xnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Jllustrationa.

no.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PAGE

22.nbsp; Sakcoptes Canis. (Gerlach)......194

23.nbsp; acakus folliculokum. (fleming)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . . . ]94

24.nbsp; The Liver Fiuke of the Dog. (Lewis) . . .211

25.nbsp; The Giant Strosgle. (Blanchaed) .... 216

26.nbsp; Larvae op the Gid Tapeworm. (Newman) . . .219

27.nbsp; Tapeworm-like Heads of the Gid Hydatid. (Newman) 219

28.nbsp; Larva of the Margined Tapeworm. (Goeze) . . 221

29.nbsp; Hydatid Tapeworm and Echinococous Head. (Cobbold) 222

30.nbsp; Group of Echinococcus Heads. (Cobbold) . . . 223

31.nbsp; Larval Pentastome. (K�chenmeister) . . . 224

32.nbsp; A Dog with Rickets, Sketched from Life. (Original) 316

33.nbsp; Heart of Dog affected with Ehextmatic Chorea,

showing ante-mortem clot. (original) . . .nbsp; nbsp; 336

34.nbsp; Incomplete Fracture. (Original).....nbsp; nbsp; 339

35.nbsp; Fracture of the Scapula. (Original) ....nbsp; nbsp; 341 3(3. Ditto, with Bandage applied. (Original) . . .nbsp; nbsp; 342

37.nbsp; Deformed Limb after Union op Fracture, necessi-

tating Ee-Feact�re. (Original) .... 346

38.nbsp; Dislocation of the Shoulder-Joint. (Original) . 348

39.nbsp; Throat Forceps. (Arnold)......358

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

PAQE

Food. �Exercise. �Washing.�Grooming,�Kennel Arrangement.�Ad�ministration of Medicine.�Nursing. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OF THE KESPIEATOKY ORGANS. Catarrh. �Influenza.�Laryngitis. �Bronchitis. �Asthma.� Pleurisy �

Fneumoma.�Consumption.�Polypus.�Ozsena.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 13

CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Iiontition.-I)eca,yed Teeth.� Tartar. � Canker. �Glossitis.�Ulcers.-

Dlain.�Faralysis.�Pharyngitis.�Salivation. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .44

CHAPTER IV.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion. �Vomiting. - Worms.-Husk. - Gastritis. � I nversion.-

Calculi.�Foreign Bodies.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 57

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OP THE BOWELS. Constipation. � Diarrho�a. � Dysentery. � Intussusception. � Hernia.� Worms.�Cohc�Enteritis.�Peritonitis.�Piles.-Prolapsus Ani � ristula in ano. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 67

CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. Hepatitis.-Jaundice.�Fatty Degeneration of the Liver.�Cancerous De�posit in the Liver and Spleen�Biliary Calculi.�Splenitis. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 85 CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES OF URINARY ORGANS.

Nephritis.-Hiematuria.-Eenal Calculi.-Cy_stitis.-Cystio Calculi.-Ee-

tention of Urine.-Paralysis of the Bladder.-Rupture of the Bladder. 105

CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Halanitis.-Warts on the Penis.-Scrotal Irritation.-Enlarged Testicle.

�Inversion of the Vagma.-Polypus in the Vagina.�Inflammation

of the Uterus.�Inversion of the Uterus.-Ulceration of the Uterus.�

rftte Ovariesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^r0Igt;Sy ^0f ^tbe ^Uterus--^:Fatty Deg^^ation

CHAPTER IX.

FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

(Eatrum.�Breeding.-Parturition. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _l3s

xiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Contents.

CHAPTEE X.

DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PAETUEITION.

PARE

Parturient Apoplexy or Milk Fever.�Parturient Eclampsia.�Septikaania

Puerperalis. ...�� ^lbl

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.

Mammitis.�Lacteal Tumour.�Cancer. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.170

CHAPTEE XII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.�Cataract.�Amaurosis.�Iritis.�Enlargement of the Haw. �Protrusion of the Eye-Ball.�Extirpation of the Eye.�Hairy Tumour on the Cornea.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...... 175

CHAPTEE XIII.

DISEASES OF THE EAE.

Cancer.�Serous Abscess. �Polypus.-Deafness.-SourfyEars. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.183

CHAPTEE XIV. DISEASES OF THE SKIN.�EXTERNAL PARASITES. Mange (Sarcoptic).- Ditto (Follicular).-Eczema.-Erythema.-Ring-worm.�Ditto (Honeycomb).�Warts.�Fleas.�Lice.�Ticks.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . lraquo;3

CHAPTEE XV.

INTERNAL PARASITES. Distoma conjunctum.�Holostoma alatum.�Asoaris marginata^�Filaria immitis.�Estrongylus gigas.�Spiroptera sangumolenta.�Uochmms trigonooephalus.�Trichosoma plica. �Trioocephalus depressiusculus. �Trichina 3piralis.�Filariah�ematica.�Filariatnspinul03a.�lilaria hepatica.�Hiematozoon subulatum.�Tcenia Cuoumerma.�Tsenia comurus �Tienia marginata.^TiEnia echinococcus.�Tasma serrata. �Bothriooephalus latus, B. cordatus, B. fuscus, B. reticulatus, B. dubius.�Pentastoma tajmoides.-Maw Worms, or Segments of itema marginata, and Tajnia serrata.-Cysticercus celluloaus.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .211

CHAPTEE XVI. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Kabies.�Epilepsy.-Apoplexy.�Vertigo.-Chorea.�Paralysis.�Concus�sion of the Brain.�Compression of the Brain.�Hydrocephalus.-Turnside.�Meningitis.�Neuralgia. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;#9632; ^2M

CHAPTEE XVII. GENERAL DISEASES. Abscess�Tumours.�Brouchocele.-Diphtheria. �Distemper.�Dropsy. �Leukajmia. �Anajmia.�Marasmus. � Plethora.�Obesity.�Rheu�matism.- Rickets.- Scrofula.- Glanders.�Small-pox.� Measles.-Tetanus.�Cramp.�Heart Diseases. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � *�'

CHAPTEE XVIII. ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. Fractures�Dislocations.� Wounds.� Sprains.� Bums.�Soalds.-Um-bilical Heniia.-Choking.-Sore Feet.-Overgrowth of Claws.�Re�moval of Dew-claws.-Cropping.�Rounding.�Ta�mg.�Worming.� Castration. �Spaying.�Vaccination.�Chloroform. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � raquo;laquo;

THE MANAGEMENT

AND

DISEASES OF THE DOG,

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

FOOD,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;KENNEL ARRANGEMENT,

EXERCISE,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ADMINISTRATION OF MEDI-WASHING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CINE,

GROOMING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; NURSING.

POOD.

How much evil accrues from the want of a proper system and, in many cases, knowledge of administering food and of the kind requisite, it is impossible to say. That many of the diseases to which the canine species are subject, and especially of the digestive organs, are due to ignorance and neglect of this subject, is no exaggeration.

The organism of the dog is peculiar: his digestive powers are undoubtedly great, but the process by which digestion is accomplished is slow. Hence, he does not require more than one, or, if in full exercise and work, two substantial meals per day. The food shoidd be plain, wholesome, nutritious, and, as far as possible, compatible with the circumstances under #9632;which the animal exists.

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Sugar, buttered bread, hot toast, muffin, preserves, fancy biscuits, tea, sweetmeats, and sucli like, are items never intended to enter a canine bill of fare. And yet how often is the reply given, when the attendant alleges his patient is suffering from indigestion: quot; But he has had nothing to dis�agree with him; the poor Httle dear eats most sparingly; a morsel of buttered toast or muffin, some tea and a lump of sugar, has been doggie's only diet for months.quot; True, and therein lies the key to the mystery. The animal, contrary to Nature's laws, has been educated to mimic human beings: three or four meals a day, exclusive of kitchen-scraps, have taken the place of the prescribed one or two, and human deli�cacies substituted for the proper requirements of a carnivorous stomach.

Can it he wondered at, if the whole digestive ma�chinery is in consequence put out of gear: if the once glossy-coated pet of cleanly habits becomes the bloated, waddling, unsightly animal, so often seen, with teeth loose, discoloured, and decayed, breath foul, and excrements fcctid ? And all the result of what ? Ignorance and mistaken kindness. Ask the human mother the effect on the child of a continued diet of preserves, pastry, and sweet cakes, and she will tell you it is much the same.

Is it, then, reasonable to suppose that the stomach, of the dog can properly digest and appropriate to the nourishment of its body and the maintenance of health, that which mankind, for whom such is more in accordance, cannot take with im�punity ?

A proper system of feeding is, therefore, one of tba great essentials of canine management.

Time of Feeding.�The food should always be given, if convenient, at a stated time: where only one meal is allowed, at midday; in the case of two, morning and evening. It should not be given immediately before exercise or work, or the process of digestion will be interrupted, and the founda�tion laid for ill health; but as .soon as the animal comes

General Management.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

home, has had sufficient time to rest, and become cool, then food may be proffered, and will be relished considerably more. I am now alluding to dogs in health; invalids of course require a different system, and, under many conditions, require fre�quent support.

Quantity.�This should be exactly in proportion to the appetite, i.e., until the animal is satisfied. Some individuals condemn the practice of permitting dogs to fill, or, as they put it, overgorge themselves. And where dogs have been pre�viously starved or have missed a meal or two, they are right, but otherwise not so. The cravings of the carnivorous stomach are not of the frequency found in herbivorous and omnivorous ones, owing to the slow process of digestion; and this being so, a larger stock of material is required to work on than when the intervals between the meals are shorter; other�wise long fasts would result, and eventually act prejudicially to the animal's health.

When the dog, after eating for some time, pauses, looks about, leaves the dish, returns to it and makes an attempt, as it were, to get a little more down, then it should be removed. Company will frequently induce the animal, from motives of jealousy, to take more than he really wants, and he will greedily devour, on the approach of another creature, that which a few moments before was rejected. This, of course, is hurtful; it may be likened unto the surplus oil on machinery, which cannot be utilised, and is therefore wasted, and does injury to other parts: so with the dog, the surplus food may pass into the intestinal canal undigested, and produce diarrhcea or constipation.

Kind of Food.�Many and various are the opinions on this point: horse-flesh, mutton, paunch, entrails, liver, greaves, and oatmeal are among the list of those advocated.

Flesh is undoubtedly the dog's natural food, but, on the other hand, we must look to the circumstances under which he is placed. For instance, toy-dogs or house-pets not used for sport do not require flesh-meat beyond an occasional

1�2

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

bone and meat-gravy; bread or plain biscuit witli milk, oat�meal-porridge, plain rice-pudding, or potatoes and gravy, �with green vegetables once or twice a #9632;week, form the most suitable diet for this class of dog.

Tor those used in sport or kept on the chain, especially the former, flesh-meat used with discretion is suitable. Paunches or mutton are best adapted; the former should always be thoroughly washed, otherwise worms or their larvae, which are frequently present, are likely to be swallowed, and develop in the dog into large tape-worms (see chapter on quot;Internal Parasitesquot;); horse-flesh is heating, causes the animal to smell strong, and is a great producer of worms. Liver cooked is like so much leather�indigestible and innutritions; and, from its liability to flukes, which in the dog develop into the tieniie proper, is also objectionable raw. Greaves I have observed frequently give rise to diarrhoea, probably from the amount of tallow often retained, and other foreign matters� as maggot-skins and mineral substances.

Sheep-heads, trotters, and ox-noses form a highly nutritious and valuable food, especially for invalid dogs; boiled down, they form a glutinous jelly, of which dogs are particularly fond. Whichever kind of flesh-meat is used, meal should form the basis, and none is better than the coarse Scotch oatmeal.

Bones are of great Value to the Dog.�The dog has a natural fondness for bones, independently of which they are of great value to him. One should always be allowed at least once or twice a week. They assist in cleansing the teeth and aid digestion. The animal's instinct would appear to teach him this; for however good and savoury the meal may be, if there be a bone in it, he will immediately pick it out, strip it of its meat, if there be any, and store it safely away for after use. It is best, however, to give bones after a meal; otherwise, when hungry, they are apt to eat as much of the bone as possible, to their own injury; as portions may get lodged in the oesophagus, and give rise to asphyxia, or, from being too hard to digest, cause gastric or intestinal irritation.

General Management.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;5

A dog should never be induced to eat against its will, except under cironmstances which will be named when considering diseases. Many are the dogs I have had sent me for advice, with no other complaint than want of appetite. As a rule, they are enormously over-fed. A week's spare, plain diet, and a dose of castor-oil, has generally produced the desired result.

Beer, wine, and spirits should never be allowed, except medicinally. Some dogs are particularly fond of the former. I recently had a mastiff-bitch (Duchess) who w^ould greedily lap it whenever she had the chance.

Water.�There are few animals to which the denial of water is felt to a greater degree than the dog. Whether in health or disease, water is requisite in assisting the natural functions of the body.

With regard to the feeding of puppies, I have little to say; when weaning, milk is undoubtedly the most suitable diet, and to this, as time goes on, may be gradually added a little bread or boiled oatmeal-porridge. Animal food (except an occasional bone) is not advisable in any breed of young dog, until four or five months old, and it should then be gradually not suddenly, introduced into the diet.

EXERCISE.

Exercise is equally beneficial to canine as it is to human health. The mind is diverted not only in the performance of the act, but also in the novelty of fresh scenes, new faces and objects, bright weather, and pure and bracing air.

To the young dog it is indispensable. Compare the animal which, from a puppy, has had full freedom, with one cooped up until it has arrived at maturity; in the former Nature has asserted her right, and, unchecked, given sym�metry, full development, and health; in the latter, crooked legs, deformed body, and stunted growth, is the picture she

6nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

presents of an interference with her laws. Who will deny the fact that some poor creatures are kept on the chain from one month's end to another after growth is complete, with the idea that it is then not hurtful ? Fallacy! Out at the elbows and bowed arms, with spreading toes, will in time result, and become a permanent deformity. Again, loose such an one, and the exuberance of spirits immediately manifested, the wild scampers of delight until exhaustion takes place, will exhibit even to the doubtful mind the enjoyment of freedom and exercise.

Other tender little morsels of caninity are carried, protected from every breath of wind, in the arms of their mistress, and thus have, as it is termed,quot; their airing,quot; the most invigorat�ing and muscle-developing part of it being denied them; and so they go their way yelping and snarling, in all proba�bility with envy at the gambols of those taking exercise in a natural manner.

Exercise should not be allowed so as to produce undue fatigue, as in carriage-followers and sporting-dogs; in the latter, I am aware, it is under certain circumstances unavoidable.

It should also, if possible, take place before feeding, or, if impracticable, not until some hours afterwards. Eunning, or long walks on a full stomach, is liable to produce fits of the worst kind, and many a dog have I seen so affected.

Again, as I have previously observed, the meal is relished far more after exercise than before it; of this we have proof in ourselves. Finally, locomotion is especially necessary in indoor dogs.Jfor the performance of the natural evaouatory acts, and thereby continuance of health and purity.

Erasmus Wilson's remarks on the subject will not be mis�applied here: quot; Well-directed exercise favours the preservation of the general health by calling into direct action the majority of the organs of the body; and it also acts powerfully on the skin by stimulating its functions, increasing its temperature, awakening its tone, and subjecting it to a current of atmo�sphere favourable for its respiratory offices.quot;

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WASHING.

Washing in moderation adds greatly to the health and com�fort of the dog. I say in moderation, hecause some persons are never satisfied unless their favourites are submerged twice or three times a week in water, and lathered over with soft-soap (the latter to kill the fleas). This is a great mistake, and three results of such a custom are�blindness, deafness, and canker.

Long-haired dogs require ablution more than short-haired ones, and usually have a natural inclination for water. The frequency of washing will depend to some extent on the manner in which the coat is kept; if regularly brushed and combed, once a month is quite sufficient; under any circumstances a weekly bath is more than ample. The water should be a little more than tepid, and soap used merely enough to create a lather; as its alkaline properties, if used in excess, render it an irritant to the skin (where careful rinsing is adopted, the caution is almost needless). This, however, as I know from experience, is so frequently not carried out, that the soap in the process of wiping is rubbed in, and gives rise to the irri�tation named. When, then, thoroughly cleansed, the animal should be finally douched in cold water, rubbed dry before the fire, if the weather is raw, and immediately after allowed some brisk exercise. Outdoor dogs will dry themselves after their own fashion, and a good bed of straw will be sufficient to complete the toilet. In those breeds which have an inclination for water, as Newfoundlands, retrievers, and spaniels, the lake, river, or canal will afford the best means of ablution.

GEOOMING.

This is especially advisable in all dogs where fineness of coat, kindness of skin, cleanliness, and health are desired. Comb-

8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Doc;.

ing and brushing in long-haired dogs is absolutely necessary to prevent the hair matting, and to preserve its character. In large breeds, as the mastiff tribe, it is as requisite for good appearance as in the horse. Once daily, twice if possible, I have my mastiffs thoroughly groomed; they enjoy it, the sensation affords them pleasure, and the dog accustomed to the practice will look for it as regularly as he does his meals. The brush is a far better remedy for glossy coats than nitre, sulphur, antimony, or arsenic.

KENNEL AEEANGEMENT.

In dealing with this subject I shall merely make a few passing practical remarks on ordinary kennel-arrangement, though they are not particularly applicable to one breed more than another.

The kennel should neither have an easterly unsheltered aspect nor damp foundation. If dogs so placed escape kennel-lameness and rheumatism, it is more from mere chance or constitution, than from the sanitary condition of the locality. Good air, dry atmosphere, and sunlight, are as essential to health and spirits in the canine as the human subject. It is all very well to argue as to what dogs are in a state of nature and what they are in the domestic state. Nature and art in kennel-management are not compatible. The South Sea Islander thrives in the hot humid atmosphere to which he is indigenous, and becomes fat upon the flesh of his own species; but he must be artificialised, so to speak, and civilised before he can accommodate himself to our colder latitudes and description of food. So with the dog; domestica�tion produces in him a like result; he accommodates himself to it because he is artificialised; give him the bare ground for his bed, expose him to bleak cold winds, and allow no shelter from wet, and disease will inevitably follow.

The kennel, then, should be dry, sunny, and cheerful; this

General Management.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;' �

is especially necessary for puppies, for the circumstances under which they attain their growth, as will be hereafter mentioned, will influence their disposition when they arrive at maturity.

The benches should be elevated at least eighteen inches above the ground, and the planks either drilled with holes or placed an inch apart for the escape of wet, and for ventila�tion of the bed. A strip of wood along the edge will keep the bedding on, and prevent puppies from slipping ofK To ifisure dryness of the walls, I nail boarding round, with shav�ings between.

With regard to the flooring, cement undoubtedly forms the best and cleanest. Many different opinions have been ex�pressed as to what it should be covered with. Sand is not unfrequently recommended; this, however, is not good for dogs' feet, it creates irritation between the toes, and gives rise to what is known in cattle as quot;foul.quot; Fine shavings or sawdust are decidedly preferable, and should be put down fresh every morning after first removing the soiled materials. A little clean bedding scattered over riie latter to give it an appearance of cleanliness, is like wearing a clean shirt on a dirty body, or gloves on filthy hands�the evil is still there, disguised.

Washing or swilling down the floor is a necessary office, but it is often carried to extremes, and then becomes an evil by engendering continual damp, and acting as a fruitful source of rheumatism and kennel-lameness. Once a week is quite often enough for this duty. After the place has been thoroughly swept and mopped, I always have ashes thrown over the floor; these absorb any wet that may have lodged in sunken places or between the bricks, and in old, somewhat uneven, and broken floors they are of great service. In half an hour they may be swept off, and a little crude carbolic acid dropped here and there, after which dress with the sawdust or shavings.

Mr. H. D. Kingdon, whose experience in the management of dogs, particularly mastiffs, is considerable, ranging over a

10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

period of forty years, and for whose sound opinion I entertain the highest respect, informs me his kennels are constructed in stahles and shedding, and formed into loose hoxes; the flooring is composed of asphalte, and is sloped from the sides to the centre, and outwards to communicate with the com�mon drain. On this flooring he has a slight sprinkling of air-slacked lime, and this is littered over with fern. The bench is composed of a loose wooden floor, on planks separated a short distance, and nailed across joists. (Fig. 1.)

Fig. 1.

The top line 1 is the bench, the oblique lines 2 2 the slop�ing asphalte-floor.

For full-grown dogs he uses four-legged bedsteads similar to a table, with a ledge round the outside to prevent them getting their legs between it and the wall, and sufficient space is left to walk on two sides of the said table.

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE.

This is often a troublesome process with canine patients; the usually affectionate, obedient, and harmless pet becomes (through fear and mental excitement) snappish and resist-ful. And a general complaint the veterinary attendant hears is: quot; It's no use, sir, we can't give him the medicine; the more we try, the more he struggles, fights, and bites.quot; This in the majority of cases is so. The reason for which is that, as a rule, strength versus system is the plan adopted. As with ourselves, so with the dog, there is a right and a wrong way in the taking or administering of medicine.

The medicine is in the form of a pill or draught. The former may be given one of two ways: first, taking the ani�mal in the lap, or rearing him^up between the knees, the

General Management.

upper part of the mouth is then grasped with the hand, and the lips on either side thrust between the teeth ; security against the operator being bitten, is gained by the dog being afraid of biting and hurting himself. The head is then elevated, the pill is dropped into the posterior part of the mouth, and the jaws immediately closed and held so; and if the animal refuses to swallow it, placing the fingers on or compressing the nos�trils will speedily compel him to do so. Pushing the pill down with the finger is injudicious and unnecessary. The other and more advisable way, if it can be contrived, is by deception�i.e., clothing the pill in a little meat, and throwing it to the animal to bolt.

With regard to draughts, they should be administered as follows: The animal being placed in the same position as for the pill, the angle of the mouth is drawn away from the teeth, and into the pouch thus formed the medicine may be poured; the same means as recommended in the former will, if he refuses, compel him to swallow it.

Some forms of medicine, more or less tasteless from the minuteness of the dose, may be given in a little milk or broth, which the animal laps voluntarily.

NUESING.

It is, I think, necessary before entering on the general sub�ject of diseases, that I should say a few words about nursing.

As in human, so in canine practice, good nursing is one of the greatest helps the medical attendant can have: indeed, it may almost be said to be indispensable in the treatment of disease.

Warmth, comfort, cleanliness, pure air, good food, and water, regularity in the administration of medicine where it has to be given, kindness, watchfulness in the progress or abatement of certain symptoms, are all matters requiring the supervision of the muse.

^^^MCraquo;.

12nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

In short, the health of the patient is in the majority of cases quite as much in the hands of the nurse as of the pro�fessional attendant, and the fault so often, in all classes of practice, atcached to the medical treatment would generally be more correctly placed to the lack of attention on the part of those on whom the general care of the patient devolves. It is always therefore advisable to let the latter know the full extent of his or her responsibility; and that though the charge is, as they may express it, quot; hut a clog,quot; it is endued with imagination, instincts, and thought, has a language of its own, is sensible of neglect, harshness, yea, even cross looks on the part of those ministering to it, and to a degree rarely exhibited in other of the lower animals.

The two then�the practitioner and nurse�acting in com�bination, and working to the same end, if they do not reap the desired reward of their labours, have at least the satisfaction of knowing they did their best for the patient under their care.

CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

CATAEEH,

INFLUENZA,

LARYNGITIS,

BEONCHITIS,

ASTHMA,

PLEUEISY,

PNEUMONIA,

CONSUMPTION,

POLYPUS,

OZMSA.

CATAEEH,

Ok what is commonly known as quot;a cold,quot; consists of a febrile or inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes. When confined to the eyes and nostrils it is termed Coryza, from Kapa, the head, and ipw, to boil; signifying a fevered condition of, or cold in the head. If it extends to the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, it gives rise to what is termed hronchitis. If to the alimentary tract, we have an enteritio or gastro-enteritic catarrh. The two latter are not unfrequent in dis�temper.

The usual causes of common or simple catarrh are damp, cold, or contagion.

Symptoms.�Increased secretion of mucus from the mem�branes affected, eyes watery, nose hot and dry, shiverings, sneezing, and sometimes cough, languor, fever, and consequent thirst.

As the disease proceeds, these symptoms increase in severity, the mucous secretion becomes thicker, respiration impeded, the shiverings more frequent, languor greater, urine high-coloured, bowels constipated, and stools coated with slime.

Treatment.�Fortunately for the patient, the old system of

] 4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

depletion by bleeding and physic is with men of science no longer in use. The administration of diffiisible stimulants at the onset, with careful attention to warmth and comfort, generally suffices to effect a cure.

Spt. Camphor .................. 1 ounce.

Spt. ^Ether Nit. ............... 2 �

Liq. Ammon. Acetat. ......... 4 �

A teaspoonful twice or three times a day for a small dog, double for a large one.

Where the fever runs high, tartar emetic, J�1 grain, or Dover's powder, 5�10 grains, may be given daily; but this usually in the dog is uncalled for. If the mucous discharge has a tendency to lodge in the facial sinuses, which a rattling respiration with frequent snuffling will denote, steaming the head will encourage its outward flow, and afford considerable relief.

The diet requires very little alteration, warm broth, beef-tea, or milk, are most suitable. The liability of catarrh to extend to other structures must not be overlooked. Undue and premature exposure to damp and cold during the attack should therefore be avoided. If much debility attends the complaint, from 5�10 drops of tinct. ferri in 1�2 teaspoon-fuls of cod-liver oil should, after the first three or four days, take the place of the first prescribed medicine. Constipation is best relieved with enemas, or a little salad oil�purgatives are strongly contra-indicated.

INFLUENZA,

Or epidemic catarrh, is similar in character to the foregoing disease, but it is attended with greater prostration, and is more highly contagious. The direct cause is unknown; it was supposed by the Italians to be due to some stellar influ�ence, hence the term Influenza, signifying influence. It is now generally believed to arise from a^peculiar condition of

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the atmosphere, but in 'what that condition consists is still a mystery. Dogs are liable to it at any age, and at all periods of the year. Spring and autumn are, however, the seasons in #9632;which it is most frequently seen, and this tends to prove that if cold and damp do not actually produce influenza, they may be certainly looked upon as predisposing agents.

Symptoms.�These vary somewhat in their manifestation. Frequently the disease is ushered in with scarcely any pre�monitory symptoms, beyond extreme lassitude. In some sneezing, redness of the eyes, and flow of tears, are the first observed. In others sore throat, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, are alone present. Whilst in others, again, cough, expectoration, and muco-purulent discharge from the nos�trils almost immediately follow the first signs of lassitude. Whatever form, however, it primarily assumes, it invariably terminates in the one which is diagnostic of influenza, and the symptoms named become more or less associated; and added to these, we have hurried respiration, increased weak pulse, scanty and turbid urine, fieces dry and slimy, hot skin, dry furred tongue, internal temperature high, and in the latter stages an cedematous condition of the limbs. In severe types that are allowed to run on unchecked, pleurisy and effusion in the chest become complicated with it.

Treatment.�Bodily warmth, proper ventilation, and dif�fusible stimulants are first indicated.

The medicine prescribed in the preceding disease, is equally adapted to this; and where there is extreme debility the tinct. ferri should follow, or if cedematous, the iodide of iron in the same proportions. Linseed-meal poultices, or mustard or ammonia embrocation, may be applied to the throat if swollen or sore, and steaming the head will be attended with benefit. Purgatives should ou no account be resorted to. Impaction of fseces can best be removed by means of plain enemas.

The diet must be nourishing and easy of digestion, as broth, beef-tea, gruel, or milk. For chest complieationSj refer to treatment under their respective heads.

IGnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Management and Diseases of Hie Dog.

LARYNGITIS.

Inflammation of the larynx, the upper or vocal part of the �windpipe, is an affection very commonly met with in canine practice. Highly-pampered dogs, particularly pugs and yard dogs -with deficient shelter, are most, liable to laryngitis. I have also ohserved what may he designated a temporary or simple form of it, in sheep-dogs when gathering flocks together, and the same is not uncommon at and after dog-shows, due to incessant harking.

Predisposing Causes.�Frequent and long-continued bark�ing ; a previous attack of the same disease.

Exciting Causes.�Exposure to wet and cold, the presence of foreign matter, injuries, irritating inhalations, or extension of neighbouring inflammation.

Symptoms.�Hoarseness, cough easily induced by external pressure, increased respiration and salivary secretion, frothy discharge from the nostrils, difficulty in swallowing, and pyrexia; pulse small, hard, and frequent. These symptoms, if not checked, rapidly increase, and the patient dies from suffocation.

Treatment*�Of course removal of the cause is primarily necessary, and then treatment should be directed to the effect. If the disease is early recognised, mild counter-irritants to the larynx externally, hot fomentation or linseed-meal poul�tice, an emetic, and a warm moist atmosphere, will generally effect a cure. In fact, a dog with laryngitis requires much the

* {(Esteneichische VierieJjahresschift, 1873.) Harms injected 0^-07 grammes of morphine hydrochlorate, in solution, beneath the skin of a dog which had been suffering from a dry laryngeal cough for four weeks. For-two hours after the injection, the animal exhibited every symptom of complete narcotism, with total loss of consciousness ana sensibility. In the course of eight hours it manifested sensibility when pricked with a pin, and could raise itself on its four limbs. In twenty-four hours it was able to stagger into its kennel, but it had no appetite. In two days and a half it was as lively as before the injection; and until it left the hospital a week afterwards, the cough had not returned. �{Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1875.)

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same treatment as a child with croup. Where ths symptoms have become so aggravated that suffocation is threatened, tracheotomy is indicated, and all further treatment must be external. Attempting to drench a dog at this stage is at�tended with great danger, from the extremely irritable condi�tion of the throat. A violent fit of coughing, ending in asphyxia, would, in all probability, be the result^?of such a pro�ceeding. (For the extraction or removal of foreign matters, see quot;Choking.quot;)

The diet should consist entirely of slops of a mucilagiuous nature, as broth, beef-tea, or milk thickened with isinglass.

CHRONIC LAEYNGITIS

Is not an unfrequent sequel of the former. It is charac�terised by continued hoarseness, with periodical exacerbations, specially induced by over-exertion, or the sudden inhalation of cold air, a dry husky cough, and mucous expectoration. We may relieve the symptoms, hut when finally established the disease is incurable. Iron, coil-liver oil and an occasional close of tartar emetic are the best medicinal agents. Local treatment is often beneficial. Biniodide of mercury�1 part to 16 of lard�applied twice weekly, until suffioient irritation is produced, or the insertion of a small seton, is advisable.

BEONCHITIS.

Bronchitis is an affection to which dogs are very liable. It may exist as a primary or secondary disease�i.e., it may be present alone, or as an extension of catarrh or other respira�tory affections. Likewise it may be acute or chronic.

Causes.�Cold, damp, irritating inhalation, neglected or protracted catarrh, or extension of other respiratory affections.

Symptoms.�These will depend on the extent of the bron-

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chial inflammation; if the malady is only confined to the larger branches of the bronchi, the quot;breathing will he much less disturbed than when the subdivisions are involved, par�ticularly the smaller ones. The cough in the former will also be less frequent, louder and more sonorous, with little or no expectoration. This form is, however, rarely seen in the dog ; or, if so, only to be quickly succeeded by the more compli�cated one. I shall therefore describe the general symptoms of the latter in its acute stage.

The respiration is hurried and difficult, the breath hot, an incessant wheezing cough (which ultimately becomes dry and short), succeeded by expectoration and vomiting accompany�ing it. The expectoration is usually froth)', and sometimes mingled with blood. The eyes are red and inflamed, the nose dry and hot, mouth devoid of moisture, tongue parched and coated with brown fur. The pulse is quick and small, and the heart's action jerking. On auscultation, the latter emits a thumping noise, and the diagnostic mucous rattle of bron�chitis is very distinctly heard. A thin mucous discharge from the nostrils usually takes place soon after bronchitis sets in, and, as the disease proceeds, this becomes copious, muco-purulent, and accompanied by violent sneezing.

As the malady advances all these symptoms increase in severity, and the poor animal dies either from sheer exhaus�tion, acute inflammatory fever, or asphyxia.

Treatment.�Immediately symptoms of acute bronchitis are observed, it is advisable to place the animal in a mod�erately warm, sufficiently ventilated, and dry habitation. With regard to medicinal agents, from 1 to 3 grains of tartar emetic, in proportion to the size of the patient, is at the onset very beneficial. If the disease proceeds, the following mix�ture may he used:

Spt. Camph..................................... Jounce.

Spt. JEther Nit................................... 1 �

Liquorice Extract..............................4 �

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19

A teaspoonful for a small dog, double for a full-sized ter�rier, treble for a large dog, twice or three times a day.

When the cough is very troublesome, a dose of the fol�lowing every now and then, in the same proportions as tho above, will afford relief:

Tinct. Opii...................................... 20 drops.

Essence of Anisi................................ 30 �

Liquorice Extract.............................. 1 ounce.

Linseed Tea...................................... 2 �

When it fails to do so, an emetic is generally beneficial Counter-irritation is also very useful in the shape of hot lin�seed-meal poultices to the front of the chest, or, in severe cases, mustard-plasters or turpentine embrocations.

Warm broths or bread and milk form the most suitable diet.

From the susceptibility of a return of the malady, unneces�sary exposure to cold or damp should be avoided, and, until a thorough restoration to health is established, the animal should not be allowed to return to his natural and ordinary life.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.

This is usually a sequel of the acute form, and is more generally met with in old animals. It rarely leaves the patient, and increases in severity in the cold seasons of the year.

The symptoms are invariable: cough of a husky character, shortness of breath, increased with exertion, expectoration, and retching.

Treatment.�This consists in alleviating the symptoms, and avoiding unnecessary exposure to cold and damp. Occa�sional stimulants combined with iron form the best medi�cinal treatment, and the cough mixture prescribed in the

acute form is also useful.

2�2

^:a�-

20nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;57ilaquo; Management and Diseases of the Dog.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN DOGS.* quot; Early in the month of January I was asked by Principal McEaohran, F.E.C.V.S., to aid him in the investigation of a disease which had broken out among the pups at the kennels of the Montreal Hunt Club, and which was believed to be of a pneumonic nature. On proceeding to the place we found that the affection was confined almost exclusively to animals under eight months old, and that it had already proved fatal in several instances. At the time of the visit only one pup was ill, presenting symptoms of diminished air space in the chest. In order to ascertain the exact condition of the lungs, one of the pups, which had died a day or two previously, and had meanwhile frozen stiff, was ordered to be sent to the Veterinary College for dissection. On the following day it was found at the autopsy that, in addition to the pneumonia, there were numerous small parasitic worms in the trachea and bron�chial tubes. Knowing how subject many of the lower animals are to bronchial strongyles, I did not think it very remarkable that they should occur in the dog. On referring, however, to Dr. Cobbold's list of entozoa infesting the dog, I was surprised not to find a bronchial strongyle mentioned, and a further search through the standard works on veterinary medicine and helminthology proving fruitless, I then wrote to the editors of the Veterinarian asking for information on the subject. They very kindly replied in a short editorial note in the March number, stating 'that,' so far as their knowledge extends, ' no such cases have been placed formally on record,' but Dr. Cobbold tells them ' that one such instance has been verbally brought under his noticej though not in such a way as to be thoroughly convincing.'

quot;I shaU proceed now to speak of the symptoms and pathology

* A Paper read before the Montreal Veterinary Medical Asaociation, March 29th, 1877, by William Osier, M.D., L.E.C.P. Lond.; Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, London ; Vice-Presideiit of the Montreal Veterinary Medical Association ; Professor of Physiology iu McGill University, and in the Veterinary College, Montreal.

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of the disease, then give a description of the parasite itself, and make a few general remarks.

quot; Symjitoms.�Only five of the diseased animals were seen during life, and that rather irregularly, on account of the dis�tance of the kennels from the city. However, I have obtained some important details from the keeper, and a case which was brought to the infirmary and kept for some time was made the subject of clinical study.

quot; Among the initial symptoms disinclination for food and exercise, together with an unsteadiness of gait, amounting in some of the cases to a subparalytic condition of the hinder extremities, were the most evident. In fully half of the cases convulsions occurred. There was rarely diarrhoea or any other symptom referable to gastro-intestinal disorder. Cough was not a prominent symptom, being absent in many of the cases. When present, it was short and husky, 'not,' as the keeper said, ' the regular distemper cough.' In the case brought to the infirmary the cough was well marked, and was dry and short. The pulse and respirations were increased, and the temperature elevated. Towards the close all food was refused, and even when fed the soup given was commonly vomited. Death took place in most instances quietly, though sometimes during a convulsion, and the keeper noticed that the pups which lasted the longest had the most fits. The duration of the disease ranged from three days to a week, or even ten days. The whole epidemic lasted about seven weeks.

quot; Altogether fifteen couples were attacked, all of which, with the exception of three couples of old dogs, were under eight months old. Of the old dogs three had the disease badly, but only one died. Of the total number affected four and a half couples recovered, so that twenty-one animals were lost. The dogs which recovered are now in their usual health, though not in such good condition as they were before.

quot; With regard to the hygienic surroundings of the animals it may be stated that, at present, the kennels are in an old house which stands by itself on the Government pi-operty known as

wmm

T/ie Management and Diseases of the Bog.

Logan's Farm, at the east end of the city. It is isolated, being at some distance from any other building, and is situated on an elevated ridge overlooking the Quebec suburbs.

quot; The disease showed itself during a remarkably cold spell; indeed, for the first three weeks of the epidemic the ther�mometer was almost constantly below zero. It was first observed in two or three pups of four couples which were kept by themselves in a separate room, 14ft. by 8ft.; the floor being covered with straw, which was changed every week. There was a cupboard in the room, and in this the pups slept. This room was on the exposed side of the house, and, accord�ing to the keeper, was always very cold. The rest of the animals were kept in tolerably roomy quarters, though at night, with the doors closed, I do not think the ventilation would be sufficient. Daring the day they had free access to a large yard. The food consisted of porridge and cooked horseflesh, which were given either separately or boiled to�gether. They got nothing else. The oatmeal was of good quality, nor did I find in portions of the food removed from the feeding-pans anything which afforded the slightest clue to the origin of the disease.

quot;Pathology.�Post-mortem examinations were made in eight oases. The following notes were dictated at the time:

quot; Case 1.�Autopsy eighteen hours after death. Body that of a well-nourished, half-grown, fox-houud bitch. On open�ing the thorax the lungs only partially collapse ; the lower borders of the lobes are firm to the touch and dark in colour. The vessels in the lower mediastinum look full, and the tissues in that region are blood stained. Pericardium natural; heart appears of normal size; right auricle filled with dark grumous clots, which extend into the vessels and are here decolourised. Eight ventricle distended with dark, semi-coagulated blood ; the conns arteriosus is filled with a perfectly decolourised clot, which passes into the pulmonary artery to the third and fourth divisions. The left auricle contains a small coagulum. The

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left ventricle contains no blood, but the whole cavity is occu�pied by a firm milk-white thrombus, which is connected through the mitral valve with the one in the auricle, while a prolongation from it extends into the aorta.

quot; Lvmgs.�After removal, on inverting them, a quantity of dirty brown frothy fluid escapes through the larynx.

quot; The anterior and middle lobes and the anterior half of the posterior lobe of the right lung are solidified, being of a dark reddish-brown colour, and contrasting strongly with the un�affected parts. The pleural surfaces are smooth, and there is no exudation. On section the lung tissue is of a dark red colour, the surface of the section finely granular, and bathed with a quan�tity of reddish-brown serum. On close inspection it is seen that the air-cells are uniformly tilled with a solid exudation; attempts at inflation of the affected portions with air are un�successful. Portions excised sink at once when placed in water. In the left lung the apex of the anterior lobe, the whole of the middle, and the root of one of the posterior lobes are in the same condition. The portions of the organs not diseased are of a rosy red externally, and on section contain much blood and frothy serum. Between the healthy and diseased parts there is a zone of intense hypercemia.

quot; Trachea.�On slitting up the windpipe the mucous mem�brane is found covered with a dark frothy mucus. The membrane looks pale and natural to within an inch of the bifurcation, but at this point it becomes reddened, and uneven from the projection of irregular little masses of a greyish-yellow colour^-, which on close inspection are found to be localised swellings of the membrane, containing small para�sitic worms, the white bodies of which can be seen lying upon and partially imbedded in these elevations. They are most abundant just at the bifurcation, at the lower part of which several have emerged, forming an elevation three or four lines in height. About the orifices of the second divisions these little masses are also seen, and the whole mucous membrane of this region is deeply congested, and somewhat swollen.

24nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Mcmagement and Diseases of the Dog.

Very few of the -worms are found lying free on the mucous membrane; almost all of them are attached to the masses or buried in them. The smaller tubes, especially those leading to the diseased portions of the lungs, are filled with a dirty brown fluid, and. on stjueezing any portion of the organ quan�tities of it can be expelled.

quot; The bronchial glands are swollen and enlarged.

quot; The spleen appears healthy.

quot; The left hidney contains a large amount of blood; other�wise looks natural. Xothing unusual in the right one.

quot; The stomach contains a few ounces of dark brown fluid; mucous membrane is pale. Large veins full.

quot; The duodenum contains a bile-stained mucus, and on pressing the gall-bladder, bile flows from the papilla biliaria.

quot; Jejunum and ileum contain a dirty black material adher�ing to the mucous membrane.

quot; One ta3nia elliptica and one ascaris marginata are found in the jejunum.

quot; Large bowel healthy.

quot; Liver firm, dark red in colour, lobules indistinct, hepatic veins full, gall-bladder contains a small amount of bile. There is a clot in the portal vein.

quot; Brain.�Nothing abnormal about the membranes. Sub�stance of good consistence and apparently healthy.

quot; In the following cases I have condensed the original account.

quot; Case 2.�A five months old dog pup, which had been ill a week.

quot; Extensive pneumonic consolidation of the lungs, involving the lower part of the anterior lobe, and scattered patches in the middle lobe on the left side, and half the posterior lobe on the right. On section the solidified parts presented the appearance already described in the preoediug case, and the unaffected portions are in a state of engorgement. On slitting up the trachea and bronchial tubes much frothy

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blood-tinged serum escaped, but no trace of any parasites can be found either in the tubes or parenchyma of the lungs. No ova or young parasites can be found in the blood of the cavities of the heart or of the pulmonary artery.

quot; Abdominal viscera appear healthy, though, owing to the obstruction in the lesser circulation, the bloodvessels are engorged. A few ascaiides in the intestine, and one small t.enia elliptioa.

quot; Case 3.�Dog pup, six months old.

quot; In the left lung there are scattered patches of pneumonia in the anterior lobe, one or two are in the middle lobe,, and half-a-dozen, the size of marbles, closely set together in the upper part of posterior lobe. In the right lung the anterior lobe is solid in an area 3quot; by 1quot;, extending along the lower free border, and through the wliole thickness. Small patches occur here and there over the other lobes In this instance the inflamed spots are smaller, and not so extensive as in the other cases. On slitting up the trachea the mucous membrane looks healthy to within 2quot; of the bifurcation, when it becomes swollen, dark red in colour, and thickly scattered over with the elevated granular masses noticed in the first case, attached to and in which numerous small white worms can be seen. A stream of water of considerable force does not wash them away, but shows that each little elevation consists of a nest of the parasites. They extend to the tubes of the second order, and are specially abundant at the bifurcation itself, and about the orifices of the first tubes given off from the main bronchi. The small tubes are filled up with a frothy serum. Two of the worms are found far in the mucus.

quot; Stomach and intestines appear healthy, except the lower portion of the ileum, which is congested.

quot; In this region ten specimens of dochmius trigonocephalus occur, and further up in the bowel eight ascaiides.

quot; Case 4.�A six months old dog pnp brought to the in�firmary and died the next day.

#9632;p�~~wwBtow�w~~

The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; In the left lung the anterior and middle lobes and the lower free border of the posterior lobe are solidified.

quot; In the right lung the lower three-fourths of the anterior and middle lobes, and the lower fourth of the posterior lobe, are in the same condition. Pleural surfaces involved. The posterior half of the windpipe contains upon the mucous membrane of its lower wall about a dozen small red patches, which extend in the axis of the tube; some appealing like linear streaks due to the injection of a few vessels. In all of them the presence of parasites can be determined, though in some of the smaller only one is found. They become more numerous about the bifurcation and in the main bronchi, occupying chiefly the lower wall. The masses are isolated and the mucous membrane between them intensely injected. None are found in the second divisions of the tubes.

quot; Abdominal organs contain a good deal of blood. Mucous membrane of stomach and intestines looks healthy. The large bowel contains a quantity of consistent ffcces. Six ascarides in the duodenum; six specimens of dochraius tvigonocephalus in the jejunum, and ten specimens of tricocephalus aflinis in the caecum,

quot;Blood of heart and veins examined; nothing abnormal found.

quot;Case 5.�Seven months old bitch pup. Considerable emaciation. Scattered areas of pneumonia throughout both lungs; not quite so extensive as in Case 4, but presenting similar characters. From an inch in front of the bifurcation of the trachea to the bronchi of the second order, the whole mucous membrane is transformed into an irregular greyish-yellow granular structure, upon which the bodies of numerous white worms can be plainly seen. Two sizes may be dis�tinguished, one longer and of a more opaque white, which subsequent examination showed to be the female, the other shorter, thinner, and paler. In this case, even about the orifices of the third division of the bronchi, a few nests of the

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parasite can be seen. In the mucus from the smaller tubes a few of the adult worms occur, and on spreading it out on glass slips, and examining with a low power, a few ova and free embryos are seen.

quot; Blood of heart and veins contain no parasites.

quot; Nothing abnormal in the stomach or intestines ; a large specimen of taenia elliptica in the latter, also a few as-carides.

quot; Case G.�A thin, badly nourished dog pup, six months old. Lungs present numerous patches of consolidation, involving on the right side the lower half of the anterior lobe, and a large piece of the posterior lobe. On the left side the free borders of the anterior and middle lobes for almost two inches from the margin, and a broad strip along the upper part of the posterior lobe.

quot; Trachea and bronchi healthy; mucous membrane of the tubes in the affected parts congested, but no parasites in the membrane or in the long tissue.

quot; Stomach and intestines appear natural; a few ascarides in the latter. Xothing abnormal found in the blood.

quot; Case 7.�Dog pup, seven months old. The autopsy, �which was made at the same time as the previous case, reveals a similar condition of the lungs, and an entire absence of any parasites either in the tubes or in the parenchyma of the lungs. Nothing unusual in the abdominal organs. The ta^.nia elliptica and five or six ascarides in the jejunum.

quot; Case 8.�A fine, well-grown dog pup, eight months old. Had been ill a week.

quot; Lungs contain pneumonic areas of considerable extent ; in the right involving the entire apex with the dependent border, and a small portion of the posterior lobe near the diaphragm. In the left lung almost the whole of the middle lobe, and the root of the posterior, are especially affected.

quot; On opening the windpipe the discrete elevations above described upon the mucous membrane about the bifurcation are very distinct, and the worms can be seen in thorn. The

The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

appearance is very like that met with in Case 4, and the descrip�tion need not be repeated. �STo parasites in the intestines. Nothing abnormal found in the blood.

quot; The general and specific characters of the worm may be defined as follows:

quot;Strongylue amis hroneldalls.�A slender nematode hel�minth, body filiform, the female measuring about one-fourth of an inch in length, the male smaller, measuring one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch; head conical, mouth simple, unpro�vided with papilte; tail of female obtuse, anal and gene�rative orifices terminal, opening by a cloaca; ovarian tube containing one row of eggs, which, in the mature species, have developed into slender-coiled embryos; tail of the male somewhat pointed; penis consists of a double spi-culum of a yellowish-brown colour; mode of reproduction viviparous.

quot; Only occasionally, as stated above, were the worms found lying free upon the bronchial membrane; as a rule, they lay imbedded in a localised granular swelling of the mucosa, from

Fig. 2.

Heiul of Male

quot;Worm.

Fig. 3.

Tail of Female Worm,

showing the young Embryos.

which portions of them protruded. They could readily be pulled out with a pair of fine forceps, but a stream of water did not wash them away. In several of the cases examined (more especially Case 4) the whole mucous membrane of the affected part appeared rough and irregular, as if ulcerated,

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and innumerable parasites lay upon and in it. The mature females could easily be distinguished, not only by their larger size, but by the opaque whiteness of their bodies. The ma�jority of the female worms examined were immature, and did not contain developed ova. The males were not nearly so numerous as the females. Forms intermediate between the adult worms and the young embryos (some of which, as already mentioned, existed free in the mucus) were not met with.

quot; The occurrence in the bronchial tubes of the lower animals of nematoid worms belonging to the genus strongylus is by no means uncommon. Owing to the irritation caused by their development in the mucous membrane an inflammation of the tubes is produced, hence the affection is known by the names of parasitic or verminous bronchitis, popularly called 'husk' or ' boose.' It is not altogether unknown in man, but very few instances are on record. Infesting the domestic animals there are three well-recognised species of strongylus: the S, filaria of the sheep and goat; S. paradoxus of the pig; and S. miorurus of the calf, more rarely of the horse and ass. In calves and lambs parasitic bronchitis often constitutes a serious and fatal epidemic, so much so that in the latter it goes by the name of the lamb disease. So far as I know, no pidemic of the kind has been noticed in Canada. The spe�cies I have here described differs in several particulars from either of the above mentioned, and is most probably new to science.

quot; The origin of the epidemic must, I am afraid, like that of so many other diseases, remain obscure. We have absolutely nothing to aid us in forming an opinion on the subject. There had been no change in the locality nor in the food. The straw upon which the dogs slept was of the ordinary kind, and the usual attention had been paid to changing it and also to the general sanitary condition of the place. The disease broke out, too, during a spell of very severe weather, when the food left ill the pans froze quickly. The course of the epidemic was

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short, lasting between six and seven weeks, a sufficient time, however, to destroy almost all the pups in the kennels.

quot; The mode of invasion in parasitic disease of the bronchial tubes has been, and still is, a matter of much dispute, some observers maintaining that ' the ova and young parasites taken up with the food in the first place gain access from the alimentary canal to the circulation ;' others hold the view that they pass directly from the mouth to the trachea, or that the ova are inhaled by the breath. The former view is the one most generally entertained, and it is urged in its favour that the presence of the worms has been determined in the cavities of the heart and in the bloodvessels, as well as in the intestines. Now, in the epidemic under consideration, I think this view does not meet the case. Supposing the young em�bryos to have been ingested and to have gained access to the branches of the portal vein, they would then be carried to the right side of the heart, and from thence to the lungs, by the pulmonary artery, the capillaries of which ramify in the lung substance alone, a situation in which the parasites did not occur. To get to the bronchial mucous membrane they must be returned by the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart, enter the aorta, and pass out by the small bronchial arteries which supply the tubes�an exceedingly roundabout and somewhat improbable route. It is to be remembered that young strongyles have been found capable, like many other nematoid worms, of reviving on the application of moisture after a desiccation of a month or more, and even after immer�sion in spirits of wine, and solutions of corrosive sublimate and alum (Williams), so that their chance of survival under adverse circumstances is unusually good. It seems quite as reasonable to suppose that the dried embryos were inhaled with the breath, and, lighting in the mucous membrane, found suitable conditions for development. The position of the para�sites about the bifurcation of the trachea, at the angles of division of the main bronchi, and most abundantly in the ,loyer wall of the tubes, just the localities where small

Diseases of the Respiraiory Orgaiis.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 31

particles #9632;would be most likely to lodge, favours an infection through the air rather than by the blood. The negative evi�dences in the heart and bloodvessels do not go for much either way, as the examination in all the cases was made after the invasion of the parasites, and consequently at a time when they could scarcely be found in the circulation.

quot; It is a somewhat remarkable fact that verminous bronchitis prevails to a much greater extent, and is more fatal-in young animals than in adults. Thus lambs and calves are the chief victims in epidemics of' hoose,' whereas it is only occasionally that adult animals succumb to the disease. In lambs the worms are usually found in the bronchial tubes, while in sheep they are more commonly encysted in the lung tissue itself, where tliey do not appear to cause much irritation. It seems to me that in the anatomical peculiarities of the lungs in young animals we have an explanation of the fatality of the disease among them. If the bronchial tubes of a young animal be compared with those of an adult they are seen to be softer, much less rigid; the mucous membrane is lower, not so thin, nor so closely attached to the tissues beneath. Hence it happens that in inflammation of the tubes from any cause, sweUing and tumefaction of the mucous membrane readily occur, and constitute elements of danger which are directly proportionate to the calibre of the tubes attacked. In the cases above reported the swelling of the membrane in the larger tubes was considerable, and, though not sufficient to prevent the access of air, must have interfered greatly with the expulsion of mucus from the smaller tubes, not only by decreasing and narrowing the orifices of exit, but also by de�stroying, over an important area, the ciliary action so useful for this purpose. The same difference is met with in human practice. Ordinary acute bronchitis in the adult is not at all a dangerous affection, while in young children it is the reverse; and for the very reason that in them the bronchial mucous membrane swells easily, and there is not the same expulsive power to enable them to got rid of the mucus which, in con-

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sequence, aocumulates, and may cause collapse or inflamma�tion of the lung tissue. In the ' lamb disease' death occurs from asphyxia, caused by the collection of mucus in the tubes. I have no records at hand of the state of the lung tissue in these cases, whether it is in a condition of collapse or of inflammation; probably the latter, for I see the expression ' verminous pneumonia,' used by some authors.

quot; With reference to the pneumonic condition of the lungs of the dogs in this epidemic, it will be remembered that in three of the post-mortem examinations the inflammation of the lungs was found without the occurrence of parasites in the bronchial tubes; the pneumonia being quite as extensive as in the cases accompanied with strongyles. I must confess that this circumstance has puzzled me not a little, and I see no very satisfactory explanation of the fact. It appears natural to refer the diseased condition of the lung substance in the parasite cases to the accumulation of the mucus in the smaller tubes producing collapse of the air-cells in certain areas, which subsequently became inflamed�a sequence of events sometimes observed in children. The appearance of the lungs in several of the cases corresponds with this view; for the pneumonia was lobular, affecting small and isolated portions of the lung tissue.quot;

Mr. James Moore, in his work on the homccopathic treat�ment of the dog, in his section on quot; Internal Parasites in the Air-Passages,quot; gives the following:

quot; Pentastomum Tcenioides.�This worm occupies that part of the respiratory tube which lies anterior to the larynx, and specially inhabits the nasal sinuses, etc. Obstruction more or less marked is the consequence of its presence in this region.

quot; Chobart first discovered it in the frontal sinus of the horse and the dog. He confounded it with the tamia, and christened it the tainia lanccoU.

quot; Blanchard examined many dogs without finding it, and states that the helminthologioal collection at the Jardin des Plantes contains only two specimens. It has been found in

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dogs in different parts of the Continent, and also in other animals. Leuchart introduced the Pentastomum denticu-latwni of the rabbit into the nostrils of a dog, where lie after-#9632;wards found the Pent, tenioides. He concludes that the former, which lies encysted in the viscera of several species of animfds, is the larval form of the latter. He states that mature ripe eggs are thrown off from this parasite, and discharged with the nasal mucus of its host in the act of sneezing. These embiyonic forms manage somehow or other to get introduced into the bodies of other animals, where they become fully developed. Ptirstenberg has found the immature or asexual form in the mesenteric glands of the sheep, as developed from the eggs of this parasite, which are swallowed by the sheep with its food. When a dog or wolf eats the entrails and mesenteric glands of such sheep, the embryonic parasite sticks to the nose and lips, and afterwards passes up the nostrils, where it becomes firmly fixed by its hooks. Here the embryo gradually increases in size, is endowed with sexual organs in about two months, and attains its full development in twelve. Colin introduced fifty immature parasites into a iSTewfoundland dog. Eight months afterwards the dog was killed, and eleven mature parasites, nine males and two females, were found in the ethmoidal cells and about the turbinated bones. The males moved about; the females were fixed by their booklets to the pituitary membrane, and had their copulative sacs filled with spermatozoa, and their oviducts crammed with eggs.

quot; Symptoms.�As to the symptoms produced by the worm, whilst Eudolphi found a dog which he examined perfectly well, and Dujardin, Miram, Colin, etc., make no reference to any disorder in their cases, on the other hand, Chobart gives rather a dark account of the effects produced. ' The animal,' he says,' is subject to convulsions, during which it is violently agitated, stops short, hits itself on the head, rolls over, rubs its nose on the ground, and the jaws are convulsively champed. It devours everything within reach, such as wood, straw, etc.

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discharges a large quantity of saliva, passes urine involuntarily, and sneezes without ceasing. Death sometimes ensues.'

quot;The mucous membrane of the nose is found to be red, blackish, ecchymosed, thickened, and ulcerated; the sinuses more or less filled with pus; and even the ethmoid bone sometimes partially carious.

quot; Treatment.�Trephine the nostrils and inject with water. Inhalations of chlorine and tobacco smoke. Chloroform ?quot;

'lt;

ASTHMA (Congestive).

This disease is due to congestion of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, and chiefly affects aged, highly-fed, pampered Tiouse dogs, and those in the same condition out of doors.

Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary disposition, indigestion, gastric and intestinal irritation.

Exciting Causes.�Sudden changes of temperature; flatu�lency ; obstructed pneumonic circulation; large accumulations of fat, especially about the heart and large bloodvessels; pun�gent eflluvire, especially ammoniacal: hence dogs continually kept in foul stables being asthmatical.

Symptoms.�Thick, laboured, wheezing respiration; husky quot;bark; distress after exertion, with excessive panting, and frequently palpitation; Schneiderian membrane injected; flatulency and constipation.

Treatment.�Eemedial measures can only be adopted with a view to alleviating the symptoms; an absolute cure is out of the question. The digestive organs demand special atten�tion ; rich food, and that which is likely to produce flatulency must be strictly avoided. Vegetable charcoal and iron, 1 scruple of the former and 10 grains of the latter, made into a pill and given three times a week, with an occasional olea�ginous aperient, form as a rule the most effectual medicinal treatment. If the animal is gross and the breathing difficult, an ordinary emetic may be administered with benefit; and to

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ensure prolongation of life a gradual reduction of obesity, and when reduced proportionately a fixed standard maintained, is most necessary. If out of doors, the dryness, drainage, and kennel situation are matters of importance. (See quot;Kennel Arrangement.quot;)

ASTHMA (Spasmodic)

Differs from the former in that it comes on in paroxysms, often of almost a tetanic nature, and is usually unaccompanied by any inflammatory symptoms. It is more amenable to treatment than the previous form, but is liable to return suddenly and without warning.

Fredisposing Causes.�A previous attack, or hereditary disposition.

Exciting Causes.�Prolonged dyspepsia; flatulence; anterior spinal irritation; sudden changes of temperature; irritating effluviae.

Symptoms.�Sudden and laboured respiration, occurring at intervals; dry cough during the paroxysm, with or without expectoration; exertion frequently produces retching and vomiting.

Treatment.�An emetic at the onset is advisable. If the paroxysms continue, small doses of stimulants should be administered, as a teaspoonful of brandy and water, with three or four drops of spirits of camphor. When the attack occurs after a meal an aperient is indicated.

The instructions given for the preceding form regarding diet, will apply to spasmodic asthma. Overloading the stomach, and exertion after a meal, shoidd especially be avoided.

PLEURISY,

Or inflammation of the investing membrane of the lungs, and that lining the thoracic cavity, may be associated with pneu�monia (pleuro-pneumonia) or exist as an independent disease.

3�2 ' #9632;''

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Predisposing Causes.�Debility, disease of the lungs, or any of the predisposing causes of inflammation.

Exciting Causes.�Cold; inflammation of neighbouring textures; injuries, as fracture of, or wounds penetrating between or external to, the ribs.

Symptoms.�These generally commence with shivering and febrile disturbance; respiration quickened; the inspiration is remarkably short, being suddenly interrupted almost imme�diately the breath is taken; this is due to the pain caused by the movement of the ribs in dilatation, or the inflation of the lungs on and against the pleura; the abdominal muscles are in consequence called in to aid respiration, hence the bellow-like heaving movement at the flank. There is a dry suppressed cough, and the usual indications of fever; nose hot and dry, tongue white and slimy, eyes bright and watery, conjunctival membrane injected, pulse hard, jerking, and frequent. As these symptoms advance the animal becomes exceedingly distressed, frequently sitting on his haunches with the fore legs wide apart; pressure over the ribs causes acute pain ; the cough is more frequent, the breathing shorter and more difficult, and an anxious haggard look pervades the whole countenance.

Terminations. � Resolution, adhesion, eftusion, or the chronic form.

In the lower animals, recovery from acute pleurisy usually terminates in adhesions, while effusion is generally the fore�runner of death. When the latter (effusion) takes place, a considerable and marked alteration is immediately manifested in the symptoms�the breathing becomes more and more laboured, threatening suffocation; on auscultation the natural respiratory murmur is absent so far as the fluid reaches, whilst above it is considerably increased; percussion gives a dull dead sound over the region of effusion ; as the fluid increases the intercostal spaces become bulged, and towards the latter stage the dependent parts of the animal are more or less oedematous. The pulse is feeble and quick, and as the end approaches becomes imperceptible. Asphyxia closes the scene.

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jPost-mortem Examination.�Effusion of serum, with pus, and bands of lymph across the walls of tiie chest; recent adhesions, and considerable thickening of the pleura, coated with lymph.

Treatment.�Pleurisy, from the aouteness of its character and rapidity of its progress, demands prompt and active measures : bleeding, advocated by other authors, is not, in my opinion, admissible, or in accordance with the character of the disease, which is excessively lowering in itself, and weakening the volume of blood would have a tendency rather to promote what of all things we should wish to avoid�effusion�than check the inflammatory process and prevent its occurrence. Purgatives are equally inadmissible, and, of the two, more dangerous, for if excessive action of the bowels is excited in any inflammatory chest affection, it is with the utmost difficulty it can be checked; more often is the case, of which I have had painful experience, that its abatement has not been accom-plished, and death has been hastened thereby.

The remedial measures best adapted to this disease are diffusible stimulants and counter-irritation.

Spt. yEther. Mt......................... 2 ounces.

Liq. Ammon. Acetat................... 4 �

A teaspoonful every four hours in twice the quantity of linseed tea for a small dog, and double of each for a large one.

Counter-irritation may be applied to the chest in the form of mustard-plasters, ammonia or terebinth embrocation, or hot linseed-meal poultices. The temperature of the body should be equaiised as much as possible, but due regard to the obser�vance of proper ventilation is necessary. Many persons wrongly imagine that a warm room and the exclusion of fresh ah is equally necessary to the lower animal as to the higher �a fatal error.

Where the debility rapidly increases, and there is danger of effusion taking place, tinct. of ferri, 5 to 10 minims, should be added to each dose of the stimulant. This, from its con�stringent power, is undoubtedly one of the best agents we have

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for the prevention of dropsies. quot;Where effusion is present the ferri iodiclum should he substituted, active counter-irritation applied to the sides, and a seton may be inserted with benefit in front of the chest. It is necessary, however, to observe that where the latter measure is adopted, increased support is need�ful, from the weakening tendency of the agent. Where the effusion increases, and the case appears hopeless unless the fluid is removed, tapping the chest by means of the insertion of a small trochar between the eighth and ninth ribs may be had recourse to. The operation affords immediate relief in removing the compression on the lungs and the displacement of the heart. It is however, as a rule, but a temporaiy respite. Secondary secretion follows, and usually more rapidly than that which preceded it, and we may tap again with the same result. There are, nevertheless, exceptional cases ; in the horse I have seen recovery follow the operation, and also in the dog.

CHEONIC PLEUEISY

May, as I have stated, be a termination of the former, or it may begin as a chronic affection, i.e., it may assume a sub-acute form from the commencement. Pain on the affected side, cough, increased pulse, and respiration con�siderably accelerated by exertion, and more or less fever, are the symptoms generally present. Effusion or lymph and adhesions are usually present; as the lymph becomes or�ganised, the fluid absorbed, and the adhesions firmer, the walls of the chest become flattened; dulness on percussion, feebleness of the respiratory murmur, and an occasional rasping sound attend this condition.

Treatment.�This consists in endeavouring to promote absorption of the effused fluids, and in giving strength to the patient. The sulphate of iron, in from 5 to 15 grains, in proportion to the size of the animaj, with cod-liver oil, forms

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the best, and, I have found, the most successful medicinal treatment.

Mild continued counter-irritation to the sides of the chest is also advisable. The application of the tincture of iodine, after first shaving off the hair, is exceedingly useful, and the insertion of a seton in front of the chest for a month or six weeks is most valuable.

The diet should be nourishing, and every means adopted which is calculated to impart vigour.

PNEUMONIA,

#9632;Or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, is a complaint to which dogs are exceedingly liable.

Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary disease, as scrofula or phthisis, an anremio or plethoric habit of body, sudden and frequent changes of temperature.

Exciting Causes.�Exposure to cold and damp (especially in toy or house dogs, frequently washed and not carefully dried, and who are used to a warm atmosphere), violent exertion, #9632;penetrating lung wounds.

Symptoms.�The stages of pneumonia are usually three : 1st, that of engorgement, or congestion; 2nd, red hepatization; 3rd, yellow or grey hepatization, or purulent infiltration.

The early stage is generally ushered in with shiverings, followed by fever; the pulse is increased, the respiration becomes quickened, there is an occasional short cough, the head is extended, the eyes bloodshot, nose hot and dry, tongue protruded and furred, edges of a deep red; the animal assumes ;a sitting posture, with the fore-legs wide apart.

Auscultation reveals a crackling or crepitating sound, which is circumscribed according to the amount of lung involved; this sound obscures to a great extent the re-. spiratory murmur in those portions not diseased, and as the raquo;malady proceeds this murmur becomes quite obliterated, the

mmammmmm

The Management and Diseases of the Log.

crepitus general and 'more defined, and the other symptoms-all increased in severity.

If the malady is not checked at this stage, it quickly passes on into the second. The crepitus on auscultation is absent, and no sound, except it he a slight wheezing or whistling noise, can be detected; hepatization has then taken place, and inflation is but a cipher. The sound emitted on percussion at this stage is very characteristic of consolidation, being flat and dead.

The cough now is frequent, and accompanied with red or rusty expectoration; the eyes have a sunken appearance; respiration is performed with great effort and pain; the cheeks are inflated in the act, nostrils dilated, and the general expression is haggard and pitiful in the extreme. The posi�tion on the haunches is still maintained, or, if changed, it is but momentarily to stand with the fore-legs propped apart to allow more room for the abdominal muscles to aid respiration.

When the third stage arrives and suppuration commences �in other words, when the lung structure breaks down, aus�cultation discovers a new sound�a bubbling or gurgling crepitation caused by the passage of air through pus.

On placing the hand flat upon the side, much the same sensation will be communicated; it is as though fluid was boiling underneath, and I have been painfully struck with this phenomenon both in. the human and canine subject. The appealing look for relief in this stage is most affecting; acutely is the weakness of .human aid now felt by the atten�dant�petting, caressing, words of comfort and pity, are all that he has to dispose of.

The cough is now loose, and accompanied with copious ex�pectoration ; the mouth and lips are coated with sticky slime; the breath has a peculiar fcetid cadaverous odour, and is taken in short gasps; the ears and extremities are cold and clammy; the pulse is imperceptible, and death closes the scene. Such, briefly, may be described as the leading symptoms in the several stages of pneumonia.

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Treatment.�Pneumonia admits of no delay in treatment; immediately symptoms of the malady are presented, our course must be promptly decided. The same remarks as to the advisability of bleeding and physio in pleurisy are equally applicable here. Stimulants and counter-irritation are decidedly indicated; in protracted pneumonia the latter may be earned to the extent of a cantharidine application, and the seton is especially serviceable; the necessity of bodily warmth, the admittance of a reasonable amount of fresh air, and a nutritious diet, must not be forgotten. Iron and cod-liver oil, after the more active symptoms have abated, will materially assist in promoting convalescence. It is now pretty generally acknowledged that consolidated lung is capable of regeneration, and I have had myself practical experience of the fact. Dr. Chambers observes: quot;I have no doubt, in my own mind, that the way in which consolidated lung recovers is by the exudated fibrin breaking down into pus, and being expectorated, whilst the obstructed air vesicles regain their elasticity and capacity for performing their functions. This is a strong argument for an ample supply of nutriment during the regenerative process.quot;

CONSUMPTION.

This decimating disease of mankind extends to the lower animals, and dogs are frequently subjects in which its fatal seeds are sown.

Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary taint, close confinement, bad air, unwholesome food, and breeding in and in.

Exciting Cattscs.�Preceding diseases, as distemper, pneu�monia, catarrh, scrofula, asthma. Sudden changes of tempera�ture, damp habitation.

Symptoms.�Occasional cough; short respiration, accelerated during exertion, with increased cough; failing appetite; loss #9632;of flesh. As the disease proceeds, profuse expectoration take

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place, the breath becomes fcetid, great prostration is manifest, the hair falls off, diarrhoea sets in, and the animal dies much in the same way as our own unfortunate species do.

Treatment.�This can only be adopted so far as the allevia�tion of suffering and the prolongation of life are concerned ; cure is impossible. In the early stages a seton in the chest, cod-liver oil and iron, nutritious diet, and the avoidance of exposure to damp and cold, will often arrest the progress of the disease; in fact, if thus checked early it will assume a quiescent state, and remain so for a long time, or even the natural period of canine existence.

It is almost needless to add that a dog so affected should never be used for breeding purposes.

POLYPUS.

Polypus within the nose is occasionally met with in canine practice. At times the tumour is visible externally, protrud�ing from the nostril; whilst at others, and when small, it may be situated high up and out of sight.

Symptoms.�The animal frequently sneezes, and from the obstruction to the free passage of air the respiration is stuffy and difficult, and if the obstruction has existed some time, is accompanied #9632;with nasal discharge. Examination reveals the presence of polypus.

Treatment.�This consists in removal by ligature or forceps,. and the nostril may be syringed for a few days afterwards with a �weak solution of alum.

OZtENA.

Though of common occurrence in the horse, is rarely seen in the dog. The disease consists of a copious and foetid discharge from one or both nostrils.

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Causes.�Prolonged catarrh, irritation from the presence of foreign substances in the nasal chambers or frontal sinuses, uloeration of the Schneiderian membrane, disease of the tur-binated bones, unsound teeth.

Symptoms.�Discharge as already described, which may be continuous or periodical, obstructed breathing having a rattling sound from the ingress and egress of air through the said discharge; frequent sneezing and occasional cough.

Treatment.�The nostrils should be daily syringed with warm water, and where there is ulceration or diseased bone,, either of the following lotions may be injected:

1.�Alum ................................. 5 grains.

Aqua ................................. 1 ounce.

2.�Zinc chloride........................ 5 grains.

Aqua ................................. 1 ounce.

3.�Nitrate of silver..................... 5 grains.

Aqua ................................. 1 ounce.

The second recipe, where there is much foetor, is most useful. If the disease proceeds from a diseased tooth, removal will be at once necessary. If from polypus, the same course must be adopted.

Mineral tonics, and generous diet and free out-door exercise,, are essential adjuncts to the treatment.

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CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

DENTITION, DECAYED TEETH, TARTAR, CANKER, GLOSSITIS,

ULCERS,

BLAIN,

PARALYSIS,

PHARYNGITIS,

SALIVATION.

DENTITION.

Accoeding to the dentition of the dog liy M. Girard and Linnseus, the following is the acknowledged formula:

Incisors, f; canines, �; molars, ?=5r=42.

The following cuts exhibit the front teeth of the dog in varions stages of growth and decay:

Fig. 4.

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Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 10,

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The full-grown dog has usually twenty teeth in the uppev and twenty-two in the lower jaw, with two small supernu�merary molars. All of them, with the exception of the tushes, are provided with a long neck covered by the gums, and separating the body of the tooth from the root. The projecting portion of the teeth is more or less pointed, and disposed so as to tear and crush the food on which the dog lives. They are of moderate size when compared with those of other animals, and are subject to little loss of substance compared with the teeth of the horse. In most of them, however, there is some alteration of form and substance, both in the incisors and the tushes; but this depends so much on the kind of food on which the animal lives, and the consequent use of the teeth, that the indication of the age by the altered appearance of the mouth is not to be depended upon after the animal is four or five years old. The incisor teeth are six in number in each jaw, and are placed opposite to each other. In the lower jaw, the pincers, or central teeth, are the largest and the strongest; the middle teeth are somewhat less, and the comer teeth the smallest and the weakest. In the upper jaw, however, the corner teeth are much larger than the middle ones; they are farther apart from their neighbours, and they terminate in a conical point, curved somewhat inwards and backwards.

As long as the teeth of the full-grown dog are whole, and not injured by use, they have a healthy appearance, and their colour is beautifully white. The surface of the incisors presents, as in the ruminants, an interior and cutting edge, and a hollow or depression within. This edge or border is divided into three lobes, the largest and most projecting forming the summit or point of the tooth. The two lateral lobes have the appearance of notches cut on either side of the principal lobe, and the union of the three resembles the fleur de lis, which, however, is in the process of time effaced by the wearing out of the teeth. (Figs. 6 and 7.)

While the incisors are young tfeey are flattened on their

Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 47

sides, and bent somewhat backwards, and there is a decided cavity, in which a pulpy substance is enclosed. This, how�ever, is gradually contracted as the age of the dog increases.

quot; M. F. C'uvier speaks of certain supernumerary teeth occa�sionally developed in each of the jaws. There is much irregularity accompanying them, and they have even been supposed to have extended to seven or eight in number.quot;� Youatt.

The following notes are extracted from Professor Simonds' lecture on this subject:�quot; The dog at birth, as a rule, has no teeth, but if we examine the gums we may plainly see the outline of them, and easily count the number, and the same applies to the molars. When about one month old the tem�porary teeth seem to be all complete, and cut through the gums. After that period very little is to be observed, except the growth of them. In the course of a very short time the temporary teeth may be observed giving way. It is difficult to say which permanent ones come first, but he (Professor Simonds), from his observations, believes the corner incisors and tushes do so, and not unfrequently it is the same witli the temporary ones. The cutting of the permanent teeth com�mences at the age of four months, and at about six months the animal generally has them all, and at eighteen months dentition is complete. Perhaps up to about a year old there is not much difficulty in telling the age of the dog. If pro�perly kept the teeth will be sharp and white, without wear, because if fed on soft food they would be preserved much longer (?); while on the other hand, if the meal consists of bones and hard food, they will be worn away much sooner, and seeing these things, we must judge accordingly. At three years old, as a rule, they will present a worn surface ; beyond this we have nothing more to guide us.quot;

48 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

DECAYED TEETH.

Sound teeth are essential to the comfort, health, and pleasurable companionship of the dog as they are to mankind, unfortunately, however, in our canine friends these useful agents are liable to become decayed, and the once nursed pet is, by the foetor of his breath, rendered offensive, and ordered to a distance.

Decayed teeth are the cause of many diseases, especially of the mouth and digestive organs. Painful swellings, abscesses �and sinuses of the cheek, structural changes in the jaw-bone� leading to tumour, laceration of the tongue, canker, constitu�tional irritation, indigestion, and intestinal disease.

There can be no doubt that the clog at times is a martyr to toothache, the slobbering manner in which he partakes of his food, and often his refusal to do so, with the head held on one side, denote this to the observant eye.

Decayed teeth are dependent, to a great extent, upon the system of feeding (see quot; Feedingquot;). They should at all times be removed. Occasionally hcemorrhage will follow extraction. In such a case a little cotton wool steeped in tincture of myrrh, iron, or solution of alum, and packed in the cavity, will have �the desired effect of arrestina; it.

TAETAE.

The deposit of tartar on the teeth is likewise prejudicial to health, and is usually the result of injudicious feeding and gastric derangement.

The accumulation, especially in aged dogs, is often very considerable. In consequence of the irritation produced on the gums, they become congested, swollen, and spongy, the teeth loosen and decay, the breath is disgustingly fcetid, and con�stitutional disease follows such a condition if long maintained. Teeth so affected should be quot; soaled,quot;lt;ancl afterwards brushed

Diseases of the Mouth a/nd Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 49

with soap and water and a little charcoal, or a few drops of simple tincture of myrrh.

The repetition of deposit may frequently be prevented, by allowing the animal occasionally large bones to gnaw.

The food must be plain, not stimulating; luxuries are es�pecially to be avoided; a mild dose of aperient medicine, and subsequently a little iron and quinine, -will aid in restoring tone to the system.

CANKER

Canker of the mouth is a result of the foregoing affections ; it is exceedingly painful, and, if long neglected, very trouble�some.

Symptoms.�The gum is congested, swollen and spongy, and bleeds on the least pressure. Abscesses not unfrequently form on the jaw, and discharge disgustingly fetid pus; hssma-toid granulations follow, and the poor animal is reduced, from inability through pain to lap or masticate, to a mere skeleton, while a considerable amount of inflammatory fever is present. Treatment.�This primarily consists in the removal of the cause. Eotten stumps, loose or over-crowded teeth, should be extracted; if necrosis of the bone is present, that likewise must be removed. Small doses of alterative medicine daily, for a few days, should follow. The food should be soft, nutritious and plain; animal food is, for a time, best avoided.

The following gargle will have a beneficial effect on the condition of the gums:

Alum .................................... 10 grains.

Tinct. Myrrh Co...................... J drachm.

Acid, acetic............................ J �

Aqua .................................... 6 ounces.

A little to be used twice a day.

50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

AFFECTIONS OF THE TONGUE.

GLOSSITIS.

Dogs are very liable to injuries of the tongue, resulting in severe inflammatory action of its membrane or substance (glossitis). This frequently occurs from its being bitten during an attack of epilepsy, in devouring sharp substances, or from irritation and laceration produced from broken teeth, stings, or the contact of acrid matters.

Symptoms.�Pain, swelling, increased salivation, difficulty of deglutition, intense thirst, and more or less constitutional disturbance.

Treatment.�Warm fomentations, scarification, or, if pos�sible, the application of leeches�which in small dogs, when gagged, is not difficult. If from the teeth, filing or removal. A dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and the food consist of warm slops.

ULCERS.

These usually arise from excessive deposit of tartar on, or decay of, the teeth, or from gastric derangement.

Treatment.�If from tartar, the teeth should be scaled; if from decay, removed. Where they are due to gastric derange�ment, aperient medicine, with restricted plain diet, must be prescribed. If the ulcers do not disappear under this treat�ment, they may be occasionally touched with lunar caustic.

BLAIN,

Or enlargement of the tongue, with the presence of vesicles on its lateral and under surface, is a disease to which the lower animals are very subject. The dog, however, is not so

Diseases of the Mouth and 'Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 51

in proportion to licrses and oxen. Blain is more frequent in spring and autumn, and often assumes an epidemic form.

Symptoms.�These come on suddenly, -without any trace�able cause or warning. The tongue is considerably swollen and red, and has the appearance of being engorged with blood ; its sides and under surface are studded with large livid vesicles. The salivary secretion is considerably increased, and rapidly changes from its normal character to a purulent, bloody, and foetid discharge, due to the formation of unhealthy or gangrenous ulcers at the base of the vesicles.

Treatment.�In the earlier stages the malady will generally yield to aperient medicine, and astringent washes to the mouth. When the disease has become advanced, ulcers succeed the vesicles, and a fcetid discharge accompanies them. A weak solution of chloride of zinc should be used to the mouth, and the ulcers occasionally touched with nitrate of silver.

Tonics are the most suitable medicinal agents.

�. .,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;r cm 5 to 10 grains.

Treacle ................................. Sufficient.

One pill to be given twice a day.

Or,

Tinct. Ferri Mur...................1 _or, ,

Tinct. Gentian Co................}laquo;laquo; 30 drops.

Aqua.................................... 1 ounce.

A teaspoonful twice a day; double for a large dog.

The food should be soft, and chiefly liquid, owing to the soreness of the mouth.

PAEALYSIS OF THE TONGUE.

A partial paralysis of the tongue is not unfrequent in dogs, and particularly those of the bull bred. In some this lolling side protrusion is a congenital deformity ; but it more often occurs from injury, long-continued chorea, or debUity.

4�2

The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Symptoms.�The organ hangs generally from one side of the mouth. Its condition rarely interferes with lapping, but it gives rise to other undesirable results. From its pro�trusion and long exposure to air it becomes dry, coated with fur, more or less indurated, and is, to say the least of it unsightly.

Treatment.�If the paralysis he of recent date, nux vomica 1 to 2 grains, and ferri sulph. 5 to 10 grains, twice daily, will often, if not absolutely remove it, considerably reduce it. Wbere the affection has been of long existence, the same treatment is still applicable, with the addition of a small seton in the submaxillary space; but the latter cases are far from satisfactory ones to deal with. The tongue should be fre�quently placed back in the mouth, and, if possible, kept there for a time ; this will tend to prevent, to a considerable extent, the condition named from its long exposure to air.

The diet is best composed of slops, and these should be placed within reach of the animal, so that he may lap when�ever inclination prompts him.

THAEYaSTGITIS.

Inflammation of the pharynx, unassociated with other disease, is of rare occurrence in the dog. It is usually due to an immediate exciting cause�as the lodgment of some foreign body, or contact of acrid and irritating substances.

Symptoms.�A dry, irritable cough, such as would lead one to suppose an effort was being made to dislodge some irritant matter. The membrane has a congested and swollen appear�ance ; there is considerable difficulty in deglutition, and the act, or attempt to perform it, is followed with retching. The throat is sensitive to external pressure, and cough is easily excited by it.

If the disease proceeds, a purulent discharge takes place from the nostrils, the salivary secretion is increased, and con�siderable constitutional disturbance follows.

Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 53

Pharyngitis may terminate in resolution, ulceration, and ; abscess, or pliaryngeal stricture.

Treatment.�In the first place, it is necessary to ascertain the cause. If it arises from the presence of a foreign body, .its removal at once is indicated; and the same will apply to the contact of acrid or irritating substances. External fomen�tations with warm water, or the application of linseed poul�tices, and the exhibition of bland, warm drinks, should form the after treatment.

If the inflammatory action has a tendency to become #9632; chronic, a weak solution of nitrate of silver is the best local application, particularly if there is ulceration; and tonics, particularly iron and quinine, are the most suitable medicinal agents.

Pharyngeal abscess is generally denoted by a fluctuating tense swelling, with difficulty in swallowing. The head is carried stiffly, and the nose poked out. Treatment consists in ithe evacuation of the matter with the lance or trochar.

Pharyngeal stricture usually proceeds from protracted in�flammatory action; and is manifested by repeated attempts at deglutition, with considerable difficulty in performing the act when eating food, particularly solid matter. Treatment, as in other strictures, is by dilatation. The food should be .fluid and unstimulating.

SALIVATION.

Salivation, when unassociated with any local affections of the rmouth or neighbouring structures, is usually an indication of imercurialism. Unfortunately for the canine race, mercury, in some one of its compounds, whether for internal or ex�ternal use, forms one of the pet remedies of quot; dog doctors.quot; The red and green iodides are especial favourites for external use, and for diseases often requiring very opposite treatment 'these preparations are prescribed. To wit, skin diseases�all

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of which in the vocabulary of the quack are mange. quot;While for alterative, aperient, or emetic purposes, calomel is used most indiscreetly.

