129.

Teeth, tartar on, 133.

Teeth, tumours of, 133.

Tendinous sheaths, inflamed, 311,

Tendons, calcifications of, 314.

Tendons, shortening of, 314.

INDEX.

421

Tendons, thickening of, 314. Terras, explanation of, 396. Testicle, inflammation of, 218. Tetanus, 250. Texan fever, 26. Thecae, inflamed, 311. Thigh-bone, fractures of, 351. Thigh, long muscle of, displaced,

349-Thoroughpin, bandage for, 358. Thoroughpin of the hock, 358. Thoroughpin of the knee, 331. Thrush, 127, 388. Thumps, 109. Tibia, fracture of, 354. Tick of sheep, 283. Ticks, 282. Tinea decalvans, 276. Tinea favosa, 275. Tinea tonsurans, 275. Tongue, cancer of, 128. Tongue, cysts beneath the, 12S. Tongue, inflamed, 127. Tongue, laceration of, 128. Tooth-like tumours, under the ear,

318. Tooth-rasp, 131. Tooth-socket, inflamed, 133. Tracheotomy, 19. Treads on the coronet, 3S6. Trembling, 257. Trichinia spiralis, 60. Trichiasis, 59, 240. Trichodectes, 284. Trichophyton tonsurans, 275. Trismus, 250. Tubercle, 47. Tubercle in bone, 300. Tubercules, 272. Tuberculosis, 47, 110. Tuberculous foot-rot, 391. Tumours in the mouth, 128. Tumours in the nose, 78. Tumours, malignant, 393. Tumour of bone, 296. Tumours of teeth, 133.

Tumours of the cornea, 242. Tumours of the elbow, 328. Tumours of the mamma, 239. Tumours of the sheath, 219. Tumours on the shoulder, 324. Tumours on the spermatic cord, 222. Tumours, simple, 393. Turn-sick, 52. Tympanitic colic, 149. Tympany of the rumen, 140. Tympany of the stomach in horses,

148. Typhoid fever, 94. Typhoid fever in horses, 21. Typhus, 35. Tyroglyph, 279.

Udder, congestion of, 237. Udder, inflammation of, 237. Ulceration in joints, 307. Ulceration of bone, 296, 299. Ulceration of bone, symptoms of, 29�. Ulceration of the neck bones, 320. Ulcers of the eye, 242. Unripe seeds, their effects, 260. Upper jaw, fracture of, 317. Urethra, inflammation of, 210. Urethral calculus, 215. Urethra, stricture of, 210. Urethritis, 209. Urethral calculus, 214. Urinary calculi, 211. Urinary diseases, general causes of,

201. Urinary diseases, general symptoms

of, 201. Urinary organs, diseases of, 201.

Vagina, catarrh of, 231.

Vagina, eversion of, 232.

Vagina, polypus in, 227.

Valves of the heart, insufficiency of,

115. Varicose veins, 121. Variola avis, 10. Variola, canina, 10.

422

INDEX.

Variola capne, 9. Variola equina, 6. Variola oyina, 8. Variola suilla, 9. Variola vaccina, 7. Veins, air in, 121. Veins, dilated, 121. Veins, diseases of, 119-Veins, inflammation of, 120. Veins, wounds of, 119.

Venereal diseases of solipeds, 46.

Verminous bronchitis, 101, 103, 104.

Vertigo, 249.

Vesicles, 267.

Vetches, a cause of roaring, 84.

Viscid milk, 236.

Voluntary motion, loss of, 258.

Volvulus, 163.

Vomiting, 151.

Warbles, 282.

quot;Warts, 274.

Warts on the lips, 128.

Wasting from ergotism, 64.

Wasting of the heart, ill.

Water-brain, 52.

Water in the abdomen in parturition,

229. Water in the chest, go, 92. Water in the head in parturition, 229 Water stones, 219. Watery blood, 70, Weed, 131.

White scour, 147.

Wind-broken, 96.

Windgalls, 340.

Wind-sucking, 129.

Wolf-teeth, 129.

Womb, bleeding from, 230.

Womb, catarrh of, 231.

Womb, eversion of, 232.

Womb, indurated neck of, 226.

Womb, inflammation of, 233.

Womb, twisting of the neck of, 226.

Wood-evil, 180.

Wood-tar as a disinfectant, 5.

Wool-balls, 153.

Worms in the digestive canal, 174.

Worms, treatment of, 181.

Wounds, 289.

Wounds, bruised, 290.

Wounds, healing of in different ani�mals, 289.

Wounds, irritated, 123.

Wounds, lacerated, 291.

Wounds of the chest, 93, 324.

Wounds, poisoned, 291.

Wounds, punctured, 290.

Wounds of the heart, 113.

Wounds of the sole, 3S3.

Wounds of veins, 119.

Wounds, putrefying, 123.

Wrong presentations, 227.

Yellows, 189.

THE END.