Symptoms.�In mercurialism, the salivary secretion is un�usually abundant, the teeth are loose aud discoloured, the ' gums spongy, swollen, and tender, and of a deep red, often approaching a purple hue. The breath is singularly fcetid; the tongue loaded with brown fur, and red down the sides. There is little appetite, but excessive thirst.

Sloughing and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth frequently follow, and if the mercurial doses have been excessive the stomach and intestines are in a like manner affected, resulting in blood-stained vomits and san�guinary purging.

If suitable measures are not taken to check these effects, considerable irritative fever is established. Extreme debility follows, the hair falls off, the animal becomes rapidly emaciated, tremulous, and paralytic, and dies in convulsions or delirium. Kot unfrequently the face is considerably swollen, and the joints are hot and tender. Mercurialism. also gives rise to a species of eczema (eczema mercuriale). See quot; Skin Diseases.quot;

Treatment.�The most effectual antidotes for poisoning by mercury are albuminous compounds, the white of eggs being perhaps the best, especially in the case of corrosive sublimate.

Christison, writing on the subject, observes: quot; It has already been hinted that albumen, in the form of white of eggs beat up with water, impairs or destroys the corrosive properties of bichloride of mercury, by decomposing it, and producing an insoluble mercurial compound. For this discovery, and the establishment of albumen as an antidote, medicine is indebted to Professor Orfila. He has related many satisfactory ex�periments in proof of its virtues. The following will serve as an example of the whole. Twelve grains of corrosive sublimate were given to a little dog, and allowed to act for eight minutes, so that its usual effects might fairly begin

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before the antidote was administered. White of eight eggs was then given; after several fits of vomiting the animal became apparently free from pain; and in five days it was quite well.* According to Peschier, the white of one egg is required to render four grains of the poison innocuous.^-!^-The experiments of the Parisian toxicologist have been repeated and confirmed by others, and particularly by Schloepfer; who found that when a dose was given to a rabbit sufficient to kill it in seven minutes if allowed to act uncontrolled, the administration of albumen, just as the signs of uneasiness appeared, prevented every serious symptom. Dr. Samuel Wright lias found that if the administration of albumen is followed up by giving some astringent decoction or infusion, the beneficial effects are more complete, because the compound formed is less soluble in an access of albumen. Albumen is chiefly useful in the early stage of poisoning with corrosive sublimate, and is particularly called for when vomiting does not take place. But it further appears to be an excellent demulcent in the advanced stages.quot;

Five or six parts of fresh gluten, in 50 parts of a solution of soft soap, has been found also a successful antidote, and where neither albumen nor gluten is at hand, milk is a con�venient and useful substitute. Iron filings, the proto-sulphuret of iron, meconic acid, and charcoal, have each been advocated as mercurial antidotes.

quot; The treatment of mercurial salivation consists in exposure to a cool pure air, nourishing diet, and purgatives, if the intestinal canal is not already irritated. In some of the in�flammatory affections it induces, venesection is required, in others it is hurtful In some complaints induced by mercury, as in iritis, the poison appears to be its own antidote, for nothing checks the inflammation so soon and so certainly as mercurial salivation.

⁰ Toxicologie Ginamp;al, i. 313.

t Corvisart'a Journal de Mamp;iecine, xxxr�i. 77.

56 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; Dr. rinlay, of the United States, proposed to check mer�curial salivation by small doses of tartar emetic frequently repeated, so as to act on the skin ;* and Mr. Daniel has recom�mended large doses of the acetate of lead as an effectual antidote for the same purposct

quot; Dr. Klose, a German physician, says he has found iodine to possess the property of arresting the effects of mercury on the mouth. J The iodide of potassium is generally acknow�ledged to be one of the best remedies for eradicating the constitutional infirmities left in many by severe courses of mercury.quot;

^e Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 218. t Lond. Med. Eepoa. N. S., vi. 368. t Lond. Med. Gazette, 1836-37, ii. 144.

(

CHAPTER IV.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

INDIGESTION,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;GASTRITIS,

VOMITING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INVERSION,

WORMS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CALCULI IN THE STOMACH,

HUSK,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; FOREIGN BODIES.

INDIGESTION.

The stomaoli of the dog is not so liable to disease as might be expected, considering the source from which at times he derives his sustenance (see quot; Feedingquot;), the morbid appetite that prompts him to devour strange and unnatural substances, the long fasts he frequently endures, and the quot;get what you canquot; rule of diet. Nevertheless he is subject, and some dogs more than others, to the diseases mentioned in this chapter, one of the most frequent of which is dyspepsia or indigestion, the causes operating in its production being much the same as in ourselves. Long fasts, innutritions and indigestible food, disease of the digestive organs, imperfect mastication, deficiency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretions, want of exercise, and suspension in the alvine evacuations.

Symptoms.�Flatulency, acrid eructations, constipation or diarrhoea, fulness of the abdomen, spasmodic pains, depression, loss of appetite, dry furred tongue, thirst, often increased salivary secretion, vomiting, and occasionally cough. (See quot;Husk.quot;)

Treatment.�The system of feeding generally requires our first attention where the complaint is due to over-feeding, which is frequently the case with toy-dogs. Starvation for a

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day, followed by a spare diet, and an aperient draught, #9632;will usually effect a cure. Or again, if the animal has been kept on one kind of food for a considerable period, given in excess, and that kind has been either too stimulating, or innutritious and indigestible, a correction and modification must be ob�served.

If owing to imperfect mastication, from the presence of loose, broken, or decayed teeth, their removal is indicated. Where we have reason to believe the ailment is due to deficiency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretion�which the stools being of a clay colour, dry in consistency, and con�taining undigested matter, will denote, care should be taken that the meal is not excessive, the water not stinted, and the food plain and easy of digestion.

Constipation may be relieved in the first instance by a dose of castor-oil, followed, if necessary, with enemas. Diarrhcea generally proceeds from the presence of undigested matter in the intestinal tract, and castor-oil is here also applicable. Acrid eructations and flatulency are best treated with small doses of bicarbonate of soda and charcoal, ten grains of the former and one scruple of the latter, given in a little water or made into a bolus, administered after meals.

Indigestion usually requires a moderate and plain diet; lime-water and milk, with simple biscuit or bread, form the most suitable, until the digestive organs have assumed a healthy tone. Patty and, as a rule, vegetable matters should be for a time avoided. Exceptional cases are those arising from general debility. In such the food must be nourishing, and small doses of ferri and cod-bver oil will materially assist in restoring the animal to a healthy condition. Daily exercise should be insisted on.

VOMITING. The stomach of the dog is pecubarly liable to reflex peristaltic action. Vomition in this quot;animal is perhaps more

#9632;H^H

tmamm

Diseases of the Stomach.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59

easily excited than in any other of the lower species. We have abundant proof of this in the administration of medicines, and in common observance during exercise, when their instinct teaches them to seek what is termed quot; dog-grass,quot; the effect of which after swallowing is quickly manifested.

Vomiting may be a symptom of disease, the result of an overloaded stomach, or the presence of irritating matters within it or applied to the fauces, or it may take place from cesopliagal obstruction. Worms are a very frequent cause of vomition. (See quot; Worms.quot;)

The vomit may consist of mucus, bile, blood, or food mingled with other offending matters.

Vomiting is medicinally induced by agents termed quot;emetics,quot; the favourite one being tartarised antimony�and a dangerous one it is when given injudiciously. Fortunately, however, the dog's stomach, as previously observed, quickly responds to its call, and it is for the most part thrown off; otherwise dogs would by quacks be killed by the score. If his more unfor�tunate companion, the horse, were equally capable of performing the same act, antimony would speedily cease to exist in the never-failing condition-powders of the groom and chemist. Tor all ordinary purposes, plain warm water or water in which (if immediate action be desired) a little salt and mustard is mixed, is sufficient; in fact, I have readily produced vomiting with the latter, when I have failed with antimony. The treatment of vomiting must be directed to the cause.

WOEMS IN THE STOMACH.

Dogs are frequently troubled with worms in the stomach. Their presence gives rise to severe gastric disturbance, and is often productive of convulsions and death.

Symptoms.�Those usually presented are constant retching and vomiting, foetid breath, a dry, husky cough, intestinal irregularity, pains resembling those of colic, large appetite.

�aim

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more or less emaciation. Occasionally cerebral symptoms are-also manifest. (See quot; Epilepsy.quot;)

The worms usually present are the ascans marginata, or margined round worm.

For further particulars, see chapter on quot;Internal Parasites.quot;' Treatment.�I have generally found ol. terebinth, from a tea-spoonful upwards, in proportion to the size of the dog, mixed with plain or castor oil�if with the former, then followed by the latter�to be effective. The dose may be repeated in three-days, if necessary.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;________^

HUSK.

Dogs are frequently affected with gastric catarrh, or what is commonly called hush It is sometimes associated with distemper, but it more frequently exists as an independent affection, the result of severe indigestion or exposure to damp-and cold.

Symptoms.�Like other catarrhal diseases,there is increased secretion of mucus, with more or less congestionof its membrane lining the stomach, attended with the usual febrile symptoms. Nose hot and dry; injection of the visible mucous membranes,, particularly the conjunctiva; furred tongue, increased pulse and respiration; abdominal pain,; with retching, vomiting, and constipation. A dry, husky cough (hence the term) is usually present, and is accompanied, as the malady proceeds, by a frothy tenacious expectoration, which the animal struggles to free itself from. Unless checked the catarrh extends to the intestines, giving rise to a violent form of diarrhoea, followed by rapid emaciation and death.

Treatment.�The affection generally yields soonest to tonics combined with opiates* The following pill I have found most serviceable:

* Gamgee (quot;Our Domestic Animalsquot;) prescribes dilute hydrocyanic acid in doses from two to three drops given in quot;water or a little wine ; and he remarks, that in that stage of the disease when considerable prostra�tion is observed, he has seen great good^from the occasional administra�tion of wine and spirits of nitric ether.

Diseases of the Stomach.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;61

Opium......... 1 to 3 grains, in proportion to the dog's size.

Ferri Sulph.... 6 to 10 grains,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ditto.

One to be given twice daily.

In protracted cases I prescribe the mix vomica, in com�bination with the iron, and find it attended with excellent results.

When the abdominal pain is severe, counter-irritatiou or hot linseed-meal poultices to the region of the stomach afford great relief.

Constipation is best removed with salad oil and enemas. Ordinary purgatives are injurious and dangerous.

The food should consist of mucilaginous liquids, owing to the sensitive condition of the stomach. Solid and indigestible matters are very prejudicial. Milk, rendered alkaline with lime-water, should be given the patient to lap, in lieu of plain water. Exposure to cold and damp must be avoided, and the return to ordinary food and life gradually introduced as con�valescence advances.

When the intestines become involved and diarrhoea sets in, much care will be required to prevent a fatal termination. Astringents, combined with opiates, should be used:

Opium.................................1 ,

TannicAcid ........................|alaquo;l grain.

Administered every four hours in a little water, or, what is serviceable in some cases, brandy and water, with a few drops of chlorodyne.

Counter-irritation to the abdomen; starch and sedative enemas; and strengthening, mucilaginous food, are also im�portant adjuncts in the treatment.

A common and apparently simple form of husk is frequently met with in dogs, particularly terriers, which I have generally attributed to the presence of worms in the stomach, and treat�ment accordingly has always removed it.

62nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

GASTEITIS.

Acute inflammation of the stomach is in the dog, compara�tively speaMng, of rare occurrence.

The mucous membrane lining the organ is generally alone involved in the inflammatory process, unless an exceptional cause arises, as the presence of some powerful irritant or cor�rosive matter. It will then be extended to the other coats.

Acute Gastritis quickly runs its course. The terminations are resolution, suppuration, gangrene.

Causes.�Sudden cold to the mucous membrane of the stomach, when the body is heated; a continued course of

stimulating food; the presence of acrid matters or irritating

poisons, as arsenic, antimony, corrosive sublimate, crotonnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

oil, turpentine, etc. Mechanical injuries from sharp sub�stances ; external violence, as kicks, blows, crushes, etc.; polypi, tumours, calculi.

Symptoms.�Vomiting is generally an early symptom in gastritis, and is prominent throughout the disease. The bowels are either obstinately constipated or relaxed. Con�siderable febrile disturbance is naturally present�the nose being hot and dry, breathing accelerated, pulse small and quick, mucous membranes injected, tongue hot and furred, and intense thirst.

The animal usually lies flat on his side, or stretched out full length on the belly, on the coldest spot he is able to find. A moan or pitiful whine is given utterance to from time to time, and the expression of the face is indicative of pain.

As the disease proceeds the countenance becomes exceed�ingly anxious, the moans more frequent, and the search for relief continuous. Severe rigors, cold extremities, sunken eye, a rapid and almost imperceptible pulse, sudden cessation of pain, denote that gangrene has set in, and the poor sufferer dies gradually and quietly, or in delirium.

A post-mortem examination reveals intense redness, either in patches or diffused, of the mucous membrane, with soften-

Diseases of the Stomach.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;63

ing of its structure and sometimes sloughing. If the disease has been caused by the action of some corrosive agent, per�foration of all the coats of the stomach, with extensive slough�ing, will generally be found.

Treatment.�The less the patient is disturbed the better. In the early stages leeches may be applied over the region of the stomach. Cold water should be allowed ad libitum,, for nothing is more grateful to the sufferer and so easily retained in the stomach, which, it must ever be borne in mind, is exceed�ingly sensitive under all conditions. Nourishment is best ad�ministered in the form of mucilaginous drinks, as barley-water, arrowroot, or broth thickened with isinglass or rice. Such matters, being bland, have the double effect of soothing and protecting the irritated mucous membrane, and giving to the patient at the same time the support required.*

With regard to medicinal agents, opium, from 3 to 10 grains, is the best agent for allaying an irritated or sensitive con�dition of the stomach, and also in checking diarrhcea. Con-

⁰ Ballard observes : quot; la preseribiug a diet in over-sensitive condi�tions of the stomach, it must be recollected that the food which comes into contact with the interior of the organ is to be regarded much in the same light as a local application made to tender parts of the body ; and as we should avoid bringing in contact with the latter any but bland and unirritating dressings, so with the former a similar principle must guide us, and we must select such matters only, and in such quantities as, while they are fitted to sustain the body, would be unirritating if applied to an external sore, and which experience has shown may be used, introduced into the sensitive stomach without producing pain or distress.

quot; In inflammatory and ulcerative conditions of the stomach, where the tenderness of the stomach is more due to the extent and severity of these lesions than to the exalted impressibility of the nervous system, the diet must often be exceedingly rigid, being limited to some of the most bland and soft or liquid articles of food, such as milk, arrowroot, gruel or beef-tea, which can sometimes only be tolerated when given in the smallest quantities at a time, such as a table-spoonful or a tea-spoon�ful. In cases in which acidity prevails, one-third part of lime-water is advantageously added. When these small quantities are given, they must be repeated every ten or twenty minutes with occasional longer intervals, and if insufficient to support the patient, injections of good beef-tea must, in addition, be thrown into the rectum.quot;

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stipation is most safely overcome with tepid water enemas. The return to solid food should be gradual, and that which is given easy of digestion and plain.

Chronic or Sub-acute Gastritis is much more frequently met with in dogs than the former.

Causes.�Protracted dyspepsia, constipation, unwholesome and indigestible food, or it may be a sequel to acute gastritis.

Symptoms.�Tenderness over the region of the stomach, frequent eructations, vomiting after meals, furred tongue, bowels usually constipated, and often there is a dry cough.

Treatment.�Bicarbonate of soda and charcoal as advised in indigestion, an occasional aperient of aloes and rhubarb, with the same description of food named in the preceding form of the disease, are the measures to be adopted.

INVERSION OF THE STOMACH.

This is of rare occurrence in the dog, perhaps more so than might be expected, considering the frequency of and suscep�tibility to vomiting.

From the quot;Abstract of the Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association for 1838-9.quot; quot; Mr. Ainslie laid before the Association a singular specimen of inversion of the stomach in a dog. The patient was three or four years old. He had for several months been subject to occasional vomiting, but this had of late become more frequent. He (Mr. Ainslie) attributed it to the treatment of the animal when under distemper. The disease had assumed its severest form, and large doses of calomel had been adminis�tered. From that time he had had fits of vomiting, sometimes without any evident cause, and generally after a hearty meal, and always if he took exercise after a meal. There was also, to the great annoyance of the owner, a continual discharge of viscid saliva from the comers of the mouth, and more or less

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blood accompanied every act of vomiting. The owner did not seem to suspect the real origin of this nuisance.

quot; On the first of the month he appeared to be as well as usual. In the evening he cleanly picked a bone for his supper, and after that came a fit of vomiting. He lay quiet during the night, and in the morning began to vomit mucus mixed with blood. This continued during the day; the.dog rapidly lost strength, and died in the evening. The blood retained its fluid state, mixed with mucus and saliva. When, on the following morning, he opened the dog, and began to feel for the stomach, no viscus of that kind was to be found in the abdomen. He then opened the thorax, and there he per�ceived a considerable enlargement of the cesophagus. At first sight it seemed to be a tumour attached to the parietes of that tube, but on closer examination the cesophagus was evidently dilated by some large soft body within it. He cut into it, and drew from it the stomach, inverted, and its mucous coat in the highest possible state of inflammation. The whole of the villons tunic was charged with congested blood. The dilatation of the oesophagus commenced even from the pharynx, and had probably existed for a considerable time. The food, or some portion of it, probably remained in this dilated portion of the cesophagus, and slowly passed into the stomach, and that might account for the frequent vomitings an hour or two after feeding, especially if the dog had taken any exercise.quot;

CALCULI IN THE STOMACH.

These calculi are exceedingly rare in the dog. They differ but little in appearance and character from those found in other portions of the viscera, being chiefly composed of the phosphates of lime and magnesia intermixed with organic matter, and having a smooth glistening surface.

Medicinal treatment, particularly acids, would be more

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likely to have a direct influence on them, by coming in actual contact with them, than in renal or vesicular calculi.

FOREIGN BODIES.

The stomach of the dog is frequently the receptacle for strange substances, some interesting cases of which are recorded by Ybuatt.

The presence of hair, straw, wood, stones, dung, and such like, though usually found in rabies, are not to be taken always as an infallible sign of that disease.

The partaking of the latter (dung) is a frequent and dis�gusting habit with young dogs, apparently in perfect health. In unkennelled animals it is rarely seen, and would therefore appear to a great extent to depend upon the denial of sufficient liberty, and the contraction of morbid tastes through confine�ment and injudicious management. Hunger and filth play a prominent part in creating such tastes.

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OP THE BOWELS.

CONSTIPATION,

DIAERHCEA,

DYSENTERY,

INT�S-SUSCEPTION,

HERNIA,

WORMS,

COLIC, ENTERITIS, PERITONITIS, PILES,

PROLAPSUS ANI, FISTULA IN AND.

CONSTIPATION.

The clog has a natural tendency to constipation, the evacua�tions being usually dry and solid, and attended with more or less straining ; nevertheless, as Mr. Youatt correctly observes. quot; Costiveness is a disease when it becomes habitual,quot; and to prevent such an occurrence due attention to the causes is requisite. Constipation is dependent to a great extent on the food, especially an over supply of bones of other dry matter: confinement, and denial of exercise, have a like result, and the fear of a breach of cleanly habits with house-dogs has an equal tendency to produce it. Constipation may occur from a deficiency in the intestinal secretion, or impaired peristaltic action, as in chorea, paralysis, or tetanus, or from piles and fistula.

Symptoms.�The symptoms of constipation are usually denoted by the character of the stool, and the difficulty and pain in evacuating it; where constipation is long and protracted, there are indigestion, retching, vomiting, and, from the long retention of the excrement, excessively foul breath. Ultimately,

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colicky pains come on, the animal increases his efforts to evacuate, and yells in the endeavour: the impaction at last becomes so considerable as to push out the anus, and give it the appearance of a tumour.

Treatment.�I agree with Mr. Youatt that quot; a dog should never be suffered to remain costive more than a couple of days,quot; after the expiration of which we should first of all endeavour to remove the impaction with warm water injec�tion. If the fseoal matter is considerable and unusually hard, the finger, previously oiled, should be gently insinuated, and the mass therewith broken clown, when, followed by the enema, evacuation will generally take place. A mild dose of castor-oil may he afterwards administered ; this, however, is not often called for, and the frequent use of purgatives has a tendency rather to produce than remove constipation.

Diet.�The recurrence of constipation may be avoided by judicious feeding. Dogs fed on oatmeal porridge occasionally mixed with paunch, potatoes, or green vegetables, rarely suffer from it. Daily exercise, if only for a short time, is also essential.

DIAREHCEA,

Or the profuse evacuation of liquid fteces, is an alvine con�dition to which dogs of all ages, but more particularly puppies,, are very liable.

Causes.�Pre-existing intestinal disease, putrid and indi�gestible food, undigested matter, acrid bile, worms, congestion or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels; abuse of purgatives, particularly aloes and calomel; sudden change of diet, especially from plain to rich food; excess of animal matter. Diarrhcea is frequently associated with distemper ; for further information regarding this connection, see quot; Dis�temper.quot; Badly drained kennels and accumulation of filth are also fruitful causes. Sucking^puppies are often affected

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tlivougli the milk being too rich and stimulating, and creating acidity.

Treatment.�The treatment of diarrhoea in its early stage is exceedingly simple. A mild dose of castor-oil, to remove the irritant, and bland, mucilaginous food without solids, will generally effect a cure. Many people mistakenly rush to cordials and astringents at the onset, and thereby check, or attempt to do so, the very process nature is exercising to rid herself of the offending matter.

If there is reason to suspect worms as the cause, one of the remedies for their expulsion should be adopted. (See quot;Worms.quot;) If from acrid bile, which vomiting and the character of the vomit will denote, a mild aloetic purge, succeeded, if not relieved, by the hyd. cum cretee in 3 to 5 grain doses, will be of the greatest service. Warm rice-water injections, in which, if there is much pain, a few drops of laudanum are mingled, will afford considerable relief. Where the complaint results from pre-existing intestinal disease, and the above remedies fail to check it, 1 grain of opium and � of sulphate of copper may be given twice or three times a day, and starch enemas should be had recourse to. Chlorodyne, 5 to 10 drops in a tea-spoonful or two of brandy-and-water is also very efficacious.

Where the complaint occurs in unweaned puppies, it is usually due, as already named, to acidity, and is best treated, through the mother, with carbonate of soda or lime-water.

The animal during the attack should be kept warm.

Diet.�This should consist of bland, mucilaginous food, as mutton broth, thickened with isinglass, or rice or barley-water, slightly chilled.

Cleanliness of the external parts should be strictly observed, and the bedding kept dry.

DYSENTERY,

Or inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, chiefly of the large bowels, succeeded by rdceration and haemorrhage.

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is a much more serious complaint than the former. Dysentery-differs from diarrhoea in that the discharge is unaccompanied by any fsecal matter, except, from time to time, small dark

indurated lumps.

Causes.�Protracted and severe diarrhoea, putrid and un�wholesome food, vitiated bile, intense heat, and foul smells.

Symptoms.�Dysentery may be ushered in with rigors, general febrile excitement, and offensive evaciiation; or be pre�ceded by flatulency, constipation, colicky pains, nausea, and vomiting. Theanaldischarge varies in appearance: sometimes it resembles pure mucus, at others blood mixed with mucus, while, not unfrequently, pure blood is voided. As the disease proceeds and ulceration is developed,pus becomes mingled with the discharge, as well as membranous shred-like particles (the latter an ominous sign). Considerable prostration is attendant throughout; the pulse is weak and quick, the respiration in�creased, the eyes sunken, mucous membranes injected, the nose dry and hot, mouth slimy and breath offensive; with these there is loss of appetite, considerable thirst, and dis�inclination during the latter stages to move, the evacuations being involuntary and most disgusting.

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be essentially anodyne and astringent. The sulphate of copper and opium stand pre-eminent, and may be given in the proportions named in the foregoing disease, three or if neces�sary four times per day. I am no advocate for blood-letting in this excessively reducing malady. As a local application I prefer a hot linseed-meal poultice to the abdomen. When the discharge is excessive, and mingled with blood, a table-spoonful of starch, with 10 drops of laudanum, may be in�jected, or 20 drops of tinot. ferri in a tablespoonful of iced water, and repeated if necessary.

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INTUS-SUSCEPTIO N.

This intestinal condition is commonly met with in the dog. When one portion of the tube quot; telescopes quot; or becomes in-vaginated within the portion anterior or posterior to it, what is termed intus-susception is established.

The small intestines are those generally involved.

Intus-susception usually terminates fatally; adhesion, how�ever, of the invaginated portion may take place, followed by suppuration and separation of that part.

In a recentposi-morfem examination of a large mastiff dog, I found death had resulted from stoppage and consequent in�flammation, owing to constriction of the bowel immediately in front of an old iutus-suscepted portion, in which adhesion was established, but the process of separation had not become complete.

In a still more recent one, of a fox-hound, I found acute inflammation of the bowel at and anterior and posterior to an invaginated portion of seven inches in length, in which adhesion had not commenced.

The following case was recorded by Jonathan Hutchinson, in 1876 :

IXTUS-S�SGEPIK� OF THE iLEUiM AND CiECUJI IS A DOG.

This specimen was taken from a dog about ten months old. The ileum and ciccum had passed into the colon for a distance of about eight inches, until the crecum nearly presented at the anus. The layers were not in the least adherent, and it might have been reduced by traction from within the ab�domen with great ease. Although the impacted parts were much congested, there was no tendency to gangrene, nor any trace of inflammatory effusion anywhere. It was chiefly in reference to its bearing on the feasibility of operations in these cases that the specimen was of interest. No treatment had been adopted during the life of the animal, because no diag�nosis had been made. The dog was in perfect health until

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about eight days before his death, when, without any cause per�ceptible, he began to show signs of discomfort, and refused to hunt. He was never observed to be sick, nor did he pass blood. He took little or no food, and his belly became much retracted. For two days before his death he was intensely jaundiced. In reference to the non-occurrence of adhesions between the layers of impacted intestine, it must be borne in mind that experiments have established the fact that dogs are but little prone to peritonitis.�Pathological Society's Transactions.

Symptoms.�There are no special diagnostic symptoms of intus-suscoption in the dog. Those of colic are generally at the onset present, and are succeeded by enteritio ones. Fre�quent violent straining and vomiting are also invariably present. But the same may occur in strangulated hernia, and other intestinal affections.

Treatment.�A large dose of linseed or salad oil should first be administered for the purpose of mechanically facili�tating the return of the invaginated portion, or inflation of the bowels with air might be adopted with good results, or the administration of quicksilver could be tried. The suc�ceeding treatment should be as for colic and enteritis, or both combined.

WORMS.

Dogs are invariably, during some portion of their lives, troubled with worms, and the most common seat of these pests is in the intestinal canal. It is, perhaps, hardly neces�sary to observe that their presence causes their host much annoyance, and is frequently productive of disease.

Vomiting, paralysis, rectal irritation�denoted by the animal frequently licking the part, and dragging himself along in a sitting posture�purging, inordinate appetite, enlarged ab�domen, harsh, staring coat, emaciation, and more or less febrile

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disturbanoe, are among the symptoms usually presented in such cases, while ocular demonstration of the fact is not fre�quently wanting.

For a fuller description of this subject and the treatment, see chapter on quot; Internal Parasites.quot;

COLIC.

This disease in the dog is not of that frequency which might be expected from the strange circumstances unde.quot; which at times he exists, the exertions required of him, the exposure he is subject to, and the bill of fare.

Causes.�Intestinal obstruction, calculi, intus-susception, hernia, impaotion of fteces, flatulency, worms, cold, or indi�gestible food. A special form of colic is caused by lead-poisoning.

Symptoms.�Colic comes on suddenly; the animal is to all appearance in perfect health, when he immediately utters a sharp cry of pain, and, with his back arched and abdomen drawn up, he walks restlessly about, whimpering or moaning, and endeavouring vainly to find ease in various postures. Considerable tympany is often present, giving the animal a tense inflated appearance.

By careful inquiry the cause of the attack may be often ascertained : frequently it may be traced to the food; an un�usual supply of bones may have been given, a great portion of which may probably have been devoured in such a form as to cause irritation, if not mechanical obstruction; or from long submergence in water, which is frequently the case with swimming dogs, who no sooner approach the bank than another stick or stone is flung in, and away he is started again, and this repeated over and over again by thoughtless persons who never seem to dream of the extent to which they are taxing the good nature of the willing servant.

Constipation, flatulency, worms, are also causes equally

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easy of ascertainment, and by inquiry (in kennel dogs more particularly) as to the source whence the water is sup�plied, and the vehicle through whieli it flows or is drank from, we may arrive at the conclusion the attack is caused from the action of lead. Intus-susception, calculi, or hernia, would be indicated by the colicky pains being of greater fre�quency and more protracted; but usually, and especially to an unscientific person, these would be somewhat obscure.

With regard to medicinal treatment, an oleaginous aperient at the onset is generally advisable; impaction of the rectum is best removed with a warm soap-sud enema. Flatulency may be relieved by aromatic cordials and antacids, as�

Sodce Carbonate ..................... 10�20 grains

Essence of Peppermint ............ 5�10 minims

In a tablespoonful of warm water ; or,

Spts. Ammon. Aromaticus......... 20�30 minims

Zingib................................. 10 grs.

Administered the same way. quot;When the pain is severe 1�3 grains of opium may be given in a teaspoonful or two of equal parts of brandy and water, and repeated in an hour if not relieved.

Eubbing the abdomen affords ease, and in extreme cases mustard or ammonia embrocation may be applied.

Bitches in whelp are occasionally attacked with colic, owing to foetal pressure on the bladder. In such cases we can only wait until the period of parturition arrives, and in the mean�time not overload the stomach and bowels, and keep the latter gently relaxed; urgent symptoms must, of course, be treated as above.

Puppies are said to be exceedingly liable to colic, but I have failed to find it so, except occasionally when they are sucking; attention to the mother's diet will generally be found the most effectual means of preventing its recurrence, with a dose or two of carbonate of quot;soda.

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I question wliether any but the most experienced would easily recognise a colicky puppy three or four weeks old, not to mention a more infantile age.

ENTEEITIS,

Or inflammation of the bowels, is a disease to which dogs, from its ordinary causes, are fortunately not -very subject. Enteritis is rarely confined to one tissue, both peritoneal, muscular, and mucous are generally involved in the inflam�matory process. The latter is, however, in all instances more particularly the seat of inflammation, and from the rapidity of its course seldom gives time for the others to be equally involved.

Causes.�Protracted colic, exposure to damp and cold, es�pecially from lying on the earth or wet floor, intestinal obstruction from fteces, foreign bodies, strangulation, or in-tus-susception, local irritation, or irritant poisons.

Symptoms.�-It is highly essential, in enteritis, that the practitioner should arrive at a correct diagnosis: in other words, that he should he able to distinguish it from other affections resembling it, more especially colic, with which it is most likely to be confounded. The usual cordials and stimulants given in the latter affection, would be adding fuel to fire in enteritis, and speedily effect a fatal termination.

The pain in enteritis is continuous and extremely severe, and pressure to the abdomen greatly aggravates it. In colic the pain is intermittent, and pressure or friction to the abdomen affords considerable relief.

In enteritis the visible mucous membranes are highly in�jected, thermometrical insertion per rectum shows con�siderable increase of temperature, and the pulse is increased in frequency and small.

In colic there is no injection of the mucous membranes, no increase in temperature, and only slight acceleration of

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pulse and breathing during tlie spasm. Such may be con�sidered the leading diagnostic distinctions between the two diseases.

The General Symptoms of enteritis are as follows: Its commencement is denoted by rigors, a dry hot nose, injected visible mucous membranes, pulse small, hard and frequent, considerable thirst is present, and usually obstinate consti�pation. The animal moves continually about, looks back at his Hank, and whines piteously; he no sooner adopts the recumbent position than, with a sharp cry, up he starts again. As the disease proceeds these symptoms become greatly aggravated; the abdomen is hot and extremely tender, the breathing hurried and painful and entirely thoracic, pulse wiry and increased, mucous membranes deep red, urine scanty and high coloured; the cries are more frequent and sharp, and if an attempt be made to pick the animal up he immediately resents it; if the attendant is successful, a howl of pain is emitted. When the disease is due to irritant poisons or the presence of acrid bile, or associated with gastric derangement, incessant vomiting, often streaked with blood, accompany it, with frequent evacuations similar in character to the vomit.

Finally the mouth, ears, and limbs become cold and clammy, the abdomen is distended, an offensive cadaverous smell is emitted from the body generally, the breathing is difficult and irregular, pulse imperceptible, the heart can just be detected feebly beating, convulsions follow, and death closes the scene.

The terminations of enteritis are :

Resolution.�A gradual diminution of the symptoms, and return to health.

Ulceration.�Frequent purulent evacuations, with rapid emaciation, and finally death.

Gangrene.�Sudden suspension of pain, suppression of secretions, cold, clammy condition of body, gums and inside of the lips livid, delirium, convulsions, and death.

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Enteritis may assume a chronic form ; in such a case inter�mittent pains occur, the faeces are alternately Avatery and hard, the abdomen is tense, and flatulency and vomiting are more or less frequent.

Treatment.�I have already alluded to the importance of diagnosing correctly between enteritis and colic, and from what I there mentioned it will be gathered that stimulants and cordials form no part of our treatment in this disease.

Our first duty is, if possible, to ascertain the cause. Pur�gatives usually, in enteritis, are not advisable. When, however, the illness can be traced to local irritation from the impaction of ftoces, worms, or foreign matter, a mild dose of castor-oil may be given at the onset with benefit.

Again, if the liver be associated with it, a small dose of aloes and calomel can also be administered with safety. If, on examination per rectum, impaction of hardened faeces are found, they should be gently broken down with the finger, and a simple warm water enema thrown up to assist their expulsion. Drastic purgatives at any period of the disease are hurtful, and removal of the obstruction, if possible, by mechanical means is decidedly preferable. Salad oil is a valuable agent for this purpose ; it effects its object by insinua�tion through the obstruction, supposing it to be the impaction of faical matter; it, at the same time, shields the mucous membrane, and if there is intus-susception it facilitates its removal.

To relieve the pain, from 1 to 3 grains of opium may be given in a teaspoonful or two of barley-water, and repeated in an hour if necessary. Opiate enemas can also be administered with the same view.

Counter-irritation to the abdomen is of great value, mus�tard plasters, hot linseed-meal poultices, bags of hot salt continually renewed, or hot fomentations may be used.

Bleeding is beneficial in the early stage only, and is best adopted locally, by means of leeches to the abdomen.

When the acute symptoms have subsided the counter-

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in-itation may be discontinued, but the abdomen must be kept thoroughly warm and the patient quiet.

With regard to support during the illness, bland mucilagi�nous drinks should form the only diet, and should be con�tinued for some considerable time after recovery takes place, owin^ to the sensitive condition of the intestinal mucous membrane.

Gastro-Enteritis is usually the result of irritant poisons. The symptoms are those of gastritis and enteritis combined. The treatment must consist, at the onset, in removing the cause, followed by that laid down for the two diseases re�spectively.

PEE1TONITIS.

Inflammation of the peritoneum is more frequent in bitches than dogs. The inflammation may be local or diffused, i.e., it may be confined to one portion of the membrane, or extend to the -whole. A general or diffused peritonitis is the form usually met with in canine practice.

Causes.�External violence, as kicks, blows, -wounds (par�ticularly punctured), parturition, hernia, constipation, exposure to damp and cold.

Symptoms.�Acute peritonitis is characterised by abdo�minal pain, which is considerably augmented by pressure. The animal exhibits great restlessness, continually moving about and endeavouring to obtain, if possible, a comfortable position, and this his broadside appears to afford him best. The pulse is small, hard, and wiry, conjunctival membrane injected, nose dry and hot, tongue white and slimy, breathing increased, and expirations hot.

As the disease advances the pain becomes most intense: the very countenance of the poor animal is expressive of the aquot;ony he is enduring. Sharp cries bespeak the torture produced byeventhe slightest pressure. Lyingnowin any posture affords not the slightest relief; and the pattest stands, propped up, as

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it were, with his legs apart, breathing with difficulty, for this act is now performed independent of the abdominal muscles or diaphragm. The abdomen becomes distended, the tongue dry and furred; thirst extreme, urine scanty and high-coloured, and there is obstinate constipation. In a short time the herald of death approaches, all pain ceases�mortification is the boon he grants before life leaves the suffering frame. The ex�tremities become cold, the patient is comatose, and so passes quietly away; or, occasionally, delirium closes the scene.

Post-mortem Appearances.�-Intense inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, often extending through its whole thick�ness, and portions of it are not unfrequently found to be gan�grenous. The membrane covering the intestines is frequently involved ; livid patches are also to be observed on that por�tion of it covering the stomach and liver. The abdominal cavity contains more or less serous fluid; if the disease has existed long the quantity is considerable, of a bloody hue, and smells very offensive.

Treatment.�In the early stage of acute peritonitis, the bowels may be moved by an oleaginous aperient; but in the later stages�when, in all probability, the membrane covering the intestines is involved, together with the inability of the system to withstand depletion�purgatives are attended with great clanger, and simple enemas alone should be relied on.

Hot fomentations, linseed-meal poultices, or bags of hot salt should constitute local treatment. At the onset leeches may be applied to the abdomen; but they are not admissible at a later period.

With regard to internal remedies, anodyne agents are indi�cated and either of the following medicines may be given :

Fleming's Tinct. of Aconite ... 1 to 3 minims. In a teaspoonful of water every two hours.

Or,

Opium.................................... 1 grain.

Chloroform .............................. 5 minims.

In a teaspoonful or two of water every four hours.

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Sedative enemas may also be used, and are attended for a time with much relief.

The same diet as for enteritis should be adopted.

Acnte Peritonitis may terminate in recovery, ascites, or K'come chronic.

Chronic Peritonitis is generally the result of an acute attack.

Symptoms.�These are not so easily defined as in the pre�vious form. The abdomen is hard, enlarged, and somewhat contracted at the sides. Uneasiness, or a kind of sub-acute pain appears frequently to be present, especially after feeding. There is also a degree of fever continually present. The nose is seldom moist or cool, and the pulse is low and fluctuating. The animal becomes gradually emaciated, the abdomen increases in size (vulgarly termed pot-bellied), the appetite fails, and death from exhaustion takes place. This form of peritonitis is generally associated with ascites.

Post-mortem Examination reveals a thickened condition of the peritoneal membrane, with frequently numerous granu�lations on its abdominal surface. The serous effusion is more abundant, and of a paler or more limpid colour than in acute peritonitis.

Treatment.�-This consists in tonics, particularly the tincture or sulphate of iron, with fresh air, moderate exercise, and plain, nutritious food; if the debility is extreme, brandy, beef-tea, and cod-liver oil may be added.

PILES.

Dogs are very frequently afflicted with this troublesome affection. Piles may be either external or internal, and assume either the form of vascular tumours around the margin of the anus, or within it.

External piles are composed of S congregation of varicose

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veins. Internal piles are usuallj' similar in formation, Imt occasionally they are genuine pendulous tumours and so ex�ceedingly vascular that the least pressure produces hrensorrhage (bleeding piles).

Causes. �#9632; Habitual constipation, abuse of purgatives, prolonged diarrhoea or dysentery, plethora, torpid liver, dyspepsia, over-stimulating food and confinement.

Symptoms.�A swollen and relaxed condition of the anus, with eversion and congestion of the mucous membrane. If the piles are external, the margin of the anus is tumefied and un�even. If internal, the tumours will frequently be observed to protrude in the act of defecation, which is attended with con�siderable pain, and the matter is often mingled with blood ; occasionally also, an involuntary fcetid discharge takes place. Considerable itching attends either form, and a dog so affected is continually licking the parts, or dragging himself in a sitting posture along the floor. To manipulation they are exceedingly sensitive, and the animal will avoid any in�terference as much as possible.

Piles, if neglected, give rise to the formation of abscess, extensive ulceration, fistula and tumour.

Treatment.�This consists, first, in attention to the diet and general health of the patient. The food should be plain, nutritious, easy of digestion, and laxative ; daily exercise and occasionally cold baths are beneficial.

Medicinal agents will depend upon the cause of the affec�tion. Under most circumstances, a mild oleaginous aperient is advisable. If the liver is inactive, the aloetic aperient with calomel is most suitable ; while, if there is a relaxed system with dyspepsia, iron and cod-liver oil is indicated.

With regard to local treatment, iced water, or the direct application of ice affords considerable relief. If the piles are internal and attended with htemorrhage, recourse to astrin�gents will be necessary, and I know of none better than alum, either in solution and injected, or the powder made into a paste with flour and water and gently inserted. A portion of

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ice may also, with benefit and ease to the patient, lie intro�duced into the rectum and allowed to melt there.

When there is considerable pain without hfemorrhage, and the rectum is tumefied, leeches may be conveniently and advisedly applied to the parts. Pain, with internal hfemor�rhage, is best relieved by the addition of a grain of opium to the astringent paste or injection*

When obstinate constipation prevails, an enema of olive-oil is most suitable for facilitating the fajcal evacuation, and with less pain than with any other form of evacuation.

Tumours, external or internal, should be removed by ligature, the animal being under the influence of chloroform. The nltimate sove to be treated according to circumstances.

Fcetor may be counteracted by the application if external, �or the injection if internal, of a weak solution of chloride of .zino.

PEOLAPSUS Am.

This condition of the rectum often occurs in aged dogs which are overfed, have but little exercise, and whose bowels are either continually constipated or relaxed. It is generally a protrusion or eversion of the mucous membrane of the rectum rather than the rectum itself.

Symptoms.�These need but little description-�the eversion being in itself sufficiently diagnostic; at stool it is increased and considerably injected.

Treatment.�-This consists in cleansing and returning the protruded portion, and afterwards in the application of cold and astringents. Tone will be given to the system, and con-stringeraent of the affected part effected by the administra-

* A draclmi each of tannin and opium, with an ounce of lard, makes an excellent ointment for piles in dogs.�Finlay Dim.

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tion of tinct. ferri, 10 to 15 minims, twice or three times a day in cold water.

Nutritions diet and a moderate allowance of exercise should be given.

Where these measures fail, an operation will he necessary; and this generally consists in removing one of the folds of the mucous membrance by knife or ligature, or the destruc�tion of a portion of it by actual cautery. It is needless to remark that either operation should be performed under the influence of chloroform, and by a veterinary surgeon.

FISTULA IN ANO.

Fistula of the anus is frequently met with in dogs, particu�larly of the pampered house tribe, and is usually the result of neglected piles; it may occur from wounds, abscess, or ulcera-tion of the rectum (the latter generally consequent on piles), or from impaction of hardened fieces.

The fistula may be external or internal, complete or partial, i.e., external if the orifice of the wound is in the integument, or internal if within the rectum; complete, if the two orifices laquo;xist together, partial when there is but one orifice.

Symptoms.�The symptoms of fistula in the dog are con�tinual irritation of the affected part; the animal will be observed continually licking the auus, and dragging himself along the floor with his fore-limbs. If the fistula be external it requires little diagnosis; if internal, and not complete, there is an offensive rectal discharge, and the feces are often coated with matter and blood.

Treatment.�The treatment of fistula lies in laying open the sinus with a fine probe-pointed bistoury, and afterwards treating it in the first instance as a common wound, and sub�sequently with a solution of chloride of zinc. If considerable haemorrhage follows, the part should be packed with lint or

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cotton-wool steeped in tinct. of iron, or a solution of tannic acid; or if it be from a divided artery, to tie the vessel, if possible. The bowels should be properly regulated, and at no time constipation allowed to take place; an injection of warm water twice or three times a day, after ha�morrhage is pre�vented, should be administered for the double purpose of facilitating the passage of feces and removing the discharge.

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES OP THE LIVER AND SPLEEN,

HEPATITIS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN THE JAUNDICE,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; LIVER AND SPLEEN,

FATTY DEC4ENERATI0Nnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BILIARY CALCULI,

OF THE LIVER,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SPLENITIS.

HEPATITIS,

Or inflammation of the liver, may be acute or chronic.

ACUTE.

Predisposing Causes.�Overfeeding, with insufficient exer�cise, especially in pampered house pets.

Eacciting Causes.�Exposure to damp and cold, intense heat, immoderate use of emetics, biliary concretions, acrid bile, external violence over the region of the liver,�as blows, kicks, falls, or crushes.

Symptoms.�Pain on the right side, increased by pressure, quickened respiration, dry cough, pulse hard and fluctuating, rigors and vomiting. As the complaint proceeds, the skin and visible mucous membranes become yellow, the faeces pale, either relaxed or confined, urine scanty and of a deep orange tint; bile is mingled with the vomit, the tenderness on the right side is increased, and a considerable enlargement is ob�servable in the region of the liver; the abdomen is more or less pendulous, the eyes dull, tongue coated with brown fur, gums congested, breath foetid; and attendant on these symp�toms we have great thirst, loss of appetite, flatulency, and rapid emaciation.

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Acute hepatitis may terminate in resolution or abscess, or become chronic.

Treatment.�In the early stage, local Heeding is exceed�ingly beneficial, the hair over the affected region should be shaved closely off and leeches applied, after which a hot linseed-meal poultice may be bound over the part.

With regard to medicinal agents�mild saline doses at the onset, as a drachm each of sulphate of magnesia and bicar�bonate of soda, repeated for three days, and then followed by vegetable tonics, form the best internal treatment that I am aware of. Stimulants are rarely, if ever, admissible.

When the acute symptoms have abated, nourishing, but unstimulating food may be allowed, with daily quiet exercise.

CHEONIC HEPATITIS

may, as I have observed, be a sequel of the former, or be associated with other diseases, or it may be created by some specific disease within its own structure.

It is, however, more generally brought about from long-con�tinued injudicious feeding and denial of exercise, and is more frequently seen in the smaller breeds, particularly toy terriers.

Symptoms.�These are, to a considerable extent, a modified type of those existing in acute hepatitis. The size of the liver may be increased or decreased�more frequently the former, the enlargement being hard and more or less insen�sible to pain on pressure. The animal has an habitual jaundiced appearance, and is usually languid and dejected.

Treatment.�The treatment of chronic hepatitis may be more extended than when it is acute. Counter-irritation is decidedly indicated, and is certainly beneficial. I am of opinion that strong iodine liniment applied with a brush, after first remov�ing the hair, is the best agent for this purpose, and more in accordance with the nature of a glandular disease. Calomel may also be administered with, benefit in one-grain doses, combined with ten grains of rhubarb or a scruple of aloes.

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every other day. Intermediate doses of dilute nitric acid, two to four drops twice a day, often assist recovery and keeps a clean palate; or the iodide of potassium, in five to ten grain doses, may be tried. Plain unstimulating food and free exercise should be allowed, and a relaxed condition of the bowels maintained.

Chronic hepatitis, from interference in the portal circula�tion, often terminates in ascites, more particularly in old dogs. (See quot;Dropsyquot;)

JAUNDICE (Icterus).

This is fin affection to which dogs are peculiarly liable. Greyhounds have been stated to be more generally the sub�ject of it than other breeds. My experience of the disease, however, has been chiefly confined to the smaller breeds, especially pampered house-dogs.

Jaundice may exist alone, or be associated with other affec�tions, particularly distemper, in which, by dog-men, it is usually separated from the malady giving rise to it, and treated independently as the quot; Yellows.quot; (See quot; Distemper.quot;)

Causes.�Suppression or retention of bile, more particularly the latter, which becomes re-absorbed into the system*

^s Sir Thomas Watson, iu his lecture on this subject, says ; quot; There can be no doubt that when the bile, after being formed in the liver, is detained there, or in the gall-bladder, in consequence of some impedi�ment to its excretion, it is re-absorbed�both by the lymphatic vessels and by the veins�carried into the circulation, and so conveyed to the surface, and to the parts in which the change of colour is observed. In the beginning of the present century. Dr. Saunders, of Guy's Hospital, made, on this subject, some conclusive experiments, which have since been repeated by others with similar results. The hepatic duct, of a dog having being tied, and the animal killed two hours afterwards, the numerous lymphatics in the walls of the bile-ducts were seen to be distended with a yellow fluid; the fluid in the thoracic duct also was yellow; and aowere the intervening lymphatic glands. Again, two hours after the ligation of the hepatic duct, the serum of blood taken from the hepatic vein was found to contain much more of the colouring matter of the bile, than that of blood taken from the jugular vein in the neck. That bile is

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Biliary calculi in the gall-bladder or its duct, inspissated Me,* disease of the liver�as inflammation, enlargement, con�traction, schirrous tumours, abscess�immoderate use of purga�tives, especially aloes and calomel, repeated emetics, sudden chills after heat and fatigue, accumulation of foeces.

Symptoms.�General depression, inactivity, loss of appetite, bowels constipated and of a light drab or clay colour, or relaxed, the fasces being of a greenish tint mingled with mucus, and offensive; urine high-coloured, hot, occasionally turbid, and stains yellow; excessive vomition; pulse increased, con�tracted and hard; the skin is hot, and, if gathered up, remains stationary for some moments,�this is more particularly the case towards a fatal termination. It is also of a deep yellow tinge, especially on the thin parts, as over the abdomen, inside the thighs, forearms and ears. The same colour is present on the visible mucous membranes of the eye, conjunctiva, inside the lips, the gums and vagina. The mouth and nose are dry and hot, the tongue furred and breath offensive. There is pain on pressure over the region of the liver, with, sometimes, en�largement and hardness. There is also a great disposition to somnolence, and, during slumber, fitful starts with subdued whimpers will frequently be noted.

Convulsions, succeeded by a profound state of coma, usually precede death ; a peculiar general offensive odour is also emitted.

In-whelp bitches occasionally become jaundiced from uterine pressure, which generally disappears after par�turition.

capable of being taken up by the absorbents is further apparent from the fact that quot;when the cystic duct is permanently shut, the bile disap�pears gradually, but entirely, from the gall-bladder.

* I have recently had two interesting cases of jaundice, one in a fox-terrier, the other in a Chinese pug, arising from inspissated bile. In both the disease was so far advanced, when placed under my charge, that all treatment proved useless. A posttmortem examination revealed the gall-ducts choked with inspissated bile.

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Treatment.�If taken in hand early, and there is no struc�tural disease of the liver, jaundice is not difficult to deal with. The cause, therefore, if possible, must be first ascertained. If it is the accumulation of foeces, an aloetic purge, assisted by enemas, will, in removing the cause, likewise dispel the effect.

If the disease proceeds from inspissated bile or gall-stone� in which case the urine is generally turbid and the pain more acute, with increased vomiting and difficulty in fjecal evacua�tion�a smart dose of aloes and calomel should be prescribed, followed by smalldoses of spirits of nitrous ether, andlaudanum, 2 parts of the former to 1 of the latter, in drachm doses, twice or three times a day. A hot bath will also afford consider�able relief, and this may be followed by the application of a mustard or linseed poultice over the region of the liver.

When jaundice is due to the immoderate use of purgatives and emetics, an opposite line of treatment will be required : mucilaginous drinks, and alkalies with opium are indicated.

When diarrhoea is present, a mild dose of castor-oil may be first given, followed, if necessary, by small doses of opium. If the evacuations are excessive and attended with great straining, starch and opium enemas should be administered.

Bleeding in jaundice is of no earthly use : if the pain is acute, leeches may be applied to the side, but I must confess I am no advocate for the abstraction of blood in this disease in any form, and place far more confidence in counter-irrita�tion or poultices.

The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and laxative. Moderate exercise may be allowed, but exposure to cold or damp must be strictly guarded against. Animals once affected with jaundice are peculiarly liable to a return of the �complaint, and therefore need more than ordinary attention.

From the Veterina7'ian, May, 1870,1 transcribe the follow�ing interesting paper:

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The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; JAUNDICE IN THE BOG, AND ITS TREATMENT.

quot;BY M. WEBEE, VETEEIXAEY SUEGEOX, PAEIS.

quot;The author believes he does not exaggerate in saying that, np to the present time, jaundice in the dog has been considered by veterinary practitioners as generally, if not always, mortal, and that therapeutics were powerless to combat it.

quot;The authors who have written on this disease, it must be acknowledged, were not well acquainted with it, and there�fore not very competent. It is more particularly in the treatises on sport that we find any description or treatment of this malady, hence very different theories and treatments have been produced without resulting in any benefit, either to science or to the patient.

quot; Some veterinary authors, however, have treated the ques�tion, and have tried to connect it with a certain order of anatomical lesion; but in many cases these anatomical lesions are insufficient, at least, according to the results of my experience.

quot; Before proceeding, it is important to state what I under�stand by jaundice; it is not every malady in which the yellow icteric tint is often a symptom of a more serious organic lesion, and which it would be useless to attempt to cure, that should be considered as jaundice. The jaundice in the dog, such as I have often been able to observe, is, like the icterus, simple and grave in the human subject, and it is of this form only that I intend to treat; it corresponds to the malady in man, described by M. Ozanam as Icterus essential, cJiaracter grave, and which has also been designated as Icterus malignus. In a great number of cases the icteric tint is a symptom connected almost always with some serious lesions (such as rupture of the liver, abscesses and cyst in the same, scirrhous tumours, obstruction and ruptures of the gall-ducts, intestinal invaginations).

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quot;The Icterus benign, so frequent in the human subject that it is considered of very little consequence, is very rare in the dog. On the other hand, the Icterus grave is nearly always fatal; hut, notwithstanding, at the autopsy there are rarely found anatomical lesions sufficient to account for the death, or the gravity of the symptoms during life. Sex does not appear to have any influence in the production of the malady�male and female alike are subject to it, though the number of males that came under treatment might be greater. Neither has age any influence ; the malady attacks both young, adult, and old, without distinction.

quot; Though it is often difficult to trace the cause of the affec�tion, I believe I am not far out in saying that the most fre�quent causes of this malady are : (1) excessive action brought on by fatigue, (2) long journeys, (3) prolonged sport, (4) sudden chills, (5) external violence, blows, etc., (6) abuse of emetics and purgatives, (7) obstinate constipation. Thus the malady prevails among setters and pointers a few days after the opening of the shooting season; in hounds after a long run, and particularly in dogs which are not very fast, and are forced to keep up with the pack composed mostly of hounds of great speed; in dogs which follow carriages for long dis�tances ; and in retrievers which, after being heated, go into the water to recover the game.

quot; It also prevails among dogs which are left in the charge of keepers, and, as often happens, are subjected to strong drastic purgatives, or to emetics, with a view to cure the distemper; also in those animals which receive blows and kicks, too often in wanton thoughtlessness and cruelty, or accidental compres�sion in the region of the liver. Finally, the obstinate constipa�tion so frequent in dogs condemned to live in large towns, seems to me to have a large share in the production of this malady. It is said that anger, combats amongst them, fright, etc., might cause jaundice.

quot; The first signs of the affection are variable, but most fre�quently the following symptoms are observed: dulness.

The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

prostration, difficulty in locomotion, arched back, acceleration of the pulse, nose hot and dry, mucous membrane of a bright-red colour, mouth dry and hot, staring coat, principally on the back, abdomen hard and tender in the region of the liver, and in a very short time seems as if adhering to the back. The animal soon refuses all food (liquid and solid), but there is an intense thirst, and the dog will not drink anything but pure water. Often the animal seems to be troubled with colic; soon supervenes a symptom which is rarely absent, that is bilious vomiting, -which is very frequent and often mixed with blood ; the urine becomes of a dark colour and bloody, constipation is frequently present, but sometimes there is diarrhoea, the excrements being bloody, and often the dog voids pure blood. At this stage the malady is easily recognised by an experienced eye, but soon there is no possibility of doubt, as the yellow tints set in�the mucous membranes are the first invaded by it, but soon the skin also shews the icteric tint. This tint varies sometimes from straw-colour to dark yellow.

quot; The pulse now becomes weaker and much slower, the urine has a more decided yellow tint; the animal becomes more and more feeble, gets up with difficulty, and exhales a peculiar disagreeable odour from the mouth ; the weakness becomes extreme, the emaciation is visible, the extremities grow cold; the animal becomes now insensible to surrounding objects, and death terminates the scene. Sometimes the malady lasts only two days, but in general the duration varies from two to five days.

quot; In some cases a cough supervenes, with acceleration of the respiration, and an aifection of the lungs complicates the malady (M. Leblano). If the animal is bled in the course of the disease, the blood exhales a peculiar odour, and the serum is tinted with yellow. From the moment the yellow tint appears, the ftecal evacuations become often greyish-white; at the commencement of the malady they are of a blackish colour, and frequently mixed with blood.

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quot; The termination of the malady, up to the present time, has been most frequently mortal; some cases of cure have, how�ever, been recorded, but so rare that they have been rather the exception, death being the rule. The pathological altera�tions, without being absolutely constant, are in the generality of cases as follows : all the tissues are coloured yellow, the mucous membrane of the intestine is sometimes the seat of pathological alterations, but at others is perfectly healthy. The liver in certain cases is enlarged, in others diminished in size ; the colouration also varies in this organ, and it often shows no alteration, but one thing which I have always found at the autopsy of dogs who had died from the jaundice, is the accu�mulation of bile in the gall-bladder�this is of a yellowish-green colour and very thick. In the presence of these patho�logical lesions, it seems that jaundice in the dog is not an incurable malady; the only question to resolve is how to fiad therapeutic agents to combat the torpitude of the liver at the commencement of the malady.

quot;The author acknowledges that the microscopical investiga�tions necessary to complete the study of the pathological lesions have completely failed.

quot; As often happens in maladies considered almost as incur�able, the treatment of this disease in the dog has been most varied. Some have employed the antiphlogistic system, bleeding, and revulsives; other purgatives, others tonics. All these means have nearly always had the same success�that is, some patients have recovered by chance ; notwithstanding all that could be done, however, the majority have died, sometimes of the malady, at others of the treatment. We will pass in review the remedies recommended by the different veterinary authors who have written on this malady.

quot; M. U. Leblanc, whose writing is the most complete on the jaundice of the dog, recommends repeated bleedings at the commencement, manna, sulphate of magnesia, enemas, with the addition of starch and laudanum; if diarrhoea is pre-

The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

sent, disaoordium, half a drachm. He insists on hygienic means; panades with the addition of butter, for whioh hroth is to be substituted afterwards; clean, warm, dry quarters, etc.

quot; Hurtrel d'Arboval, inspired by the writings of M. U. Leblanc, also recommends bleeding at the onset, mucilaginous drinks, with nitre, emolient enemas, etc.

quot; M. Prudhomme says that the treatment of jaundice in the dog does not often succeed, as it is one of the most fatal maladies of the canine species. He has, however, obtained some favourable results from small repeated bleedings, whey drinks, mucilage from decoction of linseed, or carrots and barley, to which were added a few grammes of cream of tartar, enemas, with starch and opium.

quot; Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, employs emetics, slight purges, as, for example, calomel with honey, or cream of tartar, friction on the abdomen, with ammoniacal liniment.

quot; M. C. Leblanc recommends baths with bran-water, leeches on the abdomen, emollient enemas, sulphate of soda (if con�stipated), mustard on the chest and feet. He adds that if an improvement does not speedily set in, death is certain.

quot; M. Lafosse advises the same means as those directed by M. C. Leblanc, the decoction of carrots and cream of tartar; if extreme debility sets in, to have recourse to quinine wine.

quot; The author says he has tried all the remedies suggested, and despairing of the results asks himself the question whether an agent could not be found which has a special action on the liver and the biliary system powerful enough to combat this terrible malady. Another question was whether the icteric colour depended really on bile being mixed with the blood in jaundice, as has been asserted, or whether it is owing to an incomplete separation of the elements which constitute the bile from the blood, in consequence of the liver not performing its proper function.

quot;' I am inclined,' the author says,'to the latter supposition, seeing that the icteric colour supervenes principally when

;.i

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there is atrophy of the liver, and also in the adipose liver, and when the substance of this organ has been invaded by the tissue of foreign substance, such as cancerous tumours, it cannot be supposed that in these cases there can be a super�abundant secretion of bile to mix with the blood; it seems infinitely more simple to admit that the function of the gland is insufficient to separate the elements of the bile from the blood, and the liquids and solids are soon pervaded by the icteric tint.'

quot; This view, however, the author does not take credit for, as several physiologists have considered the bile as an ex-cremental product. According to M. Colin the bile is thick, which is, moreover, the case also with other secretions. These physiological views seem to be completely borne out by pathological facts; consequent on these reflections I have thought it important to search for some remedy that was capable of restoring the function of the liver in jaundice of the dog. The author continues:

quot;'After several attempts I fixed on the chloride of mercury (calomel), the purgative properties of which have been ad�mitted ; but after having administered this drug in purgative doses without satisfactory result, I resorted to it in alterative doses, and the results obtained have been beyond my ex�pectation, so that there is no case of true jaundice of the cure of which I despair at present.

quot;' Without, however, pretending to have cured every case, I can affirm that since I am in possession of this remedy the fatal termination of the malady has been very rare; while before the cures were exceptional, and death the rule; but the method of administration is not a matter of indifference. The medicine must be given in small doses three or four times a day, without, however, carrying it to purging. As soon as that supervenes, the dose must be decreased, and stopped altogether for a time, if the purging is violent. The dose is from five to ten centigrammes, to be made up in pills, given from two to four times a day. This is to be continued for a

The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

#9632; li

few days, if purging does not set in; if, on the other hand, purging occurs, the dose must he reduced or suspended altogether, until it has stopped.

quot;' The administration of the calomel in the form of pills is preferable, as the agent is insoluble in water, and the sus�pension in other liquids is at best unsatisfactory and un�certain; enemas slightly charged with laudanum are to be given in accordance with the indications. If the dog is able to eat, he is to be allowed food, avoiding all salted sub�stances. After four or five days of the administration of the medicine, an abundant salivation sets in, but I have not had this followed by inflammation of the stomach or gangrene of the mouth; in some cases, however, there is loosening of the teeth; this was the case particularly with a young terrier, which had taken the calomel for five days in doses of five centigrammes three times a day. The animal lost five teeth, but recovered of the jaundice. The medicine may be given for the first four days at the rate of three pills a day, two on the fifth clay, afterwards reduced to one, and discontinued altogether when the state of the patient admits of it.'

quot; The author gives several cases of jaundice in the dog successfully treated, but which would take up too much space.quot;�Beceuil de Mtdecine V�drinaire.

For the following translation I am indebted to Mr. Fleming:

JAUNDICE, OE ICTERUS, IN THE DOG. quot;Trasbot {Archives Veierinaires, 1876), in a very able paper on this malady, when alluding to its ' pathological physiology,' states that, after the anatomical study he has made of the disease, it appears to be sufficiently proved that it is not essentially an alteration of the liver; on the contrary, in the majority of cases this organ is perfectly healthy, and even less modified in its colour, than many of the other tissues. It is sometimes found slightly congested and ecchy-

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mosed, but this is more rare, and always in a lesser degree than the lungs, kidneys, and lymphatic glands. When it exists it is only a secondary phenomenon, indicating a general alteration in the organism, which is marked by a tendency to the production of capillary hiemorrhage in different parts, and by no special lesion. The general condition of the animals, the increase in the respiration and circulation, as well as the elevation of temperature before the appearance of the yellow colour externally, indicate, as a primary and fundamental phenomenon, an acutely inflamed condition of some tissue. And, later, the prostration, insensibility, and low temperature prove the existence of intoxication by a poison; this poison evidently results from the accumulation of bile�or, at least, of some of its constituents�in the blood. So that icterus, at first of an inflammatory nature, is soon complicated by the incessant accumulation of quot;bile in the blood, from the moment that its characteristic symptom�yellowness of the tissues� is manifested.

quot; Trasbot's observations go to demonstrate that the mucous membrane of the duodenum is alivays violently inflamed, and that this inflammation is also somewhat frequently noticed in the stomach, and sometimes to a certain extent in the small intestines. Exceptionally, circumscribed inflamma�tory centres are found in the lungs and kidneys, around hsemorrhagic points of recent date. But the inflammation is never absent in the duodenum, so that duodenitis should be considered as the primary condition and sine qua non in the development of icterus. This localisation, however, is not absolute, as often there is simultaneously a very intense gastritis, or an enteritis which may extend to the ca3cum. It therefore follows that icterus is primarily and essentially a duodenitis or gastro-duodenitis�or it might he designated a duodenal or gastro-duodenal catarrh.

quot; The existence of this condition explains in an absolutely satisfactory manner the development of all the symptoms : mucous and sanguinolent vomits, constipation, diarrhcca or

I.PBT

OSnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

dysentery, sensibility of the abdomen, dryness of the mouth, ardent thirst, etc., which are manifested from the commence-ment.

quot; Trasbot explains the mechanism of the biliary stasis as follows. The excretory ducts of the liver, not containing any contractile elements in their walls, cannot forcibly propel the hile passing through them, and this only passes into the intestine by the fis-a-forr/o resulting from the secretion itself; the slightest obstruction, therefore, prevents its flow. This obstruction it finds in the swollen condition of the duodenal mucous membrane and its connective tissue, which com�presses the biliary duct at its opening into that canal, and completely hinders the bile from passing into it.

quot; This obstruction is rendered all the greater when there is a fibrinous exudate.

quot; Invagination of the intestine, so frequently met with in the post-mortem, examination of dogs which have died of icterus, Trasbot is inclined to ascribe to the blood-poisoning. If worms produce the disease, it can only be by irritating the mucous membrane and inducing inflammation of it. With regard to treatment, Trasbot recommends calomel given in alterative, not purgative doses, as he has been very successful with it. At the commencement of the disease he gives tepid drinks which are slightly emollient�such as rice gruel�to which is added tartro-borate of potass, sulphate of soda, or calcined magnesia, administered five or six times a day. quot;With the calcined magnesia he has seen recovery take place in four or five days. The animal must be kept warm and clean, and food easy of digestion, as milk, soup, etc., given. Emetics and powerful purgatives are to be avoided, as they are likely to increase the inflammation ; diuretics which do not irritate the intestinal mucous membrane may be advan�tageously administered�linseed tea and nitrate of potass fulfil this indication. A large blister should be applied to the epigastrium.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �;

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PATTY DEGENEEATION OF THE LIVEE.

This condition of the liver is not uncommon in dogs, though (probably from lack of scientific investigation) the instances on record are very few.

The following interesting case is taken from the Veterina�rian, February, 1870 :

quot;EXTKAOKDINARY ENLAEGEMENT OF THE LIVEJt OF A DOW FEOM DEPOSIT OF FATTY MATTER.

quot;BY MESSRS. GOWIXG AND SON, M.B.C.V.S., CAMDEN TOWN.

quot; A few days ago the subject of the disease above referred to, a Skye terrier twelve years of age, was brought to the In�firmary for treatment, in consequence of an irritable condition of stomach, which induced constant vomiting immediately after the animal swallowed any kind of fluid; even cold water had this effect. It was ascertained that the bowels had not acted for some time, and there was great prostration present.

quot; To meet the urgent symptoms minimum doses of creosote were given, but still the vomiting continued, and the prostra�tion became more extreme. In the next instance hydrocyanic acid was prescribed, in doses of one to two minims in water, in order to allay the irritation and sickness which prevented the effective administration of any food or medicine. Some amount of success attended the employment of the acid, and an attempt was made to support the animal by the exhibition of a little beef-tea with a small quantity of brandy; an euema was also given ; but in spite of all treatment the dog become gradually worse, and on the next day it was evident that he was sinking; the owner then decided to have him destroyed.

quot; On making a post-mortem examination, the liver was found to be excessively enlarged, pale in colour, having a granular surface when cut into. The intestines were in a healthy condition, and no obstruction was detected throughout the whole length of the tube. The lungs and kidneys were normal.

7�2

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100 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; The heart was empty and rather flabhy, and the spleen was filled with black blood. No history of the case was ob�tained possessing any points of interest. The dog was ex�ceedingly fat, as pet dogs commonly are, and appeared to have enjoyed an average good health.

quot; Examination of the morbid parts.�Messrs. Gowing amp; Son forwarded the liver, heart, and spleen of the dog referred to in the above record, for our inspection. Fatty deposits in the liver of fat animals are very common; but the organ in this instance might almost be said to have undergone fatty metamorphosis, if such a change is possible among pathologi�cal conditions. Estimating the bulk of the diseased organ roughly, we should say it was three or four times larger than the healthy gland; so large, indeed, that it must have en�croached to a serious extent upon the other abdominal viscera. In texture the organ was granular, yellow in colour, and offered to the edge of the knife the resistance of a mass of lard.

quot; Under the microscope no healthy liver cells were detected; the entire structure was filled with fat globules, which not only occupied the interior of the cells, but existed everywhere in the tissue of the part. Large granular exudation cells, of the kind which is often seen in encephaloid growths, were numerous, but no other elements of cancer were observed.

quot; Fatty degeneration affected the fibres of the heart to a re�markable extent; in fact, from the state of the organ, it is certain that the circulation must have been extremely feeble. The spleen was congested, but not otherwise diseased.quot;

Dr. Budd observes: quot; In our domestic animals, the fatten�ing influence of fatty substances taken as food is far more constant. It was well exhibited in the experiments lately performed by Majendie, for the purpose of ascertaining the nutritive powers of different kinds of food. In one of these experiments, a dog was kept entirely on fresh butter, which it continued to eat, though not regularly, for sixty-eight days.


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It then died of inanition, althougli remarkably fat. All the while the experiment lasted, the animal smelt strongly of butyric aoid ; its hair was greasy, and its skin covered with a layer of fat. On dissection, all the organs and tissues were found infiltrated with fat. The liver, to use the common phrase, was fatty; and, on analysis, it was found to contain a very large quantity of Stearine, but little or no oleine. It had acted as a kind of filter for the butter.quot;

Many other experiments of the same kind were made with hog's-lard and similar fatty substances, and with a like result. The dogs became loaded with fat, but their muscles wasted, and at length they died of inanition. In many of them, the cornea sloughed. In all, the liver was fatty. These experi�ments are interesting, as showing clearly that an animal may be loaded with fat, and yet die of inanition.

They place in a strong light the truth of the observation long ago made by practical physicians, that fat people are not so strong as they look, and, in general, ill bear loss of blood or other depletive measures. The muscles of fat people arc small, and it is muscle which gives strength. These remarks will equally apply to the lower animals, the horse in par�ticular.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN .THE LIVEE AND SPLEEN IN THE DOG.

Veterinarian, Jan., 1870.

quot; We are indebted to Messrs. Gowing amp; Son for the par�ticulars of two remarkable cases of cancer affecting the in�ternal organs of the dog. In each case the animal was aged and in a hopeless condition when first seen by Messrs. Gowing, consequently no treatment was attempted.

quot;Post-mortem examination was made soon after death, and the appearances satisfactorily explained the condition of the dogs during life.

102 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; In the first case whicli was examined in the beginning of October, there was a large nodulated tumour, of a pale greyish-yellow colour at the root of the mesentery. Numerous deposits of a similar character were found all over the liver, both covering the surface and extending to the interior of the gland.

quot; Under the microscope the deposit was found to consist of cells of various forms, caudate, spindle and fibre-cells, with many others containing nuclei, and evidently multiplying by the endogenous process.

quot; A considerable quantity of fine fibrous stroma gave to the deposit a density and hardness characteristic of scirrhous growths. There was scarcely a trace of the milky juice which is an invariable constituent of encephaloid tumour.

quot; The second animal presented appearances in some re�spects more marked than those which have just been described. The subject of the disease was a Maltese dog, aged fourteen years, which was seen by Messrs. Gowing only a few hours before its death.

quot; On post-mortem examination the liver was found to be covered with yellowish spots, and a tumour of similar character was detected in the spleen.

quot; Microscopic examination of the morbid deposit resulted in the detection of the same elements which had been observed in the former case.

quot; No history was obtained in cither instance, but there can be no doubt that the primary deposit occurred in the mesentery in the first case, and in the spleen in the second, and that it was followed in both by cancerous infiltration into the structure of the liver.quot;

BILIARY CALCULI. These are not unfrequently met with in canine practice, and, as already stated, are onamp; of the causes operating in the production of jaundice.

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Symptoms.�The presence of biliary calculi, is as a rule, unattended with pain so long as their substance is small, and they can pass through the ducts without distending their walls; when, however, they become fixed, the pain is usually severe, and its seat denoted by the animal looking round towards the region of the liver, moaning and lying on the opposite side. Excessive vomiting and torpidity of the bowels, with flatulency and hiccup, attend this biliary impaction. When complete blocking of the duct takes place, the bile is retained, and consequently re-absorbed,�hence jaundice. The froces are nearly white, the urine of a deep orange colour. The pain is of a colicky nature; there is no inflammatory fever, increasednbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; '

respiration, or disturbed pulse, and the passage of calculi once effected, a restoration to usual health follows.

Treatment.�This chiefly consists in relieving the pain during the passage of the calculi. Opium or aconite are the agents best adapted for this purpose. 1 to 2 grains of the former, or 1 to 3 minims of the latter, every three hours. With regard to the administration of solvent agents for biliary calculi, nitro-muriatic acid, sulphuric lether, and carbonate of soda are each advocated and may be tried, but there is no direct proof that in passing through the system they exert any solvent influence on the concretions. Small doses of calomel are more to be relied on, with attention tonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , �

the bowels and regulation of the diet. If the animal is emaciated, has fared badly, and been continually confined, a new rule should be established, a plain but liberal diet allowed, with vegetable tonics, daily exercise, and strict attention to cleanliness.

SPLENiriS.

Disease of the spleen have been but little recognised in canine pathology, save in post-mortem examinations, Splenitis usually occurs in connection with liver disease and intermittent fevers.

104 Tim Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Youatt observes:�quot; In the cases that I have seen, the earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and the discharge of a yellow, frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy, shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnaturally protuberant, the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration accelerated, and the mucous membranes pale. The best treatment I know is the administration, twice in the day, of a ball composed of a grain of calomel and the same quantity of aloes, and 5 grains of ginger.

quot; The dog frequently cries out, both when he is moved and when he lies on his bed. In the course of three days the yellow mucus is generally disappearing, and the expression of pain is materially diminished.

quot; If the bowels are much constipated after two days have passed, 2 scruples of aloes may be given, and a grain of calomel; frequently injections may also be administered.quot;

Enlargement of the spleen may occasionally be both felt and seen; there is more or less pain on pressure, and con�stipation and vomiting are generally present. The iodide of potassium and iron ia scruple doses twice daily, with relaxation of the bowels by aloes, is the best treatment I am aware of.

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DISEASES OF THE UEINAEY ORGANS. .

NEPHEITIS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;RETENTION OF UEINE,

H^MATUEIA,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;PARALYSIS OF THE EENAL CALCULI,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BLADDER,

CYSTITIS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; RUPTURE OF THE CYSTIC CALCULI,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; BLADDER.

NEPHRITIS.

Inflammation of the kidney is a serious, but, fortunately, not a frequent malady in the dog.

Causes.�External violence, as Hows or straiu on the loins ; long exposure to wet, particularly in bathing; renal calculi or abscess; the indiscriminate use of diuretics, especially tur�pentine or oantharides�theformer being a favourite vermifuge, and the latter being used as a blister, may get into the system through licking or absorption.

Symptoms.�-The animal has a peculiar stiff gait, simulating lumbar rheumatism; in bitches there is a straddling crouching gait as though about to urinate, pain on pressure to the loins, urine secreted and voided in small quantities, generally high coloured, and in severe cases mixed with blood. There is a considerable amount of sympathetic fever present, de�noted by a quick, hard, wiry pulse, a dry hot nose, injected conjunctival membranes, and obstinate constipation.

Treatment.�This must be purely antiphlogistic* Leeches to the loins at the onset are attended with considerable benefit. These may be followed by warm fomentations,

⁰ Small closes of the potassio-tartrate of antimony are very useful (Gamgee).

IOC Tha Management and Diseases of the Dog.

linseed-meal or mustard poultices, and opiate enemas. Con�stipation should be relieved at the commencement with castor-oil. Frequent draughts of mucilaginous fluids should be given, as barley-water, solution of gum-arabic, or linseed-tea. The patient must be kept perfectly quiet, and except most moderate exercise, all exertion for some considerable time after recovery should bo avoided.

HiEMATURIA,

Signifying bloody urine, is occasionally observed in canine practice.

Causes.�External violence across the loins, as falls, bruises, undue strain on the part or parts immediately connected with the kidneys; it also frequently occurs from calculi, either renal, cystic, or urethral, which, through im�peding the flow of urine, set up inflammatory action, or by their irregular edges wound the inner coat of the part in which they may be located, and thus cause the discharge of blood.

Symptoms.�Pain in voiding urine, tenderness and heat in the renal region of the loins. Blood may be discharged quot;without urination, during urination, or subsequent to it, each being dependent upon the seat of hsemorrhage.

Miller, in his quot; Practice of Surgery,quot; observes: quot; The renal source of the hromorrhage is known by the blood being diffused equally through the urine; by the expelled fluid containing cylindrical portions of fibrine, like small worms, the result of coagula in the ureter�sometimes colourless, sometimes of a pale pink hue; by the appearance of blood being preceded and accompanied by pain and heat in the loins, and other renal symptoms; and more especially when such symptoms are present on one side only.quot;

quot;Vesical hrcmorrhage may Ije so profuse as to furnish blood tolerably pure from the urethra. And in general this

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variety of hjomaturia may be known by the blood not being mixed with the urine; the latter fluid passes off first, toler�ably pure ; and the blood comes last, more or less changed by mixture with the residue of the urine. It is also k�own by the absence of renal symptoms, and by the presence of un�doubted signs of stone in the bladder, or other disease of that viscus, or of affection of the prostate.

quot;From the Urethra.�In this case there is absence of both renal and vesical symptoms; the blood passes pure, irrespec�tive of any desire to evacuate the bladder.quot;

Treatment.�Hsomaturia demands prompt and active mea�sures ; nothing irritative must bo administered, drastic purga�tives, and esfiecially diuretics, should be strictly avoided. The preparations of iron and barks are the most suitable agents for this disease. Mucilaginous drinks, as thick barley-water, solution of gum acacia, or beef-tea thickened with isinglass, can be given freely, together with the use of hot fomentations or linseed-meal poultices to the loins; or counter-irritants, as mustard or ammonia embrocations. Sedative enemas may also be administered where the irritation is considerable.

Bleeding, under all circumstances, is unnecessary, and is strongly contra-indicated.

EENAL CALCULI.

Occasionally stones arc found in the kidney of the dog, composed chiefly of uric acid, ammonia, or phosphate of lime, and containing, as a nucleus, some foreign matter. Eenal calculi vary in shape, sometimes being oval and an exact cast of the pelvis of the kidney, at others irregular in shape and variously formed, according to the position they had occupied.

The presence of renal calculi create more or less irritation

108 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Doc/.

of the kidney, and when, by their growing dimensions, pres�sure on the substance of the gland is produced, this irritation is considerably increased, inflammatory action arises, and suppuration follows.

Symptoms.�There is generally an irritable condition of the stomach, and the animal frequently vomits. In walking he moves with a stiff straddling gait, and evinces tenderness on applying pressure to the lumbar region; the urine is generally voided with pain, in small quantities, and mingled at times with blood, mucus, or pus; considerable febrile disturbance is pre�sent, rapid emaciation ensues, and death sooner or later takes place from exhaustion, nephritis, or uremic poisoning.

When at first the calculi is small, oval, and smooth, it may descend by the ureter to the bladder without exciting any great disturbance, and be voided from thence again, or it may remain in the bladder, and in the course of time give rise to cystic irritation.

M. Latour records the following case of renal calculi in the dog : quot; Seized with pain, August 20, 1827. He barked and rolled himself on the ground almost every minute ; he made frequent attempts to void his urine, which came from him drop by drop. When compelled to walk, his hind and fore�legs seemed to mingle together, and his loins were bent with a perfect curve ; his flanks were drawn in; he could scarcely be induced to eat; and he evidently suffered much in voiding his faeces. Mild and demulcent liquids were his only food ; Warm baths and injections were applied almost unceasingly, and in eight days he seemed to have perfectly gained Ms health. In March of the following year the symptoms re�turned with greater intensity. His hind-legs were drawn after him, he rapidly lost flesh, and his bowlings were fearful and continuous. The same mode of treatment was adopted without any good effect.quot; A. calculus, weighing 126 grains, and composed of urate of ammonia, and phosphate and oxalate of lime, was found in the quot;pelvis of the kidney. The kidney itself was increased in size fourfold, the mucous mem-

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brane covered with ecchymoses, and the walls of the hladder thickened.�#9632; {Moore.)

A case of renal calculi, received from Mr. Clarke, of Isling�ton, is mentioned in the Veterinarian, March, 1869. quot; No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small calculi, the largest of the size of a horse-bean, lodged in the pelvic cavities.quot;

Treatment.�This consists chiefly in palliative measures. Opiates may be given when pain is present; the patient may also be placed in a hot bath, or counter-irritation applied to the loins. Mild diuretics and laxatives encourage the descent of the calculi, as also do mucilaginous drinks and sharp exercise.

CYSTITIS,

Or inflammation of the bladder, is occasionally met with in canine practice.

Causes.�Mechanical injuries, chronic inflammation of the kidneys, or stricture of the urethra, local irritation from the presence of calculi, worms, or the administration of can-tharides or turpentine, blows, falls, or crushes on a distended bladder, etc.

Symptoms.�Considerable uneasiness, with symptoms of colic. The animal frequently looks towards the flanks, which are exceedingly tender on both sides; the urine is voided sparingly and with great pain, it may be clear and high-coloured, clouded and thick, bloody, or mingled with mucus and pus. Considerable sympathetic fever is present, and fre�quently vomiting, and obstinate constipation. There is intense thirst throughout.

Mr. Youatt, in writing on this subject, observes : quot; Inflam�mation of the bladder is of frequent occurrence in the dog; it

110 Tho Management and Diseases of the Bog.

is also occasionally observed in the horse and the ox. It sometimes appears as an epizootic. It is generally announced by anxiety, agitation, trembling of the hinder limbs, frequent attempts to urinate, vain efforts to accomplish it, the evacua�tion small in quantity, sometimes clear and aqueous, and at others mucous, laden with sediment, thick and bloody: escaping by jets, painfully and with great difficulty, and then suddenly rushing out in great quantity. To this list of symptoms colic may often be added. Tho animal drinks with avidity, but seldom eats much, unless at the commencement of the complaint. The skin is hard and dry, he looks at his flanks, and his back and flanks are tender when pressed upon.quot;

quot; During the latter part of my connection with Mr. Elaine, this disease assumed an epidemic character. There was a very great drought through almost every part of the country. Tho disease was characterised by general uneasiness; con�tinual shifting of the posture; a tucked-up appearance; an anxious countenance; a quick and noisy pulse; continued panting; tho urine voided in small quantities, sometimes discharged drop by drop, or complete stoppage of it. The belly hot, swelled, and tender to the touch; the dog be�coming strangely irritable, and ready to bite even his master.

quot;1st May, 1824.�Two dogs had been making ineffectual attempts to void their urine for nearly two days. The first was a terrier and the other a Newfoundland. The terrier was bled, placed in a warm bath, and an aloetio ball, with calomel, administered. He was bled a second time in the evening, and a few drops of water were discharged. On the following day the urine slowly passed involuntarily from him; but when he attempted to void any, his efforts were totally ineffectual. Balls composed of camphor, pulv. uva ursi, tinct. ferri mur., mass pnrg., and pulv. lini. et gum arab., were administered, morning, noon, and night.' On the 5th the urine still passed involuatarily. Oold lotions were employed, and tonic and astringent medicines administered.

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with castor-oil. He gradually got #9632;well, and no trace of thenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

disease remained, until June 6tli, when he again became thinnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

and weak, and discharged much hloody urine, but apparently without pain. The uva ursi, oak bark, and powdered gum-arabic were employed. On the 12th he had become much better, and so continued until the 1st of July, when he again exhibited the same complaint more violently than before. He was exceedingly tender on the loins, and screamed when he was touched. He was bled, returned to his uva ursi, and powdered gum, and recovered. I saw him two years after apparently well.

quot;The Newfoundland dog exhibited a similar complaint with nearly the same aocompanimonts.

quot;May 1st.�He was disinclined to move; his belly was hard and hot, and he was supposed to be costive. Gave an aloetic ball with iron.

quot; 2nd.�He lias endeavoured in vain several times to void his urine. He walks stiffly with his back bound. Subtract eight ounces of blood, give another physic-ball, and apply cold effusion to the loins.

quot; 3rd.�He frequently attempts to stale, and passes a little urine at each time; he still walks and stands with his back bound. Syr. papav, et rhamni with tinot. ferri. mur., a large spoonful being given morning and night.

quot;4th.�He again tries, ineffectually, to void his urine, Mist, et pulv.

quot; 5th.�Unable to void a drop of urine; nose hot; tongue hangs down; pants considerably; will not eat; the countenance has an anxious character. Bleed to twelve ounces; apply cold effusion. Medicine as before, with cold effusion.

quot;6th.�Appears to be in very great pain; not a drop of water has passed from him. Medicine and other treatment as before. In the evening he lay down quietly.

quot;On the next morning he was found dead. All the viscera were sound except the bladder, which was ruptured; the abdomen contained two quarts of bloody fluid. The

rr~

mmm

112 The Manayement and Diseases of the Bog.

mucous membrane of the bladder appeared to be in the highest state of inflammation. It was almost black with extravasated blood. On the neck of the bladder was an enlargement of the size of a goose's egg, and almost filling the cavity of the pelvis. On cutting into it more than two ounces of pus escaped.

quot; On June 29, 1833, a poodle was brought to me. He had not been observed to pass any urine for two days. He made frequent attempts to void it, and cried dreadfully. The bladder could be felt distended in the abdomen. I put him into a warm bath, and took from him a pound of blood; he seemed to be a little relieved. I did not leave him until after midnight, but was soon roused by his loud screams, and the dog was also retching violently; the cries and retching gra�dually abated, and he died. The bladder had burst and the parietes were in a fearful state of inflammation.

quot; A dog had laboured under incontinence of urine more than two months. The water was continually dropping from him. The servant told me that, three months before, he had been shut into a room two days and, being a cleanly animal, would not stale until he was liberated; soon after that the incontinence of urine was observed. I gave the usual tonic balls, with a small portion of opium, night and morning, and ordered cold water to be frequently dashed on the perinajum. A month afterwards he was quite well.quot;

Treatment.�I cannot agree with Youatt in the adoption of depletive measures, especially when carried to such an extent in the abstraction of blood. In very acute cases moderate local venesection, by the application of leeches to the peri-naaum, is at times attended with benefit. More good, however, will be derived from hot loin baths�this, again, is opposed to his cold-water treatment. The latter I am at all times averse to in the primary stages of acute inflammations, for a little reflection will make it apparent that such applications aid in maintaining the very condition we are endeavouring to relieve, viz., the congested state of the affected part.

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With regard to internal measures�diluent drinks, as barley-water, solution of gum arable, milk and isinglass, and the like, are best adapted to the case. To relieve the pain and correct the acidity of the urine, I prescribe the following pill:

Opium.................................... 1 grain.

SodcB Carb............................... 10 grains.

One, twice or three times a day.

Oleaginous aperients and emollient clysters may be ad�ministered if necessary. Perfect quietude is to be maintained, as much as it Is possible to do so in so restless a patient.

The diet is partly supplied In the diluent drinks prescribed, beef-tea or mutton broth may be added if requisite.

When the animal is unable to urinate, and there is reason to believe dlstention of the bladder exists, the catheter should be passed without delay.

CHRONIC CYSTITIS

may be a sequel of the former, or depend upon some func�tional or organic derangement of the bladder or its adjacent parts. A mechanical impediment to the exit of urine may be produced by enlargement of the prostate, or from stricture at the neck of the bladder, or stone, resulting ultimately in the disease mentioned.

Symptoms.�The animal moves stiffly, with an arched back and straddling gait. The eftbrts to urinate are frequent and painful, the urine is mingled with mucus, and has an offen�sive odour: occasionally there is an admixture of pus and blood. There is always more or less constitutional disturb�ance, finally the kidneys become involved, and the animal wastes and dies a lingering death.

Treatment.�This consists. In the first place, in removing the cause. If there is stone, its removal is indicated�if stric�ture, passage of the catheter is required. Disease of the prostate may be alleviated, but la rarely cured.

With regard to remedies for the disease, small doses of

114 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

opium combined with iron, forms the best medicinal treat�ment.

Opium.................................... J grain.

Ferri Sulph............................ 5 grains.

One dose, twice daily.

Alkalies are also useful, as the citrate of potash or carbonate of soda; either will be readily lapped in milk. Mucilaginous drinks should be freely given, and the diet be much the same as in the acute form, only more generous. Painting the perinajum with iodine, or, in protracted cases, pencilling with nitrate of silver, is attended with considerable benefit. If there is much pain, thin gum mucilage to which a grain of opium is added, or a decoction of poppies, may be injected in the bladder.

CYSTIC CALCULI.

Stone in the bladder of the dog is probably more frequent than is suspected, though the records in canine literature are few.

Mr. Elaine mentions a case of a Newfoundland dog, in the bladder of which he found from forty to fifty calculi. (See p. 121.)

Mr. Youatt observes : quot; Of the nature and causes of urinary calculi in the bladder we know very little, We only know that some solid body finds its way, or is formed, there, gradually increases in size, and at length partially, or entirely occupies the bladder. Boerhaave has given a singular and undeniable proof of this. He introduced a small round pebble into the bladder of a dog. The wound perfectly healed. A few months afterwards the animal was killed, and there was found a calculus of considerable size, of which the pebble was the nucleus.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

The following interesting cases are recorded by Messrs.

Diseases of the Urinary Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;115

Gowing and Son, in the Veterinarian, March and August, 1869 :

quot;NUMEROUS CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OF A DOG, FOURTEEN^-MONTHS OLD, PRODUCING DISTENTION AND CONGESTION OF THE ORGAN, AND DEATH.

quot; On Friday, February, 12th, 1869, we were requested to visit a beautiful specimen of the King Charles breed, fourteen months old, which was reported to be unwell. The owner supposed him to be labouring under an impacted condition of the bowels; and, as a domestic remedy, he had administered a small dose of castor-oil, but this not having the desired effect, and the dog becoming worse and indicating much pros�tration of strength, the owner applied to us. Upon inquiry into the case we found that the dog had not passed any ffeoes for a day or two, neither had he urinated, although he had made frequent attempts. The first time he was observed to have any difficulty in urinating was about ten days previous to the application to us, when he passed from the bladder a considerable quantity of dark-coloured fluid. After that he made frequent attempts and was not able to pass any more. On Friday night, February 12th, the dog was in excessive pain, so much so that the owner had to walk the room with him to tranqttillise him. It appears that the dog could not rest, but was constantly crying out and moaning.

quot;The animal had been, we learned, fed upon luncheon-biscuits, with such meat as they partook of in the house; occasionally, also, he had a little liver and horse-flesh. He was frequently allowed a bone to play with, but never broke them up or ate them.

quot; Upon examination the bladder was found much distended, so much so as to cause a bulging out of the periiueum.

quot; Treatment.�A mild purgative was administered, and stimulants were ordered to be given at intervals; gentle pressure was applied to the bladder by compressing on either side the walls of the abdominal cavity, but without producing

8�2

^^^^^#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;#9632;I

116 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

the effect of emptying the visens. An injection -was also given, consisting of oil with soap and water; and the pain still continuing, hot flannels were applied to the abdomen frequently.

quot;The dog being a favourite, and the owner anxious, the treatment was pursued to meet his wishes, although it was #9632;considered that there was no hope of the animal's recovery. He died on Saturday morning, February 13th.

quot; Post-mortem Examination.�Tas abdomen was opened down to the pubis, and part of the pelvis was removed. The bladder and other parts of the urinary organs were dis�sected out entire.

quot; The bladder was observed to be dark in colour over the whole surface, from intense congestion. Upon making a laquo;ection into the viscus, there escaped a quantity of deep, dark-coloured fhxid, and also two calculi about the size of large peas, spherical in shape, and upon further examination, intermingled with some mucus, there were seen numerous small ones of a seed-like character; one of a larger size was found to have passed into the urethra! canal, and there being perfectly impacted, had resisted all efforts of the animal or �contraction of the bladder to overcome the obstruction. This appeared to be the immediate cause of death.

quot;The extensively-distended condition of the bladder appeared also to interfere with the action of the rectum.

quot;Examination of the Diseased Structures.�The organs -which Messrs. Gowing and Son sent for inspection were the generative organs, with the bladder, kidneys, liver, and in�testines, all of which, excepting the bladder, were normal. In the interior of this viscus, the morbid changes were very marked, the whole of the mucous membrane was intensely congested, and in many places patches of ex-travasated blood were firmly adherent to the surface. A quantity of dark-red fluid was taken from the bladder, and set aside for further examination. The mos� remarkable feature of the morbid changes was the existence of a large

Diseases of tlte Urinary Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 117

number of small calculi, varying in size from a pin's point to a large pea, principally clustered in the neck of the bladder, which was quite black in colour, on account of the quantity of effused blood in the sub-mucous tissues. In the urethral canal, which was cut open, the lining membrane was much congested, but there was no calculus, excepting the cue to which Mr. Gowing alludes, and which was the direct cause of the fatal termination of the disease.

quot;Microscopic Examination of the Urine, and the Cal-culous Concretions.�The dark-coloured fluid which was removed from the bladder contained a considerable quantity of blood; this was evident at once from the presence of large coagula; and under the microscope the blood-discs were very abundant; besides these there were epithelial cells, a quantity of amorphous matter, and some large crystals of triple phos�phate. Prom the result of the microscopic examination of the urine there was good reason to conclude that the calculi were principally composed of the triple phosphates; but in order to determine the point some of them were submitted to examination. In form the bodies were spherical or polygonal,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; I

the colour nearly white or light yellow, the surface, to the unassisted eye, appeared smooth, but under a magnifying power of thirty diameters it was irregular, in consequence ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

numerous projecting angles of^crystals, some of which had become rounded off from attrition. The calculi were unacted upon by water, and also by caustic potash, but dissolved readily in acetic acids, and in the mineral acids; the addition of a little ammonia to the acid solution caused an abundant white precipitate, which was found, under the microscope, to consist of phosphate of lime, with stellate crystals of triple phosphate. It was therefore evident that the concretions consisted of this salt, in combination with phosphate of lime. The causes which led to the deposit are not apparent in the history of the case, but there is no doubt that the urine was liigbly charged with phosphatic matter, and, it may be.

mam

118 27(6 Management and Diseases of the Dog.

rendered alkaline, probably from mal-assimilation; and in such a state of the fluid the phosphate cannot be maintained in solution.

quot; Onr limited literature on this subject does not permit us to refer to many instances of calculus in the urinary organs of the dog; but two cases occur to us, both possessing some points of interest. One instance of vesicular calculus is recorded by the late Professor Morton in his pamphlet on ' Calculous Concretions.' The animal affected with the disease was a very small spaniel; the calculus was so large as to nearly fill the bladder, and was felt easily through the walls of the abdomen. The next case was one of renal calculi,* forwarded to us by Mr. Clarke, of Islington. No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small calculi, the largest is of the size of a horse-bean, and is lodged in the pelvic cavities. In composition, all these con�cretions from the several dogs are closely allied.quot;

quot; RETENTIONquot; OE URINE ASSOCIATED WITH CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OF A BITCH OF THE KING CHARLES BREED, AGED TENquot; YEARS.

quot; By Messrs. Goiving and Son, M.R.C.V.S., Canulen Toivn.

quot; The bitch was observed to be dull and off her appetite for the last three or four days. Some time previously she had tried to urinate, passing a drop or two occasionally, but no effort could produce a full stream, and lately it was reported that her endeavours were futile, none being passed. Upon examination of the parietes of the abdomen the bladder was found to be distended. Accordingly an attempt was made to pass a catheter, but without success. The animal was ordered a warm bath, and a small dose of castor-oil mixture. The stomach being irritable this was-returned, and the dog getting

* Already alluded to in quot;Eenal Calculi.quot;

Diseases of the Urinary Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 119

no better was brought to the infirmary on Tuesday evening, July 6th. Upon examination, some calcareous matter was found adhering to the lower part of the vulva., and the bladder was distended with urine.

quot; It was now determined to attempt the passing of the cathe�ter again.�this time the operation was attended with success, after considerable difficulty. The catheter being passed into the bladder, the urine continued to flow through the instru�ment in a full stream, until six ounces of a somewhat dirty, pale-coloured, turbid and alkaline fluid had been drawn off. The bitch seemed now much relieved; she was ordered beef-tea, and returned to her owner, an old lady upwards of seventy years of age, who was much gratified at the relief her pet had experienced. The owner was requested to report to me the following day the condition of the animal (no medi�cine was ordered). On the following morning, July 7th, her friend. Dr. George, called, and stated that the bitch was much prostrated, and that sickness was constant if anything was taken into the stomach. An hydrocyanic acid mixture was ordered, but this being objected to, a mixture of creosote in minimum doses was substituted. After two or three doses of the mixture the sickness subsided to some extent. Beef-tea and brandy were ordered as a support, and beef-tea injections, but the animal died the following morning.

quot; Post-mortem.�Upon removing the abdominal viscera the stomach was found slightly tinged with red; the intestines and spleen were healthy; the liver somewhat congested; the lungs were in a congested state, probably from gravitation of the blood; the right ventricle and auricle of the heart were full of dark, coagulated blood; the bladder was contracted, and contained no urine; its coats appeared thickened; and on making a section to examine the state of the mucous membrane two ' calculi' were observed possessing spines, or spioulated points; such an arrangement is very unusual. The concretions must have been a source of irritation to

mssm

120 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

the organ, and would account for tlie pain and difficulty of urinating the bitch had experienced for nine months.

quot; From the results of many post-mortem examinations, we are led to conclude that cystic calculus in the clog is of much more frequent occurrence than has hitherto been supposed.

quot; [Messrs. Gowing and Son forwarded the morbid parts of the bitch for examination. The calculi were so peculiar in form that we deemed them worthy of an illustration. Chemically the concretions are composed of triple phosphate. Physically the prisms are arranged on very fine plates, and stellate masses, as shown in the drawing of one of the calculi, magnified five diameters and outlined with the camera.

Fig. 11.

cystic calculus (tkiple phosphate) fkom the blaiidee of a bitch. (magnified five diameteks.)

quot;A small quantity of the contents of the bladder, having the appearance of pus, was also sent; the colour and consis�tency of the fluid, however, were found under the microscope to depend not upon purulent contamination, but entirely upon the presence of an abundant precipitate of ammonio-mag-nesian phosphate, the prismatic crystals of which were very large and well-defined. A quantity of the same deposit covered the lining membrane of the bladder, the walls of which were thickened. The pelvis of the right kidney was much dilated, but these organs were otherwise healthy.

Diseases of the urinary Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;121

quot; Messrs. Gowing's view of the frequency of calculous con-retions in the dog is supported by the re�ul ts of their own practice. We are indebted to them for several very interest�ing oases, but none more so than the one which is recorded in the present number of the journal.]quot;�Veterinarian.

RETENTION OF URINE.

This may proceed from paralysis of either the muscular coat of the bladder, the result of protracted distension, and though this is rare in dogs, who, by habit are continually urinating, yet there are some who, from customary clean�liness, would, if confined, retain their urine to their own pain rather than misbehave themselves; or it may occur from compression of the urethra by enlargement of the prostate gland, or bruises to the perinseum, calculi in the urethra or bladder, urethritis, stricture, blood-clots, diseased penis, imperforate urethra, paralysis, may each severally act as causes of retained urine.

Mr. Blaine records a case of death in a Newfoundland dog, from the bladder of which he took forty or fifty calculi. He observes: quot;Death in this instance was occasioned by the obstruction to the passage of urine by means of these stones.quot;

A short time since, I had an opportunity during a professional call on the gentleman to whom this work is dedicated, of seeing what had been a case of retention of urine, in a fox terrier puppy, a few days old, due to an im�perforate prepuce. This had been removed by his medical attendant, W. Haslehurst, Esq., by slitting the prepuce along from its under surface to the end. The case did well, and the puppy was reared.

Symptoms.�The animal exhibits great restlessness, he is continually and vainly endeavouring to urinate; he moves uneasily about, and with a straddling gait. quot;When lying down

122 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

he performs the act with extreme oare, and moans or emits a sharp cry after the effort. The abdomen is enlarged, hot, and tense to the feel. As the ease advances, the pain increases, there is repeated straining, -with retching and vomiting; the pulse becomes rapid and small; the breathing harried; tongue dry and furred ; the poor animal looks pite.ously at its master, gazes from time to time at its flanks, finally reels about, becomes comatose, and dies.

Treatment.�If the bladder be emptied, immediate relief is afforded, but this is often only temporary, the urine is quickly secreted again, and often with the same result; watchfulness is therefore necessary. If the patient be not thus relieved, the intense pressure on the bladder gives rise to acute inflamma�tion or paralysis, decomposition of the urine takes place^ sloughing of the coats of the bladder follow, ultimately they give way, and the contents are poured into the abdominal cavity.

The passage of the catheter is necessary in all cases where the retention occurs from mechanical impediment to the out�ward flow of urine.

When the retention results from urethritis, leeches, hot fomentations, loin baths, opiates, mucilaginous drinks and emollient clysters are the measures to be adopted.

The same treatment will apply to retention of urine, owing to bruises of the perinssum.

Imperforate urethra, or prepuce, requires immediate opening.

Retention from paralysis necessitates the use of the cathe�ter, which should be repeated from time to time _: but it is advisable not to withdraw the whole contents at first, other�wise collapse without contraction is likely to ensue; a small quantity of urine left in is more likely to stimulate the organ, and by its warmth aid in restoring it to a natural condition. Strychnine or nux vomioa is, in such cases, exceedingly useful.

When the retention takes place from disease of the penis, other than urethritis, as warty growths, an operation for the

Diseases of the Urinary Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 123

removal of the impediment is necessary. (See quot; Warts on the Penis.quot;)

Youatt quotes a singular case of retention of urine, caused by the presence of a worm in the urethra.

M. Seon, veterinary surgeon of the Lancers of the Body�guard, was requested to examine a dog who strained in vain to void his urine, often uttering dreadful cries, and then eagerly licking his penis. M. S�on, after having tried in vain to abate the irritation, endeavoured to pass an elastic bougie. He perceived a conical body, half an inch long, protruding from the urethra with each effort of the dog to void his urine, and immediately afterwards returning into the urethra. He crushed it with a pair of forceps, and drew it out. It proved to be a worm resembling a strongylus, four and a half inches long. It was living, and moving about. M. Seon could not ascertain its species. The worm being extracted, the urine flowed, and the dog soon recovered.*

PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER.

This cystic condition may occur from protracted distension of the bladder, owing to the retention of urine; or from local or general paralysis, the result of spinal injury, or other and debilitating diseases.

Many dogs, from habits of cleanliness, will not urinate except ovit of doors, an illustration of which has already been given in the section on quot; Cystitis.quot; The muscular coat of the bladder being thus overstretched, and the strain on it pro�longed, it becomes paralysed. So that when liberty is accorded to the animal, the evacuation cannot take place, and unless speedy assistance is rendered, serious mischief will ensue.

Treatment.�This consists in frequently relieving the

* Prat. Mid. Y�., F(5v. 1828.

124 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Bog.

bladder -with the catheter, but for reasons previously observed, in retention of urine the whole contents should not at first be removed. We must then endeavour to impart tone to the system by the administration of tonics. The best agents for the purpose are strychnine or mix vomioa, alone or combined with iron. Counter-irritation to the perhueum is sometimes serviceable.

The diet should be chiefly liquid, nourishing and muci�laginous.

CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

BALANITIS,

WARTS ON THE PENIS, SCEOTAL IREITATIONS, ENLARGED TESTICLE, INVERSION OF THE VA�GINA, POLYPUS IN THE VAGINA, INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS,

INVERSION OF THE

UTERUS, ULCERATION OF THE

UTERUS, HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, FATTY DEGENERATION OF

THE OVARIES.

BALANITIS,

Signifying inflammation of, and discharge of matter from the mucous membrane of the prepuce, is an affection #9632;which dogs are frequently troubled with.

Causes.�Balanitis is usually due to the secretion of acrid matter -within the prepuce, and is more especially induced by a plethoric habit of body. It may also co-exist with a relaxed and antemic condition of system.

Symptoms.�Considerable irritation of the part, denoted hy the animal frequently licking it; a thick yellow discharge is continually present. On examination the part will be found red, swollen, and exceedingly sensitive. The prepuce is always more or less protruded, erections are frequent, and urination is performed at times with pain.

Treatment.�This consists in first bathing the parts with warm water until thoroughly cleansed, and then applying a weak solution of nitrate of silver, or acetate of lead.

If the animal is plethoric, a dose of aperient medicine is

wmk

126 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

advisable. If anfemio, tonics should be given, and a liberal but unstimulating diet allowed.

Ocuasionally the same condition exists in bitches, and may be removed by the same measures.

WARTS ON THE PENIS.

These are not unfrequent in the dog. They may be the result of the former complaint, or exist independently. There may be only a single growth, or several isolated, or they may be clustered together.

Treatment.�The seat of the affection having been exposed, the excrescences may be removed by excision or ligature, after which the parts should he slightly pencilled with lunar caustic. When there is an excessive congregation of warts and a large amount of mucous membrane is involved, the repeated application of caustic or acetic acid will be the safest remedy.

SCROTAL IRRITATION.

Dogs, especially aged ones, and those which have been freely used for stud purposes, are frequently troubled with irritation of the scrotum, which has been described by some authors (in my opinion, wrongly) as cancer.

Causes.�The irritation is due to a plethoric condition of

Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; the scrotum. The circulation of blood in the integument being

excessive, an amount of congestion takes place, resulting in

the irritation named, which Nature endeavours to relieve by

a serous exudation in the form of pimples.

Symptoms.�The first indications are those usually found in all inflammatory processes�Ijeat, redness, swelling, and sore�ness. In the course of a few days minute pimples appear; these

Diseases of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;127

soon break and give exit to a thin #9632;watery fluid, which becomes encrusted on the surface of the part, and is ultimately thrown off, exposing either a dry or moist and inflamed surface under�neath, which is exceedingly sensitive. If not properly dealt with at this stage, ulceration frequently follows, the case be�comes chronic, and when the soreness and rawness is removed a thickened cartilaginous condition of the scrotum remains behind.

Treatment.�quot;When the earliest symptoms of the affection are noticed a smart dose of aperient medicine should be ad�ministered, and if the pimples have not appeared, three or four leeches may be applied to the scrotum. If the animal is small, one or two will be sufficient. On the following day the parts may be frequently bathed with one part of vinegar to twenty parts of cold water; and when pimples have formed and broken, a weak solution of the acetate of lead, ten grains to the ounce of water, or the same quantity of glycerine forms the best application, to be used twice or three times daily. If ulceration takes place, the application of lunar caustic, with alum or zinc ointment, are the measures indicated. A surgical operation is rarely necessary. The diet should be spare, uustimulating, and somewhat relaxing.

ENLARGED TESTICLES.

Occasionally the testicles become enlarged, and the en�largement may be associated with induration, with a con�siderable degree of insensibility, or, as is more frequently the case, full, and exceedingly sensitive, giving to the touch a feel of distension. The scrotum has a smooth, full, and shining appearance, and is usually hot.

Causes.�This condition may be either due to an excessive demand on these organs in stud purposes, or from denial of

fa-^

^memmmmammmmmm

128 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

connection when brought in contact #9632;with the objects of desire; or it may result from injury, as blows, bruises, crushes, etc.

Treatment.�If the enlargement is due to the first-named cause, rest, tonics (particularly the iodide of iron and potas�sium), and nourishing food are indicated. If from the second-named cause. Nature should without question be allowed to follow her course, or relief by depletion from internal and local agents must be adopted. If it results from the latter-named causes, antiphlogistic measures must be had recourse to�aperient medicine, leeches, fomentations, and quietude. Castration is occasionally necessary in the last-named causes, but rarely if ever in the former.

�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; INVERSION OF THE VAGINA.

This is very commonly seen in bitches who have had many litters of puppies, and who are of a relaxed and debilitated condition of system. It is frequently present during the period of oestrum, and as frequently disappears with the

decline of that function.

Symptoms.�The presence or protrusion of a red, soft, smooth body at the orifice of the vagina, easily returnable, but which is again, unless proper means be resorted to, quickly re-inverted.* In chronic cases the tumour invariably

* In the bitch, inversion of the vagina has been someymes mistaken for a condylomatus tumour ; and cases are recorded in which tumours j quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;of this kind, protruding beyond the vulva, through insufficient examina-

tion have been mistaken for inversion. Inversion of the bladder has also been confounded with that of the vagina. The pyriform kysts which soraetinies form in that canal, and contain a clear citron-coloured fluid, have likewise been sometimes confounded with inversion of the vagina.

To avoid errors which might have a serious tendency, a careful examination must he made, andquot; nothing should be attempted in the way of operation until the state of affairs is exactly determined.

Diseases of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;129

remaina persistent. Difficulty in micturition is more or less manifested, and febrile disturbance is occasionally present.

Long exposure to air gives the mucous membrane a some�what leaden tint, and it becomes wrinkled and covered with epithelium of a leathery nature.

Treatment.�After the return, by pressure, of the inver�sion, which should be first thoroughly cleansed, the treatment consists in the frequent application of cold water to the parts, the injection of mild astringents (alum-water being the best), and the administration of agents that will give tone to the system, as the preparations of iron and bark. Where reten�tion is difficult, a truss may be employed, or labial sutures; but in the bitch the latter are not advisable. Lacerations* require strict attention, otherwise adhesions are liable to take place, and a permanent inversion be the result. The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and nutritious; moderate exercise daily is beneficial, as the protrusion is not so liable

* quot;When the submucous connective tissue of the vagina has been much lacerated, and abnormal adhesions have taken place, then a re�currence of the inversion is to be apprehended. This recurrence is, of course, most likely to take place in chronic inversion, and all the skill and patience of the veterinary surgeon will be required in dealing with such a case. At times the accident has proved so troublesome, and retention has so baiiied every attempt after reduction was effected, that amputation of the protruded portion has been practised, and with success.

Hainard appears to have been the first to venture on this bold measure, and lie practised the operation several times on bitches. He ligatured the entire inverted mass close to the vulva, in one case ; but as this gave rise to intense fever, and when cured, the animal suffered from incontinence of urine, he adopted another procedure. Instead of including the whole of the tumour in one ligature, he divided the pedicle into three portions, which he tied separately, so that each liga�ture only enclosed one third of the mass. After tightening the ligatures the bitch was allowed to run at large, the only attention it received being the injection of emollient fluids into the vagina, and a smaller allowance of food. The pain was much less in intensity and duration than in the first case, and the tumour came away in five or six days, when recovery took place. Hainard, however, advises immediate excision of the portion of the mass beyond the ligatures, when these have been drawn tight.�Fleming's quot; Veterinary Obstetrics,quot; p. 603.

130 The Manarjemenl ami Diseases of the Dog.

to take place in the standing posture and during locomotion, as in the recumbent position. Constipation, or any of the causes which produce straining, must be avoided.

POLYPUS IN THE VAGINA.

Polypus is occasionally met with in the vagina of bitches. It consists in a pedicled tumour attached to some portion of the vaginal walls. It is generally situated some distance from the orifice, and is usually observed when the animal is in a lying posture. Sometimes it increases so much in size as to be continually protruded, and the act of urination causes it to be still more dependent.

Polypus may be confounded with uterine inversion, but a

i^!;

careful examination will at once remove this doubt, as its

attachment can generally be felt.

Symptoms.�The tumour is usually pear-shaped, having a pedicle, or stalk, as its base. It is smooth, glistening, mov -able, and insensible when manipulated. It may be accom�panied by a purulent discharge, but, as a rule, there is simply an increase in the secretion of mucus. It creates much inconvenience in the act of urination, and when of considerable size interferes with the evacuation of feces.

Treatment.�Eemoval by excision or ligature, which is attended with but little danger or constitutional disturbance, and the injection afterwards of astringents, with occasional application of lunar caustic, if unhealthy action or fungus results. I Cnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; --------------

INFLAMMATION OF THE UTEEUS (METEITIS).

Bitches are not very frequently troubled with this affec�tion. When it does happen, it is generally associated with parturition, particularly if tlie labour be protracted, and un�skilful or rough usage has been had recourse to.

Diseases of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 131

It may proceed from external violence, as blows or falls, or from the use of injudicious and e.xcessive vaginal injec�tions.

Symptoms.�Pain on pressure over the uterine region, and also on examination per vaginam; in the latter, the os uteri will be found exceedingly sensitive and hot. Fulness of the abdomen, and general inflammatory fever. The animal is prostrate, but afraid to lie down. Vomiting is usually present, and sometimes a purulent discharge, which becomes foetid as the disease proceeds, issues from the vagina, the labia of which are tumefied and hot, and the animal frequently en�deavours to urinate. If metritis occurs at or after parturi�tion, the secretion of milk is generally suspended. In such a case there is a considerable tendency for the inflammation to extend to the peritoneum (metro-peritonitis), in which the pain is more diffused, and peritonitic symptoms arc manifested.

Treatment.�The patient should bo confined to a com�fortable, soft bed; lying on hard, bare, or cold floors is ex�cessively injurious.

Opiates, containing 1 to 3 grains of the drug, with, if there is much prostration, brandy and water, and warm baths to the hind parts as far as the loins, or local fomentations, are the measures most advisable. A weak watery infusion of opium, tepid, may with benefit be injected in the uterus, but it is necessary to observe that extreme care should be used in inserting the end of the pipe within the mouth of the in�flamed organ; indeed, when the inflammation is excessive, it is better to be content with gentle vaginal injection. Fa3tor may be overcome by injections of a weak solution of carbolic acid or chloride of zinc.

In severe cases, counter-irritation to the loins and abdomen may also be adopted.

The bowels should be gently moved with castor-oil, aided by enemas.

The diet should consist of liquid, nourishing and muci-

9�2

132 Tfie Management and Diseases of the Bog.

laginons food. Small doses of iron are serviceable when the acute symptoms have abated. Quinine is also useful.

INVERSION 0quot;F THE UTERUS.

This is not of very frequent occurrence, and is usually met with in bitches which have parturiated several times, and in which the organ is loose and flabby and the os uteri relaxed. It is usually connected with protracted parturition, where undue force or assistance has been used, or there has been violent straining.

Symptoms.�Inversion of the uterus is denoted by the protrusion of a round rough-surfaced body, which is easily compressible; the extent of the protrusion may be detected by examining with the finger between the tumour and walls of the vagina. If the inversion is protracted the organ be�comes discoloured with a pus-like exudation on its exposed surface, and emits an offensive odour.

Treatment.�This consists in returning the uterus to its proper situation, which should be done without delay, other�wise its swollen and abnormal condition will render it next to impossible. The operation is best effected by gentle pres�sure on the centre of the fundus with a rod having the end padded; a little olive-oil or milk injected around and on the organ will facilitate its return.

The after-injection of a weak solution of alum or zinc, and the administration of an opiate, will assist in the retention of the organ.

When, owing to protracted inversion, the uterus has be�come enormously swollen, discoloured and cold, and return is impossible, excision will be necessary; and this may be per�formed either by a ligature round the neck of the organ, gradually tightened every day, or direct removal with the knife immediately before a tight ligature. The subsequent

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treatment sliould consist in warm water injections, with ocoasionally^chlorids of zinc, laxative diet, and quietude.

ULCEEATION OF THE UTEEUS

Is not very frequently met with in canine practice. The quot; Veterinary Eecord,quot; vol. iii., gives the following:

quot; Three weeks before the time of parturition a bitch fell from a height of four feet. Four or five days after, the animal became sleepy, and the belly pendulous and painful. At a later period the animal appeared very uneasy, and made fre�quent shrill cries when the belly was pressed upon. At last four puppies, one dead, were born. Severe fits came on, attended by protrusion of the eyeballs and unconscious wan�dering, and death supervened.

quot; On examination after death, the peritoneum was found inflamed, and there was dark-coloured effusion. There were two large unhealthy ulcers in one of the horns of the uterus, perforating all the coats of the uterus, and opening into the abdomen.quot;�Moore.

Uleeration of the uterus may proceed from injuries, or the presence of foreign bodies, as the retention of a foetus.

Symptoms.�A sanious discharge frequently accompanies it, there is frequent micturition, and the animal is occasionally observed straining; a desire for the male is also often mani�fested. If the disease is extensive, considerable lassitude and emaciation ensues, with febrile disturbance.

Treatment.�Astringent injections, the administration of tonics (particularly the tinct. ferri), a liberal diet, exercise and cleanliness, are the measures chiefly to be observed.

Carbolic acid solutions, 1 to 40�50, are serviceable when the discharge is offensive and profuse.

164 27(e Management and Diseases of the Dog.

HERNIA OF THE UTERUS. Heraia of the uterus is of rare occurrence in the bitch. The following interesting case is recorded in the quot; Veterinarian,quot; April, 1871, by Mr. T. Corhy, M.R.C.V.S., Hackney:

quot; About the middle of February, a small terrier bitoli #9632;was brought to me, for the purpose of being destroyed, in conse�quence of the existence of a large tumour just posterior to the hindermost mammary gland, on the left side, the contents of #9632;which appeared to be irregularly solid and partly movable. The application of pressure caused considerable pain, besides which the bitch was constantly straining, as if apparently re�quiring to urinate; small quantities of urine, however, were only passed, mixed with some fcetid and brown-coloured matter from the vagina. She was an old animal, had lost all appetite, and was in an emaciated condition.

quot; The history given me of the case was that, about nine months ago, the bitch had a litter of pups, soon after which a swelling, about the size of a walnut, was noticed at the site of the present tumour. The enlargement continued almost unaltered in size until about four months ago, at which time she was missed from her house for a few days. Soon after her return the tumour began to increase in size, and the other symptoms now present to slowly develop themselves.

quot; By manipulation a round hard body could be felt, partly composing the tumour, which, considering the history of the case, the form of the enlargement, and the nature of the vagi�nal discharge, I came to the conclusion was the head of a fcetus. quot; It having been determined to operate, with a view if possible of still prolonging the animal's life, she was put under the influence of chloroform and the tumour opened. It was found to contain a considerable portion of the uterus, with one dead fcetus in it, having the head and fore parts entire. The hinder portion of the body was, however, broken up by decomposition, the parts remaining being very putrid and rotten. After removing the fcetus I endeavoured to

Diseases of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;135

return the uterus into the abdomen, but it was so swollou and thickened throughout that I could not do so, and as her owner did not wish her to suffer any further pain she was destroyed. On further examination the bladder was found not to be included in the hernia, but greatly distended by pressure of its neck between the brini of the pelvis and the anterior part of the vagina. Besides these lesions there was little else which requires special mention. Allied cases to this, in which hernia of the uterus exists at the base, as it #9632;were, of one of the mammary glands, are not uncommon, and are, I believe, usually met with in old bitches. This is the first case coming under my notice in which the protruded portion of the uterus contained a foetus.quot;

DEOPSY OF THE UTERUS.

This uterine condition is occasionally met with in bitches that have parturiated several times, are of gross habit, and in which the function of oestrum has become a rare occurrence.

Symptoms.�Dropsy of the uterus may bo confounded with pregnancy, or other enlargement of the abdomen. Careful examination, however, will detect a notable difference between it and either of the latter; the absence of solid bodies, and the usual hard and tense feel in the former, together with its circumscribed shape and fluctuation, point out the improbability of pregnancy or other abdominal enlargements.

In the quot;Veterinarianquot; for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case :

quot;DISTENSION OF THE UTERUS OE A MTCII WITH PSEUDO-PURULENT FLUID.

quot; On November 22nd our attention was called to the con-

13G The Mcmaffement and Diseases of the Dog.

dition of a small, rough terrier bitoh about ten years old. The animal presented some of the appearances characteristic of asoites; the abdomen was enlarged, pendulous, and fluctuating. There was much prostration, the action of the heart was feeble, the breathing was accelerated, the appetite was impaired, but the desire for drink was constant. It was evident that the case was a hopeless one, and no attempt was made to apply any treatment. The dog died on November 29th.

quot; The post-mortem examination did not reveal any lesion of the internal organs, except the uterus, which was distended with fluid; this viscus we have forwarded for your inspection.

quot; [As stated in Messrs. Gowing's report of the case, the uterus was distended with fluid; the horns and the body of the organ being about equally tense. When the walls of the viscus were opened, the contained fluid was found to present the ordinary characters of pus, being thick, yellowish-white in colour, and perfectly uniform in consistence. The lining membrane of the uterus was softened and somewhat pulpy, but no ulceration or other morbid change was observed. Under the microscope the fluid was found to consist princi�pally of epithelial scales, with small exudation-corpuscles and blood-discs, but there were no pus-corpuscles. In the larger mammalian animals, collections of fluid in the uterus is not uncommon, and the condition is sometimes described as false conception; there is no reason, however, to conclude that this abnormal secretion is in anyway connected with impregnation.]quot;

FATTY DEGEXEEATION OF THE OVAFJES.

In aged bitches of an obese disposition, and those which have parturiated, there is a tendency to fatty degeneration in organs otherwise not usually adipose.

A short time since, when making a 'post-morlem examina-

Diseases of the Generative Organs

137

tion of an aged Newfoundland bitch, belonging to the Eev. S. C. Adam, of Wolverhampton, I was struck, when investi�gating the generative organs, with the condition of the ovaries. All that remained of the one was a hard, gritty substance the size of a horse-bean, imbedded in a smooth, round tumour of fat, the dimensions of a large walnut, and containing in the centre a cyst.

The other resembled a granular, fatty mass, with a full-developed ovum, ready to burst on the outside. The animal had borne whelps, and was supposed (erroneously) then to be pregnant.

CHAPTER IX.

FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

(ESTEUM. KREEDING. PARTURITIONquot;.

(ESTEUM.

CESTEUM, or the period at which sexual desires commence, is in the hitch an irregular function. Some animals only become so affected once or twice a year, while others do so much oftener. A mastiff-bitch belonging to myself, which up to a late period in life proved barren, would almost at any time allow connection.

The signs of cestrum are not long manifested, before atten�tion is attracted to the consequent change of condition and manners of the animal. The usually morose bitch of savage disposition suddenly becomes gentle and inclined to caresses. The presence of a strange dog, to which she has hitherto been noted for her antipathy, increases her wish to frater�nise, no matter of how low degree the animal is; every tempting posture will be exhibited, and every means exerted to attract his notice and win his affections. The generative organs externally are full, vascular, and hot, a glairy dis�charge issues from the vaginal orifice, which rapidly increases in quantity and gradually changes in character, beco~~min~~g first blood-stained, and eventually blood itself under an altered condition. There is also frequent micturition. The duration of cestrum is usually from ten to twenty days.

During menstruation the minimal is generally more or less feverish, and it is therefore advisable, particularly in high-

#9632;

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bred Mtolies and those on wliich unusual care lias beau bestowed, that they should not unnecessarily be exposed to damp and cold. Seclusion, except during the visit of the male, is also prudent until the period has passed.

The food should be moderate, unstimulating, and if any�thing slightly relaxing.

The suspension of the discharge and return of the external genitals to their ordinary size and shape denote that the function is over.

BEEEDING.

The subject of breeding is one requiring far more con�sideration in the canine world than has hitherto been given to it. In this work, wherein I have confined myself to narrow limits, I shall only suggest the following remarks as worthy of notice.

1.nbsp; The sexes should be as proportionate in size as is com�patible with safe breeding. This for more than one reason is desirable. Like begets like. A large sire generally produces offspring which the female is unable to give birth to. Again, this inoompatibie mating is attended with danger to the animals at the time of connection. I have frequently had mastiff-bitches sent to my dogs, in which, from their de�ficiency in height, it was impossible for the dog to perforui the act required of him without injury in various ways.

2.nbsp; During the period of oestinm the bitch should be care�fully secluded, for the canine race know no distinction, and ignore all propriety at this season. Again, mental impression is with them exceedingly strong; though I will not go so far as to say a passion formed for a dog of low degree will have its influence on offspring begat by other blood. But I do say, and I do so from experience, that connection with conception, particularly in maiden bitches, influences the marking and character of future litters.

140 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

I may give one instance as particularly illustrative of this fact. A pure-bred white English terrier, helonging to my brother, by mischance, had connection with a yellow-and-white mongrel, to which she conceived, and in each of her succeeding three litters, though put to stainless dogs purely white, the whelps were marked precisely like the first litter, yellow and tvhite!

3. When the bitch has been served, she should again be secluded, for she will then be more likely to retain the im�pression of the dog she has been mated with, and not only so, but danger of a second conception will be avoided. This may appear contrary to the laws of nature, but it is neverthe�less a fact that bitches will re-conoeive.* Of this I have had ocular demonstration- One instance I will give. A full-sized black-and-tan terrier, belonging to a relative of mine at Abbots Bromley, had connection with a dog of the same species; within an hour afterwards I saw her connected with a curly half-bred black-and-white sheep-dog. When the period of parturition arrived, she gave birth to two whelps: one, to all appearance, a pure-bred black-and-tan. the other a rough-coated black-and-white whelp, double the size.

⁰ In the bitcli, mauy observers have assured themselves that super-fcctation is by no means unfrequeut. Eainard, Blaine, and others speak o� it. Blaine says : quot; I am disposed to think that bitches are capable of superfcetation ; that is, they conceive more than once. If this is the case, a bitch may copulate to-day, and become Impregnated, and in a day or two she may copulate again, and again become impreg�nated. This is not frequent, I believe ; but it certainly does happen, or we could not account for the different periods at which the progeny sometimes appear. I have known a quot;week, and in one case even ten days, intervene between the puppings ; but one or two days is not at all uncommon. As a still more convincing proof, the whelps often ap�pear of different kinds.¹¹ (The italics are mine.�J. W. H.)

quot; It must be remembered that the bitch remains in ' heat' for three or four days, and will seek for repeated intercourse with the male during that period. It must, therefore, either be concluded that the last inter�course was the successful one, or tlnst one or more ova were impregnated at each copulation.quot;�Fleming's quot;Veterinary Obstetrics.quot; Anomalies in Gestation, p. 153.

quot;

Functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;141

4.nbsp; Dogs of close relationship sliould not be mated. lu-nnd-in breeding is strongly objectionable, and cannot fail to produce, wlietlier it is observed or not, enfeebled intellect, deficiency in some organism, and lay the foundation for disease. What laws are brought to bear on animals existing in their natural state no one can say. It may be, and probably is, for Nature ordains all things well, that there is an innate principle with them in regard to this. Plain facts of this breach of Nature are continually in our own species brought to light; and in the canine race unaccountable out�breaks of rabies in kennels where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted, and other affections in park-deer, under similar circumstances, have not been few.

5.nbsp; Breeding should not bo allowed before either sex have arrived at maturity. Early fruition stunts the growth, and spoils the after symmetry of the animal. There are occa�sionally exceptions to this rule. Young weedy bitches have thickened out and improved after an early litter, but I must again observe that as a rule such a system is not advisable.

G. There is much diversity of opinion as to the number of visits necessary for the inducement of pregnancy. This is, however, dependent to some extent on the length of time connection is continued. A bitch thoroughly lined, i.e., a safe connection established for from ten to fifteen minutes, is generally sufficient for all purposes. There is, nevertheless, no objection to a second visit on the following day. A third I consider superfluous.

7. Many and various are the opinions frequently volunteered as to whether the bitch is in whelp. If she is placed on her side or back after being fasted, and the region of the uterus manipulated, the presence of certain oval bodies, the third or fourth week after conception, can bo pretty fairly dis�tinguished by a scientific and practical man. In ilatulent, gross clogs this is, however, not a very easy task, and the occasional presence of ovarian tumours may be mistaken (and would be in all probability by the uninitiated) for whelps.

142 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

The presence of milk in the teats towards the last week of pregnancy is not to he depended upon hy itself as a sign of approaching parturition, as its secretion frequently takes place after copulation, or cestrum without the latter, towards and at the period of what should have terminated pregnancy.

In the mastiff bitch, Duchess, already alluded to, this was always the case, so that eventually, when she did conceive, I was in some douht as to the fact until she had nearly run the full time, when the alteration in her habits convinced me to the contrary. Some animals carry their young so close, i.e., exhibit such slight signs of altered shape, as to render the case still more obscure. A fortnight before Duchess whelped 1 was most positively assured by numerous canine individuals, including one of vast and long experience, and who offered to bet five pounds on the event, that she was not with young, and, further, that the glairy discharge she evacuated was proof of the opinion. When the time arrived she gave birth to thirteen whelps.

When, therefore, there is any doubt about the matter, look to the habits of the bitch, and particularly towards the ap�proaching period of parturition. A drowsy condition, a wish for seclusion, and in a place hitherto unnoticed, should arouse our suspicions that parturition is likely to take place.

PARTURITION.

I have now arrived at one of the most important subjects contained in this work, and one that I should handle with far more diffidence than I shall do, had my canine experience been limited only to the treatment of disease. There are, however, times at which .Nature in the lower animals is com�pelled either to abandon her efforts to relieve, or accept artificial aid ; and the act of parturition is one in which she frequently needs human assistance, and that assistance it has been my pleasure frequently to give.

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Mr. Elaine remarks: quot; Great numbers of dogs die every year in bringing forth their young. A life of art has brought the human curse upon them, and they seem, in common with their female owners, to be doomed to bring forth in sorrow and pain.quot;

Certainly, especially in breeds belonging to the pampered house class, this is frequently the case. The same propensity to fix their affections on animals considerably disproportionate to themselves in size, appears as predominant in the canine as in the human race, and life is oftentimes the forfeit paid for such injudicious choice.

The period of pregnancy is from sixty-two to sixty-fun days. The first symptoms of approaching labour are denoted by frequent urination and ffecal evacuation, due to nervous sympathy; there is also extreme restlessness, the bitch seeks solitude, where she will be founrl continually moving her position. The external generative organs present a full and swollen appearance; from the vagina there issues a glairy, gelatinous discharge, mingled immediately before the pains commence with blood. At this period the animal should never be interfered with; indeed, it is only when it is manifest by protracted straining and gradual prostration that there is an obstruction to natural parturition, that man should then use his power. Many persons are. oftentimes too hasty to exhibit their obstetrical skill, or at all events from a mistaken kindness they interfere far too soon. The time occupied in giving birth to a whelp is frequently very con�siderable, and the intervals between each one long. Were they not so, the prostration would be so great that before the last birth could take place death from syncope would result; but an all-wise and merciful Creator has ordained that even the lowest of His creatures shall not suffer unlimitedly.

The first throes are generally short and somewhat weak, but as labour proceeds they become stronger, longer, and more frequent.

When we are satisfied the bitch is unable of herself to

#9632;HS

Ilaquo;

14-i 27laquo;; Management and Diseases of the Dog.

parturiate, an examination sliould be carefully made with the finger per vaginam. If a whelp is in the passage, with the head and fore-feet presented, traction should he made on both. If tail first, on the hind feet. If it is a breeoh-presentation, which rarely happens, the hind leg should be secured and held firmly, while the stern is pushed back. Delivery will usually easily follow.

In oases where the passage is small, and the parts powerfully contracted, the warm bath is an invaluable aid. Mr. Mayhew, in one of his poetic flights of fancy, strongly condemns this measure. He however appears to have forgotten, in his arguments against it, that the contractions of the uterus, under some circumstances, prove an obstacle to the removal of its contents. Uterine inflammation, which he mentions as a consequence of the warm bath, is far more likely to result from neglected and rough assistance than the application of warm water. The probability of the animal not surviving if retained in it for an unlimited period, might reasonably be expected, but with discretion on the part of the surgeon no evil result need be feared. In fact my own experience on this point is in exact opposition to the above authors. I select the following from my list in illustration. A small, rough toy terrier, several years old, was brought for my at�tention, in parturition. She had been in labour since the previous day, and it was her first pregnancy. The passage was too small to insert more than the tip of the little finger; there were no pains, but the diagnostic itetd. smell was emitted. After administering a stimulant, I inserted a very small forceps, and succeeded in laying hold of one foot, and subsequently the other, but to no purpose'�the whelp was fixed. I then placed the bitch in a warm bath, keeping my finger in the vagina. I soon detected a relaxation of its walls, and by gradual traction, encouraged only once by a feeble pain, I extracted the whelp, an unnaturally large one. A little brandy was given to the bitch, after which she was rubbed dry, placed in a basket, and made comfortable. In a

¹ i

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short time a dose of ergot was administered, the pains returned, and the birth of three more wlielps took place without mechanical assistance.

Mr. Mayhew exhibits a like prejudice to the ergot of rye in promoting uterine contraction, and in this opinion he is not alone. Again, however, I am at variance with him' and his disciples. We have had abundant proofs of the value of this agent in parturition, and of the evils of it in pregnant cattle by procuring abortion which could be traced to no other cause, not to doubt its power; and independent of the evidence of eminent veterinarians and medical men as to it's efficacy, I have that of my own tests, which in no single case have been attended with failure. In protracted labour, then, with weak throes, I strongly recommend the ergot with stimulants.

After parturition the bitch requires but little attention; quietude is generally all that need be observed; the custom of continually inspecting the offspring and removing the bed is injudicious, the natural instinct of the mother teaches her to do all that is necessary, and however kind our intentions may be, she is jealous of any interference, and prefers to be left alone with her family.

In continuance of the subject, the means used to deliver bitches in unnatural parturition are various. From Mr. Fleming's able work on quot;Veterinary Obstetricsquot; I extract the following, and if more information on the subject is required, I refer my readers to the book in question.

quot; With regard to the smaller animals, such as the bitch, sow, sheep, and goat, in them we may often use the crotchet, the ordinary forceps, or a small-sized model of the human forceps with advantage. Various patterns are in use, some of them fenestrated, others not; some resemble polypus-forceps, while others again are grooved, serrated, or toothed at the ends of the blades. An essential which should not be lost sight of in the forceps for such small animals as the bitch or cat, is that the blades should he sufficiently long to seize not only the head, but much, if not all of the body of

146 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

the foetus. If they are too short in the blades they cannot he made to grasp sufficient of the fcetus to remove it; while the joint being close to the vulva, or even within the vagina, is likely to pinch the mucous membrane and cause con�siderable pain.

quot; Hill, of Wolverhampton, who has had extensive expe�rience in this direction, uses a small and slightly modified form of the human forceps for bitches; there is a spring between the branches of the handle (Fig. 12).*

quot; Weber has proposed a forceps for these small animals, and it has been preferred by some authorities to the ordinary model. It is a modification of one for a long time employed by Leblanc, which again was fashioned after an instrument designed by Hunter. This is composed of an iron stalk, about ten inches in length, with a wooden handle at one end and two blades or bows at the other. On this stalk glides a long enveloping metal tube, which, near the handle, has a wide ferrule, or shield, that allows it to be pushed along by the thumb of the hand holding the instrument, and thus to bring the blades together. A nut, or female screw, running on a screwed portion of the stalk, near the handle, is intended to assist the pressure of the thumb when this is insufficient (Fig. 13). A finger of the other hand introduced into the vagina guides the instrument, and allows the part of the foetus to be seized to be reached by the operator, either with the view of extracting the young creature or changing its position, according to the indications.

quot; Defays concludes that the forceps employed by veterinary

* These forceps were made according to my directions for private use, as will be perceived from Fig. 12. There is a spring between the handles, consequently the instrument must be closed before it can be inserted. The handles are then relaxed in proportion to the require�ments of the case, i.e., to the vaginal distension necessary to pass the forceps ou either side behind the head of the pup. In small bitches, quot;where the passage is much cootracted and it is difficult to manipulate with the fingers, the instrument is useful in exerting a gradual strain mi the wall of the vagina from the spring pressure between the handles.

Functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 147

Fig. 12. Hill's Bitch Foeceps.

Fig. 13. Wbbeb's Foecbps. 10�a

mtmmmm

148 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

surgeons in the accouchement of the smaller animals should not be merely a reduction in size of those employed in human practice, but ought to be something like that of Palfln. It is most difficult, he truly says, to apply an instrument in shape like that of the accoucheur's ordinary forceps, owing to the neck of the foetus in carnivora being so thick, and the dif�ference in volume between it and the head far less than in the human fcetus; so that, when the forceps is used, the ends of the blades press on the neck, slip under the throat, and the head escapes from them. To remedy this imperfection he has made forceps with the extremity of the blades notched or hollowed out (Fig. 14), while the head of one of the branches has a piece of metal with a slot in it, attached by a hinge, and which is intended to hold the blades together when the foetus is seized..

quot; Though this forceps has sometimes proved of service, yet cases occur in which it is not so useful.

quot; When the bitch is large, or of moderate size, forceps may be employed with advantage, though they must be of various dimensions. But when the animal is very small, as is usually the case in difficult parturition in this species, the space occupied by the bows of the forceps�if they are ever so thin �so increases the volume of the mass which has to pass through the pelvic canal, that this instrument cannot be used.

quot; As we pointed out when studying the anatomy of this region, the pelvis is cylindrical in carnivora, and if we suppose its diameter to be three inches, and that of the head of the foetus a trifle less, it will be seen that birth must necessarily be difficult; and this difficulty will be increased if the vagina is narrow and rigid. When the forceps is used, the difficulty is further exaggerated; for when the blades are passed on the head, the fcetus is then augmented in size by a quantity equal to their breadth, multiplied by their thickness, the whole constituting a mass greater than the pelvic cavity will permit to pass through it, so that delivery becomes impossible.

�

functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 149

Fig. 14. Depays' Fokceps.

Fio. 15.

Defays' Wikb Extractor

with the Torsion Rods.

W^Ol

Fi I¹

150 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot;Forceps, therefore,in small bitches, increases the difficulties of parturition, and those difficulties are all the more embar�rassing as the animal is diminutive. Eecourse to this instru�ment is consequently contra-indicated, and if delivery is to be effected, a means must be substituted which presents less inconvenience.

quot;As a rule, the loss of one or two puppies is not a matter of much moment, the principal object being to save the mother by bringing the act of parturition to a prompt ter�mination. The desideratum is to apply an apparatus which will exert its force behind the head of the foetus, as if the sum of expulsive efforts was directed from behind ; or as if a new force had been developed in the uterine cavity, which presses directly on the summit of the head.

quot; After much consideration, Defays finally produced an ap�paratus which fulfils these indications, and, besides its in�genuity, is very simple, and easily applied. It consists merely of two rather fine brass, or very pliable iron wires, which can be easily twisted, and are yet strong enough to withstand a moderate amount of strain. The wires should be at least sixteen inches in length, and looped in the middle, so as to he applied to the fcetus in the following manner: The first finger of the left hand being passed into the vagina, serves to guide one of the loops towards the summit of and behind the fcetal head, and it then conducts the loop of the other wire beneath the head behind the jaw. This done, the two wires on each side are twisted by a little machine (Fig. 15), composed of a thin iron rod in a handle, the other end of which is thickened and pierced by holes running nearly parallel to the stalk. Into these holes the two wires of one side are passed; the machine on each side is pulled up as close as possible to the head of the foetus, and then each being turned round three or four times, the neck is enclosed in a kind of noose or collar formed by the two wires (Fig. 16).

quot; The rods are now withdrawn from the latter, and the

#9632;

Functions of the Generative Organs.

151

foetus can be extracted by exercising traction on the four ends of the wires outside the vulva. By this contrivance, delivery is effected without injury to the bitch, and, unless it is much decomposed, without separating the head of the foetus.

quot; We have tried Defays' apparatus, and can speak highly of it; not unfrequently we have succeeded in extracting the puppy alive, and when the use of forceps would have been impossible.

Fig. IG. Defays' Wike Exteactoe Applied.

quot; A much simpler, readier, and perhaps more successful apparatus (so far as our experience enables us to speak) is that devised by Breulet, of Marche, Belgium, which meets every requirement in the accouchement of small bitches, and might be successfully employed with sows, ewes, and goats.

Breulet^?s Tube and Noose.

This apparatus is the same in principle as Defays' wire ex�tractor, but there is only one wire. The principal part of the invention is a noose-tube, consisting of a tubular piece of round wood, from four to six inches long, and half an inch thick. The wire may either be of copper, brass, or iron, about sixteen inches long (we have generally used a piece of catgut, and prefer it) ; tins is doubled, passed through the

Ifr

152 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

tube to a certain extent, so as to form a loop or noose at the-end (Fig. 17).

quot;When it is tobe used.the first finger of the left hand carries the loop into the vagina of the bitch, and slips it behind the occiput of the fpuppy ; then the two ends of the wire are passed through the tube, and this is pushed into the vagina under the chin of the fcotus ; the operator now tightens and secures the wire, by giving it a turn round the first finger of the right hand, placing his thumb at the end of the tube (Fig. 18). A little^tractiou then extracts the foetus, and without

#9632;'

Fig. 18. Bkedxet's Noose fixed on the Fcetus.

doing it or the bitch the least damage. We now employ no-other instrument in canine obstetricy, and our success has always been complete, even with the tiniest :oy terriers.

quot;When our assistance has been sought for in time, we have generally managed, expeditiously and easily, to extract the puppies alive. It will bo seen that the noose is not unlike the ' fillet' used in human obstetrics.quot;

Fig. 19. The Chotohet.

The crotchet or blunt hook has been recommended by some authorities as an efficient obstetrical instrument, Mayhew observes with regard to its use :

quot; It has been long known to the human accoucheur, but by him is not employed save under certain conditions. A

Functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 155

piece of stout steel #9632;wire constitutes its substance. The #9632;wire, about twelve inches long, is flattened at one extremity, and both ends crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt, the flattened hook being the larger of the two. For the dog, the instrument must, of course, be proportioned to the passage into which it is to be introduced, and as the pup, in con�sequence of the weakness of the abdominal parietes in the bitch, often is felt lying below the level of the symphysis, a dip or lateral bend is given to the hooks.

quot;So simple is the crotchet, which ought to be highly polished, in order to secure its being perfectly smooth. It is first warmed and greased, then introduced with the index-finger of one hand, while the other guides the instrument into the womb. The foetus is to be first felt, and this is the more readily done if an assistant supports and compresses the abdomen. When the finger has ascertained that the pup is favourably placed, the hook (and I generally use the flat�tened extremity of the instrument) is to be pushed forward and then retracted, until the operator is aware that a firm hold has been obtained. The pitrchase being secure, the flnger is to be employed to keep the foetus from escaping, by pushing it against or towards the point of the crotchet, and holding it there. Traction is now made steadily, and in the proper direction; and the assistant at the same time, by manipulating the belly, facilitates the delivery of the bitch, which should be in a standing position�not upon its back.

quot; The directions are not very complex, but they must not on that account be disregarded. By introducing the finger, and taking care that its extremity corresponds with the point of the instrument, a great object is gained by securing the pup more firmly; yet there arc other advantages also obtained by this mode of operating. The head of the fcetus is generally too large for the vagina, and hence the difficulty of its ex�pulsion ; but by the employment of an instrument which is simultaneously to pass, we appear to be increasing the ob�struction. However, by compressing the head with the end

mmmmm

154 TJw Management and Diseases of the Dog.

of the finger, it is in some degree forced to conform to tire diameter of the passage, which the gelatinous development of the pup at the time of birth readily enables it to do. Moreover, the hazard of injury being done, if the instrument should lose its hold, is guarded against; for, should the hook slip, the point #9632;would be received upon the end of the finger before it could catch the soft parts. However, the operator will feel the hold giving way long before it is entirely lost, and will be enabled to rectify the occurrence in the majority #9632;of cases before there is a chance of accident. The finger, therefore, becomes a sensible guide to the operator, and by its employment the traction is rendered more firm and steady. But, above all, care should be taken to have the instrument perfectly blunt, and the beaks of the hooks not too long. A sharp point might, at the first glance, seem more likely to answer the purpose in view; but its employment would be attended with danger, and on being tested it would be found more apt to tear away. In fact, the sharper the point, the less firm would be the hold, since the substance to be secured is somewhat of a pulpy nature; whereas, by using as broad and flat a point as possible, the force is exerted on a larger surface, and the grasp is proportionately the more likely to be retained; the object being not to rend the fojtus or tear it away, but to gently pull it through the vagina, using only so much violence as the judgment assures us is imperative for the accomplishment of the purpose.quot;

A few weeks since, I was requested, whilst driving my round in the evening, to attend a fox-terrier bitch, which had given birth to awhelpearly in the morning, and had continued throughout the day in labour. On my arrival I found the head of a large pup in the passage. I tried in vain to pass a loop over it, but it was too tightly wedged for me to do so. I then had recourse to a pair of silver sugar-tongs; but these were too soft for the purpose (otherwise, if electro, they are a capital substitute for forceps). I was loath to sacrifice the whelp, which was alive and close at hand; but having no

#9632;H

Functions of the Generative Orr/ans.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 155

instruments with me, and the owner heing exceedingly fond of the bitch, which was becoming exhausted, I was compelled to do so. Having procured a small ordinary meat-skewer (Fig. 20), I bent the pointed end in the shape of a hook. This, using my finger as a guide, I inserted between the branches of the lower jaw, and by gradual traction drew forth the head; then, seizing the whelp by the neck, I continued firm, steady pulling, in a few minutes extracting the whole, which proved to be almost double the size of the first-born. Considerable hnsmorrhage followed. Some milk and brandy was administered to the bitch. Xo other birth took place, and she did well.

When it becomes apparent that delivery by ordinary means is altogether impossible, and it is desirable the offspring should be saved, the bitch either has to be killed, and the whelps extracted by what is termed the Ctesaroan section (quot; Gastro-Hysterotomy quot;), or the latter may be performed during the

Fig. 20.

mother's life, with the chance of hers also being saved. This operation English veterinarians have rarely practised.

The following is a case I recorded in the quot;Veterinary Journal,quot; 1877:

quot; This morning (the l�th July), between ten and eleven o'clock, I was requested to attend an Irish setter bitch, which, I was informed, had yesterday afternoon given birth to one dead and three live puppies, and since eleven o'clock last night had been in severe labour with what the owner behoved to be a ' cross-birth.'

quot; When I arrived the bitch was lying prostrate, with hurried respiration, rapid small pulse, eyes sunk, and extremities cold. On examination per vaginam, I found one fore-leg of a whelp presented, and the head doubled back within the womb. The

156 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

leg in question had been so tugged at that it was dislocated, and almost severed from the shoulder; the vaginal parts were extremely inflamed, being of a deep purple tint and very swollen. After first administering a little brandy and milk to my patient, I placed a noose round the presented limb ami returned it within the womb, and then endeavoured to bring the head into position, but without success. As the poor creature was now so extremely exhausted, in fact, too weak to stand, and the pains were very feeble and at long intervals, I suggested�as the only chance for the mother, and also because the offspring were valuable and several yet unborn�#9632; the Ccesarean operation, which the owner consented to.

quot; Placing her under chloroform, on a table, I made a section in the left iliac region, through the abdominal muscles and-peritoneum; and then, exposing the uterus, I incised it between four and five inches, and removed eight whelps�#9632; six alive and two dead* I closed the uterine opening witk continuous silk suture, the peritoneum and abdominal muscles with continuous gut suture, and the skin with interrupted linen-thread suture.

quot; The parts were then sponged with warm water : a little brandy and milk, with ten drops of laudanum, administered, and the patient placed on a rug over a thick bed of straw.. Strict quietude was ordered, and a little brandy a ad milk only to be given in two hours.

quot; At six o'clock on the same evening I visited my patient and, with much regret, learned she had just expired. I was informed she had not shown any symptoms of pain or uneasi�ness since the operation; that she had risen to her feet a few moments before she died, walked to her master, and wagged her tail.

quot; In this case death resulted from sheer exhaustion. Xo

^c The uterus, internally, quot;was intensely inflamed�the os being per�fectly black, and the whole membrane more or less livid. One portion of Intestine, just observable, was quot;filso much inflamed. My prognosis, from these appearances and other conditions of the bitch, waa un�favourable.

^_mmmmm

Functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 157

support of any description had been given to the poor creature but what she chose herself to take, until I first arrived. She had been in severe labour for many hours; and only the follcwing morning was any assistance rendered, and that, until my services were requested, had been rough, unpractical, and injurious.

quot; I feel convinced that had the operation been performed seven or eight hours earlier, the mother's life would have been saved; or that, in the first instance, proper assistance would have procured a natural birth of the abnormally pre�sented one. The whelps that were alive are being reared by hand, and, so far, are doing well.quot;

On the Continent some interesting cases of this operation are recorded. Among others, Mr. Fleming, in the obstetrical work alluded to, gives the following:

quot; Brooks and Whitworth (Ibid., vol. xxxix., p. 33) relate the history of a bitch, which, while pregnant, had its pelvis in�jured by being run over by a carriage. When parturition had been going on fruitlessly for some time, an examination was made, and it was discovered that, owing to the fracture of the pelvis, just above the symphysis pubis, the dimensions of the canal were greatly reduced and altered in form, so that the finger could scarcely be passed. Chloroform was administered; the hair removed frem the skin in the right iliac region, where the incision was made. Two puppies were removed; the wound in the uterus closed by silver wire suture. In three weeks the bitch was well. The puppies, put to another bitch, also lived.

quot;Macorps ('Annales de Me'd. Vetdrinaire de Bruxelles,' 1862, p. 137) had under treatment a bitch which had in the right flank, towards the last mamma, a tumour the size of a fist, and which had appeared six weeks previously in a very gradual manner. It was neither hot nor painful to the touch, or on pressure.

quot; As it was supposed to be a mammary neoplasy, its ex�cision was attempted. A large incision was made in the skin.

158 J7i6 Management and Diseases of the Dog.

and there immediately appeared a white saccular body, which was at once recognised as a uterine hernia. Instead of re�turning it to the abdomen, as this appeared to be both difficult and dangerous, it was decided to extract the entire uterine cornu, as far as the cervix uteri, apply a ligature round it there, and thus extirpate the organ. This was done; a few sutures firmly united the skin incision; the animal was kept quiet, the diet attended to, a few enemas administered, and in eighteen days after the operation, the bitch�of a sporting breed�was out in the field with its master.

quot; Saint-Cyr (Op. cit., p. 579) gave his attention to a bitch which had been in labour since the previous evening. It had given birth to a puppy twelve hours before, but no more could be expelled. When Saint-Cyr first saw the bitch, the labour-pains had ceased; by vaginal exploration he could scarcely touch the foot of the most advanced puppy�which was not in the pelvis�with his finger; while the volume of the abdomen led him to believe that there were more than one in the uterus. The general condition of the animal was good; so it was decided to try the Ciesarean section, incising the right flank, where the foetuses were most readily felt, by abdominal exploration. Three foetuses were removed from the right cornu by a single incision ; two of these were dead, but one was still alive. The operation being completed, the cornu was returned to the abdomen, but not sutured; and the abdominal incision closed by interrupted suture, a bandage being placed round the body. After the operation the bitch was very weak; it died in eighteen hours. The autopsy showed a moderate degree of metro-peritonitis.

quot; Feser (' Thierarztliche Mittheilungen der M�nchener Schule,' Part iii., p. 296) operated on a bitch which could not pup, making the opening in the left flank, against which the uterus lay: three puppies were extracted�one from each horn and one from towards the os uteri, the latter being dead, and from a deviation of its head it constituted the ob�stacle to birth. The heads of the other two puppies were

;

Functions of the Generative Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 159

likewise deviated. The uterus and Fallopian tubes�every�thing behind the cervix uteri � were extirpated by the ecraseur. The uterine and ovarian arteries were ligatured. The incisions were closed by suture, and ice applied to the left side of the abdomen. The animal lost about three ounces of blood. An hour after the operation it had a shivering fit, but this soon passed off; though it recurred three times a day for some time. In sixteen days the wound had healed and the bitch was quite recovered. The puppies were reared artificially.

quot; The same veterinarian (Ibid., p. 297) performed the ' seotio Ccesarean' on another bitoh two years old. The animal had been in labour for two days, and was extremely weak; no puppies had been born. The section was made on the left side, and four dead puppies extracted. The uterus and ovaries were extirpated by the ecraseur, and the arteries ligatured. Frequent rigors appeared after the operation. In twenty-four hours death ensued, the fatal termination being apparently due to septikosmia.

quot; Feser (Ibid., p. 298) relates another instance in which he performed the operation, extracting four living puppies� two from each cornu; the incision was made in the left flank. The uterus and ovaries were also excised in this case, the animal losing about five ounces of blood. Extreme prostration ensued after the wounds were closed, but this was combated by stimulants, and sprinkling sweet spirits of nitre over the body. The appetite was good, and with the exception of traumatic fever, no unfavourable symptoms supervened. In eight days the bitch had recovered; two of the puppies were reared artificially.

quot; Adam (' Briefliche Mittheilung') performed the opera�tion on a bitch, under chloroform, making the section at the linea alba, behind the umbilicus, and dividing the tissues with the scalpel, the peritoneum with scissors; the cornua were opened by incision. After removal of the fetuses, the wound in the abdominal muscles was united by suture, then

maaam

160 The Management and Diseases of tfie Dog.

that in the skin. During the first day the animal was very depressed and feverish, but on the third day it was able to move about. The puppies, which were very large, were reared by hand. Eight months afterwards the bitch again became pregnant, and not being able to bring forth, died�no assis�tance having been rendered on this occasion, apparently.quot;

I i

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION.

PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA, OE MILK FEVER,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; SEPTIKJEMIA P�ERPERALIS.

PAKTUEIENT APOPLEXY, OE MILK FEVER

This disease is rarely met with in canine practice. Probably the amount of haamorrliage that frequently takes place in bringing forth the young, and the protracted labours of the bitch before the -whole family is born, may, to some extent, account for its rarity.

A greyhound-bitch, belonging to a gentleman near Liver�pool, gave birth to a numerous litter of whelps; the secretion of milk was very abundant. The family were all removed the following day, the bitch became ill the same evening, and the next morning succumbed to parturient apoplexy.

The pathology of the disease is muoli the same as in the cow and mare.

Causes.�Excessive plethora at the time of parturition, the sudden removal of offspring, cold, extreme heat.

Symptoms.�Quick, full pulse, reeling gait, contracted pupils, nose hot and dry, tongue furred, extreme thirst, sup�pression of milk, constipation, ultimately coma, tympany, delirium and death.

Treatment.�Early venesection, counter-irritation at, the back of the head and along the spine, stimulants and aperients. The head, should be kept in an elevated posi-

iquot;.

1G2 The Management and Diseases of tJie Dog.

tion, to prevent determination of blood as much as possible; the, urine and fooces are frequently retained by reason of the progressive paralysis: in such cases the former should be drawn off with the catheter, and the latter removed as well by enemas as aperients. It is also advisable to repeatedly withdraw the milk, by natural means if possible, if not, by artificial aid.

I¹

PARTUEIENT ECLAMPSIA.

A canine malady resembling the eclampsia of the human being has been observed by continental veterinarians; but I fail to see that it bears any analogy to parturient apoplexy proper.

quot;Mauriquot; (Fleming'squot;Obstetrics,quot;p. 073) quot;relates that a bitch, four years old, and which had been ill since the previous even�ing, was sent to the Toulouse Veterinary School. Fifteen days previously it had given birth to four puppies, which it suckled. That morning, about three o'clock, its owner was awoke by its plaintive cries and its restlessness. It was then anxious, its mouth was open, and it breathed as if it had been running fast on a hot day; it also appeared to be weak in its hind-parts. On its arrival at the school, it was lying on its side in a large hamper, with its four puppies, which were at the teat; the respiration was very hurried, short, irregular, and noisy; it was executed in a jerking, irregular manner; the ribs ap�peared to be limited in their movements, as in a horse affected with tetanus. The mouth was half open, the tongue pendent, and the saliva flowing in a frothy, abundant stream. The animal convulsively closed its jaws, and withdrew its tongue from time to time, in order to swallow a portion of the saliva; the buccal and conjunctival mucous membrane was greatly injected; the physiognomy expressed great anxiety rather than pain; the eye waraquo;;widely open, bright and animated, and the visual axis was not deviated. The limbs were kept

'I I i

Diseases immediately connected vjith Parturition. 1C3

extended and immovable, without tetanic rigidity. At inter�vals the animal attempted to get up, and managed to raise itself on its fore-limbs; but the hind-legs moved in different directions, and automatically, so that the bitch could not co�ordinate them in a determinate manner. The joints could be easily flexed on each other by seizing the bones like the branches of a pair of compasses, but when left to themselves they immediately became extended. The pulse was strong and quick. The senses were unimpaired, and when its name was called the animal directed its eyes towards its mt'-ster, and attempted to move its tail. This did not always happen, however, for the creature generally appeared to be completely absorbed by its condition�a circumstance which might have led to the belief that its general sensibility was diminished. There was no appetite, and the excretion of fajoes and urine was completely suppressed since the commencement of the disease.

quot; Mauri, never having had an opportunity of witnessing such a malady, was much troubled to give a name to the collection of symptoms. As, however, paraplegia appeared to be immi�nent, he ordered sinapisms to the limbs and the spine, and enemas of tepid water. In the evening the symptoms were ameliorated; the animal, instead of lying extended on its side, was curled round as in health, and when excited it got up, staggered, and fell on the litter; a deep coma had given place to the excitement observed in the morning, and on some bread and milk being offered, it slowly took a small quantity. Next day all the symptoms disappeared, and though the animal remained for five days in the hospital kennels, no relapse occurred.

quot;Mauri, in another instancequot; (Ibid., p. 674)�quot;that of a two-yaar old bitch, which had nursed two puppies for a month, and during that time seemed to be in perfect health, but which was suddenly seized with agitation and anxiety, ap�peared to be suffocated, could scarcely stand, and seemed to be paralysed in its hind-limbs�noted the following symp-

11�2

¹ I

mimmmmmmmmmmm

164 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

toms: General agitation of all the muscles, anxioas physi�ognomy, and all the characteristic features descrihed in the preceding case., The respiration was very laborious, though the ribs were immovable. The gait was unsteady, and the. hind-quarters were feeble, as in confirmed rabies. The animal appeared to be impelled to move about incessantly, and if it stopped it fell; then the limbs became rigidly ex�tended. In the midst of its convulsions, it endeavoured to rise, but could not co-ordinate its movements�it turned itself on its back, so as to lie alternately on the right or left side. After numerous attempts it sometimes succeeded in getting up, and commenced to walk, but only to fall again; it could only stand on its rigid paws by resting against a wall or tree. An hour after its arrival at the school, it could not rise unaided. Its senses did not appear to be affected; the appetite was lost, and there was neither defecation nor micturition during the attack. The case in every respect appeared to be similar to the preceding. No treatment was adopted, and in the evening the bitch had almost completely recovered, though it was rather sleepy and dull. Next day it was taken away cured.

quot;The same authorityquot; (Ibid.,p. 674) quot;records the case of a bitch brought to the Toulouse Veterinary School, and which caused anxiety about three hours previously by its agitation, breathlessness, and anxious look. It had fallen, was seized with contraction of the limbs, got up, and staggered about in different directions, until at last it became so weak that it could not stand. When Mauri saw it, it was lying on its side, the limbs extended, and agitated from time to time with clonic convulsions. The animal could not he induced to get up, the head only being raised towards the shoulder. The symptoms were altogether similar to those observed in the two preceding cases. No treatment was adopted, and next morning all the symptoms had disappeared.

quot; Lafitte quot; (Ibid., p. 674) quot; attended a bitch which, two days previously, had brought forth two puppies which it suckled.

laquo;!#9632;

tmmmm

Diseases immediately connected with Parturition. 1G5

It appeared to be very weak and staggered in walking. Soon alter, the feebleness in the liind-qiuirters was extreme, and clonic convulsions affected all the muscles; the eye-balls pirouetted in their socket, the jaws were continually moved, and saliva ran from the mouth continually; hearing and seeing were unaffected. Two hours subsequently the animal could not rise. A belladonna draught was given, narcotic frictions were applied along the spine, and emetised eucmata administered. In the evening the bitch was dull, weak, and stupid. In the morning every trace of the malady had dis�appeared. Next day there was another eclamptic attack of shorter duration, and on the fourth day another still briefer and weaker. The puppies were put to another bitch, and in about eight days they had attacks similar to those of their parent, though shorter and less intense. One, a female, had three attacks on successive days, and then died�the other, a male, had only two attacks.

quot; Lafittequot; (Ibid., p. 674) quot; reports that a bitch, four days after pupping, had clonic convulsions in all its muscles; its jaws were agitated, it was much salivated, and respired with diffi�culty. Its expression was animated, but it could not stand, and was compelled to lie. During the night the convulsions ceased, and the animal, although a little somnolescent, ap�peared quite recovered; at ten o'clock next morning, however, it had another attack, and in the evening it died.

quot;The same veterinarianquot; (Ibid.,p.674)quot;alludes to the case of a bitch which, three days after pupping, had convulsions in the muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the hind-legs were so feeble that it could not stand. Its gaze was unsteady, and at times the eyes rolled about in the orbits. The masse-ter muscles participated in the convulsive movements of the other muscles, so that there was a continual champing the jaws, and an abundant salivation. The senses were not impaired, however. An antispasmodic treatment was adopted. The attack lasted four hours, when recovery took place.

quot;Mauriquot; (ibid., p. 075) quot;reports another instance of this

fmmm

W ':

106 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

malady occurring in a bitch, eiglit years old, and very fat. It had pupped twelve days before, and suckled four puppies. When brought to the Veterinary School it was lying on its side, though it could raise itself on its sternum� it panted much, its mouth was wide open and much saliva flowed therefrom�the tongue was pendent. The respiratory movements were much quickened, but very shallow. The eyes were wide open and slightly squinted to the left. Violent convulsions, as if produced by electric discharges, agitated the limbs, and threw them into a state of forced extension; if a group of extensor muscles�such as the patellar�were seized in the hand, the energetic contractions, rapidly repeated, could be easily felt. Nothing of the kind could be dis�tinguished in the flexor muscles. The senses -were not affected. The urine did not offer any trace of albumen. In the course of the day the symptoms disappeared, and the animal recovered.

quot;Mauri alludes to four additional cases of eclampsia�two in the cow and two in the bitch, all presenting similar symp�toms to the foregoing.quot;

SEPTIlwEMIA PUEKPEEALIS.

quot; Inflammation of the uterus and septikcetnia 'puerpcralis occur in all the domesticated animals. The latter would appear to be very frequent in the bitch.quot;*

Parturient septikfemia may arise from the retention and putrefaction of a dead fcetns/fquot; or the introduction of putrefy�ing matter into the blood through inoculation.

* Fleming's *' Veterinary Obstetrics,quot; p. C32.

t quot; It is wen known that bitclies which retain the fretus in the genital canal for any length of time (eighteen hours or thereahonts), frequently perish from septikccmia puerpercdfa. This appears to he due to the fact that the puppy so retained quickly dies : owing to the shortness of the iimbilical cord, the early separation of the placenta, and birth taking place in the amnion. The young creature also speedily putrefies,

Diseases immediately connected with Parturition. 167

Symptoms.�Increase of temperature, rigors., hurried respi�ration, small frequent pulse, nose dry, mouth hot and slimy, visible mucous membranes injected, extremities soon become cold, coma speedily sets in, frequently accompanied by deli�rium, and death quickly follows.

Post-mortem examination.�quot; In those cases in which death has taken place, and an examination of the body has been made, the local and essential lesions are found in the genital organs aud peritoneum, and when puerperal septi-kiemia has been present, there are observed indications of general infection of the body. Decomposition sets in early, the tissues are dark-green and fcetid, and meteorism is largely developed.

quot; It is seldom indeed, that the puerperal or septic inflam�mation is limited to the mucous membraue. Nearly always it extends to the submucous connective tissue (metritis pldeymonosa), which is infiltrated with an cedematous tran-sudation; or it becomes the seat of acute inflammatory cedema, in which the tissue swells, becomes tumid, and its interstices filled with fluid, small cells, and a gelatinous, semi-solid mate�rial. The muscular tissue is swollen and softened, and a dark fluid flows from it.quot;*

Treatment.�In all cases of septic inflammation, prompt measures both for the removal of the cause and effect are de�manded. The former consists in cleansing, by injections of warm, water, those parts of the genitals upon which the in�fecting material is present, and also disinfection of wounds or abrasions.

Fleming observes: quot; The genital canal should be thoroughly cleansed by injections of warm water, and the wounds dressed

and the large raw surface formed by the maternal placenta is a ready inlet for the direct introduction of the septic material into the blood. Speedy death of the bitch is the consequence.quot;�Fleming's Veterinary Obstetrics,quot; p. 639. * Ibid., pp. 635, 636.