THE FARM DOCTOR.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. �

quot;The Author has accomplished his task with remarkable perspicuity and ability. In this ' Adviser' we find everything necessary to be known by the amateur of the more common, and even some of the rarer, forms of disease, as well as the accidents to which quadrupeds and poultry are liable�the whole being brought up to the most advanced standard of veterinary science. We know of no work on the subject in any language which, in the same space, embraces so much. While the technicalities of science are interpreted in words which must be intelligible to the meanest understand�ing, and the whole book is written in a terse attractive style, nothing is omitted which pertains to the most recent investigations and discoveries. We certainly have no book like this m Britain.quot;�The Veterinary yournal, London,

quot;The diseases of all our domesticated animals, and the more important ones of poultry, are described, and most approved treatment given. I have no hesitation in saying that this is the most useful a7id therefore the best work on the diseases of animals in the English language. It is wonderful how much information has been compressed within the limits of a small volume. Before the publication of this work a farmer was obliged to purchase a small library to have at command advice on different diseases to his animals are liable, and even then it could not always be relied on. The treatment is particularly complete.quot;�Country Gentleman.

quot; Deserves to attain to a healthy old age.quot;�Prof. Murray, M.R.C.V.S., late of Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, England.

quot;No work in the English language which we have seen comes so-nearly up to our ideal of what a veterinary manual for stock owners should be as this little volume. . . . The work thoroughly attains the object for which it was written. The language used is of the simplest kind. All technical terms are explained. There is none of the jargon of the pedant, too common in modern veterinary works. The diseases of animals are classified, the symptoms, treatment, prevention and cure given in intelli�gible English. Carefully prepared illustrations accompany the text where necessary, and it contains an admirably prepared appendix of the action and doses of medicines recommended, and withal an ample index. It combines a veterinary dictionary and manual, and its instructions are clear and concise. All the common diseases incident to animals in this country will be found described in its pages, for Professor Law has had extended experience as Professor of Veterinary Science in the late Albert Veterinary College, Bayswater; and the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh; and more recently in the United States. It deserves an extended circulation.quot; �The Country,





	THE FARMER'S

	Veterinary Adviser

	A GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS

	BV

	JAMES LAW

	Professor of Veterinary Science in Cornell University ; Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain ; Former Professor in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh ; Author of quot; General and Descriptive Anatomy of the Domestic Animals,quot; amp;c.*

	fm�b m
		isttatioil
		laquo;fc.



	'USramp;tritGj

	THOMAS C. JACK, GRANGE PUBLISHING WORKS LONDON : J. C. NIMMO amp; BAIN 1879



	r

	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	SHEEP-POX. Like small-pox of man, it is only known as a contagious disease. The incubation or latent period of the poison after it enters the system, is from three to six days in summer, and from ten to twelve in winter. Then there is loss of appetite, dullness, dropping behind the flock, and stiffness of the hind parts. This is followed by trembling, increased temperature, very manifest on the bare and delicate parts of the skin on which the eruption usually takes place, loss of appetite and rumination, costiveness, red, weeping eyes, a discharge from the nose, and the appearance of red patches inside the limbs and along the abdomen. Soon minute red points appear and increase to papules with a firm base, extend�ing into the deeper parts of the skin. These are flat on the summit (rarely pointed or indented), and become pale or clear in the centre, from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption, the fever moderates, but increases again in three or four days with the development and irritability of the vesicles. These may remain individually distinct (discrete) in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive p�.tches (confluent) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the digestive or respiratory mucous mem�brane. The eruption passes through the same course oi exudation, suppuration, drying, and dropping off as in cow-pox. The duration of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh, and general vigour, often render recoveries anything but unmixed blessings. Treatment.�Keep in cool, dry well-aired, and littered sheds, shelter from rain, and feed on roots, or, if very weak, on oat and



	10	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	tion of the mild forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is similar to that of Sheefi-pox, and the same precautions should be taken to prevent its dissemination. DOG-POX. These animals sometimes contract Small-pox or Sheep-pox, and have been supposed to have their own specific form besides. The young suffer most frequently and severely. There is the usual preliminary fever with an eruption on the sides and belly, passing from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finally drying up into crusts which drop off. The eruption may be discrete or confluent, the latter being very fatal. Similar preventive measures are demanded as in the other forms of pox. BIRD-POX. Birds seem susceptible to different forms of variola, having contracted the disease from man in some cases, and in others conveyed it to the sheep. Chickens failed to contract Cow-pox in the experiments of Roll and myself. It has proved verj' fatal in chickens, but very slightly so in pigeons, turkeys, and geese. The eruption appears mainly on the head, under the wing, on the tongue, or in the pharynx. In fatal cases death ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the malady by-destroying the diseased and disinfecting the place.

	APHTHOUS FEVER�FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven-footed animals and communicable to other warm-blooded animals, including even man. Its special feature is the eruption of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats, and on the feet It is only known as communicated by contagion, whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and Ireland, where it was introduced



	CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES.	17

	But the disease already exists in several of the United States. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central government and defrayed out of the public treasury. Little good must be looked for from isolated action by states, counties, townships, or individual owners; the danger threatens the entire country, and for the general safety all must pay. It is absurd to expect the unfortunate possessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the public good. There should be destruction of the sick, partial remuneration of the owners, thorough disinfection under professional supervision, and the most perfect control and constant inspection of all suspected herds and places until the malady has been eradicated from the land. This is the most insidious of all our animal plagues, the one which now most urgently presses for active interference, and which if neglected, will bring a terrible retribution in the future. Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, is suicidal unless where a country is very generally infected.