168 Tlie Management and Diseases of tlie Bog.

with carbolic acid and olive-oil (1 to 10), applied by means of a brush or feather; or salicylic acid 1 part, spirits of wine 20 parts, warm water 24 parts.

quot; After the interior of the uterus has been cleansed by in�jections of warm water, an injection of carbolic acid solution (1 to 20�50) should be made every day, and the wounds, if accessible, must be dressed at the same time.

quot; Permanganate of potasli (1 to 50 of water) may be em�ployed to inject into the genital canal, when the disease is less acute.

quot; With regard to constitutional treatment, this must be directed towards neutralising the effects of the septic matter by the exhibition of antiseptic remedies, and reducing the high temperature; as a long continuation of this leads to rapid consumption of the tissues, and is fraught with danger to the system.

quot; There is no specific remedy with which to neutralise the action of the septic matters in the blood and tissues. The sulphites of soda and potash have been recommended, as well as sulphurous acid. These appear to have acted favourably in some cases. Carbonate of soda and permanganate of potash have also been well spoken of, as well as large doses of quinine. Carbolic and salicylic acids are now most in repute, and are given in small but frequent doses.

quot; If there is a tendency to constipation, a purgative may be administered; indeed, unless special circumstances forbid it, a purgative may prove most serviceable in assisting in the removal of the septic matter through the intestinal canal. Dogs which have been poisoned by tliis matter often recover after profuse and fcetid diarrhrea; and a purgative generally reduces the temperature.

quot; In acute cases, in order to obtain the more prompt action of antiseptics, it has been proposed to introduce them directly into the circulation by intravenous injection. Solutions of carbolic acid and iodine have been employed successfully;

i *

Diseases immediately connected with Parturition. 109

and in woman a desperate case has recovered after the in�travenous injection of liquor ammoniaj (1 to 3).

quot; As a last resource, and to substitute healthy for poisoned Mood, transfusion has also been practised in '.vornan, and with good results. The experiment is worth trying in the parturient fever of animals.

quot; With regard to the diminution of temperature, quinine has been highly lauded. Bleeding is certainly not to be recom�mended. If the temperature continuously remains very high, then the application of cold water to the surface of the body is indicated. The cold water may be applied to the larger animals by means of cold, wet sheets wrapped round the body, and kept cold for an hour or two at a time by pouring on water at intervals, by means of a small vessel. Smaller animals may be put in a gradually-cooled bath.

quot; The skin must be well dried after the application of the cold water, and with the larger animals a dry blanket should be thrown over the body. The stable (or kennel) must - be kept scrupulously clean and well ventilated. Tonics and good food must be allowed when recovery is taking place, and the sequelai of the disease treated according to their indications.quot;

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.

MAMMITIS,

LACTEAL TUMOURS,

CANCER.

r �

MAMMITIS,

O� inflammation of the milk-gland, is by no means an un�common complaint in canine practice.

Causes.�External injury, as blows, bruises, or wounds, exposure to cold and damp, retention of milk, etc.

Symptoms.�The part affected is red, hot, somewhat hard, and excessively tender; the lacteal secretion is changed in character, first having a curdled appearance, subsequently mingled with blood, and ultimately pus, the natural secretion becoming then totally arrested. Matter having formed may gradually approach the surface of the gland and point there, but it rarely becomes thus located, the whole gland generally being involved. Considerable febrile disturbance is present throughout.

Treatment.�lu the early stage leeches may be applied to the part, and hot fomentations; a saline aperient should be administered, and perfect quietude on a soft bed enjoined. If the complaint results from retention of milk, owing to the removal or death of whelps, the sooner suckling is allowed the better�whether the secretion he altered or not, even to pus, its direction to the channel of the teat for evacuation is strongly advisable, and much preferable to permitting abscesses to fol-m, and point at the surface, and thus destroy a consider�able portion of the gland.

^mm

Diseases of the Mammary Gland.

171

When matter lias formed, and is approae.liing the surface, the sooner it is evacuated the hetter, otherwise sinuses are liable to form, and render the case tedious and difficult. For subsequent treatment see quot; Abscess.quot;

Chronic mammitis is denoted by an indurated and enlarged condition of the gland, and may be the result of lingering subacute inflammation, or proceed from the acute form. It is attended with but little pain or constitutional disturbance; but unless early measures are taken for its removal, it becomes a permanent induration, and may ultimately, if excited, assume a cancerous condition.

Treatment.�The daily application of iodine oiutmeut,or the tincture, to the affected part, and the iodide of potassium in one to two scruples daily, are the most effectual agents in this complaint; repeated friction with the hand is also of service, and where the enlargement is considerable and weighty, it may be conveniently, and with benefit suspended, by means of a handkerchief tied over the back, or a net made for the purpose and fastened in the same way with tapes.

LACTEAL TUMOUES.

The milk ducts are liable to become obstructed when not sufficiently drained of their contents, or from some malforma�tion. Any such obstruction to the outflow of milk is calcu�lated to produce much mischief. Lacteal tumours, perhaps the least hurtful that can arise, are thus frequently caused.

Symptoms.�The mammary gland affected is knotty; the irregularities being even, movable, and painless; in the early stage these bodies have a fluctuating feel, which disappears as their period of existence lengthens.

Inflammatory action may be excited in them by injury, and suppuration result.

Treatment.�If still in milk, the daily withdrawal of the secretion should be observed�by natural means if possible.

172 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Docj.

Milk is frequently secreted, independent of the animal par-tumting, more especially if connection has taken place. Its. removal, if abundant, is advisable, which may be done -with the fingers. A smart dose of aperient medicine, and for a few days short commons, is also of service in dispersing it.

Where the animal is comparatively or quite dry, and we have the tumours only to deal with, _;it becomes a question whether, so far as their direct treatment is concerned, we shall rely on external application, or a surgical operation. If the tumours are of recent date and fluctuating, they may be punc�tured with some amount of success: if hardened and of long existence, their removal with the knife can be adopted with safety and success.

Individually I should give the iodine a fair chance, before resorting to either.

CANCER.

The so-called cancer of the mammary gland is chiefly con�fined to hitches which have partunated. I say so-called, because it is rarely that the true cancer cell can be detected� the character is generally that of an indurated or soirrhous tumour. In chronic cases they frequently assume an osteoid form. I have removed numerous tumours so constituted�some with spiculfc of bone throughout their structure, others only ossified in the centre. If removed early, a sac containing pus or watery fluid will generally be found within them.

Causes.�External injury, cold, damp, retention of milk from not suckling, insnftioient suckling, or obstruction, sudden withdrawal of whelps soon after parturition.

Symptoms.�These are usually slow in manifesting them�selves. The primary ones are heat, redness, enlargement, and tenderness. These in time subside (with the exception of the enlargement, and thi^ also is reduced as the condition becomes sub-acute), leaving behind a thickened, lumpy gland..

�

#9632;1

Diseases of the Mammary Gland.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 173

This may remain in atatu quo until the time of parturition again approaches, or at the period of cestrum. The gland will then assume the same acute symptoms as in the first instance, and pass away with much the same result, except an observable increase in the enlargement. And so this may go on for years, gradually increasing, until at last the whole gland, and not unfrequently its neighbour, becomes obliterated, and in its place is a large indurated tumour, or, it may be, cancer.

Treatment.�If the case is taken in hand during its acute stage, the early treatment laid down for mammitis�leeches, fomentation, saline aperients, rest, and removal from cold� should be adopted. When it occurs after parturition, the whelps should either be removed and the teats drawn, or watched wdien suckling that they do not irritate the part. The scrambling and application of their needle-like claws only tends to bruise and irritate the inflamed gland. If it can be done without distressing the mother, it is advisable to remove the whole or a portion of the family until nourish�ment is again required.

In chronic cases, and when the gland is not wholly in�volved, and the enlargement not very considerable, the iodine ointment, or tincture, may be tried outwardly, and the iodide of potassium and iron inwardly, in the doses already pre�scribed. When the tumour becomes large, very pendulous and unsightly, or breaks, and gives vent to an offensive discharge, excision is decidedly indicated. The skin should be divided the whole length, or nearly so, of the tumour, the edges reflected, and the diseased mass, which is usually held by connective areolar tissue, is generally easily and quickly removed by dissection around it. Occasionally its base is attached by more vital structures, and haanorrhage will follow its removal. In such a case, either the ligature may bo adopted before severing the mass, or the vessels afterwards taken up and tied, or the actual cautery applied. The latter is sometimes used for separating a vascular base.

17-1 Tlte Management and Diseases of the Dog.

The superficial bleeding which occasionally takes place more or less all round it, #9632;when more closely connected to the skin, is usually harmless, and is readily stayed by the appli�cation of the tincture of iron.

The edges of the incised skin are to be brought in apposition with interrupted silk sutures, steeped in a weak solution of carbolic acid. Healing generally takes place quickly, and the loose, hanging pouch of skin contracts to the level of the surrounding parts.

It is always advisable to wire-muzzle the patient after the operation; for the tongue, although a great healer, often does considerable mischief, and the teeth will speedily remove stitches and ligatures.

The after treatment consists in daily cleansing the wound from discharge, attention to the bowels, a plain, unstimulating diet, and tonics if there is much prostration.

�

#9632;#9632;

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

OPHTHALMIA, CATAEACT, AMAUEOSIS, IRITIS,

ENLAliGEMEXT OF THE HAW,

PROTEUSION OF THE

EYE-BALL, EXTIEPATIOX OF THE

EYE. HAIRY TUMOUR ON

THE CORNEA.

OPHTHALMIA.

The clos, tliough not liable to many of the diseases affecting the visual organs of the human being, is nevertheless fre�quently the subject of some of the more prominent ones. Ophthalmia or inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the ball is very commonly met with, especially in sporting dogs.

Causes.�External violence, as blows, bites, pricks from thorns, cat-scratches; or irritation from the presence of foreign bodies, as dust, grit, inverted lashes, accumulated pus, soap�suds, etc.; irritating vapours, particularly stable effluvia, or that of undrained and neglected kennels; damp and cold.

Ophthalmia may be sympathetic with other diseases, as dis�temper and disorders of the digestive organs.

Symptoms.�Simple ophthalmia commences with intolerance of light, deflux of tears, and repeated closing of the eyelids. If the latter are separated, the conjunctival membrane will be found highly injected, and the eye painfully susceptible to touch or exposure.

Unless the inflammation be checked it rapidly extends.

�

#9632;d

176 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

other and deeper-seated structures iDeoome involved, and the vision dangerously impaired. The cornea is traversed with engorged vessels, the pupillary opening blocked by an opaque mass of exudation (lymph); and quickly upon this we get ulceration of the cornea, followed by fungoid granulations.

Treatment.�The lids should be carefully separated, and examp;mination made for the presence of any foreign matter, which, should it exist, is to be gently removed. So long as inflammatory action is present, the avoidance of light, warm fomentations, and, at the onset, a mild dose of aperient medi�cine, is generally all that is requisite.

In cases where the disease will not yield to these simple measures, where the inflammation increases and there is con�siderable distension of the corneal vessels, local bleeding is attended with much benefit; this may be produced by pricking the skin immediately under the lower lid and applying a leech or two, or puncturing the lachrymal vein with a lance, and placing the finger on the vessel beneath the opening. I shall probably be accused of being antiquated in advocating the latter measure (blood-letting), but experience in inflammatory eye diseases in the lower animals has taught me that, however old the doctrine, it still holds good in local inflammations, particularly in vascular parts, and in none more so than the eye. With regard to other measures�the avoidance of light and warm fomentations should still be maintained. Bathing the eye with an infusion of poppy-heads is sedative to the inflamed part, and therefore useful. A low and unstimulating diet is absolutely necessary.

Chronic or constitutional ophthalmia is denoted by the eyes being always watery, but more so on exposure to light or cold; there is opacity of vision, and conjunctival congestion. The condition, however, is less irritable than in simple or acute ophthalmia.

Treatment.�Tonics; seton in the poll; painting the out�side of the orbits with iodine; sponging the eyes with cold spring water; the application of zinc lotion, 2 grains to the

Diseases of the Eye.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 177

ounce of water, 01 nitrate of silver. 1 grain to the ounce ; are the measures usually adopted and indicated. The seton is especially invaluable in these cases.

CATARACT.

Cataract may be either lenticular, eapsular, or capsulo-lenticular. It is lenticular when there is opacity of the crystalline lens, eapsular when the opacity is confined to the capsule, and capsulo-lentioular when both lens and capsule are involved.

Though more frequently seen in old dogs, cataract may take place at any age.

Causes.�Inflammation of the eye-ball; diminished vitality consequent on old age.

Symptoms.�-The presence of an opaque body, which may be best seen from a posterior side view in a shaded light, or in a dark place by candle-light.

Treatment.�This consists entirely in the operation of extraction, and which only can be performed by an experi�enced oculist.

AMAUEOSIS.

Amaurosis, commonly known as gutta serena, is an impair�ment of vision, consequent on a disordered condition of the retina, optic nerve, or brain. This disordered condition may proceed from external violence, as blows or falls on the head, producing immediate paralysis, or giving rise to inflammatory action, extravasation of blood, the formation of tumour, and ultimate suspension of nerve force.

Extreme debility, either from disease, luemorrhage, pro�longed lactation or aniemia, may also be associated with amaurosis.

178 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

;

Symptoms.�The defect in vision may be gradual or sudden. Obstructions are not seen until the animal is close upon or touches them. The gait is peculiarly diagnostic of sight affection. An uncertain feeling action is observed in loco�motion. The creature relies to a great extent upon the sense of smell, and snuffs the air as he moves about.

Eventually the function of sight becomes totally lost. The eye is clear (unnaturally so) and bright, hence the Arabic term quot; gutta serenaquot;�clear drops. No irritability in the organ is observed, except occasionally at the commencement of the disease, but, on the contrary, the brightest light is of no effect. The pupil is dilated, and the eye has a more or less vacant expression. One or both eyes may be affected, according to the seat and extent of injury, or from sympathy, which is exercised to a great degree in eye affections, and in amanrotic ones generally in the end involves both.

Treatment is unfortunately of little avail, and can only be adopted with any degree of success in the early stage of the malady. An active seton in the poll, strong iodine lini�ment around the outside of the orbits, or blisters ; and, inter�nally, strychnia or nux vomica, are the measures indicated. The general health of the patient should be looked to, a liberal diet allowed, with moderate exercise.

Ki '11

[j,,

'quot;^:

I t I ''

IRITIS.

i: i'

Inflammation of the iris, or colouring membrane of the eye, is not unfrequent in the dog. It may proceed from injury, or deep-seated ophthalmic inflammation.

Symptoms.�The iris is changed in colour, a deep reddish-brown tint, often extending beyond the edges of the cornea, may be plainly seen. The pupil becomes contracted, and to a great extent immovable to the stimulus of light. Excess in the lachrymal secretion, pain and intolerance of light, and cold, are the accompanying symptoms. As the disease pro-

kraquo;

Diseases of the Eye.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 179

ceeds the eye becomes, from tlie engorged condition of the vessels, generally bloodshot. Extravasation of blood occasion�ally takes place, resulting in the formation of pus, and the total destruction of vision.

Treatment.�Here the local abstraction of blood is strongly indicated, together with absolute darkness. Warm fomenta�tions, and free movement of the bowels.

When the acute symptoms have passed away, the adminis�tration of tonics, and small doses of the iodide of potassium, and if protracted, a seton in the poll, will materially assist iu restoring the eye to its natural condition. The light should be subdued so long as inflammatory symptoms are present, and gradually increased as these disappear.

ENLAEGEMENT OF THE HAW.

The haw (membrana nictitans), or fold of membrane placed at the inner corner of the eye, is for the piirpose of removing foreign bodies or irritants from the globe. Occasionally, from external violence, irritation or constitutional disease, it be�comes enlarged, prominent, and obstructive to vision and closure of the eyelids. In such oases the part presents a red and highly inflamed appearance, is exceedingly sensitive to touch, causes the animal considerable pain, and gives rise to profuse lachrymation.

Treatment.�The primary treatment consists in scarifying and warm fomentations. Should the enlargement persist, it may be gradually reduced with the scalpel or scissors and caustic, or the whole substance drawn out and snipped off.

Astringent lotions are useful, and in many cases sufficient.

PEOTEUSION OF THE ErE-BALL. Occasionally in fighting the eye-ball is displaced from its socket. If the accident is of recent date and the appendages

12�2

180 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

are not torn asunder, the return of the organ is not difficult. In the case of a toy dog, not long since brought for my in�spection, I had the eye and surrounding parts well fomented for a quarter of an hour with warm milk and water ; a few drops of olive oil were then poured over the ball, the upper lid drawn forward with blunt forceps, and gentle pressure exercised, when it returned easily to its natural situation, but when pressure was removed it again protruded; once more returning it, I placed a small pad of wet lint over the organ, and closed the lids over it with silk sutures. The case did well, and no evil results followed.

When the ball is completely torn from its attachments, excision at once is advisable.

1^!

'i^!

1:1

EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE.

This, from unsightly blindness, disease, or protracted, pro�trusion, is sometimes rendered necessary. The ball being drawn forward and held firmly, the muscles and optic nerve are divided with a bistoury or scalpel. A pledget of cotton wool steeped in iron should then be placed in the vacant socket, and a couple of Stiches inserted through the upper and lower lid. These and the pledget may be removed in forty-eight hours, and the socket daily dressed with the following liniment

Glycerine .............................. 1 ounce.

Acid Carbolic........................... 5 minims.

It is occasionally necessary, where there is fungoid disease, #9632;with adhesion, to dilate the canthus. This should be done from the outer one.

It is advisable to keep the patient in a dark place alter the operation, until all symptoms of inflammatory action have subsided, and on moderate diet. It is almost needless to add that this operation ought always to be performed under chloroform.

i '#9632; !*

Diseases of the Eye.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 181

HAIRY TUMOUR ON THE CORNEA.

An instance of this exceedingly rare occurrence is recorded by Mr. J. M. Parker, M.R.C.V.S., Birmingham, in the quot;Veter�inary Journalquot; for April, 1877:

quot; In June, 1875, a setter puppy, three months old, was brought to me for advice about one eye�the left�#9632;which was discharging a considerable quantity of niuoo-purulent matter. On washing the eyelids, and carefully examining the eye, I found that the whole of the eye-ball was covered with long black and white hairs (the puppy was black and white; spread out like a fan.

quot; With some trouble, I fixed the eyelid, and found that the hairs grew from a warty substance as large as half a pea on the cornea, at the posterior part of the eye, near the eyelid, but not connected with it.

quot; I plucked out thirty hairs with the forceps, and sent some lotion containing laudanum and zinc sulph.

quot; In about a fortnight I saw the patient again, and he was reported as having improved considerably. This I found to be the case; and I removed a few more hairs�twelve or fourteen, perhaps. He was not brought to me afterwards, but I heard from his owner that all pain and discharge had ceased. Having occasion to pass the owner's house in Sep�tember, 1875, I called to see the pup; and found that the eye was much inflamed, and a fresh crop of hairs had grown. I then determined to pare off the 'wart'�for such it seemed to be; but how to do it without chloroform or proper instru�ments was the question.

quot; I decided to transfix the base of the wart with a needle, and cut it clean off the cornea with a scalpel. Making a hook with a silver probe to steady the lid, which was held by an assistant, I was able, after a little trouble, to pass a strong sewing-needle, armed with a stout thread, through the base, and, pulling it away from the cornea, I dissected the

182 TAe Management and Diseases of the Dog.

growth very carefully from its attachment, and effectually eradicated it. No more hairs made their appearance, and the wound speedily healed. There was, unfortunately, a con�siderable deposit of lymph in the eye from long-continued irritation, which, perhaps, might have been prevented had I excised the portion at first. I may add, in conclusion, that it was horny to the touch, and not like transplanted skin, which the presence of coloured hairs would appear to indicate.quot;

In the following number for May, Mr. W. A. Taylor, P.E.C.V.S., records a similar instance in a fox-terrier puppy, fourteen weeks old:

quot; My attention was recently directed to the dog's eye by my brother, whose property the puppy is. He had noticed the existence of the tumour soon after the usual nine days' hlindness of puppy life.

quot;An examination of the eye (in this instance the left) reveals to the beholder what at first appears to be ' something white' in the dog's eye. On a more careful inspection, the white object is discovered to be a fixed tumour, circular in outline, of a pinky-white tint, and having a diameter of three-sixteenths of an inch; it is slightly raised above the level of the eye, and from it grow some white hairs, in number about fifteen, resembling those of the eyelashes. Two-thirds of the tumour are attached to the sclerotic coat, the remaining third to the cornea, audit receives a covering of conjunctiva.

quot; In appearance and structure this lusus natural bears a close resemblance to the mole on the human skin.

quot; The presence of the tumour does not apparently cause any inconvenience to the puppy beyond a slight increase in the flow of the lachrymal fluid.

quot; Are these hairy tumours hereditary ? If so, it would be unadvisable to breed from animals possessing them. The eyes of both parents of the puppy above alluded to are perfectly normal.quot;

#9632;r^!; ti

yl.

CHAPTER XIII

DISEASES OP THE E A K.

CANKER (External), CANKER (Internal), SEEOUS ABSCESS,

POLYPUS,

DEAFNESS, SCURFY EARS.

CANKEE (External).

Theke are few diseases which cause [more trouble and annoy�ance, alike to owner and subject, than the one known as quot; canker.quot; All dogs are liable to this malady; but long-haired ones, and especially water-dogs, are those usually affected.

The disease is generally divided into external and internal canker. External canker is that which attacks the edge or margin of the ear-flap.

Internal is usually confined to the passage leading to the ear proper.

Both forms are the same in character, and may co-exist or arise independently of each other.

Causes.�Canker may be produced by external violence, gross feeding, over-heating food, plethora, uncleanliness. It is frequently associated with mange.

Symptoms.�The first generally observed is repeated shaking of the head and flapping of the ears. Examination reveals the integument covering those organs red, puffy, and hot, and this condition is aggravated by the animal continually scratching them. If this is left unchecked, the amount of irritation produced on the inflamed part gives rise to a serous

184 The Manayemcnt and Diseases of the Dog.

exudation along the margin of the flap, and ulceration quickly follows.

Treatment.�Immediately symptoms of canker are ob�served, a dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and warm fomentations applied to the part. Where exuda�tion has taken place, all extraneous matter should be gently removed with warm water, and mild astringents applied to the sore surface. The following is a useful lotion:

Alum ........................ 5 grains.

Vinegar ..................... 1 drachm.

Aqua ........................ 1 ounce.

To be applied twice or three times a day.

When the case will not yield to this treatment, and when ulcers have formed, and show a tendency to spread, I find occasionally touching the parts with nitrate of silver after washing is of great service; and when the eschar is detached either of the following lotions may he applied with a camel-hair brush:

Tinct. Myrrh Co.............)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

Tinct. Arnica ...............| equal parts.

or,

Tinct. Ferri Mur.............nbsp; nbsp; 1 drachm.

Acid Carbolic ...............nbsp; nbsp; 5 minims.

Aqua ........................nbsp; nbsp; 1 ounce.

In obstinate cases, where the cartilage becomes diseased, and remains, in spite of all that can be done, persistently so, it will be advisable to remove that portion of the flap beyond the line of disease ; but only in an extreme case should this he done.

CANKEE (Internal).

Internal canker is most generally seen in water-dogs. Youatt observes: quot; When the whole of the body, exc�pt the head and

Diseases of the Ear.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 185

ears, is surrounded by cold water, there -will be an unusual determination of blood to those parts, and consequent disten�sion of the vessels, and a predisposition to inflammation.quot; With this author I quite agree.

Again, water being continually lodged in the ear, and re�maining there, is in itself a source of irritation, and calculated to produce canker. Allowing dirty suds to remain, after washing, is an especially fruitful cause both of cauker and deafness.

Internal canker, if neglected, is very much more disastrous than the external form. The disease will extend to the in�ternal bones of the ear, and cause the most maddening pain. Or it may, and often does, without these ravages, result in deafness, in which case treatment for the latter is generally hopeless.

Symptoms.�The membrane lining the passage, as far as can be seen, is red and inflamed, and the root of the flap hot and tender. There is the same disposition to shake the head and scratch the ears as in the external canker. As the disease proceeds, an offensive, dark-coloured discharge issues from the passage of the ear, the itching becomes intolerable, and the animal in his misery rolls about, rubs his ears along the ground, frantically scratches at them, and utters pitiful cries.

Treatment.�This is of the same character as that pre�scribed for the former, only differing in its mode of applica�tion. The ear should be syringed (not too powerfully) with warm water, and whatever lotions are used must be poured into the ear, applied with a feather, or some cotton wool saturated with it and packed gently in. For internal canker, the zinc lotion, 5 grains to the ounce of water, applied three or four times a day, I find usually answers better than any�thing else. quot;When the disease extends to the bones of the ear, humanity dictates an end to the creature's sufferings.

In all oases of canker, whether external or internal, it is absolutely necessary, in order to ensure success and rapidity of

18C The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

cure, that the animal should he prevented as much as possible from flapping, scratching, or rubbing the ears. For this pur�pose a cap of wash-leather or stout calico (the latter i^scoolest) should be placed over the animal's head and tied underneath the throat. (Fig. 21.) It should be similar in shape (with the exception of the ear portion) to a horse's hood, and is kept much easier in position than the usual three-cornered one.

Fig. 21. Dog with Cankee Cap.

With regard to the further treatment of canker, I the following from the quot;Veterinary Journal,quot; Sept. p. 216:

quote 1875,

TEEATMENT OF ULCEEATION IN THE EARS OP A DOG, BY COC ULET

quot; The disease vulgarly known as ' canker' in the dog is frequently most troublesome and unsatisfactory to treat, for several reasons. In the ' Eecueil de Mdd. Vcterinaire ' Coculet recommends, as a very successful method of dealing with these auricular chancres, the application of some blis�tering ointment or liquid over the external surface of the ear. The preparation he employed was tincture of cantharides, forty-five grammes; tincture of oak galls, ten grammes. This

Diseases of the Ear.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 187

was applied once every two days, and by its influence the intolerable itching which accompanies the disease was allayed, and a smart hut inconvenient pain substituted. The animal no longer shakes its head, nor scratches the ears with its paws, and the chancres soon disappear.quot;

SEROUS ABSCESS.

It not unfrequently happens from the violence applied in canker to the inflamed organ by the dog himself, or, indepen�dent of canker existing, from blows or bruises, that an effusion �of serum takes place between the integument on the inside of the ear and the cartilage underneath, giving the organ a pecu�liar, dropsical, baggy appearance. In such a case it is best to open the sac at its most dependent part with a lance, making a free incision, and evacuating the contents. In a short time the wound will heal, and the ear assume its natural condition. There is no necessity to induce suppuration; if nature estab�lishes it, well, and good, and it must then be treated as a sup�purating sore.

POLYPUS.

The formation of polypus on the lining membrane of the �external meatus is not uncommon in the dog. The tumour usually assumes one of two forms: the soft and vascular, situated in the anterior half of the meatus, or the full and fleshy (sometimes fibro-cartilaginous), in the lower half of the meatus.

Causes.�Protracted irritation or chronic inflammation of the lining membrane of the meatus, or of that covering the tympanum.

These tumours, when small and quiescent, are not attended with any great inconvenience; but when they become irri-

188 Tho Management and Diseases of the Dog.

table, and the animal, in his attempts to rid himself of the offending body, increases the irritability, they rapidly increase in size, and give rise to deafness, pain, giddiness, and other untoward results.

Symptoms.�In describing the symptoms of this affection,. I cannot do better than follow the example of other authors, in transcribing a portion of Dr. Mercer's paper in the quot; Veterina�rianquot; for 1844, on this subject:

quot; Polypi produced from the tissues of the meatus may be divided into two kinds :

quot; First. The soft vascular and bleeding polypus, usually produced from the fibro-cartilaginous structure of the outer half of the tube; and, secondly, the hard and cartilaginous polypus or excrescence produced from the lining membrane of its inner half.

quot; As to the first of these forms of polypi, the hccmatoid, that arise from the external soft structure of the tube, they may be situated in any part of its parietes, but most commonly at its superior and posterior surface. In form they are generally pedunculated; their surface is rough, irregular, and glisten�ing, in consequence of being covered with a thin layer of mucus, which is often tinged with blood, especially when any degree of violence has been applied to the external ear, and which has also been exerted upon the tumour. When the tumour becomes protruded externally, it has a blood-red and pulpy appearance, and its sensibility is so great that any ma�nipulation of the concha, so as to investigate the condition of the external meatus, is attended with great pain, and is also often followed with considerable haemorrhage.

quot; The second variety of polypus growth, the chondroma-tons, is that which is produced from the lining membrane of the inner half of the tube, the dermo-periosteum, and in its structure it differs somewhat from the former; it is more-dense, and almost cartilaginous, and usually having a broad and more sessile base, occupies a greater extent of the parietes of tho tube. Its surface is comparatively smooth, pale, and'

Diseases of the Ear.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 189

#9632;almost insensible to the touch; but according to the extent of the ulcerative process behind and within it, so will the nature and properties of the discharge be with which it is accompanied.

quot;Both these species of polypus of the meatus, the htema-toid and ohondromatous, are most commonly connected with, and accompanied by, ulceration of the softer tissues, or caries of the auditory process. These excrescences are usually situ�ated externally to the seat of ulceration, being produced from the vascular margin of the ulcer; and so long as they are permitted to remain, the latter morbid condition, the canker of the ear, will be kept up for an indefinite period ; hence, should the animal be of any value, it becomes a matter of considerable importance to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the actual condition of the diseased parts. The symptoms, therefore, which attend the existence of polypoid growths of the external meatus are very similar to those that indicate the chronic form of internal canker of the ear. These are also preceded by those of general pyrexia, which usher in the local disease, such as general languor and lassitude, loss of appetite, considerable thirst, turning out of the coat, and balling of the fajces. As these constitutional and general symptoms dimi�nish in severity, then those characteristic of the local disease become gradually and more manifestly evinced. The animal has a dull, heavy, and rather watery eye; he moans or whines at intervals; and if his master be present he feels a pleasure, a confidence, and a relief in pressing and rubbing his aching ear against any part of his master's body. Under other cir�cumstances he presses and harrows it against the ground, sonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'jh as to obtain a slight relief, and then with an instinctive feeling he flaps his ears and shakes his head rapidly and repeatedly, so as to keep up the pleasurable relief he thus obtains. Should the symptoms be not so severe as those which I have now mentioned, the animal may still be suspected, at a glance, to be labouring under acute disease of the ear, by his running about with little intermission, his mouth open, and tongue

190 Tlia Management and Diseases of the Bog.

protruded, and panting, and with a stupid sensibility shaking his head, and pointing the affected ear to the ground. These symptoms, however, are most commonly allowed to pass un�heeded, and in a few days a partial relief is obtained to the animal by the sudden and profuse discharge of a quantity of fcetid pus. Prom this time the general and constitutional symptoms disappear, and those indicative of the local affection are alone predominant. The local discharge of pus, or pus and blood, becomes daily more and more foetid, in consequence of the extension of the disease to the body tissue of the meatus, and the poor animal is thrust aside as an object of loathing and disgust.

quot; Should the dog, in the earlier stage of the disease, be muzzled and cast, and an inspection of the meatus be had recourse to, then there will either be found a phlegmonous abscess of the cellule-fibrous structure of the meatus, circum�scribed dermo-periostitis of the inner part of the tube, with caries of the osseous portion, or internal muco-tympanitis, with perforation of the membrana tympani, and evacuation of the matter along the external canal.

quot; In that form of the disease to which I specially refer� where a polypoid excrescence follows and accompanies the ulceration or caries�if a period of three weeks or a month be allowed to elapse between the first exhibition of the discharge and the examination of the meatus, it may be found that the vegetation has attained a considerable size, and the discharge has become more and more profuse and bloody. The extent of bloody discharge, and its fcetidity, will much depend on the nature of the tumour, and the original tissue of the meatus that may be affected. If there is much blood mixed up with the discharge, then in all likelihood there will exist a soft and vascular polypus, produced from the more vital fibro-oar-tilaginous structures of the meatus; and should the smell be great, and the discharge little tinged with blood, then the original disease will be found to exist in the osseous portion

Diseases of the Ear.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 191

of the tube, and the polypus, if it does exist, will be of the ehondromatous or cartilaginous kind.quot;

Treatment.�This should consist, if the growth is in the outer half of the meatus, and within reach, in removal by torsion, ligature, or excision, and the subsequent application of caustic. If near to the tympanum, such an operation would be attended with danger, and the potassa cum calce, as recommended in human surgery, is best adapted to the case. The injection of mild astringents should, in the course of a few days, follow either measure.

DEAFNESS.

Deafness in dogs may be congenital,* or result from obstruc�tion in the auditory passage, caused hy disease, injury, the lodgment of water, or it may result from paralysis of the auditory nerve from severe shock. Youatt observes, with regard to cropping: quot; Deafness is occasionally produced by it in some dogs, and constantly in others. The frequent deafness of the pug is solely attributable to the outrageous, as well as absurd, rounding of his ears. The almost invariable deafness of the white, wire-haired terrier, is to be traced to this cause.quot;

Treatment.�If deafness proceed from congenital causes, it is needless to remark that a cure is hopeless. Where it is due to morbid growths, resulting from canker, polypus, or other diseases, the removal of such obstruction is indicated. If from paralysis�counter-irritation behind the ears, by blisters or seton, and the administration of strychnine or mix vomica, are the measures to be adopted.

⁰ I recently examined a white terrier, belonging to a clergyman, iu which the sense of hearing had never been recognised�being, in fact, congenital, and the animal was destroyed in consequence.

192 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

SCUEFY EARS.

Scurfy ears are frequently met with in long-haired dogs, and may either be associated with mange, or the result of an over-heated, plethoric habit of body�more frequently the latter. If neglected, this condition is apt to run on to canker.

Treatment.�An aperient, followed by drachm doses of sulphur in a bolus daily, and a spare, unstimulating diet, usually removes tbe affection. An ointment composed of sulphur and whale oil may, in obstinate cases, be applied with success to the ears.

Iraquo;

CHAPTER XIV.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.----EXTERNAL PARASITES.

AIANGE (SARCOPTIC),nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; EINGWORM (HONEYCOMB),

MANGE (FOLLICULAE),nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;WAETS,

ECZEMA,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; FLEAS,

ERYTHEMA,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; LICE,

RINGWORM (Proper),nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; TICKS.

MANGE (Saecoptic).

The term quot; mange quot; is generally used by tliose people who dabble in canine matters #9632;without the knowledge necessary to diagnose correctly, to denote any affection of the skin, which results in eruption, irritation, or the detachment of hair.

The true mange of the dog is analogous to the itch of man. and the riff of the horse. It is due to the presence of a small acarus (Sarcoptes canis)�Fig. 22. Another species, termed Follicular mange, is also very frequently met with in dogs. This likewise is due to the presence of an acarus {Acarus folliculorum or Demodex caninus)�'Fig. 23.

Mange, of whichever species, can only be propagated by the migration, directly or indirectly, of the parasite giving rise to it. Filth and neglect favour parasitic development, but do not of themselves produce the disease.

Symptoms.�Ordinary or sarcoptic mange is characterised, at its earliest period, by intense itching. If the skin of the affected part is examined, there will be observed small red points like flea-bites. These eventually become pustular and break, exuding a serous fluid, which produces thick, dark

194

Tlie Management and Diseases of the Bog.

crusts, whioli are ultimately cast off, leaving the part denuded of hair and of a quot;bleached appearance.

The violent scratching attendant on the affection through�out, creates extreme soreness, and frequently open wounds. The hair ahout the affected region heoomes matted together, and the animal is rendered an object of disgust and pity.

Fig. 23.

ACAEUS FOLLICUXOKUM. Ma-

tuee Specimens, a, Mouth ; J, Papilla on each side ; c, Feet. (Fleming.)

Fio. 22. Saecoptes Canis. (Gemach.;

The disease, if not checked early, rapidly extends to the whole body. In such a case the poor animal knows no peace, and the debility is extreme.

Treatment.�The treatment of mange is a matter of no great difficulty, if properly adopted. The recipes are various, and most of them good; and failure is dependent, as a rule, on the mode of applying them, and in neglecting those sanitary measures so necessary in diseases of this des cription.

A dog suffering from mange requires either shaving to as�certain the extent of the affection, or else to be thoroughly dressed all over. The necessity of this will be apparent,

Diseases of the Skin.�External Parasites. 1 9

when we bear in mind that a single aoarus will produce in a fortnight upwards of twenty young.

For the same reason all the litter should be destroyed, and the habitation thoroughly cleansed each day�if in the ken�nel�with boiling water, slightly impregnated with ammonia or carbolic acid. Old mats, particularly wool ones, should never be allowed for repose in mange; plain straw or shavings, where litter is required, are the most suitable agents.

Before the appUcation of any dressing, the animal should be well washed with warm water and soft soap. The oint�ment I find most successful in mange is

Sulphur Sub......................... 8 ounces.

Whale-oil.............................. 8 ounces.

Oil of Tar ........................... i ounce.

Ung. Hydrarg......'................... -Jounce.

To be well blended, and applied as indicated. Wash off and repeat in three days, and again after the same interval if necessary.

For mild cases the ordinary sulphur ointment, made with sublimed sulphur and soft soap, whale oil, or lard, frequently suffices; or half an ounce of ol. terebinth to six ounces of whale oil is a useful application.

Benzine and paraffine have of late been commonly and suc�cessfully used, and I have no fault to find with those agents, save that they usually require frequent repetition.

Tobacco-water is a popular remedy with some persons, but from its narcotic effects, through absorption, it is not an ad�visable one.

Carbolic acid is another, and in the use of this drug still greater caution is required; its strength should never be less than 1�50 of soap-suds or whale-oil.

Mr. Fleming* observes: quot; The remedies proposed for scabies in the dog are exceedingly numerous; and it would be alto-⁰ quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. p. 458.

13�2

190 The Management and Diseases of the Boy.

gether beyond our object to attempt an enumeration of even a tithe of them. They consist of liaths, liniments, and oint�ments. Among the former may be mentioned the sulphuret of potassium�one part to five of rain-water. Also corrosive sublimate, one part to fifty of water; carbolic acid, in the proportion of one to forty of soap-suds or glycerine, is also a good remedy, but requires care. The liniments are, perhaps, better applications than either the baths or ointments. A very good preparation is the following: Oil of tar, one ounce; sulphur, one ounce ; common oil, one pint. To be allowed to stand, in the sun or near a fire, for some time, and frequently shaken. Prange recommends the subacetate of lead (liquid) and olive-oil, of each thirty parts; sulphur, fifteen parts.

quot; With regard to ointments, the Helmeric pomade already mentioned is very efficacious. Mercimal ointment, and different compounds of mercury, are much resorted to ; but these are readily absorbed by the skin. Dressings of tobacco have the same disadvantage. It is generally a good plan to wash the animal well with soft-soap or carbonate of potass, in warm water, before applying the parasiticide. The latter should be washed off the skin after it has been applied three or four days. If the skin is covered with long, thick hair, it is advisable to have this cut off.

quot; The success of the remedy depends very much on the care with which it is applied to every part of the skin.

quot; Tor house-dogs, and especially those with fine skins and smooth hair, a very excellent and safe remedy is the balsam of Peru, dissolved in alcohol (one of balsam to four of alcohol). This is an effective acarioide, and has not an unpleasant odour.quot;

FOLLICULAE MANGE.

This species of mange, from the acari being buried in the sebaceous and hair follicles, and their migration to a great extent thus hindered, is not so contagious as the sarcoptic form.,, quot; Indeed, an affected dog may cohabit with others for

Diseases o/ the Skin.�External Parasites. 197

some time without extending the disease* The animal whose case is described by Weiss, lived for from eight to fifteen days with other dogs, which remained unaffected. This feature in follicular scabies is accounted for by the situation and habits of the parasite, and its conformation. Burrowing deeply into the follicle, it only leaves its habita�tion, in all probability, -when carried from it by the fluid thrown out in the follicle, for its limbs are very short, and arc-not furnished with suckers, so that it is not well adapted for travelling, differing in this respect from the ordinary acarus. Nevertheless, in some instances, the slightest accidental contact will suffice for its transference from a diseased to a healthy dog; and, when conveyed experimentally to the skin of the latter, it propagates it in a very remarkable manner. Haubner deposited several, with a view to elucidate the con�tagiousness of the affection, and he found that, in about twenty-four hours, there was a slight tumefaction of the skin where they had been placed; in forty-eight hours the follicles contained a purulent fluid, in which young and adult acari and ova could be perceived. The eruption extended; but eventually the parasites disappeared, and a spontaneous cure took place.quot;t

Symptoms.�These likewise are not so easy of distinction as in sarcoptic mange. At first, circumscribed tumefactions of the skin take place: these tumefactions are hot, and usually blotchy, or patched with red. In a very short time small pimples make their appearance, which rapidly become pustular, break, and exude serum, or, in severe cases, pus. The matter thus exuded forms scabs, or crusts�the skin is thickened and chapped as in common mange.

The itching attendant on follicular mange is not excessive nor continuous. The disease usually commences on the head,

* This fact will serve to explain why the coutagiousuess of scabies has been denied and affirmed by different authorities in this country, where only one kind of parasitic quot;mange quot; has been hitherto recognised in the dog.

t Fleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. p. 457.

198 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

and from tlienoe extends to the body; it is of long duration, and very obstinately yields to treatment.

Detached hair is rarely replaced, owing to the destruction of the hair follicle.

Treatment.�The difficulty experienced in reaching the acari renders curative measures somewhat troublesome and unsatisfactory. Mercurial agents are, perhaps, the most use�ful. White precipitate, combined with sulphur and whale-oil, is a very excellent formula.

The following ointment (my own prescription) lias been in my practice attended with the best results in cases of folli-cular mange.

Acid Acetic .....................1 � , #9632;,

Ol. Terebinth ..................| ^m ² ^drachms-

01. Tar .............................. 3 ounce.

Ung. Hydrargi..................... 1 �

Sulphur.............................. 8 ounces.

Whale-oil ........................... 10 �

The whole to be well mixed, and rubbed on the affected parts for five minutes. Wash off in forty-eight hours with soft-soap and warm water, and when the skin is dry apply to the surface whale-oil; and the following day, without wash�ing, repeat as before the ointment-dressing. Allow a week to elapse before another dressing of the same, if necessary, is applied. In recent cases a third application is not often re�quired. After each dressing, the kennel should be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before the dog is suffered to inhabit it. All wood and iron-work should be well scoured with boiling water and soda, and to any brick-work, after first brushing, limewash with carbolic acid should be applied.

Mr. Hunting, after a series of unsuccessful experiments, made conjointly with Professor Duguid, in the treatment of follicular mange, observes:

quot; It occurred to Mr. Duguid that, as the parasites were situated so deeply in the skin, it might assist the action of any dressing if we could soften and break up the cuticular

Diseases of the Skin�Eaiemal Parasites. 199

layer of the skin. With this object in view we employed a solution of caustic potass, in addition to a creosote dressing, and with marked benefit. To facilitate the action of the dressing still further we adopted the plan of frequent wash�ings of soap and warm water, gently removing at the same time any scabs, and rupturing any pustules. The following,quot; says Mr. Hunting, quot; is the formula I advise: olive-oil, seven parts, and creosote one part, well shaken together, then add two parts of strong solution of caustic potass. This is to be applied every third or fourth day, to all diseased spots, with a piece of rag, and the dog should he washed a few hours before each dressing. To prevent the spread of the disease when limited to small or single spots, it is well to shave off the hair for about an incli around each diseased part, and in cases where most of the body is affected, we shave the whole animal. This operation deprives the parasite of all protec�tion afibrded by the hair, and is not unnecessarily severe, as, without sliaving, the loss of hair is certain to be very great, and much hair hides from view the first symptom of new centres of disease.

quot; Considering the damage done to the roots of the hair, we should expect but a very partial reproduction of the coat. It is, then, satisfactory to be able to state that it is thoroughly and completely restored when the parasite is got rid of, save on any small spot where the skin was so damaged as to be repaired by cicatrisation.

quot; The proper recognition of this disease is the most impor�tant part, because many dogs will not pay for three or four months' treatment, and because this dressing is unnecessarily severe for ordinary mange, and decidedly injurious to those cases of skin disease due merely to constitutional disturbance. Very young or very small dogs must be treated carefully, as the dressing is apt to affect them injuriously. If lessened in strength it is not certain to destroy the parasite.quot;*

� Hunting, '' Diseases of Dogs :quot; quot; Live Stock Journal and Fancier's Gazette,quot; February Uth, 1876.

201) TIlo Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; Z�rn asserts that he has frequently succeeded with an ointment composed of one part of benzine to four of lard. Weiss recommends the inunction of essence of juniper. Zundel states that the balsam of Peru has often yielded good results when the malady has not been of too long duration. He has employed it, dissolved in alcohol (one to thirty); he has likewise used the green iodide of mercury with success, as well as the nitrate of silver ointment. Hoper speaks highly of an ointment composed of carbolic acid ; and Vogel prescribes a solution of caustic potash.quot;*

ECZEMA.

This disease, which is commonly known as quot; blotchquot; or quot; rod mange,quot; is a frequent and troublesome affection with dogs. It is analogous to the eczema, crusta laotea, humid tetter, or scald, so often seen in infants and young children.

Eczema may be either acute or chronic, and local or general. The two forms usually seen are, 1. That which attacks the head, and along the back. 2. That in which the integument generally is red, more particularly visible between the thighs, underneath the arms, and on the abdomen, and which is the form called quot; red mange.quot;

Eczemaf is a non-contagious affection of the skin, charac�terised by the eruption of minute vesicles in great numbers, and frequently confluent, upon a surface of irregular form, and usually of considerable extent. The vesicles are so closely aggregated in some situations, as to give rise to one continu�ous vesicle of great breadth. These larger vesicles, when laid open, appear to be cellular in their structure; the cellular disposition obviously depending on the juxtaposition of the numerous small vesicles of which they are composed. The

* Fleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. �. p. 459. t From quot; bcielv,quot; ejervere, to boil out.

Diseases of the Skin.�External Parasites. 201

vesicles of eczema terminate by absorption of the fluid which they contain, or by rupture and moist excoriations suc�ceeded by thin crusts, and by furfuraceous desquamation. The eruption is generally successive, and variable in dura�tion ; it sometimes extends to the mucous membrane, and is often developed on the scalp and hair-bearing parts of the body.*

All dogs are liable to become eczematous, but those used for sporting purposes more particularly so. One attack pre�disposes the animal to another, and the latter frequently es�tablishes chronic eczema.

Causes.�Insufficient exercise and injudicious feeding are the two chief causes of eczema in dogs. A too stimulating diet, an excessive supply of animal food, a denial of the exer�cise necessary in such cases to balance the effect of these measures, result in an over-charged and over-heated system, and nature, to avoid worse consequences, endeavours to get rid of this pressure by means of serous outpouring or ex�udation.

Treatment.�Saline aperients are in the first instance ad�visable; when the irritation is extreme and considerable con�stitutional disturbance is manifested, a grain each of opium and calomel may be administered with benefit.

With regard to local applications, the skin should never be washed or rubbed, in the dressing with agents, more than is absolutely necessary. The benzoated oxide of zinc ointment, smeared over once or twice a day is a very effectual remedy. Another exceedingly useful one is :

Oxide of Zinc ............ )nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

#9632; aa l ounce. Ohve-oil ..................Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ²

Arnica Tinct................... 2 drachms.

Eose-water..................... 7 ounces.

To be applied three or four times a day.

Where there is much wetness of surface and irritation, the

* Wilson's quot; Diseases of the Skin,quot; p. 164.

202 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

parts may with benefit be dusted from time to time with plain flour, or 1 part of powdered alum to C of flour. Debility and wasting is overcome with mineral tonics and cod-liver oil. The diet should be plain, nutritious, but not stimulating. Uaily exorcise should also be allowed.

Chronic Eczema, though not accompanied by the same amount of irritation and constitutional disturbance as the former, is nevertheless a troublesome, and oftentimes a tedious affection.

quot; In chronic eczema other topical remedies are required, one while to relieve prurities, and another while to exert a discutient action on the affected part. The juniper-tar oint�ment, considerably diluted,is an excellent anti-pruritic remedy; while stronger, or of its full strength, it is powerfully discu�tient. Among the best of the discutient remedies are the ointments of the nitric and hydrochloric salts of mercury, variously diluted; for example, the nitric oxide of mercury, uuguentum hydrargyri nitratis, and unguentum hydrargyri ammonio-chloridi. In some forms of chronic eczema one or other of these ointments is specific; for example, the un�guentum hydrargyri, nitrico-oxydi diluted to the extent of one part in four, in pityriasis capitis; the unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, one part in eight, in psoriasis palpebrarum, etc. Sometimes eczema rubrum and eczema impetiginoedes, when of long continuance, or when the water-dressings or poultice have been unduly prolonged, become excessively tender, so tender, in fact, as to be irritated by the mildest application. I have such a case in remembrance, wherein the disease of the skin was rendered most distressing by its associations with a kind of cutaneous neuralgia; and I have since seen several cases of a similar kind. In this morbidly sensitive state of the skin and of the eruption, I have found no remedy act so well as a solution of nitrate of silver in distilled water, in the proportion of one grain to the ounce.quot;*

* Wilson's quot; Diseases of the Skin,quot; p. 191.quot;-

Diseases of the Skin.�External Parasites. 203

In sucli cases, constitutional treatment is not to be over�looked. Small doses of arsenicum or calomel are attended with considerable benefit, iron and quinine also are of service. The animal should be kept dry, and the bedding clean. Exercise and nutritious feeding must likewise be observed.

A species of eczema is not unfrequently produced through the incautious use of mercury (eczema mereuriale or hydrar-yyrid). quot; An eruption occurs, characterised by round irritable patches of skin from -which a secretion oozes, and which are denuded of hair. The skin is at first red, swollen, and after�wards rough and hard. In dogs the eruption occurs chiefly on the limbs and scrotum. The general symptoms are loss of appetite, salivation, closure of the eyelids, great dulness, offen�sive exhalations from the skin, and sometimes death. Eeco-veries occur slowly.*

ERYTHEMA.

Dogs are occasionally affected with superficial inflammation of the skin, which chiefly takes place on the face, especially about the mouth and the extremities. The inflammation oc�curs in patches, which are throughout attended with but little heat or irritation, except in the latter stages of the affection, when the skin on the portions attacked peels off, leaving the surface underneath red and sensitive; then more or less febrile disturbance is apt to take place. When the pad of the foot is involved, the animal walks with reluctance and evident soreness. Young dogs, particularly when teething, are those usually attacked. The disease is non-contagious, and readily yields to treatment.

Treatment.�Mild saline aperients in the first instance, followed by tonics, forms the most effectual medicinal treat�ment.

⁰ Garagee's quot;Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease,quot; vol. ii. p. 133.

204 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

With regard to local applications, tlie oxide of zinc oint�ment or lotion is most suitable. Sponging -svitli cold vinegar and water or a weak solution of alum is likewise beneficial. The diet should he plain and nnstimulating.

EINGWOEM (Tkopei!).

This disease is occasionally met with in tlie dog. It is due to the presence of a minute vegetable parasite or fungus {Tricophyton tonsurans, Mahnsten, or Acltorion Lebertii).

Eingworm is exceedingly contagious, communicable from man to the lower animal, and vice versa.

Causes.�Cold, wet seasons; badly drained, dirty, and un�comfortable kennels; insufficient and nutritious food; in�attention to tlie cleanliness of the skin, are each conducive to the presence of ringworm.

Sym2gt;toms.�The most prominent symptom is the charac�teristic circular patch, with silver scaly crusts, whilst the presence of the fungus at once removes any doubt that may exist. The hair has a dry, harsh appearance, is exceedingly brittle, and easily detached. As the disease advances, the hair breaks of itself close to the crust, and when the latter is removed, the hairs are exhibited in short, bristle-like pieces, surrounded witli the spores of the fungus.

From the animal biting, rubbing, or scratching itself, the characteristic shape is sometimes obliterated.

The period of incubation is from eight to fourteen days.

Treatment.-�Mild mercurial and iodine ointments are generally effectual in the treatment of ringworm. The fol�lowing is also a very useful application :�

Whale-oil ..............................nbsp; nbsp;G ounces.

Terebinth ..............................nbsp; nbsp;2 ounces.

Oil of Tar ..............................nbsp; nbsp;1 dracjnn.

Acetic Acid ...........................nbsp; nbsp;1 drachm.

Diseases of the Skin.�Eodernal Parasites. 205

To be applied to the parts after first thorougUy washing the skin -with soft-soap and warm water, and repeated in two days and so on, as may he necessary.

quot; Attention to hygiene is the principal object. Good food and cleanliness must be insisted upon. Eecovery will be greatly accelerated by topical remedies. The scales should be removed by washing the parts with soap and water, or hyposulphite of soda lotion; or, if the crusts are very ad�herent, dressing them with oil and afterwards washing. The diseased places may then be treated with a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, tincture of cantharides or iodine, oil of tar, chloride of zinc, parafflne; or mercurial iodine, or oxide of zinc ointment. This cures the disease very speedily, and promptly checks its extension.

quot; If there is any emaciation, tonics may be necessary.quot;*

RINGWORM (Honeycomb).

But little is known of this species of ringworm as affecting the clog. The disease, like the former, is due to the presence of a fungus, the Achorion ScJuinleinii, or Favus Tinea favosa. The parasite is situated in the hair follicle, external to the layer of epithelium which covers the root of the hair. It has a peculiar mousey odour, or, according to others, that resembling cat's urine.

The causes giving rise to this affection are supposed to be uncleanliness, neglect in hygiene, and certain peculiar and humid conditions of the skin.

Symptoms.�Fleming observes : quot; The disease may appear in any part of the body of animals, according to the point of infection. It affects mice generally ; but cats which are in�fected from them \isually have it first at the base of the

⁰ Fleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. p. 471.

20G Tlie Management and Diseases of the Bog.

claws of the fore-feet. In the dog it has been seen on the head, and it usually affects the head in the human species. In the rabbits I saw diseased, the parasite was at first on the nose and face, but gradually extended towards the shoulders.

quot; The disease commences with an increased proliferation of epidermic cells, and soon after a little white sub-epidermic speck becomes visible, which quickly develops into a favus-cup�the developed fungus. As the elements of the latter grow, they collect about and in the hair-follicle, each favu s-cup being pierced near its centre by a hair. At first the favi are merely yellow specks.

quot; When the malady is of some duration, it is characterised by one or more masses of irregular crusts, more or less fis�sured, of a somewhat pitchy consistency, offering, when broken, a fine granular structure, and having a bright yellow colour, like sulphur. They affect a remarkable disposition ; their contour, sometimes very circular, at other time s more or less notched, forms a slight prominence that rises a little above the surrounding skin; their centre is, on the contrary, to a greater or less degree concave: the conformation that gives the crust the aspect of a cup.

quot;These capsules, or favi, are more or less numerous, and more or less extensive. At the free surface of the crusts there are often found dry, bristly hairs that appear to pass through the entire thickness of the favvis mass, and are easily pulled out. At a later period, these hairs are shed from the follicles�not broken off, or sharply cut away close to the crusts, as in Tinea tonsurans.

quot;If the crusts are carefully removed, the skin beneath is observed to be thin and depressed, and looking as if atrophied by compression; but smooth, not ulcerated, and either quite dry or moist from serous exudation ; sometimes it is pale and anremic; but more frequently red, irritated, and sufficiently transparent to show some very fine blood�vessels. Around the margin of the crust the skin is sensibly inflamed, red, thickened, and rises into a somewhat salient

Diseases of the Skin.�External Parasites. 207

prominence. In the dog there is much pruritis: a symptom #9632;which is rarely noticeable in the cat; otherwise, it does not appear to exercise any prejudicial effect on the general health.

quot; Another form is that in -which the plant is found in depres�sions on the surface of the skin, forming the yellow honey�comb-like masses which gave the name 'favus' to the disease, and which, from their being frequently buckler-shaped, sug�gested the term 'scutulata.' A cuticular elevation is seen, beneath which is a small favus. Generally there is no pus or fluid of any kind; the fungus grows, and the cuticle above it, supposing it to have become forcibly detached, finally separates, leaving the favus exposed.quot;*

Treatment.�With regard to curative measures the same able writer observes : quot; The crusts should be removed by alkaline washes�hyposulphite of soda, or raising them by means of a spatula or the blunt extremity of curved scissors, taking care not to make the part bleed. When the skin has been cleansed in this manner as much as possible, a concen�trated solution of corrosive sublimate (one to five of the sub�limate to fifty of distilled water) should be applied every day. After the first application, the favus crusts sometimes have a tendency to be reproduced, and the cryptogamio elements to multiply. In such a case, it is necessary again to remove the crusts, as at first. Five or six dressings are usually sufficient. At times, however, and especially when the disease is seated at the base of the claw (as in the cat), they must be continued for a longer period. Under the influence of this treatment, the skin, which is depressed on its surface, is not long before it regains its normal vitality and thickness. During the first two or three days a new crust forms; but this has not the sulphur-yellow colour of the primary crust, and if examined with the microscope, there are no longer to be found traces of the parasite, but only numerous epithelial elements. Finally this kind of crust falls off, leaving the skin hairless, but every-

* Fleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. pp. 474, 475.

208 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

where level, smooth, and supple. Then the hair begins to grow, and in a variable period�generally about three months �it is difficult to discover the part that has been affected.

quot; An ointment composed of one part nitrate of silver to 100 parts of lard, has also been successfully employed.

quot; Mercurial ointment, tar ointment, and sulphate of mercury ointment, have also been beneficially used. In some cases it may be necessary to remove the hair.quot;*

WARTS.

The dog, though not perhaps so frequently as the horse, is nevertheless very subject to warts. The eyelids, cars, mouth, and lips are the situations most favourable to their growth ; not unfrequently they are seen on the penis.

quot; A wart is a state of hypertrophy of the papillce of the derma, attended with an increased production of epidermis. Warts are usually of small size, and of a rounded figure, verruca simplex; sometimes, however, they appear in the form of bands several lines in breadth, and of variable length. They are generally insensible, rough to the touch, and their medium projection from the surface is about a line.quot;

quot; When warts have grown to some length, their extremity becomes rough, and their fibrous structure is distinctly ap�parent; it not unfrequently happens that warts of long standing split and break up in the direction of these vertical fibres, verruca lohosa.quot;

quot; Warts are generally known as isolated growths, or dis�persed in scanty groups on different parts of the body; but they are sometimes met with so numerously as to constitute an eruption of warts.quot; f

Treatment.�Excision, ligature, or caustic. In isolated warts the two former are most advisable, and the occasional application of caustic afterwards may follow. Of caustics,

� Fleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. pp. 480, 481. f Wilson's quot; Diseases of the Skin,quot; pp. 546, 547. *�

'#9632;

Diseases of the Shin.�External Parasites. 209

potassa fusa, nitric acid, acetic acid, and nitrate of silver are those generally used. I have found the oxide of mercury made into a paste with sulphuric acid, and a thin layer applied to the surface of the wart, more effectual than any�thing else. Of course the latter treatment is chiefly adapted to external warts.

FLEAS.

Fleas are one of the common pests of dog life. Not only are they a perpetual annoyance, but an indirect cause of much mischief, from the remedies sometimes adopted for their de�struction. As more or less in all parasitic associations, un-cleanliness favours their presence. In hot weather they are more abundant, and increase very rapidly.

Treatment.�Among the popular remedies for the destruc�tion of fleas may be mentioned: Persian insect powder, various dog-soaps, paraffine, benzoline, tobacco-water, carbolic acid solutions, etc.

I usually, and with success, prescribe the following:

Spts. Camph................ 1 drachm.

01. Terebinth ............... J drachm.

Acid Carbolic ............... lOminims.

A tablespoonful, in half a pint of chilled water, to be rubbed into the skin with a piece of flannel. Wash off in twenty-four hours with soft-soap and warm water, and repeat in three days, if necessary.

Gamgee observes : quot; The best remedy that I have used for fleas is oil of aniseed in common oil. The dog or cat must be well smeared, and a few hours afterwards is to be washed with soap and water. It is essential to attend to cleanliness, and to destroy all fleas or their larvas wherever dogs are accustomed to sleep, such as in kenuels,quot; etc.

Fresh fine shavings, or sawdust, on which turpentine may be slightly sprinkled, forms a protective bedding from fleas.

210 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

LICE.

These insects, though not giving rise to the same amount of irritahility as the former, are, nevertheless, trouhlesome, and perhaps more annoying from the fact that they are usually an indication of unoleanliuess. They are generally found in greater abundance about the back and posterior parts. They are hatched from eggs or nits attached to the hair. The dog-louse produces no irritation on the human skin.

Treatment.�The white precipitate powder, brushed into the coat, or the ointment rubbed in the skin, and removed in the course of five or six hours, forms the most effectual treatment for their destruction and removal.

TICKS.

The dog-tick {Ixodes ricinus) is uncommon compared with the two preceding parasites. The creature causes considerable irritation to its host, and, from feeding on the blood by suction, gives rise, where they exist in any number, to debility.

Treatment.�Forcible removal, and dressing with mercurial preparations.

CHAPTER XV.

INTERNAL PARASITES. (eNTOZOA.)

ENTOZOA.

Of all the domesticated animals, the dog appears most subject to being infected with internal parasites.

Thanks to Dr. Cobbold, this matter has of late years been made a prominent and distinct study at the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. From his interesting and able work on quot; The

Fig. 24. The Liver Fluke of The Dog. (Lewis.)

Internal Parasites of our Domesticated Animalsquot;�to which for a fuller description I refer my readers�I transcribe some of his remarks referring to the dog, with the accompanying illustrations :

14�2

212 The Management and Diseases of the Doy.

quot; It is surprising -what a number of entozoa infest the dog: and it is still more remarkable to observe what a number of creatures, including man himself, are destined to play the rule of intermediary bearer of the canine parasites in their juvenile stages of development. It is this consideration which, to my mind, renders the dog, in the matter of parasitism, far more important than any other domesticated animal that can be named.quot;

The following are the specimens mentioned by Dr. Cobbold: Distoma eonjunctum (Fig. 24), obtained originally by Dr. Cobbold from the liver-ducts of an American red fox, and spoken to by Dr. Lewis as quot; not unfrequently met with in the bile-ductsquot; of the pariah dogs of India,

Holostoma alatimn, another fluke (the winged), which. Dr. Cobbold observes, may be readily taken for the above, is occasionally found in the stomach and intestines of the dog, but more commonly in the alimentary canal of the fox.

quot; When people speak of 'worms' in the dog, they commonly refer to round and tapeworms; and in place of recognising, as they might, fully a score or more of internal parasites, they are content to roll the entire series into three or four species only. It is the function of the helminthologist to correct this error. Thus, of the so-called lumbricoid and Jilariform worms, we have no less than eight or nine distinct forms, and of these the most common species is the margined round worm.quot;

This lumbricoid of the dog [Ascaris marginata) is probably identical with the moustaclied worm of the cat (Ascaris mys-tax). It is sometimes described as the long round worm. The males acquire a length of from two to nearly three inches, whilst the females measure four, five, or even six inches from head to tail. To afford some notion of its preva�lence, I may state that it was found at Vienna in 104 out of 144 dogs dissected for that purpose; and Dr. Krabbe obtained it at Copenhagen in 122 instances from the postmortem examinations of 500 dogs.

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;213

According to my own experiences, it occurs in English dogs at the rate of about seventy per cent. Occupying principally the small intestines, but often wandering into the stomach, and occasionally also making its way into the throat and nostril, this parasite is a frequent source of severe intestinal disturbance, sometimes producing even death itself. Cats and dogs alike are constantly throwing them up, and it is a great relief to the host when they are thus dislodged. Their occasional passage by the ordinary outlet is also a matter of common observation; but it is not so very generally under�stood that these modes of egress are often the result of a voluntary wandering on the part of the guest. This is prac�tically of some moment, because it accounts for the circum�stance of their being sometimes found in the nasal passages, and in other unusual situations.

The formidable nature of the symptoms which may thus be superinduced have been fully indicated in a letter of mine which appeared in the Field for December 21, 1872. Under ordinary circumstances, the symptoms in the dog are those of irregular intestinal action, accompanied with nausea and spasmodic colic, irritation, a voracious appetite, and more or less loss of flesh. In addition, there may be foetor of the breath, accompanied by a short, husky cough, and an im�poverished state of the coat; and, either with or without any of these symptoms, there may be more or less paralysis. I may here make mention of an interesting case of paralysis in puppies brought under my notice by Mr. Lewis {Field, December 7, 1872), in which it was instructive to notice how complete a cure followed the administration of a simple aperient drug. Quite recently also a correspondent, writing from Ceylon under the signature of quot;Veddah,quot; gave a sug�gestive instance where paralysis in dogs seemed to be entirely due to worms {Field, March 15, p. 238).

A great variety of anthelmintics have been recommended; but for this particular worm there is probably nothing better than castor-oil and santonine. As with the lumbricoids of

y ' quot;#9632;

�J14 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

man, so with those of the cat and dog; in either case they seem powerless to resist the action of this remedy. In the human subject I have known a grain of santonine sufficient to expel a lumbricoid as large as a lob-worm; and in the dog or cat similar experiences have followed the employment of from three to five grain doses. Several of my pupils have adopted this mode of treatment with success.

The employment of more powerful vermifuges is rarely necessary; and even the areca-nut powder should generally be reserved for tapeworm. Areca-nut powder is unquestion�ably a good vermifuge, as I can testify from personal experi�ence; and I observe that it is strongly recommended by quot; Stonehenge,quot; in his admirable memoir, quot; On the Manage�ment of Dogs.quot; It is, however, rather as a tajniafuge than as a lumbricifuge that the merits of areca-nut powder stand out most conspicuously. The powder may be given in half-drachm or one-drachm doses, followed by castor-oil and repeated twice or thrice in the day. In bad cases turpentine may be cautiously resorted to, and, when given, should be combined with twice as much either of castor or linseed oil. The dose of turpentine should be rarely more than one drachm, and in no case should it exceed two drachms in the very largest dog. Three drachms of turpentine have been known to occasion violent convulsions in the full-grown dog; and in the case of young puppies such a dose would probably prove fatal. Calomel, in one to three grain doses, is a favourite remedy with some; but, considering its varied action, it should only be resorted to when other remedies have failed. The mechanical irritants, such as powdered tin and glass, or even cowhage, should in all cases be eschewed, because they are liable to cause much suffering without entailing any adequate result.

It is also worthy of remark that, after the expulsion of the worms, everything tending to support the system should be employed in view of restoring the animal to perfect health j and lastly, as a hygienic or prophylactic measure, I would

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;215

advise the frequent application either of caibolio acid solutions, or of salt and water, to the flooring of kennels. Furthermore, I would strongly recommend the occasional throwing down of bucketfuls of boiling hot water, since the performance of this very simple act could not fail to be produc�tive of good results in ways too numerous to be particularised.

The Cruel Threadworm {Filaria immitis) inhabits the heart of the dog. Dr. Cobbold observes : quot; If a female Filaria immitis be removed from the heart of a dog, and be examined with a microscope, the oviducts will be found to swarm with eggs and embryos, in all stages of development.quot; Dr. Jones Lamprey, writing from China, July, 1865, says : quot; The hearts of native and foreign dogs at Shanghai are invariably found to contain these entozoa,quot; and he suggests that the animals may have obtained their parasites from ova of ascarides passed by man. He also remarks that human excrements constitute quot; the principal food of the native dog,quot; and he asserts that the fseces are quot; not disliked by the foreign dogs, however well fed.quot;

Dr. Cobbold continues : quot; The symptoms of the disease are extremely variable; some of the dogs dying suddenly in a fit, whilst others linger and betray evidences of excruciating pain. As to treatment, it is obvious that nothing can be done when the parasites have once got possession of so vital an organ as the heart. Nevertheless, further researches may enable us to suggest prophylactic measures, by which the epizootic may be checked. There is one important point that ought not to remain long unverified. We want to know for certain whether the blood of these dogs contains free embryonic filariaj, and whether such immature worms, if found, correspond or not with the embryos found in the oviducts of the full-grown worms. It is probable that they do, for Dr. Krabbe, in his admirable resume already referred to, states that the worm reproduces viviparously, and that the young are carried along in the circulation.*

� In the quot; Veterinary Journalquot; for February, 1878, extracted from the quot; Customs Gazette,quot; there is an exhaustive and most interesting pnper quot; On Chinese Htematozoa,quot; by Patrick Mausen, M.D.

216 The Management and Diseases of the Doy.

quot; Estrongylus yigas (Fig. 25), or giant strongle, infests the kidneys of various animals; but it is rarely met #9632;with in the dog. The males seldom exceed ten inches in length, hut the females have been known to exceed a yard in measurement from head to tail, whilst their thickness equals that of the little finger. The accompanying figure of a female specimen, from Blanchard, is reduced to one-third of the natural size.

Fig. 25. The Giant Stkoxole. (Elanchaed.)

'.' The remaining round worms of the dog are Spiroptera sanyuinolenta�the blood-red species�which usually occupies small tumours in the mucous lining of the stomach.

quot; The three-corner-headed strongle {Dochmius trigono-cephalus) infests the intestinal canal. The wrinkled thread�worm (Trichosoma plica) gains access to the bladder. The , whip-worm of the dog (Tricocephalus clepressiusculus)mhahits the ciEcum. The spiral flesh-worm {Trichina spiralis) has frequently been reared both in the intestines and muscles by experiment.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;v

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;217

quot; The blood-infesting tliread-worm of G-rube and Delafond iFilaria hcematica) is probably a distinct species; and the same may possibly be said of Gescheidt's small nematode (Filaria trispinulosa), discovered in the eye. There are also the small thread-worms (Filaria hepaiica) found by Mr. T. Mather, V.S., in the liver-ducts and substance of the gland, as well as in cysts within the walls of the intestines.

quot;Lastly, there is another canine haematozoon, the males, females, and embryos of which, according to Professor Leise-ring, occur in the venous blood of certain parts of the body #9632;of the dog (Hwmatozoon suhulatimi).quot;

Another, one of the most difficult to eradicate, and perhaps, as Youatt observes, ^:' the most injurious of the intestinal worms,quot; is the tcenia. or tapeworm. With regard to this species. Dr. Cobbold remarks: quot; Although the lumbriooid worms of the dog constitute an important section of the canine parasites, the practical interest attaching to them is scarcely so great as that which appertains to the tape-worms. If, on the one hand, it be allowed that the canine cestodes are not so numerous as the nematodes, it must, on the other hand, be admitted that (as regards public health,* and the propaga�tion of parasitic diseases amongst animals) the part these tapeworms are destined to play in the economy of life is not merely remarkable, but altogether unique.quot;

The first he notices is the cucumerine tapeworm {Tcenia

deg; In the fifth report of the medical officer of the Privy Council, Mr. Gamgee obaerves ; *' There is no doubt that eggs of the tapeworm, de�veloped from Cydicemis tenuicollis in the intestines of the dog, will produce the hydatid in the mesentery and liver of human beings, as it �does, according to the experiments of Luschka, Leuckart, and others, iu the organs of the domestic quadrupeds.

quot; It is of the greatest importance that careful and extended inquiries should be made as to the prevalence of these C3'sticerci iu animals. It is evident from the observations of K�chenmeister and others that many individuals of these species, forming extensive cystic tumours, are to be found in pigs, and not uufreqnently there has been a confu�sion between cysticerci and echinococchi. Thus, in Ireland, the endemic �cystic disease appears to be due to both these hydatids.quot;

#9632;

#9632;i

218 27tc Management and Diseases of the Dog.

cucumerina) : quot; It is a delicate and almost transparent tape�worm, measuring from ten to twenty inches in length.quot;

Tills parasite is very common in English dogs, and, accord�ing to Krabbe, infests 48 per cent, of the dogs in Denmark, and 57 per cent, of the dogs in Iceland. The animals infect themselves in a singular manner. The joints of the worm, having escaped vci' anum, readily crawl, as semi-independent creatures, on the coat of the dog, chiefly on the back and side. The eggs thus distributed are readily swallowed by the louse-of the dog (Trichodectes latus).

In the body of the louse the six-hooked embryo, hitherto contained in the egg of the tapeworm, escapes the shell and becomes transformed into a minute cysticercus or louse-measle. When the dog is irritated by the lice, it attacks, bites, and frequently swallows the offending external parasite. In this way the louse-measle is transferred to the clog's intestinal canal, where, in course of time, it develops into the sexually mature cucumerine tapeworm.

Thus the mange-mite, or scab insect (as it is rather incor�rectly termed), serves as the intermediary bearer of larval tapeworm, and forms an essential factor in the production of this particular species of cestode parasite.

The Gid Tapeworm {Tcenia coenurus). This parasite, Dr.. Cobbold observes, probably does not occur in more than 5 per cent, of our dogs. In the native dogs of Iceland, according to Dr. Krabbe, it occurs in 18 per cent.

In order, says Dr. Cobbold, to understand how the dog ob�tains this tapeworm, it must be observed that gid-hydatids, or eoenuri, each repesent a sort of colony of larval parasites.. When, therefore, the dog eats a sheep's brain containing a single hydatid, he swallows a colony of larvre, each of the latter being destined to become transformed into a tapeworra in the bowel. Thus Fig. 20 represents two liydatids, one being viewed from without, and the other from within. At A the young tapeworm heads are seen projecting from the exterior surface of the hydatid ; whilst at B they are seen re-

Internal Parasites.

21!^

tracted within the interior of the bladder-worm. There may be from three to five hundred of these heads projecting from the surface of a singly gid-hydatid.

Fig. 26.

Laev.*: op THJ� Gid Tapewoem. (Newman.)

If a small fragment of the gid-hydatid witli its charac�teristic processes be magnified about eighty diameters, all the more essential structures will bo brought into view. As in.

Fig. 27. Tapeworm-like HEAns or the Gid-Hydatid. (Newman.)

the accompanying drawing (Fig. 27), such a demonstration may display a bunch of young tapeworm heads, one or all of them showing the crown of hooks (a), the four suckers (6),.

220 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

and a multitude of minute oval calcareous particles (c), -which the old naturalists formerly supposed to be eggs. The com�mon bladder vesicle, from which the heads project, exhibits cellular markings.

The above figures are copied from Newman's treatise, and I can testify to their perfect accuracy of detail. In one re�markable instance, recorded by Eiehler, as many as 2000 heads were displayed by a single cwnurus.

Dr. Cobbold proceeds to speak of the measures to be taken in such cases, and advocates the destruction of the tapeworms and their ova. He points out the necessity of the sheep-owner and grazier seeing that no dog, either belonging to himself or his neighbours, is permitted to go about the land distributing the eggs of tapeworms with every act of defieca-tion, as well as by dropping the ova off its coat.* If a dog harbouring tapeworms be allowed to plunge into an ordinary field pond to wash himself, such an act conveys numerous eggs into the water; and the next herbivorous animal that oomes to slake its thirst will be liable to drink in one or more of the parasite's eggs. If thus the hogget or a calf swallow the eggs of a gid-tapeworm, quot; turnside quot; will be the consequence; but if the herbivore swallows the eggs of the hydatid tape�worm, properly so-called hydatids will be the result. And so on with other creatures which happen to ingest the ova of different and appropriate parasites.

To hares and rabbits the dog thus communicates another bladder-worm disease; and we ourselves are also liable to become infested with hydatids from the same source.

Another parasite of this class is described as follows by Dr. Cobbold:�quot; The largest tapeworm liable to reside in the dog is a parasite chiefly derived from the sheep; that is to say, the sheep acts as the principal intermediary bearer of the larval cestode, which latter acquires tapeworm maturity

* Easier to advocate than adopt. To prevent dogs trespassing on some portion of land would necessitate a staff of watphers far beyond the ordinary number of farm servants.

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 221

when it is taken into the stomach and intestines of the dog along with flesh food. The entozoon in question is the mar�gined tapeworm. This worm (Tcenia marginata) reaches a length of from five to eight feet. It is an abundant species, occurring, probably, in Mty 25 per cent, of English dogs that are not less than one year old. In Denmark it occurs in 1-1 per cent.; and in Iceland, according to Krabbe, in no less than 75 per cent, of the native dogs. I have elsewhere characterised the larva of this parasite as the slender-necked hydatid {Field, Feb. 22, 1873). The accompanying illus�tration, from the learned Pastor Goeze's work, shows the hydatid (Cystlceraus tenuicollis) of the natural size at A, Fig. 28 ; whilst the letter B represents a magnified view of the head, displaying the suckers and double crown of hooks.quot;

Fig. 28. Laeva of the Maegined Tapewoem. (Goeze.)

The Hydatid Tapeworm.�quot; Of all the entozoa infesting mankind and animals, the little Tainia ecMnococcus is one of the most remarkable. The larvraquo; form the common hydatids or bladder worms of veterinarians {EcMnococcus vetcri-norrnn).

quot; As in the dog the full-grown tapeworm only reaches the third of an inch in length, it is difficult for the non-profes�sional man to realise the fact that the same entozoon in its larval or vesicular state attains a size many thousand times exceeding that of the parasite in its adult condition. Harm�less when full-grown, it is fearfully destructive to life in the

raquo;

222 Tke Management and Diseases of the Dog.

juvenile stages of growth. To be sure, its bad effects are chiefly witnessed in the human subject; but cattle, sheep, horses, and swine occasionally perish from the presence of the larvte within their vital organs.

quot; The herbivorous animals and ourselves get the echinococ-cus disease by swallowing the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm.

quot; Kg. 29, A, is a representation of the parasite. It exhibits the head-segment with its four suckers, and crown of

Fig. 29. Hydatid T-vrEworai and Echinococcus Head. (Cobeold.)

hooks (a), and three ordinary segments (b, c, d), the lower�most of which is sexually mature, displaying numerous eggs internally. Water-vessels traverse the entire length of the worm.

quot; One of the strangest points connected with this entozoon is the extraordinary provision made for its propagation. In �ordinary cases one tapeworm only results from the growth of the products of a single egg; but here we may have thousands laquo;f tapeworms all resulting from a solitary germ.quot;

Internal Parasites.

223

He thus explains it:

quot;Eggs escape from the dog peraquo;* anuin. One Bwallowed by any herbivorous animal, say a sheep, will (by a lengthened process of development, the details of which I need not give) eventuate in the formation of hydatids. These hydatids, under favourable circumstances, will by internal budding produce in�numerable heads or scolices (Fig. 29, B), each of which display the teenia-like crown of hooks (a), the suckers (6), the calca�reous particles (c), and a vesicular body (d).

quot; When, therefore, a dog is fed on the viscera of a sheep con�taining perfect hydatids of this description, all the numerous

Fia. 30. Geoup of Echinococcus Heads.

(COBBOLD.)

heads become developed into tapeworms in the animal's intes�tines. This has been proved over and over again by experiment. quot; Most of the heads are developed in dehcate sacs, termed brood-capsules, one of which is here represented in the col�lapsed or broken-up state (Fig. 30). It will he further seen that the seven attached heads have their respective crowns of hooks inverted and concealed within the vesicular body; and their appearance in this condition strikingly contrasts with that displayed by the single echinococcus head figured above.

#9632;

224 TJie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

These illustrations are reduced copies from figures given in my general treatise on entozoa.

quot; It is a fortunate circumstance that this destructive little tapeworm is comparatively rare in England. It is the smallest cestode infesting the dog, and the one most likely to be over�looked.

quot; Every year, notwithstanding its rarity, this little canine entozoon, by means of its larvse, claims the lives of scores, or it may be hundreds, of persons in this country; but, with all England's wealth, I do not suppose a dozen people could

Fig. 31. Larval Pentastojie. (KBchenmeisteb.)

be found, who would be prepared to sacrifice a few pounds each for the purpose of promoting an investigation, the results of which would be eminently conducive to public health, and most certainly help to diminish our annual mortality. At the same time such a research would inevitably tend to lessen the amount of, if it did not altogether put an end to, at least one frequent form of parasitism affecting our domesticated animals.

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 225

quot; Sportsmen who care for the welfare of their dogs, should never allow these animals to devour the entrails of hares captured in the field. In the county of Norfolk I have myself witnessed this piece of carelessness on the part of keepers, and have ventured to remonstrate accordingly.

quot; Almost every hare (and the same may be said of full-grown rabbits) harbours within its abdominal cavity a larval parasite (Gysticercus #9632;pisij'ormis), which, when swallowed by the dog, becomes transformed into a tapeworm, varying from two to three feet in length (Tcenia serrata). In harriers and greyhounds the serrated tapeworm is very abundant; but in other dogs it is comparatively rare.

quot; Of the remaining internal parasites infesting the dog, I need only allude to several species and varieties of pit-headed tapeworm (Bothriocephalus lotus, B. cordatus, B. fuseus, B. reticulatus, and B. dubius), since, so far as I am aware, only the first-named has been recognised as a canine entozoon in England.

quot; I must not omit to mention the arachnidan parasite (Pen-iastoma tcemoides), which, as already stated, is the adult re�presentative of the Pentastoma denticidatum, residing in the viscera of the horse, as well as in the internal organs of ruminants. (Fig. 31.) The illustration is from K�chen�meister.

quot; In the full-grown state this creature dwells in the nasal and frontal sinuses, our dogs commonly obtaining the worm by frequenting butchers' stalls and slaughter-houses, where portions of the fresh viscera are apt to be inconsiderately flung to hungry animals.quot;

Professor Dick records a case of suspected poisoning in the quot;Veterinarianquot; for 1840, in which he found death had resulted from the presence of three of these pentastomes�one in the larynx, one in the trachea, and a third in the left bronchus. With regard to this case Dr. Cobbold observes: quot; As these singular parasites appreciate warmth, I have no doubt that the cold air of the winter's morning (on which the dog was

226 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

taken out by tlie keeper) caused the downward migration of the pentastomes, thereby also producing the fatal suffocation.quot; Eespecting what Dr. Cobbold terms the quot; misnamed maw-worms,quot; so frequently seen on the ftcces of dogs, quot; they are,quot; he remarks, quot;merely the semi-independent segments, or pro-glottides of two of the larger species of tapeworm which infest the dog, namely, Tcenia maryinata and Tcenia serrata.

quot; It follows, therefore, that the treatment for this common kennel-worm is the same as that for the tapeworm, seeing that it is only a cast-off portion of the self-same entozoou.

quot; Areca-nut powder is the best remedy; but male fern may be sometimes substituted with advantage.

quot; I may add, that when santonine is employed for any of the round worms, it should always be combined with a purgative, if it is to prove effective. For this purpose nothing is ordi�narily better than castor-oil; but 20 or 30 grains of aloes may be employed instead of the oil in obstinate cases. In the latter case, a few grains of ginger should bo added, to prevent griping.quot;

By those interested in oanino matters, and especially para�sitism, I shall be excused for quoting at such length, and all the more so as my quotations are taken from our most able writer on the subject: a gentleman from whose works I have learnt much myself, and to which with sincere pleasure I refer my readers.

quot;With regard to the treatment of worms, various remedies are advocated by different authors. I have already given the treatment recommended by Dr. Cobbold.

The usual anthelmintics in canine practice are :

Turpentine.................. 20�60 minims.

Santonine .................. 1� 3 drachms.

Areca-nut .................. 30�60 grains.

Pomegranate Bark......... 1� 3 drachms.

Oil of Male Fern ......... 10�20 minims.

Calomel..................... 1� 3 grains.

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;227

Stinking Hellebore......... 5�10 grains.

Indian or Carolina Pink

Infusion............... 1� 2 tablespoonfuls.

Kousso (Abyssinian) ... 2� 4 drachms.

Kamala (Indian) ......... 2� 4 drachms.

Wormwood ............... 10'�30 grains.

Powdered Glass .........1 half a thimbleful, mixed

Tin or Iron Pilings ......j with treacle or butter.

The three first named are the most effectual remedies in canine practice. The two last, from the irritation produced on the intestinal mucous membrane, should be at all times condemned. All worm medicines require to be given fasting, to produce a successful and speedy result.

Pinlay Dun prescribes 20 drops of the oil of male shield fern, 30 drops of oil of turpentine, and 60 of ether, beat up with an egg, and given in soup or broth. The dog should be kept on sound, good, cooked food, and have daily, for at least a week, a pill containing 5 .grains eacli of gentian, quassia, and sulphate of iron, and made up with conserve of red roses or treacle.

According to Pavesi, a combination of santonine and sodium bicarbonate, with soluble albumen, forms a good vermifuge (in human practice). The preparation is made by heating-together one part of santonine, four parts of sodium bicarbo�nate, and two parts of dried soluble albumen, with sufficient water at 60deg; or 70deg; C, until the whole is dissolved, and the solution evaporated with a gentle heat to dryness. The quot; al-buminate of santonine and sodaquot; forms white shining scales, soluble in water. Mineral acids precipitate the santonine and albumen, with disengagement of carbonic acid. Pavesi states that the use of this preparation is not followed by coloured vision, as is the case where santonine is used alone.�quot; L'Uuiou Pharmaoeutique,quot; May.*

* quot; Veterinarian,quot; December, 1876.

15�2

228 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

PARASITIC MEASLES.

The Cysticercus cellulosus, commonly known as quot; Pig measle,quot; or leprosy, has been observed in the dog.

The veterinary professor Dupuy, according to Davaine, found a large number on the surface of a dog's brain. Gurlt has also discovered a great many in the muscles of a dog. The preparations containing these are shown at the Berlin Veterinary School.�See quot; Magazin f. d. Gesammete Thier-heilkunde,quot; 28 Jahr., 34 Jahr.

Eoloff, veterinary professor in the University of Halle, in 1869, found the cysticerci in the lungs and liver (greatly enlarged) of a dog, where they formed numerous vesicles the size of a pea, and around them were tubercles varying in size from a grain of millet to that of a hazel-nut. Leblanc, a Parisian veterinary surgeon, has described the symptoms pro�duced by the parasite in the dog. In October, 1872, a medium-sized quot;griffon,quot; aged fifteen months, was brought to him in consequence of its sufferings from attacks of epilepsy. Most frequently very quiet, and even dull, it was seized, whenever it went out of doors, with convulsive movements, and lay for some minutes before it got up again. It was treated for cere�bral congestion, with commencing ventricular effusion, which is not uncommon in young dogs affected with convulsions.

Notwithstanding the treatment the symptoms became aggravated, and were as follows: Convulsions without any assignable cause, grinding of the teeth and champing of the jaws, foaming at the mouth, and struggling when lying on the ground. There was a marked and increasing tendency to turn to the left; the coma became more urgent, and the animal appeared quite torpid, though its appetite was undiminished. It was kept until December, when, its recovery appearing hopeless, it was killed. A necroscopical examination showed that all the abdominal organs were healthy, with the excep�tion of the liver and pancreas, on the surface of which were observed transparent vesicles similar to thcJse of the pig-measle. The liver had two of these on its right lobe; they

;.:,nbsp; nbsp; . -^ . � -

�

Internal Parasites.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 229

�were about the size of a large pea, lay beneath the peritoneum, and had made a depression in the organ. Those on the pan�creas were five in number; they were on its upper border, but had not affected the structure of the gland. The thoracic organs were healthy. On opening the cranium, the menin-geal membranes were found to be very congested; in the upper and lateral parts of the right lobe of the cerebrum were four elevations, corresponding to four hydatid-kysts, covered by the arachnoid, and lying in depressions in the cerebral tissue; in the left lobe only one was discovered. The hydatids were carefully examined by M. Megnin, a veterinary surgeon who has made helminthology a special study, and they proved to be identical with those of the pig-measle.

The dog had doubtless obtained the ova from eating human excrement, as this animal is sometimes apt to do.

Siedamgrotzky, of the Dresden Veterinary School, in the report of that establishment for 1871, cites an analogous case. quot; A large-sized dog, always apparently in good health, was suddenly seized with cramp and convulsions, especially of the jaws. In a short time it was unable to stand; the pulse and respiration were much quickened, the head hot, and the con-junctivie injected; considerable prostration was present. By starts it would jump up spontaneously, run forward until it met some obstacle, push hard against it, and bark for half an hour at a time; then it would lie down, convulsively champ with its mouth, from which saliva would flow, and remain in a state of coma. It died on the evening of the day on which it showed these symptoms. On examination the brain, and more especially its envelopes, were found greatly congested. In the superficial part of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum were found twenty-three cysticerci, each about the size of a pea; they were enveloped in a thin white kyst of connective tissue, around which the proper texture of the brain appeared redder than usual, and a little softened. Nothing abnormal was observed in the other organs.quot;*

⁰ ITleming's quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; vol. ii. pp. 525, 52G.

CHAPTER XVI.

DISEASES OP THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

EABIES,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN,

EPILEPSY,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN

APOPLEXY,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; HYDROCEPHALUS,

VERTIGO,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;TURNSIDE,

CHOREA,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; MENINGITIS,

PARALYSIS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; NEURALGIA.

EABIES.

This disease may be truly designated the scourge of the caniae race; liomble in its nature, alike terribly fatal to man and beast. As such it was recognised centuries ago, and the alarm engendered appears to have been as great then as in the present day. Among the ancient Greeks recipes both for the bite of a rabid dog, and the flesh of one affected with rabies, were numerous and singular.

Much, but far from enough, has been written of late con�cerning this disease; much that is sensible, and no small proportion that is calculated to do harm. Eewards have been offered for the discovery of a cure, but the probability of their ever being claimed is extremely dubious.

Before going into the nature and symptoms of the malady, a few words regarding the terms applied to it are, I think, necessary.

Hydrophobia, signifying fear of ivater, is in canine patho�logy a misnomer, and probably has had much to do with the erroneous idea that this symptom is present in dogs. To this I give, as I did some few years ago in quot; Land and Water/' a

Diseases of the Nervous System.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 231

most emphatic denial. The rabid dog never in any stage of the disease exhibits a dread of ivater, neither will the sight or sound of it produce spasms. On tlie contrary, thirst is present throughout.

The inability to swallow fluids, when it does happen, is dependent entirely on either the inflammatory condition of the throat, or from paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw and deglutition.

Rabies, signifying madness, is a far more appropriate term, but even this is not sufficiently distinctive as to the particular class of madness it is intended to designate.

The true nature of rabies is still involved in mystery. We know that a specific virus is the active agent in its production, but in what this virus consists, or how it is developed, we know not. That the saliva is the vehicle of the poison is clear, the why or wherefore is equally mysterious. Post-mor�tem and microscopic examinations afford little clue. The nerve centres in which, from the character of the disease, we should expect to find the greatest lesions, are in many instances but slightly affected, while the throat and digestive organs often exhibit the greatest alterations.

Causes.�In almost every instance rabies is due to inocula�tion ; the disease, however, may and is at times unquestion�ably spontaneously generated, by what method I am not at. present prepared to say, but I am very much inclined to think breeding in-and-in encourages its development.

The influence of climate, season, or sex, would appear to have little bearing on the subject.* The so-called dog-days

* quot; Professor Giuseppe Canettoli ('Lo Sperimentale,' June, 1875) sum�marises his studies and researches in hydrophobia in the following propositions :

quot; 1. Hydrophobia is a disease of all climates aud seasons.

quot; 2. Extreme climates yield the smallest contingent of cases, and are therefore, it may be said, privileged.

quot; 3. The disease is spontaneous in the dog, and communicable to other animals and to mankind.

quot;4. Nothing has been discovered of the nature of the malady autopsies.

232 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

no more act in the production of rabies than does cold. In the hottest season of the hottest years, statistics show fewer cases, while in tropical countries, Australia to wit, it has as yet been unrecognised. Heat is more likely to generate brain affections other than rabies.

With regard to sex, male and female are alike disposed to it, and various conditions of system in the latter, as cata-menia, pregnancy, or suckling, have no influence on the disease.

Anger and pain are alike uninfluential in the origin of rabies.*

i #9632;#9632;

quot; �. The disease may he prevented by having recourse to timely cauterisation�the best means being the galvano-caustic.

quot; 6. Finally, to explain the duration of inoubatiou, Canettoli sup�poses that the saliva of the rabid dog is not in itself a poison, but that it becomes so through prolonged retention in the living tissues into #9632;which it has been inoculated.quot;�quot; Veterinary Journal,quot; Oct., 1876.

' In reply to this theory, advanced by Dr. Verity in the Manchester Conner, 1876, and his assertion of possessing a cure for the malady, I wrote the following :

quot; That the bite of a dog or cat is rendered poisonous from anger at the time of its infliction, is as absurd as it is false.

quot; That rabies is a specific disease usually produced by inoculation, but that it may, as I stated in 'Land and Water,' some four years since, and unquestionably does, arise spontaneously. Certain peculiar changes in the system, possibly due to atmospherical influence, or some cause not fully understood, act in producing it. I have always had a strong opinion that breeding in-and-in tends to do so.

quot; That if once the virus enters the system through inoculation, no iuuouut of treatment, however scientific, will in my opinion prevent the awful result that must sooner or later take place.

quot; That when such result is established there are as yet no positive means of preventing death.

quot; That the only means of preventing its introduction into the system are in immediate excision or suction, if possible, of the part, and the application of nitric acid or lunar caustic.

quot; That many diseases have been mistaken by persons having a smat�tering of dog knowledge for hydrophobia {rabies canina), particularly epilepsy.

quot; That I have no doubt a person, whose nervous system is highly sensitive, may, from the excitement consequent on thequot; bite of a dog

i' I

Diseases of the Nervous System.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 233

Pain may produce frenzy, but not rabies. A dog may be driven frantic with torture or furious with rage, but his bite is harmless so far as the production of rabies is concerned. Were it not so, what a fearful result must follow! Where we have now one case of the disease, we should have hun�dreds ! Indeed they would be daily occurring, and no indi�vidual who possessed a dog would be secure.

No one distinct breed is more liable to it than another.

Mongrels (particularly homeless ones) are perhaps more frequently affected than other classes, and this is more likely from the manner of their roving from place to place, coming into contact with strange dogs, and usually those of their own kind; added to which, they are reared in filth and live by scavenging.

How often, after an outbreak of rabies, do we hear that a strange dog has been seen in the neighbourhood, belonging to nobody knows who, and generally described as a mongrel ?

Dogs are especially inclined to fraternise, or, at all events, to inspect one another; and this, as with human paupers, is particularly the case with mongrels and curs. A stranger is immediately gathered round, sniffed over, followed some dis�tance, and perhaps hustled; the stranger resents it, or even if not thus interfered with, snaps ac the one obstructing him, and passes on his way. The same thing happens over and over again in his course : and I need hardly say (presuming

(especially a ferocious one), exhibit symptoms resembliug hydrophobia, and that it is probably from such cases as these that Dr. Verity has de�rived his imagination of a cure.

quot; That individuals ever have true hydrophobia from pure fright, I do not for a moment believe.

quot;That in all supposed cases of hydrophobia, the public may rest assured that either the inoculation was not hydrophobic, or that the saliva was wiped off when the teeth parsed through the garments.

quot; That in all instances where the animal which has inflicted the wound is suspected of rabies, he should be contined, and not slaughtered, until a sufficiently long period has elapsed to prove the suspicion correct or otherwise. This, if it were adopted, would soon test the truth of enumerated cures and the ^value of marvellous specific s.quot;

234 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

iim to be rabid) the horrible result is multiplied indefinitely, in a like manner, by his victims.

Ixccbationquot;.�The incubative period of rabies is extremely uncertain. My experience, with a few exceptions, has been from two to five weeks.

quot; In the dog, Lafosse states that the shortest authenticated period that occurred in his experience, was seven days, and the longest one hundred and fifty-five days. Eoll gives, for the same animal, from three to six, and rarely from seven to ten weeks. Elaine asserts that the majority of cases occur between the third and seventh week, though some are protracted to three, four, or even a greater number of months. A week was the shortest period he had noted. Youatt has known instances in which the first symptoms have only bo-come manifest after from five to seven months, aud he never knew of a case occurring before seventeen days intervening. Other authorities have related cases in which the disease was developed within from three to ten days after contamination. Of nine cases which Peuoh couid rely upon, the symptoms appeared after the bite, in each, at an interval of 95, 88, 35, 26, 24, 22, 18, 15, and 10 days, respectively.quot;

quot; In 1863, Itenault reported that of 68 dogs inoculated ex�perimentally or bitten, the malady was developed in :

1 from the fltli to the 10th day.

7 from the 45thnbsp; to the 50th day.

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 50thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 55thnbsp; nbsp; �

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 60thnbsp; nbsp; �

4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 60thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65thnbsp; nbsp; �

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;�nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 70thnbsp; nbsp; � 4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 70thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 75thnbsp; nbsp; �

2nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 80thnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 90thnbsp; nbsp; � 1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lOOthnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,,nbsp; nbsp; 118thnbsp; nbsp; �

1(1

10th 16th

20th 2�th 30th 35th 40th

15th

20th

25th

30th-

35th

40th

45th

quot; In Saint Cyr's 87 cases of confirmed rabies in 1865, there #9632;were only 26 the date of whose inoculation could be positively ascertained. In these the latent period was:

Diseases of the Nervous System.


	ISES.	DAYS.
	1	16
	1	18
	3	21
	2	24
	1	30
	1	31
	2	32
	1	33
	1	35

CASES. 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

BAYS. 36 38 41 50 60 62 86 90 to 100 105 to 115

quot; Bouley has known instances in wlricli the latent period was twelve days and seven months, though they were rare; it was usually from six to tw⁷elve weeks.

' According to Haubner, in 200 cases the appearance of the disease within two months was 83 per cent.; three months, 16 per cent.; four months, 1 per cent. He mentions an in�stance in which the incubatory period was from seven to eight months, and another in which it was fourteen months. He gives an average of three months.quot;*

With such variations in the incubative period, it is little to be wondered at that persons after being bitten, and under what condition of the animal they know not, should be filled with dread, and exhibit, especially those of nervous tempera�ment, great mental excitement.

quot; What takes place during this incubatory or latent period we know not; but it may be confidently asserted that in no o ther malady is this interregnum more variable and uncertain; in deed, if we are to credit some reports, the duration of the latent stage is indefinite. The capriciousness of the virus of rabies in this respect is certainly very remarkable and unac-c ountable. The wounds produced by rabid animals generally heal up readily, and leave but slight traces, and to all appear-a nces those who have been injured appear to be as well as usual. True, in some rare instances in the human subject, pain has been experienced in the region of the wound for a considerable time after the receipt of the injury, and still ⁰ FlemiDg's quot;Eabies and Hydrophobia,quot; pp. 178�180.

236 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

more rarely a quickened pulse and slight fever have heen present from this time until the disease became manifest. In other exceptional cases silent changes seemed to be taking place in the constitution, evidenced by general debility, a quick, weak, and easily excited pulse, sallow looks, and sunken eyes. But, as a rule, the health remains to all appear�ance the same as before the inoculation ; and so subtle is the poison that, according to Van Swieten, persons who afterwards die of hydrophobia may, in the incubatory stage, contract dis�eases of various kinds, even virulent diseases, such as variola, without the course of the rabies being thereby modified in the least, or its evolution retarded.

quot; What occult influence is at work, what changes may be taking place previous to the manifestatiou of the first symp�toms, is a matter of pure hypothesis. The venom of the cobra, hydrocyanic acid, strychnine, and other poisons, pro�duce effects more or less prompt and decided, according to the amount introduced into the body of any animal, and we can exactly prognosticate not only the result, but the time about which it should occur. The virus of contagious diseases, and more particularly hydrophobia, differs from these, inas�much as a minute quantity is as potent in inducing its parti�cular malady, in a certain time, as a large quantity; and in the special disease now under consideration it may lie in a latent condition for a long period without affording the slightest indication of its presence.quot;*

Duration.�The duration of rabies is rarely long�from one to ten days may be taken as the two extremes. A few cases have been noted over the latter period; but they are very exceptional instances, and attended with some degree of doubt. Those in my own experience have been from four to five days ; most of them have died on the fifth.

Fleming observes : quot; The progress of rabies in the dog is always very rapid, and the termination, it may well be said, invariably fatal.quot;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;c

* Fleming's quot; fiobiea and HjdropUobia,quot; pp. 16S, 16C.

Diseases of the Nervous System.

237

Its duration in no case appears to have exceeded ten days; and in the majority of instances death takes place about the fourth, fifth, or sixth day after the appearance of the first morbid symptoms. Of course, it also occurs much earlier. Out of several tables we will only refer to those of Professors Saint-Cyr and Peuch, of the LyonsJ School, as they afford a fair idea of the duration of the disease in a number of cases. In 1864, fifty-four rabid dogs were reported. Death took


	he tollowmg pe	nods:
	Two days	4 instances.
	Three	5
	Four	10 �
	Pive	8
	Six	7 �
	Seven	8 �
	Eight	2 �
	Twelve .	1 instance.
	Thirteen	1 �

The last case recovered spontaneously. The duration of the remaining eight cases could not be satisfactorily determined.

In the sixty-eight dogs that were rabid at the school in 1865, the duration of the disease was:

Two days

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

In 1868, in seventeen cases

Two days

Four

Five

Six

Seven


		1 instance.
		6 instances.
		15 � 20 �
	raquo;	12 ,. 8 � #9632; 4 � 2 �
	at the	same school, it was
		2 instances.
		8 � 4 � 1 instance.
		2 instances.

Symptoms.�Rabies assumes tioo forms: the furious and the tranquil or dumb.

I shall commence first with furious rabies.

238 Tlw Management and Diseases of the Dog.

The earliest symptoms usually observed are a change in the clog's natural manner and habits : he becomes all at once sullen, or, as it were, melancholy; retires into obscure corners and dark places; when called, instead of obeying with his usual alacrity, he languidly and apparently with unwillingness approaches, and as suddenly slinks off again. Companionship renders him uneasy; in fact, throughout there is an unmis�takable desire for solitude. If the eyes at this period are closely observed, a vacant expression will be seen in them ; and immediately they meet the gaze of the observer, they are dropped in a weary, sleepy manner.

As the disease proceeds, other and more marked symptoms become developed. A tendency to mischief is suddenly manifested. Boots, slippers, hearth-rug, carpet, chair-legs, and what not are worried. If the animal is in the kennel, the straw is mangled and scattered about, the brick-work scratched, flooring torn up, and the whole place, more or less, shows signs of destruction.

The eyes assume a still more vacant expression ; the gaze appears to be fixed on some distant object. Then a change takes place: the animal proceeds to examine most minutely every crevice and brick round his kennel; this done, he retires again into obscurity, and in a few minutes repeats the opera�tion. Or the eyes are directed with earnest attention to some imaginary moving object, as a beetle or spider, which they appear to be tracing in its course. Suddenly he jumps for�ward with a snap at the supposed offeader ; and then, as if ashamed at the hallucination, he crouches down, crawls away and hides himself.

A flow of tenacious saliva is now present. The animal champs his teeth, and smacks his lips. As its tenacity becomes greater and its secretion more rapid, he strives to free his mouth of it with his paws, and this latter act has sealed the fate of more than one individual by being mistaken for a bone fixed in the teeth or throat.*nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

* Last year I was requested to visit a small toy terrier, belonging to

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The voice at this time becomes strangely altered. It is hardly possible to describe it, though when once heard it can never be forgotten. It is a kind of blending between a bark and a howl, having a croupy sound, and most frequently is heard at night.

A thoroughly savage and morose disposition becomes at this period firmly established. Any article presented will be seized and ferociously mangled. The poor creature in its

a lady uf title. The messenger informed me the animal was supposed to have a boue in its throat. On my arrival, which was between nine and ten p.m., I found the subject, which the keeper's wife was nursing, with its mouth slightly open. On removing my hand, after closing the jaws, the lower one again dropped half an inch. External manipulation about the throat produced no indications of pain or irritability. I then�not suspecting anything serious or unusual from the information I had received, proceeded, with the aid of a candlu-Iiglii, to examine the posterior part of the mouth. This was discovered to be inflamed, but no bone could he detected. I then passed my two fore-fingers down, with the same result. Thinking it possible the bone had passed on, and probably left some laceration behind, with paralysis from its long retention in a fixed position, I ordered a hot linseed-meal or mustard-poultice to the throat, and a little warm beef-tea or broth to be given, promising to call the following day. This I was prevented from doing, and an assistant was sent instead. I, however, omitted to tell him the nature of the case, but he came back with the idea, probably from being also told the same tale, viz.. that the dog had quot; swallowed a bone.quot; The following day I again visited the patient, when, upon opening the door of the room, the animal, without barking, made a rush at me. Pulling the door to quickly, I waited a minute or so, and then cautiously looked in. He was crouching in a corner with his eyes half-closed, and his head nodding in a drowsy manner. He gave a start, or, as it were, awoke suddenly, changed his position, and fell off again in the'same drowsy state ; the lower jaw still remained dropped. I immediately became impressed with the belief that it was a case of dumb rabies, but, to make the matter more certain, I ordered the animal to be placed in security, and carefully watched. Next morning, unmistakable symptoms of rabies manifested themselves, and the dog was shot. Another animal, a companion, sickened in like manner, and was also destroyed. Fortunately, I had no abrasions on my hands, or I might have shared a similar fate.

I mention this case as illustrative of the great care and suspicion with which such cases and their history should be received.

240 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

paroxysms is regardless of pain; the lips are wounded, and even the teeth broken, in its frantic efforts to avenge some imagined injury or offence.*

During and immediately after the paroxysm, the breathing-is short and painful, and the animal looks an exhausted ob�ject, as if suffering from the effects of a hard-fought sanguinary battle.

As the malady proceeds towards its last stage, the head frequently becomes swollen, particularly about the eyes, which assume a brilliant or lustrous appearance, and the con-junctival membrane is deeply injected. An anxious haggard countenance is present throughout.

The animal may gradually sink into a state of stupor, or die in a paroxysm of rage. Paralysis is sometimes associated with the disease from its commencement, and is rarely absent towards its termination. Emaciation is rapid under all cir�cumstances.

One marked symptom in rabies, as opposed to all other nervous affections, is the magical influence of voices the animal is accustomed to. Even in moments of frenzy the call of one the poor sufferer knows is instantly recognised, and for a brief period produces an appearance of sanity.

It has been stated by a professsed authority, G-rantley F. Berkeley, that quot;Dogs become utterly insane through dis�temper, and are for the time mad to ail intents and purposes.quot; quot; If you prevent distemper in dogs ' by vaccination' (?) well performed, you decrease the madness in dogs, which in num�berless cases arises from the effects of the ' common distemper,' but which is often vulgarly termed ' hydrophobia.' quot;f (I pre�sume rabies canina is meant.)

Any such marked insanity in distemper it has never yet been

* These fits of fury are not always atteudant on rabies, if the animal lie left to itself; but nervous excitability appears to be predominant more or less throughout the disease.

t From letter in the Morning Post, dated Sept^ 11th, 1877. The italics are mine.

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the lot of the author to observe, nor, as far as he can gather, has it been noted by any other veterinarian. Eabies and distemper are, in fact, as widely different in character and pathology as it is possible for two canine maladies to be. Those nervous symptoms which are frequently present in the subacute stages of distemper, do not bear the slightest analogy to quot;rabid insanity,quot; and only those inexperienced in the latter disease could mistake them.

An unusual affection has been described as another symp�tom, and whether the unfortunate creature being aware of its hopeless condition accounts for it, is only surmise. Certain it is such a manifestation is, especially in the earlier stages, very frequent.

Another symptom worthy of note and exceedingly charac�teristic, is the appetite. This invariably assumes a morbid character. Portions of wood, stones, earth, hair, excrement, and other filth are devoured, whilst the ordinary meal re�mains untouched*

The vomiting of blood in the early stage of the malady, described by some authors, is not by any means an invariable symptom of rabies. The sanguinary tinge of the vomit more frequently proceeds from wounds of the tongue or mouth, than from any morbid condition of the stomach.

Lastly, when a dog unconfined becomes rabid, there is much that is characteristic in his mode of travelling. His gait may

* Devouring the excrement has wrongly been described as an infallible sign of rabies. I say wrongly, because dogs in robust health will occasionally contract this disgusting habit, pup2nes in particular. Therefore it is only to be taken cognizance of in connection with the other symptoms. Again, morbid appetites are often associated with some peculiar condition of the sympathetic nervous system, in�dependent of rabies. This is especially to be observed in pregnancy. Strange and impossible gratification of fancies and desires fill the human mind, and the same idiocrasy exists in the lower animals. In-oalf cows often devour leather, linen, and other strange substances. Looking at it from another point of view, rabies coming under the class of nervous diseases, we should not be surprised at similar morbid appetites being present.

242 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

be termed a lamloling, or jog-trot. The head is carried low, the tongue protrudes from the side of the mouth, or haugs pendent in front, swollen and covered with dirt. It is rare he turns from his path to attack anything (unless it be an animal of the same species, to which they invariably show the greatest animosity), but woe betide any one who attempts to stay his onward course. This pace is continued with little intermission until exhaustion overtakes him, or it may be a fit, when he creeps into an obscure place, and lies in a fatigued or comatose state for hours.

Such then, as I have endeavoured clearly to describe them, are the leading symptoms of this horrible malady.

Tranquil or Dumb Madness.�The general symptoms in this form of rabies are much the same as in the preceding, with the exception of absence of voice, modification of ner�vous excitability, and paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw. The latter is a curious and characteristic feature in this type of the malady. As I observed in quot; Land and Waterquot; with regard to the Albrighton hounds, quot; No particxdar period can be given at which this symptom is observed. One at feeding time had refused its food, and in three hours after its jaw had dropped; another, apparently well at night, was found similarly affected the following morning, and, in fact, in many of them this paralysis was noticed before any other symptom.quot;

Frequently in packs of hounds the two forms of rabies exhibit themselves simultaneously, and as inoculation from glanders produces farcy, and vice versa, so ferocious madness may give rise to the dumb or furious form.

Maternal affection is not interfered with.*

* quot; The maternal affection for its young remains as strong in the rabid as it is in the healthy dog. M. Defays, a professor at the Brussels Veterinary School, gives an instance of a bitch that had three puppies, and two days afterwards suddenly exhibited all the symptoms of rabies. Notwithstanding the severe attacks of the malady, the poor creature continued to suckle its young, and ran anxiously to them when they emitted the slightest cry ; not being able to swallow any fluid, however, the secretion of milk was suspended, and the puppies died.

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Post-mortem Appearances.�These differ considerably; two, in all particulars, scarcely ever being alike. Indeed the pathological anatomy of rabies appears to be as varied as it is obscure. The following may be taken as some of the chief conditions usually seen, but rarely combined:

Congestion of the brain, occasionally extending to the spinal cord.

Serous effusion within the membranes of both.

Hfemorrhage into the substance of the brain.

Inflammation of the fauces, glottis, upper portion of the trachea and glands of the throat, with enlargement of the latter.. These structures are more particularly implicated in dumb madness.

Lungs frequently gorged with blood, especially if the animal has died from asphyxia.

Foreign matters in the posterior part of the mouth, in the stomach and intestines, as hair, straw, wood, earth, etc.

Or the absence of either, and the presence of blood, mucus or brown coffee-coloured fluid in the stomach.

Patches of inflammation in the lining membrane of the stomach and bowels.

Enlargement and inflammation of the mesenterio glands.

Enlargement and engorgement of the spleen and liver.

The appearances in the brain, throat, and digestive organs form the most confirmatory evidence of rabies.

From the excellent and valuable annual report of the cases brought for observation on treatment, to the Vienna Imperial Veterinary Institute, and published in the quot;CEsterreiohisohe Vierteljahresschrift f�r Wissenschaftliche Veterin�rkunde,quot; for 1875* we observe that in the session of 1873-4, there were

quot;But this event did not alter its desire to he near, and to fondle them, and to cover them over with straw, as if to hide them ; it was only when complete paralysis had supervened that the uufortunate animal ceased to occupy itself with its dead offspring.quot;�quot; Auuales de M6d. quot;VWrinaire,quot; Brussels, October, 1871. (Fleming.)

* From the quot; Veterinary Journal,quot; October, 1876.

16�2

244 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

no fewer than 125 dogs admitted as rabid, or suspected of being affected with rabies. Though some of the pathological alterations were so frequent that they could be accurately grouped, yet others were so inconstant that there could not be said to be any certain indication of the presence of the disease. In some were found alterations in the brain; in others, changes in the blood, lymphatic glands, and kidneys;. and in others, morbid manifestations in the digestive organs were met with. The malady prevailed as an epizooty, and animals of both sexes, various ages and breeds, when or whe�ther bitten often unknown, were at different times brought to the Institute, frequently little could be learned with regard to the animals which were brought dead, and even their con�dition previous to death could rarely be ascertained. With regard to the value of some pathological alterations in forming a judgment as to the presence of the disease, the following epitome is given of the result of the neoroscopical examina�tions made of these animals :

a. Alterations in the brain. 1. Hfemorrhage into the subcutaneous tissue of the cranium of a suspected dog. 2. Htemorrhage into the dura mater of two rabid and one suspected animals. 3. Injection of the pia mater and plexus choroides in 28 rabid and 2 suspected. 4. Hyperasmia of the brain in 2 rabid. 5. Softening of the brain in various degrees�from mere shining softness {gl�zend mid weioher-sein) to complete pulpy liquefaction�in 35 rabid and 2 sus�pected animals (of these the whole brain was generally in�volved in 3 rabid cases; the cerebellum in 3 rabid, and 2 suspected ; the upper surface and base of the brain in 1 rabid animal. 6. Distension of the lateral ventricles, through a collection of serum therein, in 10 rabid animals, 1 of which had the right ventricle unusually dilated while the left was normal.

h. Alterations in the circulatory apparatus and the blood. 1. Pericarditis in 1 suspected dog. 2. Capillary hfemorrhage into the pericardium in 2 rabid cases. 3. Ifemorrhage be-

wmmm

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neatli the endocardium in 1 rabid case. 4. Alterations in the blood alone in 83 rabid, and 28 suspected animals. The blood was of a light red-colour in 13 rabid and 1 suspected; fluid in the heart in 2 rabid, slightly coagulated in 5 rabid, and with a dense whitish fibrinous clot in 6 rabid and 1 sus�pected dogs. The blood was dark-red to black-red (schwars-rotli) in 70 rabid and 27 suspected, (a) In the heart it was quite fluid in 11 rabid and 4 suspected. (6) Slightly coagu�lated in 21 rabid and 11 suspected, (c) With a soft fibrinous clot in 9 rabid; and (d) it had a dense grey clot in 29 rabid and 7 suspected animals. Bacteria (St�bchen) in the blood were in some cases numerous, in others few; in none were they very abundant. Ansemia was present in 4 rabid ani�mals.

c.nbsp; Alterations [in the spleen and mesenteric glands were noted in 68 rabid and 11 suspected animals. 1. Lymphatic nodules in the spleen in 1 rabid creature. 2. Enlargement of the spleen alone in 25 rabid and 3 suspected. 3. Tume�faction of the mosenteric glands alone in 21 rabid and 0 suspected. 4. Enlargement of the spleen and mesenterio glands in 21 rabid and 2 suspected dogs.

d.nbsp; Alterations in the respiratory apparatus in 80 rabid and 1C suspected animals. 1. Marked pallor of the mucous mem�brane of the larynx and trachea in 2 rabid and 1 suspected animals. 2. Intense injection of the same in 51 rabid and S suspected creatures. 3. General dark discolouration of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and partially of the respiratory mucous membrane in 2 rabid and 1 suspected animals. 4. Capillary hfemorrhage at the entrance to the larynx in 1 rabid. 5. Ca�pillary linanorrhage in the laryngeal mucous membrane in 1 rabid. 6. Capillary hasmorrhage in the pleura puhnonalis in 1 suspected. 7. Bronchial catarrh in 3 rabid. 8. Pul�monary oedema in 11 rabid and 4 suspected. 9. Pneumonia at the border of some lobules�seldom involving entire lobes; and 10. Hsemorrhage into the thoracic cavity from gunshot #9632;wounds, in 2 suspected cases.

246 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

e. Alterations in the digestive organs. 1. Injuries to the tongue in 1 rabid dog. 2. Foreign bodies in the mouth and throat of 1 rabid and 1 suspected. 3. Stomach empty in 19 rabid and 1 suspected. 4. Foreign matter in the stomach� hair, -wood, straw, grass, leaves, soil, cherry-stones (and in cue case a living horse-fly attached to the mucous membrane) �in 56 rabid and 21 suspected. 5. Foreign matter besides hair in intestines in 6 rabid and 3 suspected, (i. Blood in the stomach in 2 rabid. 7. Injection of the serous membrane of the stomach only in 43 rabid and 2 suspected. 8. Injec�tion of the serous membrane of the stomach and intestines in. 3 rabid and 3 suspected. 9. Pallor of the gastric mucous membrane in 1 rabid. 10. General redness of the same in C rabid. 11. Patchy redness of the same in 2 rabid. 12. Htemorrhagic erosions and ulcers in the same in 40 rabid. 13. Marked yellowness of the intestinal mucous membrane and contents of same, in 4 rabid. 14. General redness, with tumefaction of the intestinal mucous membrane and tape�worm, in 58 rabid and 17 suspected. 15. Patchy redness of the mucous membrane of the small intestines, particularly involving Peyer's patches, in 27 rabid and 9 suspected. 16. Diverticular formations in 1 rabid animal.

/. Alterations in the urinary and generative organs. 1. Nephritis in 1 rabid and 1 suspected ; 2. Cystitis and nephritis in 1 rabid; 3. Pregnancy, about three weeks, in a rabid bitch.

g. Alterations in the locomotory apparatus probably due to injury to the head, were discovered in 3 rabid and 13 sus�pected dogs.

In the quot; Bericht �ber d. Veterin�rwesen in Sachsen,quot; for 1874, Professor Siedamgrotzky has a paper on the pathological anatomy of rabies* He remarks that the peculiar expres�sion of the rabid dog's physiognomy has long been recognised as an essential part of the diagnosis, and that this characraquo; toristic indication is largely due to the duH, heavy eyes,. ⁰ From the quot; Veterinary Journal,quot; October, 1876.

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#9632;which are so commonly partially covered by the memhrana nictitans in rabies. Besides the malady has a tendency to be accompanied by catarrh of the conjunctive, indicated by a collection of mucus in the inner canthus of the eye. Beyond this, there sometimes suddenly appear circumscribed opacities of the cornea, with breaking up of its texture in the centre of those, and so leading to the formation of ulcers. This ulcera-tiou progresses so rapidly, that in some cases the substance of the cornea is perforated within two days. These corneal ulcerations are not, however, very common; Siedamgrotzky had only observed them in six cases, in which two or three ulcers appeared in both eyes. They are not an accompani�ment of only one form of rabies, but appear in both�dumb as well as furious. On a post-mortem examination, it is found that the ulcer has penetrated the cornea in a conical manner, and that nothing but a thin layer of fibrin, or a blood coagulum in the anterior chamber, has prevented the escape of the entire contents of the organ. Examined micro�scopically, the corneal ulcer offers no essential difference from that witnessed in distemper: moderate cell-heaping in the vicinity of the ulcer, fatty degeneration of the corneal elements, and opening out of the interstitial substance; but nothing otherwise characteristic.

Siedamgrotzky at first believed that the alteration was pro�duced by mechanical causes, but from close observation he is satisfied that it may appear in the quietest animals whose eyes have not been exposed to external injury. It is there�fore not unlikely that an interruption in the nutrition is the cause ; though not a general alteration in the nutritive func�tion, but perhaps rather due originally to an alteration in the trophic nerves of the eye.

This explanation, of course, cannot be experimentally proved; but that it has some foundation in fact may be deduced by reference to the extensive derangement in the other nerve regions, particularly in the branch of the fifth pair supplying the lower jaw.

248 The Management and Diseases of the Dot;.

Alterations in the ophthalmic hranch are likewise few when those of the maxillary are so�proving, apparently, that the lesion is central.

According to Professor Benedikt (quot; Wiener Med. Presse,quot; No. 7-1)* the disease is a special acute exudative inflammation of the brain, resulting in various forms of hyaloid degenera�tion, which is particularly observed in the neighbourhood of the lenticular nucleus of the anterior lobe�often in this alone. Siedanigrotzky states that he has, in his examina�tions, been particularly careful to inquire into the correctness of this; and in some cases of quot; dumb madness quot; there was certainly a marked inflammatory condition of a portion of the brain about the fissure of Sylvius.

In the quot; Giornale di Anatomia,quot; etc., edited by the veterinary professors at the University of Pisa, Rivolta gives the description of a careful examination he made of the brains of seven clogs which had perished from furious rabies transmitted to them by inoculation. The result goes to show that the pathological alterations in that organ consist mainly in more or less marked hypeiaemia of the pia mater in the cerebral fissures, but especially at the base of the brain, and this hyperasmia is never absent from the cerebral plexus choroides ; that softening of the cerebral substance is not frequent, though, on the contrary, the grey substance is con�stantly higher coloured; and that perivascular infiltration of a fatty nature cannot be recognised as characteristic of this disease, as Eivolta has noticed it in other maladies.^-!quot;

In the quot; Centralblatt f�r die Medicin Wissenschaften/'J Kolesemkoff reports the results of the examination of ten mad dogs made in Eudneff s pathological laboratory at St. Peters�burg. The parts examined were the cerebral hemispheres, the corpora striata, thalami optici, cornua ammonis, cerehellum, medulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, and the sympathetic

'quot; From the quot; Veterinaiy Journal,quot; October, 1876. #9632; t Ibid.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; % Ibid.

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and spinal ganglia. The changes were always most marked in the ganglia, and were as follows: 1. The vessels were much distended and filled with red corpuscles. Here and there along their course were seen groups of red corpuscles, and round indifferent elements (probably emigrated white corpuscles) scattered in the perivascular spaces. The walls of the vessels were spotted with hyaloid masses of various forms, sometimes extending into and obstructing the lumen of the vessel-like thrombi. Not far from these were collec�tions of white and red corpuscles. 2. There was found to be a colleotion of round, indifferent elements in general around the nerve-cells, sometimes penetrating into the protoplasm of the cells to the number of five or eight; sometimes in such number as quite to displace the cell-protoplasm. The number of migrated cells produced various changes in the form of the nerve-elements. The nuclei of the cells were sometimes pushed forwards towards the periphery by the intrusive ele�ments. In other cases the nerve-cells seemed entirely re�placed by masses of round indifferent corpuscles. These changes were seen even in isolated nerve-cells. The author points out the analogy of these changes to those described by Popoff in enteric fever and injuries.

With regard to the innocuousness of the milk derived from rabid animals, there is a conflict of opinion. Cases, however, are on record both of human beings and the offspring of animals becoming affected through partaking of milk secreted by hydrophobio and rabid subjects; but many of these cases, it must be confessed, are involved in doubt.

Mr. Fleming, in his work on quot; Eabies and Hydrophobia,quot; observes: quot; The influence of the tnilk obtained from animals supposed to be infected with, rabies has received much atten�tion, and, as in. the case of the flesh, the facts relating to its virulence are negative and positive. Among the negative facts, however, those must be distinguished which have reference to the milk derived from animals only bitten by mad dogs, and those really affected with the disease.quot;

250 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

quot; Andiay reports that peasants have used, for more than a month, the milk of a cow which was wounded by a mad dog, without experiencing any inconvenience*

quot;An infant fed on the milk of a goat until the day the animal hecame mad, remained in perfect health. And, what is more striking, another child drank the warm milk drawn from a rabid cow, and no ill effects followed. The veteri�narian, Gelle, has stated that he was commissioned by the Prefet of the Haute-Garonne to inquire into an occurrence reported from the commune of Gagnac, near Toulouse, in which several persons had drunk the milk of a rabid cow every clay from the commencement until the fatal termination of the disease. Though some of them were plunged into the greatest terror, none were affected with the disease.

quot; The experiments made by Baumgarten and Valentin con�cord with the observations made by Gelle; they are also con�firmed b}^ the researches instituted by Baudot, who, a great number of times, noted that neither the rnilk nor butter ob�tained from rabid cows produced unpleasant effects on whole families who had consumed these articles of food.-f-

quot; At the Alfort Veterinary School a ewe which had been wounded by a rabid dog was soon after delivered of twin lambs, which of course it suckled. Twenty-one clays after the infliction of the bite the ewe became rabid, and died, but the lambs did not manifest any signs of the disease.

quot; The only positive statements I can meet with as to the milk of a mad dog producing rabies, are the following:. Soranus of Ephesus, the most distinguished disciple of the Methodic School of Medicine, averred that infants at the breast are sometimes attacked with hydrophobia.^; Balthazar Tirafeus speaks of a peasant, with his wife and children, as well as several other persons, becoming rabid through drink�ing the milk of an affected cow. Eleven of these died; but.

� quot; Eecherches sur la Eage,quot; Paris, 1781.

t quot;M^moires de la Soc. Eoyale de Medecine,quot; vdi. ii. p. 911.

X Orel. Aureliauus, Op. cit., lib. iii. cap. 2.

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the peasant and his eldest child were restored by medical treatment�a circumstance which might tend to throw some doubt on the occurrence. Faber mentions instances in which the milk has proved injurious. An observation made by M. Dussourt, and quoted by Eoucher, offers a very probable in�stance of transmission by the milk of a hydrophobic patient. This was the case of a negress iu Algeria, whose child died presenting symptoms similar to those of the mother before she perished. In the same country, however, M. Hugo relates the case of a rabid bitch, whose puppies were suckled by her, and remained in good health. But, again, an instance is given in ' Cassell's Magazine' for July, 1871, in which the puppies suckled by a mad bitch also became rabid.quot;*

Treatment.�After what I have already said, it is almost needless to add that I believe treatment, according to past,, and so far as present experiments have gone, to be of no earthly use ; and no man having any regard for his life, how�ever valuable that of his dogs may be, would, I imagine, risk it in administering all the talked-of remedies that have from time to time cropped up.

Prevention is at all times better than cure, and when rabies makes its appearance in a kennel, isolation of the apparently healthy or unbitten ones I strongly recommend, until a suffi�cient period has elapsed to prove they have escaped inocula�tion. With regard to ourselves, all dog-bites, as a precautionary

^s quot;A friend of mine once owned a favourite terrier, which had recently littered live puppies, and as she was kept constantly in his garden, she coitld not possibly have been bitten for some considerable time. But she suddenly displayed unmistakable symptoms of madness^ and ran up and down the garden, with the saliva Hying from her jaws, and her head twitching from side to side, as the heads of all mad dogs do. . . , But, even in her frenzy, her maternal instinct was too strong, and she ran back to her kennel, and began suckling her puppies. . . , Here is the strangest part of the story, and to me it seems very pathetic : all her little puppies were raviug mad too, and the foam hung in flakes about their mouths, and their poor little heads twitched, just as the mother's had done. They had sucked in madness with the milk, for she had not bitten any of them. This was, in my experience at least, a new feature in the history of hydrophobia.quot;

252 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

measure, should be treated as if they were inflicted by a rabid animal�i.e., by immediate suction, followed by the applica�tion of the actual cautery or nitric acid. When rabies is suspected, the suction should be directly followed by com�plete excision of the wound, performed as quickly as possible; after which, without loss of time, the cautery or acid should be freely used. Compression above the wound, especially in the first instance, is also valuable.

The same measures, excepting the suction, which to some degree might be done with a cupzring-gluss, will apply to a dog bitten under suspicious circumstances.

Many unfortunate animals are condemned as rabid, through the ignorance of inexperienced persons (see quot; Epilepsy.quot;) The cry of quot; Mad Dog,quot; nowadays, is quite sufficient to cause an excited mob to hunt down a poor harmless creature who has perchance lost his master, and in fear and excitement frantically seeks for him up one thoroughfare and down another. Panting and distressed, he at last falls exhausted, or is compelled to rest: truncheons, bludgeons, brooms, etc., or a revolver, are brought to bear on the luckless animal, and often brutal is the torture inflicted before the supposed mad dog is put out of danger.

In occupying so much space with this subject (Eabies), as compared with the majority of diseases contained in this work, 1 can but plead as my excuse the immense and vital importance of acquiring a thorough and unprejudiced know�ledge of this fearful canine scourge, and more especially as at the present time we are being continually reminded of its presence. Publicly and professionally, hydrophobia and rabies is one of the leading topics of the day, and though strong doubts exist in my own mind as to the reality of many of the cases reported, yet no doubt there is much cause to fear that unless more active measures are adopted, this most to be dreaded of all maladies will continue to increase.

Dr. Acland observes: quot; We have enougji, through the splendid tables of mortality, monuments alike of English

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civilisation and of official zeal, prepared by Major Graliam and Dr. Farr, of Somerset House, to show that the present panic in this country depends on the horrors of the com�plaint, not on its frequency, and upon the just conviction that it is high time to prevent its increase.quot;*

Let us yet hope, dubious as I have already said the reali�sation may be, that the time is not far distant when curative measures for hydrophobia and rabies shall be discovered. That man will deserve well of his fellows who has the honour of such a discovery.

quot; The literature of this malady is indeed advancing at a wonderful rate, and it is almost daily receiving additions. Perhaps the most valuable and complete is to be found in a series of articles which are now appearing in the ' Medical Press and Circular,' and which we can highly recommend to those who are studying the subject, either in man or animals.quot; �f

The above opinion I can thoroughly endorse, having perused the articles mentioned; but I would also refer my readers to that splendid treatise on quot; Eabies and Hydro�phobia,quot; by G. Pleming;�an ornament to our literature, and a work which, apart from its high scientific merits, contains so much information of considerable value to all persons interested in the canine race and their worst malady.

EPILEPSY.

Dogs of all breeds are very liable to fits, and the epileptic is the form most frequently met with. To say that epilepsy has been confounded over and over again with rabies, would be stating what is correct. A mistake, unfortunately, for the poor dog; but which, I am happy to say, is usually made, not by veterinarians, but by misguided policemen, with the usual

⁰ quot; The Contemporary Eeview,quot; Jan., 1878. (Dog-Poison in Man.) �f quot; Veterinary Journal,quot; Leading Article, February, 1878.

234 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

mob to back them up. I remember reading, some few years since, in a leading paper, of madness in dogs, in which article the writer, if he had been a professional man, could not have more faithfully described the leading symptoms of epilepsy. Sudden reeling, falling over, foaming at the mouth, and con�vulsions are not diagnostic of rabies. Hence, it is from the mistake these symptoms engender, from not being understood, that a panic is, from time to time, created in otherwise peaceful #9632;districts by such newspaper headings as quot;A mad dog at large,quot; quot; Outbreak of rabies, exciting scene,quot; and such like.

ITot long ago, I was walking to town with a young mastiff-dog. Soon after starting he vomited a quantity of �worms; half a mile farther on an epileptic fit seized him, and being on a main road innumerable suggestions of rabies were offered, with kind offers of destruction. However, the animal was secured by his chain to a post, a cold water douche given; and shortly afterwards a gig conveyed him safely home.

Epilepsy may take place at any age; but youth and old age are the two most susceptible periods.

Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary disposition, nervous irritability, general debility, suckling large families.

Exciting Causes.�Worms, dentition, suppression of natural secretions and evacuations, sudden fear or excitement, over-exertion after feeding, rapid exertion in obese condition, and too much flesh meat�especially in young dogs.

Symptoms.�Epilepsy, as a rule, is not ushered in by any premonitory warning. The animal, apparently in perfect health, is in a moment seized with a fit, and this generally occurs during locomotion. He suddenly reels, as though intoxicated; falls on his side; and violent convulsive spasms attack the voluntary muscles, especially of the limbs, which keep up a continuous kicking motion. Frequently a sharp cry escapes the animal when he falls, and these are at times succeeded by others of a whimpering natufe. During the -attack the urine and fteces are often voided. The tongue is

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sometimes severely bitten, the gums are of a leaden or livid hue, the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the eyes un�naturally prominent.

Epilepsy passes through its course with marvellous rapidity; five minutes from the seizure the animal may regain its legs, and appear in its usual health. There are, however, cases in which, after the foregoing symptoms have passed away, the �creature lies motionless and utterly unconscious, as if it were sound asleep; and this state may continue for half an hour or more.

The dog recovering from epilepsy usually has a peculiar, bewildered look. Immediately he regains his feet, he either makes off with himself as fast as his legs can carry him, or viciously rushes at those about him. This latter is one of the most unpleasant symptoms of the disease, for the animal is indisposed alike to friends and strangers; and this is another of the inducements for a verdict of madness.

One fit is often the forpranner of others, which continue in rapid succession for a considerable time. In such instances the prognosis is unfavourable.

Epilepsy frequently ushers in distemper, and also more frequently terminates it.

Treatment.�Immediately a dog at large is seized with epilepsy, care should be taken to secure him, for the double purpose of preventing him biting, and also running away. The collar should not be tighter than is absolutely necessary, or dangerous results will follow from pressure on the vessels of the neck.

Cold water is certainly the best ready-at-hand application; this may be dashed freely in the face, or what is better, if within reach, a tap turned on the animal's head.

Bleeding as a rule is unnecessary, and injudicious.

Epilepsy generally arises from debility and nervous irrita�tion ; therefore in the after treatment it is our duty to seek for and remove the causes giving rise to this condition. If it be worms, the speedier they are removed the better. If den-

256 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

tition, a proper attention to that process, and the regularity of natural functions is to be observed. If from, the suppres�sion of natural secretions and evacuations, a restoration of suspended function must be induced. If from sudden excite�ment, as music, steam-engine whistles, and the like, such noises should be avoided, or we should by degrees get the animal accustomed to them. If from suckling, withdrawal of whelps, and a more liberal diet, with tonics. If from over-exertion after feeding, the cause must not be repeated. If from rapid exertion in obese condition, reduce the latter and regulate the former. If from flesh meat, an alteration in the quantity should be made, or suspended for a time altogether. When coma succeeds the attack, ammonia should be applied to the nostrils, and the gums rubbed with brandy. The back of the head may also, in protracted cases, be stimulated with mustard or turpentine embrocation.

Ilaquo;

laquo;

APOPLEXY.

Apoplexy, or congestion of the vessels of the brain, is gen�erally met with in aged gross dogs, irregularly exercised.

Predisposing Causes.�Plethora, obesity, especially in pugs aud bull-dogs.

Exciting Causes.�Violent exercise, intense heat, pressure on the vessels of the neck from tight collars or dragging at the chain, derangement of the digestive organs, violent strain�ing, especially in parturition narcotics.

Symptoms.�Partial or entire insensibility; heavy sterto�rous breathing; fixed blood-shot eyes; slow pulse.

Treatment.�Blood should be abstracted from the jugular, if possible, or the hair shaved off the back of the head, and lecshes applied. Ammonia should be placed to the nostrils, brandy rubbed on the gums, and counter-irritation along the spine.

'raquo;'

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VERTIGO.

Dogs are occasionally seized with a kind of dizziness or vertigo. They suddenly fall, remain unconscious for a minute or two, and motionless; and then almost as suddenly regain their legs, and with the exception of appearing a little be�wildered, seem as though nothing unusual had happened.

Such seizures are generally due to brain pressure, most frequently from some retarding influence in the return of blood from the head, as a tight collar, glandular enlargements, bronchocele, etc. A disordered condition of stomach is like�wise a predisposing cause, and the susceptibility to an attack of vertigo is greater after a full meal, and particularly if any of the above-named obstructions to the circulation also exist.

Treatment.�This consists in removal of the cause; neck pressure as far as possible should be avoided ; a healthy state of the digestive organs maintained, with proper obser�vance of hygienics.

CHOEEA.

Chorea, or St. Vitus's dance, is a purely nervous affection, and is the result generally of an irritable and impaired con�dition of the nervous system. It may be general or local. The limbs are frequently first observed affected, ultimately the body, face, and jaws may be involved, the latter exhibiting tetanic symptoms.*

Symptoms.�Chorea is denoted by a peculiar snatching or twitching of the part affected. If the brain is involved, the head is in continual spasmodic tremulous motion, and may best be described as a fac-simile of an aged palsied person. It has been known in human practice to arise from sympathy and imitation. I am not aware of any instance in which a dog has so contracted it.

* I haquot;e at the time of writing this, under treatment, a pug clog extensively afflicted quot;with chorea ; the jaw can only be opened half an inch, and goes to again with a sharp snap. The lips are convulsed.

#9632;X

258 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

Treatment.�With regard to medicinal agents, the one most applicable to this affection is undoubtedly strychnia or nux Tomica. I do not recollect a single case of chorea, taken in its early stages, in which I have failed to effect a cure with this drug. Great caution is, however, required in its adminis�tration. It should always be given at a stated time, and after a meal; this is especially necessary where the doses have l\ 'nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;been gradually increased, otherwise a fatal result is likely to

inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ensue.

I could mention more than one instance in which death has occurred from neglecting this caution. In each the patient had been under a long course of strychnia, and the dose had been increased to more than treble the original quantity; Jnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;by some mischance the drug was omitted for a day, and when

next given it produced convulsions and death.

The dose of strychnia is 3^ to #9632;amp; of a grain; the nux vomica from 1 to 2 grains. Tt is best, however, to com�mence below either of the minimums mentioned, and after the first three days gradually increase it. It should be given twice daily in the form of a pill. If there is any difficulty in administering it, the liquor strychnia may be substituted, which contains half a grain to the drachm, and may be pro�portionately divided.

Local remedies in chorea are sometimes beneficial. I have found setons exceedingly valuable. If the convulsive move�ments are confined to the hind parts, the seton should be in�

1-1

#9632;

serted across the loins; if general, at the back of the head and loins. Counter-irritation along the spine is also service�able.

Though in principle the hot-bath, from its relaxing tendency, may appear wrong, it is nevertheless in chorea occasionally attended with considerable benefit. It certainly affords relief in those cases where the convulsive movements are excessiveraquo; and so far I have found no after evil from its use.

The less the patient is disturbed the better; particular attention should be paid to the bed being dry and the

ill

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bowels regular�two great essentials in paralytic affections. quot;When abatement of the twitohings with returning strength is observed, a favourable issue may be expected; but the medicine should not be discontinued so long as any nervous affection remains, and it should be gradually, not suddenly suspended. When the patient is able to walk, a short exercise each day may be given with benefit. The fresh air acts as a tonic, new scenery diverts the mind, and exercise encourages the natural habits and functions of the animal.

Tinct. ferri and cod-liver oil is advisable after discontinuing the strychnia, until recovery is complete.

The diet throughout must be nourishing and digestible, and forcibly administered if the patient refuses to take it.

Constipation is generally pre seat in chorea, and is best re�lieved with enemas.

Occasionally rheumatism becomes associated with chorea and then the heart is frequently complicated (see quot; Heart Diseasesquot;). In such cases a cure is hopeless, but under judicious treatment and careful nursing the rheumatic and chorea symptoms may be considerably modified, and the animal's life thereby prolonged.

PARALYSIS.

Paralysis may be general or partial; i.e., the whole mus�cular system may be involved, or certain branches of it.

Paralysis generally is due to pressure on the brain or spinal cord, or it may arise from injury, disease, or pressure of the nerve itself.

When it arises from the brain the whole of the body is usually affected. If only one side of the brain is injured, then the reverse side of the body is most frequently paralysed.

When the spinal cord is injured the paralysis is confined to those parts behind the seat of injury.

Paralysis also follows certain conditions of the body, inde�pendent of actual disease of the brain or other nerve centres,

17�2

260 27ie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

as in protracted constipation, distended bladder, chorea, dis�temper, old age, and general debility.

Paralysis of the hind-quarters is the form commonly seen in canine practice, and this is frequently associated with dis�temper or chorea.

Paralysis of the lower jaw, unless it arises from direct in�jury to the nerves in that part, is a marked symptom of dumb madness.

Symptoms.�Loss of power, weakness, and muscular twitch-ings, are the early symptoms of paralysis. The affection may come on gradually or suddenly; if of long duration atrophy of the muscles and emaciation take place, the effect of inaction through lack of nerve stimulation.

Treatment.�In the treatment of paralysis, it is necessary that we should first ascertain the cause. If, for instance, it arises from injury to the brain from a depressed portion of the skull, an operation is at once indicated for the removal of that pressure. If from constipation or distended bladder, means used for the relief of both are to be afforded;. if from debility, a restoration to vigour by liberal diet, exercise and tonics is necessary. The same will apply in chorea and distemper. In old age, when the nerve force is as a natural result weak, no treatment beyond attention to the secretory and excretory functions is of service.

The medicinal agent most effectual in paralysis is un�doubtedly strychnia or nux vomica, and this, in chronic cases, may be advantageously combined with iron, quinine, or both. Nux vomica, which is perhaps the most convenient form of ad�ministering strychnia, is prescribed in from 1 to 2 grains twice daily, and may be gradually increased after the third or fourth day, in proportion to the requirements of the case.* The dose of iron (sulphate) is 5 to 10 grains, quinine 1 to 2 grains.

* It may be well, perhaps, to observe that in the administration of this drug extreme care is required, particularly in the increase of the dose and the times at which it is given. When any alteration is made in the quantity, it should be very gradual. Thaihest time for the patient to have it is shortly after feeding, and the hour should always be the same. Neglect in these matters has caused many fatal issues in what might otherwise have been satisfactory cases. It is advisable, also, in leaving the medicine off, to gradually and not suddenly suspend it.

ij #9632;

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Local measures are often serviceable in paralytic affections, as counter-irritation, setons, and galvanism.

When walking, if only imperfectly performed, is -witliin the power of the animal, it should be daily but not tiringly insisted on.

The diet should be nourishing, easy of digestion, and slightly relaxing.

In all cases of paralysis particular attention to the material of which the bed is composed, and its dryness, is most essen�tial. Straw, dried fern, or heather, form the most suitable materials. Whichever is used should be on perforated boarded floor, and as far removed from the ground as may be necessary to health. (See quot; Kennel Arrangements.quot;)

When the affection is established in such a manner as to render the animal helpless, the patient should not be allowed to lie too long in one position, otherwise troublesome sores are apt to arise. In cases where they do, fuller's earth, alum and flour�one part of the former to three of the latter, or the oxide of zinc ointment or lotion, are the most suitable appli�cations.

In confirmed and chronic paralysis, complete recovery is rarely witnessed; some lingering effect, as twitching or tremor of a part, being observable throughout life. In such instances, undue exposure to cold and damp should be avoided.

CONCUSSION OF THE BEAIX.

The brain of the dog, though strongly protected in com�parison with that of the human being and some of the lower animals, is nevertheless at times subjected to severe shocks from external violence, as falls, blows, etc.

Symptoms.�The patient lies insensible or (in common par�lance) stunned, and motionless. The respiration is slow and feeble, the pulse quick and small, the pupils are generally contracted and insensible to light.

262 The Manayement and Diseases of tlw Bog.

As the senses gradually return, vomiting usually takes place; wlien in locomotion, the head is carried low, the eyes have a vacant dreamy expression, and the gait is reeling and unsteady, the animal blunders forward and butts against various objects in its way.

Treatment.�The attention of the surgeon should first be directed to the head, which should be carefully examined to ascertain if there be any injury or fracture of the skull. If the latter exists, and there is depression of the broken parts, their elevation is at once indicated. If there is an external wound, it should be carefully attended to, and hcemorrhage, if any, arrested.

With regard to further treatment, ammonia may be applied to the nostrils, and the gums and lips rubbed with brandy; and, so soon as the patient is able to swallow, a little of the latter may be poured down the throat.

When inflammatory symptoms succeed the coma, local bleeding by means of leeches to the temples and back of the head, followed by counter-irritation, is advisable. The bowels at the same time should be kept freely opened. Strict quietude should be observed throughout. The food should be plain and not excessive in quantity.

The effects of concussion are often apparent for some con�siderable time afterwards, being usually exhibited in a wild unnatural stare of the eyes, with, from time to time, particu�larly after feeding, a reeling gait.

In such cases I recommend the insertion of a seton at the back of the head, small doses of aperient medicine pretty fre�quently, and the daily administration of nux vomica.

COMPKESSION OF THE BRAIN.

Compression of the brain may arise from extravasated blood within the cranium, morbid growths in connection with the latter or its contents, the formation of pus or quot;accumulation of serum within the cranial cavity or substance of the brain, or

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by mere distension of tlie bloodvessels (congestion); but probably it more frequently occurs from fracture of the skull, with depression of the broken parts*

Symptoms.�Partial or complete coma, depending upon the seat and extent of compression. The breathing is slow, laboured, and generally stertorous, pulse slow and sometimes intermittent, eyes fixed, pupils dilated and insensible to light; the limbs are relaxed and motionless, the faeces and urine are frequently passed involuntarily.

Treatment.�To remove, if possible, the cause. If it arises from congestion of the brain�from mere distension of the bloodvessels�full local bleeding, and the after administration of stimulants, with aperient medicine, are the measures indi�cated. If from depression resulting from fracture, elevation of the broken parts will ba necessary ; or, if from the forma�tion of pus or accumulation of serum, trephining may be attempted as a dernier ressort. But whatever may be the cause, it is very important in the treatment adopted, to guard as much as possible against secondary or inflammatory symptoms, which, should they arise, are to he treated as pre�viously described.

HYDEOCEPHALUS.

Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, is by no means an unfrequent canine affection. It is invariably congenital, and is more particularly seen in high-bred dogs, and especially where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted. Several instances have come under my own observation attributable, in my opinion, to the latter cause. In one or two cases absolute idiotcy existed: the animals performing absurd motions, and alike regardless of petting or scolding. They were diminutive black-and-tan toys, and, if I may be allowed the expression, were quot; bred to death:quot; destitute of bair on the ears and skull, the latter unsightly large; the eyes * See quot; Fractures/'

#9632;

264 The Management and Diseases of tlm Bog.

painfully prominent and expressionless; the tody deficient iii symmetry, and the limbs distorted. And some of the defects named #9632;were considered by the creatures' owners as indications of the purity of the strain; and animals of this type are kept_):regardless of entreaties to destroy such insults to nature, for purposes of breeding. Fortunately, however, nature rarely sanctions issue from such parents.

Symptoms.�In addition to those I have named, paralysis is very frequently present, usually in the hind-limbs, which, in locomotion, are dragged after the animal. There is also often a great disposition to sleep; but it is generally disturbed by fitful starts and suppressed moans, and the eyelids during that period are only partially closed.

Treatment.�I have no remarks to offer on the treatment of canine hydrocephalus, beyond observing that the measures adopted in human practice�compression, puncturing, and the various medicinal agents�might be tried, and possibly with success, in those cases where exceptional reasons for saving animal life and removing the unnatural effects of the disease-existed.

quot;

TUENSIDE.

This condition, commonly known in sheep as quot;Gid,quot; is some�times met with in the dog; but in the latter it is not so frequently due to the presence of hydatids as to other causes. The symptoms are not unlike those mentioned in the pre�ceding disease, so far as the inclination to move in one direc�tion and the paralytic associations are concerned. Youatt describes them as follows :

quot; He becomes listless, dull, off his food, and scarcely recog�nises any surrounding object. He has no fit; but he wanders about the room for several hours at a time, generally or almost invariably in the same direction, and with his head on one: side. At first he carefully avoids the objects'-that are in his way; but by degrees his mental faculties become impaired ^

l- .

vmmm

mmm

Diseases of the Nervous System.

265

his sense of vision is confused or lost, and he blunders against everything. In fact, if uninterrupted, he would continue his strange perambulation incessantly, until he was fairly worn out and died in convulsions.quot;

With regard to post-mortem examinations, he observes: quot; In some oases I have found spicula projecting from the inner plate of the skull, and pressing upon or even pene�trating the dura mater. I know not why the dog should be more subject to these irregularities of cranial surface than any of our other patients, but decidedly he is so; and where they have pressed upon the brain, there has been injection of the membranes, and sometimes effusion between them.

quot; In some cases I have found effusion without this external pressure; and in some cases, but comparatively few, there has not been any perceptible lesion. Hydatids have been found in the different passages leading to the cranium, but they have not penetratedquot; (?).

MENINGITIS.

Meningitis, or inflammation of the coverings (meninges) of the brain, in which those enveloping the spinal cord generally become involved, is occasionally seen in the dog. It is usually associated with epilepsy, especially if the seizures are frequent and protracted. At the present time I have a well-marked case under treatment, the subject being an aged colley sheep-dog.

The following were the symptoms presented on my first seeing him: eyes deficient in lustre and somewhat vacant,, lids frequently closed, head drooped, clouic spasm of the muscles of the lower jaw, the latter repeatedly closing with a sudden click. The animal always lay on the left side; when walking he inohned the same way; hurried, reeling locomotion, tongue loaded with fur, nose dry, hot and stuffy, excessive drowsiness with occasional spasmodic twitchings.

26G The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

pulso frequent and small, appetite moderately good, with a preference for liquids.

I inserted a seton at the hack of the head, ordered milk diet, and prescribed

Nnx Yomica ........................... 1 grain.

Quinine Sulph......................... 1 grain.

Perri Sulph............................ 5 grains.

This was given in a dessert-spoonful of sherry, three times a day. The patient is slightly, but daily improving under this treatment, and I have hopes of a recovery. He has now been three weeks ill, and a fortnight under treatment. A slight in�crease was made in the mix vomica recently.

M. Leblano records the following case of meningitis in the quot; Veterinarian,quot; 1843 :

quot; A dog, aged three years, was very subject to epileptic fits. After a considerable period the fits would cease. I have often seen these fits cease with the complete evolution of the adult teeth. The last fit was a very strong one, and was followed by peculiar symptoms�the animal became dispirited, the eyes lost their usual lively appearance, and the eyelids were often closed. The dog became very drowsy, and during sleep there were observed, from time to time, spasmodic movements, principally of the muscles of the head and chest. He always lay down on the left side. When he walked he had a marked propensity to turn to the left. The animal was placed under my care. I employed purgatives, a seton in the back part of the neck, and the application, of the cautery to the left side of the forehead; but nothing would stop the progress of the disease, and the dog died in the course of two months after the last epileptic fit.

quot; During his abode in my establishment, he had the run of the garden when it was fine weather. From the drowsiness that he manifested when he was shut up, he nearly always recovered himself when he had his liberty, and especially while his strength remained. He was constantly in motion, and per�petually walking up and down from right to left. This

11'

#9632;L

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termiuateii by falling from mere weariness; but he pre�sently rose again and recommenced bis travels, and always with a quick pace. Latterly he began to take a circular #9632;course instead of following that of the walks, which were rectangular; he then traversed the squares, totally regardless #9632;of, or not seeing, the obstacles that were in his way.

quot; When he was stopped by some obstacle, he at first endea�voured to make it give way; but if it resisted his efforts in a circular direction he turned aside, but always to the left. The nearer he approached his end the smaller were the circles that he took, and, in the latter period of his existence, he did little more than turn, as he would on a pivot. When the time arrived that he could walk no more, he used to lay him�self down on his left side, or, if we put him on the right side, lie turned his head always to the left. During the whole of the case I did not observe any very evident signs of palsy. For a considerable period he had eaten with appetite; but nevertheless he grew thin from day to day, although he was too well fed by the owners, who continually crammed him #9632;with food, notwithstanding my efforts to prevent it.

quot; At the post-mortem examination I found a remarkable #9632;thickening of the meninges on almost the whole of the left lobe of the brain.

quot;The dura mater, the two layers of the arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater, did not constitute more than one mem�brane of the usual thickness, and presented a somewhat yellow covering. The cerebral substance of the left lobe appeared to be a little firmer than that of the right lobe.

quot;The fissures of the cerebral circumvolutions were here much less deep than those of the other side. The bloodvessels which ran in the fissures were of smaller size, and in some �places could scarcely be discovered.quot;

The following interesting case, recorded by Messrs. Gowing .and Son, in the quot; Veterinarianquot; for May, 1870, may be classed under the head of meningeal disease:

quot; On the 2nd inst., our attendance was requested at Brook

208 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Street, Grosvenor Square, in respect of a wliite terrier dog,, eighteen months old. The history of the case is as follows:

quot; The owner stated thr.t the dog had heen quot;brought from Oxford, and that he had recently lost his vision. On exami�nation it was found that the pupils of both eyes were some�what dilated, and there was no power of recognising objects; the other special senses did not appear to be interfered with,, as the dog recognised his master's voice, and would come to him when called; this he would do slowly and carefully,, apparently using his sense of smell as his guide. The owner was asked if the animal had ever received a blow upon the head, and in reply he stated that he had reason to believe he had met with some injury in the stable, he thought from one-of the horses. The owner had had the dog examined at Oxford, and afterwards brought him to London for our opinion. After-the examination we felt satisfied that the dog was suffering from some diseased condition of the brain, and that his loss of vision was due to this cause. It was noticed that the dog was steady and cautious in his movements, turning neither to the right nor to the left, yet he seemed perfectly obedient to his master's call. For the purpose of treatment the dog was removed to our infirmary, and general depletive measures were used at first; mild doses of aperient medicine were given occasionally, and some improvement appeared to be produced,, as the animal could, after a time, see with the left eye; he recognised his feeder, and ran after a cat that accidentally got into his box. This was so far satisfactory, as indicating, that his sight had partially returned; he ate his food, and took fluids freely, but on the 15th inst., after his meal, he-vomited, and seemed much prostrated. The attendant desired us to look at him, as he thought he was considerably worse;. he was found lying on his left side, with the head protruded and the nose pointing upwards. There was a rigid condition of the muscles of the neck, the pulsation of the heart was feeble, and it was apparent that the animal's end was approach�ing. He died at five o'clock, p.m.quot;

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Post-mortem Examination.� On removing the calvarium it was apparent that effusion had taken place into that part of the arachnoid sac which is reflected over the left hemi�sphere ; a slight puncture, made by the saw while the bone was being removed, was followed by tho forcible expulsion of pus-like fluid. The dura mater was dark-red in colour, and #9632;came away from the bone very easily; the inner surface of the portion under which the effusion had occurred was covered with a soft pulpy mass of pus and recently-exuded fibrin, which also was spread over the surface of the hemisphere. This portion of the brain was somewhat diminished in bulk, but no morbid appearances were observed in its structure; in the centre of the left corpus striatum a recent htemorrhagic clot was found.

quot; Under the microscope the exudation was found to consist of ordinary inflammatory products, numerous pus corpuscles, large exudation corpuscles, fat granules, and fine white fibres.quot;

NEUEALGIA.

Mr. Fleming has kindly given me the following particulars of an interesting case which came under his care:

quot;Anlrish setter, three or four years old,veryfond of the water, which she went into all seasons, summer and winter, was sent to me for my opinion. Her master complained that at night, and even during the day, she was seized with fits of howling and screaming, and appeared to be suffering most acute pain. I examined the mouth carefully for decayed teeth, the ears for canker, etc., but nothing could be found the matter with her in these respects. quot;When being led away she suddenly gave a piercing howl, bent her head round to the right side, as if suffering from earache or toothache. She gradually rose up on her hind-legs, fell backwards, and lay howling for Q considerable time. Another examination was made, but

#9632;#9632;

wmm

270 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

notliing could be discovered to account for the peculiar symp�toms. The animal was perfectly conscious throughout.

quot;Surmising the case to be one of tic douloureux or neuralgia, I had a blister applied from the root of the ear along thamp; right side of the face, and a dose of castor-oil administered. The symptoms continued for two or three days. Twice a day a little extract of belladonna was rubbed on the blistered sur�face. In about a week the animal was quite well, and there has since been no return of the symptoms.quot;

CHAPTER XVII.

Cl E N E R A L DISEASES.

ABSCESS,

TUMOUJJS,

BJRONCHOCELE,

MPHTHEEIA,

DISTEMPER,

DROPSY,

LEUKEMIA,

ANJEM1A,

MARASMUS,

PLETHORA,

OBESITY,

RHEUMATISM,

RICKETS,

SCROFULA,

GLANDERS,

SMALL-POX,

MEASLES,

TETANUS,

CRAMP,

HEART DISEASES.

ABSCESS.

An abscess signifies an. encysted collection of pus, i.e., a. quantity of matter enclosed in a newly-formed cyst or capsule.

An abscess may be external or internal, acute or cbronic.

External abscess may exist on any portion of the body, and be superficial or deep-seated.

Internal abscesses are frequently associated with a phthisical or scrofulous diathesis, hence pneumonic, hepatic, and mes-enteric abscess.

Or they may exist independently of such diatheses, and arise from acute inflammatory diseases, blood-poisoning, wounds, and the like, and any of the internal organs become the seat of their formation.

Glandular structures are especially liable to abscess, and

272 The Management and Diseases of the Dor/.

from the complexity of bloodvessels surrounding them, this is not to quot;be wondered at.

Symptoms.�The early symptoms of external abscess are pain, heat, redness, and swelling. As the formation proceedSj the enlargement becomes more or less cedematous on its sur�face, from the exudation of serum external to, and surround�ing the cyst, and this causes it to pit on pressure.

The abscess enlarges as it develops, the pain increases, and throbbing or quot;jumpingquot; is felt on placing the fingers on the part. As the pus approaches the surface, fluctuation is perceived, the surrounding parts become glazed and discoloured, while the point to which the matter is tending for exit becomes thin and colourless.

Treatment.�The primary treatment of abscess consists in encouraging a speedy formation of pus, and this is usually effected by the application of poultices, hot fomentations, or stimulating liniments.

When the abscess has arrived at what is vulgarly termed quot; a head,quot; which may be known by the symptoms alluded to in its latter stage of development, evacuation by incision should at once take place. A poultice may afterwards be applied, or the sac syringed out with tepid water.

The customary practice of squeezing is strongly objection�able, it increases the inflammatory condition of the part, and inflicts additional and unnecessary torture on the patient.

It is advisable, to prevent secondary abscess, that the in�cision be kept open for a few days by the insertion of a tent of lint or tow, or the injection of a little stimulating liniment.

Usually, more or less febrile disturbance accompanies the formation of acute abscess, and it is advisable, therefore, at the onset, to administer a mild aperient. Again, it must be borne in mind that abscesses, especially if they are of any magnitude, or diffused, are exceedingly debilitating�full sup�port in the shape of nourishing food and tonics (iron) are thus indicated.

Chronic Abscess is comparatively slow in development, and

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is usually seen in old animals, and those of feeble or -vreak constitution.

Such abscesses are generally large and deep-seated, and considerable emaciation usually accompanies tliem.

Treatment.�Evacuation by incision, as in the acute form, is, if practicable, decidedly advisable. Where, however, the situation renders opening dangerous, and the abscess is small, discussion should be attempted by the application of a stimu�lant to absorption over the part, and the administration of a similar agent internally. The tincture of iodine for the former, and the iodide of potassium for the latter, are the agents most frequently and beneficially used.

Attention to the general condition of the system, especially to the secretions, is also necessary. The food should be plain, #9632;wholesome and nutritious.

Internal Abscess can rarely be treated by surgical means. The symptoms are usually discovered, if in the lungs, by auscultation, nasal dischargCi and the nature of the ex�pectoration; if in the uterus, by the discharge of pus per vaginam; if in the kidney, by heat and pain over the loins and difficulty in voiding urine, which is at times mingled #9632;with pus.

The symptoms of hepatic abscess are extremely obscure� the usual indications of deranged liver are invariably present, and there is excessive pain on pressure to the right side, which the animal avoids lying on. �

TUMOURS.

These may be divided into fatty, fibrous, calcareous, osseous, and melanotic.

Fatty Tumours are of common occurrence in do^s, especially of the spaniel breed. Their situation is generally subcutaneous; I have removed them from the cheek, back, side, thigh, and axilla.

274 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

They possess a very low organisation unless injured, when tliey #9632;will become inflamed�tliongli this is a very rare ooour-renoe in the dog.

Their growth is usually slow, and dependent, to a great extent, on the condition of the patient; in other words, these tumours being composed of adipose tissue, they increase in proportion to the obesity or development of this tissue in other parts of the animal.

Diagnosis is generally simple. The substance is smooth, movable, and unattached, and pressure produces no pain.

Treatment.�Excision, which in all cases may be safely and successfully adopted. One long incision, nearly the length of the substance, is made, the skin reflected back, and there being nothing but areolar tissue to divide, the tumour is easily and quickly removed from its bed. The lips of the incision are then drawn together with silk sutures, and the part afterwards may be treated as a common wound.

Fibrous Tumours.�These occasionally come under the notice of the canine surgeon. They usually proceed from inju�ries, and are chiefly found in connection with the jaws or limbs.

Diagnosis.-�They have a firm attachment, are irregular in surface, hard, and insensible to pressure.

Treatment.�Excision is most advisable; but from the tumour frequently being adherent to the integument, it is not so easily accomplished as in the previous kind.

On examination after removal, the tumour will generally be found to be composed of a cyst (Eibro-cystic),* filled with serous

⁰ In the quot;Veterinaryquot; for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing amp; Sou record a case of cystic tumour in the lumbar region of an aged spaniel dog, which they removed by excision. quot; The tumour presented several peculiar features ; its walls were principally composed of white fibrous tissue, intermixed with a few fibres of yellow elastic tissue. Besides the cyst which Mr. Gowing punctured, there was another of equal size which contained about four ounces of fluid, having the appearance of pus slightly tinged with blood. This fluid, under the microscope, was found to contain a large quantity of cholesterine, with exudation� corpuscles and blood-discs. In the interior of the c^st which was last

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fluid; and it sometimes happens during life, from inflamma�tion being created in the substance of the tumour, that this cystic fluid becomes purulent, the sac ruptures, and degenerates into a common, unhealthy, subacute abscess. Excision is, even under the circumstances, still advisable; for even if we get it healed, and the tumour still remains, absorption is out of the question. Fibro-cystio tumour is usually present in quot; capped elbows.quot; Removal by excision is simple, and is followed by no ill effects. When they occur in connection with the hocks it is more advisable to use outward applications. I have found iodine the best agent.

Calcareous Tumour.�This description of tumour is most frequently found, in the vicinity of glands. In the dog, it is generally seen in connection with the fibrous tumour of the mammary gland. In long-existing cases, the. latter is often entirely supplanted by the former.

Treatment.�As in the two former, excision is the only advisable treatment, except when the deposit takes place in situations other than the mammary gland, and where it would bo impossible, with safety, to use the knife. Counter-irritation, or the daily application of iodine, would then be indicated, but absorption in such cases is liopeless.

opened, there was a small detached tumour of the size of a chestnut, smooth on the surface, and quite firm in texture. To the interior of the #9632;walls of the two cysts were attached small tumours, varying in size from a pea to a hazel-nut, and ou the surface of the lining of the cysts a quan�tity of flocculent white matter was deposited.quot;

Three accompanyiu^ microscopic illustrations are given to convey an idea of the structure of the morbid growths, which were all composed of the same elements. It is further observed : quot; It is obvious that the morbid growth originated in disease of the structures of the true skiu, probably the result of an injury.quot;

I recently removed a fibro-cystic tumour the size of a hazel-nut from a fore-toe of a small black-and-tan terrier. Placing a ligature round close to its attachment, I drew it sufiiciently tight to sever it at once ; the haemorrhage, which was excessive for the situation. I stayed with cautery.

18�2

276 The Manayement and Diseases of the Dog.

Osseous Tumours.�These are of comparatively rare ooour-rence in the dog. When seen, they are usually found in connection with the limbs, more especially about the hocks and knees,* and are generally associated with the disease termed quot; rickets,quot; for the treatment of which see quot; Eiokets.quot;

Melanotio Turaour.-�Melanosis is, I believe, an unre�corded, if not almost an unknown, disease in the dog. To Mr. Fleming I am indebted for the following particulars of an. interesting case which came under his own notice :

quot; A large, black, -well-bred setter was brought to me for advice, with regard to a swelling on the back part of his fore�leg. The skin was very much thickened from the elbow to near the carpus, and destitute of hair. The enlargement was movable and soft. As it was too extensive to remove with�out blemishing the dog considerably, and as it did not cause any pain or inconvenience, I deemed it advisable to let it alone. In a week or ten days afterwards, my fai-rier-major brought me a portion of a dog's lung, which he said was ob�tained from this setter, it having suddenly died the day before. The surface of the lung was covered with round, soft, globular

⁰ At the present time T have a patient, a mastiff, under my care, #9632;with an enormous osseous tumour of honeycomb or cancellated structure,. surrounding the lower end of the radius. Though the knee joint is not involved, yet the foot is comparatively useless, being greatly swollen, benumbed, and dangling, owing to the pressure by the tumour on the structures above. The friction of, or injury by, the chain, is supposed to have been the original cause of the disease. Prior to my advice being sought, it bad been under the treatment of other veterinary surgeons, without any successful results. For the first ten days I had applied, externally, absorbents and hot fomentations ; in the softest por�tions I lanced it, and there was discharged from the two openings made, a thin bloody fluid, not offensive, and containing no pus. The probe came in contact everywhere with rough, spongy bone. The fomentations are continued, with an occasional injection of a strong solution of nitrate of silver. Iron and iodine are administered twice daily, and the food is of a substantial nature. The poor creature is much emaciated, but is now slightly improving, and the pain and swelling have abated. An entire removal of the deposit is, of course, out of the question, but I have good hopes of prolonging the animal's life, .end rendering him. useful.

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masses, as black as ink, varying in size from a millet-seed to a large pea. He had opened the dog, and stated that he found the swelling on the leg full of black matter. The liver, heart, other portions of the lungs, and beneath the skin over the body, were all in the same condition as the portion of lung which he brought to me. Examination of the latter proved that the deposits were of a melanotio nature, and no doubt iad been the cause of death.quot;

BEOXCHOCELE,

Or enlargement of the thyroid glands on one or both sides, is commonly met with in every breed of dogs. The cause of this glandular enlargement is somewhat doubtful. Animals in a debilitated condition appear most liable to it, while, on the other hand, those in robust health will become affected.

The anatomical formation of the neck and throat would seem to have some predisposing influence; for short, thick-necked, throaty dogs are those, according to my experience, most frequently the subject of this disease.

Symptoms.�Bronchocele may come on insidiously or sud�denly ; hence we hear of dogs, to use a common expression, with quot; kernelsquot; in the throat, which have been observed there for some time, but become no larger. Others are dis�covered to have an immense swelling at the throat, which was #9632;undetectable the previous day.

In cases where the thyroid enlargement is considerable, #9632;difficulty in breathing will be one of the prominent symptoms; this arises from pressure by these enlarged glands on the trachea, which also cause much inconvenience to the neigh�bouring structures, as the throat and vessels of the neck, creating obstructed circulation and difficulty in swallowing.

Treatment.�Our object in the treatment of bronchocele is to arrest growth and promote absorption. Iodine, externally

278 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

and internally, is the most powerful remedy for tliis purpose.. In the former, after first shaving off the hair, the liniment or tincture should bo painted on with a brush daily. In the latter it is best combined with iron (ferri iodidum) in 5 to 10 grain doses daily.

When suppuration takes place, which in the dog is not un-frequent, the ordinary treatment for abscess is indicated.

Extirpation of the thyroid gland or the insertion of setons are dangerous operations, and only warranted in extreme cases.

DIPHTHEEIA.