	STRANGLES. DISTEMPER IN YOUNG HORSES. A specific fever of young solipeds usually attended with swellings and formations of matter between the bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands. Causes.�Early age, change from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the irritation of teeth�ing, and, above all, change of locality and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same horse under the influence of the last named cause. Exposure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion is a common cause, and, in some cases, the malady may even be conveyed to man. Symptoms.�The disease is often preceded by a period of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dullness and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the nasal mem�brane, and watery flow from the nose and eyes, slavering.



	24	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	A mild emetic (antimonial wine), or a slight laxative (castor oil), may be followed by tonics (gentian, quinia), febrifuges (saltpetre), and expectorants (ipecacuanha), with perhaps an anodyne (belladonna). As fever subsides, tonics must be given freely (wine, quinia, sulphate of iron. Fowler's solution). In all the various complications treat as for the different diseases, but avoid weakening remedies, and keep up tonics, stimulants, and a rich diet.

	MALIGNANT CHOLERA. ASIATIC CHOLERA. This attacks the domestic quadrupeds and birds simulta�neously with man, and has been produced experimentally by feeding the dried bowel discharges. These were found to increase in virulence from the first to the third day, and to decrease to the fifth day, after which they were harmless (Sanderson). Symptoms.�Muscular cramps, great prostration, partial loss of motor power and excitability, great lowering of the body temperature (80deg; F.), deathly-cold bloodless extremities, viscid tardily-flowing blood, and lastly, violent abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having the specific rice-water appearance. Treatment.�The disease is mainly important as propagating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the mosn perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imperative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick and dead. As an example of current treatment may be named, aromatics (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juniper, tincture of cinnamon), stimulants (ether), and acids (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fomentations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle; to sheath the intestines, demulcent drinks (linseed tea, mallow, slippery



26		THE FARM DOCTOR.

Treatment ought not to be permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. Feed, well-boiled gruel of barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, com-starch made with boiling water; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, following up with fever medicine (nitrate of potassa and bisul�phite of soda). If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels (bloody dung, tender belly), give oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up with tonics, and careful soft feeding. Prevention.�Kill and bury the diseased; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all suspicious subjects with the ther�mometer in the rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows more than 103deg; F., destroying as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown. Feed on vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, or sulphate of iron to the healthy, and avoid all suspected food, places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine under separate attendants until their health has been proved.

ii	TEXAN FEVER. A specific fever, rising in the low, malarious grounds of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and communicable to the cattle of the elevated lands of the same and other States in a more fatal form. It is characterized by enlarged spleen, profound changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with the urine, causing bloody discharges from the kidneys, yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, great prostration and debility. Symptoms.�There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103deg; to 107deg;) and

#9632;



	#9632;;	#9632; 38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE FARM DOCTOli. itself in the mouth, throat, and digestive organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with high fever and often death. (F)nbsp; Birds�Suffer from the primary disease and more fre�quently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear mainly on the comb, beak, and feet. (G)nbsp; Man.�Malignant Pustule.�There is itchiness of the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, bursting and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six hours. Next day a new crop of vesicles surround the seat of the first and pass through the same course to be succeeded by another and still wider ring. The whole is surrounded by a puffy, shining swelling, the central dry part passes through the shades of red, blue, brown, and black, becomes gangrenous and insensible, and in case of recovery is sloughed off. At first the disease is quite local, but as it advances a violent fever sets in, which too often proves fatal. Malignant Anthrax without External Swellings. Apoplectic Form.�In all animals there is a form in which the victim is cut off after a few minutes' illness, with or without discharge of blood from the natural openings of the body, and before time has been allowed for any of those changes in the blood and internal organs which characterize the disease. These are often to be distinguished from apoplectic seizures and sunstroke only by their occurrence simultaneously with other forms of anthrax and in the same places. Anthrax Fever in Horses.�Vigorous health is replaced by dullness, muscular weakness, stupor, hanging on the halter, leaning on the side of the stall, if at work unsteady movement, colicky pains, lying down and rising, turning the head towards the flank. The hair is dry and erect, the hide tense, and may even crepitate on handling; it trembles or sweats about the

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40		THE FARM DOCTOR.

A	pains, unsteady gait, breathlessness when driven, flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, stupor, convulsions, and speedy death. Many cases of so-called braxy are not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine anthrax. Anthrax Fever in Swine.�There are dullness, thirst, in-appetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, drooping tail, deep, dull, brownish-red eyes, hurried breathing, small pulse, violent heart's action, and tense, tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed, and sometimes bloody dung. Dark or black spots appear on the skin and mucous mem�branes, as in hog-cholera, and if the animal survives these are sloughed off, often leaving sores. If swelling appears ex�ternally it is often a herald of improvement. Anthrax Fever in Birds.�There is inappetence, ruffling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders, foetid diarrhoea, drooping, trailing wings, tenderness to the touch, muscular weakness, unsteady walk, inability to perch, livid or black comb and wattles. Sometimes the feathers drop off and swell�ings appear about the head, throat, or feet.
-

i	Treatment of Malignant Anthrax. This is unsatisfactory owing to the rapidly fatal action of the poison. The first cases usually die, the later ones may often be treated with fair success. General Treatment.�In very plethoric subjects bleeding may prove beneficial at the outset, but in advanced stages, in poor and weak subjects, and in those with feeble constitutions, like sheep, it is to be strongly condemned. Act on the bowels, kidneys, and skin to eliminate the poison (sulphates of soda, or magnesia, acetate, nitrate, or tartrate of potassa, common salt, oil of turpentine). Sponge with cold water and rub actively till dry. Rub with camphorated spirit or oil of turpen�tine. Give tonics (quinia, salacin, etc.), antiseptics (mineral