Among the laryngeal diseases affecting the dog, diphtheria (so-called) finds a place. As I have not seen any throat malady that could be correctly termed such, myself, I tran�scribe from the quot;Veterinary Journalquot; for August, 1875, some interesting cases recorded by Mr. 'W. Eobertson, M.E.C.V.S., Kelso.

quot; In the outbreak of diphtheria amongst the dogs, a certain amount of variation or modification, as respects the pheno�mena exhibited during the course of the development of the disease, was observed in several of the individuals.

quot; The dogs amongst which this outbreak occurred formed part of a kennel of high-bred greyhounds. The kennel was in two divisions; the exercise-yard of the one division running to within two yards of the door of the dormitory of the other, which had originally been a stable, and where all the cases of the disease occurred. The inmates of this kennel were a mixed lot as regarded age; one half were puppies about twelve months old, the other half consisted in greater part of dogs between eighteen and twenty-four months, with a few aged animals. There had been no importation of ani�mals for some time, and no illness, not even distemper, amongst the residents. The disease first made its appearance

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amongst the puppies, and nearly tlie whole, if not the whole, of these were dead before any of the others were seized. Many of the puppies had died before alarm was taken, the kennel-man imagining that they were suffering from distem�per ; at last suspicion was aroused, and, as usual when any considerable mortality occurs amongst animals, which is rather puzzling to those engaged in their management, poison administered maliciously, or obtained accidentally, was credited with the mortality. An analysis, however, of the viscera of two animals negatived this idea. The average duration of the disease in those fatal cases was a little over two days ; many died earlier, and none survived beyond the fourth day.

quot; With the exception of the glands of the throat and cervical region, the structural alterations observable in all cases may be said to have been confined to the fauces and the air passages anterior to the glottis. The urine, in all the instances where this secretion was examined, was opaque, in�creased in density, and charged with albumen.

quot; In some cases, from the outset, the fever was high, the local inflammatory action markedly acute, the mucous mem�brane over the fauces, tonsils and palate became of a dark-red colour, tense, smooth, and glistening in appearance, ap�parently from distension from infiltration of the submucous tissue. In these also the whole gland-structures of the mouth and throat were more or less swollen and tender, with deglutition from the first extremely difficult or altogether impossible. The earliest stages were marked by exaltation of temperature, accelerated pulse and respirations, together with slight restlessness, if not actually giving evidence of pain; very shortly, however, these signs of increased func�tional activity disappeared, there was marked depression, list-lessness, and want of muscular energy; emesis and diarrhoea might also be present.

quot; The majority of the cases were of this type, and they were also those which succumbed the quickest, death in them

280 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

seeming to result as much from the extension of tlie local diseased action into the larynx as from the virulence of the septikajmia.

quot;Post-mortem exaniination of these cases showed that only when the animals had survived more than twenty-four hours was there observahle anything in the form of the pecu�liar and characteristic grey coagulated exudation; this being sometimes in spots, and at others in considerable stripes, but always adherent to the mucous membrane.

quot;More frequently the exudation, which was always pre�sent, was a glossy, tenacious, soft, structureless, or granular material, more thickly deposited on some parts than others.

quot; Another form or type in which the disease manifested itself was that where the febrile disturbance seemed scarcely so severe, the extension of the local diseased action less rapid, and the power of swallowing never entirely gone; but where the glands of the throat and cervical region were early swollen, and increased in size rapidly, together with extensive infil�tration of the connective tissue in which these gland-struc�tures are embedded. In such there was from the first marked stiffness of the neck and greater restlessness until coma supervened.

quot;A third class, again, exhibited what may most fitly be termed the ' nasal type.' After a certain amount of dulness, and fever of a lower character than was met with in either of the other forms mentioned, there would appear evident sore throat, with a discharge of a sanious material from the nostrils. On examining the mouth, material of a similar nature, but more watery from mingling with the saliva, might be seen bubbling over the tongue from the fauces. Cases of this form survived longest; and in them only did we find sordes on the teeth and lips, the breath becoming foetid and the lymphatic glands much swollen. The after-death examination of these showed that the disease had extended�whether from con�tinuity or separate centres was impossible to say�into the posterior nasal channels.

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quot; The icfiltration, however, of the submucous tissue and �exudate, in connection with the membrane, was always most #9632;distinctive in the pharynx, and at the pillars of the soft palate. �Of the few affected animals which survived, one, while recover�ing, became blind of both eyes, with, at first, no appreciable structural alteration of the organs, although in a few days the cornea of both became opaque, apparently from infiltration of the intimate structures of the membrane; ultimately, sight was restored.

quot;Another, about a fortnight after the obvious symptoms of the disease had disappeared, became, affected with clonic spasms, or twitching of the muscles of the face and cer�vical region, followed in a few days by paraplegia. After a tedious convalescence, this animal also regained full nervous power.

quot;Being satisfied regarding the nature of the disease, wo #9632;counselled the removal of all those dogs housed in the kennel as yet unoontaminated; and the shifting of such as were still, to appearance, healthy from the kennel where the disease had arisen to this one, vacated by the unaffected. Immediately following this, the drains of the place were ordered to be examined, as the sanitary condition was the opposite of satisfactory. On being laid open, these were found all but completely choked with filth, the more fluid portions of the sewage having for some time been percolating into the soil beneath the flooring of the kennel, rather than discharged in the natural or proper manner.

quot; The principal drain, I may mention, had a communication #9632;with the dormitory portion of the kennel, by means of an #9632; ordinary perforated grating. This kennel had no communica�tion by means of its drains with the other, which, as already mentioned, was in close proximity, and where the dogs con�tinued healthy.

quot; The dogs removed from the unoontaminated kennel were jgt;laced in a stable a mile distant, and continued healthy.

quot; Among those taken from the kennel where the disease

282 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

originated, and located in the other, three fresh cases occurred: after their removal, one of #9632;which died.

quot;After removing the flooring and opening the drains, it #9632;was deemed advisable, considering the condition of the walls of the house, not to repair it, but to build another on a different site. After a considerable time, both the new kennel and the one #9632;which remained, and into which the dogs from the old one had been removed, were again occupied; and with no bad results, the disease having ceased a few days after the kennel where it first appeared had been vacated.

quot;I have purposely refrained from commenting upon, or drawing any conclusions from these facts; or attempting to enter upon the question of the etiology of diphtheria: whether we are in all cases to regard it as the result of the reception into the animal body of contagion, living, particulate, and specific�a true ' mycosis,'�or, in many cases, to revert to our knowledge of chemistry and chemical laws for an explanation of the different phenomena.

quot; Circumstances which have occurred, and conditions which have been observed, have been stated in the hope that possibly some inquirer in this particirlar path of research may find these facts, when collated with others, helpful in shed�ding a light over what at the present, in some of its aspects, is rather obscure.quot;

In a leading article in the same journal, on quot; The Trans-missibility of Diphtheria from Man to the Lower Animals,quot; it is remarked: quot; We have no strong proof that croup or diphtheria is contagious in animals, except the first-named disease, which is so in poultry.

quot; The relations of diphtheria in animals to the same disease in mankind have only been recently definitely established; while the transmission of the malady from one species to an�other has been satisfactorily demonstrated. There are certainly no proofs that any relationship exists between the malady termed 'distemper' in the dog and diphtheria, though on occasions they may have prevailed coincidentally'in a district. .

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quot; Thus, in 1851 or 1852, a severe outbreak of the latter disease ocourred in Tasmania, -whioh swept off two or three memhers in every family; at the same time, according to the report of the Australian Eoyal Commission on Diphtheria, all the dogs died of distemper. There may have teen some morbid influence at work which favoured the genesis and extension while it added to the vimlency of both scourges ; but beyond this we cannot at present go, for if we remember aright, dogs perished about the same time in great numbers from distemper in New Zealand and Australia�even the dingoes, or native wild dogs, being found dead in multitudes in the scrub; and yet we cannot ascertain that diphtheria was at all prevalent, or even present, in these countries at that period.

quot; To our knowledge, there is only one instance of a case in which accidental transmission of the disease from man to an inferior animal appears likely to have occurred, and this is alluded to by Dr. Sir J. Eose Cormaok, in the ' Lancet' for April 24th of the present year. It is related by Professor Bossi in the ' G-iomale di Medicina Veterinaria Pratica d'Agriooltnra,' and is to the following effect: ' A friend who had lost a child by diphtheria, after a few days' illness, requested me to visit a very beautiful small-breed greyhound about one year old, which had become unwell a few days after swallowing some of the child's excreta, and some remains of food which had been served to him. On making a careful examination of the dog, Bossi found it in a state of great prostration; languid look, lachrymant eyes, and open mouth copiously discharging a viscid fluid; quick sibilant breathing, hoarse voice, full, hard, rapid pulse; the neck so stretched as to be almost rigid; and difficulty in deglutition. By digital examination, the throat was discovered to be cedematous, and the seat of severe pain. On opening the mouth�a difficult operation�the mucous membrane of the fauces was seen to be red and swollen, and two ulcers were on the veil of the palate and right tonsil; that on the latter

284 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

#9632;was of some size and depth, and had an elevated border.' The symptoms and appearances in this case led Bossi to conclude that the animal was suffering from diphtheria, or perhaps more correctly speaking, from laryngo-pharyngeal angina of pseudo-membranous or croupal character. The dog died on the third day, from suffocation, after having had some convulsive movements. At the necropsy, the mucous membrane of the fauces was found in a pulpy condition and denuded of epithelium. Here and there the membranous �exudation presented the appeai-ance of compact, thick, ad�herent excrescences. The ulcerations were blackish and very deep. The inflammation extended to the mucous mem�brane of the pharynx and larynx. The heart and lungs, which presented a blackish, flabby appearance, contained pitch-like blood and several flbro-albuminous concre�tions.

quot;This is a remarkable case, and one well worth remem-hering by members of the veterinary profession, many of whom have a great deal of practice among dogs; animals which, from their intimate association with mankind, and from their habits and tastes, would be the most likely to receive the contagion, if it be really transmissible.

quot; Experimental evidence as to the transmissibility of diphtheria from man to animals is not very abundant, but it appears to be sufficiently clear to enable careful patholo-gists to come to a decision; as several have concluded, from the results of their attempts to produce the disease in animals, that the morbid process generated in these by inoculating portions of diphtheritic concretion is not simply what has been designated a ' mycosis,' but is, in reality, the specific malady itself. In his report on the ' Pathology of the Infective Processes,' just published in that of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Dr. Burden Sanderson gives a risumi of the experiments made by the principal of these pathologists.

quot; Of these observers. Dr. Sanderson pointsquot; out that Dr.

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Letzerich,* of Braunfels (Nassau), and Dr. Oeitel,-f- of Munich, are the most important. The former is the author of several papers on diphtheria, the titles of which are given in a note. These papers contain various observations relating to diphtheria as it presents itself clinically, and serve to illustrate the intimate association of the development of miorozymes in the affected parts #9632;with the morbid process ;. the author also records numerous experiments showing that when the disease is communicated by inoculation, its-characteristics reappear in the infected animal, even those-#9632; which belong to its more remote complications.

quot; Dr. Letzerioh's facts lose much of their value, according to Sanderson, from their not being set down with that simplicity which ought to characterise all scientific writings. His papers, moreover, contain a great deal of questionable mycology, in which the patient reader is apt to lose himself in his search after objective facts.

quot;The Memoire of Dr. Oertel, published three years ago, also embodies anatomical and experimental investigations relating to the effect of inoculating animals with material derived from the larynx in cases of diphtheritic laryngitis in children. Like Letzerich, the author found that a disease having well-defined pathological characteristics, and, in par�ticular, associated with nephritis, could be produced by such inoculation; and further, that it could be communicated from one animal to another without losing any of its distinctive features. He further showed that the disease in question, whatever were the local peculiarities given to it by the tissue in which it was ingrafted, was always a mycosis; in other words,, that all the ' localisations' of the disease were associated with the presence in the affected part of innumerable miorozymes.

* Letzerich, quot;Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Diphtheritis,quot; quot; Virchow's Archiv.,quot; vols. xlv. p. 327 ; xlvi. p. 229 ; xlvii. p. 516. quot;Monographie der Diphtherie,quot; Berlin, 1872. quot;Die Eutwickelung des Diphtherie�pilzes,quot; quot; Virchow's Archiv.,quot; vol. Iviii. p. 303 (1873).

t Oertel, quot; Experimentelle XTntersuchungen �ber Diphtherie :'* quot; Deutsches Archiv, f�r Kliu. Med-,quot; vol. viii. pp. 242�354.

286 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

As regards the agents of infection, lie concluded that their presence was the only constant characteristic of the contagion, for lie found that the disease could be produced by the trans�ference to the tissues of a healthy animal of even the smallest fragment of any diseased tissue, and that all diseased tissues contained microzymes in greater or less numbers.quot;

After giving a short account of a series of experiments, in #9632;which the disease was transmitted through five successions of animals, the first inoculative material being taken from a child twelve hours after death, the article proceeds to observe:

quot; In ' Virchow's Archiv.' for April of the present year (p-178), Letzerich relates an interesting case, in which diphtheria �was transmitted to a child through the medium of vaccine lymph ; and he also gives the details of an important test ex�periment, in which a dog was inoculated with vaccine matter that had been mixed with a small proportion of matter from a diphtheritic mass removed from the tonsils of a child that had died of the disease; this was supposed to contain the active organisms of the affection {Diphtherie Organismus). The dog was inoculated on the left side of the body, near the spine, by eleven points, and three punctures, and four wounds. On the third day a soft swelling was observed, and the skin was red and hot; the wounds were gaping, indurated, and covered with a whitish, doughy-looking exudate. The swelling, it may be mentioned, continued until the dog died. The inocu�lation points were also somewhat gaping, and in the same condition as the wounds and punctures. Fi-om the third day the dog lost its appetite, and there was noted an important and considerable periodical increase of temperature. From the seventh day it would eat nothing; the pulse was small and exceedingly quick, and the respiration hurried; the animal lay on its side, and in this condition died.

quot; On an examination of the body, it was discovered that in the swollen baggy part of the skin where the inoculations had been made, there was fibrinous infiltration of the subcuta�neous connective tissue, with htcmorrhagic patches of a bluish-

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quot;black or dirty, light-red colour, tliat passed deep into the muscles of the back. In the abdominal muscles attached to the spine, as well as in the peritoneum, there were also a few isolated patches, generally running into each other in an irregular manner. In the connective tissue of this region were many marked hfemorrhagic patches, and they were all related more or less to others in the connective tissue sur�rounding the left kidney. This organ exhibited on the infero-external portion, which was in contact with the lumbar region, a circular, eroded, htemorrhagic spot, about the size of a rather large pea. The liver was reddish-brown in colour, and very much enlarged and indurated. The spleen was also en�larged, very full of blood, and its parenchyma softened. The heart was softened, and its texture very light-coloured. The lungs were healthy, but the stomach and intestines were some�what swollen; the stomach was empty, and the small intestines nearly so; the large intestines contained a quantity of fluid fa3ces, but no soybala. The right lumbar region was normal, and the right kidney large and light-coloured. The bladder contained a small quantity of muddy urine.

quot;A colleague of Dr. Letzerich made a most careful and interesting histological examination of the body, and found at the seat of inoculation, in the wedge-shaped exudate formed at the punctures and wounds, bacteria and plasma-globules (plasma-hugehi) closely agglomerated, the latter being in a finely granular condition. In a prepared section of the skin it was noted that the sheaths of the hair in various parts were full of bacteria, microcooci vesicles, and plasma-globules. In the texture of the skin itself were numerous masses of bacteria and plasma-globules, as well as clusters of miorococci. In the vicinity of those muscles which were stained by hsemorrhagic patches, the capillaries were dis�tended, and contained the same abnormal elements ; these were also seen in the connective tissue of these parts, as well as between the nerve-bundles and muscular fibres. In the interior of the capillaries of the hsemorrhagic patches them-

288 The Management and Diseases of the Doff.

selves, between the masses of red blood-globules, were-immense colonies of micrococci; the same condition was observed in the peritoneum and its connective tissue. The muscular fibrillp� vere scarcely distinguishable in these-patches, and their meshes were enormously distended by escaped red blood-globules and an extraordinary number ofquot; colonies of micrococci, with an exuberance of plasma-globules.

quot; In the round luemorrhagic spot on the left kidney, and for some depth in its substance, were masses of red blood-globules and clustering rows of wandering micrococci. All the tubules of the gland were filled with exudate, in which bacteria and plasma-globules were seen in great quantities. In the right kid�ney the migratory vegetable organisms (wandevung pilseri) were observed to be in their first stage of development. Not a part of the liver that was examined, but contained the retrograde vegetable formations ; all the cells were filled with them. Between the fibres of the heart were only discovered layers of plasma-globules and bacteria; but many of the-smaller veins were filled with colonies of micrococci which adhered to their walls. The spleen was in the same condi�tion as the liver; indeed, the reporter states that it was only an emulsion of cells, cell-debris (triimmerri), nuclei, bacteria, small micrococci, and a diversity of large plasma-globules. The pulmonary bloodvessels contained the characteristic diphtheria organisms {diphtheriepilzes); in one portion of the parenchyma of the lungs was found a small micrococci coohymosis.

quot;All these alterations are well illustrated by coloured drawings.

quot; From the case of accidental transmission of diphtheria through vaccination, and this experimental conveyance of the malady to a dog, Letzerich draws the following conclusions :. 1. Vaccine matter which has passed through a diphtheritic subject, and become tainted, will not produce a vaccine pus�tule at the place where it was inserted. 2.quot;- That lymph so-

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tainted, wlien introduced by inoculation, speedily gives rise to general diphtheria. From the obvious results of the ex�perimental case in particular, it may be concluded: 1. That inoculation with lymph which 'has not been tainted with diphtheritic organisms will, in a given time, and in a normal manner, give rise to the well-known pustules; and 2. On the contrary, that the local diphtheria of an inoculation wound is^;followed by general diphtheria, as a secondary process.

quot; Whether the diphtheria of the lower animals is inter-trans�missible, or whether it may be communicable to the human species, we have no evidence to base even a supposition upon; but there can scarcely be any reason for hesitation in accept�ing the fact that another malady is added to the list of those which are at least capable of being conveyed from man to creatures lower in the scale of creation. This new addition furnishes another proof of the value of comparative pathology, and the close relations which exist between animal and human medicine.quot;

DISTEMPER.

Probably no disease to which our canine friends are subject has received less attention scientifically, or caused greater diversity of opinion when it has received that attention, than the one termed quot;Distemper.quot; Every gamekeeper, dog-breaker, or kennel-man has his particular recipe; most druggists pos�sess some wonderful prescription; while sporting and other papers abound in advertisements of specifics and nostrums.

In discussing this subject, it is not my intention to lay down any fixed rule of treatment adapted to every case, but only for those in which the disease assumes the forms herein described, and from which I have derived the greatest benefit.

Nature, in many instances, works her own cure; while numerous methods of treatment produce mischief, and result in death.

290 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Distemper may te described as a catarrhal fever, generally affecting the mucous meinbranes of the head, air-passages, and alimentary tract, in #9632;which the nervous system frequently becomes involved�hence distemper fits, and local or general paralysis. It is a highly contagious disease, though oftentimes it is undoubtedly self-generated. Age is no preventive; at any period of life dogs are liable to become infected. But Mr. Fleming correctly observes, quot;It is more particularly a disease of youth, and is much more frequent and fatal among highly-bred, pampered animals, than those which live in a leas artificial manner, and whose constitution is less modified by breeding and rearing.quot;* Neither does one attack render a dog secure from a second; but in the latter it is contracted, I believe, invariably by contagion alone.

Distemper is not, as many persons suppose, a necessary disease, as numbers of dogs pass through life without ever becoming the subject of it. The fact of the malady being unknown in this country prior to the seventeenth century (?) strongly supports this view; as dogs then were probably as numerous as now, though not perhaps so mixed in breed.

In all cases it is ushered in with catarrhal symptoms, and these, as the malady proceeds, may become complicated with pneumonia, jaundice, enteric disease, epilepsy, chorea, or paralysis: though the two latter are, as a rule, sequels, I have occasionally seen them exist in conjunction with dis�temper.

Causes.�These may be enumerated under the following heads:�Contagion, badly-drained and ill-ventilated kennels (which in young dogs are especially fruitful causes of dis�temper), exposure to damp and cold, insufficient feeding, and poor food, over-feeding (particularly with flesh), and too little exercise.

Worms have been mentioned by some authors as another cause, and certainly they are frequently present in this dis-

* quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police/'^vol. ii. p. 290.

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ease; yet it must be borne in mind that they are equally so in dogs that are over, or have never had distemper. That their presence bodes no good to the animal while under the influence of the infection (or indeed at any time), can be readily understood, but especially, I should say, during the existence of distemper: because the mucous mem�branes are then in an irritable condition, and these pests are not likely to reduce, but to increase that irritation, and pro�duce�what is to be dreaded at all times, but doubly so in distemper�a fit. The condition of the patient then justifying it, (I qualify it thus, because there are circumstances under which it would be unwise to administer the drugs usually given for this purpose.) the sooner the worms are expelled the better. As a vermifuge, the areca nut is least harmful; turpentine, at other times most valuable, must be used with great caution here.

Teething has been affirmed as another cause of this disease, hut here again the assumption has probably taken place from dogs at that period of their lives being most liable to dis�temper. An irritability of system and a degree of inflammatory fever is undoubtedly established at that crisis; and such a condition may render the subject more liable to contract the disease, if brought in contact with it; but certainly not other�wise, any more than the same process can produce in human beings measles, chicken-pox, or scarlet fever.

The period of incubation is usually from one to three weeks, and the duration of the malady may be a week, or two or three months.

Symptoms.�The premonitory ones are: A heavy sleepy look about the face, nose hot and dry, a disinclination for food, shivering, arched back, and more or less lassitude. In from two to three days a watery discharge takes place from eyes and nose, the animal frequently sneezes, and this is fol�lowed by coughing, retching, and vomiting. The discharge from the eyes and nose soon becomes purulent, the eyelids are inflamed and swollen, the breathing is accelerated, the

19�2

292 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

inclination for warmth more evident, and the prostration greater.

Treatment.�Prompt and judicious treatment, in a case of this kind, will generally be attended with success. Immediately the first of the foregoing symptoms are observed, the patient should be placed in a dry, but not too warm atmosphere, and the habitation�if in the kennel�-well drained and disinfected.

With regard to medicinal agents, a mild emetic is at the onset advisable, as�

Antim. Tart.........................nbsp; nbsp; 1�3 grains.

Or, Antim. Tart. )nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,

Calomel | .....................nbsp; nbsp; laquo;a 1 grain.

A good household emetic is a teaspoonful each of mustard and salt in a little warm water: its action is speedy and safe, and it fulfils all the purposes required.

The favourite draught of syrup of buckthorn and castor-oil, is not always commendable; but in the majority of cases of this kind it is beneficial, and should follow the emetic within a short time. When the catarrhal symptoms advance, and coughing takes place, I recommend the insertion of a small seton in front of the chest; this is to be daily dressed with mild digestive ointment, and not removed so long as bronchial irritation is present. Stimulants, combined with tonics, are also required at this period. Either of the following forms may be used:

Spts. iEther. Nit...................... 4 drachms.

Tinot. Gentian Co................... 4 �

Aqua Month......................... 1J ounce.

A teaspoonful three times a. day for a terrier; double the quantity for a large dog, in the same quantity of linseed tea. Or,

Port Wine ........................ 1 teaspoonful.

Quinine Sulph................... 1 grain.

With the same directions.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

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The food should be light and nutritious�as milk, mutton-broth, or beef-tea deprived of its fat. If the patient refuses to take anything, meat nearly raw, chopped small, and made into balls and administered, will afford the best means of support. quot;When the eatarrhal. symptoms have subsided and recovery commences, cod-liver oil and iron materially assists in hastening the process. The dose is a teaspoonful of the former and five mimims of the latter for a small dog, double the quantity for a large one, twice a day. The natural diet to be gradually introduced as strength returns. I must not omit to observe that it is highly important that the discharge from the eyes and nose should be frequently and carefully removed, especially from the former; otherwise, ulceration of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and even the eye itself, is apt to take place, and not uufrequently results in total loss of vision. A daily apphcation of some mild astringent�as five grains of alum to one ounce of water�will assist in preventing ulceration, by counteracting the relaxed condition of the mucous membrane and secretory glands.

If, however, ulcers have already formed, warm fomentations with milk and water, the avoidance of glare (as the sym�pathetic inflammation is often very great, and the parts peculiarly sensitive to light), and the use of either of the following lotions, may with benefit be adopted:

1.nbsp; Tinct. Myrrh Sim...................... 20 drops.

Sol. Alumen ........................... 1 ounce.

Aqua Distil............................ 10 ounces.

Or,

2.nbsp; Zinc Sulph. or Phimbi Acetat...... 1 scruple.

Aqua Distil............................ 10 ounces.

Or,

3.nbsp; Nitrate of Silver ..................... 4 grains.

Aqua Distil............................ 1 ounce.

The second and third forms are more applicable when fungoid growths succeed the ulcerative process.

294 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Doy.

When the eyes remain weak after recovery from, distemper, with opacity of vision, a seton inserted at the back of the ears, and daily smeared with stimulating ointment, is of great benefit. The time for its removal is to be regulated according to the condition of the eyes; here the third form of lotion is useful. Frequently small circular depressions present themselves on the cornea, which, if neglected, assume an ulcerated condition, and extend to the anterior chamber of the eye. In such cases I have found a little calomel daily blown on the surface of the eye, attended with the greatest success.

I will now proceed to speak of distemper in some of its more complicated forms.

It not unfrequently happens, particularly in house pets, whose diminutive bodies are foolishly and unnaturally clothed in miniature horse apparel, from their susceptibility to cold, or from not being observed in time, that the catarrhal symptoms increase suddenly in intensity, bronchitis sets in, and pneumonia speedily supervenes. The hot, rapid, gasping breath, and unmistakable mucous rattle of the former, with, on auscultation, the rasping crepitating rdle in the latter, the sunken eye, jerking and increased heart-beats, haggard face, dilated nostrils, and mouth drawn back at the angles, soon inform the practical man where the mischief is located.

A seton, if not already inserted, should be placed imme�diately in front of the chest, and its action excited as quickly as possible. Turpentine is, I think, the best agent for this purpose.

Hot linseed-meal poultices, applied to the sides, are ex�ceedingly beneficial. They should be covered by a handker�chief brought under the girth, and tied over the back, but not too tightly, so as to compress the walls of the chest. These should be repeatedly renewed, and followed, if the animal is not relieved in six hours, by mustard plasters.

With regard to internal remedies, diffusible stimulants are best adapted to such cases. I recommend the adminis-

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295

tration, to a small dog, of a teaspoonful of brandy and water (equal parts of each), with two�four drops of chlorodyne, every hour; double the quantity for a full-sized terrier, treble for a large dog.

Beef-tea, mutton-broth, or milk in which plain biscuit or bread has been soaked and broken down, should be given with a spoon, unless voluntarily taken, two or three times during the day.

If there appears danger of suffocation, emetics may be ad�ministered until vomiting is induced. The ipecacuanha wine in some cases answers well�dose from fifteen to thirty drops in a little warm water.

When the acute symptoms have subsided, which the breathing becoming less laboured and panting, the heart's action steadier, pulse less frequent and softer, and an occasional deep-drawn sigh will denote, the brandy may be given at longer intervals, the chlorodyne suspended, and the tincture of iron substituted in five, ten, or fifteen drops, in proportion to the size of the dog. The body must be kept warm, but fresh air is throughout absolutely necessary; there�fore ample ventilation, without draught, should be allowed. This is a point on which I am most particular. Often and often again have I found my little patient, through the mistaken kind�ness of its fair owner, smothered in shawls before a hot fire, and almost totally deprived of one of the great essentials to recovery�the inhalation of fresh and cool air. As veteri�narians, we are by this time all thoroughly aware of the importance of this great principle in the treatment of catarrhal diseases in the lower animals; and in proportion to that knowledge, so has our success in treatment been greater; so that diseases of this type are now few and far between, whereas they were once rife and fatal.

As the symptoms continue to abate, the nourishment of the diet can be increased, and cod-liver oil may be given as pre�viously described.

When distemper becomes associated with jaundice, it is

296 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

commonly called tlie quot; yellows,quot; and tieated by kennel-men and quacks as a distinct disease; thovigli I need hardly say that is is but the result of general derangement of the system, consequent on improperly treated or neglected dis�temper.

The symptoms are a yellow tinge of the eyes, visible mucous membranes, and thin parts of the integument�as inside the thighs, forearms and ears, and that covering the abdomen; pain on pressure over the region of the liver, and sometimes enlargement, with hardness; the faaces pale and hard, or soft and greenish, and mingled with mucus; the urine high-coloured, hot, and occasionally turbid.

The patient may or may not exhibit oatarrhal symptoms #9632;with jaundice. In distemper it most frequently follows the former.

A mild dose of aloes and calomel is generally at first ad�visable, but in the administration of this we must be guided by the other symptoms. If the catarrh is still presenter the bowels irritable, aloes must certainly be avoided. Five-grain doses of hydrarg. cum creta may be given daily to a medium-sized dog; and if this is found to be unattended with benefit, sulphurous acid�from three to ten drops in a little cold #9632;water�may he tried, as it is frequently given with success. The addition of quinine is often useful.

A mustard poultice applied over the region of the liver in severe cases, affords considerable relief, and at the onset is of especial service.

The diet should be plain and light; milk, with one-third its quantity of lime-water, is most suitable until an improve�ment in the symptoms is observed.

When the disease extends to the bowels�which,in neglected cases of distemper, or even in those most assiduously attended, it frequently does�a violent form of diarrhoea or dysentery sets in. The faeces are dark, streaked with blood, and offen�sive ; the patient rapidly wastes, has a sickening odour, and speedily dies, often under even the most energetic and judicious

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treatment. A mild dose of oil (linseed or salad) is generally at first advisable, and in three hours this is best followed up with antacids and astringents :

1.nbsp; Sodte Bicarb............. 10 grains \

Catechu Pulv. .......... 10 � 11 Pill or Powder.

OpiiPulv................ 2 � j

2.nbsp; Cupri Sulph....... 5 to 10 � \nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^

OpiiPulv................ 2 � 3

3.nbsp; Tannio Acid......... 3 to 5 � -\

OpiiPulv.................. 2 � Vnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Do.

Zingib................... 10 � J

In severe cases, the last prescription (No. 3) is the most effectual. Should the purging continue, and symptoms of pain be manifested, hot linseed-meal poultices applied to the abdomen afford relief, and materially assist in checking enteritis. Starch enemas are likewise serviceable.

The diet should consist of strong beef-tea, in which isinglass or gum arabio has been dissolved in proportions to make it sufficiently mucilaginous to shield the living membrane of the stomach and intestines.

With regard to the so-called quot; distemper fits,quot; it is almost needless to remark that they are always a dangerous sign, being seldom limited to one attack. Sometimes they appear as the forerunner of distemper, but more frequently as an accom�paniment, and when the patient is low and wasted.

Immediately symptoms of cerebral disturbance are observed, a seton should be inserted in the occipital region, and action excited as quickly as possible. Let the animal freely breathe fresh air, and administer brandy and water; and if diarrhcea is still present, suspend the opium, but continue the antacids and astringents, and give the brandy with beaten egg or other mucilage. During the seizure, neat brandy may be rubbed on the gums, and ammonia applied to the nostrils. The food

IB �11

298 The Management and Diseases of the Dog,

should be nutritious, and all other means adopted which are calculated to impart tone to the system.

In protracted cases of distemper, when the system, as it were, has been taxed to the utmost, and the patient reduced almost to the lowest ebb of existence, a cuticular eruption makes its appearance. This generally, in the first instance, assumes a pustular form, and these pustules in the course of a few days break, and leave by their exudation a crust or scab. Either the whole or a portion of the body only may be involved. I have seen a dog literally naked, with the exception of the head, ears, and feet.

This condition is not unfrequently mistaken by the would-be quot; knowing onesquot; for mange, and treated as such *

There is, however, no analogy between the two. The dis-

* I well remember a case in point whicli came under my own observation�the subject being a Skye terrier. The case, when first brought to me, was one of distemper, associated with pneumonia (the animal heing thought consumptive); later on dysentery set in. Several times the animal was on the verge of death, and it was only by my persuasion that he was allowed to continue under treatment. Ultimately he took a turn for the better, and almost simultaneously the eruption described broke out; the stench emitted after it made its appearance was simply abominable. In a few days every vestige of hair, with the exception of that on the head, ears, and lower part of the legs, came off. He continued in this state for several weeks, the skin being perfectly clean and whole, but very glazed. In every other respect he improved daily, and gained flesh. The owner and another gentleman maintained that the dog had contracted mange ; nor could I convince them to the contrary. In vain I argued the difference of symptoms, and that as the system gained tone so would the patient regain his coat. But no : the dog was removed, and placed out to nurse in the hands of a dog-breaker�he also being of opinion it was mange ; and this worthy individual, according to his own account, brought away that which the patient never in my possession possessed �a hatful of worms. Some time afterwards I met the gentleman to whom the animal belonged, and was asked if I recognised the dog he had with him. Certainly, as my old patient, which he proved to be, I did not; for he was clothed in an entirely new coat, and of an entirely different colour�dark, nearly black, stubbly hair having taken the place of the original silver-grey�the result, in all probability, of the dressing applied to the sensitive and weak skin. In this instance the breaker claimed the cure which nature had wrought.

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temper eruption and loss of coat is simply owing to suspen�sion of the secretions necessary to the growth and support of the hair; or if not actual suspension of these secretions, then from such an exceedingly low state of vitality of the surface of the body, that life and health in the appendages of certain parts cannot be maintained.

Occasionally this eruptive stage is the forerunner of a return to health, but much more frequently it is the precursor of a fatal issue.

At this period of the disease, tonics are especially indicated, and everything in the shape of diet, exercise, cleanliness, etc., calculated to promote vigour.

When chorea or paralysis co-exist with distemper, remedies specially adapted to either must be used in addition to, or in conjunction with, the distemper treatment. Strychnia or nux vomica is undoubtedly the most effectual restorative agent in such cases.

It would be superfluous on my part, so far as scientific persons are concerned, were I to hint at the care required in the administration of this drug. I will merely observe, for the benefit of non-professional persons, that cases have fallen under my notice in which death had resulted from irregularity in the time of giving such medicine, and more particularly where the dose had been for some time gradually increased until it had reached more than treble the primary quantity. Forgotten for some hours, or it may be a day, and then given perhaps fasting, a fatal issue is pretty nearly certain to follow.

When there is any difficulty in administering the medicine in the form of pills, the liquor strychnia may be conveniently substituted.

Local remedies in chorea and paralysis are often very beneficial. I have found setons exceedingly valuable. If the convulsive movements of the former, or the numbness of the latter, are confined to the hind parts, the seton requires inserting across the loins; if general, at the back of the head

300 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

and across tlie loins. Counter-irritation along the spine is also serviceable, and galvanism is occasionally useful.

Though, in principle, the hot bath, from its relaxing pro�perties, may appear wrong, it is nevertheless, in chorea, sometimes attended with good results. It certainly affords relief when the convulsive twitohings are excessive, and so far I have observed no after evil from its use. I should not advise its adoption when distemper also existed. Quietude, except when the patient is necessarily disturbed, is very essen�tial ; and attention to the bed being dry, and the excretions regular, are also matters of importance in chorea and paralytic affections.

When abatement of the twitchings, with returning strength, is observed, a favourable issue may be expected; but it is advisable not to discontinue the medicine so long as any nervous complication remains; afterwards it should be gra�dually, not suddenly, suspended.

As soon as the patient is able to walk, a short exercise each #9632;day may be given with benefit. The fresh air acts as a tonic, new scenery and objects divert the mind, while exercise encourages the natural habits and functions of the animal.

Tincture of iron and cod-liver oil are advisable after the disuse of the strychnia, until recovery is complete. The diet throughout should be nourishing and digestible, and forcibly administered if the patient refuses to take it. Con�stipation, which is frequently present in chorea and paralysis, is best relieved by enemas.

With regard to preventive measures for distemper, I have �only to observe that due attention to hygienics is the only and best preventive. Vaccination has been extolled and con�demned�condemned justly, inasmuch as there is not a shadow of analogy between canine distemper and small-pox. The introduction of equine lymph has also been tried, and in like manner extolled, but where again is the resemblance between the disease known as quot; grease quot; in the horse, from which the lymph is supplied, and canine distemperlaquo;? There is not the

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least similarity in the character of one and the other. Good management, the dog not being brought in contact with the infective agents, or it may possibly be from possessing a degree of insusceptibility that the malady is not easily contracted� has far more to do with immunity from distemper than the imaginary power of vaccination, be the lymph what it may.

Lately, efforts have been made, though unsuccessfully, to establish an identity between distemper and human typhoid fever: for, as Professor Axe pertinently remarks, quot; Did dis�temper in the dog possess the property of communicating typhoid fever to man, it is difficult to understand how myself and others have so long escaped infection. During the past twelve years I have examined large numbers of distempered dogs immediately after death, and thus exposed myself to the emanations from every secretion and excretion of the body; but in no case have I suffered the least constitutional disturbance. This illustration, it may be argued, is worthless in itself, and is capable of explanation on the ground of in-, susceptibility; but the same remarks apply to scores of others who have been exposed from time to time in a similar manner.quot; In regard to the propagation of the typhoid con-tagium. Dr. Budd says: quot; If the poison from which typhoid fever springs were capable of being bred elsewhere than in the human body, it would surely be in the bodies of animals which are made of flesh and blood like ourselves, and from whose substance we draw sustenance for our own. And yet it appears to be almost certain that this is not the case. In the most virulent outbreaks of typhoid fever, there is no evidence that the domestic animals which gather round the fever-stricken dwellings ever take the disease. At Cheffcombe, while nearly all the human inmates of the infected homestead were laid low by the poison, the dogs and cats which belonged to the house, and the poultry, pigs, horses, and cattle which thronged the yard, continued to enjoy perfect health. Yet the pond from which the latter drank was being continually polluted by a drain which received the whole bulk of the

302 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

intestinal discharges from the fever patients!* The state�ment of ' H. H.' that the symptoms of distemper in the dog and typhoid fever in man are ' alike,' is true only so far as refers to the febrile state. The specific phenomena of the latter most surely find no counterpart in the symptomatology of the former. It is only in the continued type of the fever that any identity can really be said to exist. If we examine the main features of the two affections, we find at once a broad and unmistakable difference in their clinical and patho�logical equivalents.

quot;Typhoid fever is an eruptive disease. Its course and duration are definite, and the lesions resulting from the fever process are localised and specific. In distemper of the dog not one of these essential characters can be applied. The pathological changes of the latter have no specific form or seat. Universal congestion more or less intense, local inflam�mation, blood extravasations, and serous exudation of varying extent, constitute the principal post-mortem phenomena.quot;t

ill

DEOPSY.

Dogs, especially old ones, frequently, and from constitutional disease, become what is termed quot;dropsicalquot; i.e., a serous exudation takes place in some portion of the organism. The usual forms met with in canine practice are, hydrothorax, viz., when the exudation is within the cavity of the chest; hydrops-perieardium, when within the pericardial sac or membrane covering the heart; hydro-metra, when within the uterus; hydrocephalus, when within the head; ascites, when within the peritoneal sac or abdomen; andsarca, when within the areolar tissue of the body generally.

I shall here commence with the form known as ascites, placing the others in their respective classes.

⁰ This is strong evidence : sufficiently so to be conclusive.�J. W. H. t From the quot; Veterinarian,quot; Feb. 1867.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^lt;

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Ascites, or abdominal dropsy, may be the result of in�flammatory action or of chronic disease of the circulating system; hence it is either active or passive.

The active form is usually met with in young dogs, and is caused by exposure to damp and cold, especially after being heated. The natural exhalation from the skin being suddenly checked, the water is retained in the bloodvessels, and seeks an outpour elsewhere, and this either takes place in the areolar tissue�producing anasarca, or in some of the serous cavities of the body, frequently the peritoneal, and giving rise to ascites.

The analogy with human dropsy being very close, a brief extract from Sir Thos. Watson's instructive lecture on this subject will not be out of place. quot; To comprehend this rapid change from a state of health to a state of dangerous disease, we must again have recourse to the findings of physiology.

quot; Besides the constant exhalation which takes place from the inner faces of the shut serous cavities, a large amount of watery fluid is continually thrown out of the system, by all those services that communicate with the air by the skin, the lungs, the bowels, the kidneys.

quot; Now it is well ascertained that when the excretion of aqueous fluid of one such surface is checked, the exhalation from some other surface becomes more copious.

quot; It is probable that the aggregate quantity of water thus expelled from the system in a given time, cannot vary much, in either direction, without deranging the whole economy. But we are sure that the amount furnished by any excreting surface may vary and oscillate within certain limits consis�tent with health, provided that the defect or excess be com�pensated by an increase or diminution of the ordinary expenditure of watery liquid through some other channeL Sound health admits and requires this shifting and counter�poise of work between the organs destined to remove aqueous fluid from the body. This supplemental or compensating relation is more conspicuous in regard to some parts than to

�#9632;

304 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

others. The reciprocal but inverse accommodation of func�tion that subsists between the skin and the kidneys affords the strongest and the most familiar example.

quot; In the warm #9632;weather of summer, when the perspiration is abundant, the urine is proportionately concentrated and scanty. On the other hand, during winter, when the cuta�neous transpiration is checked by the agency of external cold, the flow of dilute water from the kidneys is strikingly aug�mented* All this is well known to be compatible with the maintenance of the most perfect health. But supposing the exhalation from one of these surfaces to be much diminished, or to cease, without a corresponding increase of function in the exterior, then dropsy, in some form or degree, is very apt to arise. The aqueous liquid thus detained in the blood�vessels seeks, and at length finds, some unnatural and inward vent, and is poured forth into the areolar tissue, or into the cavities bounded by the serous membranes.

quot; If water be injected, in some quantity, into the blood�vessels of a living animal, the animal soon perishes�dying generally by coma, or by suffocation; and when the carcase is examined the lungs are found to be charged with serous liquid ; or water is discovered in the areolar tissue of some other part, or in the shut serous membrane. If, however, the animal be first bled and then a quantity of water injected equal to the quantity of blood abstracted, the injection is followed by no serious consequences.

quot; Facts like these throw, as it seems to me, a strong light on a confessedly obscure part of pathology. It appears that under various circumstances the bloodvessels may receive a considerable and unwonted accession of watery fluid, and that they are very prone to get rid of the redundance. When they empty themselves through some free surface, their pre�ternatural distension is relieved by a flux. If, on the other hand, the surface be that of a shut sac, in discharging their superfluity they cause a dropsy. Why sometimes this organ., * This is especially noticeable after b�thing.

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and sometimes that, is selected as the channel by which the superabundant #9632;water shall be thrown out of the vessels, we can seldom tell.quot;

Ohronic or Passive Ascites is more commonly seen in old dogs, and is usually associated with some old-standing disease, either connected with the heart or large venous trunks, in which some obstruction to the proper return of blood is pre�sent, often originating in some morbid condition of the liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys. In the clog it is never the result of chronic peritoneal inflammation.

quot; Active and passive dropsy,quot; Watson observes, quot; resemble each other in the result; namely, in the collection of serous liquid in the circumscribed cavities and vacuities of the body. They differ in the rate at whicb the collection augments.

quot; In the well-marked acute dropsies, the liquid is rapidly effused in quantity much beyond the natural amount of ex�halation. In the well-marked passive dropsies the exhalation goes on as usual, but the fluid exhaled is not taken back again into the circulating vessels with sufficient facility. In one case the circulation is disturbed and tumultuous; in the other, it remains tranquil. #9632;

quot; Although all dropsical transndations probably take place through the walls of the capillary vessels, there would seem to be, in the more acute forms of dropsy, an increased flow of blood in the arterial channels; while in the completely chronic forms there is a defect of absorption by the veins. Active dropsies are sometimes spoken of as belonging to the left side of the heart, passive dropsies to the right.

quot;What connects all these forms of dropsy is a preter�natural fulness in some part, or the whole of the hydraulic machine. And this seems to be the grand key to the entire pathology, as well as to the remedial management, of the disease.quot;

Symptoms.�The first symptom generally observed is an enlargement of the abdomen, but as this may arise from

#9632;

306 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

causes other tlian. ascites�to wit, pregnancy, tumours, ohesity, or ovarian dropsy�it is necessary to obtain, by examination, more confirmatory evidence. The above-men�tioned writer remarks:

quot; In ascites the enlargement is uniform and symmetrical, in respect of the two sides of the body. When the patient lies on her back the flanks bulge outwards, or sway over from the weight and lateral pressure of the augmenting fluid. This increased breadth of the trunk is not observable in the case of an ovarian tumour; nor, I may add, in pregnancy.quot;

Blaine says: quot; Dropsy of the belly may be distinguished from fat, by the particular tumour that the belly forms, which, in dropsy, hangs down, while the backbone sticks up, and the hips appear prominent through the skin ; the hair stares also, and the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may be dis�tinguished from being in pup by the teats, which always en�large as the belly enlarges in pregnancy; but more particu�larly it may be distinguished by the undulation of the water in the belly, whereas in pregnancy there is no undulation. The impregnated belly, however full, has not that tight tense feel nor shining appearance observed in dropsy. There may be also inequalities distinguished in it, which are the puppies, and, when pregnancy is at all advanced, the young may be felt to move. The most unequivocal mode, however, of detecting the presence of water is by the touch. If the right hand is laid on one side of the belly, and with the left hand the other side is tapped, an undulating motion will be per�ceived, exactly similar to what would be felt by placing one hand on a bladder of water, and striking it with the other.quot;

Youatt observes: quot; The dog is peculiarly subject to ascites or dropsy of the belly, and the quantity of fluid contained in the abdomen is sometimes almost incredible. It is usually accompanied or characterised by a weak, unequal, small, and frequent pulse�paleness of the lips, tongue and gums� flaccidity of the muscles, hurried breathing on the least exertion, feebleness of the joints, swellings of the lower limbs.

IT '

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� effusion of fluid into the integuments, or among the muscles, hefore there is any considerable effusion into the thorax or the abdomen, and an unhealthy appearance of the cutaneous surface. The urine seldom coagulates. This form of dropsy is usually seated on the abdomen or cellular tissue.quot;

In addition to this principal, and what may be termed abdominal symptom, there is loss of appetite and spirits, dryness of the nose, thirst, constipation, scanty urine, quick feeble pulse, and increased respiration, the latter chiefly thoracic. As the accumulation inoreases' the breathing becomes more difficult. The poor animal, to avoid suffoca�tion by pressure of the fluid on the breathing space, either assumes a continual standing position, sits on its haunches, or lies on its side. The enemy, however, continues to advance, and suffocation terminates the case. Towards the latter stage, infiltration into the areolar tissue usually takes place (anasarca).

Treatment.�The treatment of ascites is far from satisfac�tory. Bleeding, as advocated by some, for the purpose of unloading the veins, in which the circulation is impeded and the vessels thereby congested, from compression by the dropsy, is rarely admissible in so lowering a disease: where it is practised, the administration of a stimulant should imme�diately follow.

Tapping is of little use in the lower animals, and is only warranted in extreme cases. The secretion is more rapidly renewed after the operation, and a second withdrawal may be, but a third is rarely allowed by Nature.

I have far greater faith in medicinal agents, and recom�mend diuretics alternately with mineral tonics.

Iodine, as advocated by Mr. Youatt, may be tried, and in some cases, for a time, is apparently beneficial; but when given for a long period, it is apt to produce atrophy of the glands and considerable constitutional debility. To avoid this, it is better combined with iron, and when any such symptoms occur it should be withheld.

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508 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

The food should be of the most nourishing kind, and every other measure adopted which is calculated to strengthen the system, and prevent a return of the malady.

LEUKAEMIA.

Luktemia, or Leucocythremia, is a term used to denote-quot; white-cell blood,quot; or white blood. It is a condition in which there is a preponderance or increase in the number of these bodies in the blood, and is usually associated in the human being with diseases of the spleen, liver, and lymphatic glands.

In the quot; Veterinary Journalquot; for July, 1875, the following instance in the canine subject is recorded:

quot; Mastronardi Innorenza, of the Naples Veterinary School, in the ' Giornale delle. razze degli anhnali utili e di Medicina Veterinaria,' after giving some general indications as to the nature, etc. of leukajmia, describes an instance of this disease in a dog. The symptoms were those of combined lienal and lymphatic leukaemia. The animal died. Innorenza was-inclined to attribute the development of the malady to the alterations due to the disease of young dogs commonly known as 'distemper,' the manifestations of which had preceded those of leukaemia in this case.quot;*

ANAEMIA.

Badly cared for dogs, and especially those of weakly con�stitution, are, like human beings, subject to poverty or deficiency in the quality of the blood. In other words, they become ana3mic. Puppies are more likely to be so affected than adult animals, and this is due to the method of rearing, or, at all events, to neglect in avoiding causes which I shall mention as giving rise to this condition of the circulation.

Over-crowding, defective ventilation, stinted light, bad

� quot; Leukemia in the Dog,quot; by Innorenaa ^ quot; Annalea de Med.. Vtterinaire.quot;

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drainage, innutritious food, are each productive of anaemia. Observe the pallid countenance and languid step of an indi�vidual who is confined in a crowded ill-ventilated workshop throughout the day, as contrasted with one whose occupation gives him every chance of imbibing pure, or, at any rate, fresh air, and you have a true and daily illustration of the effect of these sanitary arrangements, wliich may be with equal force applied to the canine race.

Indeed, fresh air and light are as essential to dogs, for the formation of good blood, as to man. Air must, to maintain health, be renewed, not re-used. It is the oxygen which gives colour to the blood. Stint the supply of this necessary element, and though externally not so perceptible in dogs, you withdraw the colouring matter, and obtain the same pallid condition. Again, good nutritious food is just as necessary for the production of pure Mood and healthy muscle. We may as well try to build a strong substantial house out of bad mate�rials, as expect that blood derived from such a source, and under the circumstances enumerated, will make sound strong muscle.

Symptoms.�Ancemio animals generally exhibit considerable muscular prostration, with depression of spirits ; the mucous membranes are pallid, particularly on the gums and inside the lips, the tongue is also unusually white and dry, the ex�tremities are cold, and the limbs not unfrequently swollen, and the secretions and excretions scanty.

M. DArbor relates the following cases:

quot; Two dogs were sent into the hospital of the Veterinary School at Lyons. They did not appear to suffer any consider�able pain. Their skin and the mucous membranes that were visible had a peculiar appearance. They had also compara�tively little power over their limbs: so little, indeed, that they rested continually on one side, without the ability to change their posture. When they were placed on their feet their limbs gave way, and they fell the moment they were quitted. Notwithstanding the care that was taken of them, they died on the second day.

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310 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot;Incisions were made through the skin, but in opening them no blood flowed. The ventc cavte themselves did not contain any�there were only two clots of Hood in the cavities of their hearts. One of them, of the size of a small, nutmeg, occupied the left ventricle; the other, which was-still smaller, was found at the base of the right ventricle. The chest of one of them contained a small quantity of serosity; a similar fluid was between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, and the same was the case in the larger ventricles of the enoephalon. The other viscera did not offer anything remarkable, except the paleness and. flaccidity of their tissue. The great fatigues of the chase, and the immersion of these animals in water at the time when they were very much heated, appeared to have been the causes of this singular disease. In the 'Eeport of the Clinique of the School of Alfort,' in the year 1825, the same anosmia was remarked in two dogs that died there; one of them had lately undergone a considerable ha�morrhage, and in the other anemia had developed itself spontaneously.

quot; It is, in fact, among dogs that this extreme ana3mia has been principally observed, and it is ordinarily fatal.

quot;This disease, according to M. Vatel, is generally the symptom of a chronic malady, or the instantaneous effect of an excessive htemorrhage. It is rarely primary. The extreme discoloration of the tissues, and of the mucous membrane more particularly; the disappearance of the subcutaneous bloodvessels; and the great feebleness of the animal, are the principal symptoms. There also often exists considerable swelling of the limbs.quot;*

Treatment.�This, in the first instance, should consist in removing the cause; and secondly, in assisting nature to restore the deficiency in the colour and quality of the blood by those agents which form the necessary constituents of healthy blood. For the former, a nutritious diet, with a free allowance of fresh air, sunlight, and exercise, should be ordered-⁸ Youattouquot;TheDog.quot;

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Vegetable and mineral tonics, especially the preparations of iron, and if there be much emaciation, cod-liver oil, should be prescribed for the latter. Salt-water baths are also beuefioial.

MARASMUS.

This condition is frequently dependent on mesenteric disease. The term marasmus is used to signify leanness or emaciation. Dogs apparently healthy in themselves, i.e., so far as feeding well, performing their duties, etc., are con�cerned, nevertheless do not thrive, or, to use a common expression, they are quot; out of condition.quot; Hence the frequent inquiry addressed to the canine surgeon is, quot; Can you give me something to get my dogs in condition 1quot; This leanness, however, is not necessarily a result of disease; in many animals it is a natural and hereditary condition. In others it may result from neglect of hygiene.

Symptoms.�Such animals have usually large appetites, and an unkind and unthrifty appearance. The bowels are generally constipated, and attacks of colic are not unfrequent.

When it proceeds from mesenteric disease, the abdomen is pendulous and large, the coat is particularly harsh and dry, the mucous membranes are pale, the eyes watery, and the nose often dry and hot; the appetite is not so extreme as the thirst, the feces are offensive, and the bowels are either relaxed or costive, and the excretions coated with mucus. In the later stage the pulse is weak and accelerated, and the animal exhibits considerable indisposition for exertion; the thirst increases, and the bowels are continually relaxed.

Treatment.�Presh air, daily exercise, nourishing food, and, in the case of disease, cod-liver oil, and the preparations of iron, are the measures chiefly indicated.

PLETHORA Dogs highly fed and allowed but little exercise, are those generally subject to excess of blood, or what is generally


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312 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

termed full habit of body (plethoric). Fits frequently occur from this condition, and are more particularly induced by the injudicious adoption of rapid or violent exercise after long confinement.

Symptoms.�A general, full, bloated appearance of the body, mucous membranes injected, redness and heat of the skin. The pulse is usually full and bounding; bowels frequently constipated; drowsiness and indisposition to exertion.

Treatment.�Depletion by medicinal agents, as occasional aperients. Eeduction in the quantity of food and its feeding qualities. Regular exercise.

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OBESITY.

Dogs, and some breeds more so than others, under certain circumstances become inordinately fat, in other words, obese. This immense accumulation of adipose tissue undoubtedly constitutes disease. At all events, such a condition is abnormal. Fat takes the place of muscle ; hence what is termed fatty degeneration is a disease of serious import when occurring in vital organs. Some parts of the body are more prone to depositions of fat than others�such as around the kidneys, within the mesentery, and the heart, the latter being frequently a cause of sudden death.

Close confinement, and injudicious and excessive feeding, are among the causes of obesity. Some animals, as I have observed, are more predisposed to fatten than others, and among this class may be mentioned spaniels, pugs, and a few of the long-haired toy dogs. The first-named appear to in�crease in obesity with their years : no matter how plain the food, fat is accumulated, and with it they become lazy, use�less (so far as accompanying the sportsman is concerned) and unsightly.

Treatment.�This consists in avoiding, as much as possible, those causes which predispose or give rise to obesity. The food should be less fattening, and morraquo; sparingly given.

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Daily and somewhat vigorous exercise should be allowed Where the deposition has a tendency to increase in. spite of these observances, small doses of iodine may be given with -benefit, along with an occasional aperient.

EHEUMATISM.

Dogs are frequently affected with this quot;human misery.quot; It may locate itself in the joints (articular rheumatism) or in the muscles, chiefly their tendinous portions, producing lumbago and quot; chest-founder.quot;

Causes.�Eheumatism chiefly arises from exposure to damp and cold; hence its frequency in kennel dogs, and during those seasons of the year when the causes named prevail�spring and autumn.

The disease assumes an acute and a chronic form. An attack of the former frequently terminates in the latter, which may �remain through life, and become increased in severity with changes of temperature; or, if the former disappears without degenerating into the latter, periodical returns of it very often occur. As in human beings, valvular disease of the heart is one of the serious complications of rheumatism which gene�rally, sooner or later, causes the death of the animal.

Acute rheumatism has been conjectured to depend upon -the presence of lactic acid in the blood.*

* quot; The acid properties of the perspiration, as manifested even by �its peculiar smell�of the saliva, as tested by litmus paper�of the urine, as shown by its deposits, warrant the hypothesis that the poison which the whole disorder would seem to be an effort to discharge from the blood, is some sort of acid. Dr. Prout conjectured that the phenomena of . acute rheumatism might depend upon the presence in the blood of lactic acid ; and some very remarkable experiments made by Dr. Eichardson lend weight and likelihood to this conjecture. Into the peritoneum of a healthy cat he introdiiced a solution of lactic acid in water. In two -hours the action of the cat's heart became irregular. The next morning the animal was found dead. There was no peritoneal inflammation, #9632;but marked endocarditis in the left chambers of the heart. The mitral valve was inflamed and thickened, and covered on its free borders with firm, fibrinous deposits. The whole inner surface of the ventricle was

314 The Management and Diseases of the Dor/.

Symptoms.�In acute articular rheumatism, the affected joints are hot, inflamed, painful, and swollen. This con�dition is not unfrequently mistaken for rickets, and when treated as such, it scarcely need be added that great harm is done to the patient.

The animal moves about with extreme difficulty, uttering sharp yelping cries, expressive of the torture the movements create.

Considerable constitutional disturbance is usually mani�fested; the pulse is rapid and jerking, the respiration in�creased, the breath fcetid, and the tongue loaded with fur. Constipation is generally present, and the urine is scanty and turbid.

As in the human subject, a remarkable feature of the disease is its tendency to move from place to place�a joint suddenly becomes affected, and as suddenly the disease may leave it (or continue there), and appear with the same short notice in another part; and so it goes on, mystifying those persons unacquainted with the nature of the complaint.

In lumbago, the animal walks with its back arched, and with a dragging paralytic gait, pressure or manipulation about the loins causes intense pain, there is great disinclina�tion to move, the bowels are obstinately constipated, and the urine is high coloured, scanty, and turbid.

Chest-founder, or kennel-lameness, is indicated by stiff�ness and pain in the shoulders, the animal has difficulty in extending its fore-legs, and when going downhill exhibits much the same appearance as a horse with navicular disease

highly vascular. A dog, on -which a similar experiment was tried, died in two days. Unequivocal evidence of endocarditis was disclosed upon examination of the heart. The tricuspid valve was swollen to twice its ordinary size. The aortic valves, inflamed and enlarged, presented fibrinous beads along their edges ; and the entire endocardial surface was red. The pericardium was simply dry. There was, however, no affection of the joints.quot;�quot; Watson's Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic,quot; vol. ii. p. 810.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; *

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or laminitis. If the limbs are extended out-wards, or laterally, excruciating pain is caused.

In both the latter forms considerable fever is present.

Youatt observes, quot;This chest-founder is a singular complaint, and often a pest in kennels that are built in low situations, and where bad management prevails; where the huntsmen or whippers-in are too often in a hurry to get home, and turn their dogs into the kennel panting and hot; where the beds are not far enough from the floor, or the building, if it should be in a sufficiently elevated situation, has yet a northern aspect, and is unsheltered from the blast, chest-founder prevails; and I have known half the pack affected by it after a severe run, the scent breast-high, and the morning unusually cold.quot;

Treatment.�If rheumatism is due to the presence of lactic acid, alkaline agents would appear to be those indicated in the treatment of the disease, and in the majority of oases under my own care I have found their use attended with marked benefit. The nitrate of potass, 10 to 15 grains, and bicarbonate of soda, 20 to 30 grains, in proportion to the size of the dog, should be given in a spoonful or two of water twice or three times a day.

A fixed rule of treatment, however, cannot be laid down for every case of rheumatism : some cases from time to time occur which will not yield to alkalies alone; the addition of ool-chioum, 2 to 5 grains, is in such instances frequently of great service. Mercury�recommended by some authorities� is, in my opinion, not a desirable agent, for not only is its use attended with susceptibility to cold in the animal it is administered to, and which in rheumatic affections should especially be avoided, but by its depressing and salivatory effects, hinders the removal of a complaint which requires a very opposite treatment. The preparations of iodine are more suitable to chronic and articular cases.

At the onset it is advisable to clear the bowels: for this purpose saline aperients are most suitable.

516 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

With regard to local applications, -warm fomentations, which may be rendered alkaline or sedative, are in severe cases (particularly of articular rheumatism) serviceable.

The patient should throughout be kept warm and dry, and a non-stimulating diet allowed. Milk and lime-water should form the chief portion of the latter during the earlier period of the attack.

Chronic rheumatism is milder in its character than the gt;acute form, more stationary, and less painful. An animal so affected moves stiflty, but apparently with no great suffering. Where it is articular the joints become hard, lumpy, and very much deformed.

In various changes of weather, particularly when easterly winds or wet prevails, these enlargements become hot and tender, and the animal's symptoms resemble more those of acute rheumatism.

i,;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Treatment.�The carbonate of ammonia and iodide of

potassium are, perhaps, the most serviceable agents in chronic rheumatism : 3 to 5 grains of the former, 1 to 2 scruples of the latter, twice or thrice daily.

The affected parts should be stimulated with repeated hand-rubbings, or embrocations containing turpentine and ammonia. Warm baths are also very beneficial, but care should be taken that the animal is thoroughly dried, and placed in a warm and dry position afterwards.

I have already alluded to valvular disease of the heart as one of the complications of rheumatism. In such instances little can be done beyond avoiding excitement, applying counter-irritation to the left side, and reducing by medicinal agents the excessive action of the heart.�See quot;Heart Diseases.quot;

EICKETS (Rachitis). One of the most troublesome affections to which young dogs are subject, is the one termed quot; ricfeets.quot; The larger

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species, and especially those highly bred, are chiefly liable to this affection, but it is by no means so common in canine pathology as many persons are led to believe. All bandy or crooked-legged whelps are not rickety, any more than are children similarly deformed from premature walking or care�less nursing.

Eiokets depends on, or consists in, a vitiated or abnormal condition of bone structure�in other words, defective nutri�tion ; there is a deficiency of earthy matter and a prepon�derance of animal matter, and the bones from this cause-

Fig. 32. Dog with Rickets. Sketched fkom Life.

being soft, muscular action and weight bring about the-various deformities met with in this disease. The morbid unhealthy state of system created by inter-breeding, has a strong influence in the production of a raohitic diathesis. The bones of the limbs, the fore ones more particularly, are those-generally distorted. The facial bones are not unfrequently very prominent or bulging, giving the countenance a swollen appearance. The loins are generally narrow, the hocks benis in and enlarged, giving the hind-parts an undeveloped or wasted look (Fig. 32). The coat is staring and harsh, the-

318 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

mucous membranes are pallid, the sclerotic of the eye being particularly white, and the animal, taking it altogether, is an unthrifty, stunted, miserable-looking object.

I have mentioned inter-breeding as influential in the pro�duction of rickets, and in addition, or independent of this laquo;vil, may be named bad food, impure air, close confinement, and overfeeding�especially with matter deficient in bone-making properties�or insufficient food. Eemove, however, all these predisposing causes, allow good food and plentiful, fresh air and cleanliness, hut deny exercise, and the result, i.e., so far as the deformity of limbs are concerned, will be precisely the same�not from any deficiency in the structural proportion of bone, but from neglecting rules necessary for symmetrical and proportionate growth. Animals so circum�stanced are like unpruned trees, the trunk is being fed and the branches allowed to grow as they may. The inclination of heavily-framed puppies to lie down, if not at liberty, is well known, and this is especially the case with mastiffs. The consequence is that the body becomes too heavy for the limbs to support; the latter, the bones of which it must be remem�bered are not at this age set, give way under the superin�cumbent weight, knuckle over or bend outwards; and it is this condition, arising from the circumstances named, which is frequently mistaken by breeders and rearers of dogs for rickets.

Packets in the human subject involves bones other than those supporting weight, hence general deformity. This is rarely or ever the case with dogs (excepting, as mentioned, in the facial bones), more particularly as regards the ribs and spinal column ; therefore it may be taken as a general rule, that canine rickets, when it does exist, only does so in a partial form. The position of the body probably exercises a considerable influence in this respect, the same weight on the spinal column being not brought to hear as in the erect position of the human being.

Treatment.�This chiefly consists in avoiding those causes

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#9632;wMcli I have enumerated as giving rise to tlie malady. When tlie disease is established, then it will he necessary to adopt, in conjunction with hygienics, medical treatment; hear�ing in mind that defective nutrition is the original cause, it behoves us to remedy, as far as lies in our power, the existing evil. We have seen that the hones are deficient in earthy materials ; our object should therefore be to supply what is required. Mineral tonics are especially indicated. Bone-filings, pulverised egg-shells, or lime-water mixed with good oatmeal porridge, are exceedingly beneficial. Cod-liver oil is also a useful adjunct; while daily and, if need he, compulsory exercise is absolutely necessary.

It is almost needless to observe that dogs of a raohitic dia�thesis should not be used for breeding purposes.

SCEOFULA.

Scrofula is a disease of common occurrence among the lower animals, and the canine race forms no exception to the fact.

As with human beings, so with the dog; it is usually met with in early life, and is traceable to those causes which give rise to it in our own species�such as near relationship in breeding and certain morbid conditions of one or both parents.

Among the predisposing causes may be named insufficient and improper food, impure air, exposure to wet and cold.

Symptoms.�Animals, when so affected, are usually un�thrifty and delicate; the coat is dry and harsh, the abdomen full and pendulous; the eyes are watery, the conjunctiva injected, and frequently mucus is deposited in the corner; the lymphatic glands are large and easily felt; very often the skull (especially the front portion) is unusually large. This latter is more particularly noticeable in puppyhood, and gives the idea, not unfrequently a correct one, of water on the brain.

Scrofula, when once localised, may remain latent for a

. 'Mi

320 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

long period, or gradually and manifestly developed. In air hereditary diathesis, it usually exhibits itself shortly before the animal arrives at maturity, or, as in the human subject,, remains tbrough life in statu quo, to become developed and distinctly marked in the offspring.

Treatment.�I need scarcely observe .that the treatment of scrofula in the dog is of far less importance than are pre�ventive measures. When treatment is adopted, it should be merely for humanity's sake, and never for the purpose of maintaining life in order to perpetuate the breed. A tainted strain of this description is neither a credit to the breeder, nor beneficial to the canine race.

The treatment is both local and constitutional. The former consists in cold baths and friction, and keeping the skin dry and warm. Cleanliness is of great importance. Animals that are allowed to live in filth, and remain unwashed, uncombed or brushed, under such circumstances are exposed to the develop�ment of strumous affections. It has been wrongly supposed that the dog does not perspire, hence perhaps one reason for negli�gence in attention to his body, externally. He not only perspires, but does so freely, and the arrest of such perspira�tion, from uncleanliness, cutaneous disease, and the like, creates serious functional derangement (from re-absorption of matters which are prevented from escaping by their natural outlet) internally, and lay the foundation for disease of a strumous character, in addition to other disorders.

With regard to constitutional treatment, iodine, iron, bark, and cod-liver oil are the agents most to be relied upon. The first-named drug may also be used externally, in cases present�ing enlarged glands or chronic abscess.

The diet should be liberal and nutritious. Daily exercise, and everything calculated to invigorate the system should he adopted.

Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case of quot; Scrofula in a Puppy.quot;

quot; The morbid parts forwarded are from a bull puppy between

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two and three months old. He was brought to me oil the '.Oth instant, much emaciated and wasted, and from the dis�tended, pendulous condition of the abdomen, he was appa�rently suffering from asaites. I requested the owner to leave him with me. He died some time during the night.

quot;Post-mortem.�Upon opening the abdomen, the cavity was full of serous fluid, and upon slitting open the intestines the mucous membrane was observed to be highly inflamed through its entire course, but the peritoneal surface was only slightly discoloured in places.

quot; Some worms were found in the intestinal canal, which was somewhat contracted. The heart and liver I have for�warded to you, as they both give evidence of disease.

quot; A further history of the animal from the owner was to the effect that a fellow-pup died from the same disease, having a distended abdomen, wasting of flesh, and showing the same symptoms as the pup alluded to. The father of these pups was a fine specimen of the bull-dog, weighing upwards of forty pounds; he was of the Wallace breed, a famous strain.

quot; Some time ago I operated upon him for a cartilaginous �growth on the cartilage of the eye; he did very well, and at that time was in good health and blooming condition. His owner gave him to a friend. Some months afterwards he was sent to me again, much wasted in flesh, with pendulous abdomen, suffering from the same disease as the pup, having a quantity of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Treatment -was recommended; but some weeks afterwards I heard from the owner that the favourite and valuable old dog was �dead. This breed of bull-dogs is, I believe, now almost extinct; they have been bred in-and-in.

quot; The examination of liver and heart led to the detection of a very unusual morbid change. The liver was dark in colour, speckled here and there with yellow granules. In form, the gland was almost globular; in texture it was com�pact, with the consistency of an ordinary fatty tumour. On section the cut surface was granular, and mottled with minute

322 The Management and .Diseases of the Dog.

yellow specks. A small portion of tlie enlarged organ was examined under the quarter-inch objective, and the liver-cells were observed to be filled with globules of fat. In addition, there was a considerable quantity of deposit of the nature of tubercle.

quot; The heart was also much enlarged; the cavities of both ventricles were distended with coagulated blood. The walls were reduced in thickness to at least one half; and, under the microscope, the fibres were seen to be in the transition state, between the nucleated cell form of the fcetal structure, and the striated character of the fully-developed muscle. Between the fibres there was a deposit of granular matter, identical in appearance with that observed in the liver. From the history of the case, there is good reason to believe that the puppy was the subject of scrofula, the result of hereditary trans�mission, intensified, and probably primarily induced, by the system of in-and-in breeding. The peculiar feature of the case is the existence of the deposit in the liver and heart� organs which are not ordinarily affected to any serious extent in tuberculosis. The lungs, spleen, and kidneys were free from disease.quot;*

GLANDERS.

Fortunately, this scourge of horseflesh is but seldom met with in the dog.

Mr. Fleming, in his quot;Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; on this subject, observes: quot; The receptivity of the dog is not veiy great; indeed, not many years ago, inoculations with glandtr virus were so unsuccessful in this animal that it was believed it could not be infected.

quot; Herting made experiments for several years, but they were always incomplete in their results. He fed eight dogs for a

* From the quot; Veterinarian,quot; November, 1868.

I*'.

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number of weeks on the raw flesh of glandered horses, but without producing the disease in them. At first, however, they were usually affected with diarrhoea, the ffeoes being of a dark red colour. Nordstr�m produced the malady in two dogs by feeding them with this flesh; they had a bloody discharge from the nostrils, redness of the eyes, and an (edematous swelling of the head. They died*

quot; Lafosse mentions the case of a dog belonging to Marshal Neil, which contracted the malady through living in the same stable with a diseased horse. Hartwig applied the nasal discharge from glandered horses to the Schneiderian membrane of six dogs, by means of a small brush. In two or three days this membrane became swollen and dark-coloured, and there was a thin glutinous discharge, with moderate tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. When the matter was inoculated on the skin of the fore�head (where the animal could not lick the wounds), in two or three days there was swelling of the eyes, redness of the conjunotivie, and tumefaction of the submaxillary glands. The wound inflamed, suppurated for about eight days; and then a black crust forming over it, it healed in about twenty to twenty-five days.

quot; Of six dogs inoculated by Eenault, two became afiected. One of these perished three-and-a-half months after the local development of the disease, but the other only died in the fifth month. The successful inoculation of two horses with the virus obtained from the ulcers of these dogs left no doubt as to the nature of the malady, which appeared in a most acute form.

quot; Polli, of Milan, has induced the disease in clogs by depo�siting the virus in wounds or injecting it into the circula�tion. The effects were always apparent, but their intensity and gravity varied according to the mode of introduction. Prinz, Andral, Burguieres, Letenneur, Leblanc, Eayer, Saussier,

* quot; Tidskrift for Veterinairer,quot; etc., Stockholm, 1862.

21�2

324 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

and Saint Cyr* have obtained results similar to those of Eenault; Lafosse has also several times successfully inocu�lated dogs with the glanders and farcy virus; and Decroix, from the result of his experiments, came to the conclusion that acute and chronic glanders are transmissible to the carnivora by inoculation.-f-

quot; Some of the larger carnivora, such as the lion, have received the disease through consuming the flesh of glandered horses.quot;

: #9632; hj

SMALL-POX (Vakiol.e GkSXSM).

Variola of the dog is by no means a frequout disease in this country, and there is but little to be found in English veterinary literature on the subject.

Youatt describes the malady as follows :

quot;The essential symptoms of small-pox in dogs succeed each other in the following order : the skin of the belly, the

quot; ⁰ The results of inoculations practised upon seven dogs -svith glander matter, by Saint Cyr, of the Lyons Veterinary School, are summed up as follows :�

quot; 1. Glanders is not the exclusive appanage of solipeds.

quot; 2. It can certainly be transmitted to other animals, and especially to the dog, by inoculation.

quot; 3. In the dog, as in the horse, it manifests itself by inflammation and ulceration of the inoculated -wound, swelling of the lymphatic glands in its vicinity, and nasal discharge. Chancrous ulcers are, if not always, at least generally absent.

quot;4. Glanders in the dog is generally remarkably benignant, and except in those cases in which it has been injected into the circulation, it is perhaps seldom fatal.

quot;5. Notwithstanding this marked benignity of'canine glanders,'the virus none the less preserves all its activity, and when retransmitted to the horse, inevitably produces the malady in as marked a form as when passed direct from horse to horse.

quot; 6. Lastly, glanders in the dog, as in the horse, appears to be governed by the ^{law of unicity;' for with the horse actually glandered, and the dog successfully inoculated for the first time, inoculation with the most active glander virus produces no effect. This conclusion, however, requires more experiments to corroborate it.�* Journal de Mdd. Tet^ deLyon,'1866, p.307.quot;

t laquo;Journal de Med. V(H, Militaire,quot; 1863i

H i

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groin, and the inside of the forearm becomes of a redder colour than in its natural state, and sprinkled with small red spots, irregularly rounded. They are sometimes isolated, sometimes clustered together. The near approach of this eruption is announced by an increase of fever.

quot; On the second day the spots are larger, and the integu�ment is slightly tumefied at the centre of each.

quot; On the third day the spots are generally enlarged, and the skin is still more prominent at the centre.

quot; On the fourth day the summit of the tumour is yet more prominent. Towards the end of that day, the redness of the centre begins to assume a somewhat grey colour. On the following days the pustules take on their peci�iar charac�teristic appearance, and cannot be confounded with any other eruption. On the summit is a white circular point, correspond�ing with a certain quantity of nearly transparent fluid which it contains, and covered by a thin and transparent pellicle. This fluid becomes less and less transparent, until it acquires the colour and consistence of pus. The pustule, during its serous state, is of a rounded form. It is flattened when the fluid acquires a purulent character, and even slightly depressed towards the close of the period of suppuration, and when that of dessication is about to commence, which ordinarily happens towards the ninth or tenth day of the eruption. The dessi�cation and the desquamation occupy an exceedingly variable length of time, and so indeed do all the different periods of the disease. What is the least inconstant, is the duration of the serous eruption, which is about four days, if it has been distinctly produced and guarded from all friction. If the general character of the pustules is considered, it will be observed that, while some of them are in a state of serous secretion, others will only have begun to appear.

quot; The eruption terminates when dessication commences in the first pustules; and, if some red spots show themselves at that period of the malady, they disappear without being followed by the development of pustules. They are a species

ri :

326 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

of abortive pustules. After the dessioation, the skin remains covered by brown spots, which, by degrees, die away. There remains no trace of the disease, except a few superficial cicatrices, on which the hair does not grow.

quot; The causes which produce the greatest variation in the periods of the eruption are, the age of the dog and the tem�perature of the situation and of the season. The eruption runs through its different stages with much more rapidity in dogs from one to five months old, than in those of greater age. I have never seen it in dogs more than eighteen months old. An elevated temperature singularly favours the erup�tion, and also renders it confluent and of a serous character. A cold atmosphere is unfavourable to the eruption, or even prevents it altogether. Death is almost constantly the result of the exposure of dogs having small-pox to any considerable degree of cold. A moderate temperature is most favourable to the recovery of the animal. A frequent renewal or change of air, the temperature remaining nearly the same, is highly

favourable to the patient; consequently close boxes or kennels should be altogether avoided.

quot; I have often observed that the perspiration or breath of

dogs labouring under variola emits a very unpleasant odour. This smell is particularly observed at the commencement of the dessication of the pustules, and when the animals are

lying upon dry straw; for the friction of the bed against the pustules destroys their pellicles and permits the purulent matter to escape�and the influence of this purulent matter is most pernicious. The fever is increased, and also the unplea�sant smell from the mouth, and that of the ffeces. In this state there is a disposition, which is rapidly developed in the lungs, to assume the character of pneumonia.

quot; This last complication is a most serious one, and almost always terminates fatally. It has a peculiar character. It shows itself suddenly, and with all its alarming symptoms. It is almost immediately accompanied by a purulent secretion from the bronchi, and the second day quot;does not pass without

III.

Wiquot;

'ill

General Di

327

the oliaraoters of pneumonia being completely developed. The respiration is accompanied by a mucous rale which often becomes sibilant. The nasal cavities are filled with a puru�lent fluid. The dog that coughs violently at the commence�ment of the disease, employs himself, probably, on the following day, in ejecting, by a forcible expulsion from the nostrils, the purulent secretion which is soon and plentifully developed. When he is lying quiet, and even when he seems to be asleep, there is a loud, stertorous, guttural breathing.quot;

Mr. James Moore, in his homoeopathic work on the quot; Diseases of the Dog,quot; observes with regard to it: quot; This disease, which is much more common on the Continent than in this country, has been fairly described by Barrier and Leblano.

quot; Symptoms.�At first the animal is dull and depressed, and carries his head drooped; the eyelids are half-closed and the eyes vacant in expression ; the nose is hot and dry; the tongue furred ; the dog prefers to lie down, and when induced or com�pelled to get up and walk, the pace is slow and unsteady; the bowels are confined, and the urine high-coloured; the pulse is somewhat accelerated, and there are occasional or frequent vomitings. Sooner or later, diarrhcea comes on. The evacua�tions are bilious, dark, and offensive; the countenance is expressive of anxiety and uneasiness, and there are evident indications of prostration. Four or five days from the onset, after shivering, vesicles appear on the head, and thence gra�dually spread to other parts of the body: these vesicles subsequently break, and the resulting scab falls off in due course.

quot; A pack of hounds ate the carcases of some sheep, dead of claveWe (small-pox). Seventeen of them became ill. At first distemper was suspected, as the dogs were low-spirited, weak, paralytic in their limbs, and had a viscid, greenish discharge from their nostrils. A copious crop of 'pustules ' appeared, and the disease was thereafter, rightly or wrongly, regarded as small-pox. Eleven died.

328 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

quot; It has 1)0611 stated that some dogs were infected from sheep' with this disease, during the recent Wiltshire epidemic; and that in both animals the disease was identical in its symptoms.

quot; In small-pox the skin is affected in the following manner: The skin of the belly, groin, etc., is redder than usual, and dotted with small roundish spots, either isolated or irregu�larly clustered together. Each spot gradually gets larger, and its centre becomes prominent and pointed, and contains a clear fluid, which subsequently acquires a pus-like ap�pearance. Each spot is now flattened; the contained fluid escapes on the rupture of its envelope; scabs form from the-drying of the fluid, and gradually fall off. In some parts of the body a permanent minute scar remains, and the hair is destroyed for good.quot;

Mr. Fleming observes :* quot; This is a rare malady, and may be developed directly or by contagion; it is supposed to be also produced by the variola of man and of the sheep. It chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt.. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog's life.

quot; Symptoms.�The disease commences with fever, which continues for two or three days, and is followed by the-appearance�over a large surface of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk�of red points, resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules, and then into vesicles. The contents of these become purulent,, and finally dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix.

quot; In the dog, as in the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accord- #9632; ingly. Puppies nearly always succumb, and, on a necroscopical examination, it is not unusual to find variolous pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive organs.

quot;Sanitary Measures.�The disease being contagious,though, ^cquot; quot; Veterinary Sanitary Science,quot; Vol. ii. p. 98.

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the virus does not appear to be very volatile, it is necessary to isolate the sick, and take due precautions that the contagion is not carried from them to healthy animals.

quot; Curative Measures.�Careful dieting, a dry and mode�rately warm dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh air, are the essentials in the curative treatment.quot;

quot; An emetic in tiie early stage of the malady has been re�commended as likely to be useful. Afterwards the treatment must be purely symptomatic.

MEASLES.

An interesting case of this nature is described in a recent report of the Epidemiological Society:

quot;A dog licked the hand of a child lying in bed, and on whom the measles eruption was at its height. Twelve days later the dog sickened, and suffered for two days with nasal, discharge; and four days later died, with marked congestion of the throat and air-passages. It has been held by some, authorities that measles in man is the analogue of distemper in dogs�indeed, it has been urged that they are the same dis�eases ; but this case contradicts such a view, for the dog in question had, four years previously, gone through an attack of distemper; and, although second attacks of the various erup�tive fevers are common enough in children, second attacks of, distemper are rare amongst dogs�while such second cases, when they do occur, are invariably of a slight and temporary nature.quot;*

TETANUS.

This disease is of rare occurrence in canine practice. It is divided into Idiopathic, i.e., where no visible cause is in existence; and Traumatic, when it arises from injury or wound.

* ^li Veterinary Journal,quot; Sept., 1870,

o30 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Tetanus consists of, or denotes an uncontrollable spasmodic contraction of the voluntary muscles. It is exceedingly painful, and usually fatal.

The disease may assume a local or general form, i.e., it may he limited to the jaws, producing loch-jaw; or it may extend to a part or the whole of the trunk, and give rise to partial or general rigidity.

Causes.�Changes of temperature, exposure to cold and wet, excessive fatigue; injuries by wounds or bruises ; irrita�tion to the nerve extremities, or main trunks; the presence of irritants in the stomach and intestines; strychnia.

Symptoms.�When the jaws only are affected the head is poked out, the jaws are tightly closed, the angles of the mouth are drawn back, the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the eyes fixed in an unnatural and often hideous position.

quot;Whatever portion of the animal is affected, this is drawn and deformed.

In general tetanus the patient, if able to walk, moves stiffly, or, as it were, all of a piece. The ears are pricked, the tail is carried out straight and has a quivering motion; the affected muscles have a tense corded feel, and the limbs are straight and set. During a spasm the animal falls over on its side, and presents much the same appearance as if poisoned by strychnine, uttering strange hoarse cries between fear and pain*

Death may result from asphyxia, exhaustion, or�though I

⁰ I have heard it frequently argued that tetanus is not a painful disease, and that in the horse the profuse perspirations which accompany it are merely the Result of absolute fear. This theory I cannot suh-scribe to, and never have agreed with. I do not for a moment dispute the presence of fear, or that it is a cause of jrerspiration ; but my reply has always been that pain must be, at all events for a time, an inevit�able result of sudden and inordinate stimulus by the nerves supplying the muscles so affected. Long-continued pressure may, and we know will, in time produce numbness or paralysis ; but in tetanus there being remissions of convulsion, each sudden contraction when a spasm comes �on must produce intense pain.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;lt;

'#9632;vm

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quot;believe it to be exceedingly rare�spasmodic contraction of the heart.

Fost-mortem Appearances.�These vary somewhat: most frequently the spinal cord and its membranes are congested; occasionally the brain and dura mater exhibit a similar ap�pearance, but more particularly so in general and protracted #9632;tetanus. In cases of traumatic tetanus, this condition is more apparent in the nerve tissue near the seat of injury; while the muscles in the same locality are soft, dark, and gorged with blood. In severe cases they are sometimes ruptured.

Treatment.�A late eminent lecturer on this subject, as affecting the horse, was wont to observe, in producing a stable door-key, that that was the best measure we could adopt in this disease, and the same meaning he intended to convey is equally applicable to the dog. Perfect quietude, moderate warmth, and subdued light, should always be enforced in the treatment of canine tetanus. The person the animal is most accustomed and attached to, is the fittest attendant; the susceptibility to excitement is so intense, that the presence of a stranger, rough handling, or loud and harsh words will generally induce violent spasmodic seizures, and hasten an agonising death.

With regard to constitutional remedies, Fleming's tincture of aconite stands pre-eminent. Dose, one�two minims every two or three hours. An aperient at the onset is, if its ad�ministration is possible, very advisable; but it should be borne in mind that an attempt to give a draught to a tetanic animal is, as a rule, creative of that alarm and severe spasms at all times to be avoided. Here, then, is the benefit of aconite. If the patient is able to lap, the drug may be dropped in a little milk or water, without impregnating it with any objectionable taste. When the jaws are locked, and fluids cannot with safety be poured between the cheek and teeth, the same quantity may be given in an enema.

Counter-irritation to the spine is at times attended (chiefly in protracted cases) with benefit. Baths, warm or cold, are injudicious and useless.

S32 27ie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

If the disease is caused by a wound, this should at the-same time be carefully attended to. It should be thoroughly examined, to see whether any foreign or irritating matter is-present; if theie is, it must be at once removed. When the wound is very painful, sedative poultices afford great relief; otherwise dressing with lunar caustic, and afterwards inducing healthy suppuration, is the treatment I recom�mend. In traumatic tetanus, when the wound assumes a healthy condition, the constitutional symptoms usually im�prove with it.

The diet should be nourishing, easy of deglutition and digestion�as milk, broth, beef-tea, and such like. These may be given iu the form of enemas, if necessary.

U '

CEAMP.

Dogs subjected to violent exercise, and afterwards exposed to cold, or kennelled in cold and damp habitations, are not unfrequently affected with cramp. The same condition sometimes follows swimming, particularly in cold seasons of the year. The symptoms, though in some respects not unlike those of rheumatism, differ from them in the rapidity with winch they pass off when warmth and free circulation to the part is restored. The hind-parts are those generally affected. The treatment consists in brisk exorcise, and friction to the part.

DISEASES OF THE HEAET.

Diseases of the heart are not very frequently met with in canine practice, except as the result of complications of other maladies.

Fatty degeneration is, perhaps, the most common form met with; several instances of this I have seen when making jpost-mortem examinations of animalsx

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quot;In examining a heart thus diseased, the eye first notices the fainter tracing, or the utter absence, of those transverse marks which cross the fibres of all the voluntary muscles, and less distinctly those of the involuntary muscle, the heart. In an early stage of the disease these cross lines are dimly seen, and the fibre is studded here and there with small dark points. When the disease is more decidedly expressed the dots are more numerous, and the stria3 disappear. These dots are little globules of oil; lying within the sheath of the fibre, they make it soft and friable.

quot; The parts of the heart which have undergone this change #9632;are altered in colour as well as in consistence. They are #9632;pale, like a faded leaf, or of a yellowish-brown, or a muddy-pink colour, and they commonly have a spotty or mottled appearance. The change of texture varies in degree and in -extent. It may render the muscle merely soft and flabby, or it may reduce it to a state in which it feels like a wet kid glove, and can be torn as readily as wet brown paper. Every chamber of the heart is liable to this kind of disease, but most of all the left ventricle, then the right ventricle, then the right auricle, and least of all the left auricle. Generally it is more evident in the columnas carnete, and near the endo-#9632; cardium, than elsewhere.

quot; Fatty degeneration of the heart may proceed from a defect of healthy nutrition throughout the body in consequence of some general disorder, or of natural decay in the decline of 'life. In such cases the same morbid change is commonly manifest in other parts also ; in the arteries, in the liver, in the kidneys, in the cornea.

quot; But fatty degeneration may be limited to the heart, and even to a small portion of the heart, and then it is owing to some local failure of nutrition; of which perhaps the most common cause is a diseased condition of the coronary arteries. You are probably aware that these two vessels have no large #9632;or free communication with each other, and it is a very instructive fact that when one of them alone is diseased, that

334 The Management and Diseases of the Log.

,1 gt;

part only of the lieart frequently is found to lie affected wliioli-receives its supply of blood tlirougli the unsound artery. Fatty degeneration of the heart is also met with after bygone inflammation, whether of the muscular tissue itself, or of its lining, or its investing membrane. It is no uncommon sequel of hypertrophy. In every instance the change seems-ultimately traceable to deficient nutrition.quot;*

There are no positive symptoms by which this condition of the heart can be detected during life. The pulse may be inter�mittent, feeble, or slow, as in other affections of the organ,. and rapid exertion may produce distress. Beyond these, the practitioner has nothing to assist him until an examination after death reveals the real state of the case.

The large deposits of fat on the heart usually seen in obese animals, are usually unassociated -*-ith fatty degeneration ; though the two may exist combined, the former seldom interferes with health.

Valvular disease of the heart, as I have previously, in another section, observed, is a frequent and serious complica�tion of rheumatism. When such a condition is present the intermittent, jerking, feeble pulse, the short sudden in�spiration and sharp cry, on violent exercise or rapid move�ment, frequently accompanied by a fall, as if shot, are the symptoms presented to us in this malady.

Post-mortem Afpearances.�On examination, the valves are found considerably thickened, and granular on their surfaces. (In horses I have frequently observed this latter-condition.) It is also not unusual to find adhesion of the pericardium to the heart, or an excess of serum, in which lymph or fibrine may be deposited.

Treatment.�Any hope of a cure in a disease of this nature must, it is almost needless to observe, be abandoned. Having reason to believe that rheumatic disease of the heart exists, it behoves us to avoid, or give instructions for the avoidance of, those causes likely to result in alarming seizures, such as I. * Watson's quot; Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic.quot;

Hffl;

#9632; in;,,!.

V '

General Diseases.

335

have described, or sudden death. Shocks, frights, rapid exercise, exposure to cold or intense heat, should, as far as possible, be prevented. The animal should bo kept well nourished, and small doses of the iodide of iron may be given from time to time, and in severe palpitation, with pain,, sedatives, with counter-irritation over the left side, may be had recourse to. Constipation, diarrhoea, or, indeed, anything causing the patient to strain, must also be avoided.

The following case of heart disease, associated with rheumatism and chorea, recently came under my observa�tion.

In December, 1877, a fox-terrier dog, about six years old, belonging to Miss Walker, of Bromley House, Penn, was brought to me for treatment. I found the animal suffering from rheumatic chorea, and I was informed by the owner that when purchased at nine months old, he at that time never stood perfectly still, but always shook slightly, especially on the fore legs. The dog now moved with a reeling, snatching gait; the latter was particularly observable in the hind legs. The back was also arched. When lying down or resting, the head had a tremulous, but not persistent motion; the limbs, however, were continually twitching. I inserted a seton at the back of the ears. The same afternoon, before medicinal treatment was commenced, the animal died.

I made a post-mortem examination for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of the heart, as the case being of long standing, and complicated with rheumatism, I expected to find cardiac mischief. On making a section through the right ventricle, and exposing the tricuspid valve, I found the latter thickened and rough, beyond which there was nothing abnormal to be seen; but an examination of the left ventricle revealed the presence of an ante-mortem clot seven-eighths of an inch in length, wedge-shaped, tapering to a point. It was the sixteenth of an inch thick, white in colour, and fibrous, having on its upper surface a dark, recent blood-clot. This ante-mortem clot was immediately

#9632;330 The Management and Diseases of the Bog,

below and partly attached to the mitral valve, the latter heiug much inflamed; the tapering or pointed end was iinattached.

I have endeavoured, hy means of the accompanying illustration, to give a more exact idea of the appearance the heart, valve, and clot presented. (Fig. 33.)

laquo;I

Fig. 33.

Heaet of Dog, Le

1. Miteal Valve, 2. Ante-Mortem Fibeiitous Clot.

INFLAMED.

The specimen was considered hy several medical men to whom it was shown to he a very interesting and exceptional one.

Since writing the ahove, I have heen informed that the dog was stolen in 1876, and nothing was seen or known of his whereabouts for a year, when he unexpectedly returned, and it is supposed by his mistress that during his absence he was roughly used, as his spirit seemed broken, and he had the appearance of being much older than he really was.

Eupture of the heart, not uncommon in the human subject, and occasionally seen in the horse, is of rare occurrence in the dog.

quot; A black pointer, of the Scotch breed, had every appear�ance of good health, except that she frequently fell into a fit

General Diseases.

after having run a little way, and sometimes even after playing in the yard. She was several times hied during and after these fits. When I examined her, I could plainly perceive considerahle, and even violent spasmodic motion of the heart, and the sounds of the beating of that organ were irregular and #9632;convulsive. She was sent to the infirmary, in order to he cured of an attack of mange; but during her stay in the hospital she had these fits several times: the attack almost always followed after she had been playing with other dogs. She appeared as if struck by lightning, and remained motion�less for several minutes, her gums losing their natural appearance, and assuming a bluish hue. After the lapse of a few minutes she again arose as if nothing had been the matter. She was bled twice in eight days, and several doses of fox�glove were administered to her. The fits appeared to become less frequent; but, playing one day with another dog, she fell and expired immediately.

quot; The post-mortem examination was made two hours after death. The cavity of the pericardium contained a red clot of blood, which enveloped the whole of the heart; it was thicker in the parts that corresponded with the valve of the heart; and on the left ventricle, and near the base of the left valve of the heart, as well as on the external part of that viscus, was an irregular rent two inches long. It crossed the valve of the heart, which was very thin in this place. The size of the heart was very small, considering the height and bulk of the dog. The walls of the ventricles, and particularly �of the left ventricle, were very thick. The cavity of the left ventricle was very small; there was evidently a concentric hypertrophy of these ventricles ; the valve of the heart was of great size.

quot; The immediate cause of the rupture of the valve of the heart had evidently been an increase of circulation, brought on by an increase of exercise ; but the remote cause consisted in the remarkable thinness of the valve of the heart.

quot; This case is remarkable in more than one respect: first,

338 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

because instances of rupture of the valve of the heart are very rare; and secondly, because this rupture had its seat in the-left valve of the heart, while usually, in both the human being and the quadruped, it takes place in the right, and this with�out doubt because the walls and the valves of the right side are thinner.quot;*

* Yoiiattonquot;TheDog.quot;

�

CHAPTER XVIII.

ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS.

FRACTURES,

DISLOCATIONS,

quot;WOUNDS,

SPRAINS,

BURNS AND SCALDS,

UMBILICAL HERNIA,

CHOKING,

(ESOPHAGOTOMY,

SORE FEET,

OVER-GROWTH OF CLAWS,

REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS,

CROPPING,

ROUNDING,

TAILING,

WORMING,

CASTRATION,

SPAYING,

VACCINATION,

CHLOROFORM.

FEACTUEES. These are of very common occurrence in the dog. They are divided into compound, comminuted, and simple. Com�pound, -when there is an external wound communicating #9632;with the fracture, comminuted when the bone is broken into numerous fragments, simple when the bone is broken only in

Fig. 34. Incomplete Fbactfee.

one place, and without other injury. The latter may b? transverse, oblique, or longitudinal.

In young animals, partial or incomplete fracture, i.e., when the outside of the bone splits away similar to a tough twig when bent to break, is occasionally met with (Fig. 34). This,

22�2

quot;�

M-

340 Tlie Management and Diseases of the Dog.

in human surgery, is termed green-stick fracture.an illustration of which I once had in one of my children, hy falling from the back of a pony on to his hand, and fracturing the radius in the manner described.

Fracture without separation, is when a bone is starred, as it were, and held together by the periosteum; it is rare in the dog, though common in the horse.

The long bones are those most liable to fracture, more especially those of the extremities. Fracture of the scapula, pelvis, ribs, cranium, and vertebrtc are occasionally met with in the dog, and therefore demand notice in these pages.

In the human being there are various predisposing causes of fracture. In the dog they are invariably the result of direct violence. The usual symptoms of limb-fracture are� deformity, loss of muscular power, pain, swelling, and crepitus. The reparative process in the dog is remarkably rapid, and, as a rule, when the parts are placed in situ and the splints applied, the animal seems to understand the injured limb is not to be interfered with, and is contented to remain quiet.

The treatment of fracture consists in reducing the separated portions to their proper position and maintaining them there when so reduced by the application of splints and bandages.

Splints may be composed of wood, pasteboard, leather, or gutta percha. The three first-named are retained in position by bandaging. The latter is rendered soft with hot water and moulded to the limb. Bandages take the place of splints when soaked in gum, starch, or plaster of Paria.

With regard to fracture of the long bones of the limbs, I have found no application equal to the wooden splint. We will suppose a case of fractured ulna or radius. The fractured edges being reduced to their relative position, and the limb held firmly in a straight line downwards, the splints, cut the length required (I always take them below the knee-joint to the foot), are applied as follows : one in front, one behind, and one on either side. The surface is smeared with pitch, to maintain them better in position. A little pad of tow or

mm iraquo;i

#9632;#9632;

Accidents and Operations.

341

cotton wool should be placed under tlie ends of the splints, to prevent irritation and wounds. Being tlius satisfactorily arranged, a narrow bandage of calico is wound round, mode�rately tight, from end to end, smeared occasionally in its course with pitch. This done, the patient should be conveyed to where he is to remain ; and, to prevent risk, it is better to place a wire muzzle on for the first few days, or at all events . until the parts have become firm.

Tig. 35. Fbactuke of Scapula, showing Position op Splints and Plastek.

The same treatment will apply to comminuted fracture.

A black retriever dog was brought to me, suffering from, double fracture of the femur, the fractures being some distance apart; a bull and mastiff, aged, with fracture of the femur in three distinct places. Both were treated with splint-setting, and recovered perfectly, without any deformity or perceptible thickening, except on manipulation.

Fracture of the scapula is occasionally met with, chief!)⁷ in small toy dogs, and is usually caused from tumbles down stairs or from elevated positions. I have treated two (the only ones brought under my care) successfully; both were fractured at the neck of the bone. Two pasteboard splints

342 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

smeared with pitch were placed parallel, and a quarter of an inch apart and obliquely; another was then applied crossways, and a pitch-plaster on sheepskin covered them and the whole shoulder (Fig. 35). I then passed a bandage, commencing from the centre of the shoulder across the withers, to the other side under the brisket back again, and so on, several times securing it in its situation with pitch (Fig. 36).

Onthe24thofMay,1877,acubfoxbelongingtoMrs.Boughey, five weeks old, nursed by hand, was brought to me suffering from comminuted fracture of the scapula. I set it in the same man�ner as above described, with one exception. The injury had taken place some days previously; in addition to the fracture there was luxation of the shoulder-joint, which caused the limb

I it I

Fio. 36.

Feaotuee of Scapula, with Bandage applied.

to spread out laterally at a right angle to the shoulder. To maintain it in proper position, I cut and applied a kid glove-as follows: having removed the thumb, second, and fourth fingers, and the ends from the remaining ones, I inserted both fore-legs through the finger-stalls, buttoned the wrist portion over the shoulders, and drew it together across the front of the chest by means of another strip sewn on and made to button. This I found admirably answered the double purpose of keeping the limb as I wished it, and ren�dering displacement of the shoulder-setting more unlikely.

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;oio

Within five weeks the support was removed, and I shortly ; after received a letter from Mrs. Boughey informing me that the interesting little patient was able to follow her upstairs without difficulty. I have recently seen the animal, which I find in no way stunted in growth; it is perfectly straight on its limbs, and with no perceptible thickening, lameness, or defect in gait.

Fracture of the Pelvis.�In a case of this description, little can be done beyond keeping the patient quiet; the bandage recommended for shoulder-fracture may be applied in the same way, carrying it between the hind-legs and across the loins. As a rule, however, these are far from satisfactory cases, and unless required for breeding purposes (and which then depends upon the portion of pelvis fractured) treatment is not advisable.

Mr. Peroivall records a case of fracture of the isehial 'por�tion of the pelvis recovered by rest and nature. The situa�tion of the injury would favour this, and even had a false joint formed, it would not have interfered with breeding.

Fracture of the Ribs usually proceeds from external violence, as blows, kicks, or being crushed. The symptomsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;;

are painful, catching respiration, pain on lifting or moving the animal, and crepitus when so doing.

The treatment consists in applying a broad bandage firmly round the chest, so as to prevent the animal dilating the thoracic walls in breathing. If the fractured end of the rib penetrate the cavity of the chest, it is advisable that the ingress of air should he prevented as much as possible; and the patient must be treated antiphlogistically. Perfect quietude is absolutely necessary.

Fracture of the Cranium is, under any circumstances, of serious consequence; compression of the brain is likely to ensue, from the fractured portions bulging inwards, or from #9632; extravasation of blood on the brain.

The following case, which came under the care of Professor . Simonds, is recorded by Youatt:�quot; Two gentlemen werenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i

344 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck on-the head by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His owner took him up and found that he was not dead, although dread�fully injured. It being near the Thames, his owner took him to the edge of the river, and dashed some water over him, and' he rallied a little. Professor Simonds detected a fracture of the skull, with pressure on the brain, arising from a portion of depressed bone. The dog was perfectly unconscious, fre�quently moaning, quite incapable of standing, and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw, or his bed. It was-a case of coma; he took no food, and the pulsation at the heart was very indistinct.

quot; I told the proprietor that there was no chance of recovery, except by an operation; and even then, I thought it exceed�ingly doubtful. I was desired to operate, and took him. home.

quot; The head was now almost twice as large as when the-accident occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated blood that had been effused under the skin covering the skull. I gave him a dose of aperient medicine, and on the following morning commenced my operation.

quot; The hair was clipped from the head, and an incision car�ried immediately from between the eyebrows to the back part of the skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. Another incision was made from this to the root of the ear. This tri�angular flap was then turned back, in order to remove the coagulated blood, and make a thorough exposure of the skull., I was provided with a trephine, thinking that only a portion of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from its attach�ment, and then with an elevator remove it; but I found that the greater part of the parietal bone was depressed, and that the fracture extended along the sagittal suture from the coro�nal and lambdoidal sutures. At three-fourths of the width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal suture,.

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;345

and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics of the brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated.

quot;The depressed bone was raised with an elevator, and I found, from its lacerated edges, and the extent of the mischief done, that it was far wiser to remove it entirely, than to allow it to remain and take the chance of its uniting.

quot; In a few days the dog began to experience relief from the operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking place around him. He still requires care and attention, and proper medicinal agents to be administered from time to^ time; but with the exception of occasionally turning round when on the floor, he takes his food well, and obeys his mas�ter's call.quot;*

Fracture of the Vertehrce occasionally happens in dogs used for the chase. It is needless to say that such cases usually terminate in paralysis and death.

The after-treatment of fracture is very simple. Quietude,, and attention to the bowels and diet, are the points mainly to be observed. The bowels should be kept gently relaxed; this is especially needful in fracture of the hind extremities, and particularly the pelvis, as the animal in placing himself in position for fecal evacuation is apt, in the strain and weight almost necessarily thrown on the injured part, to displace the fracture. The diet should be plain, unstimulating and re�laxing. When an excessive amount of swelling takes place in the foot after the setting of a fractured limb, the bandages may be slit up a little distance between the splints, and the foot soaked in, or sponged with, warm water.

The removal of splints should never take place until the expiration of at least four weeks, unless they have become disarranged, or the setting is not correct.

False Joint.�When a fracture fails to unite by osseous matter, and a fibrous connection is substituted, what is termed false joint is established. In the long bones, treatment is.

quot; Trans. Vet. Med. Assoe., i. 51.

#9632;346 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

more easily and satisfactorily adopted than in other situations. Wien it is found on the removal of the support that osseous union has not taken place, the limh should be again fastened #9632;up,�more firmly, if possible, than before, a liberal diet allowed, and tonics administered. If at the expiration of seven or eight weeks the false joint still exists, and there appears no prospect of its being otherwise, unless other measures are adopted, inflammatory action is to be established in the false union with the object of exciting the .formation of osseous material, and this may be done by

�'*

Fig. 37. Depoemed Limb after XJoton op rEACTUEB, necessitating Ee-feactuee.

piercing the structure in various places with a sharp needle, and moving the point about when imbedded there until it is considered that sufficient irritation has been produced. The limb is then bound up as before.

Certain constitutional conditions of an animal have a tendency to retard the formation of new bone (scrofula or rickets, to wit). In such diatheses, mineral tonics and bone-making materials should be freely exhibited; in the latter, lime-water and milk should be given to the animal to lap in the place of water.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^

raquo;#9632;.i

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 347

Ee-fradure.�From nature being allowed, without assist�ance, to effect the union of a fractured limb, or from careless�ness or wrong adjustment of the splints, it frequently happens that the limb after union presents a deformed and unsightly appearance. A broken-haired terrier was recently brought to me for advice regarding the condition of a united fore-leg fractured above the knee (radius and ulna), which had been , set with leather splints�the limb was bent outwards to such an extent as to be almost useless. See Fig. 37.

Having placed the animal under chloroform, I re-fractured the bone at the original seat; having only been done a month, this was not a difficult task. The limb being then brought into proper position, I applied the ordinary wood splints with pitch and bandages, and in five weeks afterwards I had the gratification of seeing my patient perfectly re�covered, and with two straight fore-legs.

Compound Fracture is occasionally met with in the longnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;i

bones of the limbs. If the end of the bone protrude through the opening, and from the smallness of the latter replacement is difficult, either the protruded bone must be removed with a fine saw or bone nippers, or the wound enlarged. When comminution is also present, any completely detached frag�ments of bone should be removed, otherwise they will act as foreign bodies, create inflammation and suppuration, and pre�vent the healing process. In the application of splints, it will be neccessary to arrange them, so that the wound may be readily exposed when requisite.

Fracture with Luxation.�When fracture occurs with dis�location, the treatment is doubly difficult, as the dislocation must first be reduced; this, under the circumstances, is no easy task, and then the fracture is to be attended to. Occasionally it is necessary to have recourse to the latter first, in order to permit the extension required to reduce the dislocation; after which it is generally advisable to reset the fracture, owing to the unavoidable displacement consequent on the opera�tion.

)

348 37te Management and Diseases of the Dog.

DISLOCATIONS.

Dislocation, luxation, or the displa�ement of a joint witLout fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice.

The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes.

Predisposing Causes.�Congenital deformity, elongation of the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, pre�vious luxation.

gt;

Fig. 38. Dislocation of Shouldee-Joint.

Exciting Causes.�External violence, as tails, blows, twists, undue force in parturition, muscular action, voluntary effort.

Symptoms.�Displacement and deformity of the part; undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should exist; shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the former; inability to perform the usual natural movements; a tense condition, if they are not ruptured, of the muscles on the opposite side; pain on manipulation, with more or less swelling; an absence of true crepitus ; an entirety of bone.

l�w '

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 349

Treatmeiit.�This consists in applying extension in the #9632;direction required for the reduction of tlie dislocation: in recent cases this will not be difficult. If the shoulder-joint bo the seat of accident, reduction is most easily accomphshed in the following manner: A strong towel or surcingle is passed underneath the brisket, between the fore-legs, over the withers, round the girth, and across the front of the breast. . This is held firmly, whilst an assistant steadily draws the limb in the direction required (Kg. 38).

In dislocation of the elbow, the humerus should be firmly grasped by one pair of hands, while another uses steady traction on the limb below.

Dislocation of the knee is extremely rare, and when it does occur, it will be necessary, after reduction, by traction and manipulation, to place a starch bandage round it for a week

#9632;nbsp;or ten days.

Dislocation of the Hip.�This occurs in various forms; the head of the femur may be displaced upwards, downwards, forwards, or backwards. Eeduotion is performed by powerful traction above the hock, in the direction indicated by the dislocation. At the time of traction, the limb should be drawn outwardly from the upper part of the thigh, for the purpose of lifting the head of the femur over the rim of the acetabulum. Rotation will sometimes aid the operation.

Dislocation of the stifle or patella is rarely met with in canine practice. In a case which came under my own care,

#9632;nbsp;the bone was displaced outwardly, and could be reduced readily by the fingers, but only temporarily. The symptoms of displacement of the patella, whether outwardlyjor inwardly �the two forms usually met with�are an unnatural projection on the affected side, with inability to flex the joint. Eeduc-

'tion is effected by drawing the leg forward, and then with the fingers forcing the patella back into its place. In the case named, after reduction I fixed on an outside splint, and bound

#9632;nbsp;the joint round with a pitch bandage. The case did well, and no return of the luxation, though three years have since

350 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

elapsed, has taken place, #9632;laquo;hereas previously it was con�tinually out of position.

Mr. James Eowe, of London, reports dislocation of tlio patella as not unfrequent in his practice, and tells me he has successfully treated them in a similar manner to that adopted by me. One case occurred in a cat.

Dislocation of the Hock.�The same remarks made with reference to the knee will apply here.

Dislocation of the Toes.�This accident is sometimes met with, and is generally occasioned by leaping or tumbling from heights. Eeduction is easily effected by extension, and the subsequent maintenance of the parts in their proper position by bandaging the whole foot, and, if need be, small splints on either side and in front of the affected toe.

Dislocation, having once taken place, is exceedingly liable to recur. Tor this reason, excitement and unnecessary move�ments should be strictly avoided. The after-treatment con�sists in observing much the same rules as those laid down in fracture. The patient should be kept quiet. If inflammatory symptoms, with excessive swelling round the affected joint, ensue, warm fomentations or a bran poultice may be applied, and a dose of aperient medicine administered, and if the local inflammatory action is extreme, leeches may be used. Such symptoms, however, rarely occur, except in protracted and aggravated reduction.

Dislocations should always be reduced under chloroform, both for humanity's sake, and the greater ease with which,, during anfesthesia, it can be accomphshed.

WOUNDS.

I shall divide these into incised, lacerated, punctured, and contused, as these four kinds are most commonly met with in the dog.

Incised wounds are clean cut, like those produced in sur�gical operations, or from sharp-edge* substances.

Accidents and Operations.

351

Lacerated are those in. which the tissues are torn asunder.

Punctured, those produced by stabs or pricks.

Contused, by bruising or crushing.

To repair a wound, it is necessary that a process of what is termed quot; healing quot; should be gone through, and this process is accomplished in one of the following ways:

A.nbsp; First Intention ; i.e., immediate reunion of the parts, without the formation of new material.

B.nbsp; Adhesive Inflammation; or the exudation of lymph on both cut surfaces.

C.nbsp; Granulation ; or the formation of small masses of new flesh, over which a secretion of pus is continually poured.

D.nbsp; Scabbing or crusting; a covering formed by nature of dried exuded matter on the raw surface, as pus, blood, or lymph, mingled generally with dirt or dust.

The final result of either process is a scar or cicatrix, vary�ing in character and dimensions according to the method by which the wound is healed. In our hairy-coated patients, this is not of so much moment as it is on uncovered human skin.

Incised wounds are generally most amenable to treatment. In those recently inflicted it is always advisable, if possible (unless there are diseased deep-seated structures), to obtain union by the first intention. To effect this, after the wound has been cleansed and the liEemorrhage has ceased, the lips are brought into direct apposition (taking care no hairs get between), and so maintained by sutures or plaster; the latter will necessitate the shaving off the hair before it can be applied.

The animal must then be so secured that it cannot inter�fere with the part. For though the dog's tongue is un�doubtedly a great cleanser, it is neither a healer nor aid to apposition, and the sooner such an idea is exploded the better. Omit this precaution, and the surgeon's work will speedily be undone; the animal will persistently lick the wound, and keep it gaping open. It then heals by granulation, for it

\v I

552 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

cannot do so hy any other method. The result is a broad unsightly cicatrix, instead of the fine and, in time, almost imperceptible seam left from union in the first instance by direct apposition, with or without the first intention.

I say, with or without the first intention, because it is not unusual for a patient to be brought some four or five days after the wound has been closed, with the sutures out and the lips apart, and we are asked to reclose it. This I seldom do, finding in the treatment of wounds in the lower animals that if the lips can be kept in apposition for the first four or five days, they will, if they then break away, resume in the final healing process the position they were originally placed in, and each suture, mark will reveal the nicety or otherwise of adjustment.

The same remarks will apply to healing by adhesive in�flammation* which may be considered a kind of, if not realty, first intention.

The sutures commonly used are soft wire, pins, and silk. I prefer the latter for dogs, and if dipped in a weak solution of carbolic acid they maintain their position longer, and add to the healthiness of the wound.

Granulation and scabbing are, however, the most common methods of healing in veterinary practice. When the secre�tion of pus takes place, its character should be examined to ascertain if it is healthy�i.e., of a creamy consistency, yel�lowish-white, of a peculiar indescribable odour, not disagree�able or unhealthy, being ichorous or curdled, of a dirty colour, and foetid.

Suppurating wounds require to be cleansed with tepid water at least once daily. The following liniment occa�sionally injected will promote a healthy discharge:

Acid Carbolic ............ 15 minims.

01. Terebinth ............ 1 ounce.

01. Olivte.................. 6 ounces.

* It is to my mind doubtful if healing ever takes place without an exudation of lymph, at all events in the loSver animals.

#9632;**�

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;353

Where the granulations spring up too rapidly, forming what is termed quot; proud flesh,quot; the application of lunar caustic is necessary; but it should be borne in mind that a twofold effect follows its use, viz., a destruction of the present flesh, that which it comes in contact with, and a stimulus to growth of the future tissue. Sluggish wounds, therefore, that are occasionally treated with caustic, granulate much more rapidly than under any other treatment.

In healing by granulation, care should always be taken that the wound heals from the bottom, otherwise the confined pus will burrow, and deep-seated abscess or sinuses be the result. This is particularly to be observed in punctured wounds.

Lacerated wounds must of necessity heal by granulation. In the first instance, the wound should be cleansed from clots and any foreign matters. If there is excessive haemor�rhage, it will be necessary to secure the vessel, if possible, by ligature, or pack the wound with a portion of sponge or tow, saturated with some astringent�as solution of alum or tincture of iron.

This may be removed in twenty-four hours, and if no secondary hsemorrhage occurs, the stimulating liniment before advised may be injected, and the same treatment followed as is given in wounds healing by granulation.

When no skin is removed, the edges should be brought together with sutures, and so maintained as long as possible, taking care to leave a free passage for the discharge of pus. If the sutures are tied in bows, they can be readily un�fastened for the withdrawal of the packing and reclosed.

Lacerated wounds from bites should be freely cauterised.

Punctured wounds are generally very troublesome; they may be called deceptive wounds, for sometimes it is im�possible to tell to what extent they go, or what foreign matters may be left behind; thorns, for instance, or the rust off a spike or nail, may, from remaining unextracted, produce pyaemia and death. Such wounds, then, should always be

#9632;laquo;#9632;#9632;#9632;

***m

354 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

carefully exammed, and the probe i3 only a safe explorer in the hands of a professional man.

As the orifice is frequently exceedingly small, the hair around it should be cut off, so that it may not become matted and form an obstruction to the discharge of pus; this will also facilitate the daily examination and treatment of the wound. If the puncture be in the foot, and there is reason to suppose a thorn or rusty nail has produced it, a poultice is advisable, and the insertion occasionally of a little caustic. It should never be allowed to heal unless the attendant is satisfied it is sound at the bottom; otherwise, as before observed, deep-seated abscess and sinuses will result.

When the opening is small, pus has accumulated, and the swelling above extensive, it is better to enlarge the wound with a scalpel, or lance, and inject it with warm water.

Contused wounds are best treated by poulticing and fo�mentation ; if only slight. Nature herself will effect a cure.

Sloughing, more or less, may be expected if the wound is more than superficial. When the injury extends to the deeper-seated structures, and there is much extravasation of blood, scarifying and repeated fomentations are indicated. When the crushing has been so great that the textures under�neath the muscles and bloodvessels are ruptated, extensive sloughing is sure to follow. Healing in such a case takes place by granulation, and the reparation needed being gene�rally considerable, caustic applications are more frequently required, with daily cleansing, and the injection from time to time of the stimulating liniment.

In all classes of wounds a certain amount of inflammatory fever is produced. This is best counteraqted by light ape�rient medicine, plain unstimulating diet, and quietude.

mi n #9632;

SPRAINS.

Sprains, or undue strain of the muscular or ligamentous portion of the limbs, is of frequent occurrence in sporting

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;355

dogs, and the pain attendant upon such injury is generally exceedingly acute, and accompanied with swelling and con�siderable febrile disturbance.

Treatment.�This should consist, until the inflammatory symptoms have subsided, in warm fomentations to the injured part (in extreme cases leeches may be applied), aperient medicine, and perfect rest. Afterwards it may be necessary to apply a splint, or starch bandage, to support the part, which usually continues weak for some considerable time.

When thickening, with chronic inflammation, remains, cold water and the following lotion can be first tried:

Malt Vinegar ..................... 1 ounce.

Spt. Vini et Camph............. 2 ounces.

Aqua................................. 7 �

To be used after the cold water.

This failing, the tincture of iodine, one-half the ordinary strength, may be applied daily until soreness is induced, and when this has abated, again renewed.

B�ENS AND SCALDS. Dogs are occasionally, through accident or from malicious intent, burned or scalded. The consequences, though not usually so dangerous as in human beings, are nevertheless serious, as an amount of violent inflammatory fever follows either injury. I recollect a bull-terrier, belonging to a brewer, being fearfully scalded in the following manner. The animal had the same morning killed a rat in an empty mash-tub, and was afterwards chained up. On the arrival of his master he was as usual released, when he immediately sped to the scene of his morning's exploit, and leapt, in his excitement not seeing the danger, into the tub, which then contained boiling water. The poor brute was extricated as quickly as possible, but with every vestige of hair removed from his body, and totally blind; not a whimper, however, escaped Mm. It is needless to add that, on the score of humanity,

23�2

356 27ie Manayement and Diseases of the Dog.

his sufferings were terminated with prussic acid, though not without some difficulty, as his savage propensities still re�mained, even after such a fearful ordeal.

The treatment of either burns or scalds consists in keeping down, as much as possible, inflammatory action locally, and sympathetic fever. Air should be immediately excluded from the part, the latter first being dressed with linseed oil and lime-water�three ounces of the latter to six of the former shaken together�and then covered over with cotton-wool.

When sloughing commences, poultices and warm fomenta�tions are indicated. The bowels should be kept relaxed throughout, and perfect quietude with cleanliness observed. By the latter I mean no foreign matters beyond the dressing should be allowed to come in contact with the wound. Bits of hay and straw, or the animal's hair, act as irritants and do the animal considerable mischief. During the sloughing and granulating stage, tonics and nutritious food are requisite. When the wound assumes a sluggish and unhealthy character, the application of a stimulus to its surface is required.

Blemishes must be expected to follow either a burn or scald, but in long-haired dogs these are to a great extent covered.

#9632;-------------------------------------------------------------

UMBILICAL HEENIA.

This is not unfrequently met with in toy dogs. It may be congenital, or, what is more usually the case, result from expansion of the navel cicatrix. A conical tumour is observed immediately over the navel, and into which is protruded a portion of the omentum or intestine, or both. The position of four-legged animals favours the protrusion, and conse�quently its increase.

Treatment.�This is exceedingly simple, and invariably successful. As soon as the animal is weaned,* being placed on his back, a conical-shaped portion of cork, with a broad

* Any appliance before weaning, wouldcmost likely be remoTed by the mother's teeth.

11¹

t ii-;!

m�m

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;357

base, covered or not with calico or #9632;wash-leather, should be applied to the protrusion, and secured there with strips of pitch-plaster.

If the hernia is allowed to go on until puppyhood is past, more difficulty will be experienced in dealing with it, and the chances of success will be rendered less certain.

On the 25tli of June, 1877, a young pug dog, fourteen, weeks old, was brought for my advice regarding a navel enlargement, which I pronounced to be hernia, and most probably intestinal; but I could detect no communication between the protruded portion, whatever it was, and the in�testine within the abdomen, nor could any manipulation reduce it. Fasting made no difference in its appearance or feel, nor yet did a full meal. The enlargement was vary much constricted at its base, and gave one the idea of an empty portion of intestine or bladder inflated and tied firmly round. To ascertain its true nature before resorting to any operation for its removal (after fasting the animal),! explored it with a suture needle; but neither blood, serum, nor any other kind of fluid, nor yet did collapse, follow the puncture. The owner then acting on my advice, chloroform was administered to the patient, and an incision made through the skin with a lancet, for the purpose of removing the protrusion by ligature, should it prove to be omentum or obliterated intestine; or if both, and the latter was not obliterated, return it and close the aperture with suture.

It was found to be the former, and removed accordingly; a couple of stitches being inserted through the lips of the divided integument and the ends of the ligature left out.

Orders were given for the patient to be watched, so that he might not interfere with the part, and to be kept quiet. On the fifth day the ligature sloughed off, and at the end of another similar period the wound was whole.

On the 16th of the following month, July, I met the owner, and was informed that the dog was perfectly well, and that there was no mark or enlargement of any kind to be detected.

358 2%e Management and Diseases of the Dog.

CHOKINa.

Dogs very frequently get choked, especially ravenous feeders. A portion of bone or solid matter, too large, or from its sbape impossible to be passed down the oesophagus, be�comes fixed, it may be in the upper portion of the throat, the pharynx, or some distance down the tube.

Treatment.�If the obstruction is not deeply lodged, and can be seen or felt, au attempt should be made to extract it



	#9632; #9632;	i . :

Fig. 39. Theoat Pokceps.

with forceps. An ingenious instrument for this purpose is sold by Arnold and Sons, London. (See Fig. 39.)

When, however, the substance is too low for extraction, a whalebone probe, having a portion of sponge fastened on the end and dipped in oil, may be gently passed down to the ob�struction and then steadily pushed onwards. Before, how�ever, attempting this measure, it is advisable to manipulate externally with the fingers, as the substance may he of such a nature that external pressure may break it down and facilitate its onward passage. Pins, needles, and other sharp substances may be removed by moving the probe about, rotating it, and then withdrawing it.

Considerable irritation often ensues after choking, and when the lining membrane of the oesophagus has quot;been lacerated, a great degree of inflammatory action is sure to follow; to sub�due both, and act as local sedative, warm bread and milk and broths should for some days afterwards form the sole diet of the animal.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; lt;

M-A

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 359

CESOPHAGOTOMY.

This operation is sometimes necessary, when the means named in the previous section for relief in choking have failed. Mr. A. E. Macgillivray, V.S., Banff, records a case recently, in which cesophagotomy was performed by a medical gentleman :�quot; The animal heing properly and conveniently . secured on a table, was put under chloroform, and Dr. .T. 0. Hirschfeld operated. After making a pretty large cuticular incision, and cutting cautiously through the subjacent dermal muscle, the doctor dissected down between the sterno-maxil-lary and mastoido-humeral muscles of the left side, and thus on to the obstructed oesophagus behind the trachea; and here it may be remarked that this was the more easily accom�plished, owing to the absence in the dog of the omo or sub-scapulo-hyoidean muscle, which passes (partly crosswise) along the outside of the trachea. Having arrived at and laid bare the obstructed part of the gullet, a pretty free incision was made in the same, and with much difficulty the doctor extracted two of the coccygeal vertebrae of an ox ! One of these vertebras measured about two inches across the trans�verse processes, and nearly an inch and a half vertically ; the other was a little less in size.

quot; Dr. Hirschfeld closed up the wound in the oesophagus with continuous sutures of prepared catgut, and the external wound with interrupted sutures of horse-hair. The stitching of the gullet was an extremely difficult job, but was very successfully done.

quot; The dog was restricted to entirely fluid sustenance for several days, and the wound kept clean and dressed outside and inside with a weak solution of carbolic acid.

quot; A most satisfactory and complete recovery soon ensued, the animal being apparently not a whit the worse for the very serious operation.quot;*

#9632;* quot; Veterinary Jo nrral,quot; January, 1878.

360 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

Peuoh and Toussaiut (whose recent work I have at hand) have twice performed cesophagotomy on the dog, once with a successful issue.*

The operation has, so far, been a rare one, but with the results both in human and veterinary practice, hesitation, when life rests upon it, should no longer exist.

SORE FEET.

This is often a troublesome complaint with dogs. Those that travel long distances following carriages, or accompany�ing sportsmen, are frequently affected. The thick cuticle covering the sole or pad of the foot becomes worn down, the deeper-seated structures are in consequence bruised, and the foot becomes swollen, hot, and painful.

Treatment.�This consists in warm fomentations and poultices�bran, or bran and bread scalded together, are the best agents for the latter ; linseed is too dnming. Where the inflammatory action is excessive and the pain extreme, the surface may be pricked in two or three places, and leeches applied.

If suppuration takes place, the matter should be evacuated by lancing, and subsequently treated as for abscess.

Aperient medicine is advisable, with rest. To prevent the animal tearing off the poultice, a wire muzzle should be worn. The return to exercise should be gradual, and take placs on soft ground.

Hi!

OVEE-GEOWTH OF CLAWS. The claws occasionally (especially in dogs which have but little walking exercise) become considerably elongated, and, curving underneath, sometimes penetrate the pad of the foot,, causing intense pain and inflammation.

t Peuch et Toussaiut; quot; Precis de Chirurgie YiUrinaiie.quot;

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;361

Treatment.�This consists in shortening the claw -with sharp-cutting nippers, and poulticing the foot if injured. It is not advisable to reduce the claws too much at first, but to-repeat the operation in a fortnight's time. The prevention of a recurrence of such an abnormal condition, is in allowing the animal a sufficient amount of liberty and exercise so as to produce the wear necessary for their proper length and shape.

REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS.

The dew-claws or supplementary toes grow above the foot, on the inside of the leg, and are apparently of but little use. But as Youatt expresses it: quot; They are simply illustra�tions of the uniformity of structure which prevails in all animals, so far as is consistent with their destiny.quot; Their presence, however, especially in sporting dogs, is generally considered an eyesore, and they are therefore usually removed. Por my part, I never in any of my own dogs interfere with them.

If they are to be removed, it should always be done when the animal is very young; their excision then being easily ac�complished with a sharp pair of scissors, first dividing the skin, and the dew-claw being drawn to one side before it is detached, in order that the skin may afterwards cover the wound.

CROPPING.

Youatt observes, quot; This is an infliction of too much torture for the gratification of a nonsensical fancy; and, after all, in the opinion of many, and of those too who are fondest of dogs, the animal looks far better in his natural state than when we have exercised all our cruel art upon him.quot;

Elaine, on this subject, wisely remarks, quot; Nature gave nothing in vain; some parts being intended for use, and some for beauty. That must, therefore, be a false taste

I';

862 The Management and Diseases of tlie Dog.

which has taught us to prefer a curtailed shape to a perfect, without gaining any convenience by the operation.quot;

Fashion however unfortunately, in this as with many other matters relating to the lower animals, steps in and counte�nances what is to all intents and purposes an act of wanton, cruelty, and until she is overruled we can only rely on those, and I trust there are yet among us many such, who prefer Nature to a piece of silver gained through creating an imper�fection in her work, to gratify the taste of a whimsical or fashionable judge.

It does not appear to have entered into the minds of these wiseacres, that one great function of the external ear is the protection of the more delicately arranged internal structure. Have they ever observed a long-eared dog enter a rabbit-hole ? Does he scramble through the sand with his ears full cook ? A negative answer should suffice.

Again, the ears are full of expression. Alarm, excite�ment, joy, watchfulness, are each denoted by their different attitudes; remove them, and the beauty of the countenance is lost.

I shall not take up space in this book, which is devoted to worthier, and I trust more interesting subjects, in describing the manner and time of operating. If any of my readers are desirous of obtaining such information, I refer them to those works wherein it is mentioned.

¹ igt;

EOHNDING. This may be termed cropping in another form, and unless laquo;absolutely necessary, as in the extension of cartilaginous disease in canker, it is equally to be condemned with the former. That it is a prevention of canker is purely imaginary. Such an idea is on a par with cutting off a leg to prevent its being broken. True, the part that is removed cannot become diseased, but what is left can, and is very likely to, after such laquo;nwise measures. And then, as JMayhew has it, quot; the

If ill¹

''�#9632;;

Mri�^

Accidents and Operations.

363

�wretched beast is rounded a second time,quot; and so on until lie has little or no ear left. The operation is generally per�formed with a rounding iron.

TAILIKG.

This also is a dictate of fashion; shortening this appendage is not necessarily a cruel operation. It should always be performed, when intended, a few days after birth, while the parts are tender, easily and instantaneously removed, and with but little hasmorrhage or subsequent disturbance to the ani�mal. Drawing the tendons is not requisite except when a fine or tapering tail is required, and then it decidedly has that �effect. For dividing the tail and then drawing it, a pair �of the ordinary flat-nosed sharp-edged pincers are best adapted, and avoids the otherwise filthy habit of biting the required length off.

The operation, however, is not a humane one, and is there�fore unworthy of further notice in these pages.

WOEMING.

This absurd and cruel practice is, I am thankful to say, not frequently, as compared with the past, adopted.

This so-called quot; worming quot; consists in removing one of the cords or tendons of the frcenum, which when removed and released from tension is in its movements said to resemble a dying worm. Ignorant people are thus imposed upon by pretenders of equal ignorance, and with which barbarity is mingled.

Two prevalent ideas regarding the operation are that it is a preventive of rabies and mischievous disposition, both of which are equally absurd and, I need scarcely add, erro�neous.

364 The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

11* i

CASTEATIONquot;.

Castration is now rarely performed on the dog, except for certain conditions of the testicles -which render their removal necessary. Emasculated dogs have a great tendency to be�come obese, idle, and so far as sports are concerned, com�paratively useless. In all animals, a loss of energy, physical strength, and aouteness of the senses, generally result from castration.

It has been argued that animals, particularly dogs, in this state are more affectionate and faithful�the last result, so far as nature is concerned, that could be expected to follow such an operation. Slaves they may be. Disinclination to fraternise with their own species, and more especially those of the opposite sex, is a natural consequence of emasculation,, and therefore the supposed home affection and faithfulness are but the result of their unenviable state.

The operation, which should be performed under chloroform, is a simple one. An incision is made through the scrotum on either side of the median line. The testicle being pro�truded, a thread or silk ligature is placed round the spermatic cord about an inch above the testicle, and the latter is then removed a little below the ligature with a scalpel or sharp scissors. Other methods are adopted, as torsion, scraping, or the hot iron. An aperient, and warm fomentations, are generally all that is necessary in the after treatment.

.1 I

#9632;quot;

* if

SPAYING.

Spaying, or removal of the ovaries of the bitch, is now almost unheard of, and I trust the time is not far distant when it will be discontinued in other animals. The opera�tion is both inhuman and useless. I am thankful to say I have never seen it performed in canine practice, and will therefore quote from another authority. Youatt observes:

Accidents and, Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;365

quot; In performing this operation, an opening is made into the flank on one side, and the finger introduced; one of the ovaries is laid hold of and drawn a little out of the belly, a ligature is then applied round it, just above the bifurcation of the womb, and it is out through, the end of the ligature being left hang�ing out of the wound. The other ovary is then felt for and drawn out, and excised and secured by a ligature. The wound is then sewed up, and a bandage is placed over the' incision. Some farriers do not apply any ligature, but simply sew up the wound, and in the majority of oases the edges adhere, and no harm comes of the operation, except that the general character of the animal is essentially changed. She accumulates a vast quantity of fat, becomes listless and idle; and is almost invariably short-lived.

The female dog, therefore, should always be allowed to breed. Breeding is a necessary process, and the female prevented from it is sure to be affected with disease sooner or later; enormous collections and indurations will form, that will inevitably terminate in scirrhus or ulceration.quot;*

VACCINATIONquot;.

Vaccination is very largely adopted for the prevention of #9632;distemper, and, so far as its beneficial effects are concerned, it might just as well be practised for the same purpose with regard to other canine diseases. Between distemper and small-pox (variola) there is not the slightest analogy. How�ever, the operation is a harmless one, and as the latter disease does occasionally attack the dog, it may be attended with good results.

The usual places selected for vaccination are the back of the neck, the inside of the forearms, and the ears. In the latter, care should be taken that disease of the cartilage is not #9632;occasioned.

* Youatt: quot; The Dog,quot; p. 225.

366 The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

CHLOROFORM.

Little need be said liere on the well-known value of cliloro-form in surgical operations on the lower animals. In veteri--nary practice it is now, I am thankful to say, extensively rised. In the dog it is of especial value; indeed, an operation of any consequence on the larger breeds, and those of a savage disposition, could not be performed with any degree of com�fort or safety without the employment of an anaesthetic. Of course, there are circumstances in which its administratioa would be attended with risk�as in some diseases of the res�piratory organs and the heart. I have only witnessed one-fatal result, and that occurred in removing a mammary cancer from an old and inordinately fat spaniel bitch. She had received every preparation, medicinal and otherwise; the cancer was removed in a few minutes under chloroform, and she immediately afterwards ceased to breathe. A post-mortem examination revealed hypertrophy of the heart, with exten�sive valvular disease, and thus death was readily accounted for..

On the score of humanity, however, chloroform chiefly demands our attention; and with the knowledge that we are not inflicting pain is gained strength of nerve, confidence in ourselves, and, probably, a more successful issue to our patient.

When, then, we have such a powerful instrument at hand,, easy of application, and, with care, harmless in its results, there surely can be no excuse for wanton torture. Indeed, to the right-minded man, the unavoidable infliction of pain must ever be a source of regret. Away with the theory that dumb #9632; animals are devoid of imagination, which, it has been ob--served, adds so much to the torment of human pangs. They are not only imaginative, but their imagination is acutely sensitive, and in the dog and the horse this is particularly the case.

Rather, therefore, than we should^ sireicA our imagination'

ll ill;

i #9632;I¹

a: '#9632;

Accidents and Operations.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 367

with so unreasonable a theory, let us use the means placed within our reach to allay suffering, and to afford to those animals which are the firm, faithful friends and companions of man, the hest and most humane treatment we are capable of bestowing. So that, as recently remarked by a noble member of my profession, quot; we may be a blessing to that lower portion of G-od's creation for which we are so deeply responsible.quot; quot;We must ever remember that the most sacred quot; duty of the Veterinary Surgeon is to prevent or alleviate pain and distress in animals; and we must also recollect that in addition to their companionship, they possess�

quot; Many a good And useful quality, and virtue too� Attaclizueut never to be quot;weaned or changed By any change of fortune ; proof alike Against nnkiudness, alisence, and neglect; Fidelity that neither bribe nor threat Can move or warp ; and gratitude for small And trivial favours, lasting as the life, And glistening even in the dying eye.quot;

f '

INDEX.

'i-i


Abscess.....271	Anasarca	. 302
nature of ... 271	Anaemia	. 308
descriptions of . . 271	causes of .	308, 309
causes of . . . . 271	symptoms of .	. 309
structures especially liable	cases of (by D'Arbor)	. 309
to .... 271	post-mortem examinations 310
symptoms of . . . 272	treatment of .	310, 311
treatment of . . . 272	Ani, prolapsus	. 82
Abscess (chronic) . . . 272	symptoms of .	. 82
animals usually seen in . 273	treatment of .	82, 83
character of . . . 273	Ano, fistula in	. 83
treatment of . . . 273	causes of .	. 83
Abscess (internal) . . . 273	symptoms of .	. 83
symptoms of . . . 273	treatment of .	83,84
Acaras of itch disease . 193,196	Apoplexy	. 256
Accidents and operations . 339	predisposing causes .	. 256
Administration of medicine . 10	exciting causes	. 256
Age, indications of the . 44, 45	symptoms of .	. 256
Air-passages, internal parasites	treatment of .	. 256
in the .... 32	Apoplexy, parturient	. 161
pentastomum teenioides . 32	case of . . .	. 161
situation of . . .32	pathology of .	. 161
first discovered in the	causes of	. 161
frontal sinuses of the	symptoms of .	. 161
horse and dog by	treatment of .	161, 162
Chobart . . .32	Appetite	. 3
experiments -with . . 33	Ascites (active)	. 303
nature and character of	causes of .	. 303
the parasite . . .33	pathology of . 303,	304, 305
mode of invasion . . 33	Ascites (passive)	. 305
symptoms produced by	dogs commonly seen	in . 305
the worm . . 33,34	causes of .	. 305
treatment . . .34	how differing from active 305
Amaurosis .... 177	symptoms . 305	306, 307
nature of . . . . 177	treatment of .	307, 308
causes of . . . . 177	Asthma (congestive)	. 34
symptoms of . . . 178	character of dog chiefly
treatment of . . . 178	, affected	. 34

i r

Index.

3�9

PAGE

FAQB 18, 19

.nbsp; nbsp; 19

.nbsp; nbsp; 20

.nbsp; nbsp; 21

Asthma, predisposing causes of 34

Bronchitis, treatment of Bronchitis (chronic) symptoms of . treatment of Bronchitis, verminous symptoms of

exciting causes of .

symptoms of .

treatment of Asthma (spasmodic)

predisposing causes of

exciting causes of

symptoms of .

treatment of Balanitis

causes of .

symptoms of .

34 34 34,35 . 35 . 35 . 35 . 35 . 35 . 125 . 125 . 125

pathology of eight cases, autopsies of 22,28 Strongylus canis bron-

chialis . . . .28 illustrations of, male and

female . . . .28 general and specific cha�racters of . . 28,29 differs from the parasitic bronchitis of other do�

treatment of

125,

126

Beer, use of, medicinally Biliary calculi Bladder, paralysis of the

causes of

treatment of . .Bladder, inflammation of thBlain.....

S 102 123 123 123, 124 109 50

mestic animals origin of the disease duration of . .mode of invasion age at which it is mprevalent quot; reason of its fatalityyouth ...Bronchocele ...causes of . symptoms of . treatment of Brusliing

29 29 30

. 277 . 277 . 277 277, 278 . S

seasons most frequently

seen innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ..

symptoms of . .

treatment of . .Bones, value of . .Bowels, diseases of the .

inflammation of the Brain, compression of the

causes of

symptoms of .

treatment of Brain, concussion of the

causes of

symptoms of ,

treatment of

. 51 . 51 . 4 . 67 . 75 . 262

262, 2B3 . 363 . 263 . 261 . 261

261, 262 262

benefit derived from . 9

Burns and scalds . . . 365

treatment of . . . 356

O.esarean section . . 155�160

Calculi, biliary . . . 102

symptoms of . . . 103

treatment of . . . 103

Calculi, cysticnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . .114

congestion and distension

of the bladder resulting

from . . . 116�118

urine, retention of, result-

Brain, inflammation of

the

membranes of the Breedingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ....

265 139

necessity of properly mat�ing in . . . . 139

mental impression, the in�fluence of, on the off�spring . . . 139,140

re-conception . . . 140

close relationship, objec�tionable . . . 141

age for breeding . . 141

number of visits necessary for conception . . 141

symptomsof pregnancy 141,142

period of pregnancynbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 143

Bronchitis (acute) . . .17

causes of . . . .17

symptoms of . . 17, 18

_w from

Calculi, gastric treatment of

Calculi, renal . symptoms of treatment of

Calculi, uretliral symptoms of treatment of

Cancer (so called) nature of causes of symptoms of

121 . 65 . 65 . 107

107, 108 . 109

106, 121

106, 121 . 122 . 172 . 172 . 172

172, 173

f. !

370

Index.

(1;

PAGE I

Cancer, treatment of . 173,174

Canker of tlie ear (external) . 183

description of dog affected 183

causes of . . . .183

symptoms of . . 183,184

treatment of . . .184

('anker (internal) . . . 184

causes of . . . .185

symptoms of . . . 185

treatment of . . 185, 186

ditto, by Coculet . 186,187

Canker of the mouth . . 49

causes of . . . .49

symptoms of . . .49

treatment of . . .49

Castration .... 364

when necessary . . 364

efiects of . _ . . .364

ideas concerning . . 364

methods of . . . 364

Cataract.....177

descriptions ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . 177

causes . . . .177 symptoms of . . .177 treatment of . . .177

Catarrh.....13

symptoms of . . .13 treatment of . . 13, 14 Catarrh, gastric . . .60 causes of . . . 60, 61 symptoms of . . . 60 treatment of . . 60, 61 Chest-founder (see quot; Rheu�matismquot;) . . . 314,315 Chest, dropsy of . . 36, 38

Choking.....358

causes of . . . . 358 treatment of . . . 358

Chorea.....257

causes of . . . . 257

symptoms of . . . 257

treatment of . . 258, 259

Chloroform .... 366

Colic, liability of puppies to .

treatment of . . . Combingnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

Constipation ....

natural tendency to, in the dog ....

causes of .

symptoms of . . 6',

treatment of . .

diet in . . . .

daily exercise, necessity of, in . Consumption ....

predisposing causes of

exciting causes of .

symptoms of . . 41

treatment of .

in relation to breeding Cornea, hairy tumours on the

cases of . . . 181,

treatment of . .181, Cramp

causes of .

symptoms of

treatment of Crooked limbs

causes of . Cropping.

why adopted .

67 67 �,68 63 68

,42

181

182

332

318

361

362

114

109

#9632;112

113

I' m

why undesirable

301

Cystic calculi . Cystitis (acute)

causes of .

109-112,

symptoms of .

treatment of

diet in Cystitis (chronic) .

causes of .

symptoms of .

treatment of .

113,

114

Deafness

causes of .

treatment of .

191

value of .

. 366 . 366 . 360 . 360 . 361 . 14 . 73 . 73 73,74 . 74

44.

Dentition Dew-claws, removal of

how removed . Diarrhoea

liability of puppies to

causes of .

treatment of .

jiiet in Digestive powers of the dog Diphtheria

-47

361

i, 69

278

arguments in favour

Claws, over-growth of .

causes of .

treatment of .

Cold ....

Colic ....

causes of .

symptoms of .

treatment of

Index.

371

PAGE I

DipMheria,classof dogaffected 278 symptoms of . 279, 280, 281 post - mortem examina�tions . . . 280, 281 preventive measures 281, 282 outbreak of, in Tasmania . 283 transmission from man to

dog ... . 283 cases of . . . 283, 286 post - mortem examina�tions . . 284, 286, 287 experimental inoculation . 285 histological examina�tion . . . 287,288 conclusions drawn from 288 289

Distemper, vesicular eruption


in		. 298
symptoms of .		. 298
what owing to .		. 299
treatment of		. 299
associated with chorea and
paralysis		. 299
treatment of .		299, 300
preventive measures for
distemper		. 300
vaccination, uselessness
of in . . .		300, 301
Distemper and human		ty-
phoid fever, no idi		ntity
between		301, 302
Draughts, how to administer . 11
Dropsy .		. 302
usual forms of .		. 302
Dysentery		. 69
nature of		. 70
causes of		. 70
symptoms of .		. 70
treatment of .		. 70
diet in		. 70
Dyspepsia		. 57
Eak, diseases of the		. 183
Ear, polypus in the		. 187
character of		. 187
causes of .		. 187
symptoms of .		. 188
ditto (Mercer) . 18�		, 189, 190
treatment of .		. 191
Ear, serous abscess of the		. 187
causes of		. 187
symptoms of .		. 187
treatment of .		. 187
Ears, scurfy .		. 192
causes of .		. 192
treatment of .		. 192
Eclampsia, parturient		. 102
cases of (Mauri)		162, 106
ditto (Laffitte)		164, 165
Eczema		. 200
nature of .		200, 201
causes of .		. 201
treatment of		201, 202
Eczema (chronic)		. 202
treatment of		202, 203
Eczema, mercuriale		. 203
symptoms of		. 203
Enteritis.		. 75
tissues involved in .		. 75
causes of .		. 75
	24-	2

Diseases, general Dislocations .

usual situations

predisposing causes

exciting causes

symptoms of .

treatment of

of the shoulder

of the elbow .

of the knee

of the hip

of the patella .

of the hock

of the toes Distemper

nature of .

. 271 . 348 . 348 . 348 . 348 . 348 . 349 . 349 . 349 . 349 . 349 349, 350 . 350 . 350 289 290

class of animal most fre-

290 290 290

quent in . . .

not a necessary disease

complications of

causes ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . 290, 291

incubation period of . 291

symptoms of . . 291, 292

treatment of . 292, 293, 294

associated with bronchitis and pneumonia . . 294

symptoms of . . . 294

treatment of . . 294, 295

necessity of ventilation . 295

associated withjaundice 295,296

symptoms of . . . 296

treatment of . . . 296

associated with diarrhoea .296

symptoms of

296

associated with diarrhcca, treatment of

associated with fits

297 297

treatment of

297, 298

Ill

372

Index.

. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; PAGE

Enteritis, symptoms of . .75 how distinguished from other affections, espe-

PAQB

Flatulency, treatment of . . 58

Fleas.....209

treatment for . . . 209

ditto (Gamgee) . . 209

protective measures. . 209

Foreign bodies in the stomach 6

Founder (chest) . . 314,315

Fractures .... 339

descriptions of . . 339, 340

bones most liable to . 340

causes of . . . . 340

treatment of . . . 340

of long bones . . 340, 341

of the scapula . . 341, 342

of the pelvis . . . 343

of the ribs . . . 343

of the cranium. . 343, 344

of the vertebriB . . 345

false joint . . . 345

treatment of . . . 346

re-fracture . . 346,347

compound fracture . . 347

fracture with luxation . 347

Gastric calculi . . .05

Gastritis (acute) . . .62

terminations of #9632; . 62

causes of . . . .62

symptoms of . . .62

post-mortemappearances 62,63

treatment of . . 63,64

Gastritis (chronic) . . .64

causes of . . . .64

symptoms of . . .64

treatment of . . .64

Gastro-enteritis . . .78

causes of . . . .78

symptoms of . . .78

treatment of . . .78

Gastro-hysterotomy . 155�160

General diseases . . . 271

General management . 1�12

Generative organs, diseases of

the .... 125 functions of the . . 138

Glanders.....322

cases of (Fleming) 322,323,324

Glossitis.....50

causes of . , . .50 symptoms of . . .50 treatment of . . .50 GIossv coat, means of obtain�ing .....8

Grooming . . . . 7,8

cially colic general symptoms of terminations of how denoted . treatment of diet in

75,76 . 76 . 76

76,77

77,78

Entozoa .

treatment for .

211�229 213, 214, 213, 226, 227 263

Epilepsy .

confounded with rabies 253,254 susceptible periods for . 254 predisposing causes of . 254 exciting causes of . . 254 symptoms of . . 254, 255 associated with distemper 255

treatment of Erythema

symptoms of

treatment of Exercise ....

necessity of

means of taking Eye, diseases of the

extirpation of the .

when necessary

how performed

subsequent treatment Eye-ball, protrusion of the

causes of .

treatment of False-Joint . Fatness, excessive .

265, 256 . 203 . 203 203, 204 6 . 5,6 . 6 . 175 . 180 . 180 . 180 180 179 180 180 345 312

Fatty degeneration, liver

heart .... 332

ovaries . . . 136, 137 Fatty substances, influence of,

as food.... 100,101 Feeding, time of

gt;

I ^; : il'l

system of .

health in relation to Feet, sore

causes of .

symptoms of .

tieatment of Food . . . ,

quantity of Food, kind of . Fistula in ano Flatulency

360

3,4

Index.

373

Cirooming, benefit derived from 8

JELematubia .... 106

causes of . . . . 106

symptoms of . . 106,107

treatment of . . .107

Haw, enlargement of the . 179

causes of . . . .179

symptoms of . . .179

treatment of . . . 179

Heart, diseases of the . . 332

Heart, fatty degeneration of

the ... . 332 pathological anatomy . 333 causes of . . . 333, 334 symptoms of . . . 334 Heart, valvular disease of the 334 symptoms of . . . 334 post-mortem appearances

of . . . . i 334

treatment of . . 334, 335

case of, associated with

rheumatic chorea . 335, 336

Heart, rupture of the . . 336

symptoms of . . 336, 337

post-mortem examination 337

cause of . . . . 337

why remarkable . . 338

Hepatitis (acute) . . .85

predisposing causes of . 85

exciting causes of . .85

symptoms of . . .85

terminations of . . 86

treatment of . . .86

Il.patitis (chronic). . .86

causes of . . . .86

symptoms of . . .86

treatment of . . 86,87

terminations of . . 87

Hernia (umbilical) . . . 356

causes ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... 356

symptoms of . . . 356

treatment of . . 356, 357

Husk.....60

Hydrargyria .... 203

Hydrocephalus . . . 263

causes of . . . 263, 264

symptoms of . . . 264

treatment of . . . 264

Hydrophobia (so called) . . 230

Hydrothoraxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . 36,38

tapping in . . . 38

Ictbeusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.... 87

Indigestion .... 57


	Indigestion, causes of		PAUK . 57
	symptoms of .		. 57
	treatment of .		. 57,58
	diet		. 58
	Inflammation of bladder		. 109
	bowels		. 75
	brain		. 265
	bronchial tubes		. 17
	claws		. 360
	ear		. 183
	eye		. 175
	feet		. 360
	kidney		. 105
	larynx		. 16
	liver		. 85
	lungs		. 39
	mammary gland		. 170
	peritoneum		. 78
	pharynx		. 52
	pleura		. 35
	prepuce		. 125
	spleen		. 103
	stomach		. 62
	tongue		. 50
	uterus		. 130
	Influenza		. 14
	causes of		. 14
	symptoms of .		. 15
	treatment of .		. 15
	Internal parasites .		. 211
	Intestines, worms in the		. 72
	symptoms of .		72,73
	Intus-susception		. 71
	character of		. 71
	intestines involved		. 71
	termination of		. 71
	cases of .		. 71
	autopsies		. 71
	symptoms of .		. 72
	treatment of .		. 72
	Inversion of the stomach		. 64
	Iritis . . . .		. 178
	causes of .		. 178
	symptoms of .		178,179
	treatment of .		. 179
	Itch . . . .		. 193
	Jaundice		. 87
	causes of .		87,88
	symptoms of .		. 88
	terminations of		. 88
	associated with pregr		ancy 88
	treatment of .		. 89
	diet in		. 89

374

Index.

PAGE I

Jaundice, Weber, M.,liispaper

on Jaundice . . 90�96 Trasbot, ditto, translated by Fleming . . 96�98 Keknel arrangement . 8, 9, 10 construction ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 9,10

cleansing of . . .9 Kennel-lameness (see quot; Rheu�matism quot;) . . #9632; 314,315 Kidney, inflammation of the . 105 Lacteal Tumours. . . 171 Laryngitis, acute . . .16 predisposing causes of . 16 exciting causes of . .16 symptoms of . . .16 treatment of . . 16, 17 Laryngitis, chronic. . .17 symptoms of . . .17 treatment of . . .17 Larynx, iufiammation of the . 16 Legs, crooked. . . .318 causes of . . . - 318 Leukaemia .... 308 nature of . . . .308 diseases associated with . 308 case recorded (Innorenza) 308

Lice.....210

how hatched . . . 210

treatment for . . . 210

Lips, warts on the . . . 208

Liver, diseases of the . . 85

Liver, fatty degeneration of

the . . . .99 symptoms of . . .99 treatment of . . . 99 post - mortem examina -tion . . .99, 100 Liver, inflammation of the Liver and spleen, diseases of

the.....85

cancerous deposit in the 101

post-mortemexaminations 102

Lungs, inflammation of the . 39

Lumbago (see quot;Eheumatismquot;) 314

Mammaky gland, diseases of

FAQK

Mammitis, treatment of . . 171

Management, general . . 1

Mange (follicular) . . .198

cause of . . . . 193

symptoms of . . 197, 198

treatment of . 198, 199, 200

Mange (sarcoptic) . . . 193

diseases analogous to . 193

cause of . . . . 193

symptoms of . . 193, 194

treatment of . 194,195,196

Marasmus . . . .311

causes of . . . . 811

symptoms of . . .311

treatment of . . .311

Measles.....329

case of ... . 329

symptoms of . . . 329

Measles, parasitic . . 228, 229

symptoms of . _ . 228, 229

Medicine, administration of . 10

methods of . . .11

Melanosis .... 278

Meningitis .... 265

disease usually associated

with . . . .265 symptoms of . . 265, 266 treatment of . . . 266 case of (Leblanc) . . 266 symptoms of . . 266, 267 post-mortem examination 267 case of (Gowing) . . 267 symptoms of . . . 268 treatment of . . . 268 post-mortem examination 269

Metritis.....130

Milk fever . . . .161 Mouth, canker of the . . 49 diseases of the . . .44 Mouth and Tongue, diseases

of the.....44

Nephritis .... 105

causes of . . . . 105

symptoms of . . . 105

treatment of . . 105, 106

Nervous system, diseases of the 230

Neuralgia .... 269

symptoms of . . . 269

treatment of . . . 270

Nose, polypus in the . . 42

Nursing.....11

good, necessity of in sick�ness .... 11

the Mammitis (acute) .

causes of .

symptoms of .

treatment of Mammitis (chronic)

causes of .

symptoms of .

170 . 170 . 170 . 170 170,171 . 171 . 171 . 171

Index.

375


		PAGE		PAOB
Nursing, inmedicaltreatment IT, 12 I			Parasites, Filaria trispinulosa.	217
UBBSiTr		312	Haematozoon subaltum .	217
causes of .		312	Holostoma alatum .	212
treatment of .	312,	313	Maw worms . .	226
Obstruction of the bowels		71	Pentastoma ttemoidos	225
CEsophagotomy		350	Spiroptera sanguinolenta.	216
how performed		360	Strongylus canis bron-
after treatment		359	ehialis	28
(Estrum ....		138	Tasnia coonurus 218, 219	220
time of appearance .		138	Ta3nia cucumerina .	218
signs of . . .		138	Ta�nia echinococcus . 221	225
treatment during		139	Tasnia margiuata	221
Operations		339	Tsenia serrata	225
Ophthalmia		175	Trichina spiralis	216
causes of .		175	Tricocephalus depressius-
symptoms of .	175	176	culus . . . .	216
treatment of		176	Trichosoma plica	216
Ophthalmia, chronic, or	con-		Parturient apoplexy	161
stitutional		176	Parturition . . . .	142
symptoms of .		176	symptoms of approach-
treatment of .	176	177	ing labour .	143
Ovaries, fatty degeneratio	1 of		assistance, when needed 143,144
the ... .	13C,	137	warm bath, value of	144
Overgrowth of claws		360	uterine stimulants .	145
OztEiia ....		42	management alter parturi-
causes of .		43	tion . . .	145
symptoms of .		43	Parturition, diseases immedi-
treatment of		43	ately connected with .	161
Paralysis		259	Parturition, unnatural .	145
causes of .		259	means used to deliver
diseases connected			in . . . . 145-	-155
with	259	260	Penis, warts on the .	126
symptoms of		260	causes of . . .	126
treatment of	260	261	treatment of . . .	126
of the bladder .		123	Peritonitis (acute) . . , .	78
of the tongue .		51	cause of . . .	78
Parasites (external).		193	symptoms of . . 78,79
Parasites (internal) .		211	post-mortem appearances	79
Ascaris margiuata 212	213	,214	treatment of . . 79, 80
Bothriocephalus latus		225	_ terminations cif	80
B. cordatus		225	Peritonitis (chronic)	80
B. dubius .		225	symptoms of .	80
B. fuscus .		325	chronic, post-mortem ap-
B. retioulatus .		225	pearances	80
Cysticercus cellulosus 228,			treatment of	80
	229	, 230	Pharyngitis	52
Cysticercus tenuicollis		221	causes of .	52
Distoma coniunctum		212	symptoms of . .	52
Dochmius trigonocephalus		216	terminations of	53
Estrongylus gigas		216	treatment of . _	53
Filaria hsem atica		217	Pharyngitis, abscess in .	53
Filaria hepatica		217	treatment of . .	53
Filaria, immitis		215	Pharyngitis stricture in .	53

' i^

376

Index.

Pharyngitis, treatment of

stricture in . . .53 Pharynx, inflammation of . 52

Piles.....80

nature of . . . 80,81 causes of . . . .81 symptoms of . . .81 treatment of . . 81, 82 Pills, how to administer . . 10

Plethora.....311

dogs most liable to . . 311

associated with fits . .312

symptoms of . . . 312

treatment of . . . 312

Pleurisy (acute) . . .35

predisposing causes of . 36

exciting causes of . .36

symptoms of . . .36

terminations of . . 36

post-mortem examination 37

treatment of . . .37

ventilation,necessity of, in 37

Pleurisy (chronic) . . .38

symptoms of . . .38

treatment of . . 38,39

Pleuro-pneumonia . . .35

Pneumonia . . . .39

predisposing causes of . 29

exciting causes of . .39

symptoms of . . 39, 40

treatment of . . .41

regenerative process in . 41

Polypus, auraP. . . . 187

nasal . . . .42

vaginal . . . .130

Prolapsus ani . . . .82

Puppies, feeding ofnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . 5

Eabies.....230

etymology of . . 230, 231 nature of . . . . 231 causes of . . 231,232,233 incubation, period of 234,235, 236 duration of . . 236,237 symptoms of (furious) 237-242 ditto (dumb) . . .242 maternal affection in . 242 post-mortem appearances

innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ... 243�249

innocuousness of the milk

innbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. . 249, 250, 251

treatment of . . 251, 252 preventive measures 251, 252

Eabies, diagnosis, ignorance


	111 .... Rachitis ....	. 316
	Eemoval of dew-claws .	. 361
	Eenal calculi .	. 107
	Eespiratory organs, diseases
	of the	. 13
	Eetention of urine .	. 121
	Eheumatism (acute)	. 313
	descriptions of .	. 313
	causes of .	. 313
	forms of .	. 313
	symptoms of .	314, 315
	treatment of .	315, 316
	Eheumatism (chronic) .	. 316
	symptoms of .	. 316
	treatment of .	. 316
	Eibs, fracture of	. 343
	Eickets ....	. 316
	causes of .	. 316
	symptoms of .	316, 317
	treatment of .	318, 319
	Eingworm	. 204
	vegetable parasite due to 204
	causes of .	. 204
	symptoms of .	. 204
	incubation, period of	. 204
	treatment of	204, 205
	Eingworm (Honeycomb)	. 205
	vegetable parasite du	e to 205

causes of . . . . 205 symptoms of . 205, 206, 207 treatment of . . 207, 208

Eounding .... 362 when necessary . . 362 how performed . . 363

Eye, ergot of, use in parturi�tion .....145

Salivation . . . .63 causes of . . . .53 symptoms of . . .54 treatment of . . 54,55, 56

Sarcoptes canis . . .194

Scalds.....355

treatment of . . . 356

Scapula, fracture of . . 341

Scrofula.....319

causes of . . . . 319 symptoms of . . 319, 320 treatment of . . . 320 case of (Gowing) . 320, 321 post-mortem . . 321,322

Scrotal irritation . . . 126

Index.

377


Scrotal irritation, causes	of	PAOE 126	1 St. Vitus's dance		MO . 2B7
symptoms of	126	,127	Swelling of the ears		. 187
treatment of		127	Tailing . .		. 363
Scurfy ears		192	age when done		. 363
Septiksemia puerperalis		166	method of		. 363
causes of .		166	Tape-worm		- 217
symptoms of .		167	Tapping the chest .		. 38
post-mortem examination		167	Tartar, on the teeth		. 48
treatment of .16quot;	, 168	, 169	prejudicial to health		. 48
Shoulder-ioint, dislocation			treatment of		48, .49
of .		349	Teeth, decayed		. 48
Skin, diseases of the		193	cause of disease		. 48
Skull, fracture of .		343	I associated with feeding . 48
Small-pox		324	extraction of		. 48
symptoms of .	324-	-328	haemorrhage from		. 48
sanitary measures .	328	,329	treatment of		. 48
curative measures .		329	Testicles, enlarged .		. 127
Sore feet		360	symptoms of .		. 127
Spayins		364	causes of		127, 128
inhumanity and useless-			treatment of		. 128
ness of .	364	36f.	Tetanus		. 329
methods of		365	nature of .		. 330
reasons why not	indi-		causes of .		. 330
cated		365	symptoms of .		. 330
results		365	cause of death .		330, 331
Spirits, use of, medicinally		5	post-mortem appearances 331
Spleen, diseases of the .		85	treatment of .		331, 332
inflammation of the		103	diet in . . .		. 332
Splenitis		103	Ticks . . . .		. 210
in connection with other			treatment for .		. 210
diseases		103	Tongue, affections of the		. 50
symptoms of .		104	paralysis of the		. 51
treatment of .		104	causes of .		. 51
Sprains . . . .		354	symptoms of		. 52
symptoms of .		355	treatment of		. 52
treatment of .		355	worming .	_#	. 363
Stomach, calculi in the .		65	Tumours		. 273
character of		65	Calcarenus		. 275
treatment of		65	situations of		. 275
diseases of the .		57	treatment of		. 275
foreign bodies in the		66	Fatty		. 273
associated with rabies	.	66	situations of		. 273
causes of .		66	character of		. 274
Stomach, inflammation of the		62	diagnosis .		. 274
Stomach, inversion of the		64	treatment of		. 274
case of . . .	\	65	Fibro-cystic .		. 274
symptoms of .	.	65	situations of .		274, 275
autopsy .		65	treatment of		274, 275
Stomach, worms in the		59	Fibrous		. 27-1
symptoms of .	5�	,60	causes of .		. 274
species of worm	,	60	situations of		. 274
treatment of	,	60	diagnosis .		. 274
Stone in the bladder		114	treatment.		274, 275

1(1 {lt;

378

Index.

-' #9632;


Tumours�Lacteal .	PAGE . 171	Uterus, treatment of	134	page 135
causes of .	. 171	Uterus, dropay of the .		135
symptoms of .	. 171	causes of .		135
treatment of .	171,172	symptoms of .		135
Melanotic .	. 276	case of . . .	135	136
symptoms of .	. 276	Vaccination .		365
post - mortem examina -		why adopted .	.	365
tion	276, 277	where performed		365
Osseous	. 276	Vagina, inversion of the.		128
situations of .	. 276	causes of .		128
treatment of .	276, 319	symptoms of .	128	129
Rectal .	. 81	treatment of .	129	130
symptoms of .	. 81	Vagina, polypus in the .		130
treatment of .	. 82	symptoms of .		130
Turnside. . . .	. 264	treatment of .		130
causes of .	. 264	Varioloe caninse		324
symptoms of (Youatt) 264,265		Vertigo . . . .		257
post-mortem examinations 265		symptoms of .		257
Ulcers on the tongue .	. 50	causes of .		257
causes of . .	. 50	treatment of .		257
treatment of .	. 50	Vomiting		58
Umbilical hernia .	. 356	susceptibility to, in dogs .		69
Urethra, worm in the	. 123	indication of .		59
Urethral calculi	106, 121	character of		59
Urinary organs, diseases of the 105		treatment of .		59
Urine, retention of the .	. 121	Waets . . . .		208
causes of .	. 121	situations favourabl	e to
symptoms of .	121,122	growth of		208
treatment of .	. 122	character of		208
S^on, M., records a singu-		treatment of .	208	209
lar case of .	. 123	Washing ....		7
Uterus, inflammation of the . 130		frequency of .		7
causes of .	. 131	method of		7
symptoms of .	. 131	Water, allowance of		5
treatment of .	131,132	Wine, use of medicinally		5
Uterus, inversion of the .	. 132	Worming		363
causes of .	. 132	what it consists in .		363
symptoms of .	. 132	ignorant ideas concerning		363
treatment of .	132, 133	Worms in the intestines .		72
Uterus, ulceration of the	. 133	in the stomach.		59
causes of .	. 133	Wounds . . . .		350
symptoms of .	. 133	descriptions of.	350,	351
treatment of, .	. 133	methods of healing .		351
Uterus, hernia of the	. 134	treatment of .	351-	-354
symptoms of .	. 134	Yellows, the .		87
	THE	END.

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Syphilis : Its Nature and Treatment.

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Practical Lessons in the Nature and Treatment of the Affections produced by the Contagious Diseases; Syphi�litic Inoculation, Infantile Syphilis, and the Results of the Contagious Diseases Acts.

By the late John Morgan, M.D., F.R.C.S., Second thousand, y. quot; Contains much that is original and of practical importance.quot;�The Lancd,

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Bevelations of Quacks and Quackery. A Directory of the London and Provincial Quack Doctors; with Facts and Cases in Illustration of their Nefarious Practices.

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A Physician's Sermon to Pratt, M.A., M.D., amp;c.

Young is.

Hen. By William

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Practical Guide for the Young Mother. Translated from the French of Dr. Brochard, Director-General of Nur�series and Creches in France, Edited with Notes and Hints for the English Mother. By a London Physician. 2s.

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The Breath, and the Diseases which give it a Foetid Odour.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;By J. W. Howe, M.D.,

Clinical Professor of Surgery in the University of New York. 4J. dd.

quot; The appropriate treatment is pointed out in a manner quite intelligible to the non-medical readerquot;�Nfzv York Medical Journal,

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Modern Hydropathy: with Practical Remarks upon Baths, in Acute and Chronic Diseases.

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Chronic Diseases best fitted for Treatment by the Har�rogate Mineral Springs. By the same Author, 2s. 6d.

Practical Guide to the Baths of Aix in Savoy, i

By the Baron Despine, Physician. 2s.

Bngineering Precedents for Steam Machinery: embracing the Performances of Steamships, Experiments with Pro�pelling Instruments, Condensers, Boilers, amp;c. 2 vols., 8vo. With Plates and Tables.

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Dictionary of Technical Terms used in Iron Ship-building,

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By Giorgio Taeerna. 3^.

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quot;We have rarely read any form of domestic medicine so simple, yet reliable.quot;�Public Opinion,

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ijl

Field Geology, with a Section on Palseontology. By W. Hy. Penning, F.G.S., of H.M. Geological Survey, and A. J. Jukes-Browne, B.A., F.G.S., of H.M. Geological Survey. Illustrated with wood-cuts and coloured map. ds.

quot; Satisfies a want which has long been felt and frequently expressed.quot;� Nahtre.

Electricity Made Plain and TTseful. By John Wesley, M.A. Second Edition, 2s. dd. A Popular Edition, ij. quot; A curious and entertaining little work.quot;�Literary Churchman.