i %

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	i if	46nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;THE FARM DOCTOR. iron). Use iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. Prevention.�i. Destroy all glandered horses, and all with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected animals should be secluded under veterinary supervision until they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., with which the diseased has come in contact should be thoroughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far .is possible from exhausting work, chronic wearing-out affections, and above all impure and rebreathed air. VENEREAL DISEASE OF SOLIPEDS. This is a curious disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North Africa, and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resemblance in many points to Syphilis, and propagated by copulation. Syinptoms.�From one to ten days after copulation, or in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is irritation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external organs of generation (in stallions the penis may shrink) followed by unhealthy ulcers which appear in successive crops, often with considerable interval. In mares these are near the clitoris, which is fre�quently erected, with switching and rubbing of the tail; in horses on the penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little constitutional disturbance and the patients recover in a time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent steps. The vulva is the seat of a deep violet congestion and extensive ulceration, pustules appear on the perineum, tail, and between the thighs, the lips of the vulva are parted, exposing the
	I
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	.



	CHAPTER II. PARASITES. Parasites�their numbers. Tapeworms. Tasnia Coenurus. Co�nurus Cere-bralis and their effects, Staggers, Turnsick, Gid, Sturdy, Water-brain in calves and Iambs. Tsenia Echinococcus, Echinococcus Veterinorum (Hominis), Echinococcus disease. Tsenia Solium. Cysticercus Cellulosa, Parasitic Measles in swine. Tasnia Mediocanellata, Cysticercus Mediocanellata, Para�sitic Measles in cattle. Tsenia Expansa; Tape-worm in sheep and cattle. Lard Worm, Kidney Worm of hogs. Eustrongylus Gigas, Kidney Worm. Trichina Spiralis, Trichinosis. PARASITES. The domestic animals harbour no less than two hundred Species of parasites, which will be found treated in the author's larger work, but the limits of the present book will restrict us to a few of the more injurious. For convenience of reference most of these are noticed in connexion with the organs (skin, bowels, liver, air-passages) which they infest, and here we will only name such as having a more general diffusion through the body cannot well be referred to any one organ. TAPE-WORMS. These are flat-bodied worms made up of small segments joined end to end, and when full grown varying in length from one inch to one hundred feet. The narrow end terminates in a small globular head furnished with circular sucking discs, and a '�oboscis usually encircled by one or more rows of booklets. From the other end the ripe -gments are continu�ally detached and expelled from the body, and may be recog-



58		THE FARM DOCTOR.

devoted to the raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and underdone meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils in the vicinity of habitations.

	MEASLES IN CATTLE. This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a cystic parasite two to four lines in length {Cysticercus Mediocanellatd), which as a mature tape�worm (Tania Mediocanellatd) inhabits the human bowels.

j



I	Fi?. 6.�Head of Taenia Mediocanellata, magnified. When the eggs were given experimentally to calves they caused stiffness, wasting, and death in three weeks. Or improvement began at the end of a fortnight and terminated in an apparent recovery, the live cysts of course remaining in the muscles and ready to develop into their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated what is stated under measles of swine, merely substituting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef-ham is especially reprehensible.

	TAPE-WORM OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. Tcenia Expansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss in some localities in America, as well as in Australia, Germany, etc. Its cystic form is unknown, therefore we can only check its increase by watching what sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expelling the worm by



	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2855 799 3

	ii



	CHAPTER III. DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Ergotism. Goitre. Rheumatism. Acute Aimsarca. Purpura Haemorrhagica. Anaania. ERGOTISM. From time immemorial animals and men have suffered from eating the cereal grains which have been attacked with ergot This was especially the case when agriculture was in its infancy, for then a damp, cloudy season would cause this affection to spread after the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a less extent, and in the New World as well as the Old. Not only the ergot but even the smut of maize will bring about untoward effects. These results may be divided into three categories according as the poison acts�on the brain, producing convulsions, paralysis, or profound lethargy; on the womb, tend�ing to abortion; or on the extremities, causing dry gangrene. Symptoms of the Nervous Form.�Unsteady gait, a great tendency to lie down and to remain in a torpid state little conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre of hair or feathers, coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupils of the eye?, and dullness of the special senses mark the early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without any active nervous excitement. Or paroxysms supervene, during which the special senses become more acute, the animal very excit�able, and twitching of the muscles or spasms like those of lockjaw or epilepsy convulse the patient Then there is a relapse into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the



	CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical examination of these organs :�Auscultation, percussion. Bleeding from the nose. Nasal catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection of matter in the nasal sinuses. Ab�scess of the false nostril. Abscess in the guttural pouches. Tumours in the nose. Malignant catarrh of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diph-tlieria. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, dander heaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro-pneumonia. Broncho-pneumonia. Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia. Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas in the chest. Abscess of the inter�costal spaces. Dropsy of the lung. Apoplexy of the lung. Pleuro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. Grub in the head. Larva of CEstrus Ovis. Pentastoma Tasnioides. Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. Lung-worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine, and birds.

	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. These are of the first importance in domestic animals alike as regards their frequency and the mortality and other serious consequences they entail. In young horses especially they are far more common and more destructive than any other class of diseases. Among the general causes of diseases of this class of organs the following may be stated in brief:�i. The great extent of the respiratory surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet 2. The extreme tenuity and delicacy of the mem�brane covering this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost wanting in the air cells, contrary to what exists on every



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS,	75

and diseased. These hints are merely thrown out to make what will follow intelligible. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. Bleeding from the nose is rather rare in animals, and usually results from disease or injury to the mucous membrane or to violent exertions in coughing, sneezing, drawing heavy loads uphill, or with a tight collar, and especially in animals with a plethoric habit. Symptoms.�Bleeding in drops (rarely in a stream), from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without frothing or sour odour. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough. Bleeding from the stomach also comes from both nostrils, and is black, clotted, sour, and attended by retching. Treatment.�Tie the head short up to a high rack or beam, cover head and neck with bags of ice or rugs wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or strong alum water in spray into the nose during inspiration. In obstinate cases, the nose may be plugged with pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils must not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has first been performed. Internally may be given gallic acid, acetate of lead, perchloride of iron, or ergot of rye.

NASAL CATARRH. COLD IN THE HEAD. This results from the general causes above mentioned, and from irritant gases, vapours, etc. Symptoms.�Sneezing, redness and watering of the eyes, and redness of the membrane of the nose, which is at first dry, after�wards discharges a clear watery fluid, and finally a yellowish-white muco-purulent matter. In mild cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe fever may run high. Treatment.�In mild cases rest in a clear, airy, warm building		I I i



	76	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is all that is necessary. In the more severe, steam the nose as for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes of burning sulphur, give warm water injections or even a mild laxative (horse, ox, or sheep, Glauber salts; dog or pig, castor oil), followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) If debility ensues, feed well and give tonics (gentian, etc.), and stimulants



	Fig. ii.�Syphon for injecting the nose. (spirits of nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be promptly checked by injecting the nose with a weak astringent solution (sulphate of zinc \ dr., glycerine i oz., tepid water i qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon having one arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving that at an angle of 45quot;, three and a half inches long and narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb is inserted into the nostril, having first been passed through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather, intended to prevent the return of the fluid from the nose. The adaptation is perfected by pledgets of tow, and the head being brought into a vertical position, the liquid is poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises in that nasal chamber and escapes by the opposite nostril. One or two such injections are usually sufficient.

	COLLECTION OF MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. This is common after severe colds in the horse; and as the result of blows on the forehead or horns in oxen, of injuries from the yoke, etc.; in sheep from grub in the head (larva of CEstrns Ovis); in dogs and horses from the pentastomata, and in all animals from diseases of the upper back teeth.



	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.	77

	Symptoms.�A more or less constant discharge from the nose, foetid if long retained, and above all if from a diseased tooth, a dullness on percussion on that side of the face between the eyes or just beneath the eyes, and occasionally heat, tenderness, and even swelling of these parts, especially below the eye. Treaf?nenf.�Trephine the bone to one side of the median line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of the bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water, and finally with the injection recommended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out. Sometimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose, and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic. If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half-chewed, by the swelling and tenderness around the fang of the tooth, and by the intolerable foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with large forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine, and the offending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet. But there is much danger of injuring important vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy.

	i

	ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL. This is common in young horses, and appears as a slowly increasing, inactive, tense round swelling in the outer part of the nostril. It is so firm as to feel solid, but collapses at once when opened. It should be laid open from within the nose along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw edges have skinned over.



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.	83

DIPHTHERIA. This is seen in pigs, and it is even claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in the latter animals rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care have appeared injurious in some cases. Symptoms.�Sudden illness, with sore-throat and extreme weakness and stiffness of back and loins. The pig moves slowly and crouchingly with raised head, open dry mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, livid tongue, and red, swollen throat, with greyish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are involved, there is much swell�ing and threatened suffocation, and shreds oi false membrane are coughed up. The patient remains down, sits on his haunches, or leans on the fence, and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. Treatment.�Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths in check. The bowels may be freely opened by a purgative (jalap) and twenty drops of tincture of the muriate of iron, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day in a tea-spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible food for some time.
		:

CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. This is a wheezing, whistling, or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breathing, and especially when excited. It is usually due to paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such cases the noise is

iH



	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.	93

	has undergone some decomposition. More frequently it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the chest with its edges pressed inward so that they admit the air from without while the chest is dilating, but close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is soon compressed into a small solid mass against the lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung, even without any external wound. A little air escaping from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon becomes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduction of air through an external wound, should such exist; the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes; the management of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary principles; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a needle-like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or three hundred water) thrown in, in small quantity.

	ABSCESS OF THE INTERCOSTAL SPACES. This occurs especially in the horse as a result of pleurisy, a diffuse swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in the centre, bursting and discharging a yellowish or whitish matter. The patient should be well fed, and poultices or warm fomen�tations continuously applied to the part until there is softening in the centre, when it may be freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by nourishing food, stimulants, and tonics.



	94	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	DROPSY OF THE LUNG. This is mainly a result of valvular and other diseases of the heart. To percussion and auscultation it gives nearly the same symptoms with pneumonia, but there is an entire absence of fever. The co-existing heart-disease also serves to reveal its true nature. Its cause being usually incurable, it terminates fatally in the majority of cases. Treatment must be altogether directed to the disease of the heart.