Brilliant Prospects. A Novel. ByR.L. Johnson,M.D. y.dd.

Queer Customers. By the same Author. ii-.

My First Start in Practice. By the same Author. \s.

Constipation: its Causes and Consequences. With Hints. By a Clergyman, i^.

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Hynmologia Christiana Latina; or, a Century of Psalms and Hymns and Spiritual Songs. By Various Authors. from Luther to Heber. Translated into Latin Verse by the late Rev. Richard Bingham, M.A. 55-.

The Religion of Rome, described by a Roman. Translated and edited, with notes, by William Howitt. 5,5.

quot; Should be attentively studied by all who trace in religious beliefs the rise and fall of nations.quot;�London Nezvs.

quot; No one should miss reading this startling book by a writer who speaks with the confidence and preciseness which personal experience alone can give.quot;�Literary World.

V}gt;

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VETERINARY WORKS.

A Text-Book of Veterinary Obstetrics, including the

diseases and accidents incidental to pregnancy, parturition

and early age in the Domesticated Animals.

By George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., F.G.S., Editor of The

Veterinary Jour. 30X. cloth, or in eleven parts, zs. 6d. each.^-

quot; Has filled up a void in a more satisfactory and complete way than any

other member of his profession could have done.quot;� The Field.

quot; No man who makes any pretensions to Veterinary Science or Stock breeding can dispense with this work.quot;�Live Stock Journal,

A Text-Book of Pathology and Practical Medicine. By

the same Author. (In preparatio .

The Contagious Diseases of Animals: their influence on the wealth and health of the nation. Read before the Society of Arts. �y the same Author. (gt;d.

A Text-book on the Examination of Horses as to Soundness. A Course of Lectures remodelled and en�larged, delivered at the Royal /Veterinary College, Edinburgh.

By Professor Fearnley. With an Appendix on the Law of Horses and Warrantry, Illustrated, yj. (gt;d. (In preparation.)

Lessons in Horse Judging. By the sa7iie Author. 2s. dd.

The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Copiously Illustrated.

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Horses: their Rational Treatment, and the Causes of their Premature Decay. By Amateur. 5^.

An Abridgment of the above. By the same Author, is.

The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery; embracing the Surgical Pathology of all the Domesticated Animals.

By Wm. Williams, F.RC.V.S. Principal and Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery at the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. With 140 illustrations, Second Edition, 30X.

The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. By the same Author. With Plates, 30J.

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WORKS FOR ART STUDENTS.

Artistic Anatomy, for the use of Students in Schools of Art. By John Sparkes, Head Master of the National Art Training Schools, South Kensington. 5^.

Anatomy of the External Forms of Man, designed for the Use of Artists, Sculptors, amp;c. By Dr. J. Fau. Twenty-nine Plates. Folio. Plain, 24J., coloured, \2S.

The Student's Manual of Artistic Anatomy. With 25 plates of the bones and surface muscles of the human figure; together with a description of the origin, insertion, and use of the muscles. By W. J. Muckley, Principal of the Manchester School of Art. (Approved by the Science and Art Department.) $$. dd.

Anatomie Artistique Elementaire du Corps Humain, par

le Docteur J. Fau. Noires, 4?.; coloriees, ioj-. (Text in French.)

Third Grade Perspective, comprising Angular and Oblique Perspective, Shadows and Reflections, specially prepared for the use of Art Students. By H. J. Denkis, Art Master, Lambeth School of Art, Duhvich College, amp;c. (Approved by the Science and Art Department). In 13 parts, ix* each, or in 1 vol., half-bound, ly.

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Aids to Anatomy. By George Brown, M.R.C.S., Gold Medallist, Charing Cross Hospital. Third Thousand.

** The little book is well done.quot;�The Lancet.

quot; quot;With this little work, Students need have no dread of College Exa�miners.quot;�Medical Press.

Aids to Surgery. By the same Author.

Aids to Botany. Brief Outlines of the Elementary Facts of the Science, including a Description of some of the most important Natural Orders. By C. E. Armand Semple, B.A., M.B. Cantab., M.R.C.P. Lond.

*' The Student who can commit this to memory will doubtless be proof against pluck.quot;�Medical yournal.

Aids to Chemistry. By the same Author, 2nd Thousand. Part I.�Inorganic : Oxygen to the Metalloids Inclusive.

quot; Students preparing for Matriculation at the London University, and other Examinations, will find it simply invaluable.quot;�Students¹ Journal.

Aids to Chemistry. Part II.-

-Inorganic. The Metals.

By the same Author.

Aids to Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. By W. Douglas Hemming, M.R.C.S.

quot; We have no hesitation in recommending Mr. Hemming's book.quot;� Xhe Lancet.

Aids to Examinations. By the same Author. Being Questions and Answers on Materia Medica, Medicine, Midwifery, Pathology, and Forensic Medicine.

In Preparation.

Aids to Materia Medica.

Aids to Physiology.

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BY DR. ROTH.

The Prevention and Cure of many Chronic Diseases by Movements. With Ninety Engravings, icr.

The Handbook of the Movement-Cure. With One Hun�dred and Fifty-five Original Engravings, i os.

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The Prevention of Spinal Deformities, especially of Lateral Curvature ; with Notes. 3^. kd.

On Paralysis in Infancy, Childhood, and Youth. With

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Table, showing a few Injurious Positions, and some De�formities of the Spine, produced partly by bad positions, and tight lacing. With Forty-six Engravings, td.

A Table of a Pew Gymnastic Exercises without Ap�paratus. With Thirty-three Wood Engravings, dd.

Gymnastic Exercises on Apparatus, according to the Ra�tional System of Ling. With Eighty Illustrations, is.

The Gymnastic Exercises of Ling. Arranged by Dr. Rothstein; translated by Dr. Roth. Second Edition. 2S. td.

The Russian Bath: with some Suggestions regarding Pub�lic Health. Second Edition, rj.

On the Importance of Rational Gymnastics as a Branch of National Education : a Letter to Lord Granville. \s

Exercises or Movements, according to Ling's System. With Forty-two Illustrations. Fourth Edition, is.

Two Tables of Gymnastic Exercises without Appa�ratus ; with Explanations. Hi

A Plea for the Compulsory Teaching of Physical Edu�cation, ij.

Bailliire, Tindall, and Cox's JPeriodical Publicatiom. J 9

PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.

The Medical Press and Circular, Established 1838. Published every Wednesday in London, Dublin, and Edin�burgh. One of the oldest and most influential Medical Journals. $d. Per annum, post free, in advance, .�1 \s.

The Student's Journal and Hospital Gazette. A Fort�nightly Review of Medicine, Surgery, and the Collateral Sciences. The only Paper that represents the whole body of Medical Students ^d. Per annum, quot;js. td.

The Doctor. A Monthly Review of British and Foreign Medical Practice and Literature, bd. Per annum, 6s.

The Veterinary Journal, and Annals of Comparative Pathology. Edited by George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., Veterin�r)' Surgeon 2nd Life Guards, ex-President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, is. dd. 18s. per annum.

The Analyst, including the proceedings of the quot; Society of Public Analysts.quot; For the information of those interested in the purity of Food, Drugs, amp;c., monthly, price (gt;d.

Quarterly Journal of Inebriety. Published under the auspices of The American Association for the Cure of Inebriates. Price 3s. 6d. each; 12s. per annum, post free.

The Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology. Edited by Lyttleton S. Forbes Winslow, M.B., D.C.L., Oxon, Lecturer on Mental Diseases, Char�ing Cross Hospital. April and October, 3^. 6d.

DIRECTORIES.

The Irish Medical Directory (Annual). Contains a com�plete Directory of the Profession in Ireland ; their Resi�dences and Qualifications ; the Public Offices which they hold, or have held; the Dates of Appointments ; and the published Writings for which they are distinguished. 6s.

The Medical Register and Directory of the United States of America. ' Containing the Names and Addresses of about 70,000 Practitioners of all grades. 30^.

20 Ba�liere, Tindall, and Cox's Standard French Works.

STANDARD FRENCH WORKS.

� s. d. Alvarenga,�Thermometrie clinique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -050

Anger.�Nouveaux elements d'anatomie chirurgicale, avec atlas 200

------------ Maladies chirurgicales nouvelles fractures et luxa-

tions, colonies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 7 10 o

Anglada.�Etudes sur les maladies nouvelles et les maladies

�teintes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -080

Armand.�Traite de CUmatplogie ggneralenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 14 o

Barnes.�Lemons sur les operations obst�tricales -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 12 o

Barth and Roger.�Traite pratique d'Auscultation suivi

d'un precis de percussion -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

Bayard.�Traite pratique des maladies de l'estomacnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0 10 o

Beaude.�Dictionnaire de ; miklecine usuelle � l'usage des

gens du monde -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. I 10 o

Beaunis et Bouchard.�Nouveaux elements d'anatomie

descriptive'et d'embryologicnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 18 o

------------ Precis d'anatomie et de dissection,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -046

Beaunis.�Nouveaux elements de physiologie humainenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 0 14 o

Beclard.�Traite elementaire de Physiologie humainenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- o 16 o

Becquerel.�Traite des applications de 1'electricity � la the-

rapeutique medicale et chirurgicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

-----------Traite elementaire d'hygiene privee et publique - 090

Behier et Hardy. � Traite elementaire de Pathologie Interne.

Vol. I. Pathologie generale et Semeiologie - o 12 o Vol. II. Inflammations du tube digestif et de

l'appareil respiratoire, circulatoire et nerveux 0 12 o Vol. III. Inflammation de l'appareil genito-urinaires de la peau et de l'appareil locomoteur 0120 Bennet.�Recherches sur le traitement dela Phthisie pulmon-

aire par l'hygiene les climats et la medecine - 040 Beraud. �Atlas complet d'anatomie chirurgicale topogra-

phique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -300

Planches coloriees 600

-----------et Rohln.�Manuel de physiologie de i'hoinme et

des principaux vertebres -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. O 12 O

------------et Velpeau.�Manuel d'anatomie chimrgicale

generale et topographique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

Berenger-Feraud �Traite de 1 immobilisation directe des

fragments osseux dans les fracturesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 10 o

----------- Traite des fractures nonconsolideesou pseudarthroses o 10 o

----------- De la fievre bilieuse melanurique des pays chauds,

comparee avec la fievre jaune ; etude clinique faite

au Senegalnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

------------ De la fievre jaune au Senegal, etude faite dans les

h�pitaux de Saint-Louis et de Goree -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

----------- Traite clinique les maladies des Europeens au

Senegal -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. o 16 o

Bergeret.�Abus des boissons ulcooliques

Baiiliere, Undall, and Coxs Standard french Works. 21

Bergeret. �Fraudes dans raccomplissement des fonctions gene�ratrices -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Bernard.�Le5ons sur le chaleur ammale

Bernard (Claude).�Le9ons de physiologic experimentale appliquee � la medecine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 -voh.

-------------#9632; Lemons sur les effets des substances toxiques et me-

dicamenteuses .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

------------- Le9ons sur la physiologic et la pathologic du Systeme

nerveuxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; , ------------Lemons sur les proprietes physiologiques et les alter�ations pathologiques des liquides de l'organisme --------------#9632; Leijons de pathologic experimentale

------------- De la physiologic generale

-------------et Huette.�Precis iconographique de medecine

operatoire et d'anatomie chirurgicale -

------------- Ditto ditto, with coloured plates

-------------Premiers secours aux blesses ...

Bert.�Lemons sur la physiologic comparce de la respiration -

Berthier.�Des Nevroses mcnstmelles, ou la menstruation dans ses rapports avec les maladies nerveuses et mentales -----

-------------Des Nevroses diathesiques, ou les maladies nerveuses

dans leurs rapports avec la rhumatisme, la goutte, les dartres, la syphilis, le cancer, la scrofule, etc. -

-------------Classification et diagnostic des maladies mentales

Bidlot.�Etudes des diverses especes de phthisic pulmonaire et surle traitement applicable � chacune d'elles

Bilhaut.�Etude sur la temperature dans la phthisic pulmo�naire. -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Billroth.�Elements de Pathologie Chirurgicale generale Binet.�Du comage broncho-tracheal et de ses rapports avec

la mort subite Birot.�Essai sur les albumines pathologiques Bivort.�Observations et Etudes sur les causes, la prophylaxie

et le traitement de la fievre typhoide Bocquillon.�Manuel d'histoire naturelle medicale - 2 uols. Boisseau.�Des maladies simulees et des moyens delcsrecon-naitre .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Boivln et Duges.�Anatomie pathologique de l'uterus et de ses annexesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -pi. col.

Bonnafont.�Traite theorique et pratique des maladies de

l'ore�le, et des organes de l'audition BOSSU (A.)�Anthropologie, ou etude des organes, fonctiones, maladies de l'homme et de la femme, 2 vol. et atlas Figures coloriees

------------- Traite des plantes mtdicinales indigenes, precede

d'un cours de botanique. I vol. et atlas

Figures coloriees

j� j. d.

026

070

o 14 o

0 7 9 o 14 o

o 14

o 7 o 6

050

050 046

o 1 9 o 14 o

020

030

020 0140

070

250

o 10 o

0nbsp; nbsp;15 o

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I o

0nbsp; nbsp;13 o

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;I o

22 Baill�re, Tindall, and Cox's Standard French Works.

� s. d.

Bossu (A.)�Lois et mysteres des functions de reproduction

consi�eres dans tons les etres animes Bouchardat.�Le Travail, son influence sur la sante

-----------Annuaire de therapeutique, de matiere medicale, de

pharmacie, et de toxicologie -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

----------- Formulaire veterinairenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...

----------- Manuel de matiere medicale, de therapeutique et de

pharmacienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols.

----------- Nouveau formulaire magistral -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Bouchut.�Histoire de la medecine et des doctrines Medicales #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Traite de pathologic generale et de semeiologie

----------- De la vie et de ses attributs

-----------Traite pratique des maladies des nouveau-nes

'-----------et Despres.�Dictionnaire de medecine et de the�rapeutiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . ------------Atlas d'ophthalmoscopie medicale, de cerebroscopie

----------- De l'etat nerveux aigu et chronique

Boudin.�Traite de geographic et de statistique medicales, et des maladies endemiques -#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 2 vols.

Bourgery.�Traite de 1'anatomic de l'homme, com-prenant la medecine operatoire, dessine d'apr^s nature, par H. Jacob�8 vols. folio, 726 planches

-----------Ditto, ditto, eoloriee

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;, et Jacob.�Anatomie elementaire en 20 planches,

representant chacune un sujet dans son entier h. la proportion de demi-nature, avee un texte explicatif

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Ditto ditto, eoloriee -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -Bourgeois.�Les passions dans leurs rapports avec la sante et

les maladiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

Brehm.�La vie des animaux illustree�Les mammiferes

----------- Dittonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;dittonbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Les oiseaux

Briand et Chaude.�Manuel complet dc medecine legale -Burdel.�Du cancer considere commc souche tuberculeuse Carles.�Etude sur les quinquinasnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Carriere.�Le climat de l'Italie

Cauvet.�Nouveaux elements d'histoire naturelle medicale -Cazeaux.�Traite del'art des accouchements Cazenave.�Legons sur les maladies de la piau Cerise.�Melanges medico-psycologiqiies -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Charcot.�Lemons cliniques sur les maladies desvieillards et les maladies chroniqucs, par le docteur Ball. 2^e edition

-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2e serie, par le docteur Ch. Bouchard. I^er fascicule

2e fascicule

#9632;----------- Lemons sur les maladies du Systeme nerveux;

par le docteur Bourneville. Vol. L, 3laquo; edition Vol. II.. 2raquo; edition

----------- Lejons sur les maladies du foie des voies biliaires

et des reins, par les docteurs Bourneville et Se-

vestre -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

-----------De la pneumonic chronique ...

o 4

o 16 o 3

0nbsp; 16

1nbsp; nbsp; o o 4 o 16

5nbsp; nbsp; o 15 o

6nbsp; nbsp; o

30 o 50 o

o tS O 3 o 2 o 9

O 12 O 16 8 o o 7

080

O 12

o 14

Ba�liere^ Tindall, and CooSs Standard French Works, 23

Chauveau.�Traite d'anatomie comparee des animaux do-

mestiques Chauvel.�Precis d'operations de chimrgie Chevallier.�Dictionnaire des alterations et falsifications des substances alimentaires, amp;c., avec l'indication des moyens de les reconnaitre -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Civiale.�La Lithotritie et la Taille Codex Medicaraentarius, pharmacopee fran^aise, redigee par

ordre du gouvemementnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Colin.�Traite de physiologic comparee des animaux 2 voh.

�-------------(Leon).�De la Fievre Typhoide dans l'armee

Comite-Gonsultatif d'hygiene publique de France, recueil

des trav�ux et des actes officiels de l'administration

sanitaire, chaque vol. Comte.�Structure et physiologie de l'homme, demontrees �

l'aide des figures coloriees, decoupees, etsuperposees Corlien.�Aide-memoire de medecine, de Chirurgie, et d'ac-

couchementsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Cornll et Ran vier.�Manuel d'histologie pathologique.

Parts I. and II., chaque Part III. Cornilllac.�Etudes sur la Fievre Jaune � la Martinique Courty.�Traite pratique des maladies de l'utems des ovaires et des trompesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-CruveilliieretSee.�Traite d'anatomie descriptive (complet)--------------#9632; Vol. 1.�Oste'ologie, Arthrologie et le Myologie

------------- Vol. 2.�Splanchnologie et organes des sens

-------------Vol. 3.�Angeiologie et Nevrologie

Cruveilhier.�Traited'anatomiepathologiquegenerale ^vols. �-------------Anatomie pathologique du corps humain. 41 liv-

raisons, chaque -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

Cuvier.�Les oiseaux decrits et figures. 72 planches, 464

figures, noires -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Ditto ditto, coloriees

-------------Les mollusques. 56 planches, 520 figures, noires -

------------- Ditto ditto, colorieesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - ' -

-------------Les vers et les zoophytes.

37 planches, 520 figures, noires Ditto ditto coloriees Cyr.�Traite d'alimentation, dans ses rapports avec la physi�ologie, la palhologie, et la therapeutique Cyon. �Principes d'electrotherapienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;_nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

Dagonet.�Nouveau traite de maladie;- mentales -Daremberg.�Histoire des sciences medicales #9632; 2 voh.

------------- Medecine, histoire et doctrines -

Davaine.�Traite des entozoaires et des maladies vermineuses

de l'homme et des animaux domestiques 2 vols,

Demarquay.�De la regeneration des organes et des tissus -

------------- Maladies chirurgicales du Penis

�_S. d.

150 060

1 o o 16

0nbsp; nbsp;10

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;6 o 4

046

060

046 070 0 12 o

o 19 o 250 o 16 o o 15 o

0nbsp; 17 o

1nbsp; nbsp;15 o


	0	iS
	I	5
	0	IS
	I	s
	0	8
	0	4
	0	IS
	I	0
	0	3
	0	14
	0	16

3X3

�gt;. d. Depaul.�Lemons de clinique obstetricale. redigees par M. le

docteurDeSoyre 2 vols.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 16 o

Cartonne o 17 o quot;Deschamps.�Compendium de pharmacie pratiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 100

Desmarres,�Le9ons clhuques sur la Chirurgie oculaire - 080 Despine and Picot.�Manuel pratique des maladies de

1'enfance -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

Despres.�Rapport sur les travaux de la 76� ambulance a

l'armee du Rhin et a l'armee de la Loirenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 200

Dolbeau.�Legons de clinique chirurgicalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

------------De la lithotritie perinealenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -040

Donne.�Hygiene des gens du monde -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -040

Dorvault.�Officine ou repertoire generale de pharmacie pra�tique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 18 o demi reliure, 2IJ ; cartonne 100 Duchartre.�Elements debotanique, comprenant I'anatomie, l*organographie, la physiologie des plantes, les families naturelles, et la geographic botanique - o 18 o Duchenne.�De l'electrisation locaiisfie - - - o 18 o

-----------� Physiologie des Mouvementes -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 14 o

��------ M�canisme de la physionomie humaine. 9 plates - 100

Edition de luxe, 74 pi. photo, and 9 pi.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 2 18 o

Durand-Fardel.�Traits pratique des maladies chroniques

2 vols. 100

----------- Dictionnaire general des eaux minSrales et d'hydro-

logie mSdicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 2 vols. I 0 o -----------TraitS pratique des maladies des vieillardsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 14 o

----------- Traite clinique et therapeutique du diabetenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 050

Duval et Lereboullet.�Manuel du microscopenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 050

Fano.�Traite elementaire de Chirurgie -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 voh. 180

Farabeuf.�De L'^piderme et: des Epitheliums -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -050

Fau.�Anatomie artistique, noire, 4s: coloriee -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 10 o

Fauvel.�Traitfi pratique des maladies du larynx, precede d'un

traite complet de laryngoscopienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -100

Ferrand�Traite de therapeutique medicalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -080

Vleury.�Traite therapeutique et clinique d'hydrotherapie - o 17 o Follin et Duplay.�Traite gl�mentaire de pathologie externe I 17 O Fonssagrives.�Hygiene et assainissement des Villesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 080

-nbsp; nbsp;#9632;----- Therapeutique generalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

-----------Hygiene navalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 12 o

Fournier.�Lemons cliniques sur la syphilis etudiee particuliere-

ment chez la femmenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- I quot;vol. 015 o

Fort.�Anatomie descriptive et dissection, 3e edition 3 vols. 1 10 o

--------- Pathologie et clinique chirurgicalesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -15deg;

Foville.�Etude clinique de la folie, avec predominance du

delire des grandeursnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -040

----------- Moyens de combattre I'ivrognerienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -050

Fuater.�Clinique Medicale de Montpellier, vol. Inbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 10 o

Galante.�Emploi du caoutchouc vulcanise dans la therapeu�tique mamp;lico-chirurgicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -OS⁰

Baillih-e_% Tindall, and Cos?s Sta7idard French Works. 25

Galezowski.�Traite des maladies des yeux

-----------------Du diagnostie des maladies des yeux par la chro-

matoscopie rfitmienne

-----------------Traite iconographique d'ophthalmoscopie

Gallard.�Le9ons cliniques sur les maladies des femmes

�^#9632;allez.�Histoire des kystes de Tovaire -

Cianot.�Traits �lamp;nentaire de physique, experimentale et ap-

pliqu^e, et de m�t�orologie -Garnier.�Dictionnaire annuel des progres des sciences et

institutions medicales Garrigou.�Bagneres de Luchon

Gaujot et Spillman.�Arsenal de la Chirurgie contempo-

raine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols.

Gayrard.�Le Methode de Methodes clef de la langue Fran^aise

Gervais et Van Benenden.�Zoologie medicale

Gintrac.�Cours thgorique et clinique de pathologic interne et

de th^rapie medicalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 9 v�ls.

Girard.�Traits SMmentaire d'entomologie Col^opteres. Avec

atlas, colorienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;....

----------- Ditto, ditto, noire -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

Gloner.�Nouveau dictionnaire de tht:rapeutique -Godron.�De l'espece et des races dant les etres organisees -Goffres.�Precis iconographique des bandages, pansements, et appare�snbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Gori.�Des h�pitaux, tentes, et baraques

Gosselin.�Clinique chirurgicale de l'h�pital de la Charit^ 2 vols Goubert.�Manuel de l'art des autopsies cadaveriques, surtout dans les applications � l'anatomie pathologique -Graefe.�Clinique ophthalmologique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Grehant,�Manuel de physique medicale .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

Grellois.�Histoire medicale du blocus de Metz Gubler.�Commentaires therapeutiquea du Codex medicamen-tariusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;----_.

Guibourt.�Histoire naturelle des drogues simples 4 vols. Guillemin.�Les bandages et les appareils h. fractures Guttman.�Traite du diagnostic des ^maladies des] organes Thoraciques et Abdominauxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- *nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Guyon.�Elements de Chirurgie clinique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Hacquart.�Botanique medicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Heckel.�Histoire medicale et pharmaceutique des princi-

paux agents medicamenteux- . Herard et Gornil.�De la phthisie pulraonaire Hervieux.�Trait6 clinique et pratique des maladies puerpe-

rales et des suites de couches -Houel.�Manuel d'anatomie pathologique generale -Jamain.�Manuel depathologie et decliniquechirurgicalesw/.i

----------- Manuel de petite Chirurgie -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

#9632;----------- Nouveau traite elementaire d'anatomie descriptive et

de preparations anatomiquesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ...

0 7

0nbsp; nbsp;12

1nbsp; nbsp;16

0nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;3

1nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;4

0nbsp; nbsp;13 o

1nbsp; nbsp;16 o

060

070

O 12 O 060

060 O IQ O

o 15 O

0 7O OSO OSO

26 Baillihe, Tindall, and Cox's Standard French Works.

Jeannel.�Prostitution dans les grandes villes I9^e siecle

-------------Formulaire magistral et officinal international

Jobert (de Lomballe).�De la reunion en Chirurgie K.USS et Duval.�Cours de physiologie Kiener.�Le Species general et iconographie des coquilles Vivantes, continue par le Docteur Fischer. Genre Turbo, avec 43 planches gravies et coloriees

-------------Genre Trochusnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Lancereaux.�Atlas d'anatomie pathologique Lecorche.�Traite du Diabete

------------- Maladies des Reins -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Lecour.�Prostitution a Paris et � Londres, 17S9�1871

Le Fort.�La Chirurgie militaire et les societes de secours en

France et � l'etranger -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Lefort.�Traite de chimie hydrologiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .

Liebreich.�Atlas d'ophthalmoscopie representant 1'etat

normal et les modifications pathologiques du fond

de l'oeil visibles � rophthalmoscope Legouest.�Traite de Chirurgie de I'armee Lemaire.�Acide pheniquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Levy.�Traite d'liyglene publique et priveenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;2 vols.

Littre et Robin.�Dictionnaire de medecine, de Chirurgie,

de pharmacie, de l'art veterinaire. I4_e edition -Longet.�Traite de Physiologie, 3eme editionnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- [3 vols.

Lorain.�Etudes de medecine clinique : Le cholera, observe �

l'hopital Saint Antoine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; --------------Le pouls, ses variations et ses formes diverses dans

les maladiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; �..-,.--��

Luys.�Iconographie photographique des centres nerveux Magnan�De l'Alcoolisme, des diverses formes du delire al-

coolique et de leur traitement -Mai lliot.�Auscultationnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Malgaigne.�Manuel de medecine operatoirenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- vol. 1

------------- Traite d'anatomie chirurgicale et de Chirurgie experi-

mentale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -2 vols.

Mandl.�Hygiene de la Voix -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

-------------Maladies du larynx et du pharynx -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Marals.�Guide pratique pour l'anaiyse des urines Marce.�Traite pratique des maladies mentales

------------- Recherches cliniques et anatomo-pathologiques

Marchand.�Des accidents qui peuvent compliquer la reduc-

tiors des luxations traumatiques Marchant.�Etude sur les maladies epidemiques Marvaud.�Effets physiologiques et theiapeutiques des ali�ments d'epargnc on antideperditeurs

------------- Les Aliments d'�pargne Alcool et Boissons aroma-

tiques (cafe, tb'S, amp;c.) .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -

Maunory et Salmon.�Manuel de l'art des accouchements Mayer.� Conseils aux femmes sar Tage de retour -

� s. d. 050 060


	0	12
	0	4
	0	10
	0	12
	i	IO
	0 0	raquo;4 6

1 16 o

070

o 10 o 7 10 o

050 o 12 o 070

3nbsp; nbsp;6

6nbsp;o

7nbsp;o 3nbsp; nbsp;o

Ba�l�re, Tindall, and Cods Standard French Works. 27

Mayer.�Rapports conjugaux, consider^ sous point de vue de

la population, santg, et de la morale publique - 030

#9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Mfimoire sur le mouvement organique dans ses rap-

ports avec la nutrition -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -030

Meyer.�Traits des maladies des yeuxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 10 o

Montmeja.�Pathologie iconographique du fond de 1'ceil,

traits d'ophthalmoscope -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -0180

Moquin-Tandon.�Elements de botanique medicalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 060

------------ Elements de Zoologie medicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

Morache.�Hygiene militairenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; o 16 o

Morel.�Traite d'hsitologie humaine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; avec atlas o 12 o

Naegele et Gernser.�Traite de l'art des accouchements - o 12 o Naquet.�Principesde chimie -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. o 10 o

Nelaton.�Elements de pathologie chirurgicalenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 3 vols. 1 16 o

voL 4, part I. 070 Nielly.�Manuel d'obstetrique ou aide-memoire de l'eleve et

du practicien -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -040

Niemeyer.�Pathologie interne -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. 100

Nouvelle Navigation �stronomique Theorie et

Pratiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -100

Onimus et Legros.�Traite d'electricit� mgdicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 12 o

Ore.�Etudes sur la transfusion du sang -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 12 o

Paulet.�Resume d'anatomie appliqueenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -050

Pean.�Le9ons de clinique chirurgicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -100

Pelletan.�Le microscope, son emploi et des applications - o 16 o Penard.�Guide pratique de raccoucheur et de la sage-femme 040 Peter.�Le5ons de clinique medicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- vol. I o 15 o

vol. 2 sous presse Petrequin.�Nouveaux melanges de Chirurgie et de mldecine 076 Peuch et Toussaint.�Precis de Chirurgie veterinaire, 2 vols. 160 Pidoux.�Etudes sur la phthisic -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -090

Pinard.�Vices de conformation du bassinsnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

-----------Centre indications de la version dans la presentations

de 1'epaulenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -030

Poggiale.�Traite d'analyse clinique -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -090

Poincare.�Lemons sur la Physiologie normale et patholo-

gique du Systeme Nerveuxnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 3 vols. o 18 o

Quatrefages et Hamy.�Les cranes des races humaines,

en 6 livraison chaque -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 14 o

Quetelet.�Anthromopetrie, ou mesuredes differentes faculty

de Thommenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-0120

Raciborski.�Histoire des decouvertes relatives au Systeme

veineux -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-030

----------- Traits de la menstruation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 12 o

Hacle.�Trait� de diagnostic medical, guide clinique pour

l'etude des signes caracleristiques des maladies - 080 Requin.�Elements du pathologie medicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 4 vols. I 10 o

Rindfleisch.�Traite d'histologie pathologiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - o 14 o

Riant.�Lemons d'hygiene, coutenant les matieres du pro�gramme officiel adopte par le ministre de I'mstruction pub�lique pour les lycees et les ^coles normalesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

28 Bat/�ere, Tindall, and Cox's Standard French Works.

� o


	1
	1'
	m

Richard.�H^stoire de la generation -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-

Richet, A.�Traite pratique d'anatomie medico-chirurgicale - lt; Robin.�Programme du cours d'histologie -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - *

Robin.�Evolution de la notocorde -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

.-----------Traitfi du microscopenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - #9632;

----------- Anatomie et physiologic cellulaire -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

----------- Lemons sur Les Humeurs, 2eme edition -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

Roubaud.�Traite de l'impuissance et de la st6r�ite chez

Thomme et chez la femmenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

Saboia.�Accouchements -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - ⁽

Sandras et Bourguinon.�Traite pratique des maladies

nerveusesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- 2 vois. lt;

Saint-Vincent.�Nouvelle mamp;lecine des families -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

Sanne.�Traite de la diphtherienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - _ lt;

Schimper.�Traite de paleontologie vegetale, avec atlas in folio

3 Vols� Sedillot et Legouest.�Traite de m�decme operatoire 2 vols. Senac.�Traitment des coliques hepatlques rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

Souberan.�Nouveau dictionnaire des falsification et des

alterations des aliments des medicaments, amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - (

Tamen-Despalles.�Alimentation du cerveau et des nerfs lt;

-----------Traitement physiologique des maladies consumptives

et hereditairesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- lt;

.-----------Coup d'ceil sur les indications et l'usage des eaux

minerales de Contrexeville (source du pavilion) - lt; Tardieu.�Dictionnaire d'hygiene publique et de salubrity

4 vols. .----------- Etude Medico-Legale sur les blessures par im�prudence, l'homicide, et les coups involontaires - lt;

#9632;--------#9632;� Ditto ditto sur la pendaison, la strangulation, et ia

suffocation - -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - '

.--------.� Ditto ditto sur I'avortementnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

-----------Ditto ditto sur rimpoisonnement -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

----------- Ditto ditto sur les attentats aux moeurs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

-----------Ditto ditto sur rinfanticide -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

----------- Ditto ditto sur la folienbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � lt;

----------- Ditto ditto sur I'identite -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

-----------Manuel de pathologie et de Chirurgie medicales - (

Tillaux.�Traite d'anatomie topographiquenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- (

Trousseau.�Clinique medicale de l'H�tel-Dieu de Paris ) Trousseau et Pidoux.�Traite de therapeutique et de

matiere medicale -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-2 vols. l

Valleix.�Guide du medecin practicien, resume general de

pathologie et de therapeutique appliquees, 5 vols. i Vandercolme.� Histoire botanique et therapeutique des

salsepareillesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - lt;

Varlette.�Clinique chirurgicale de l'Hotel Dieu de Lyon - t Vaslin.�Plaies par armes a feunbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - c

Verneau.�Le Bassin dans les sexes et dans les racesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- lt;

3 6

10 4

3nbsp; nbsp; 6

5nbsp; nbsp; 0

4nbsp; nbsp; o 14nbsp; nbsp;o

4nbsp; nbsp; 6

6nbsp; nbsp; o

7nbsp; nbsp; 0 3nbsp; nbsp;o 7nbsp; nbsp;o

14nbsp; nbsp;6

12nbsp; nbsp; o

3nbsp; nbsp; 6

12nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;O

6nbsp; nbsp; o

6nbsp; nbsp;o

Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox's Standard French Works. 29

Yerrier.�Guide du Medecin Praticien et de la Sage femme - 070 Vidal.�Traits de pathologie externe et de medicine operatoire 200 Yirch.O'W.�Pathologie des tumeurs -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 3 vols. 1 16 o

vol. 4, i** fasc 046 Yoisin.�Lecons cliniques sur les maladies mentales professees

k la Salpetriere -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

Yulpian.�Lemons de physiologle generale et comparee du

Systeme nprveux au musee d'histoire naturelle - o 10 o'

------------- Lemons sur 1'appareil vaso-moteur -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. o 18 o

YVagner.�Trait� de chimie industriellenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - 2 vols. 100

quot;Witkowski.�Anatomie iconoclastique compose de planches

decouples, colorizes et superposees avec texte

------------- Corps humainnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

------------- Encephale: cerveau, bulbe, amp;c. -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

------------- Larynx et langue -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

-------------Oeil (de face de profil et les voies lachrymales) - 080

-------------� Organes genitaux de l'hommenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -070

-------------------------------------------la femmenbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -060

-------------#9632; Oreille, et Dentnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -050

Woillez.�Dictionnaire de diagnostic mfidical, comprenant le

diagnostic raisonne de chaque maladie, leur signes

amp;c.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-0160

-------------Traite clinique des maladies aigues des organes re-

spiratoiresnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -0130

-------------Traite clinique des maladies aigues des organes respi-

latoires -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;o 13 O

quot;Wundt.�Traitfe elementaire de physique medicale, traduit de

TAUemand par le Dr. Monoyer -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- O 12 o

------------- Noveaux Elements de physiologic humaine -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- o 10 O

Wunderlich.�De la temperature dans les maladiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- o 14 o

Valuable Scientific Dictionaries in course of Publication.

Dictionnaire de Chimie pure et appliquee,en livraisons 040

Dictionnaire de Medecine, de Chirurgie, et d'hygiene veterinaires. Edition entierement refondue par A. Zundel, en 6 partiesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -300

Dictionnaire Encyelopedique des Sciences Medi-cales public par demi-volume de chacun 400 pages et en quatro series simultan^es : la premiere, commen9ant parla lettre A; la deuxieme, par la lettre L; la troisieme, par la lettre Q, et la quatrieme par F -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-060

Nouveau Dictionnaire de Medecine et de Chi�rurgie pratiques, d'environ 32 volumes, chaque -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- o xo o

3o Bailiiere, Ttnda�, and Cox^ys Standard French Works.

BIBLIOTHEQUE D'HISTOIRE CONTEMPO R AI N E.

In Volumes at 3^. bd,

Bageliot.�La constitution anglaise.

Barni, Jules.�Histoire des idees morales et politiques en France XVIIIlaquo; siecle. 2 vols. .

------------ Les moralistes fiancais au XVIIIe siecle.

#9632;----------- Napoleon I^er. et son historien M. Thiers.

Barry, Herbert*�La Russie contemporaine. Beaussire, Emile.�La guerre etrangere et la guerre civile. Boert.�La guerre de 1870-71 d'apres Rustow. Bourloton, Ed.�L'Allemagne contemporaine. Carlyle.�Histoire de la revolution fran^aise. 3 -uoh. Clarnageran.�La France republicaine.

Detaerle, Alf.�Histoire de TAmerique du Sud. De Roeh.au.�Histoire de la restauration. Despois, Eug.�Le vandalisme revolutionnaire. Dixon, H.�a Suisse contemporaine, traduit de 1'Anglais. Duvergier, De Hauranne.�La republique conservatrice. Hillebrand.�La Prusse contemporaine et ses institutions. Laugel, Auguste.�Les Etats-Uiiis pendant la guerre (1861-65).

------------ Lord Palmerston et Earl Russell.

Meunier, Victor.�Science et democratie.

Montegut, Emile.�Les Pays-Bas. Impres de voyage et d'art. Reynald, H.�Histoire de 1'Espagne depuis la mort de Charles III.

jusqu'a nos jours. Sayous, Edouard.�Histoire des Hongi-ois et de leur litterature

politique de 1790 � 1815. Teste, Louis.�L'Espagne contemporaine, journal d'un voyageur. Thackeray.�Les quatre Georges. Veron, Eugene.�Histoire de la Pnisse depuis la mort de Frederic

II. jusqu'� la bataille de Sadowa. #9632; ------ Histoire de L'Allemagne depuis la bataille de Sadowa.

Alglave, Emile.�Histoire de Kmpdt sur le Revenu en France (sous presse)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; - ' -

Delord, Taxile.�Histoire du second empire, 6 vols.

De Sybel.�Histoire de l'Europe pendant la revolution fran-gaise. ^ vols.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; -nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _

Lewis, SirG. Cornewall.�Histoire gouvemementale de 1'Angleterre, 1770�1830, precede de la vie de l'auteur -

� s. d.

JBaillfere, Tindall, and Cox's Standard Frmch Works, 31

BIBLIOTHEQUE

PHILOSOPHIE CONTEMPORAINE.

In Volumes 2^. dd. each, Alaux.�Philosophie de M. Cousin. Auber, Kd.�Philosophie de la medecine.

Beaussire.�Antecedents de rHegelianisme dans la philos. fran^. Bentham et Grote.�La religion naturelle. BersQt, Krhest.�Libre philosophic. Bertauld,,�L'ordre social et l'ordre moral.

------Philosophie Morale.

Bost.�Le Protestantism e liberal.

Bouillier (Francisque).�Du ptaisir et de la douleur.

------De la conscience.

Boutmy, E.�Philosophie de l'architecture en Grece.

B�chner, L.�Science et nature. 2 vols.

Challemel Lacour.�La philosophieindividualiste, etude sur Gui

laume de Humboldt. Coignet, G.�La morale independante. Coquerel, Alh.�Origines et transformations du christianisme.

#9632;-----La conscience et la foi.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;'

------Histoire du credo.

Dumont.�Heckel et la Theorie de PEvolution en Allemagne.

Faivre.�De la variabilite des especes. ₍

Fontanes.�Le christianisme moderne. Etude sur Lessing.

Fonvielle, W. de.�L'astronomie moderne.

Franck, Ad.�Philosophie du droit penal.

------Philosophie du droit ecclesiastique.

------La philosophie mystique en France au xviii⁶ stecle.

Garnier, Ad.�De la morale dans I'antiquite. Gauckler,�Le Beau et son histoire. Hartmann.�La Religion de l'Avenir.

----------- La Danvinisme ce qu'il y a de vrai, et de faux dans cette theori

Herzen.�Physiologie de la Volonte,

Janet, Paul.�Le materialisme contemporain.

------La crise philosophique. MM. Taine, Renan, Vacherot, Littre,

------Lc cerveau et la pensee.

----- Philosophie de la revolution francaise.

------Saint Simon and St. Simonism.

#9632;----- Spinoza le Dieu en la Bonheur.

Laugel, Auguste.�Les problemes de la nature.

------Les problemes de la vie.

------Les problemes de l'�me.

-----La voix, l'oreille, et la musique.

------L'optique et les arts.

Laveleye, Em. de.�Les formes de gouvernement.

Leblais.�Materialisme et spiritualisme, preface par M. E. Littre,

Lemoine, Albert.�Le vitalisme et l'animisme de Stahl.

��#9632; De la physionomie et de la parole.

�� L'habituce et Finstinct etudes de psychologic comparee.

32 Bailliere, Tindally and Cods Standard French Works.

#9632;V

Levallois, Jules.�Deisme et christianisme. Leveque, Charles.�Le spiritualisme dans Tart.

#9632;------La science de Tinvisible. Etude da psychologic et de theodicee.

Lotze.�Principes generaux de Psychologie Physiologique.

Mariano.�La philosophie contemporaine en Italic.

Max-Muller.�La Science des Religions.

Mill, Stuart.�Auguste Comte et la philosophic positive.

Milsand.�L'esthetique anglaise, etude sur John Ruskin.

Moleschott�La circulation de la vie, 2 vols.

Odysse-Barot.�Philosophic de l'histoire.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _#

Remusat, Charles de.�Philosophie religieuse.

Reville, A.�Hisloirc du dogme de la divinite de Jesus-Christ,

Ribot.�Philosophie dc Schopenhauer.

Saigey.�La physique moderne.

Saisset, Emile.�L'�me et la vie, une etude sur l'esthetique franc.

------Critique et histoire dc la philosophie.

Schoebel.�Philosophie dc la raison pure.

Schopenhauer.�Essai sur 1c librc arbitrc.

Seiden, Camille.�La musique en AUcmagne. Mendelssohn.

Spencer, Herbert.�Classification des sciences.

Saint Simon.�Education.

Taine, H.�Le positivisme anglais, etude sur Stuart Mill.

------L'idealisme anglais, etude sur Carlylc.

-----De 1'ideal dans Tart.

------Philosophic de Tart.

------Philosophic dc Tart en Italic.

-----#9632; Philosophie dc 1'art dans les Pays-Bas.

------Philosophie dc 1'art en Grece.

Tissandier.�Des sciences occultes et du spiritisme, Vacherot, Et.�La science ct la conscience. Vera, A.�Essais de philosophie Hegelicnnc.

Archives Generale de Medecine. ist of each month.

Le Progres Medical. quot;Weekly. Post free, per annum, 2ij-., in Great Britain and Ireland,

Revue des Deux Mondes, ist and 15th of every Month.

Revue Scientifique de la France et de l'Etranger. Weekly, 6(/.

Revue Politique et Litteraire. Weekly, 6d.

Revue Mensuelle de Medecine et de Chirurgie. Monthly, 2J-.; 20.r. per annum.

Revue F'hilosophique de la France et de TEtranger. Monthly, 3�.

La Petite Bibliographie ivamp;.T\c,a\se. a sitnunary of the Litera�ture of the Continent in all its branehes, will be sent gratuitously upon application.

WORKS NOT IN STOCK, PROCURED AT THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE NOTICE.

Messrs. Baillikre, Tindall, amp; Cox are the specially appointed Agents for /yk Revue des Deux Mondes, and most of the Scientific and Medical Periodicals of the Continent.

rvns



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THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES THE DO a.

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	THE

	MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES

	T H EDO a.

	#9632; JOHN W' raquo;RtbFFE HILL, - #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; rnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.,.-. _s.,_t �TJTHO' ..nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;- OM ^t: PAHTURIHKr AfOPLKCT ffi T]IE OOW,quot; ^:' : RtTEIinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; #9632; #9632; f. ;j Acni� ciuii�in',quot; quot;sosir ' gt; . Or Piltll STCOE,quot; quot;DISE.1SEI) MEAT AS igt;quot; ABTICI

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NGLISH MASTIFF.

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MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES

THE D O GT.

JOHN WOODROFFE HILL, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OK VETERINARY SDROEONS, AUTHOE Or ICSSAYS ON quot; PAETUEIENT APOPLEXY IN THE COW,quot; ll^MO-ALBUMl- NT7RI� IN CAITLE,quot; ^(t THE ACTUAL CAtfTEBY,quot; quot; SOME OF THE DISEASES OF FAItM STOCK,quot; DISEASED MEAT AS AN AETICLE OF FOOD,quot; quot;CANINE D18TEMPEE,quot; ETC., ETC.

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BAIL LIE�E, T^NBA'LL^WnD COX KINfeflVILLlAM;quot; STREfcT, S^AND.
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ILLXJSTEATIONS.

FIG. 1.	Feontispiboe�English Mastiff PAGE Kennel Plan. (Kingdon)......10 j Stkongylus Canis Beonchialis. (quot;Veteeinaeianquot;) 28

4. 5- (gt;. 7' !#9632;		Feont Teeth op the Dog in vakiotjs Stages op Geowth
4. 5- (gt;. 7' !#9632;		and Decay. (Yotjati)	. 44-45

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.	Cystic Calculus. (quot;Veteeinaeianquot;) . . . .120 Hill's Obsteteioal Fokceps......147 Webee's �nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; � (Fleming)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . .147 Depays' Foeoeps. (Fleming)......149 Depays' Wiee Exteactok, with the Toesion Rods. (Fleming)..........149 Defays' Wiee Exteactoe applied. (Fleming) . . 151 Beeulet's Tube and Noose. (Fleming)nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; . . .151 Beeulet's Noose fixed on the Fcetus. (Fleming) . 152 Ceotchet. (Mayhew).......152 Extemporised Hook. (Oeiginal) . . ' . . . 155 Dog with Cankee Cap. (Original) . . . .186



	ENGLISH MASTIFF.


	SCmSELL WEIGHT, I80]bs Wf PROPERTY OF THE AUTHOR ,

	^raquo;^



	i

	Co My esteemed Feiend and Pateon, C. BOYCOTT WIGHT, Esq., OP Eudge Hall, Sheopshike, an aedent admieee of dogs, and one who takes a deep interest in the advancement of veteeinaey science, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.



	PREFACE.

		Or all the domesticated animals subservient to man, the dog may, -without fear of contradiction, be said to stand pre-eminent. His courage, fidelity, usefulness, and com�panionship attach him to the human race in bonds of lasting endurance. The field upon which I have entered�quot; The Management and Diseases of the Dogquot;�is a large one, and in comparison #9632;with other veterinary subjects, it must be confessed, to the discredit of our Profession, has been inexcusably neglected. Man's best animal friend, until Elaine, Youatt, Mayhew, quot; Stonehenge,quot; and one or two others interested themselves in his welfare, was left to the mercy of individuals who professed a knowledge of subjects of which they were, on all scientific points, totally ignorant. If in the course of this work my feeble efforts to enlighten


	I



	viiinbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Preface. the public, and alleviate the sufferings of the canine race are attended with success, I shall feel more than amply rewarded for the labour I have bestowed on the various subjects herein treated of. I have to ackowledge my obligations to my friend, Mr. George Pleming, 2nd Life Guards, for many valuable sugges�tions offered to me while the work was passing through the press. J. W. H.	H

	quot;WOLVEEHAMPION, March 20,1878.

	I



	CONTENTS.

	CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

		PAQE
	Food. �Exercise. �Washing.�Grooming,�Kennel Arrangement.�Ad�ministration of Medicine.�Nursing. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; i CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE KESPIEATOKY ORGANS. Catarrh. �Influenza.�Laryngitis. �Bronchitis. �Asthma.� Pleurisy � Fneumoma.�Consumption.�Polypus.�Ozsena.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 13 CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Iiontition.-I)eca,yed Teeth.� Tartar. � Canker. �Glossitis.�Ulcers.- Dlain.�Faralysis.�Pharyngitis.�Salivation. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .44 CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion. �Vomiting. - Worms.-Husk. - Gastritis. � I nversion.- Calculi.�Foreign Bodies.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;...nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 57 CHAPTER V. DISEASES OP THE BOWELS. Constipation. � Diarrho�a. � Dysentery. � Intussusception. � Hernia.� Worms.�Cohc�Enteritis.�Peritonitis.�Piles.-Prolapsus Ani � ristula in ano. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;-nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; ,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 67 CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. Hepatitis.-Jaundice.�Fatty Degeneration of the Liver.�Cancerous De�posit in the Liver and Spleen�Biliary Calculi.�Splenitis. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;. 85 CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis.-Hiematuria.-Eenal Calculi.-Cy_stitis.-Cystio Calculi.-Ee- tention of Urine.-Paralysis of the Bladder.-Rupture of the Bladder. 105 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Halanitis.-Warts on the Penis.-Scrotal Irritation.-Enlarged Testicle. �Inversion of the Vagma.-Polypus in the Vagina.�Inflammation of the Uterus.�Inversion of the Uterus.-Ulceration of the Uterus.� rftte Ovariesnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;^r0Igt;Sy ^0f ^tbe ^Uterus--^:Fatty Deg^^ation CHAPTER IX. FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. (Eatrum.�Breeding.-Parturition. .nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; _l3s



	'	THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG, CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT.



	FOOD,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;KENNEL ARRANGEMENT, EXERCISE,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;ADMINISTRATION OF MEDI-WASHING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;CINE, GROOMING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; NURSING.

	POOD. How much evil accrues from the want of a proper system and, in many cases, knowledge of administering food and of the kind requisite, it is impossible to say. That many of the diseases to which the canine species are subject, and especially of the digestive organs, are due to ignorance and neglect of this subject, is no exaggeration. The organism of the dog is peculiar: his digestive powers are undoubtedly great, but the process by which digestion is accomplished is slow. Hence, he does not require more than one, or, if in full exercise and work, two substantial meals per day. The food shoidd be plain, wholesome, nutritious, and, as far as possible, compatible with the circumstances under #9632;which the animal exists. 1

	Ji



	8nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Doc;. ing and brushing in long-haired dogs is absolutely necessary to prevent the hair matting, and to preserve its character. In large breeds, as the mastiff tribe, it is as requisite for good appearance as in the horse. Once daily, twice if possible, I have my mastiffs thoroughly groomed; they enjoy it, the sensation affords them pleasure, and the dog accustomed to the practice will look for it as regularly as he does his meals. The brush is a far better remedy for glossy coats than nitre, sulphur, antimony, or arsenic.

	KENNEL AEEANGEMENT. In dealing with this subject I shall merely make a few passing practical remarks on ordinary kennel-arrangement, though they are not particularly applicable to one breed more than another. The kennel should neither have an easterly unsheltered aspect nor damp foundation. If dogs so placed escape kennel-lameness and rheumatism, it is more from mere chance or constitution, than from the sanitary condition of the locality. Good air, dry atmosphere, and sunlight, are as essential to health and spirits in the canine as the human subject. It is all very well to argue as to what dogs are in a state of nature and what they are in the domestic state. Nature and art in kennel-management are not compatible. The South Sea Islander thrives in the hot humid atmosphere to which he is indigenous, and becomes fat upon the flesh of his own species; but he must be artificialised, so to speak, and civilised before he can accommodate himself to our colder latitudes and description of food. So with the dog; domestica�tion produces in him a like result; he accommodates himself to it because he is artificialised; give him the bare ground for his bed, expose him to bleak cold winds, and allow no shelter from wet, and disease will inevitably follow. The kennel, then, should be dry, sunny, and cheerful; this



	10nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog. period of forty years, and for whose sound opinion I entertain the highest respect, informs me his kennels are constructed in stahles and shedding, and formed into loose hoxes; the flooring is composed of asphalte, and is sloped from the sides to the centre, and outwards to communicate with the com�mon drain. On this flooring he has a slight sprinkling of air-slacked lime, and this is littered over with fern. The bench is composed of a loose wooden floor, on planks separated a short distance, and nailed across joists. (Fig. 1.)

	Fig. 1. The top line 1 is the bench, the oblique lines 2 2 the slop�ing asphalte-floor. For full-grown dogs he uses four-legged bedsteads similar to a table, with a ledge round the outside to prevent them getting their legs between it and the wall, and sufficient space is left to walk on two sides of the said table.

	ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE. This is often a troublesome process with canine patients; the usually affectionate, obedient, and harmless pet becomes (through fear and mental excitement) snappish and resist-ful. And a general complaint the veterinary attendant hears is: quot; It's no use, sir, we can't give him the medicine; the more we try, the more he struggles, fights, and bites.quot; This in the majority of cases is so. The reason for which is that, as a rule, strength versus system is the plan adopted. As with ourselves, so with the dog, there is a right and a wrong way in the taking or administering of medicine. The medicine is in the form of a pill or draught. The former may be given one of two ways: first, taking the ani�mal in the lap, or rearing him^up between the knees, the



	CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

	CATAEEH, INFLUENZA, LARYNGITIS, BEONCHITIS, ASTHMA,	PLEUEISY, PNEUMONIA, CONSUMPTION, POLYPUS, OZMSA.

	CATAEEH, Ok what is commonly known as quot;a cold,quot; consists of a febrile or inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes. When confined to the eyes and nostrils it is termed Coryza, from Kapa, the head, and ipw, to boil; signifying a fevered condition of, or cold in the head. If it extends to the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, it gives rise to what is termed hronchitis. If to the alimentary tract, we have an enteritio or gastro-enteritic catarrh. The two latter are not unfrequent in dis�temper. The usual causes of common or simple catarrh are damp, cold, or contagion. Symptoms.�Increased secretion of mucus from the mem�branes affected, eyes watery, nose hot and dry, shiverings, sneezing, and sometimes cough, languor, fever, and consequent thirst. As the disease proceeds, these symptoms increase in severity, the mucous secretion becomes thicker, respiration impeded, the shiverings more frequent, languor greater, urine high-coloured, bowels constipated, and stools coated with slime. Treatment.�Fortunately for the patient, the old system of



	] 4nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Bog. depletion by bleeding and physic is with men of science no longer in use. The administration of diffiisible stimulants at the onset, with careful attention to warmth and comfort, generally suffices to effect a cure. Spt. Camphor .................. 1 ounce. Spt. ^Ether Nit. ............... 2 � Liq. Ammon. Acetat. ......... 4 � A teaspoonful twice or three times a day for a small dog, double for a large one. Where the fever runs high, tartar emetic, J�1 grain, or Dover's powder, 5�10 grains, may be given daily; but this usually in the dog is uncalled for. If the mucous discharge has a tendency to lodge in the facial sinuses, which a rattling respiration with frequent snuffling will denote, steaming the head will encourage its outward flow, and afford considerable relief. The diet requires very little alteration, warm broth, beef-tea, or milk, are most suitable. The liability of catarrh to extend to other structures must not be overlooked. Undue and premature exposure to damp and cold during the attack should therefore be avoided. If much debility attends the complaint, from 5�10 drops of tinct. ferri in 1�2 teaspoon-fuls of cod-liver oil should, after the first three or four days, take the place of the first prescribed medicine. Constipation is best relieved with enemas, or a little salad oil�purgatives are strongly contra-indicated.

	INFLUENZA, Or epidemic catarrh, is similar in character to the foregoing disease, but it is attended with greater prostration, and is more highly contagious. The direct cause is unknown; it was supposed by the Italians to be due to some stellar influ�ence, hence the term Influenza, signifying influence. It is now generally believed to arise from a^peculiar condition of	,1



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	BIBLIOTHEEK UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT

	2856 071 6

	Ai



	IGnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The Management and Diseases of Hie Dog.

	LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the larynx, the upper or vocal part of the �windpipe, is an affection very commonly met with in canine practice. Highly-pampered dogs, particularly pugs and yard dogs -with deficient shelter, are most, liable to laryngitis. I have also ohserved what may he designated a temporary or simple form of it, in sheep-dogs when gathering flocks together, and the same is not uncommon at and after dog-shows, due to incessant harking. Predisposing Causes.�Frequent and long-continued bark�ing ; a previous attack of the same disease. Exciting Causes.�Exposure to wet and cold, the presence of foreign matter, injuries, irritating inhalations, or extension of neighbouring inflammation. Symptoms.�Hoarseness, cough easily induced by external pressure, increased respiration and salivary secretion, frothy discharge from the nostrils, difficulty in swallowing, and pyrexia; pulse small, hard, and frequent. These symptoms, if not checked, rapidly increase, and the patient dies from suffocation. Treatment�Of course removal of the cause is primarily necessary, and then treatment should be directed to the effect. If the disease is early recognised, mild counter-irritants to the larynx externally, hot fomentation or linseed-meal poul�tice, an emetic, and a warm moist atmosphere, will generally effect a cure. In fact, a dog with laryngitis requires much the {(Esteneichische VierieJjahresschift, 1873.) Harms injected 0^-07 grammes of morphine hydrochlorate, in solution, beneath the skin of a dog which had been suffering from a dry laryngeal cough for four weeks. For-two hours after the injection, the animal exhibited every symptom of complete narcotism, with total loss of consciousness ana sensibility. In the course of eight hours it manifested sensibility when pricked with a pin, and could raise itself on its four limbs. In twenty-four hours it was able to stagger into its kennel, but it had no appetite. In two days and a half it was as lively as before the injection; and until it left the hospital a week afterwards, the cough had not returned. �{Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1875.)



	Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 17 same treatment as a child with croup. Where ths symptoms have become so aggravated that suffocation is threatened, tracheotomy is indicated, and all further treatment must be external. Attempting to drench a dog at this stage is at�tended with great danger, from the extremely irritable condi�tion of the throat. A violent fit of coughing, ending in asphyxia, would, in all probability, be the result^?of such a pro�ceeding. (For the extraction or removal of foreign matters, see quot;Choking.quot;) The diet should consist entirely of slops of a mucilagiuous nature, as broth, beef-tea, or milk thickened with isinglass.

	CHRONIC LAEYNGITIS Is not an unfrequent sequel of the former. It is charac�terised by continued hoarseness, with periodical exacerbations, specially induced by over-exertion, or the sudden inhalation of cold air, a dry husky cough, and mucous expectoration. We may relieve the symptoms, hut when finally established the disease is incurable. Iron, coil-liver oil and an occasional close of tartar emetic are the best medicinal agents. Local treatment is often beneficial. Biniodide of mercury�1 part to 16 of lard�applied twice weekly, until suffioient irritation is produced, or the insertion of a small seton, is advisable.

	BEONCHITIS. Bronchitis is an affection to which dogs are very liable. It may exist as a primary or secondary disease�i.e., it may be present alone, or as an extension of catarrh or other respira�tory affections. Likewise it may be acute or chronic. Causes.�Cold, damp, irritating inhalation, neglected or protracted catarrh, or extension of other respiratory affections. Symptoms.�These will depend on the extent of the bron- 2



	Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 19 A teaspoonful for a small dog, double for a full-sized ter�rier, treble for a large dog, twice or three times a day. When the cough is very troublesome, a dose of the fol�lowing every now and then, in the same proportions as tho above, will afford relief: Tinct. Opii...................................... 20 drops. Essence of Anisi................................ 30 � Liquorice Extract.............................. 1 ounce. Linseed Tea...................................... 2 � When it fails to do so, an emetic is generally beneficial Counter-irritation is also very useful in the shape of hot lin�seed-meal poultices to the front of the chest, or, in severe cases, mustard-plasters or turpentine embrocations. Warm broths or bread and milk form the most suitable diet. From the susceptibility of a return of the malady, unneces�sary exposure to cold or damp should be avoided, and, until a thorough restoration to health is established, the animal should not be allowed to return to his natural and ordinary life.

	CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. This is usually a sequel of the acute form, and is more generally met with in old animals. It rarely leaves the patient, and increases in severity in the cold seasons of the year. The symptoms are invariable: cough of a husky character, shortness of breath, increased with exertion, expectoration, and retching. Treatment.�This consists in alleviating the symptoms, and avoiding unnecessary exposure to cold and damp. Occa�sional stimulants combined with iron form the best medi�cinal treatment, and the cough mixture prescribed in the acute form is also useful. 2�2

	^:a�-



28	The Management and Diseases of the Bog.

appearance is very like that met with in Case 4, and the descrip�tion need not be repeated. �STo parasites in the intestines. Nothing abnormal found in the blood. quot; The general and specific characters of the worm may be defined as follows: quot;Strongylue amis hroneldalls.�A slender nematode hel�minth, body filiform, the female measuring about one-fourth of an inch in length, the male smaller, measuring one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch; head conical, mouth simple, unpro�vided with papilte; tail of female obtuse, anal and gene�rative orifices terminal, opening by a cloaca; ovarian tube containing one row of eggs, which, in the mature species, have developed into slender-coiled embryos; tail of the male somewhat pointed; penis consists of a double spi-culum of a yellowish-brown colour; mode of reproduction viviparous. quot; Only occasionally, as stated above, were the worms found lying free upon the bronchial membrane; as a rule, they lay imbedded in a localised granular swelling of the mucosa, from



Fig. 2. Heiul of Male quot;Worm.		Fig. 3. Tail of Female Worm, showing the young Embryos.

which portions of them protruded. They could readily be pulled out with a pair of fine forceps, but a stream of water did not wash them away. In several of the cases examined (more especially Case 4) the whole mucous membrane of the affected part appeared rough and irregular, as if ulcerated,



	34nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog. discharges a large quantity of saliva, passes urine involuntarily, and sneezes without ceasing. Death sometimes ensues.' quot;The mucous membrane of the nose is found to be red, blackish, ecchymosed, thickened, and ulcerated; the sinuses more or less filled with pus; and even the ethmoid bone sometimes partially carious. quot; Treatment.�Trephine the nostrils and inject with water. Inhalations of chlorine and tobacco smoke. Chloroform ?quot;

	'lt;	ASTHMA (Congestive). This disease is due to congestion of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, and chiefly affects aged, highly-fed, pampered Tiouse dogs, and those in the same condition out of doors. Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary disposition, indigestion, gastric and intestinal irritation. Exciting Causes.�Sudden changes of temperature; flatu�lency ; obstructed pneumonic circulation; large accumulations of fat, especially about the heart and large bloodvessels; pun�gent eflluvire, especially ammoniacal: hence dogs continually kept in foul stables being asthmatical. Symptoms.�Thick, laboured, wheezing respiration; husky quot;bark; distress after exertion, with excessive panting, and frequently palpitation; Schneiderian membrane injected; flatulency and constipation. Treatment.�Eemedial measures can only be adopted with a view to alleviating the symptoms; an absolute cure is out of the question. The digestive organs demand special atten�tion ; rich food, and that which is likely to produce flatulency must be strictly avoided. Vegetable charcoal and iron, 1 scruple of the former and 10 grains of the latter, made into a pill and given three times a week, with an occasional olea�ginous aperient, form as a rule the most effectual medicinal treatment. If the animal is gross and the breathing difficult, an ordinary emetic may be administered with benefit; and to



	Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 35 ensure prolongation of life a gradual reduction of obesity, and when reduced proportionately a fixed standard maintained, is most necessary. If out of doors, the dryness, drainage, and kennel situation are matters of importance. (See quot;Kennel Arrangement.quot;) ASTHMA (Spasmodic) Differs from the former in that it comes on in paroxysms, often of almost a tetanic nature, and is usually unaccompanied by any inflammatory symptoms. It is more amenable to treatment than the previous form, but is liable to return suddenly and without warning. Fredisposing Causes.�A previous attack, or hereditary disposition. Exciting Causes.�Prolonged dyspepsia; flatulence; anterior spinal irritation; sudden changes of temperature; irritating effluviae. Symptoms.�Sudden and laboured respiration, occurring at intervals; dry cough during the paroxysm, with or without expectoration; exertion frequently produces retching and vomiting. Treatment.�An emetic at the onset is advisable. If the paroxysms continue, small doses of stimulants should be administered, as a teaspoonful of brandy and water, with three or four drops of spirits of camphor. When the attack occurs after a meal an aperient is indicated. The instructions given for the preceding form regarding diet, will apply to spasmodic asthma. Overloading the stomach, and exertion after a meal, shoidd especially be avoided.

	PLEURISY, Or inflammation of the investing membrane of the lungs, and that lining the thoracic cavity, may be associated with pneu�monia (pleuro-pneumonia) or exist as an independent disease. 3�2 ' #9632;''



	38nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of tlie Dog. for the prevention of dropsies. quot;Where effusion is present the ferri iodiclum should he substituted, active counter-irritation applied to the sides, and a seton may be inserted with benefit in front of the chest. It is necessary, however, to observe that where the latter measure is adopted, increased support is need�ful, from the weakening tendency of the agent. Where the effusion increases, and the case appears hopeless unless the fluid is removed, tapping the chest by means of the insertion of a small trochar between the eighth and ninth ribs may be had recourse to. The operation affords immediate relief in removing the compression on the lungs and the displacement of the heart. It is however, as a rule, but a temporaiy respite. Secondary secretion follows, and usually more rapidly than that which preceded it, and we may tap again with the same result. There are, nevertheless, exceptional cases ; in the horse I have seen recovery follow the operation, and also in the dog.

	CHEONIC PLEUEISY May, as I have stated, be a termination of the former, or it may begin as a chronic affection, i.e., it may assume a sub-acute form from the commencement. Pain on the affected side, cough, increased pulse, and respiration con�siderably accelerated by exertion, and more or less fever, are the symptoms generally present. Effusion or lymph and adhesions are usually present; as the lymph becomes or�ganised, the fluid absorbed, and the adhesions firmer, the walls of the chest become flattened; dulness on percussion, feebleness of the respiratory murmur, and an occasional rasping sound attend this condition. Treatment.�This consists in endeavouring to promote absorption of the effused fluids, and in giving strength to the patient. The sulphate of iron, in from 5 to 15 grains, in proportion to the size of the animaj, with cod-liver oil, forms



	Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 39 the best, and, I have found, the most successful medicinal treatment. Mild continued counter-irritation to the sides of the chest is also advisable. The application of the tincture of iodine, after first shaving off the hair, is exceedingly useful, and the insertion of a seton in front of the chest for a month or six weeks is most valuable. The diet should be nourishing, and every means adopted which is calculated to impart vigour.

	PNEUMONIA, #9632;Or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, is a complaint to which dogs are exceedingly liable. Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary disease, as scrofula or phthisis, an anremio or plethoric habit of body, sudden and frequent changes of temperature. Exciting Causes.�Exposure to cold and damp (especially in toy or house dogs, frequently washed and not carefully dried, and who are used to a warm atmosphere), violent exertion, #9632;penetrating lung wounds. Symptoms.�The stages of pneumonia are usually three : 1st, that of engorgement, or congestion; 2nd, red hepatization; 3rd, yellow or grey hepatization, or purulent infiltration. The early stage is generally ushered in with shiverings, followed by fever; the pulse is increased, the respiration becomes quickened, there is an occasional short cough, the head is extended, the eyes bloodshot, nose hot and dry, tongue protruded and furred, edges of a deep red; the animal assumes ;a sitting posture, with the fore-legs wide apart. Auscultation reveals a crackling or crepitating sound, which is circumscribed according to the amount of lung involved; this sound obscures to a great extent the re-. spiratory murmur in those portions not diseased, and as the raquo;malady proceeds this murmur becomes quite obliterated, the



	Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;41 Treatment.�Pneumonia admits of no delay in treatment; immediately symptoms of the malady are presented, our course must be promptly decided. The same remarks as to the advisability of bleeding and physio in pleurisy are equally applicable here. Stimulants and counter-irritation are decidedly indicated; in protracted pneumonia the latter may be earned to the extent of a cantharidine application, and the seton is especially serviceable; the necessity of bodily warmth, the admittance of a reasonable amount of fresh air, and a nutritious diet, must not be forgotten. Iron and cod-liver oil, after the more active symptoms have abated, will materially assist in promoting convalescence. It is now pretty generally acknowledged that consolidated lung is capable of regeneration, and I have had myself practical experience of the fact. Dr. Chambers observes: quot;I have no doubt, in my own mind, that the way in which consolidated lung recovers is by the exudated fibrin breaking down into pus, and being expectorated, whilst the obstructed air vesicles regain their elasticity and capacity for performing their functions. This is a strong argument for an ample supply of nutriment during the regenerative process.quot;

	CONSUMPTION. This decimating disease of mankind extends to the lower animals, and dogs are frequently subjects in which its fatal seeds are sown. Predisposing Causes.�Hereditary taint, close confinement, bad air, unwholesome food, and breeding in and in. Exciting Cattscs.�Preceding diseases, as distemper, pneu�monia, catarrh, scrofula, asthma. Sudden changes of tempera�ture, damp habitation. Symptoms.�Occasional cough; short respiration, accelerated during exertion, with increased cough; failing appetite; loss #9632;of flesh. As the disease proceeds, profuse expectoration take


	*^^^^mmmmmmm^m*

	CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE.

	DENTITION, DECAYED TEETH, TARTAR, CANKER, GLOSSITIS,	ULCERS, BLAIN, PARALYSIS, PHARYNGITIS, SALIVATION.

	DENTITION. Accoeding to the dentition of the dog liy M. Girard and Linnseus, the following is the acknowledged formula: Incisors, f; canines, �; molars, ?=5r=42. The following cuts exhibit the front teeth of the dog in varions stages of growth and decay:


	Fig. 4.



	48 The Management and Diseases of the Bog. DECAYED TEETH. Sound teeth are essential to the comfort, health, and pleasurable companionship of the dog as they are to mankind, unfortunately, however, in our canine friends these useful agents are liable to become decayed, and the once nursed pet is, by the foetor of his breath, rendered offensive, and ordered to a distance. Decayed teeth are the cause of many diseases, especially of the mouth and digestive organs. Painful swellings, abscesses �and sinuses of the cheek, structural changes in the jaw-bone� leading to tumour, laceration of the tongue, canker, constitu�tional irritation, indigestion, and intestinal disease. There can be no doubt that the clog at times is a martyr to toothache, the slobbering manner in which he partakes of his food, and often his refusal to do so, with the head held on one side, denote this to the observant eye. Decayed teeth are dependent, to a great extent, upon the system of feeding (see quot; Feedingquot;). They should at all times be removed. Occasionally hcemorrhage will follow extraction. In such a case a little cotton wool steeped in tincture of myrrh, iron, or solution of alum, and packed in the cavity, will have �the desired effect of arrestina; it.

	TAETAE. The deposit of tartar on the teeth is likewise prejudicial to health, and is usually the result of injudicious feeding and gastric derangement. The accumulation, especially in aged dogs, is often very considerable. In consequence of the irritation produced on the gums, they become congested, swollen, and spongy, the teeth loosen and decay, the breath is disgustingly fcetid, and con�stitutional disease follows such a condition if long maintained. Teeth so affected should be quot; soaled,quot;lt;ancl afterwards brushed



	50nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

	AFFECTIONS OF THE TONGUE. GLOSSITIS. Dogs are very liable to injuries of the tongue, resulting in severe inflammatory action of its membrane or substance (glossitis). This frequently occurs from its being bitten during an attack of epilepsy, in devouring sharp substances, or from irritation and laceration produced from broken teeth, stings, or the contact of acrid matters. Symptoms.�Pain, swelling, increased salivation, difficulty of deglutition, intense thirst, and more or less constitutional disturbance. Treatment.�Warm fomentations, scarification, or, if pos�sible, the application of leeches�which in small dogs, when gagged, is not difficult. If from the teeth, filing or removal. A dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and the food consist of warm slops.

	ULCERS.

	These usually arise from excessive deposit of tartar on, or decay of, the teeth, or from gastric derangement. Treatment.�If from tartar, the teeth should be scaled; if from decay, removed. Where they are due to gastric derange�ment, aperient medicine, with restricted plain diet, must be prescribed. If the ulcers do not disappear under this treat�ment, they may be occasionally touched with lunar caustic.

	BLAIN, Or enlargement of the tongue, with the presence of vesicles on its lateral and under surface, is a disease to which the lower animals are very subject. The dog, however, is not so



	52	The Management and Diseases of the Dog.

	Symptoms.�The organ hangs generally from one side of the mouth. Its condition rarely interferes with lapping, but it gives rise to other undesirable results. From its pro�trusion and long exposure to air it becomes dry, coated with fur, more or less indurated, and is, to say the least of it unsightly. Treatment.�If the paralysis he of recent date, nux vomica 1 to 2 grains, and ferri sulph. 5 to 10 grains, twice daily, will often, if not absolutely remove it, considerably reduce it. Wbere the affection has been of long existence, the same treatment is still applicable, with the addition of a small seton in the submaxillary space; but the latter cases are far from satisfactory ones to deal with. The tongue should be fre�quently placed back in the mouth, and, if possible, kept there for a time ; this will tend to prevent, to a considerable extent, the condition named from its long exposure to air. The diet is best composed of slops, and these should be placed within reach of the animal, so that he may lap when�ever inclination prompts him.

	THAEYaSTGITIS. Inflammation of the pharynx, unassociated with other disease, is of rare occurrence in the dog. It is usually due to an immediate exciting cause�as the lodgment of some foreign body, or contact of acrid and irritating substances. Symptoms.�A dry, irritable cough, such as would lead one to suppose an effort was being made to dislodge some irritant matter. The membrane has a congested and swollen appear�ance ; there is considerable difficulty in deglutition, and the act, or attempt to perform it, is followed with retching. The throat is sensitive to external pressure, and cough is easily excited by it. If the disease proceeds, a purulent discharge takes place from the nostrils, the salivary secretion is increased, and con�siderable constitutional disturbance follows.

	mm



	Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 53 Pharyngitis may terminate in resolution, ulceration, and ; abscess, or pliaryngeal stricture. Treatment.�In the first place, it is necessary to ascertain the cause. If it arises from the presence of a foreign body, .its removal at once is indicated; and the same will apply to the contact of acrid or irritating substances. External fomen�tations with warm water, or the application of linseed poul�tices, and the exhibition of bland, warm drinks, should form the after treatment. If the inflammatory action has a tendency to become #9632; chronic, a weak solution of nitrate of silver is the best local application, particularly if there is ulceration; and tonics, particularly iron and quinine, are the most suitable medicinal agents. Pharyngeal abscess is generally denoted by a fluctuating tense swelling, with difficulty in swallowing. The head is carried stiffly, and the nose poked out. Treatment consists in ithe evacuation of the matter with the lance or trochar. Pharyngeal stricture usually proceeds from protracted in�flammatory action; and is manifested by repeated attempts at deglutition, with considerable difficulty in performing the act when eating food, particularly solid matter. Treatment, as in other strictures, is by dilatation. The food should be .fluid and unstimulating.

	SALIVATION. Salivation, when unassociated with any local affections of the rmouth or neighbouring structures, is usually an indication of imercurialism. Unfortunately for the canine race, mercury, in some one of its compounds, whether for internal or ex�ternal use, forms one of the pet remedies of quot; dog doctors.quot; The red and green iodides are especial favourites for external use, and for diseases often requiring very opposite treatment 'these preparations are prescribed. To wit, skin diseases�all


	T

	Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 55 before the antidote was administered. White of eight eggs was then given; after several fits of vomiting the animal became apparently free from pain; and in five days it was quite well.* According to Peschier, the white of one egg is required to render four grains of the poison innocuous.^-!^-The experiments of the Parisian toxicologist have been repeated and confirmed by others, and particularly by Schloepfer; who found that when a dose was given to a rabbit sufficient to kill it in seven minutes if allowed to act uncontrolled, the administration of albumen, just as the signs of uneasiness appeared, prevented every serious symptom. Dr. Samuel Wright lias found that if the administration of albumen is followed up by giving some astringent decoction or infusion, the beneficial effects are more complete, because the compound formed is less soluble in an access of albumen. Albumen is chiefly useful in the early stage of poisoning with corrosive sublimate, and is particularly called for when vomiting does not take place. But it further appears to be an excellent demulcent in the advanced stages.quot; Five or six parts of fresh gluten, in 50 parts of a solution of soft soap, has been found also a successful antidote, and where neither albumen nor gluten is at hand, milk is a con�venient and useful substitute. Iron filings, the proto-sulphuret of iron, meconic acid, and charcoal, have each been advocated as mercurial antidotes. quot; The treatment of mercurial salivation consists in exposure to a cool pure air, nourishing diet, and purgatives, if the intestinal canal is not already irritated. In some of the in�flammatory affections it induces, venesection is required, in others it is hurtful In some complaints induced by mercury, as in iritis, the poison appears to be its own antidote, for nothing checks the inflammation so soon and so certainly as mercurial salivation.

	¹	⁰ Toxicologie Ginamp;al, i. 313. t Corvisart'a Journal de Mamp;iecine, xxxr�i. 77.


	V

	(

	CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

	INDIGESTION,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;GASTRITIS, VOMITING,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;INVERSION, WORMS,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; CALCULI IN THE STOMACH, HUSK,nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; FOREIGN BODIES.

		INDIGESTION. The stomaoli of the dog is not so liable to disease as might be expected, considering the source from which at times he derives his sustenance (see quot; Feedingquot;), the morbid appetite that prompts him to devour strange and unnatural substances, the long fasts he frequently endures, and the quot;get what you canquot; rule of diet. Nevertheless he is subject, and some dogs more than others, to the diseases mentioned in this chapter, one of the most frequent of which is dyspepsia or indigestion, the causes operating in its production being much the same as in ourselves. Long fasts, innutritions and indigestible food, disease of the digestive organs, imperfect mastication, deficiency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretions, want of exercise, and suspension in the alvine evacuations. Symptoms.�Flatulency, acrid eructations, constipation or diarrhoea, fulness of the abdomen, spasmodic pains, depression, loss of appetite, dry furred tongue, thirst, often increased salivary secretion, vomiting, and occasionally cough. (See quot;Husk.quot;) Treatment.�The system of feeding generally requires our first attention where the complaint is due to over-feeding, which is frequently the case with toy-dogs. Starvation for a

	1



	Diseases of the Stomach.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;59 easily excited than in any other of the lower species. We have abundant proof of this in the administration of medicines, and in common observance during exercise, when their instinct teaches them to seek what is termed quot; dog-grass,quot; the effect of which after swallowing is quickly manifested. Vomiting may be a symptom of disease, the result of an overloaded stomach, or the presence of irritating matters within it or applied to the fauces, or it may take place from cesopliagal obstruction. Worms are a very frequent cause of vomition. (See quot; Worms.quot;) The vomit may consist of mucus, bile, blood, or food mingled with other offending matters. Vomiting is medicinally induced by agents termed quot;emetics,quot; the favourite one being tartarised antimony�and a dangerous one it is when given injudiciously. Fortunately, however, the dog's stomach, as previously observed, quickly responds to its call, and it is for the most part thrown off; otherwise dogs would by quacks be killed by the score. If his more unfor�tunate companion, the horse, were equally capable of performing the same act, antimony would speedily cease to exist in the never-failing condition-powders of the groom and chemist. Tor all ordinary purposes, plain warm water or water in which (if immediate action be desired) a little salt and mustard is mixed, is sufficient; in fact, I have readily produced vomiting with the latter, when I have failed with antimony. The treatment of vomiting must be directed to the cause.

	WOEMS IN THE STOMACH. Dogs are frequently troubled with worms in the stomach. Their presence gives rise to severe gastric disturbance, and is often productive of convulsions and death. Symptoms.�Those usually presented are constant retching and vomiting, foetid breath, a dry, husky cough, intestinal irregularity, pains resembling those of colic, large appetite.

	�aim



	64nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;The Management and Diseases of the Dog. stipation is most safely overcome with tepid water enemas. The return to solid food should be gradual, and that which is given easy of digestion and plain. Chronic or Sub-acute Gastritis is much more frequently met with in dogs than the former. Causes.�Protracted dyspepsia, constipation, unwholesome and indigestible food, or it may be a sequel to acute gastritis. Symptoms.�Tenderness over the region of the stomach, frequent eructations, vomiting after meals, furred tongue, bowels usually constipated, and often there is a dry cough. Treatment.�Bicarbonate of soda and charcoal as advised in indigestion, an occasional aperient of aloes and rhubarb, with the same description of food named in the preceding form of the disease, are the measures to be adopted.

	INVERSION OF THE STOMACH. This is of rare occurrence in the dog, perhaps more so than might be expected, considering the frequency of and suscep�tibility to vomiting. From the quot;Abstract of the Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association for 1838-9.quot; quot; Mr. Ainslie laid before the Association a singular specimen of inversion of the stomach in a dog. The patient was three or four years old. He had for several months been subject to occasional vomiting, but this had of late become more frequent. He (Mr. Ainslie) attributed it to the treatment of the animal when under distemper. The disease had assumed its severest form, and large doses of calomel had been adminis�tered. From that time he had had fits of vomiting, sometimes without any evident cause, and generally after a hearty meal, and always if he took exercise after a meal. There was also, to the great annoyance of the owner, a continual discharge of viscid saliva from the comers of the mouth, and more or less



	p*	Diseases of the Stomach.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; 65 blood accompanied every act of vomiting. The owner did not seem to suspect the real origin of this nuisance. quot; On the first of the month he appeared to be as well as usual. In the evening he cleanly picked a bone for his supper, and after that came a fit of vomiting. He lay quiet during the night, and in the morning began to vomit mucus mixed with blood. This continued during the day; the.dog rapidly lost strength, and died in the evening. The blood retained its fluid state, mixed with mucus and saliva. When, on the following morning, he opened the dog, and began to feel for the stomach, no viscus of that kind was to be found in the abdomen. He then opened the thorax, and there he per�ceived a considerable enlargement of the cesophagus. At first sight it seemed to be a tumour attached to the parietes of that tube, but on closer examination the cesophagus was evidently dilated by some large soft body within it. He cut into it, and drew from it the stomach, inverted, and its mucous coat in the highest possible state of inflammation. The whole of the villons tunic was charged with congested blood. The dilatation of the oesophagus commenced even from the pharynx, and had probably existed for a considerable time. The food, or some portion of it, probably remained in this dilated portion of the cesophagus, and slowly passed into the stomach, and that might account for the frequent vomitings an hour or two after feeding, especially if the dog had taken any exercise.quot;

	hl

	CALCULI IN THE STOMACH. These calculi are exceedingly rare in the dog. They differ but little in appearance and character from those found in other portions of the viscera, being chiefly composed of the phosphates of lime and magnesia intermixed with organic matter, and having a smooth glistening surface. Medicinal treatment, particularly acids, would be more

	Mt


	#9632;#9632;

	(SOnbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;Tfie Management and Diseases of the Dog. likely to have a direct influence on them, by coming in actual contact with them, than in renal or vesicular calculi.

	FOREIGN BODIES. The stomach of the dog is frequently the receptacle for strange substances, some interesting cases of which are recorded by Ybuatt. The presence of hair, straw, wood, stones, dung, and such like, though usually found in rabies, are not to be taken always as an infallible sign of that disease. The partaking of the latter (dung) is a frequent and dis�gusting habit with young dogs, apparently in perfect health. In unkennelled animals it is rarely seen, and would therefore appear to a great extent to depend upon the denial of sufficient liberty, and the contraction of morbid tastes through confine�ment and injudicious management. Hunger and filth play a prominent part in creating such tastes.