	APOPLEXY OF THE LUNG. In the lower animals extravasation of blood into the substance of the lung is usually the result of profound alterations in that liquid, as in Malignant Anthrax, Ptirpira Hcemorrhagica, Typhoid Fever, or Intestinal Fever. A portion of the lung tissue gives way, and the blood escaping raises the membrane covering it (pleura) from a half to three inches above the natural level. The extravasation has the appearance of a fine jelly, and often preserves the shape of the pulmonary lobules� a cone with the apex turned in. Being usually a complication of another disease, treatment must be directed to that rather than the local lesion. PLEURODYNIA. This is a term applied to rheumatism of the muscles between the ribs, which bears a strong resemblance to pleurisy. It may be distinguished by the co-existence of rheumatism in other parts, and by the comparative absence of fever, cough, rubbing sounds, and effusion. Treat it like other forms of rheumatism. ASTHMA IN DOGS. A spasmodical affection of the circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubes, occurring in paroxysms with irregular intervals and associated with corpulence and disordered digestion, dis�tended or ruptured air-cells, mucous discharges from the air-passages, and dilatation of the right side of the heart.



98	THE FARM DOCTOR.

BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS May occur in any of our domestic animals as a result of excessive plethora, over-exertion, disease of the heart, or tuber�culosis. If in limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and cause death suddenly by suffocation without much escape by the nose. Treatment.�^When brought on by severe exertion perfect rest and quiet will check. Keeping the head elevated, cold applied to the head and neck, iced drinks acidulated with vinegar or mineral acids are useful. Opium benefits by check�ing the cough, and in obstinate cases acetate of lead, ergot of rye, matico, tincture of muriate of iron, or oil of turpentine may be given internally three times a day. Remove costiveness with Glauber salts, and keep in a cool airy place at rest for at least a fortnight. PARASITES IN THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES. The Grub in the Head of Sheep is the larva of a small gadfly (CEstrus Ovis) which deposits the live embryo on the



Fig. 12.�CEsfrns Ovis (Clark).		Fij. 13.�Larva of cL'tto.

margin of the nostril, whence it creeps up into the nasal sinuses. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless, but sometimes causing much irritation, redness of the nostrils, and a white, muco-purulent discharge, with dulness and stupor from sympathetic disease of the brain. To prevent the attacks of the fly the sheep should be fed salt from two-inch augur holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar, so that they get a dressing every time they partake.



	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 99 A less satisfactory method is to turn up a furrow in the pasture so that the sheep may push their noses into the ground when attacked. Treatment.�Place in a warm building to tempt the larvje from the sinuses, and introduce snuff, solutions of salt, vinegar, or tobacco, weak solutions of turpentine, etc., into the nose to kill them or cause their expulsion by sneezing. For such as remain in the sinuses the only successful treatment is to tre�phine the bones of the face between the front of the eye and the median line of the face, or just in front of the root of the horn, should that be present. The sinus is then to be syringea out freely with tepid water until the parasites are washed out. The Pantastoma T^enioides is a species of acarus which



	Fijj. 14.�Pentastoma Tosnioides. lives in the nasal sinuses of horses and dogs, and in the mesen-teric glands of sheep and other herbivora. If productive of much irritation in the nose it must be expelled by a current of water after trephining the sinus. PARASITES IN THE LOWER AIR PASSAGES. The most common are the different forms of round worms, which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds) may assume the dimensions of a plague, and cause enormous yearly losses to a country. The sheep, goat, dromedary, and camel harbour two round worms in their air passages and lungs: the small Strongylus Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and one-half inches



	104	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	they only must be kept apart, while infested pastures may be safely grazed by cattle, horses, asses, or mules. Nathusius obviated the attacks by keeping the early lambs in sheds and boxes until May, and the late ones until autumn, and by feeding in the same places on roots and hay in wet weather. Abundant dry feeding and a free access to salt are especially desirable. Treatment.�This is precisely the same as for calves. The tonic mixture (iron, ginger, and gentian) may be given to the extent of two ounces to every ten three-months' lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a teaspoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given in milk every second day, before eating if possible. Fumigate precisely as for the calf. SYMPTOMS OF VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN PIGS. Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be harm�less to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of Deguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers as to cause bron�chitis and death. The symptoms are essentially the same as in other animals�the coughing up of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of the disease. Prevention and treatment are essentially the same as for lambs and calves.

	SYMPTOMS IN BIRDS. GAPES. Young turkeys or chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide and gasp for breath, sneeze, and make efforts at swallowing. These movements become more constant and severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the little patients grow languid and dispirited, droop, and die. It is especially prevalent on old-established farms with large flocks of fowls. Treatment.�The worms may be partly removed by a feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or still better, by a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or hair is passed into the



	CHAPTER V.

	DISEASES OF THE HEART. Frequency in different animals. General symptoms. Palpitation, thumps. Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, hypertrophy. Wasting, atrophy. Dilatation. Pericarditis, inflammation of the heart-sac. Endo�carditis, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. Carditis, inflam�mation of the structure of the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of the heart. Tumours and parasites of the heart. Rupture of the heart. These are much more common in domestic animals than is generally supposed. Though protected in animals from the strain consequent on the upright position of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers from the severe physical exer�tions of dogs and horses, and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs and pleura, from the increased force neces�sary to propel the blood through the lungs or general circulation when disease offers mechanical obstructions, and, above all, from the settling of rheumatism on its valves and other fibrous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins, needles, and other sharp-pointed bodies swallowed with the food and after�ward directed toward the heart by its movements. High-bred oxen, sheep, pigs, and even pampered horses are very subject to fatty degeneration of the muscular substance of the heart and consequent dilatation of its cavities.

	GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART-DISEASE. i. The pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set down as follows per minute :�horse 36 to 46; ox 38 to 42, or in a hot building or with full paunch, 70; sheep, goat, and pig 7deg;

	\



	no	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	PALPITATION. THUMPS. This is sudden violent convulsive beating of the heart not connected with structural disease. Palpitations also accompany most acute diseases of the heart. The functional disorder comes on very abruptly, usually under some excitement, has perfect intermissions, is manifested by abrupt knocking and visible jerking of the abdomen with the heart-beats, by regu�larity in force and intervals of successive beats, and by the absence of redness of the mucous membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and dropsy of the limbs. If connected with structural heart-disease it comes on more slowly, is constant though aggravated at intervals with a heavy, prolonged, or irregular and unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous membranes, and dropsy of the limbs. The first form is bene�fited by gentle exercise, stimulants, and tonics, the latter aggravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of many acute diseases (inflammations, intestinal worms, etc.) Treatment.�Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and seda�tives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. Then the weak excitable condition should be overcome by exercise, tonics, and substantial feeding. In structural diseases these must be attended to as well. . DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART. These are not very infrequent in the newly-born, the heart being sometimes lodged altogether out of the chest There is no remedy.

	COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE TWO AURICLES. CYANOSIS. This is the natural condition before birth, but sometimes the directing of the blood through the lungs fails to secure its closure, or some obstruction to the circulation in these organs



	DISEASES OF THE HEART.	in

	(tuberculosis, congestion, etc.), leads to its re-opening, and the arterial and venous blood mix. The blood being equally unfit for nutrition and the maintenance of animal heat, there is surface coldness, staring coat, puny growth, blue mucous membranes, and oppressed breathing, and irregular heart's action when subjected to exertion. A murmur usually precedes the first heart sound. The subjects die young or prove worth�less when mature. Nothing can be done to remedy unless the disease is due to some remediable affection of the lungs.

	ENLARGEMENT (HYPERTROPHY) OF THE HEART. This is a simple increase of the muscular substance, and may be confoed to one side of the heart or to one ventricle. It is usually caused by some obstruction to the circulation through the arteries, or in horses or dogs by habitual violent work. Symptoms.�The heart's beats are more forcible and pro�longed, and the interval of silence shortened; the pulse is full and rolling; the first sound is low, muffled, and prolonged, the second sound unnaturally loud, and sometimes repeated if one ventricle only is affected; the heart sounds may be heard over an unusually large area, the lungs being sound, and the dulness on percussion is equally extended. The pulse is usually regular, and if excited to irregularity or intermission soon returns to its normal standard if the patient is left at rest. Pure hypertrophy rarely implies imminent danger, and many hard-worked horses survive to an old age with greatly enlarged hearts. But if associated with dilatation, impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blowing murmurs with the first heart sound, and paroxysms of difficult breathing, it may prove fatal at any time. Treatment.�If possible remove the obstacle to the circula�tion. Then adopt a restricted, gently laxative diet, perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in horses, and the daily use of didtalis or aconite, unless there is extreme dilatation.



	ii4	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	gested lungs. Later, bleeding may sometimes be beneficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme difficulty of breathing and high nervous excitement. Usually it would be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts; dog and pig, castor-oil), foment the walls of the chest, and envelop in a large mustard poultice until the skin is well thickened, moderate the heart's action by digitalis four times a day and follow the action of the purgative by diuretics (nitre, acetate of potassa, etc.) Ointment or tincture of iodine may be applied to the walls of the chest. In cases of extreme danger from effusion the liquid should be drawn off with cannula and trocar or needle-like tube, as in hydrothorax, the puncture in the horse or ox being made between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs. In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchicum, acetate of potassa, and other agents advised for rheumatism.

	ENDOCARDITIS. Inflammation of the serous membrane lining the chambers and covering the valves of the heart. Causes.�Inflammation of the valves in connexion with undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to the flow of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain other unhealthy states of the blood. Symptoms.�The general symptoms resemble those of peri�carditis. There are, besides, violent but unequal impulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by a metallic tink�ling, a blowing murmur with the first, or even , the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the valves, or the clots formed on them, render them insufficient to close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on the right side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous congestion and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first strong and sharp, becomes weak with the imper�fection of the valves, in marked contrast with the continued



	ii6	THE FARM DOCTOR.

	degeneration of the entire muscular system, especially in pigs. There are the general phenomena of chronic heart-disease and dilatation, and the condition is irremediable, though it rarely kills animals kept in perfect quiet RUPTURE OF THE HEART. If from severe exertion this usually takes place through the fibrous structure at the base of the ventricles connecting them with the large arteries. If from a fall or violent concussion the muscular walls usually give way, when found in a relaxed con�dition, or the laceration happens at the point of connexion with the veins {vena azygos). Perforation from ulceration is seen in cows in connexion with sharp-pointed bodies that have been taken into the stomach. Death is sudden in all such cases.

	OTHER HEART-DISEASES. The heart is further subject to a great variety of diseased growths and deposits and to ^vasAfSb�Echinococcus, Cysiicercus Tenuicollis (sheep and calf), Cysiicercus Cellulosa and Trichina Spiralis (pig), Rainey's Cysts (cattle), and Filaria Immitis (dog).


	r

	CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. Inflamma�tion of the mouth,�of the palate,�of the gums,�of the tongue. Thrush, Aphthous stomatitis. Mercurialism. Warts on the lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. Tumours of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. Supernumerary teeth. Wolf-teeth. Parrot-mouth. Crib-biting, wind-sucking. Displaced teeth. Overgrown and un�even teeth. Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. Stricture and dila�tation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tympany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impaction of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. Indigestion in calves, lambs, and foals. White scour. Acute gastric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indi�gestion in the horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in-horses. Chronic indigestion�catarrh of the stomach and bowels in horses. Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach and intestines. Spasmodic colic. Acute haemorrhagic enteritis. Acute muco - enteritis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the rectum. Diarrhoea, scouring. Dysentery. Obstruction of the bowels, �impaction, invagination, volvulus, etc. Hernia, � diaphragmatic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, femora], ventral, vaginal. Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imper-forate anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and intestinal parasites.

	DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. The importance of these diseases in the domestic animals follows an ascending series from the camivora, through the omnivora and solipeds to the ruminants. The small capacity of the digestive organs in camivora (dog and cat), the com�pletion of the greater part of the digestive process in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting is accomplished,



	DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.	I2S

	sufficiently account for their comparative immunity. Pigs stand next in these respects, and last come the herbivora, with their enormously long and capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the food passes through the bowels, and the diffi�culty or impossibility of getting quit of irritating agents by vomiting. In the ox and sheep there is the further complica�tion of the four stomachs, the first three of which are little more than macerating and triturating cavities, and in which an enor�mous bulk of food is continually stowed away. From their rapid collection and swallowing of food, poisonous, irritating, and unnatural objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen, while horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard work immediately after feeding. Horses, too, suffer much from faults in watering, as excess of cold water when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and intestinal congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washing that on undigested to ferment in the bowels, etc. Again, all of the herbivora are especially subject to digestive disorders from food that is unnaturally grown, or spoiled in harvesting, so that in unfavourable seasons affections of the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootic.

	INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. Causes.�Mechanical and chemical irritants. There may be wounds, bruises, injuries with bit or twitch, irritant vegetables, scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of insects, injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue, from giving quot; weak lye quot; and other irritants, especially to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquids as long as he chooses, from pricks with thorns, needles, and other sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over-growth, or irregularity of the teeth, from rough dragging upon the tongue, from the use of mercury and other salivating drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some specific fevers (aphthous fever, rinderpest, etc.) Symptoms of General Inflammation of the Mouth.�Difficulty



T

126		THE FARM DOCTOR.

	in taking in food and water; swollen, rigid, tender lips and cheeks j red membrane of the mouth; slavering; saliva often foetid; swelling between the bones of the lower jaw; the formation of blisters or sores inside the mouth; and sometimes swelling of the glands beneath the ears. Abscess or even gangrene may result. Treatment.�Remove the cause, whether irritants in food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by the bit, twitch, or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash with weak vinegar; if by acids, with calcined magnesia, lime water, or bicarbonate of soda; if by caustic salts, white of egg, boiled linseed, slippery elm, or the gluten of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If from the bite or sting of venom�ous animals apply ammonia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer animal poisons the wound should be cauter�ized (see Canine Madness). In simple inflammations open the bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other laxatives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent lotions (vinegar and water; vinegar and honey; borax, alum, or tannic acid, honey and water; water slightly sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh cool water constantly present to drink at will, and feed with boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear, touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solution of 10 grains lunar caustic to 1 oz. distilled water. If fluctuation shows the presence of matter, lance at once. If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of permanganate of potassa 1 dr., water 1 pint. If there is much swelling keep the head tied up.

CONGESTED PALATE. LAMPAS. A red swollen state of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant in young animals on shedding of the teeth, 01



	DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.	127

	in older ones on digestive disorder. The taking in of food may be painful and awkward from the tender palate projecting beyond the teeth. Treatment.�Feeding on hard unshelled Indian corn has often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet for half an inch back from the teeth. Follow with astringent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder of the stomach give a dose of physic. INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS. If connected with the shedding and cutting of teeth, remove those that hang partly detached and scarify the gums. For the other causes�diseased teeth and mercurial poisoning� see below. INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. There are the signs of general inflammation of the mouth, with great difficulty in taking in food, chewing and drinking, and a swollen red tender state of the tongue, which often hangs out of the mouth. Treatment.�Search carefully for any sharp irritant body that may have penetrated the organ and remove it. Support the tongue within the mouth in a bag with tapes tied behind the ears. Otherwise treat as for general inflammation of the mouth. THRUSH OF THE MOUTH. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS. MUGUET Is mostly seen in sucking animals. In addition to the signs of ordinary inflammation, there appear on the lips, cheeks, and tongue, firm white patches, which on microscopic examination show the presence of a vegetable growth (pidiuin albicans). Wash the mouth frequently with a solution of bisulphite of soda or even of borax.

	MERCURIALISM. Inflammation of the mouth, ulceration of the gums, loosening of the teeth and free salivation were formerly common results